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j^,  a. .    // 


! 


I 


TEUTONIC  NAME-SYSTEM. 


THE 

TEUTONIC  NAME-STSTEM 


APPLIKD  TO  THE 


FAMILY  NAMES 


OF 


FRANCE,  ENGLAND,  &  GERMANY. 


BT 


EOBEET  FEEGUSON, 

AvTHOB  ov  '*  Thb  BiVES-NAMn  ov  EtntoPB,"    '*  Swiss  Msn 
AVB  Swiss  Mottntaius,"  fto. 


LONDON:    WILLIAMS   ^  NORGATE, 

U,  HXNBIBITA  BTBEBT,  OOYXNT  OABDBN  ; 
▲in>  fO,  SOUTH  fBEDXBIOK  BTBEBT,  SDINBUBOH. 

OABUSLB :  B.  &  J.  SIEKL. 
1864. 


fiAHT.TflT.fB  : 

TBJJSrnSD  BY  B.  AND  J.   STEEL^  ENGLISH  STREET. 


TO 


JOHN  ANSTER,  LL.D., 


WBOU  HIS  FaOEETD 


THE  AUTHOR. 


PREFACE. 


Hie  pre0«Dt  work,  though  fotinded  on  one  pre- 
viotudj  publiBhed  by  me  trnder  the  title  of 
^  PinglwTi  StimameB  and  their  place  in  the 
Teutonic  Family,''  is  so  entirely  changed,  not  only 
in  its  general  principle  but  also  in  all  its  details, 
that  it  cannot  be  considered  in  any  other  light 
than  that  of  a  new  work.  Even  the  former  titles 
as  inadequately  describing  its  present  contents^ 
has  necessarily  been  abandoned. 

It  is  now  put  forward  as  an  attempt  to  con* 
nect  the  &mily  names  of  France,  England,  and 
Germany — so  far  as  the  ancient  Teutonic  element 
in  each  is  concerned — as  members  of  one  conmion 
&mily,  and  to  form  them  into  a  definite  Efystem 
in  accordance  with  the  nomenclature  of  the  old 
Germana  It  undertakes  to  shew  that  as  the 
Saxons  and  other  German  tribes  in  the  names  of 
England  and  Germany,  so  are  the  old  Franks 
represented  in  the  present  names  of  Franca  And 
it  further  undertakes  to  shew  that  in  each  case 
this  correspondence  does  not  consist  merely  in 
the  casual  resemblance  here  and  there  of  individual 
names,  but  is  to  be  traced  in  the  coincidence  of  a 


VIU  PBBFACE. 

complete  and  connected  system  common  both  to 
the  old  peoples  and  the  new. 

The  basis  of  my  theory  is  the  Altdeutsches 
Namenbuch  of  Forstemann,  in  which  the  ancient 
names  of  Germany  are  collected,  arranged,  and  in 
most  cases  explained  Of  this  work,  which  I  fear 
is  not  so  weU  known  in  England  as  it  deserves,  I 
cannot  speak  in  terms  more  suitable  than  those 
in  which  Mr.  Taylor  refers  to  the  companion 
volume  on  the  names  of  places,  as  a  work  **  which 
even  in  Germany,  must  be  considered  a  marvel- 
lous monument  of  erudite  labour/' 

But  Forstemann  draws  the  line  of  the  Old 
German  period  sharply  at  the  end  of  the  11th 
century,  and  as  has  been  shewn  by  Stark  in  a 
little  work  containing  some  observations  and 
criticisms  on  the  Altdeutsches  Namenbuch,  an 
extension  of  the  survey  over  the  three  centuries 
following  would  throw  much  additional  light 
upon  the  subject.  From  this  little  work  (which 
I  have  unfortunately  mislaid  and  of  which  I  am 
consequently  not  able  to  give  the  precise  title) 
are  taken  the  few  ancient  names  which  are  of  a 
later  date  than  the  11th  century. 

A  more  important  supplement  to  the  Alt- 
deutsches Namenbuch  will  be  found  ux  the  names 
which  I  have  introduced  from  our  own  early 
records,  and  in  particular  from  the  Codex  Diplo- 
maticus  of  Kemble,  and  the  liber  Vita^  or  list 
of  benefactors  to  the  shrine  of  St.  Cuthbert  at 
Durham.      The  latter  record  commences  about 


PREFACE.  IX 

the  ninth  and  is  continued  up  to  the  thirteenth 
century,  but  the  names  which  I  have  introduced 
may  be  taken  to  be  generally  of  the  early  period- 
For  the  names  of  later  date  taken  from  the 
Hundred  Bolls  drawn  up  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
Ist  I  am  indebted  to  the  Patronymica  Britannica 
of  Mr.  Lower. 

Though  the  explanation  of  Old  German  names 
is  a  subject  which  has  engaged  the  attention  of 
almost  all  the  leading  philologists  of  Germany, 
and  though  conclusions  have  in  many  cases  becm 
arrived  at  which  have  met  with  general  accept- 
ance, there  still  remains  much  which  is  unsettled 
and  obscure.  And  further — there  are  many 
names  now  for  the  first  time  brought  to  light 
through  the  labours  of  Forstemann,  of  which  in 
some  cases  he  has  offered  an  e:q)lanation  and  in 
others  not.  Though  as  a  general  rule  I  have 
adopted  the  conclusions  of  the  German  scholars, 
I  have  in  some  instances  ventured  to  express  a 
difference  of  opinion,  and  in  a  still  greater  number 
of  cases  I  have  been  thrown  upon  my  own 
resources  for  the  explanation  of  names  not  dealt 
with  by  any  other  writer. 

The  English  names,  with  very  few  exceptions, 
are  taken  fix>m  the  London  Directory,  the  two 
works  of  Mr.  Lower,  and  that  of  Mr.  Bowditch. 
The  little  work  by  Mr.  Clark  called  **  Surnames 
metrically  arranged,^'  and  which,  by  the  way,  is 
executed  with  no  little  ingenuity,  contains  a  few 
names  not  found  elsewhere.     The  French  names 


X  PREFACE. 

are  taken  from  the  directory  of  Paris,  and  the  j 

Modem  German  names  from  the  works  of  Forste-  j 

mann,  Potb,  and  the  other  writers  elsewhere  enu-  j 

merated.  It  has  not  always  been  an  easy  task 
to  ascertain  the  nationality  of  a  name,  particularly 
as  the  directory  of  Paris  does  not  generally  give 
the  christian  names,  which  might  be  a  guide  in  a 
doubtful  case.  The  same  remark  apphes  to  SuflTolk 
Surnames,  some  of  the  names  of  which  look  very 
much  like  German  in  an  English  guise.  The 
interchange  which  has  taken  place  between  the 
respective  countries  at  a  comparatively  recent 
period,  as  for  instance  the  immigration  of  French- 
men into  England  at  the  Bevocation  of  the  Edict 
of  Nantes  and  of  Scotchmen  at  an  earlier  period 
into  France,  must  also  be  taken  into  account.  i 

This  introduces  an  element  of  uncertainty  which  j 

must  to  a  certain  extent  modify  the  particular 
classification  of  modem  names,  though  not  affect- 
ing the  general  theory  of  their  origin. 

In  the  arrangement  of  the  different  groups  I 
have  taken,  first  the  simple  form  or  the  stem- 
name,  and  then  the  various  forms  which  have 
grown  out  of,  or  which  have  been  built  upon  it.  | 

It  wiU  be  observed  that  while  there  are  some  ! 

groups,  as  at  pages  115, 202,  231, 289,  454,  which 
shew  the  connection  between  the  ancient  and  | 

modem  names  in  a  very  complete  form,  there  are 
many  others  which  exist  in  a  more  or  less  frag-  , 

mentary  state — ^the  system  which  I  have  adopted 
allowing  the  missing  links,  as  they  may  turn  up, 


PREFACE.  XI 

to  fell  into  their  respective  pliaces.  It  follows, 
therefore,  that  a  random  reference  to  any  par- 
ticular group  might  be  by  no  means  convincing, 
and  that  my  theory  must  be  judged  as  a  whole. 
The  dates  which  I  have  affixed  to  the  Old 
German  names,  and  for  which  I  am  indebted 
to  Forstemann,  shew  the  earliest  period  at  which 
that  particular  form  has  so  fex  been  found — ^as  to 
the  real  antiquity  of  the  name  of  course  they  are 
no  guide  whatever. 

In  conclusion,  while  expressing  my  obligation 
to  the  scholars  of  Germany  for  the  standing  point 
on  which  to  form  my  theory,  I  may  perhaps 
not  be  thought  presumptuous  in  expressmg  a 
hope  that  I  have  done  at  least  something  to  pay 
ojff  the  debt  which  I  have  incurred — ^no  such 
systematic  attempt  having  as  yet  been  made 
even  in  Germany  to  connect  the  past  and  the 
present  in  men's  names  as  will  be  found  in  these 
pages. 

R  F. 

McrUm,  Caiiide, 


LIST  OF  THB  PRINCIPAL  WORKS  CONSULTED. 

AltdeatBches  Namenbaohy  von  Dr.  EniBt  F^xBtemann.    YoL 
Ly  PersonennametL  Nardhauaen^  1856. 

Die  Penonennameiiy  insbesondere  die  Familiennameny  Ton 
August  Friediich  Pott.  '  Leip^Ag^  1853. 

GrimnL     Deutsche  Grammatik.  OoUmgen, 

Grimm.     Deutsche  Mjtholo^a  OoUingen,  1854. 

Grimm.     Geschichte  der  Deutschen  Spracha 

Leipzig,  1848. 

Grimm.    Fraaennamen  aos  Blomen.  BeHin,  185S. 

Weinhold.    Die  Deutschea  Fraoen  in  dem  Mittelalter. 

Vienna,  1851. 

Weinhold.    Altnordiscbes  Leben.  Berlin,  1856. 

Giaff     Althochdeutscher  Spraohschatz.  Berlin,  1834. 

Zeusa    Die  Deutschen  und  die  Nachbarstamma 

Mtmick,  1837. 

Mona      IJntersuchungen   zur   Geschichte   der   Teutschen 

Helden  saga  Leipzig,  1836. 

Gliidk.    Die  bei  C.  Julius  Cflosar  Torkommenden  Keltischen 

Namen.  Viewna,  1857. 

Wassenberg.      Yerhandeling    over    de    Eigennaamen    der 

Friesen.  Frcmeker,  1774. 

Frohner.     Karlsruher  NamenbucL  Earlaruhe,  1856. 

Outzen.     Glossarium  der  Friesischen  Spracha 

Copenhagen,  1837. 
Islands  I^mdnamabdk,  hoc  est,  liber  originum  IslandisB. 

Copenhagen,  1774. 
Kembla    Oodez  Diplomaticus  ^vi  SazonicL 

London,  1845-48. 

Kembla     Names,  Surnames,  and  Nic-names  of  the  Anglo* 
Saxons.  London,  1846. 


UBT  OP  THE  PRINCIPAL  WORKS  OONSULTED.      xiii 

liber  Yito  EcdesUa  Dnnelmeimia,  pabliahed  by  the  Snrtees 
Sodety.  London,  1841. 

Pdyptyque  de  FAbb^  Imimon  oa  Denombrement  deB 
niMMeBy  dee  aer&,  et  dee  reyeniiB  de  1' Abbaye  de  Baint- 
Germain-dea-Prte  sone  le  regne  de  Oharlfimagpft. 

Fans,  1844. 

Polypfyqoe  de  TAbbaye  de  Saint  Remi  de  ReimBy  <m  Denom* 
brement  dee  manflesy  dee  ierfr,  et  dee  leYenna  de  oette 
abbaye  yers  le  miliea  da  neaTieme  ndde  de  notre  dre. 

Parte,  1853. 

BalTerte.  Histozy  of  the  names  of  men,  nationa,  and  places. 
Trandated  by  the  Rev.  L.  H.  Moidaoqu& 

London,  1862. 

Lower.    Enj^iah  SnxnamesL  London^  1849. 

Lower.    Patronymioa  Britannicai  London,  I860. 

Bowditch.    Bnffolk  Snmames,  Sid  Edition.      BoaiM,  1861. 

(aitffolik  mmm  Botkm  and  U$  vioMtiff  hut  the  work  in  reaUt^  tabu  in 
atMckwiderrwiigt,) 

Miss  YoDga    History  of  Christian  Kames.     London,  1863. 
niylor.    Names  and  Places.  London,  1864. 

Thoip&    Northern  Mythology.  London,  1851. 

Thorpe.'  The  Anglo-Saxon  poem  of  Beowulf^  the  Boop  or 
Gleeman's  tale,  and  the  fi|^t  at  Finnesbnrg. 

OiKford,lWi. 
Wozsaae.    Danes  and  Norwqpans  in  England,  Scotland^ 
and  Ireland.  London,  1852. 

BoBworth.  Origin  of  the  English  and  Germanic  languages 
and  nations.  London,  1848. 

Talbot    EDgliah  Etymologies.  London,  1847. 

Halli  well     Archaic  and  Proyindal  Dictionary. 

London,  1831. 
Wedgwood.    Dictionary  of  English  Etymology. 

London,  1859-62. 

Brockie.    The  Family  Names  of  the  Folks  of  Shields  traced 

to  their  Origin.  Skidds,  1857. 


CONTENTS. 


Ohatxd  L 
CHArm  n. 
OHAFnB  m. 
Ohard  TV, 
Oharxb  T. 
Ohaftie  YL 
Ohaptib  vn. 


nrCBODuonoN 

SmPLB  FOBMB 

DQONUnVBB 

PHOmsnO  ADDinONB 
PATBOMTBaOS 
OOMPOUin>B     

LSmnEB  0HANOE8     

Ohaptib  vm. 
OT7B  NATURAL  BNEMIES 

Chaftxb  IX. 

MAN  AS  THE  TTPE  OF  POWER 

Ohaftbb  X. 
THE  BRUTE  AND  ITS  ATTRIBUTES    .., 

Ceaftbb  XL 
THE  OODS  OF  THE  NORTH 

Ghafteb  XIL 
THE  HEROES  OF  THE  NORTH 

ohaptkb  xm. 

THE  WARRIOR  AND  HIS  ARMS 

Ohaptib  XIV. 
THE  PROTECTOR  AND  THE  FRIEND  .. 

Ghafteb  XV. 
ANCESTOR  AND  KINSMAN  

Chattib  XYI. 
THE  NATION  AS  THE  NAME-OIYER   .. 


Paob. 

1 

17 
SO 
28 
31 
34 
44 
60 
57 

«r 

113 
145 
161 
260 
287 
295 


CONTENTS.  XV 

OHAPm  XTIL 

THE  SBA  AND  THB  8BA  LIFE     320 

CHAm  XYIIL 
THB  BULEB  AND  THB  PBINCE 327 

CHAPm  XTX. 
WISDOM  AND  KNOWLEDGE        347 

Ohaftd  XX. 
THE  TBUUFBT  OF  FAMB 368 

Ohaprb  '^'^fT, 
WBALTH  AND  PBOBPBBITY       361 

ohaftkb  xxn. 

THE  OUTEB  MAN       386 

THB  INNER  MAN       426 

Ohaftib  XXIV. 
THE  STATION  IN  UFB       461 

Ohaftkb  XXV^ 
ALL  FLESH  IS  AS  GRASS 464 

CHAinBXxyL 

THB  STUFF  A  MAN  IS  MADE  OF         474 

CHApm  xxvn. 

TEEB  CHRISTIAN  ERA         482 

CHAFnEB  XXYin. 
THBIT  CALL  THEIR  LANDS  AFTER  THEIR  OWN  NAMES       486 

OLD  SAXONS  AND  ANGLO-SAXONS     604 

Chaptib  ZXX. 
THE  SCANDINAyiAN  VIKINGS 610 

CHAPTIB  X  JJ'H-ly 

a  chapter  of  fragments     616 

Chatub  ttttt, 
00NCLX7SI0N     626 


ADDITIONS  AND  CORRBCTIONS 520 

INDEX       631 


CHAPTER  I. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  Directory  of  London  is  perhaps  the  crown- 
ing wonder  of  that  wonderful  place.  There  may 
have  been  in  ancient  times — who  knows  1 — cities 
as  great.  There  may  be  even  now  an  \mcounted 
population  as  prodigious  at  Pekin.  But  was  there 
ever  a  city  so  registered,  and  classified,  and 
chronicled,  as  is  this  teeming  Babylon  of  ours  ? 
No  poor  man  in  a  dark  corner  can  turn  his  face 
to  the  waU  and  give  up  the  key  of  his  house  un- 
noticed— no  petty  shop  be  shut — ^no  humble  name 
be  painted  out.  As  surely  as  the  plaice  which 
knew  him  knows  him  no  more,  ere  many  months 
can  pass  thei^  is  a  new  name  in  the  Domesday  of 
London. 

Here  it  is — ^the  book  of  the  Modem  Babylon 
— ^bound  in  her  own  scarlet  too — ^two  thousand 
two  himdred  and  sixty  pages  of  names !  How 
dreary  seems  the  catalogue,  and  yet  what  a  world 
of  hidden  history  is  there  within  the  pages  of  this 
book  !  For  of  all  these  thousands  of  names  not 
one  has  been  given  in  vain.  There  are  deeds  of 
forgotten  valour  that  are  summed  up  in  a  word — 
there  are  trivial  incidents  that  have  named  genera- 
tions of  men — ^there  are  good  Christians  that  are 
called  after  heathen  gods — there  are  gentle  women 

A 


2  INTBODUCnON. 

that  are  called  after  savage  brutes — ^there  are 
names  on  the  signs  of  Regent  Street  that  were 
given  in  the  unhewn  forests  of  Grermany. 

Truly  then  the  question,  **  Who  gave  you  this 
name  1"  if  it  could  be  answered  rightly — ^and  in 
many  instances  it  can — ^would  give  us  interesting 
records.  One  might  say — "  Eight  centuries  ago 
an  Anglo-Saxon*  bravely  withstood  the  Norman 
usurpation,  and  so  harassed  their  forces  by  his 
stratagems  that  he  was  sumamed  Prset,  or  the 
crafty — ^therefore  it  is  that  I  am  called  Peatt/^ 
Another  might  say — "  A  Northman  had  a  son 
mischievous  and  full  of  pranks,  so  that  he  was 
called  Lok,  after  the  god  of  mischief  Steady 
enough  our  family  has  become  since  then.  We 
have  produced  the  most  sober  of  philosophers — 
one  of  the  most  practical  of  engineers — ^yet  still 
we  bear  the  name  of  Locke  t  from  the  mischief 
of  our  ancestor.''  And  a  third  might  say — "  See 
you  yon  white  horse  cut  on  the  turf  of  the 
southern  down — whence  came  that  white  horse 
came  my  name.  The  great  Roman  historian  tells 
us  how  our  ancestors  held  the  white  horse  sacred. 
Hence,  when  the  early  invaders  wrested  the  soil 
from  its  British  owner,  they  stamped  it  with  this 
as  the  sign  at  once  of  their  victory  and  of  their 
faith.  And,  unconsciously  as  the  Wiltshire 
peasant  does  reverence  to  the  heathen  symbol 


*  Ooe  of  the  oompaiiloiM  of  the  Sftzon  b«io  Htrewaid. 
t  This  may  obtain  In  Bomo  indlTidnal  caae^,  bnt  I  do  not  think,  on  eon- 
slderailoD,  that  it  li  the  general  origin  of  the  name. 


INTRODUCTION.  3 

when  he  annually  dears  away  the  grass  from  the 
outlines  of  the  white  horse,  as  his  &ther8  have 
done  for  perhaps  a  thousand  years  before  him,  so 
do  I,  good  Christian  as  I  am,  preserve  a  record  of 
that  same  pagan  superstition  in  my  name  of 
HiNCKa''* 

The  etymology  of  proper  names  is  the  only 
branch  then  of  the  subject  which  can  in  any  sense 
be  called  popular ;  for  most  men,  even  of  those 
who  care  not  to  enquire  the  origin  of  the  l&mguage 
they  speak,  feel  some  interest  or  curiosity  in 
knowing  the  meaning  of  the  names  they  bear. 

In  the  investigation  of  this  subject  tradition 
gives  us  little  or  no  assistance.  Not  but  that 
there  are  many  traditions  as  to  the  origin  of 
names,  but  in  almost  all  cases  they  aie  worthless 
and  delusiva  Indeed  it  is  rather  curious  how 
tradition,  in  matters  of  history  so  often  substan- 
tially correct,  in  matters  of  etymology  is  generally 
sheer  invention. 

Thus  I  have  no  faith  in  such  legends  as  that 
which  derives  Tubnbull  from  a  man  having 
turned  by  the  head  a  wild  bull  which  ran  against 
Bobert  Bruce.  Or  in  that  which  derives  Bull- 
STBODS  from  an  ancestor  of  the  family,  having, 
along  with  his  followers,  sallied  forth  to  a  conflict 
mounted  upon  bulls.  Or  in  Pubseglove  from  a 
man  having  found,  at  a  time   when   he  much 

*  HiNOD  Moms  to  be  »  eomptioii  of  HensUt  or  Hlngoik,  which  siffniflat  a 
staUloo.  Some  tndUioiM  make  HengitI  a  FriiUn,  Id  whloh  Ungvece  the  word  U 
Mni/tt,  which  approaches  ne^r  to  Hinckb.  la  the  names  of  places  Henglst  has 
become  changed  into  Hlnks,  as  In  Hloksej.  Berks.— Ang.-8ax.    Hengeeteslge. 


4  INTRODUCTION. 

needed  it^  a  purse  of  gold  wrapped  up  in  a  glove. 
Or  in  LocKHABT,  from  an  ancestor  of  the  family 
having  accompanied  Sir  James  Douglas  to  the 
Holy  Land  with  the  heart  of  the  Bruce. 

Nor  do  I  give  much  more  credit  to  the  German 
story  which  accoimts  for  the  name  of  the  poet 
Saphir  in  this  wise.  The  grandfather  of  Saphir, 
a  Jew  named  Israel  Israel,  being  required,  in  con- 
formity with  an  ordonnance  of  the  Austrian 
government,  to  change  his  name,  expressed  his 
own  perfect  indifference  on  the  subject,  and  his 
readiness  to  take  any  name  which  the  authorities 
might  recommend.  "  You  have  a  very  handsome 
sapphire  ring,*'  said  the  official,  "  have  you  any 
objections  to  let  Saphir  be  your  name  V  "  Not 
the  least  in  the  world,''  replied  this  accommodat- 
ing Jew,  and  so  Saphir  became  his  name.  Now 
I  cannot  take  upon  myself  to  say  unhesitatingly 
that  this  story  is  a  myth,  but  it  is  at  least  sus- 
picious, and  a  different  origin  can  readily  be  sug- 
gested for  the  name. 

Neither  is  much  value  to  be  attached  to  the 
old  Latinization  of  names.  When  we  find  the 
Ang.-Sax.  Goodrick  rendered  "  De  bono  fossato" 
— Godshall,  the  Old  German  Gottshalck,  "  De 
casa  Dei" — when  we  find  Armine,  the  glorious  old 
hero  Arminius,  made  into  a  "  Sancta  Ermina^ — 
when  we  find  such  childish  attempts  as  Dimoak, 
"De  urabrosa  quercu" — Salvein,  "De  salicosa 
vena,"  we  see  clearly  that  these  are  simply  guesses 
— perhaps  not  unworthy  of  the  age  in  which  they 


INTRODUCmON.  5 

were  formed,  but  certainly  of  no  account  in  this. 

Archaeology  and  genealogy  will  do  a  great 
deal,  and  what  they  will  do  has  been  well  done 
by  Mr.  Lower  in  his  two  works  on  English  Sur- 
names, which  will  always  remain  standard  books 
of  reference  on  the  subject.  It  is  to  him  that  the 
credit  must  be  given  of  being  the  first  to  bring  to 
bear  on  the  subject  the  researclies  of  modem 
science. 

The  history  of  Christian  names,  which,  accord- 
ing to  my  view,  is  to  a  great  extent  the  history 
also  of  surnames,  has  received  a  most  valuable 
contribution  in  the  recent  work  of  Miss  Yonge, 
which  does  much  to  place  the  subject  on  a  more 
solid  basis  than  heretofore.  And  from  the  other 
side  of  the  Atlantic  we  have  a  work,  Suffolk 
Surnames,  by  Mr.  Bowditch,  which,  though  with- 
out pretensions  to  etymological  research,  con- 
tains the  most  curious  catalogue  of  names  that 
has  yet  been  published. 

With  respect  to  the  names  of  France,  there  is, 
as  far  as  I  know,  no  work  on  the  subject  which 
does  much  more  than  skim  the  surface.  That  by 
Salverte  is  elegant  and  philosophical,  but  does 
not  go  much  into  etymological  detail,  and  is  not 
always  to  be  depended  upon  when  it  does. 

In  Germany,  family  names  have  received  a 
large  share  of  attention,  and  the  same  system  of 
patient  analysis  which  has  raised  the  character  of 
German  philology  has  been  applied  to  them.  The 
preliminary  step  has  been  to  collect  all  the  ancient 


6  INTEODUCIION. 

names,  and  arrange  them  under  their  respective 
roots.  This  gives  a  firm  standing-ground  for  the 
investigation  of  modem  names.  In  this  depart- 
ment the  AUdeutaches  Namenbuch  of  Forstemann' 
is  a  most  complete,' solid,  and  trustworthy  work, 
extremely  well  arranged,  and  throwing,  indirectly, 
more  light  on  English  names  than  any  other  book 
I  know.  This,  as  the  latest  work,  is  the  best  and 
the  most  complete,  but  the  works  of  Graff  and 
others  which  it  supplements,  are  of  the  highest 
value  and  importance.  Grimm,  himself  the 
&ther  of  Teutonic  philology,  has,  in  his  various 
writings,  supplied  knowledge  upon  which  all 
others  have  drawn.  Professor  Pott's  book  on 
Modem  German  family  names  is  also  one  of  great 
learning  and  research,  and  the  want  of  an  index, 
which  sadly  diminished  the  debt  of  gratitude  on 
the  part  of  whose  who  had  to  consult  him,  has  at 
length  been  supplied. 

The  study  of  English  names  embraces  a  wider 
field  than  that  of  the  English  language,  because 
we  have  no  longer  the  same  Ang.-Sax.  starting 
point.  The  dialects  of  the  various  tribes  who 
came  over  to  this  country  were  fused  into  one 
common  language,  and  that  was  Anglo^axon — 
but  there  was  no  such  fiision  of  their  n(Wies.  In 
all  iheir  dialectic  variations  the  names  of  those 
early  settlers  still  stand  in  the  London  directory. 
Certainly  there  did  spring  up  in  after  times  a 
nomenclature  properly  Anglo-Saxon,  formed  in 
accordance  with  the  general  Teutonic  system,  but 


IKTBODUCnON.  7 

still  having  its  own  distinctive  character.  But 
this  nomenclature,  as  I  am  inclined  to  believe, 
never  pervaded  the  mass  of  the  people,  who  still 
held  on  to  the  old  sort  of  names  which  they  had 
brought  over  with  them,  and  which  they  carried 
through  Anglo-Saxon  times  up  to  the  present 
day. 

A  word  then  on  the  antiquity  of  our  English 
namea  How  far  some  of  them  may  remount  we 
cannot  even  guess.  AU  we  know  is  that  when 
the  dim  light  of  history  first  shows  us  the  G^erman 
tribes  battling  in  their  rude  strength  against  the 
legions  of  imperial  Bome,  the  names  they  bore 
were  such  as  are  current  now.  Among  some  of 
those  mentioned  by  Tacitus  are  Yerritus,  a  prince 
of  the  Frisians^  same  I  take  as  our  WEBBirr  and 
Verity.  Sigimer,  the  father  of  Arminius,  is  the 
same  as  our  Seymotjb  ;  and  Segimund,  his  brother- 
in-law,  as  our  SiGMUND  and  SiMMONna  Arpus, 
a  prince  of  the  Catti,  is  the  same  as  our  Harp — 
YiBSLLiiJS^  a  general  of  the  Hermanduri,  as  our 
WiPPBLL,  Then  there  are  several  compound 
names,  as  Inguiomer,  Cariovalda^  Maroboduus^ 
and  Molorix,  of  which  we  have  the  simple  forms, 
which  we  may  fairly  suppose  to  have  been  the 
first  in  use.  This  leads  me  to  remark  that  many 
of  our  short  and  simple  names  are,  as  being  such 
root-names,  among  the  most  ancient  that  we  have. 
And  not  a  few  there  are,  which  in  the  changes 
and  chances  of  this  mortal  life  have  become  of 
small  account,  yet  which  were  names  of  honour 


8  INTRODUCTION. 

in  the  days — aye,  and  long  before  the  days — ^when 
the  Redeemer  walked  the  earth.  There  is  a  name 
in  the  directory,  Siggs — ^it  has  no  very  distin- 
guished sound,  and  its  owner  is  but  a  worker  in 
tin  plate — ^yet  it  is  older  than  the  Sigimer,  and 
the  Segimund  of  Tacitus.  Nibbs  and  Nobbs  are 
not  names  which  command  respect,  yet  they  are 
probably  the  parents  of  the  'Nibelungs  renowned 
in  German  song — of  the  courtly  Nevilles,  and, 
according  to  a  German  writer,  of  the  mighty 
Napoleon.  Then  there  are  other  names  ap- 
parently honourable — ^yet  thrice  honourable  when 
their  meaning  is  made  clear.  Thus  Abmingeb 
has  been  supposed  to  be  a  corruption  of  Armiger 
— ^that  is,  "  one  entitled  to  bear  arms.''  Entitled 
— ^aye,  well  entitled  to  bear  arms ! — ^no  herald's 
college  needs  to  furnish  them — ^for  he  bears  the 
spear  of  Arminius.*  Generally  speaking,  the 
names  derived  from  war  are  among  the  most 
ancient — ^probably  also  some  of  those  derived  from 
animals,  as  the  bear,  the  wolf,  and  the  boar — ^and 
some  of  those  of  which  the  meaning  is  simply 
"  man."  Such  names  as  Sun  and  Moon  we  must 
also  include — ^we  do  not  meet  with  them  before 
the  fourth  or  fifth  century — but  the  thought  is 
an  oriental  one, — ^and  there  are  no  names  which 
might  more  probably  have  been  brought  with 
them  by  the  wanderers  firom  their  ancient  eastern 
home. 

*  A3.MJSQEB.  U  a  compoond  of  Armin  (Arminins),  and  ger,  spaar. 


INTBODUCriON.  9 

In  referrmg  to  the  high  antiquity  of  some  of 
our  English  names,  it  is  necessary  to  call  atten- 
tion to  their  two-fold  origin.  They  are  derived 
in<  part  from  original  sximames,  and  in  part  from 
ancient  single  or  baptismal  namea  The  term 
**  baptismal"  must  be  understood .  in  a  modified 
sense,  as  implying  a  name  bestowed  in  infancy, 
and  probably  with  some  attendant  rite  or  cere- 
mony, for  many  of  these  names  are  in  reality  older 
than  Christianity.  The  former  of  these  two 
classes  of  course  cannot  be  older  than  the  period 
at  which  surnames  became  hereditary — a  period 
not  earlier  than  the  Conquest,  or  if  earlier,  only 
in  some  very  exceptional  cases.  The  latter — 
those  derived  from  ancient  baptismal  names — 
may  remount  to  the  highest  Teutonic  antiquity. 
For  those  names  were  not,  like  surnames,  coined 
as  the  occasion  required,  but  handed  down  from 
generation  to  generation,  perhaps  even  in  some 
cases,  as  I  have  elsewhere  suggested,  without  any 
reference  to  their  meaning.  It  will  be  my  object 
to  prove,  throughout  the  present  work,  that  a 
very  much  larger  proportion  of  English  names 
than  has  been  generally  supposed,  are  from  the 
latter  origin. 

I  have  already  made  the  remark  that  while 
the  dialects  of  the  various  tribes  who  came  over 
to  this  country  were  ftised  into  one  common  lan- 
guage, which  was  Anglo-Saxon,  their  names  still 
retained  all  their  dialectic  variations.  To  the 
period  from  Anglo-Saxon  times  to  the  present 

B 


10  INTBODUCTION. 

day  the  same  principle  applies.  English  names 
have  not  shared  pan  passu,  with  the  changes 
which  have  taken  place  in  the  English  language. 
The  reason  of  this  must  be  obvious  to  any  one 
who  considers  the  subject.  When  a  word  changes, 
it  changes  altogether,  because  there  is  only  one 
standard  of  the  language.  But  this  is  not  the 
case  with  names  ;  one  man's  name  is  no  rule  for 
another's,  and  each  name  separately  resists  inno- 
vation on  its  own  account.  Names  do  change — 
because  the  same  principles  of  phonetic  mutation 
affect  them — but  only  individually  and  partially. 
Hence  we  have  them  in  all  stages,  pure  Anglo- 
Saxon,  wholly  English,  and  half-way  between  the 
two.  In  our  names  Nagle  and  Nail,  we  have 
the  Anglo-Saxon  ncsgel,  and  the  English  nail — ^in 
our  names  Wegg  and  Way  we  have  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  weg,  and  the  English  way — ^in  our  names 
Gum  and  Groom,  we  have  the  Anglo-Saxon 
guma,  and  the  English  groom.  And  in  the  names 
FuGQLE,  Fuel,  Fowell,  and  Fowle,  we  have  all 
the  stages  of  mutation  from  the  Anglo-Saxon 
fugel  to  the  English  fowl. 

In  one  respect  names  have  been  subjected  to 
an  influence  from  which  the  English  language 
has  been  exempt ;  they  have  frequently  been  cor- 
rupted from  the  desire  to  make  sense  out  of  them. 
Of  course  all  namies  have  originally  had  a  mean- 
ing ;  I  speak  of  cases  in  which  the  ancient  mean- 
ing has  become  obsolete.  When  a  name  has  no 
approach  towards  making  sense,  men  are  content 


INTRODUCTION.  1 1 

to  let  it  alone,  but  when  it  is  very  nearly  making 
some  sort  of  modem  sense,  it  is  very  apt  to  be 
corrupted.  Thus,  Ashkettle  is  no  doubt  the 
Danish  name  Asketil ;  Goodluck  is  very  pro- 
bably a  corruption  of  Guthlac.  There  is  a  place 
in  Norwich  called  Goodluck's  close,  formerly 
Guthlac's  close.  We  have  the  name  Thorough- 
good,  and  we  have  the  name  Thurgood.  The 
latter  is  a  Danish  name,  and  at  once  suggests  to 
us  that  the  former  is  a  corruption.  So  also  pro- 
bably Grumble  and  Tremble  for  Grimbald  and 
Trumbold,  Halftard  for  Alfhard,  Inohboard 
for  Ingobert,  Gumboil  for  Gundbald,  &c. 

This  principle,  whidi  is  indeed  natural  to  man, 
pervades  also  Modem  German  nomenclature. 
Thus  the  name  of  Maria  Theresa's  minister  was 
corrupted  from  its  original  form  of  Tunicotto  into 
Thunichtgut,  which  she  again,  thinking  there  was 
something  in  a  name,  changed  into  Thugut.*  Our 
friend  Todleben,  who  gave  us  so  much  trouble  at 
Sebastopol,  and  whose  name  appears  to  be  such  a 
paradoxical  compound,t  is  another  example.  The 
name  is  in  fact,  as  I  take  it,  formed  of  two  words 
of  the  same  meaning,  both  Implying  affection,  and 
would  be  more  properly  Todliebea 

It  is  to  be  noted,  however,  that  there  are  not 
a  few  cases  in  which  names  have  come  to  us  in  a 
corrupted  form.  We  have  a  name,  Archam- 
BAUD,  and  the  French  have  the  same  name, 

♦  Thuniohtgnt,  "  do  not  good."    Thagnt» "  do  good," 
-     t  Tod,  dMtb,  Mf%  Uli». 


1 2  INTRODUCTION. 

Archambault.  This  is  a  corruption  of  an  old 
German  Ercanbald,  but  aa  a  coniiption  it  is  nine 
hundred  years  old,  b^g  found  in  the  10th  cen- 
tury in  the  form  of  Archembald.  And  upon  the 
whole,  English  names  are  mudi  less  corrupted 
from  their  ancient  forms  than  might  be  expected. 
Independently  of  names  which  have  been  cor- 
rupted to  a  meaning,  it  follows  almost  as  a  matter 
of  course  from  my  theory  that  I  should  believe  a 
large  proportion  of  the  apparent  meanings  of 
English  names  to  be  merely  coincid^ioes.  This 
I  do  to  a  very  considerable  ext^it,  both  in  regard 
to  our  own  names,  and  also,  as  elsewhere  stated, 
to  those  of  France.  In  many  of  these  cases  there 
is  a  primd  facie  probability  in  fevour  of  the 
alteration.  Thus,  when  I  suggest  that  Bastard, 
Paramour,  Harxx)tt,  Wanton,  Outlaw,  Scul- 
lion, Coward,  Vasball,  are  not  what  they 
seem,  but  on  the  contrary  ancient  names  of  the 
highest  respectability,  the  reader,  already  puzzled 
to  account  for  the  transmission  of  such  disreput- 
able titles,  will  be  disposed  to  fajl  readily  in  with 
the  amendment.  Again,  when  such  names  as 
Purchase,  Wedlock,  Flattery,  Melody,  Par- 
don, Power,  and  such  as  Vinegar,  Marigold, 
Dandelyon,  are  referred  to  ancient  compounds, 
there  will  not  be  much  objection,  because  the 
English  meaning  is  not  very  satis&ctory.  But 
when  I  go  on  to  argue  that  Pilgrim  is  an  Old 
German  name,  and  that  it  does  not  mean  one  who 
has  made  a  pilgrimage,  some  of  those  who  have 


INTBODUCnON.  13 

followed  me  thus  far  maj  begin  to  draw  back. 
"  Why,''  it  may  be  said,  "  meddle  with  a  name 
which  has  already  so  good  a  meaning  i  What 
can  be  mare  natural  than  that  a  man  who  had 
Tinted  the  holy  places,  and  come  back  an  object 
of  wonder  and  reverence  to  those  aroimd  him, 
should  from  this,  the  one  great  event  of  his  life, 
derive  a  name  to  be  transmitted  to  his  postmty  V' 
All  this  I  grant — Pilgrim,  in  this  sense,  might 
naturally — might  very  naturally — ^become  a  man's 
nama  But  in  the  sense  which  I  propose  it  was 
a  man^s  name.  And  the  best  of  ^  might  he's"  is 
not  so  good  as  a  ''was.''  Again,  the  system 
which  thus  explains  Pilgbim  explains  also  Pill, 
Pillow,  Billow,  Bilke,  Billet,  Billiard,  and 
a  numb^  of  other  names,  both  English  and 
French.  Not  but  that  I  recognize  the  possi- 
bility, both  in  this  and  other  cases,  of  two  dif- 
ferent origins  for  the  same  name. 

With  respect  to  the  period  at  which  surnames 
became  hereditary  in  England  I  am  inclined  to 
concur  with  Mr.  Lower  in  the  probability  of  their 
being  in  occasional  use  before  the  Conquest, 
though  I  do  not  feel  so  sure  that  the  particular 
document  on  which  he  relies  for  proof  (a  grant  of 
land  to  the  Abbey  of  Croyland,  dated  1050)  is 
sufficient  to  bear  out  the  conclusions  which  he 
draws  from  it. 

There  is  a  document  quoted  from  the  MSS. 
Cott.  by  Mr.  Turner,  in  his  History  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxons,  in  which  we  find  an  Anglo-Saxon  family 


14  INTRODUCTION. 

with  unquestionably  a  regular  surname.  "  Hwita 
HoUe*  was  a  keeper  of  bees  in  Haethfelda  ;  and 
Tate  Hatte,  his  daughter,  was  the  mother  of  Wul- 
sige,  the  shooter ;  and  Lulle  Hatte,  the  sister  of 
Wulsige,  Hehstan  had  for  his  wife  iq  Wealadene. 
Wifiis,  and  Dunne,  and  Seoloce,  were  bom  in 
Haethfelda ;  Duning  Hatte^  the  son  of  Wifus,  is 
settled  at  Wealadene ;  and  Ceolmimd  Hatte,  the 
son  of  Dunne,  is  also  settled  there  ;  and  ^Etheleah 
Hatte,  the  son  of  Seoloce,  is  also  there  ;  and  Tate 
Hatte^  the  sister  of  Cenwald,  Maeg  hath  for  his 
wife  at  Weligan ;  and  Ealdelm,  the  son  of 
Herethrythe,  married  the  daughter  of  Tate. 
Werlaf  Hatter  the  father  of  Werstan,  was  the 
rightfiil  possessor  of  Hsethfelda^  ko!' 

This  document,  which  is  numbered  1356  in 
Mr.*  Kemble's  collection,  is  without  a  date,  but 
has  every  appearance  of  being  earlier  than  the 
Conquest,  and  if  so,  Hatt  is  the.  oldest  surname 
we  have  on  record. 

But  at  a  much  earlier  period  we  may  observe 
a  sort  of  approach  to  a  family  name  in  particular 
instances.  Mr.  Kemble  (Names,  Swnmnies,  and 
Nic-names  of  the  AnghSaxons),  refers  to  the 
manner  in  which  the  first  word  of  a  compound  is 
reproduced  in  some  Anglo-Saxon  genealogies. 
**  I  think  it  evident  that  a  great  family  often  de- 
sired to  perpetuate  among  its  branches  a  noble 
name,  which  was  connected  with  the  glories  of 


*  What  a  cariona  name  thia  would  be  in  EogU8h->"  White  Hatt  r 


INTRODUCTION.  15 

the  country,  and  had  been  distinguished  in  the 
arts  of  war  or  peace,  by  military  prowess  or  suc- 
cessful civil  government.  ...  Of  the  seven 
sons  of  -ffithelfrith,  king  of  Northumberland,  five 
bore  names  compounded  with  Os»  thus  Oslaf 
Oslfic,  Oswald,  Oswin,  and  Oswidu.  In  the  suc- 
cessions of  the  same  royal  family  we  find  the  male 
names  Osfiith,  Oswine,  Osrlc,  Osrsad,  Oswulf, 
Osbald,  and  Osbeorht,  and  the  female  name 
Osthry  th  :  and  some  of  these  are  repeated  seve- 
ral timea"  Here  Os,  which  signifies  demi-god,  is 
a  sort  of  family  title,  and  contains  a  claim  to  a 
divine  lineage.  And  the  various  compounds 
Oslaf,  Osl&c,  &c.,  seem  to  be  formed  with  a  view 
of  preserving  this  title,  and  at  the  same  time  giv- 
ing distinctive  names,  by  adding  to  it  suflixes  in 
common  use. 

But  in  the  Polyptyque  de  TAbbe  Irminon, 
compiled  in  the  time  of  Charlemagne,  I  find  still 
stronger  instances  of  the  iadividual  yearning  after 
a  family  name.  Thus  a  man  called  Hildebodus 
gives  to  his  two  sons  the  names  of  Hildoardus 
and  Hildebodus,  and  to  his  daughter  the  name  of 
mdeberga.  One  Nodabicus  calls  his  son  Nodal- 
gis,  and  his  two  daughters  Nodalgrima  and 
Nodaltrudis.  In  other  cases  the  mother's  name 
shares  in  the  family  nomenclature.  Thus,  a  man's 
name  being  Ermengardus^  and  his  wife's  Sicle- 
verga^  one  son  is  called  Ermengaudus  after  his 
fitther,  and  the  other  Sicledulftis  aft;er  his  mother. 
In  another  instance,  a  man's  name  being  Ercan- 


16  INTRODUCTION. 

firedufi,  and  his  wife's  Ermena^  the  two  sons  are 
called  Ercanricus  and  Ercanradus  after  the  father, 
and  of  the  two  daughters  one  is  called  Ercantru- 
dis  after  the  fitther,  and  the  other  Ermenberga 
after  the  mother. 


CHAPTER  11. 


SIMPLE  FORMa 


As  the  basis  of  the  etymological  system  which 
xb  is  my  objeet  m  the  present  work  to  construct* 
must  be  takeo  the  class  of  names  whieh  consaat 
of  A  single  word,  without  any  other  modification 
thjui  the  vowel-oMling  usual  in  men's  iwnes. 
This  i^ass  of.  names  we  may  presume  to  be  the 
most  ancient  of  all — ^perhaps  indeed  it  may  have 
beea  icmginally  the  most  common,  though  in  the 
earliest  Teutonic  records  that  we  possess,  we  find 
a  decided  preponderance  of  compounded  name& 
At  the  same  time,  the  remark  of  Miss  Yonge  thajt 
ZeutcHiic  names  ^  were  almost  all  compoimds  of 
two  w<n9ds/'  is  certainly  too  strong. 

These  names  appear  very  rarely  indeed  in 
ttacicDt  times  witiiioat  the  endiog  a,  i,  or  o,  though 
at  present  in  the  &mily  names  both  of  England 
and  Germany,  it  is  very  fi^que^tly  lost.  Thus 
we  have  varioudy,  with  and  withoujt  such  end- 
ing, the  names  Em  Ellby,  and  £kiiA,  Oox^i^ 
OoUiEY,  and  Ooxj;«i^  Sast^,  tlAjmEY,  and 
Haswa,  Mxub;  MnJBTr,  and  Mnx).  When  I 
forther  adduce  Bjix,  Billy,  Billow,  Pill^  Fil- 
let, PniLOW,  as  variations  of  one  single  name, 
wiih  and  without  this  ending,  it  ^yillbe  sem  how 
gteaJt  a  revolution  my  theory,  if  it  can  be  sus- 

c 


18  SIMPLE    FORMS. 

tained,  must  create  in  the  received  notions  on  the 
subject. 

In  the  next  place  we  have  to  consider  what 
was  the  value  of  this  termination.  We  know 
that  the  Anglo-Saxon  had  the  property,  by  the 
addition  of  a  to  a  noim,  of  forming  another  word 
implying  connection  with  it.  Thus  from  scip^ 
Si,  ship,  is  formed  scipa,  a  sailor, — ^from  hiUs^  a 
house,  hilsa,  a  domestic.  This  principle  is  more 
fully  carried  out  in  proper  names ;  by  the  ad- 
dition of  the  Teutonic  terminations  a,  t,  or  o,  a 
name  would  be  formed  out  of  a  noim,  or  an  ad- 
jective, or  a  verb.  And  it  is  still  a  living  prin- 
ciple among  us.  Thus,  when  we  hear  a  man  with 
a  remarkable  nose  called  in  vulgar  parlance 
"  Nosey,''  we  have  a  name  formed  according  to 
Teutonic  analogy.  Nurse-maids  carry  it  still 
further,  and  form  a  name  out  of  a  verb — thus 
a  child  given  to  screaming  they  would  call 
"  Screamy."  This  p7*inciple  lies  at  the  bottom  of 
Teutonic  names.  And  thus  it  is  that  a  man  from 
the  South  is  called  Southey. 

Of  these  three  terminations  a  is  the  most 
ancient.  It  is  that  found  in  Gothic  names,  as 
Wulfila,  Amala^  Totila,  though  in  after  times  it 
became  changed  among  the  High  Germans  into 
the  weaker  form  o.  It  also  prevailed  among  the 
Old  Saxons,  and  descended  from  them  to  the 
Anglo-Saxons.  But  among  both,  the  weaker 
ending  i  was  also  common,  and  it  is  evident  from 
the  names  in  Domesday  and  in  the  Liber  Vitae  of 


SIMPLE    FORMS.  19 

Durham  that  there  was  a  large  infusion  of  it 
among  the  tribes  who  settled  in  this  country. 
In  the  latter  record,  for  instance,  we  find  such 
names  as  Tydi,  Bynni,  Terri,  Betti,  Tilli,  Cuddi, 
Cynni,  Locchi,  every  one  of  which  is  still  existing 
at  the  present  day.  Indeed  this  is  the  form 
which  is  most  in  accordance  with  the  genius  of 
the  English  language  ;  that  is  to  say,  if  we  had 
to  form  names  now,  we  would,  as  it  appears  to 
me,  form  them  in  that  manner.  And  as  this  end- 
ing is  now  much  more  common  in  English  names 
than  the  regular  Anglo-Saxon  form  a,  it  seems  to 
me  very  probable  that  the  process  of  change  fi-om 
a  into  i  may  have  been  still  going  on.  The  end- 
ing in  o  is  also  not  uncommon  in  our  early  his- 
tory ;  in  Domesday,  for  instance,  we  have  Dodo, 
Baco,  Bugo,  Odo,  Wido,  Heppo ;  and  there  are 
not  a  few  still  remaining  among  our  fiimily 
names. 

The  termination  in  a  sometimes  appears  in  its 
simple  form,  as  in  Colla^  Ella,  Saxon  names 
without  change — sometimes  in  the  form  of  ay,  as 
in  Hannay  and  Hayday.  The  termination  in  i 
is  sometimes  y,  as  in  Brandy — sometimes  ey,  as 
in  Attey — ^sometimes  ie,  as  in  Lockie.  The  ter- 
mination in  o  appears  most  firequently  in  its 
simple  form,  as  in  Haddo,  Cutto,  but  sometimes 
in  06,  as  in  Pardoe,  sometimes  in  oh,  as  in  Scx^is 
TOH,  and  sometimes  in  ow,  as  in  Hadow. 


CHAPTER  III. 


DIMINUnVSS. 


A  diminutive  in  the  language  implies  small- 
ness.  Thus  manne^in  is  a  little  man — streamlet 
a  little  stream — satcheZ  a  little  sack.  But  in  pro- 
per names,  I  take  it — ^at  least  as  the  general  rule 
— ^that  the  sense  is  that  of  affection  or  familiarity 
expressed  through  the  medium  of  smaUness. 

The  English  language  is  not  strong  in  diminu-' 
tives ;  in  this  respect  the  Scottish  language, 
which  in  such  a  phrase  as  "  wee  bit  lassie,"  can 
string  three  diminutives  together,  has  much  more 
power  of  expression.  English  names,  on  the 
other  hand,  are  very  rich,  both  in  the  number  and 
variety  of  their  diminutives^  almost  every  Teu- 
tonic form  being  represented.  . 

The  principal  diminutive  endings  contained  in 
our  proper  names  are,  according  to  my  estimate^ 
seven^  viz.,  that  in  k^  that  in  2,  that  in  kin^  that  in 
2m,  that  in  «,  that  in  ns^  and  that  in  m.  There 
are  certain  other  endings,  elsewhere  referred  to» 
which  may  be  in  some  oases  diminutives. 

The  diminutive  in  £,  ek  or  ock  is  common  to 
all  the  Germanic  branch.  Hence  from  Gabb  we 
have  Garrick,  from  Love  we  have  Lovick,  from 


DIllINUTiy£S.  21 

Fiz  we  have  Phasic*  From  Jblly  we  have 
Jbllicx)S»  from  Sim  we  have  Smca — ^these  have 
the  old  German  termination  in  o.  From  Mann 
we  have  Mannioo  and  Mannakat,  with  the  two 
terminations  in  o  and  a ;  from  WiUiB y  we  have 
WiiiKU  (Williki)  with  the  termination  in  i. 

The  French  diminutive  in  et  appears  to  some 
extent  in  our  language  to  have  superseded  the 
Sairon  form  in  eo.  Thus  we  use  linnet  instead  of 
the  Ang.^ax.  linece.  But  there  is  a  continual 
tendency  among  the  uneducated  to  substitute — 
or  rather  to  retain — ^the  old  form.  Thus  when 
our  friend  Jeames»  of  immortal  memory,  con- 
tributed to  the  pages  of  Punch  what  he  was 
pleased  to  call  a  "sonniok"— he  merely  substi* 
tuted  one  diminutive  for  another.  Let  us  then 
forbear  contempt  when  we  hear  this  vulgar  form 
—it  is  a  relic  of  that  stem  old  struggle  which 
preserved  us  our  glorious  language. 

The  diminutive  in  2,  e2  or  il  is  common  to  both 
the  Gtermanic  and  Scandinavian  branches.  In 
the  latter,  as  well  as  in  the  English  language,  it 
is  much  used  in  verba  In  aU  such  words  as 
quarrel,  wrangle,  squabble,  scuffle,  shuffle,  wriggle, 
higgle,  smuggle,  grumble,  tinkle,  tipple,  the  sense 
of  pettiness  iif  more  or  less  prominent.  In  this 
form,  from  Bbnn  we  have  Bennell,  from  Dunn 
we  have  Dunnell,  from  Hasb  we  have  TTaatct.t. 


*  Hot»  id  mm  iBitMiM  of  ftte  wajr  la  which  aunM  (am  np^  «iid  mlHliig  Uaki 
Me  tapplied.  In  the  former  edition  I  had  to  say  "from  an  old  German  Flao  we 
hare  PHTncs.'*    Patthenoomeaanewdirectoiy.anditbringsiuanBnsUahFu. 


22  DIMINUTIVES. 

From  Babb^  Barry,  Barrow,  we  have  Bar- 
RELL,  Barley,  Barlow*  Grimm  refers  to  an 
Old  Grerman  Runilo  as  a  diminutive  of  Runo  ;  we 
have  a  name,  Runicles,  which  seems  to  be  a 
double  diminutive,  viz.,  this  and  the  former  com- 
bined. This  double  form  obtains  sometimes  in 
Old  High  German. 

The  diminutive  in  kin  is  of  later  growth,  and 
is  more  common  in  Modem  German  than  in  Old 
German  names.  It  is  not,  as  has  been  supposed, 
cognate  with  German  hindy  child,  but  is  more 
probably  formed  by  the  addition  of  a  phonetic  n 
to  the  diminutive  in  h  From  Dunn  we  have 
DuNKiN,  from  Benn  we  have  Benkin,  fix>m 
Parr  we  have  Parkin,  from  Will  we  have 
Wilkin,  &c. 

The  diminutive  in  Zm  is  probably  formed  in  a 
similar  manner  to  the  preceding  by  the  addition 
of  a  phonetic  n  to  the  diminutive  in  I.  Hence  we 
have  Cattmn,  Tomlln,  Evelyn,  &c.,  and  in  the 
form  ling,  which  also  appears  both  in  ancient  and 
modem  names,  Butling,  Watung,  Dowling,  &c. 
Neither  the  diminutive  in  kin,  nor  that  in  lin^  are, 
like  the  more  ancient  forms  in  ek  and  eZ,  found 
with  the  endings  a,  i,  or  o  (except  with  the  first 
as  a  female  ending.)  *' 

The  diminutive  in  5,  like  those  in  k  and  Z,  is 
of  great  antiquity,  being  found  in  the  name 
Cotiso,  of  a  Dacian  mentioned  in  Horace.     This 


*  The  ending!  in  ley  and  low,  ihongh  sometimM  fkom  thij  dimlnntlte,  are 
doubtleM  in  tome  caaee  local,  from  ky,  %  meadow,  and  from  {qio,  a  mound. 


DIMINUTIVES.  23 

name — elsewhere  referred  to — I  take  to  be  a 
High  German  form  of  the  later  name  Godizo,  and 
to  be  still  surviving  in  our  Godsoe.  From  the 
Old  German  names  Milo,  Willo,  Walo,  Rico  are 
formed  with  this  diminutive  Milizo,  Wilizo, 
Walizo,  Richizo,  whence  our  Millis,  Willis, 
Walms,  -Riches.  I  think  also  that  this  diminu- 
tive is  frequently  represented  in  our  names  simply 
by  a  finaJ  «,  and  that  Milm,  Wills,  Walls, 
Ricks  are  probably  the  same  as  the  above, 
though  an  s  final  is  no  doubt  often  added  only 
phonetically.  With  the  ending  in  i  we  find  in 
Domesday  Copsi  and  Brixi  (Bricsi),  which  we  still 
have  as  Copset  and  Brixey.  A  Saxon  bishop 
of  Worcester  was  called  Leofsy,  and  an  archbishop 
of  York  Cynsy  ;  these  two  names  still  exist  as 
LoVESY  and  Kinsby.  But  there  enters  here  an 
element  of  doubt  on  account  of  these  Saxon  names 
sometimes  appearing  with  the  ending  si  or  sy,  and 
sometimes  with  sige,  as  if  from  sig,  victory.  Thus 
the  Archbishop  Cynsy  signs  in  a  charter  as 
Cynsige ;  Wynsy,  bishop  of  Lichfield,  appears  as 
Winsige ;  Albsi  as  iElfsige,  &c.  Has  the  guttu- 
ral been  added  in  the  one  case,  or  has  it  been  lost 
in  the  other  ?  The  former  supposition  would  be 
most  in  accordance  with  analogy,  for  as  diminu- 
tives, Cynsy,  Wynsy,  Albsi,  Leofsy  would  corres- 
pond with  the  Old  Germ,  names  Cimiza,  Winizo, 
Albizo,  and  Luviz. 

Occasionally,  though  very  rarely,  the  form  s 
becomes  sc  in  ancient  names.      More  frequently 


24  DJWXUTPnsB. 

m  English  oames,  aa  Buimrifss;  M^llish,  Yjlbt 
NiSHt  for  it  is  m  aooordaoce  with  tiia  chaiueter  of 
the  language.  ladeed,  I  am  mclined  to  think 
that  the  diminutive  m  question  is  th^t  which  we 
nan  use  in  adjectivee^  as  amaHish  and  brownifi4. 
The  ending  ns  I  take  also  to  be  diminutive 
and  to  be  formed  by  the  addition  ci  a  phonetic  n 
to  the  preceding.  HeDce  from  an  Old  German 
Custanzo  we  have  Oustanob  ;  from  the  Old 
German  Cholensijs  we  Cojjesqo  a^d  Couins.  . 

The  ending  m,  which  I  take  to  be  ajso 
diminutive,  is  suj^aed  by  Forstemann,  who  £nds 
it  to  fHi-evail  specially  among  the  West  Franks* 
to  be  in  some  eases  of  other  than  German  origin. 
And  so,  in  some  pres^at  Fr^^ch  names,  as  Bon- 
A&iY  and  Bellamy,  we  can  hardly  help  thinking 
of  ami,  friend.  And  yet,  when  we  find  this  end- 
i  ing  to  prevail  most  extensively  at  present  among 

Frieeic  names,  where  it  can  hardly  be  otherwise 
than  German,  and  when  we  find  the  names  Bon- 
NEMA  and  Ballema  corresponding  wiili  the 
above,  it  suggests  the  possibility,  even  for  these, 
of  a  common  German  origin.  Another  instance 
of  coincidence  between  the  Frieac  and  the  French 
is  found  in  the  name  c^  the  well-known  tragedian 
TAliftiA,  which  corresponds  with  the  Friesic  Tlal- 

LBMA  and  TLA.LMA. 

Among  Snglish  names  we  have  Jessmat, 
Whttmee,  Ivymey,  and  Wakbm,  which  seem  to 
be  from  this  origin,  and  to  correspond  with  the 
ancient  names  Gisoma^  Widomia,  Ivamus,  and 


DiMmunvEs.  25 

Wakimus  quoted  by  Forfltemann.  To  this  source 
also  I  am  inclined  to  refer  the  names  Youngmay, 
MiLDMAY,*  and  Crickmay,  the  first  of  which  cor- 
responds with  a  Friesic  Jongma,  and  the  second 
possibly  with 'a  Friesic  Mellema.  I  before  took 
the  ending  in  these  names  to  be  jfrom  Ang.-Sax. 
mcBg,  Old  Eng.  may,  maiden,  for  which  there 
seemed  a  reasonable  probability  in  each  case — 
the  name  Cmckmay  being  referred  to  hrieg,  war, 
and  supposed  to  be  connected  with  the  war- 
maidens  of  Odin — while  the  others  seemed  too 
natural  to  require  explanation.  But  the  forms  in 
which  this  ending  ia  found  in  ancient  names  seem 
irreconcileable  with  this  theory.  Among  other 
names  from  this  origin  may  be  mentioned  that  of 
the  Dutch  painter  Hobbema. 

The  ending  sm^  which  is  also  found  in  some 
Frankish  names,  Forstemann  seems  more  de- 
cidedly to  consider  as  not  German.  But  here 
again  its  prevalence  in  present  Friesic  names 
seems  to  me  to  militate  against  this  opinion.  Can 
it  be  the  Ang.-Sax.  «mea,  small,  delicate,  used 
like  the  Danish  liUe  as  in  ToveUUe  (Dovey), 
BosaZ^22a  (Bosie)  'i  The  fact  of  its  being  anciently 
used  more  especially  in  the  names  of  women,  and 
of  its  always  appearing  in  the  form  sma,  seem 
rather  in  favour  of  this  opinion.  And  the  fact  of 
its  being  added  to  compound  names,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  scholar  Halbebtsma,  stamps  it  with 

*  Mr. LowwnyB  (Pat.  Brtt.)  thftt  "tbefamilj  an  tzMed  toU47,«nd  the< 
Bftme  to  IDkbnA." 


26  BIME^TmVEfl. 

a  different  character  to  that  of  the  other  duninu- 
tiveB.  Among  the  few  English  names  which 
seem  to  be  from  this  source  is  Bai^am,  which 
compares  with  the  ancient  name  Balciftius.  I  hare 
also  found  in  Lancashire  the  name 'Erasmus  ;  it 
seems  not  to  be  a  new  name  in  England,  for  in 
the  Liber  VUm  there  is  an  ^Erasmus  ;  it  seems 
curious  that  in  both  these  cases,  as  well  as  that 
of  the  well-known  scholar,  the  name  should  be  in 
the  Latinused  form.  I  rather  think  that  the 
French  name  Doubsamy  may  be  from  this  source, 
representing  the  Old  Prankish  name  Teodisma^ 
and  comparing  with  the  present  Friesic  names 

DlUDESMA,  DOYTSEMA. 

The  termination  e<,  as  a  German  ending  there 
is  no  groimd  for  thinking  to  be  a  diminutive. 
But  as  a  French  diminutive  it  is  frequently  added 
to  German  compound  names,  as  in  the  French 
names  Henriquet,  Hbnriot,  Bernardet,  &c. 

The  same  rule  applies  to  the  ending  in  en, 
which  is  often  added  as  a  French  diminutive  to 
German  names.  Probably  in  this  manner  are 
formed  the  French  names  Girardik,  Bernardin, 
GuiLLOTiN,  Lamartine,  from  Gerard,  Bernard, 
GtriLLOT,  Lamart,  all  likewise  French  names  in 
use.  Pure  German  names  do  not  thus  form 
diminutives  out  of  compounds — ^they  resolve  them 
first  into  their  simple  forms — ^thus  Willico,  accord- 
ing to  Pott,  is  a  Frisian  diminutive  of  Wilhehn. 
When  therefore  we  find  en  or  in  added  to  a  com- 
pound name,  as  in  Girardin,  we  may,  I  think. 


DIMINUTIVES.  27 

take  it  to  be  the  French  diminutive.  But  when 
we  find  it  added  to  a  simple  form^  as  in  Wallen, 
it  must  be  taken  to  be  from  the  origin  referred 
to  in  next  chapter. 

The  ending  in  let  may  probably  be  in  some 
cases  the  French  diminutive  et  added  to  the 
German  d.  But  in  other  cases  it  is  no  doubt  the 
second  part  of  a  compound  name. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  in  the  English  language 
ey  or  ie  is  a  diminutive  form.  It  is  more  particu- 
larly common  in  the  Lowland  Scotch,  which  has 
such  words  as  doggie,  mousie,  lassie,  dearie.  It 
is  of  Teutonic  origm,  and  occurs  also  in  the  Dutch 
and  in  the  Swisa  Hence  might  be  such  names 
as  MiNNET,  Deary.  But  more  probably  they 
are  only  the  ending  of  men's  names  in  i. 

The  ending  in  cock,  as  in  Hakooce;  Wiloook* 
is  iiusluded  by  Mr.  Lower  among  diminutives. 
It  is  found  in  French  names  as  well  as  Enghsb, 
as,  for  instance^  in  Balooq,  BiUiEooq,  YiLCOCXi, 
Videoocq.  But  nothing  that  I  have  met  with 
in  the  study  of  ancient  names  helps  me  to  throw 
any  further  light  upon  the  subject. 


CHAPTER   IV. 


PHONETIC     ADDITIONS. 

By  a  phonetic  addition  we  mean  something 
which  is  added  to  a  word  only  for  the  sake  of 
sound,  and  which  leaves  the  sense  exactly  where 
it  was  before.  There  are  two  kinds  of  phonetic 
additions  common  in  Teutonic  names— one  in 
the  middle  of  a  word,  and  the  other  at  the  end, 
the  former  occurring  only  in  compound,  and  the 
latter  only  in  simple  names. 

The  feivourite  sound  employed  at  the  end  of  £^ 
word  is  n,  and  thus  from  the  Old  German  names 
Godo,  Hatto,  Lando,  Waldo,  Aldo,  Baldo,  are 
formed  Godino,  Hattin,  Landina,  Waldin,  Aldini, 
Baldin ;  and  the  corresponding  English  names 
GoDDEN,  Hatten,  Landon,  Walden,  Alden, 

BOLPEN. 

Now  as  proper  names  are  of  course  subject  to 
all  the  tendencies  of  the  language  to  which  they 
belong,  we  may  expect  to  find  in  the  popular 
speech  a  parallel  principle  to  that  which  I  have 
assumed  for  names.  Or  rather,  I  should  say,  it 
is  becav^e  I  find  this  principle  in  the  popular 
speech,  that  I  feel  warranted  iiu  applying  it  to 
proper  names.  Now,  if  we  compare  the  German 
rabe  with  the  English  raven,  and  conversely,  the 
English  bow  with  the  German  bogen,  we  find  that 


PHONETIC    ADDITIONS.  29 

while,  in  meaning,  the  two  words  are  iu  each  case 
perfectly  identical,  there  is  an  ending  added  which 
serves  as  a  finish  or  rounding  off  of  the  word. 
So  also  in  the  provincial  word  ratten  for  rat,  and 
many  other  cases. 

A  similar  office  is  also  performed  by  the  letter 
r.  Thus  to  the  simple  form  contained  in  the 
Gothic  wato,  while  aU  the  Scandinavian  dialects 
add  n,  as  in  Swedish  vatten,  all  the  German  add 
r,  as  in  English  water.  We  have  examples  in  our 
own  provincial  dialect ;  for,  as  Mr.  Latham  ob- 
serves^ **  wolfer,  a  wolf,  hunker,  a  haunch,  flitcher, 
a  flitch,  teamer,  a  team,  fresher,  a  frog,  are  north 
country  forms  of  the  present  English.''  The  end- 
ing ei^  in  our  names  (so  far  as  they  are  derived 
from  Old  Teutonic  names),  is  generally  to  be 
referred  to  Gothic  hari,  warrior,  but  there  are 
cases  in  which  the  form  of  the  ancient  name  is 
incompatible  with  this  derivation.  At  the  same 
time,  the  phonetic  origin  of  r  is  not  so  clear  when 
it  occtirs  as  an  ending,  as  when  it  occurs  in  the 
middle  of  a  name. 

When  a  phonetic  addition  is  made  in  the 
middle  of  a  name,  it  comes  in  between  the  two 
words  of  the  compound,  and  generally  consists  of 
one  of  the  liquids,  I,  Uy  or  r.  Thus  Godulf  be- 
comes Gk)denulf,  whence,  I  take  it,  our  Good- 
enough.  So  Godehar  becomes  Godelhar,  whence 
probably  the  French  Godbuer.  Godeman  be- 
comes Goderman,  whence  the  French  Gauder- 
MEN ;  and  also  Godahnand,  whence  perhaps  our 


30  PHONBTIO    ADDITIONS. 

GoDUMAN.  Thus  when  I  find  the  names  Syca- 
more and  SiCKLEMOBE,  the  former  of  which  cor- 
responds with  the  Old  German  name  Sicumar,  I 
know  how  to  account  for  the  8econd>  since,  though 
the  particular  name  to  correspond  does  not  turn 
up,  I  see  that  the  phonetic  I  is  very  frequent  in 
the  ancient  names  of  that  group.  So  also,  finding 
the  ancient  name  Siginiu,  I  can  at  least  suggest 
an  origin  for  Sioourney.  The  above  forms  of 
phonetic  addition  seem  to  be  found  chiefly  in 
Old  Frankish  names. 


CHAPTER  V. 


PATBONYMICa 


Of  the  two  patronymic  forms,  ing  and  san^  the 
former  is  more  properly  German,  and  the  latter 
Scandinaviaa  The  form  ing  was  discontinued 
about  the  time  of  the  Conquest,  and  consequently 
all  the  names  in  which  it  appears  are  carried  back 
to  Anglo-Saxon  timea  (In  some  few  cases  the 
termination  ing  may  be  local,  from  ing  a  meadow, 
and  not  a  patronymic.)  Many  apparently  adjec- 
tive and  participial  forms,  such  as  Willing,  Liv- 
ing^ Dining,  Pant!ING,  are  from  this  origin,  the 
simple  forms  being  found  as  Will,  Livet,  Dine, 
Pant. 

The  terminaticm  son  is  a  characteristic  feature 
of  all  the  Scandinavian  countries,  while  in  Ger- 
many on  the  other  hand  it  is  of  comparatively 
rare  occurrence.  So  well  is  this  distinction  uiwier- 
stood  that  a  writer  on  **  Nationality  and  Language 
in  the  Duchy  of  Sleswick  and  South  Jutland" 
advances  the  frequency  of  names  ending  in  son^  as 
an  argument  for  the  Danish  character  of  the 
population.  Of  the  twelve  most  common  names 
in  the  directory  of  Copenhagen,  there  are  only 
two,  Moller  and  Smidt,  that  are  not  patronymics. 
The  most  common  of  all  are  Jansen,  Johnsen,  or 
Hansen,   Petersai,    Andresen  or  Andersen,  and 


32  PATRONYMICS. 

Nielsen.  Verstegan,  in  his  "Restitution  of 
decayed  intelligence/'  refers  to  a  tradition  "  among 
some  of  our  coimtry  people  that  those  whose  sur- 
names end  in  son,  as  Johnson,  Thomson,  Nichol- 
son, Davison,  Saunderson,  and  the  like,  are 
descended  of  Danish  race."  Either  he  mistakes 
the  tradition,  or  the  tradition  overstates  the  truth. 
Some  of  these  are  no  doubt  Scotch,  and  others 
are  German — ^though  the  termination  itself  may 
be  of  Scandinavian  origin.  Many  of  our  names, 
however,  correspond  altogether  with  cxuxent 
Danish  names — as  Hanson,  Nanson,  Jephson, 
Erickson,  Gunson,  Iverson,  Jesson,  Hebson, 
HiPSON,  LowsoN,  Anderson,  with  Hansen,  Nan- 
sen,  Jepsen,  Ericksen,  Gunnesen,  Iversen,  Jessen* 
Ebsen,  Ipsen,  Lauesen,  Andersen,  names  common 
over  the  whole  of  Denmark.  It  does  not  follow 
that  aU  the  above  names  are  exclusively  Scan- 
dinavian, but  I  do  take  it  that  the  prevalence  in 
England  of  names  in  son  is  a  relic,  of  the  Danish 
conquests. 

It  is  to  be  observed  that  when  a  name  ends 
in  s,  we  cannot  be  certain  of  the  patronymic  form. 
Thus  Jesson  and  Masson  may  not  be  Jess-son 
and  Mass-son,  but  Jess-en,  and  Mass-en. 

The  final  s  so  frequently  added  to  names,  as 
Wills  for  Will,  Watts  for  Watt,  Box  for  Bock, 
may  be  sometimes  a  patronymic  form.  It  is  so 
used  in  Frisian  names,  according  to  Pott.  In 
other  cases  I  take  it  to  be  a  diminutive,  see  p.  22. 
But  in  the  majority  of  cases,  and  particularly 


PATBONYMICS.  33 

when  it  is  added  to  compound  names,  I  take  it  to 
be  merely  a  phonetic  addition. 


B 


CHAPTER  VI. 


COMPOUNDS. 


Almost  all  the  names  which  occur  in  simple 
forms  occur  also  compoxmded  with  other  words. 
The  extent  to  which  these  compoimds  are  trans- 
latable, or  in  other  words,  to  which  they  have  a 
meaning,  seems  to  me  an  exceedingly  doubtful 
point.  Some  of  our  highest  authorities  hold  the 
aflSrmative  opinion.  Thus  Mr.  Kemble,  speaking 
of  Anglo-Saxon  names,  says,  "These  compoimd 
words  are  translatable,  intelligible,  in  other  words 
their  conjoint  meaning  depends  upon  the  separate 
meanings  of  the  words  which  unite  to  form  them.^ 
And  Mr.  Turner,  on  a  similar  principle,  translates 
Anglo-Saxon  names — thus  jEthelwulf, "  the  noble 
wolf,"  Dunstan,  "  the  mountain  stone,''  &c.  The 
earlier  German  writers,  as  Wiarda  and  Beneken, 
certainly  followed  the  same  rule,  and  I  think  that 
the  principle  is  also  recognised  by  the  modem 
school  of  German  philologists.  I  therefore  feel 
bound  to  use  all  deference  in  suggesting  a  doubt 
whether  Teutonic  compound  names  are  in  all 
cases  translatable,  and  formed  with  a  meaning.  I 
am  of  opinion,  however,  that  even  simple  names 
were  in  most  cases  bestowed  in  ancient  times 
without  reference  to  their  meaning.  There  can 
be  no  doubt  that  the  first  man  who  was  called 


COMPOUNDS.  35 

Wulf  was  named  directly  after  the  animaL  But 
of  the  thousands  of  men  who  were  called  Wulf  in 
the  long  centuries  after,  I  think  that  the  most 
part  must  have  been  called  aft;er  other  men. 
Much  on  the  same  principle,  I  take  it,  as  that  on 
which  baptismal  names  are  given  now  they  were 
given  then — ^sometimes  after  a  relative  or  friend, 
sometimes  after  a  name  of  popular  renown — ^the 
word  itself  becoming  in  such  cases,  as  regards 
sense,  an  abstraction.  If  this  theory  be  correct, 
it  will  follow  as  a  matter  of  course  that  compound 
names  must  also  have  been  formed  without  a 
meaning. 

It  is  true  that  in  many  cases  a  certain  sort  of 
sense  may  be  screwed  out  of  such  compounds,  yet 
even  to  get  any  kind  of  a  meaning  we  are  often 
driven  to  great  shifts.  Thus  though  Frithu-ric 
as  "powerful  in  peace""  may  be  held  to  have  a 
sufficient  meaning,  yet  Frithu-gar,  as  "  the  spear 
of  peace""  would  have  to  be  explained  in  a  sort  of 
metaphorical  sense.  Again  Frithu-bald,  "  bold  in 
peace,'"  seems  rather  satirical.  And  as  to  Fride- 
gunt,  "the  peace  of  war,""  and  the  Old  Norse 
Snae-firid,  "  the  peace  of  snow,'"  let  those  find  a 
meaning  who  can.  Mr.  Turner  appears  to  see 
this  difficulty  when  he  observes  that  Anglo-Saxon 
names  are  frequently  "  rather  expressive,  of  cap- 
rice than  of  appropriate  meaning." 

But  to  my  mind  the  strongest  argument 
against  giving  a  meaning  to  compound  names  is 
not  so  much  the  difficulty  of  making  sense  in  any 


36  COMPOUNDS. 

particular  case,  as  the  fact  that  there  is  a  c^*tain 
set  of  words  with  which  almost  all  names  are  com* 
pounded.  And  it  does  not  seem  consistent  with 
reason  to  expect  that  promiscuous  words»  with 
all  sorts  of  meanings^  should  make  sense  when 
compounded  with  a  set  of  a  dozen  or  twenty  par- 
ticular words. 

But  if  compounds  were  not  formed  with  a 
meaning,  what  was  their  value  or  intention  1  One 
of  the  principles  upon  which  they  might  be  given 
may  perhaps  be  traced  in  Old  Norse  names. 
Thus  Ketel  was  a  very  common  Scandinavian 
name ;  its  meaning  can  hardly  be  anything  else 
than  English  ''kettle/'  and  Grimm  suggests  a 
mj^hological  origia  Ul^  signifying  wolt  and 
Bjorn,  signifying  bear,  were  also  common  namea 
In  Ulfketel  and  in  Ketelbjom,  these  names  are 
severally  joined  together.  Now  there  can  be  no 
possible  sense  or  meaning  in  such  compounds  as 
these — ^they  are  in  fact  not  two  words  joined 
together,  but  two  names  joined  together.  And 
the  principle  upon  which  such  names  were  formed 
might  be  the  same  as  that  on  which  a  father 
might  now  call  his  son  John  Henry  Smithy  com- 
bining the  names  of  two  relatives,  or  persona 
whom  he  respected.  Or  it  might  be  for  the  sake 
of  distinction — Ulf  and  Ketel  both  being  common 
names — Ulfketel  would,  without  travelling  out 
of  the  customary  range,  be  sufficiently  distinctive. 
It  seems  probable  that  many  Oerman  names  are, 
on  the  same  principle,  not  two  words  compounded. 


0OMPOUND&  37 

but  rather  two  names  joined  together.  Such,  for 
instance,  as  those  which  contain  the  names  of  two 
animals,  as  Amxdf,  Ebarulf,  Wol^irin,  Wol£raban, 
respectively  "Eagle-woir  "  Boax-wol^'^  Wolf- 
bear/'  "  Wolf-ravaou''  All  these  were  common 
names  singly. 

Again,  perhaps  another  principle  may  be  traced 
in  such  a  name  as  the  Old  German  Zeizolf  This, 
if  we  translate  it,  means  **  darling  wolf."  But  if 
we  suppose  "  wolf'  to  have  been  used  as  a  common 
name,  and  without  reference  to  its  meaning,  then 
the  idea  of  darling  would  attach  rather  to  the 
chUd  that  was  called  Wolf  than  to  the  abstract 
meaning  of  wolf 

But  that  there  were  compoimd  names  with  a 
meaning  I  do  not  for  a  moment  doubt,  only  it 
seems  to  me  that  it  was  not  the  universal,  nor, 
perhaps,  the  ordinary  rule. 

Again,  there  are  many  names  which  are  simply 
compound  words  taken  bodily  out  of  the  language. 
Thus,  Gabwood  is  the  Anglo-Saxon  garumdu, 
**  spear-wood,"^a  poetical  or  pleonastic  expression 
for  a  fspear.  And  Askwith  is  "  ash-wood,"  a 
similar  expression  for  a  spear — spears  being  made 
of  that  wood.  So  also  Skjpwith,  "  ship-wood," 
a  ship.  {With,  as  compared  with  wood,  is  the 
Gothic  form  instead  of  the  Saxoa)  Again, 
BoNiGER  seems  to  be  from  the  Anglo-Saxon 
bon-gar,  a  fatal  spear.  These,  then,  are  not  com- 
pound names,  but  compound  words  adopted  as 
names. 


38  OOMPODNDS. 

Almost  all  the  words  which  appear  in  com- 
pounds axe  fotmd  also  as  substantive  names,  and 
will  therefore  find  their  places  under  the  various 
heads  into  which  I  have  distributed  them.  But 
for  the  sake  of  facility  of  reference,  I  introduce  in 
this  place  a  list  of  the  principal  terminations  of 
those  English  names,  which  may  be  referred  to 
ancient  compoimds. 

Am,  lam,  as  in  Willam,  William,  Hillam, 
HiLTJAM.  Ang.-Sax.  helmi,  helmet.  This 
was  a  common  postfix,  but  in  our  names  it 
is  diificult  to  separate  it  fi-om  the  local 
ending,  ham,  home,  and  firom  the  ending  m 
referred  to  p.  24.  It  is  probable,  however, 
that  more  names  than  are  suspected  are  fi:om 
this  origin.  The  French  generally  have  it  as 
aume  or  eaume.  Hence  the  French 
Allaume,  Alleatjme,  are  probably  the 
same  as  our  Allah,  Allom,  Allum. 

And,  Avi  as  in  Eenaxjd,  Kenaut.  Aitd,  the 
Gothic  form  of  Ang.-Sax.  ead,  prosperity. 
This  is  very  common  in  French  names,  but 
in  English,  following  the  Saxon  form,  it 
becomes  more  firequently  et  or  ot,  and  is  very 
liable  to  mix  up  with  other  words. 

Be7%  as  in  Herbert.  Ang.-Sax.  beort,  bright,, 
illustrious.  Pert,  as  in  Rupert,  is  the  High 
Germ.  form. 

Bold,  Ball,  Bh,  as  in  Rumbold,  Ruhball,. 
Rumble.     Ang.-Sax.  hold,  bold. 


COMPOUNDS.  39 

JBuU  in  many  cases  is  the  same  as  the  above. 

Thus  our  CiiARiNGBULL  is  no  doubt  the  same 

name  as  Claringbold. 
BaicU,  in  French  names,  as  Herbault,  Gerbault, 

the  same  as  bold. 
Brandy  as  in  Hildebrand,  Gillibrand.     Ang.- 

Sax.  brand,  sword,  Eng.  "  brand." 
Brown,  as  in  Gorebrown,  Phillibrown.    Either 

hrown,  fiLSCUS,  or  cognate  with  Eng.  "bum" 

in  the  sense  of  fiery  or  impetuous. 
Bum,  as  in  Osburn.      Old   Norse  bjom.  Old 

Germ,  berin,  bear. 
Pern,  as  in  Asperne,  is  the  High  Germ.  form. 
Bvtt,  Botty  Body,  as  in  Garbutt,  Talbot,  Pea- 
body.     Anglo-Saxon  boda.  Old  Norse  bodi. 

Germ,  bote,  envoy  or  messenger. 
Cough,  Copp,  as  in  Ayscoxjgh,  Whincopp,  I  take 

to  be  Ang.-Sax.  cdf,  strenuous. 
Day,  as  in  Loved  ay,  Hockaday..     Anglo-Saxon 

dag,   day.      Grimm  suggests  the  sense  of 

brightness,  glory. 
Dew,  Die,  Dy,  as  in  Ingledew,  Purdie,  Abdy, 

French  Abbadie.      Old  High  Grerman  dio, 

servant. 
Hr,  Ery,  as  in  Warner^  Gunnery,  Hillary. 

Har,  hari,  warrior. 
Forth,  as  in  Garforth.      Perhaps  Anglo-Saxon 

ferhth,  life,  spirit.     Perhaps  in  some  cases  a 

corruption  of  frith,  peace.      There  is  abo  a 

root,  farth,  faerd,  travel,  but  it  is  imcertain 

whether  it  occurs  as  a  termination. 


40  COMPOUNDS. 

Fredy  Frey,  as  in  Manfbed,  Humfbey.  Anglo- 
Saxon  .^*i^A,  peace. 

Oar,  Oer,  Ker,  as  in  Edgab^  Boboeb,  Habkeb. 
CraVy  geTy  heTy  spear. 

GiUy  as  in  Habgill.  Old  High  German  gis(d^ 
hostage.     Or  local,  from  **  giU,'*  a  ravine. 

Ooody  as  in  Habgood,  Bidgood.  God,  deus, 
good,  bonus,  and  perhaps  Goth  as  the 
people's  name,  are  difficult  to  separate. 

Hardy  Ardy  as  in  Bsbnhabd,  Bebnabd.  Ang.- 
Sax.  heardy  hard,  strong. 

KisSy  as  in  Atkiss,  Hadkiss,  Watkiss,  is  from 
ffisy  which  Grimm  thinks  the  same  as  gisaly 
hostage. 

LakCy  Lock,  as  in  Wedlake,  Havelogk.  Pro- 
bably Ang.-Sax.  2acan,  Old  Norse  leika,  to 
play,  in  a  war-like  sense. 

Land,  Land,  as  in  Gabland,  Dollai^d.  Ang«- 
Sas.  land,  Eng.  land.  It  is  also  no  doubt 
sometimes  a  local  termination.  And  also 
sometimes  a  corruption  of  lindy  probably 
shield. 

Let,  as  in  Hamlet,  Hablot,  may  be  from  Ang.- 
Sax.  Idd,  Old  Sax.  ISd,  in  the  sense  of 
terrible.  In  some  cases  it  may  be  a  diminu- 
tive. 

Love,  Liff,  as  in  Cutlove,  Maklove,  Ratuff. 
Ang.-Sax.  leof,  dear. 

Har^  as  in  Habm ak,  Biidman.  Ang.-Sax.  man, 
Eng.  man. 


COMPOUNDS.  41 

JMer,  More^  as  in  Mutim£b»  Philumobe.     Ooth. 

mer,  Ang.-Sax.  mdr,  famous. 
Mot,  as  in  Willmot,  Hiokmot,  Old  High  Germ. 

m6U  Mod.  German  mvth,  courage. 

Mond,  Menu  as  in  Redmont,  Garment.  Ang.- 
Sax.  muvd,  protection. 

Nant,  Nan,  as  in  Remnant,  Pennant,  Qthl- 
UNAN.     Goth,  nanthjan,  to  dare. 

iVey,  as  in  Rodney,  Goldney.  Ang.-Sax.  niw, 
Dan.  and  Swed.  ny,  new,  in  the  probable 
seose  of  young. 

Not,  Net,  Nut,  as  in  Habnott,  Harnett,  Dil- 
ndtt.     Ang.-Sax.  ndth,  bold. 

Ram,  as  in  Bertram,  Outrah,  Ingram,  seems, 
fix)m  the  ancient  forms  in  which  it  appears, 
to  be  a  corruption  of  hrahan,  raven. 

Band,  as  in  Eng.  Bertrand,  Walrond.  Ang.- 
Sax.  rand,  shield. 

Bed  Bat,  Bet,  as  in  Alfred,  Tancred,  Garrett. 
Ang.-Sax.  red.  Old  High  Germ,  rat,  counsel 
Some  terminations  oiwright,  as  Arkwright, 
are  evidently  corruptions  of  ral.  But  there 
is  also  an  ancient  termination  rit,  apparently 
of  the  same  meaning  as  Eng.  ride. 

Bick,  Bich,  Bidge,  By,  as  in  Frederick,  Ald- 
RiGH,  Aldridoe,  BAiiDRY.  Ang.-Sax.  rice. 
Old  High  Germ,  richi,  powerful  In  some 
cases  bridge,  as  in  Groomrridge,  may  be 
from  this  origin. 

F 


42  OOMPOT7ND8. 

Bon^  Ren,  aa  in  Waldboh,  Caldbbon,  Chilobkh, 

This  tennioation,  whidi  is  exduaivelj  femi- 
nine, Grimm  derives  from  rUn^  8oda»  amioa. 

In  French  names  it  is  often  a  corruption  of 

rabariy  ravea 
Sant,  Sent,  as  in  Hebsant,  Milucent.      Old 

High  Grerm.  sind,  via.     Or  perhaps  in  some 

cases  a  corruption  otsmnd,  vehement. 
Stoney  Stin,  as  in  Fbebstonb,  Garstin.      Ang.- 

Sas:.  stAa^  stone,  in  the  sense  of  firmnesa 
Thus,    Tu8S,   TisSy    as  in   Malthus,   Fbltuss^ 

Anstiss.      GotL  thins,  servant     See  also 

dew  and  thew, 
Thew,  as  in  Willthbw,      Anglo-Saxon  theow, 

servant,  corresponding  with  Goth,  thiits,  and 

High  Germ.  dio. 
Ulph,  Olph,  as  in  Biddulph,  EiANDOiiPH,  Must- 

OLPH.      Ang.-Sax.  twif.  Old  Norse  tdf(rj, 

wolf. 
Ward,  Wart,  as  in  Howard,  Seward,  Tewart. 

Ang.-Sax.  weard,  guardian. 
Wdld,  as  in  Oswald.      Ang.-Sax.  wecUd,  power. 

The  terminations  in  old  are  from  the  same 

origin. 
Way,  Wick,  Vey,  Vig,  as  in  H  athway,  Harvey, 

Harvig.     Wig,  wih,  war.    The  termination 

in  wich  is  probably  in  most  cases  local. 
Win,    Wirke,    as    in    Baldwin,    BiuGHTWiii^. 

Ang.-Sax.  vnne,  friend. 
Wood,  With,  Weed,  as  in  Gurwood,  Asewtth, 

DiGWBED.      Ang.-Sax.  vmdu,  Goth,  vidfsj, 


COMPOUNDS.  43 

wood.  Forstemann  also  suggests  Old  High 
Germ,  ivit,  wide,  which  may  obtain  in  certain 
cases.  This  ending  is  no  doubt  also  often 
local. 

Out  of  the  above  list  there  are  many  which  do 
not  often  occur,  and  the  range  of  reaUy  common 
terminations  is  not  more  than  about  twenty. 

The  terminations  a,  h  o,  are  not  foimd  in 
compound  names»  and  such  names  as  Bicardo, 
Alphonso,  Grimaldi,  though  of  German  origin, 
are  Italian  or  Spanish  as  regards  the  termination. 


CHAPTER  VII. 


LETTER  CHANGES. 

The  greater  part  of  the  letter  changes  which 
occur  in  our  names  are  to  be  accounted  for  by  the 
differences  of  Teutonic  dialects,  and,  in  particular, 
by  the  variations  between  High  and  Low 
German.  The  High  German  prefers  aspirated 
and  hard — ^the  Low  German  soft  and  liquid 
sounds.  The  former  may  be  taken  to  be  repre- 
sented generally  by  the  present  German,  and  the 
latter  by  the  present  English,  though  it  is  to  be 
observed  that  the  standard  language  of  Germany 
does  not  present  the  extreme  phases  of  High 
German.  Take,  for  instance,  the  range  of  names 
of  which  the  root  is  Germ,  gehan,  Eng.  give^  and 
from  which  we  have  Gieve,  Gibb,  Gipp,  and 
KiPP.  The  two  former,  Gieve  and  Gibb,  show  the 
form  contained  in  English  and  in  German,  the 
difference  between  which  is  a  Low  German  v  for 
a  High  German  6.  But  in  the  name  Gipp  we 
have  another  point  of  difference  in  favour  of  the 
High  German,  viz.,  p  for  h.  While  the  last  name 
Kipp  shows  the  extreme  point  to  which,  in  that 
word,  the  High  German  can  go,  by  changing  g 
into  h  In  addition  to  the  four  forms  above 
quoted,  we  have  also  four  others,  viz.,  Jebb,  Jipp, 


LETTER    CHANGES.  45 

EliBBE,  and  Ghipp,  the  last  form  being,  I  think, 
Frankish.  Nor  yet  do  these  eight  names  exhaust 
the  permutations  of  this  little  word — there  being 
also,  as  will  be  seen  in  its  place,  a  vowel  change 
which  scarcely  comes  within  the  range  of  the 
present  chapter. 

Another  of  the  most  common  interchanges  is 
that  of  d  and  t.  The  latter  is  High  German,  as 
in  Gam.  latU,  Eng.  loud.  Germ,  hette,  Eng.  bed. 
Hence  we  have  Dodd  and  Todd,  Dandy  and 
Tandy,  Dennison  and  Tennyson,  &c. 

The  High  Grerman  frequently  changes  t  into  s 
or  2^,  as  in  Genn.  silss,  Eng.  sweet.  Germ,  salz,  Eng. 
saU.  Hence  our  SusE  and  Susans  may  corres- 
pond as  High  German  forms  with  Sweet  and 
Sweeten.  And  our  name  Salt  may  be  the 
same  as  the  Mod.  Germ,  name  Salz.  So  also  our 
Gbote  and  Grose  may  be  respectively  Low 
Grerman  and  High  German  forms  of  great. 

Another  High  (Jerman  form  is  sch  for  s.  This 
is  very  common  in  Mod.  German  names — ^thus, 
German  Schmidt,  Eng.  Smith,  German  Schwann, 
Eng.  Swan,  Germ.  Schneider,  Eng.  Snider,  Dutch 
Sny dera  This  form  is  very  uncommon  in  English 
names,  because  it  is  of  comparatively  modem 
growth  in  Germany. 

These  are  for  the  most  part  the  common  varia- 
tions of  High  and  Low  German.  But  there  are 
other  peculiarities  of  ancient  dialects  which  are 
not  without  their  effect  upon  otir  names.  Ldl  the 
Frankish  dialect  of  the  Merovingian  period  it  is  a 


46  LETTEB    CHANGES. 

peculiarity  to  change  h  at  the  begiimmg  of  a 
word  into  ch^  or  sometimes  into  simple  a  Henoe 
the  names  of  the  Merovingian  kings  Childibert 
and  Childerio  for  Hildibert  and  Hilderic.  This 
seems  to  be  the  origin  of  some  of  our  names,  sach 
as  Chillman  (iq  the  Hundred  Bolls  Childman), 
for  Hildman — Chabman  for  Habman — ^Chil- 
BBEN  for  Hilderannus  or  Hild^rma — CHiLiiBCAiD 
for  Hildimod,  &c. 

This  peculiarity  of  the  Frankish  dialect  has 
had  the  effect  of  prefixing  c  to  many  names  begin- 
ning with  I  and*  r»  in  the  following  manner. 
Several  of  these  names  anciently  began  with  hi 
and  hr :  this  h  was  aspirated,  or  in  other  words, 
it  had  something  of  a  guttural  sound.  The 
Frankish  dialect,  increasing  the  guttural,  made 
this  h  into  a  o.  In  English,  this  guttural  sound 
of  A  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  is  altogether  lost. 
On  the  other  hand,  when  it  has  been  so  com* 
pletely  defined  as  to  become  a  o,  it  has  preserved 
itself  by  its  own  strength.  The  result  is  that  we 
have  in  EngHflh  the  same  names  variously,  as 
Cboaj>  and  Bode,  Cbotgh  and  Botoh,  Cbook 
and  Book,  Cboageb  and  Bogeb,  Cloud  and 
Loud,  &c.  Hence  also  the  French  names  Clod* 
OMIB  and  Clovis  still  eidsting,  and  the  Christian 
name  CixxniiDE. 

Anoth^  point  to  be  noticed  is  that  ia  some 
German  dialects  g  is  prefixed  to  words  beginning 
wiih  w.  We  have  an  iostaoce  of  this  in  the  name 
of  our  gracious  Sovereign,  Guelfh  for  Welp.   So 


LETTER    CHANGES.  47 

we  have  Gwillan  for  Willan,  Gwillam  for 
William,  Gwalteb  for  Walter,  &c.  Hence 
comes,  I  take  it,  the  name  of  the  Italian  painter 
GuiDO,  corresponding  with  our  Widow.  Perhaps 
also  GX71Z0T,  if  it  be  the  same  as  a  Guizo  found 
in  the  11th  century  in  the  Niederrheinisches 
Urkundenbuch.  The  High  German  prefixing  c 
instead  of  gr,  gives  us  many  names  beginning  witJi 
q  (which  is  only  c  added  to  w).  Thus  we  have 
QuiN  for  Winn,  Quarrell  for  Warrbll, 
QuARRiER  for  Warribr,  Quill  for  Will,  Quil- 
LAN  for  Willan,  Quiluams  for  WrmAMa 
Hence  comes  Quilunan  &om  an  Old  German 
WiUinant.  Hence  also  Quabitch,  known  to 
bibhophiUsts,  firom  an  Old  Grerman  Wericho,  also 
found,  with  the  other  prefix,  as  Guerich. 

On  the  other  hand,  as  ^  is  sometimes  added, 
so  it  is  much  more  frequently  lost.  As  a  ter- 
mination this  is  very  commonly  the  case  in 
English,  as  in  Anglo-Saxon  lag,  English  "  law," 
Ang.-Sax.  bog^  Eng.  "  bow/'  Hence  as  names  we 
have  Wago  and  Way,  Bogub  and  Bowe,  Buoq 
and  Bew;  perhaps  Begg  and  Bee,  BidG  and 
Bye.  But  this  occurs  also  in  Anglo-Saxon  and 
other  ancient  dialects.  Indeed  the  g  in  such  cases 
can  hardly  be  said  to  belong  to  the  root ;  it  does 
not  seem  to  occur  in  the  parent  Sanscrit^  but  to 
be  a  hardening  of  the  sound  which  has  accrued 
in  the  Gothic  languages.  Again,  g  between  two 
vowels,  or  between  a  vowel  and  a  liquid,  is  very 
commonly  dropped.      Thus  we  have  Megen  and 


48  LETTEB    CHA140Ea 

Mayne,  Baqlet  and  Bailet,  Beagle  and 
Beale,  Buglea  and  Bewlet,  Daglet,  and 
Dalt.  This  again  is  common  also  in  ancient 
names — thus  we  have  Old  German  names  M^in- 
hard  and  Mainhard,  Beginhard  and  Rainard, 
Baganar  and  Beinher,  Bagingar  and  Baingar. 
Hence  our  Matnard,  Benabd,  Batneb»  and 
Banger. 

Another  change  of  frequent  occurrence  in  Old 
Frankish  names  is  that  of  n,  before  b,  p,  or  m,  into 
m.  We  may  trace  the  same  tendency  among  the 
French  at  present  in  their  change  of  Edinburg 
into  Edimbourg.  The  few  names  that  we  have 
in  which  it  occurs,  such  as  Gimbebt  for  Ginbert, 
Wimble  for  Winbald,  may  not,  however,  always 
be  due  to  French  influence,  but  to  a  natural  prin- 
ciple of  euphony.  It  is  more  common,  however, 
in  French  than  in  English,  as  in  Masimbebt  for 
our  Massingbebd. 

The  vowel  changes  are  less  capable  of  being 
reduced  to  definite  rules.  But  as  a  general  prin- 
ciple the  Low  German  prefers  simple  vowels, 
while  the  High  German  is  partial  to  diphthonga 
Take  the  German  taube,  English  "  dove.*'  The 
difference  here  is^  first,  d  for  t — secondly,  v  for  6 
— and  thirdly,  the  simple  vowel  for  the  diphthong. 
So  our  name  Stbutt  may  be  the  same  as  the 
German  Strauss — $s  for  t,  as  before  noted,  and 
the  simple  vowel  for  the  diphthong.  I  have  before 
referred  to  Gbose  and  Gbotb  as  respectively 
High  and  Low  German  forms  of  the  same  nama 


LETTER   CHANGES.  49 

But  the  Grerman  grossy  great,  is  in  some  High 
German  dialects  grauss.  So  that  while  Gbose 
and  Gbote  are  High  and  Low  German,  we  have 
another  name  Gbouse,  which  may  be  extra  High 
German. 

With  regard  to  the  simple  vowels,  there  is  in 
proper  names — and  has  been  from  the  most 
ancient  times — ^an  interchange  which  it  would  be 
dijBSbult  to  refer  to  any  strict  rulea 

But  Weinhold  (Deutsche  Frauen),  sets  forth 
something  of  a  more  definite  principle,  and  sup- 
poses that  a  variation  of  the  vowel  was  sometimes 
employed  for  the  perpetuation  of  a  family  name. 
**  Thus  if  the  father  had  a  name  with  a  simple 
soxmd,  the  son  tjikes  the  same  name  with  an 
augmented  voweL  The  Germans  share  this 
peculiarity  with  the  Indians  (Grimms  geschickte 
der  Deutschen  sprache  441.^  Thus,  if  a  German 
mother  were  called  Ada,  the  daughter  might  be 
called  Ida;  the  mother  Baba,  the  daughter 
Buoba  ;  the  mother  Tata,  the  daughter  Tuota  ; 
the  mother  Wada,  the  daughter  Wida,  kc!'  I 
do  not  think,  however,  that  this  amounted  to 
anything  like  a  general  principle. 

It  is  to  be  observed  that  the  quantity  of  a 
vowel  often  varies  in  the  same  name ;  thus  we 
have  Godding  and  Gooding,  Godman  and  Good- 
man, GoDMCH  and  Goodrich,  Godwin  and 
Goodwin,  Ac.  We  have  only,  for  an  instance  of 
this,  to  cross  the  border,  and  we  shall  often  find 
Tdm  and  B&b  for  Tom  and  Bob. 

a 


CHAPTER  VIIL 


OUB   NATURAL    ENEMIES. 

That  a  large  proportion  of  French  Christian 
names,  as  Albert,  Adolphe,  Edouard,  Frederic, 
Guillaume,  Henri,  Robert,  &c.,  are  of  German 
origin,  is  a  point  about  which  there  can  be  no 
dispute.  The  extent  to  which  the  present  family- 
names  of  France  may  also  be  referred  to  a  German 
origin  is  a  subject  which  has  not  hitherto  been 
investigated.  A  few  there  are,  such  as  Aubo- 
GAST,  Armengaud,  Clodomib,  Grimault,  and 
IsAMBERT,  which,  as  corresponding  with  names  of 
historical  Franks,  carry  their  own  origin  on  their 
front.  It  is  not  difficult,  again,  to  trace  in 
Dacbert  and  Degobbrt  the  name  of  the  Frankish 
king  Dagobert — ^in  Fermond  and  Ferment  that 
of  Faramund — ^in  Charmond  and  Charmont 
that  of  Charimund — or  to  find  in  Gombault  a 
form  of  Gimdobald  less  perverted  than  our  own 
Gumboil.  But  the  names  of  historical  person- 
ages are  few,  and  the  comparison  serves  rather  to 
suggest,  than  to  fulfil  an  enquiry.  Nor  are  the 
materials  of  investigation  wanting,  for  in  the  two 
Polyptyques  whose  titles  I  have  elsewhere  quoted, 
will  be  found  a  register  of  thousands  of  men  and 
women  of  the  Frankish  period,  and  chiefly  of  that 
class  which  history  allows  to  live  and  die  un- 


OUIt  NATURAL   BNEMDSS.  51 

noticed.  Further,  as  the  Frank  and  the  Saxon, 
and  all  the  other  members  of  the  Teuton  race 
were  branches  of  one  common  family,  cognate  in 
the  names  they  bore  as  well  as  in  the  dialects 
they  spoke,  so  all  such  records,  of  the  one  or  of  the 
other,  find  their  mutual  parallels  in  each  other. 
The  result  then  of  the  enquiry  which  I  propose  in 
these  pages  to  make,  will  be  to  show,  as  I 
believe,  that  a  very  large  proportion,  indeed  I  may 
almost  say  the  staple,  of  French,  as  of  English 
names,  is  German  in  its  origin.  And  may  not 
mutual  sympathies  be  encouraged,  and  mutual 
antipathies  be  rebuked,  if  it  can  thus  be  shown 
that  there  is  more  in  common  between  the  two 
races — ^perhaps  even  than  is  suspected  by  ethno- 
logists— certainly  than  is  present  to  the  minds  of 
people  in  general.  And  why,  after  all,  should  we 
be  surprised  if  the  French  turn  out  to  be — what 
their  name  describes  them — Franks  1 

It  must  not  be  forgotten,  however,  that  a 
second  Teutonic  element,  of  great  political  im- 
portance to  them  and  to  us,  has  entered  into  the 
composition  of  French  nationality.  We  shall,  I 
think  however,  be  disappointed  if  we  expect  to 
find  any  strongly-marked  Scandinavian  element 
in  French  names.  If  that  element  had  been  more 
distinct,  it  might  have  remained  more  conspicu- 
ous ;  as  it  is,  though  it  may  not  have  been  with- 
out its  effect  in  modifying  the  nomenclature,  yet 
it  seems  essentially  to  have  been  absorbed  in  the 
predominant  element  of  the  Frankish.     And  thus. 


52  OUR  NATUBAL    ENEMIES. 

though  here  and  there  we  find  names,  such  as 
Omn,  Anqxjetil,  Raoul,  which  seem  more  par- 
ticularly to  bespeak  a  northern  origin,  yet  such 
names  are  not  sufficient  to  give  a  character  to  the 
nomenclature. 

With  very  few  exceptions,  I  have  taken  the 
modem  French  names  from  the  Annuaire  de 
Paris,  and  following  the  analogy  of  the  language, 
have  in  aU  cases  adopted  the  spelling  and  not  the 
pronunciation. 

The  Prankish  dialect  being  more  nearly  allied 
to  the  High  German  than  to  the  Low,  the  diflTer- 
ences  between  French  and  English  names  will,  to 
a  considerable  extent,  be  the  differences  between 
High  and  Low  Grerman,  as  referred  to  in  last 
chapter.  Thus,  though  the  French  Christian 
name  happens  to  be  fixed  as  Edouard,  yet  the 
form  most  in  accordance  with  the  Frankish 
language  would  be  Audouard.  And  Audouaed, 
AuDEVARD,  &c.,  is  in  fact  the  form  which  in 
French  family  names  is  the  most  common.  So 
also  AuDOUiN,  AuDiGUiER,  and  Audibebt,  pre- 
vail rather  than  Edwin,  Edgar,  and  Edbert. 

The  most  common  ending  for  simple  names, 
among  the  French,  as  among  the  Old  Franks,  is 
0,  or  with  the  usual  superfluous  letters,  eau. 
Thus  French  Couteau  corresponds,  as  I  take  it, 
with  Eng.  CooTE — ^the  same  name  with  the  end- 
ing and  without.  And  as  I  have  before  observed 
that  the  ending  in  i  is  that  which  is  in  accordance 
with  the  genius  of  the  English  language,  and 


OUB  NATURAL   ENSMIBB.  53 

that,  if  we  had  to  form  names  now,  we  would 
give  them  that  ending,  so  the  same  remark 
applies  to  the  French  and  the  ending  in  o. 

It  has  been  remarked  that  names  derived 
from  trades  are  more  common  in  France  than  in 
England.  I  should  rather  say  that  it  is  the  ter- 
mination in  er  which  is  more  common,  and  that 
among  a  multitude  of  names  with  this  termina- 
tion there  are  many  which  accidentally  coincide 
with  names  of  trades.  I  do  not  for  a  moment 
doubt  that  there  are  names  derived  from  trades 
both  in  France  and  England,  but  what  I  say  is 
that  in  a  number  of  cases  these  names  may  be 
accounted  for — and  often  more  satis&ctorily — 
otherwise.  This  view  is  confirmed  by  the  &ct 
that  many  French  names  correspond  with  English 
names  of  trades.  M.  de  Gennlle  has  noticed  one, 
French  Houelleub,  English  Whseleb,  and  he 
has  been  driven  to  the  shift  of  supposing  that ''  it 
was  introduced  into  Normandy  during  the  thirty- 
two  years  occupation  by  the  English  in  the 
fifteenth  century."  Truly  the  French  must  have 
been  apt  to  learn,  or  the  lesson  must  have  been 
sharply  taught.  For  they  have  also  Colueb, 
Tannisbe,  Miller,  Glaeser,  Brazier,  Krier, 
RiNGiER,  Tascher^  Cartier,  Pottiee,  Pacquier^ 
corresponding  with  our  Collier^  Tanner^  Miller, 
Glazier,  Brazier,  Crver,  Einger,  Tasker, 
Carter,  Potter,  Packer.  Now  my  theory  is 
that  aU  these  are,  or  may  be  in  some  cases^ 
ancient  compounds,  and  as  I  shall  elsewhere  show. 


54  OUR  NATURAL   ENEMIES. 

we  have  in  almost  all  cases,  both  in  French  and 
English,  names  which  contain  the  roots,  and 
names  which  form  other  compounds. 

Regarded  from  this  point  of  view,  French  and 
English  names  mutually  throw  great  light  upon 
each  other.  When  I  doubt  whether  our  Potter 
means  a  maker  of  pots,  it  very  much  strengthens 
my  suspicion  to  find  not  only  a  French  Pottier, 
but  also  PoTERiE,  with  a  corroborative  termina- 
tion. So  when  I  doubt  whether  the  French 
NoTAiRE  means  a  notary,  an  English  Notter  is 
at  hand  to  back  me  out. 

In  another  point  of  view  French  and  English 
names  throw  Ught  upon  each  other — ^it  often 
happens  that  the  group  is  more  complete  in  one 
language  than  in  the  other,  and  there  is  always  a 
double  chance  of  a  missing  link  being  suppUed. 

It  seems  natural  to  expect  that  at  a  transi- 
tional period  in  France  there  might  be  a  certain 
mixing  up  of  Teutonic  and  Romanic  forms.  And 
we  find  accordingly  that  there  are  some  names 
which,  though  they  run  through  a  range  of 
Teutonic  compounds,  do  not  themselves  appear 
to  be  of  Teutonic  origin.  Such  are  6a?'6,  didc, 
just,  which  seem  to  be  French  or  Latin,  and  yet 
which  are  found  with  the  usual  German  endings,v 
such  as  h&rty  hardy  Ac,  appended  to  them.  So 
also  some  words  of  Christian  import,  as  Crist, 
Sanct,  &c.,  seem  to  have  been  treated  in  a  similar 
manner,  in  order  to  make  German  names  of  them. 
These  forms>  however,  are  not  very  common,  and 


OUB  NATURAL   ENEMIES.  55 

it  is  not  always  certain  that  the  word  in  question 
is  not  German. 

This  chapter  may  not  inappropriately  be  con- 
cluded by  an  argument  to  prove  that  the  present 
ruler  of  the  French  may  have  a  name  of  German 
origin — ^that  Bonaparte  in  fact  may  be  an  Old 
Frankish  name,  come  back,  after  long  exile,  to  its 
native  land.  The  case  stands  thus.  Bonibert  in 
the  7th  and  Bonipert  in  the  9th  century,  appear 
as  Frankish  names.  In  that  part  of  Italy  which 
was  subdued  by  the  Franks  I  find  the  present 
Italian  name  Boniperti — ^it  is — or  was — ^that  of  a 
jeweller  at  Turin — and  there  is  no  doubt  that  it 
is  the  same  name  as  the  Frankish  Bonipert.  Now 
from  the  same  part  of  Italy  came  originally  also 
the  Bonapartes,  and  the  question  is  simply  this — 
May  not  the  name  Bonaparte  be  nothing  more 
than  an  attempt  to  shape  the  other  name,  Boni- 
perti, to  something  of  an  Italian  meaning  ?  Still, 
the  name  may  be  German,  and  yet  not  Frankish, 
for  the  Lombards,  who  held  that  part  of  Italy 
before  them,  were  also  Germans,  and  may  have 
had  the  same  name  Bonipert.  Curiously  enough 
too,  from  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic  the  name 
comes  back  to  us  in  a  Saxon  form,  for  the  Bon- 
bright  quoted  by  Mr.  Bowditch — ^Anglo-Saxon 
6W^=01d  High  German  pert — ^is  evidently  the 
same  as  Bonipert. 

As  to  the  etymology  of  the  name,  it  may  be 
taken  to  be  from  bana,  bo7ia,  a  slayer,  and  bert 
or  pert,  famous. 


56  OUB  NATUBAL    ENEMIE& 

A  famous  slayer  indeed  was  he  who  called 
men  "  food  for  powder  T' 


CHAPTER  IX. 


MAN   AS  THE  TYPE   OF  POWEB. 

There  are  several  names  of  which  the  etymo- 
lo^cal  meaning  is  simply  Man.  And  there  appear 
to  be  some — ^but  generally  these  are  not  so  certain 
—of  which  the  meaning  is  simply  Woman.  Into 
many  of  the  names  signifying  man  there  enters 
no  doubt  something  of  a  higher  sense — ^that  of 
manliness  or  heroism.  And  the  words  appear  to 
be  used  par  excellence,  as  we  apply  the  terms 
manly  and  manful.  Something  of  this  sense 
appears  in  the  line  of  Burns' — 

"  A  man's  a  man  for  a'  that.*' 
Still  there  are  cases  in  which  it  is  diflScult  to 
trace  any  other  sense  than  that  of  mere  sex. 

At  the  head  of  the  list  is  Mann,  which  is 
in  a  more  direct  manner  connected  with  hero- 
worship  than  the  rest,  i^  as  is  probably  the  case, 
its  use  as  a  name  is  to  be  traced  up  to  the 
Mannus  of  Tacitus,  the  fabled  son  of  the  hero  or 
god  Tuisco,  and  founder  of  the  German  nation. 
We  do  not,  however,  meet  with  the  name  in  after 
times,  at  least  in  its  simple  form,  before  the  7th 
cent.,  though  in  a  compound  form,  it  is  found  as 
early  as  the  4th.  Two  other  forms  are  Men  and 
Mon,  the  latter  of  which  was  Anglo-Saxon,  and  is 
stiU  used  in  the  Lowland  Scotch. 

H 


58  MAN   AS  THE  TTPE  OF  POWER. 

fllUPLB  lo&iia. 
Old  Germ.  Manno,  Manni,  Metii,  7th  cent.      A2ig.-8az. 
Mann,  Manniy  Mon.     Eng.  Mank,  Many,  Mkhki^  Mbnhib, 
Homo.    Mennow.      Modern  Qerman  Mank.     French  MAmr,  Maity, 
Maheau,  "Mjosnsn^  Msmr,  Mensau,  Monnt,  Monnbau.    ItaL 
Mahvi.  

DDCINUTlVlfii. 

Old  G^ennan  Mannila^  Manili,  6th  cent. — Anglo-Saxon 
Mannel — Eng.  Maiwell,  Manlet — ^Manlaj,  BcU  of  BaiUe 
Abbey — Modem  Germ.  Mannel,  Meknel — French  MANi<ETy 
Menel.  Old  Qerm.  Manniko,  Mannic^  9th  cent. — Engliah 
Mannico,  Mannakay,  Manchee,  Mannix — Mod.  German 
MAinscKE,  Manneck — French  MANEa  Old  Germ.  Mannikin, 
Mennechin — Eng.  Manchin. — Modem  German  Maknikik, 
Mankchen. 

PATBONYMIGSi. 

Old  Frieno  Manninga — ^English  MAmriNO — French 
Maninous. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Frid,  peace)  Old  Germ.  Manfrit — Eng.  Maitfred — Mod. 
German  Manfried — French  Manfray,  Mokfrat — Italian 
Manfredl  (Gror,  ger,  ker,  spear)  Old  Germ.  Mangar,  8th 
cent — Eng.  Manqer,*  Monger  1  Moncxtr.  (Here,  warrior) 
English  Monery — French  Mannier,  Menier,  Monnier. 
(Litih,  leqf,  dear)  Old  German  Maualiiib,  7th  cent. — English 
Manloye.  (Hard,  fortis)  Modem  German  Manhardt, 
Mannert — French  Monard.  (Goldj  gcdda,  virere)  Old 
German  Managold,  7th  cent. — Eng.  MANiaAULT,t  Mangles 
— Mod.  Germ.  Mangold— French  Mangal.  (WcUd,  power) 
Old  Germ.  Manold,  8th  cent. — French  Manalt,  Menault. 

In  the  former  edition  I  thought  that  Oman 
might  be  from  Old  Norse  omannr,  a  nobody,  o 
negative  and  manvry  a  man.  But  it  is  more  pro- 
bably the  same  as  Homan,  from  ?ioh,  high.     (See 

'^  If  this  U  pronoonoed  like  the  Engllah  word  "  mufw,"  it  ii  probftUy  Um 

M  an  Old  Oerm.  Meginger. 

t  Uamiqaous,  %  South  CktoUim  namob  nuij  b*  of  Wna/tk  oilgiB. 


MAN  AS  THE  TYPE  OF  POWER.  59 

what  it  is  to  drop  oiir  h's  1)  Obman  again»  which 
I  thought  might  be  from  the  corresponding  Ang.- 
Sax.  negative  particle  or,  is  probably  the  same  as 
an  Old  Germ.  Oraman  of  uncertain  meaning. 

Another  word  signifying  a  man,  a  male,  is 
Ang.-Sax.  carl.  Old  High  Germ,  charal.  This  was 
a  very  common  name,  both  German  and  Scan- 
dinavian, and  is  found  as  early  as  the  7th  cent., 
but  it  does  not  seem,  like  most  other  words,  to 
occur  often  in  a  compound  form«  A  notable 
exception,  however,  is  that  of  the  Frankish  king 
Carloman,  the  combination  in  whose  name  of  two 
words  both  signifying  man,  gives,  as  in  the  Old 
Norse  harlmenni,  the  sense  of  hero. 

SnCPLB  TOBMB. 

Old  Germ.  Karol,  Garolus,  7th  cent.      Aiig.-Sax.  CearL 
Old  Norse  KarL      Eng.  Cabl^  Cablet,  Charles,  Carroll,     cm 
Cabloss,  Carless  (Carolus  f)    Mod.  German  Karl,     French     Mm. 
Carol,  Charle.    Span.  Carlos. 

A  third  root  signifying  man  is  Ang.-Sax.  gum, 
gom.  Old  High  Grerman  gomo,  como,  chomo,  per- 
haps cognate  with  Latin  homo.  Hence  comes 
the  Eng.  "  groom,*'  assuming  a  phonetic  r. 

SIMPLE  FORMa 

Old  Germ.  Ooma^  Como,  Chomo,  7th  cent      Old  Dan.  oom.  Onm, 
GommL      Eng.   Gumma,   Gummosa  Gomm,  Gumm,   Groom,    ^^ 
OoMBE.    Mod.  German  Gk>MM,  Komm,  Kumm.     French  GoM, 
Gomme,  Com,  Chomeau,  Grumay. 

COMPOUNDa 

{Bice,  Biehe,  powerfol)  Old  German  Gumarich,  Gomarih, 
Komerih — English    GROOMBRU>OEy    Combbidgb,*    Gomebt, 

*  H«nM  th«  Seoltth  bmm  McGambbisob  qaoUd  bf  Loww. 


Ab.  Eb,  lb, 


60  MAN   AS   THE   TYPE  OF   POWBK 

OoHRiE— Modem  German  Guhicbich — French  Goicbriob. 
(Mundf  protection)  Old  Germ.  Gummund^  Cummunt — Eng, 
Grummant,  Comont — French  Gomant,  Comont,  (Leih^ 
carmen)  Old  GernL  Gomaleih,  Comaleih — English  Gumlet, 
CoMLET.  (MoTf  mer,  illustrious)  Old  Germ.  Gummar,  Kum- 
mar — Eng.  Gummer,  Comer — ^French  Gojcer,  Ohauxeb. 

Seeing  the  interchange  of  c  and  g  in  this  root, 
it  may  be  worth  while  to  enquire  whether  our 
word  "  comely/'  for  which  there  is  no  quite  satis- 
factory etymon  in  the  dictionaries,  may  not  be 
from  gom  or  com,  a  man,  in  the  sense  of  manly 
beauty. 

From  the  Gothic  aha,  man,  Forstemann  de- 
rives the  following  group  of  ancient  names. 
Stark,  however,  recommends  to  go  back  to  the 
root-meaning,  as  found  in  the  lost  verb  aban, 
poUere,  referred  to  by  Grimm.  But  if  we  suppose 
the  sense  to  be  that  of  man  as  the  impersonation 
of  power,  we  may,  I  think,  as  well  take  that 
meaning  as  the  abstract  one.  Whether  the  root 
ib  should  be  included  also  in  the  group,  is  not  so 
certain. 

SIMPLE  FORMS 

Old  Germ.  Abbo,  Abbi,  Abba^  Appo,  Appa»  Ebbo,  Hebo, 
Heppo,  Ibba>  Hibba,  Ippo,  5th  cent.  Ebba,  queen  of  the 
South  Saxons,  a.j>.,  678.  Ibbe,  an  Ang.-Sax.  (KenMe,) 
Ebbi,  a  Northman  (Anv^  Id,)  Abo  (D<»ne$day  Lvnc) 
Eng.  Abbe,  Abbey,  Abba,  App,  Happey,  Epp,  Hebb,  Hbf- 
PEY,  Hipp.  Mod.  Germ.  Abbe,  Appe,  Heb,  Ibe.  Mod. 
Dan.  Ebbe,  Erba.  French  Abb]^,  Appay,  Habat,  Habt, 
Happe,  Happey,  Hipp. 

diminutives. 

Old  Germ.  Abiko,  Eppiko — Eng.  Appach,  Ebbidoe — 
Mod.  Germ.  Abich,  Ebbecke — French  Habich,  Happich* 


VAN   Afl  THE  TYPE  OF  POWBB.  61 

Old  Gerouui  Ibikin«  Ipoin — English  Hipkin.  Old  German 
Abbilin,  Appulin — Eng.  Applik.  Abissa,  son  of  Hengest — 
Eng.  Abbiss^  Apsxt — French  Habez. 

PATitOHYMICS. 

English  Absok,  Hebsok,  Ibison,  Hibson — Dan.  Ebsen, 
Ifsbn. 

C50MPOUND3. 

{Dioy  servant)  English  Abdy — French  Abbadie,  Habdbt. 
{B^rty  p^rtf  bright)  Old  Germ.  Ibert — English  Ebeet,  Hsb- 
BEBT,  HiBBEBT — Mod.  German  Ebbrecht — French  Abert, 
Habebt,  Appert,  Happert,  Ebert,  Hebert,  Ibert,  Hibebt. 
{Wald,  power)  Eng.  Appold — French  ABAtrin*.  (Wid,  vidf 
wood)  Old  Germ.  Abuid — Eng.  Hipwood — French  Abayid. 
{Beadoy  war)  Old  Germ.  Ibed,  Ibet — Eng.  Abbott,  Ebbeits, 
Ibbett,  HiBBiTT — French  Abbette,  Abit,  Habit. 

A  fifth  root  signifying  man  is  the  Old  High 
Grerm.  6ar,  which  however  it  is  very  difficult  to 
separate  from  Ang.-Sax.  6ar,  a  bear,  with  which 
in  its  root,  it  is  probably  allied.  I  place  the  fol- 
lowing here. 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Old  German  Paro,  10th  cent.  English  Babb,  Babry, 
Babbow,  Pare,  Pakby.  Barre,  Bary  (Roll  Battle  Abbey  J. 
French  Babre,  Bap  by,  Babbeau,  Barb^,  Parra. 

DIMINUTIVE. 

English  Barlow,  Barley,  Barrell,  Parrell — French 
Barblle,  Parly.  Eng.  Parkin — French  BARAcmN.  Eng. 
Bablikq.  Eng.  Barras,  Paris,*  Pabsey,  Parish — French 
Babriss,  Parisse,  Pariseau. 

COMPOUNDg. 

(Frid,  peace)  Old  German  Bavfrid,  8th  cent.— English 
Parfrey.  {Wald,  power)  Old  Germ.  Baroald,  7th  cent — 
French  Barault.  (Goth,  thita.  Old  High  German  dio, 
servant)  Old  German  Paradeo,  Paradeus — English  Paraday, 

*  Robl.  Paqra/.ODe  of  the  "good  meo  of  London  "—Pell  Records,  tamp.  Ed.  8. 


Bar,  Pur. 


62      MAN  AS  THE  TYPE  OF  POWEB. 

PABDKWy  Paradise  t — Frenoh  Pababb,  Parabis  Y  (Man) 
Eng.  BABBETifAK,  Parman — Swifls  Barman.  (Wine,  fHend) 
French  Baroin.  (RcU^  oounsel)  Eng.  Barrett,  Parrot — 
French  Barratte,  Barret,  Parrette. 

From  the  Goth.  fatfiSy  man,  Forstemami  takes 
the  following  Old  Germ,  name,  which  is  the  only 
one  that  we  find.  And  to  the  same  source  we 
may  perhaps  venture  to  refer  the  following 
modem  namea 

6IHFLBIX>Rlf& 

Old  Qerm.  Fatto,  8th  cent     Eng.  Fatt,  Fattt,  Faddt, 
Fbtt.     French  Fath. 

COMFOUNDS. 

Eng.  Fatman)  Fetmak9 
The  names  signifying  woman  are  attended 
with  more  difficulty  and  doubt,  owing  to  the 
manner  in  which  men's  names  intermix,  some- 
times fi*om  the  same  apparent  root.  Thus  there 
are  several  which  appear  to  be  from  Ang.-Sax. 
tuify  Old  High  Germ,  wtp.  Mod.  Germ,  weib,  wife 
or  woman.  But  among  the  ancient  names  there 
are  some  that  are  those  of  men,*  and  Forstemann 
thinks  that  the  root  of  weban,  to  weave,  inter- 
mixes. Or,  I  should  rather  suggest.  Old  Norse 
vippa^  to  move  rapidly,  Eng.  •*whip.*'  Wippo 
was  the  name  of  a  mythical  Frankish  king» 
(Grimm's  Deutsch,  Myth.  277.) 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Old  German  Wippo,  Wippa,  Wibi      English  Whipf, 
wlpp!    "Whifpt,  Wibrt.     Mod.  Qerm.  Webbil 

WOBIMlt ■ 

*  If  the  prloeiple  which  I  ham  before  ngRaetad  be  admitted,  riM.,  that 
•Doiently  nunee  wen  often  giTen  witboat  xeferenee  to  their  meeninb  it  would  be 
quite  ooBceiTftble  that  a  name  of  whioh  the  literal  meaning  waa  woman  mlght»  of 
eonne  in  a  maaonllne  form,  be  borne  bj  a  mia,  and  «i«  vend.  At  the  aame  tine 
I  think  it  probable  that  there  ia  an  intennlztiire  of  rooti  in  thiagroop. 


Wibb, 


MAN  AS  THE  TYPE  OF  POWEB.  63 

DIMINUTlVJfiHu 

YilaJliiu,  a  general  of  the  Hermimdiixi  in  Tacita& — Old 
German  Wipilo.— Old  Norse  VifilL— Wivell,  BoU  of  Battle 
Abbey. — ^Eng.  Wippkll,  Weible,  Whiblet. — Mod.  Germ. 
WiPFBL,  WiBEL — French  Wibaillb.  Old  Gfenn.  Wiviken 
— ^Eng.  WiPKiN. — Mod.  Germ.  Wibkikg.     Eng.  Wkblino. 

OOMPOUKDa. 

(Dag,  daj,  or  diOf  aervant)  Eng.  Whipdat.  {Wald^ 
power)  Eng.  Wyfoldb. 

Then  we  have  QuiN  and  Queen.  It  seems 
very  doubtful  whether  these  are  from  Goth. 
qmna,  Ang.-Sax.  cwSn,  a  woman,  Eng.  **  queen.** 
For  an  Old  German  Quino  comes  before  us  as  a 
man's  name,  and  Forstemann  takes  it  to  be  an 
aspirated  form  of  Wino,  from  wine,  friend.  This 
we  have  also  in  many  other  names,  as  Quiluams 
for  Williams,  &c. 

It  might  seem  fair,  however,  to  give  women's 
names  the  benefit  of  the  converse.  For  we  have 
a  name  Quomman,  which  on  the  same  principle 
might  be  an  aspirated  form  of  woman.  But  more 
probably  it  is  the  Gothjc  form  of  Commin,  from 
Goth,  quama,  quuma,  Ang.-Sax.  cumma,  guest, 
stranger. 

Then  Doll,  Dolling  might  be  from  Old 
Norse  doU,  a  woman  (Eng.  doll  1)  This  seems 
rather  probably  the  meaning  of  the  name  of  a 
female  serf,  "Huna  et  soror  illius  Dolo,"  in  a 
charter  of  manumission,  Cod.  Dip.  981.  But  we 
have  several  compound  names  which  are  evidently 


64  MAN    AS  THE   TYPE   OF   POWER. 

from  a  different  source,  probably  Ang.-Sax.  doUi, 
a  wound,  and  these  two  might  be  the  same. 

In  the  former  edition  I  thought  that  Pbgg 
and  PiGG  might  not  improbably  be  from  Ang.- 
Sax.  piga,  Dan.  pige,  a  virgin,  particularly  from 
finding  Pegaor  Pegia  as  the  name  of  an  Anglo- 
Saxon  woman,  the  sister  of  St.  Guthlac,  A.D.  714. 
But  on  ftirther  consideration  I  think  they  are 
more  probably,  by  the  interchange  of  b  and  p^  the 
same  as  Begg  and  Bigg. 

So  also  I  thought  that  Fann,  Fanny,  Fan- 
ning, might  be  from  Friesic  faen^  fana^  Ang.-Sax. 
famna,  a  maiden.  And  that  Fenn,  Fenning, 
might  be  from/em/ie,  another  Ang.-Sax.  form  of 
the  same.  But  the  Old  High  Germ,  fanna,  an 
ensign,  seems,  upon  the  whole,  to  be  an  etymon 
more  in  accordance  with  the  general  character  of 
our  names. 

There  is  another  name.  Diss,  which  I  before 
thought  might  be  from  a  female  origin,  but  which 
is  at  any  rate  uncertain.  The  Old  Norse  dis 
signified  a  goddess,  but  'originally,  according  to 
Grimm,  simply  a  woman,  and  in  proper  names, 
the  sense  probably  wavered  between  the  two. 
Dis  by  itself  occurs  as  a  woman's  name  in  the 
Landnamabok,  and  it  was  very  common  in  com- 
pounds, one  of  which  was  Aldis.  Hence  I 
thought  might  be  our  names  Diss  and  Aldiss. 
But  there  is  an  Old  German  Diss,  Disso,  a  man's 
name,  which  Forstemann  refers  to  Goth,   deis. 


MAN  AS   THE  TYPE  OF  POWEB.  65 

wise — ^hence  may  be  our  Diss.  And  Aldiss  may- 
be Ald-iss,  the  diminutive  form  referred  to  in 
Chap.  3. 

Lastly  we  have  the  names  Verge,  Vibqin, 
and  VntGO — apparently  the  French  merge,  Eng. 
virgiuy  Lat.  virgo.  But  these  are  only  a  few 
names  out  of  a  group,  the  root  of  which  I  am 
rather  inclined  to  take  to  be  wearg,  a  wolf, 
ivurgen,  to  worry. 

Upon  the  whole  then  it  will  be  seen  that 
names  signifying  woman  are  certainly  not  com- 
mon, and  in  most  cases  tmcertain. 

A  word  as  to  family  names  apparently  from 
the  christian  names  of  women.  These  have  been 
supposed  to  indicate  illegitimacy,  and  if  any  of 
them  have  been  given  in  comparatively  modem 
times,  this  may  be  the  case.  But  with  regard  to 
such  surnames  as  Anne,  Betty,  Moll,  Pegg, 
Sall,  Lucy,  I  have  elsewhere  given  reasons  for 
supposmg  them  not  to  be  women's  names  at  all, 
but  ancient  men's  names.  That  we  have  some 
names  of  female  origin  I  do  not  doubt,  and  in  the 
origin  of  surnames,  I  can  see  no  reason  why  they 
might  not  in  some  cases,  without  any  injurious 
imputation,  be  taken  from  the  mother.  We  find 
that  it  was  so  in  the  case  of  christian  names,  as, 
for  instance,  in  the  Pol.  Irm.y  where  a  woman  is 
called  Scupilia^  and  her  son  Scopilius,  an  instance 
of  the  vowel  change  referred  to  by  Weinhold, 
p..  49. 

I 


66  ICAN  AS  THB  TYPE  OF  FOWBB. 

There  are  one  or  two  names,  such  as  Man- 
hood and  Manship  (Ang.-Saz.  mansdpe^  man- 
hood), which  seem  to  contain  an  abstraction. 
We  have  also  Mahood,  which  may  be  either 
maidenhood  or  boyhood  (Ang.-Sax.  mcBg^  Old 
Eng,  meyy  maiden,  GotL  inagus,  puer).  But  the 
ending  heid  or  Jiait  (Mod.  Germ.  ?^it,  Eng.  hood)^ 
is  found  in  many  ancient  names,  particularly 
among  the  West  Franks,  and  in  the  8th  and  9th 
centuries.  Thus  we  have  Adalheid,  =  noble-hood, 
I.e.,  nobility.  So  also  Williheid,  which  seems  to 
be  equivalent  to  resolution,  and  Billiheid,  which, 
according  to  the  meaning  of  the  root  suggested 
by  Grimm,  woidd  be  gentleness. 


CHAPTER  X. 


THE   BRUTE  AND    ITS  ATTRIBUTES. 

Names  taken  from  animals  form  a  very 
numerous  and  important  list — ^many  of  them 
being  of  the  highest  Teutonic  antiquity.  Several 
of  them  are  also  closely  connected  with  Northern 
mythology,  for  as  certain  animals  were  conse- 
crated to  certain  deities,  so  we  find  that  these  are 
the  animals  which  were  most  in  favor  for  the 
names  of  men.  Thus  the  wolf  was  sacred  to 
Odin,  the  bear  to  Thor,  and  the  boar  to  Frey. 
And  the  names  of  these  three  animals,  consecrated 
respectively  to  the  three  principal  Northern 
deities,  were  among  the  most  honourable  and  the 
most  common  names  of  men.  Indeed  Bjom, 
signifying  a  bear,  was  one  of  Thor's  own  names^ 
and  I  am  very  much  inclined  to  think  that  we 
have  here  some  vestiges  of  an  older  worship, 
superseded  by,  and  incorporated  with  the  more 
recent  Odinic  faith.  Throughout  the  whole  of 
Northern  Europe  we  have  traces  of  a  sort  of 
superstitious  respect  paid  to  this  animal,  which, 
according  to  a  Swedish  proverb,  has  twelve  men's 
understanding  and  six  men's  strength.*       Hence 

*  Horrebow,  In  bU  natural  hUfcoiy  of  Iceland,  gives  an  acooant  of  the  bear 
in  whloh  the  IceUndlo  eeUmate  of  his  menUl  wfiMiij  Memi  bj  no  means  in  keep- 
ing with  the  Swedish.  If  a  man,  according  to  hU  story,  is  attacked  bj  one  of 
theee  animals,  be  hat  nothing  to  do  bat  to  throw  him  something  to  amuse  him  till 
he  can  get  out  of  the  way.  Nothing  is  better  fur  this  porpose  than  a  glove,  *'  for 
he  will  not  stir  till  he  has  tnmed  every  linger  of  It  Inside  ovt^  and  as  tbey  are  not 
Teiy  dexterona  with  their  paws^  this  takes  np  some  timet  and  in  tbe  meanwhile  the 
penonmakMoff  r 


68  THE   BBUTE   AND  ITS    ATTRIBUTES. 

one  of  the  heroes  of  Northern  romance,  fabled  to 
have  been  the  offspring  of  a  woman  and  a  bear, 
is  described  as  surpassing  other  men  in  wisdom, 
a3  well  as  strength.  In  the  former  edition  I  sug- 
gested this  as  the  possible  origin  of  our  name 
Babwise  (i.e.  "  bear-wise"),  but  retracted  it  in 
the  addenda,  assigning  the  name  to  an  Old  Germ. 
Berwas,  Ang.-Sax.  hwcBSy  keen,  bold.  But  I  over- 
looked the  fact  that  there  is  also  an  Old  German 
Berois,*  which  may  probably  be  from  wis^  wise. 
And  the  decided  form  of  our  name  Babwise 
claims  connection  with  this  rather  than  with  the 
other.  So  that,  if  the  compound  were  formed 
with  a  meaning,  the  reputed  wisdom  of  the  bear 
might  be  the  idea  intended  to  be  conveyed. 

The  king  of  the  Northern  forests  was  much  in 
fevour  on  the  Scandinavian  peninsula,  and  also 
among  the  Saxons  of  the  continent.  But  among 
the  Germans  generally,  and  also  among  the 
Anglo-Saxons,  names  from  the  wolf  were  much 
more  common. 

There  are  two  forms — the  simple  and  older 
form  6er,  and  the  extended  form  berin. 

SIMPLE  FORMSu 

Old  Germ.  Bero,  Pero,  6tli  cent.      English  Beab,  Beer, 

"Betf  Par. 

B^      Pear,  Peer,  Pero,  Pauio.      Mod,  Genn.'BAHR,  Beer,  Ber. 
French  Ber,  Beer,  Bi^re,  P^re,  Petre,  Perreau. 


*  In  Old  Franltish  Bunes,  of  which  this  i«  one,  oa  and  oi  lUnd  for  wa  ud 
wi,  M  indeed  ie  the  caie  alao  in  modern  French. 


THE   BKUTE   AND    ITS   ATTRIBUTES.  69 

DIMIKUTiyE& 

Old  German  Berila,  8th  cent — Eng.  Berrill,  Burley, 
Pearl,  Perlet — French  I^ral,  Berille,  Berl,  Berlt, 
Perol,  Perrelle,  Perilla.  Old  Geiman  Berico,  Berrich, 
9th  cent — English  Berridge,  Perrigo — Modern  German 
Barecke — French  Berich,  Periche,  Perocueau.  English 
Perkik — French  Berquin,  Perichon.  English  Purling — 
French  Berillov,  Perlin. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(G^er,  spear),  Old  German  Bereger,  Pereker,  8th  cent — 
Eng.  Berger— Modem  German  Berger — French  Berger. 
(GU,  hostage)  Old  German  Perakis,»9th  cent — Eng.  Purkis, 
PuRCHES,  Purchase.  {Grim^  fierce)  Old  Germ.  Peragrim, 
8th  cent — English  Paragren,  Paragreen,  Peregrine  7 
(ffart,  hard)  Old  Geiman  Berhard,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Barb- 
hard — French  B^rard,  Perard.  {Here,  warrior)  Old  Germ. 
Beriher,  Bercher — Eng.  Berrier,  Purrier,  Percher — Mod. 
German  Biercher — French  Berrter,  Bercher,  Perrier. 
{Jldtn,  helmet)  Old  German  Perrhelm,  8th  cent. — English 
Perriam,  Perram — French  Berheaume.  (Land)  Old 
Germ.  Pereknt,  9th  cent — English  Purland.  (Man)  Old 
Germ.  Bermun— Eng.  Burman,  Pearhan-- Modem  German 
Berm ANN.  {Ma^y  famous)  Old  Germ.  Bermar,  9th  cent. — 
Eng.  Barmore,  Parramore,  Paramour  )  (Afard,  reward  f) 
Old  Germ.  Beremard — French  Bermard.  (Mund,  protec- 
tion) Old  German  Berimund,  5th  cent — Frencli  Bermond 
Bermont.  {^(^i  counsel)  Old  German  Perrat — English 
Berret,  Perrott — French  Berot,  Perrot.  (Z)to,  servant) 
Old  German  Biridio,  Peradeo,  6th  cent — English  Perdue — 
French  Perodt,  Peyredieu.  (Wald,  power)  Old  German 
Beroald,  Berolt,  7th  cent — French  Berault,  Perault — 
ItaL  Beroaldus.  (  Wine,  friend)  Old  German  Berewiu,  8th 
cent,  Beroin — Eng.  Perown — French  Perrouin.  (Geltan, 
Talere)  English  Purgold — French  Perigault.  {Wctrd, 
guardian)  Old  German  Beraward,  Perwart,  8th  cent. — Eng. 
Berward,  Perwort.  (Wisy  wise)  Old  German  Berois,  8th 
cent — Eng.  Barwise,  Purvis. 


^ 


f  70  THE  BRUTE    AND  ITS  ATTBIBUTES. 

,  Perhaps  to  this  root  may  belong  the  name  of 

the  well-known  fanatic  Barebone,  with  which 
may  correspond  a  French  Bababan  {bana  or 
bonay  a  slayer).     Another  English  form  is  Bear- 

>  BENN. 

The  following  are  to  be  assigned  to  the  ex- 
tended root  berin,  with  which  corresponds  the 
Old  Norse  bjorn.  The  Anglo-Saxon  beorn^  chiei, 
hero,  may  mix  up  with  this  root.  It  will  be  seen 
in  this  and  the  former,  how  close  a  connection 
there  is  between  the  roots  of  bear  and  man. 

SIMPLE  FOEMB. 

Old  German  Bemo,  Berino,  Bern,  Pern,  Pirin,  8tli  cent. 
Baiin,  Old  Norse  Bjom,  Birna.  Anf^.-Sax.  Beom.  Eng.  BtBNE, 
f*"'     BuEN,  BiBNEY,  PuRNET,  Byron,  Perbin.      Modem  German 

Baur. 

Beebin.  French  Bebkk,  Bebitey,  Pebny,  BiitOK,  Pibok, 
Pbbbin.    Ital  Bebni. 

♦  DIMINUTIVES. 

Old  German  Bimioo,  8th  cent — Eng.  Bubnidge — Mod. 
German  Bebnicke.  English  Bubnell,  Pubnell — French 
Bebnelle,  Pebnelle.  Old  German  Berinza,  Bemiza,  10th 
cent — Eng.  Bubkess,  Bubkish  ? — ^Mod.  Germ.  Behbens. 

PATBONYBaCS. 

Old  German  Beming,  9th  cent — Eng.  Bu&mKG.— Mod. 
Germ.  Bebnino. 

C0MK>ITND8. 

(GoTf  spear)  Old  German  Beringar,  8th  cent. — ^English 
Beringeb,  Bebbikqeb — Mod.  German  Bebbingeb — French 
Bebikgeb,  Beranoeb.  (Hard)  Old  German  Berinhard,  8th 
cent — English  Bbbnabd — Mod.  German  Bebkabd — French 
Bebkabi>— -Span.  Bebnabdez.  (Here,  warrior)  Old  German 
Berinher,  Bemer,  Bemier,  Pemher,  8th  cent — Eng.  Bibneb, 


THE  BRtTTB  AKD  ITS  ATTRIBUTE&  71 

Psums — Mod  GeroL  Bkrivbb^  French  Bebkibb,  PaanxB. 
{W€dd,  power)  Old  German  Bemeold,  Bemolt,  Sth  oent.^- 
Eog.  Bbbitou)  -^French  Bisbvault. 

Afl  the  bear  was  sacred  to  Thor,  so  was  the 
wolf  to*  Odin,  and  by  his  two  wolves,  Geri  and 
Freki,  he  is  represented  as  always  accompanied. 
I  scarcely  know  how  to  account  for  it  that  though 
of  all  German  names  this  was  one  of  the  most 
common,  it  is  not  particularly  so  in  English 
names,  and  in  French  names  rather  the  reverse. 
As  a  prefix  in  our  names  it  generally  loses  the  f, 
as  in  WooLGER  for  Wulfgar. 

SIMPLE  FORMB. 

Old  Germ.  Vulf,  fith  cent— Wol^  8tli  cent./— Ov'Xm^ 
Procopiua.      Ang.-Sax.  Wulfl      Old  Norse  TJlfi:.      English  wnif.  uif. 
Wolf,  Ulph,  Ulp.      Mod.  Germ.  Wolf.      French  Volf,     ^«"- 
OuuF. 

BIMINUTIYEB. 

Ang.-Sax.  Wolfei — English  Wolsey  («ee  p.  23).  Old 
Germ,  Wulfico,  8th  cent — Eng.  Woolfolk.  Old  German 
Vnlfemia»  9th  cent — Eng.  Wolfem,  Vulliamy. 

ooMPOu^mfi. 

(5ert,  bright)  Old  German  Wolfbert,  8th  cent— English 
WooLBBBT.  {Frid,  peace)  Old  Germ.  Wolflfrid,  8th  cent— 
Ang.-Sa3L  Wulfred— Eng.  Woolpbeys.  {Gar,  spear)  Old 
German  Wolfgar,  8th  cent— Ang.-Sax.  Wulfgar— English 
WooLGAB,  {Gaud,  goth  T)  Old  Germ.  Wulfegaud,  8th  cent 
— Ang.-Sax.  Wul%eat— Eng.  Wooloott.  {Heidy  p.  66) 
Old  Germ.  Wolfheid,  8th  cent— Eng.  Woolhead.  {H(vrd) 
Old  Germ,  Wolfhard,  8th  cent— Ang.-Sax.  Wulfhard— Eng. 
WooLLABD— Mod.  Germ.  Wulfkbt.  {Here,  warrior)  Old 
Getman  Vtdfhar,  bishop  of  Rheims,  7th  cent — ^Ang.-Sax. 


72  THE  BRUTE    AND   ITS   ATTRIBUTES. 

Wulfhcre— Old  Norae  TJlfar — Eng.  Wolper — Mod.  Germ. 
WoLFER.  (Hath,  hady  war)  Old  German  Wolfhad,  bishop 
of  Bourges,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Woollatt — French  Wotllot. 
(Helm)  Old  German  Wolfhalm,  8th  cent— Ang. -Sax.  Wulf- 
helm — Eng.  Woollams — French  Woillaume.  (Hohf  high) 
Old  Germ.  Wolfhoh,  8th  cent.— Ang. -Sax.  Wulfheh— Eng. 
WooLLBY.  (Mar,  famous)  Old  German  Wolfmar,  8th  cent. 
—Ang. -Sax.  Wulfmer— Eng.  Woolmeh.  {^oth,  bold)  Old 
Germ  Vulfnoth,  9ih  cent.— Ang. -Sax.  Wulfnoth— English 
WoOLNOTH.  (Raban,  ram,  raven)  Old  Germ.  Wolfhraban, 
Wolfram,  7th  cent. — English  Wolfram  (perhaps  of  German 
origin).  (Rice,  powerful)  Old  German  Wulfrich,  8th  cent. — 
Ang.-Sax.  Wulfric — Eng.  Woolrych — French  Wulveryck. 
(Stan,  stone)  Old  Germ.  Wolfetein— Ang.-Sax.  Wulfstan— 
Eng.  WooiSTON. 

Though  in  Old  German  names  this  was  the 
most  common  of  all  post-fixes,  yet  it  is  by  no 
means  frequent  either  in  English  or  French.  We 
have  the  following. 

(Ead,  prosperity)  Old  German  Audulf,  7th  cent. — Ang.- 

Wttif.  uif.   Sax.  Eadulf — Eng.  Adolph-— Mod.  Germ.  Adolph — French 

Wolf.      Adolphe.      (Beadu,  war)  Old  Germ.  Badulf,  8th  cent.— Old 

MapotWix.^^^^   Bodolph — English    Biddulph,    Butolph  ?      (Bardi, 

giant  1)  Old  German  Bartholf — English  Babdolf.      (Ga/nd, 

wolf)  Old  German  Gandulf,  7th  cent. — French  Gandolphe. 

(Fast,  firm)  Old  German  Fastulf,  8th  cent — ^Eng.  Fastolp,* 

Fast  AFP.     (Rand,  shield)  Old  German  Randulf,  8  th  cent. — 

English  Randolph.      (Rag,  counsel  ?)  Old  German  Hagolf, 

Baholf,    Raulf — English    Ralph — Mod.    German   Ralphs. 

(Hroc,  giant)  Old  Germ.  Rocculf,  Roholf,  Roolf — Old  Norse 

Hrolfr — Eng.  Rolf — Mod.  Germ.  Rolf.      (Stede,  steadfast) 

Old  German  Stadolf,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Stidolf.      Our  name 


*  I  do  not  And  this  u  »  present  English  name,  bat  there  wm  a  Sir  John 
Fastolf,  the  sappoied  prototype  of  Shakeipero's  Falftaff,  who  belled  bis  e^ymologj 
b7  mnnlng  away  from  Joan  of  Arc. 


THB  BEX7TB  AND  ITS   ATTBIBUTBS.  73 

Balvi,  Pott  makes  a  contraction  of  Badul£  But  I  think 
that  it  18  more  probably  the  same  as  the  Ang.43az.  Beowulf, 
perhaps  from  beag^  beah,  bracelet ;  hence,  same  as  an  Old 
Qerm.  Baugul£ 

Wid/oT  Ul/wBA  the  honourable  name  of  the 
wolf.  It  was  the  wolf  as  the  servant  of  Odin— 
the  attendant  on  the  battle-field — ^the  brave^ 
patient  hunter.  But  the  wolf  has  another  char- 
aeter — ^that  of  the  midnight  robber — ^the  ruthless 
derourer — the  curse  of  the  shepherd — the  terror 
of  the  mother.  In  this  character  his  name  was 
wearg  or  varg^  which  also  means  assassin.  The 
wolf  himself  seems  to  have  had  an  aversion  to  this 
name,  for  in  the  old  days  when  animals  could 
speak,  he  is  represented  in  Northern  fable  as 
saying — 

''Oaliest  thou  me  Yarg,  I  will  be  wroth  with  thee.** 

But  what  was  not  good  enough  for  a  wolf 
seems  to  have  been  good  enough  for  a  man,  for 
Weabq  was  the  name  of  a  Solicitor-General  in 
the  last  century.  The  names  Yebge,  Yntoo,  and 
ViBGiN  I  should  also  be  rather  inclined  to  bring 
in  here — ^referring  them  to  wearg,  a  wolf,  or  the 
verb  wiirgian,  to  worry.  However,  there  is  un- 
certainty about  this  group ;  Forstemann  finds  a 
root  werk  to  which  he  gives  the  sense  of  opus. 

SDCPLS  FOBM& 

Old  Germ.  Waigus,  Wergio,  9th  cent  Eng^  WsASO,  ^^^ 
WsRoc,  YsBG^  Werk,  Wobkkt,*  Vbrco,  Ymaa  Mod.  woit 
Qerm.  Wxbck.     French  Ykboe,  7srg£ 


♦  In  >  chMtor  of  mMiamtMlffli,  Cod,  Dip.  861,  we  find  Won!  m  tb«  luuBe  ol 
»Mrf.  ItMeiiMpn>biAtoth»tthiai«aiobil4Qe^a]idt]ui(ttin6UifUt«ml]7'*oiM 
whoworka,"  i^i,  wUh  *  wia  Perbftp*  than  the  «bofe  nama  WoBsn  ought 
nMbarto  ba  aaaodntad  with  a 


74  THE  BRUTE   AND   ITS   ATTRIBUTES, 

PHONEnC  EXTENSION. 

Eng.  YiRoiN.      French  Yebgeok,  Ybbgne. 

00MPOITND& 

(ffari,  heTf  -warrior)  Old  Germ.  Weixjhari,  "Werkher,  Sth 
cent. — Eng.  Yergeb — Modem  German  Webkeb — French 
YBBCHkRE.  (Mem)  Eng.  Wibgman,  Workman  %  {Notky 
bold)  Engliah  Wokknot — French  Yi;;bgnaud,  Yebgnot. 
(Wine,  friend)  French  Yirquin. 

Another  name  for  the  wolf  in  Old  Norse  waa 
gandry  to  which  Forstemann  assigns  the  root 
gand,  gant,  gent,  kant,  kent,  in  Old  German 
names.  To  this  I  add  chandy  chanty  as  a  form 
common  in  French  names,  though  chamter^  to 
sing,  probably  mixes  with  it.* 
simple  fobmb. 

Old  German  Gando,  Ganto,   Canto,  Gento,  son  of  the 

Oftnd,  Ctant.  Yandsl  Geiserich,  6th  cent.      Old  Norse  Gandr  (sumam&) 

^^-     Eng.  Gandb,  Gandy,  Gant,  Cant,  Canty,  Cande,  Candy, 

Chant,  Gent.     Mod.  G^rm.  Gante,  Eant,  Gent.      French 

Qand,  Canda,  Candy,  Gente,  Genty,  Chanteau. 

diminutive3. 

Old  Germ.  Gantala,  Cantulo,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Gandell^ 
Candall,  Cantelo,  Cantle,  Gentle  1  Modem  German 
Genedl,  Kendel — French  Gandell,  Gentil?  Cantdellb, 
Cantei^  Chandel.  English  Candelih — French  Gandillon, 
Cantillon,  Gentillon. 

oompounds. 

{Here,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Ganthar,  Sth  cent. — ^English 
Gander,  Gendeb,  Ganter,  Cantor,  Chanter — ^Mod.  Gkrm. 
Ganter,  Kanter — Swiss  Gander — French  Gandieb,  Gan- 
ter, Candre,  Cantier,  Chantier.  {Rady  rat,  counsel)  Old 
German  Gendrad,  Sth  cent. — French  Gendrot,  Chantrot. 

*  Ab  in  the  names  Chantecbdre  and  Chantoiseao. 


THB  BBX7TE  AND    ITS  ATTBIBTJTES.  75 

(RicBf  powerfal)  Old  (German  Qendirili,  Cantrih — English 
Gentjery,  Gentbt,  Chantbey,  Kebtd&ick,  Kendbay — ^Mod. 
Germ.  Genderich — French  Genbsy,  Cbajxteblac  (Ulf, 
wolf)  Old  German  Gandulf,  7th  cent — French  Gandolphe. 
{Wine,  friend)  French  Gandoin. 

Another  word  signifying  wolf  is  Old  Norse 
sdmr.  We  find  this  as  a  man's  name  in  the 
Landnamobok,  and  as  a  dog's  name  in  the  Nial- 
saga.  The  root  sam  in  Old  German  names 
Forstcmann  refers  to  Old  High  Germ,  samo,  Eng. 
"  same/'  in  the  sense  of  "  equal."  But  I  think 
that  the  above  derivation  is  to  be  preferred, 

SDCPLBFOEMa 

Old  Germ.  Samo^  6th  cent.     Old  Norse  S&mr.      English  g^^^  ^^ 
Saji,  Seky.     Modem  German  Sahic,  Semm.     French  Sem^     woif . 
Semey. 

DDilNUTIYZa 

English  Samkik.     French  Ssmichon. 

The  boar,  which  was  sacred  to  Frey,  the  third 
of  the  principal  deities,  was  also  in  very  common 
use  for  the  names  of  men.  As  the  Anglo-Saxon 
beorUy  the  original  meaning  of  which  seems  to 
have  been  "  bear,"  was  used  in  the  sense  of  prince, 
hero— so  the  Old  Norse  jofurr,  signifying  boar, 
was  employed  in  Northern  poetry  in  the  same 
sense.  The  root  of  the  word  seems  to  be  the 
same  as  that  of  the  group  ab,  efe,  p.  60,  viz., 
Sansc.  abhaSy  powerful,  and  the  lost  Teutonic 
verb  ahatiy  pollere.  From  the  Old  High  Germ. 
e6er,  Ang.-Sax.  efor  and  ofor^  Old  Norse  jofuTVy 
are  the  following. 


76  TH£  BBUTE   AI9D  ITS  ATTRIBUTS8. 

aXMFLEFOBMa. 

Old  Genn.  Ebur,  Gth  cent.      Ibor,  Lombard  pxinoe,  4ih 
Eton,  Svw,  cent,  not  certain.     Old  None  Jofnrr,  Irar.     Snglish  Ebbb, 
^^-     HsBEB,  EvEB,  HJBAYER^  Heifer,  Oyebl     Modem  German 
'    Ebsb,  Eyebs.    French  HivEBy  Heybb^  OuvbM. 

^  DIMINFUVES. 

Old  German  Eaerlin,  8th  cent — ^Mod.  German  OniBLiir 
—French  Ebebun.  English  Ebobau^  Eyxrau.)  Oteball 
— French  Ebkblx,  O^au^  Iyobsl. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(ffardf  fortis)  Old  Germ.  Ebarhard,  Everhard,  BFerazd, 
8th  cent. — English  Eyebabb — ^Mod.  German  Eberhard — 
French  Eybabi),  Ehrabd,  Ouybasd.  (Mwn)  Old  German 
Ewnnnan,  8th  cent. — ^Eng.  Hkayebman — Modem  German 
Brermane.  {fiad^  rai,  oounsol)  Old  German  Ebnrrad,  8th 
cent— Eng.  Eyebed,  Eyerett,  Oyebed,  Oybbbtt— French 
Eyratt.  (Bice,  powerful)  Old  German  Eburicos,  king  of  the 
Snevi,  6th  cent.— English  Eyert,  Iyory,  Oyery,  Ouyry — 
French  Eyericelx,  Iyry,  Obry.  (Ger,  spear)  Old  German 
Eburacar,  8th  cent. — Ez\g.  Oyeracbb  %  (Mar,  fiftmous)  Old 
Germ.  EYremar,  8th  cent — Eng.  Oyebxobb  ! 

The  Old  Norse  has  gaUif  a  boar  pig,  whence 
^^  "gait/'  a  word  still  in  use  in  the  North  of 
Boftrpig?  England  Galti  occurs  both  as  a  baptismal  and 
as  a  surname  in  the  Landnamabok^  and  hence 
may  be  our  Qalt.  But  the  root  gaiU  in  Old 
German  names  Forstemann  refers  to  gdtan^ 
valere. 

In  the  former  edition,  I  derived  Sugg  from 
Ang.-Sax.  sug^  a  sow.  But  I  now  think  that  this 
root  is  both  deeper  and  wider,  and  have  intro- 
duced it  elsewhera  Hogg  also  is  not  to  be  re- 
ferred to  the  animal,  but  to  Anglo-Saxon  hog. 


THB  HBUTi:  AND  ITS    ATXIOBUTES.  77 

prudent,  thoughtful.  There  was  a  Thurcyl  but- 
named  Hoga  {Cod.  Dip.  Afig.-Sax.  No.  743), 
which  Mr.  Kemble  explains  as  **  the  wise  or  con- 
siderate.'' So  also  FiQO  is  to  be  connected  with 
Pick,  and  by  the  interchange  of  b  and  p,  with 
Bioa  and  Bick,  ficom  a  root  signifying  to  slash. 
The  Old  Norse  gris^  a  little  pig,  occiirs  both  as  a 
baptismal  and  as  a  surname  in  the  Landnamabok. 
Hence  might  be  our  Gbice,  and  the  diminutiye 
GmssELL.  But  the  Old  High  Germ,  gris,  grey, 
(or  perhaps  grisly)  is  more  probably  the  general 
root  of  our  names,  and  also  of  the  French 
Gkibabd,  Gbisol,  &o. 

The  horse  seems  to  have  been  held  in  especial 
veneration  by  the  Ancient  Germans.  Tacitus  in- 
forms us  that  they  kept  white  horses,  which  they 
r^arded  as  sacred,  and  by  whose  snortings  and 
neighings,  when  yoked  to  the  sacred  chariot,  they 
prognosticated  future  eventa  Some  trace  of  this 
worship  or  respect  may  perhaps  be  found  in  the 
use,  referred  to  by  Grimm,  of  white  horses  in 
solemn  or  state  processions.  Perhaps  also  in  the 
frequency  with  which  they  appear  as  the  signs 
of  inns  in  Germany  and  Switzerland,  and,  though 
not  to  the  same  extent,  in  England.  In  London 
alone  there  are  about  50  inns  or  public  houses 
with  the  sign  of  the  White  Horse.  The  eating 
of  horse  flesh  seems  to  have  formed  a  part  of 
heathen  festivals,  and  hence  was  coupled  by  the 
Christian  missionaries  along  with  any  other 
idolatrous  ceremony,  and  interdicted  as  such. 


78  THE  BBUTE  AND    ITS  ATTRIBUTES, 

Nor  does  the  attempted  revival,  among  our  some- 
what whimsical  neighbours,  seem  to  have  met 
with  any  very  signal  success.  We  do  not  find 
that  in  the  Northern  system  of  mythology  the 
horse  was  dedicated  especially  to  any  particular 
god,  but  twelve  horses,  belonging  to  different 
deities,  and  each  distinguished  by  its  particular 
name,  are  enumerated  in  the  Eddas. 

The  names  of  Hengist  and  Horsa,  the  leaders 
of  the  first  Saxon  invasion  of  England,  are  both 
derived  fi:om  the  horse.  The  former  is  from 
Ang.-Sax,  hengsty  Old  High  German  hengist,  Old 
Fries,  hingst,  Low  Germ,  hangst,  a  stallion.  The 
last  word  is  still  in  use  in  some  parts  of  West- 
phalia to  denote  a  horse  in  general.  Hengist 
seems  to  have  been  anciently  by  no  means  a 
common  name.  It  occurs  as  the  name  of  a  Jutish 
chieftain  (identical  or  not  with  the  above),  in  the 
Anglo-Saxon  poem  of  Beowulf.  The  only  other 
instance  is  that  of  a  Hengest  in  the  Monumenta 
Boica,  A.D.  1042.  But  Hengst  is  a  name  still^in 
use  among  the  modem  Frisians.  And  it  is  found 
in  names  of  places  in  Germany,  as  Hengistfeldon 
and  Hengistdorf.  In  the  names  of  places  in 
England  it  is  generally  corrupted  into  Hinks,  as 
Hinki.  in  Hinksey,  Berks.,  Ang.-Sax.  Hengestesige.  So 
that  our  Hincks  may  probably  be  the  same 
name.      We  have  also  Hinxman  and  the  local 

HiNGESTON. 

The  word  hors  is  common  to  almost  all  the 


THB   BRUTE  AND  ITS   ATTRIBUTBS.  79 

Teutonic  dialects.      An  Old  High  Germ,  form  is 
orSy  and  an  Old  Fries,  form  is  hers. 

SIHPLB  FOEMS. 

Old  German  Oiao,  10th  cent.  Sax.  Horsa,  5tli  cent.  Hon^ 
Engliflh  IIoBSSY,  Heabbb,  Hebsst.  French  Obsat,  Hebse^  °*"*' 
Hkrcr  ^"""^ 

DIMIM  UTlVJes. 

Old  German  Ondcuiy  10th  cent — English  Hobskins, 
Ebskute  9    Eng.  Horsell — French  Obsel. 

OOMPOUOTH. 

Old  Germ.  Ursiraan,  7th  cent — Eng.  Hobsmak.  (There 
IB  alao  an  Old  German  Horseman,  9th  cent,  horaCy  nimble.) 

From  the  other  form  hros  may  be  the  follow^ 
ing.  But  Grimm  also  suggests  a  word  ros,  red, 
which  may  intermix.  And  our  name  Ross  may 
of  course  also  be  local. 

SQIPLBFOBMa 

Bom. 
Eng.  Bo8&     French  Bossi.  aorM, 

DnoNimyEB. 
BoBoelin  (Lib,  VU.J — Eng.  Boslikg — French  RossBLiir, 
EosLm.     French  Rossel,  BtOSLT.     Eng.  Bosooe. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(BeH,  famous)  Old  Germ.  Rospert,  10th  cent— English 
BosBEBT.  (Rtm,  her,  warrior)  English  Rosseb,  Bosieb, 
KosEBT — French  Bosseb,  Boscheb.  (Mem)  Eng.  Bosoican 
—French  Bos]£mon.      (Kd  for  Keid  ?J  Old  Norse  Hrosskel 

—Eng.  BOBKELL.    ' 

From  the  Ang.-Saxon  mcBve,  mere.  Old  High  Ma». 
Germ,  marahy  a  horse,  Eng.  "mare/'  are  probably 
Mabe,  Meebs,  Meabing,  Maba,  and  perhaps 
Mabt.      There  may  be  other  names>  but  it  is 


80  THB  BBIJTB  AND  FTS   ATTBIBtTTBS. 

difBcnlt  to  separate  this  root  fix>m  ma/r^  mer^ 
illustrious.  One  or  two  compounds^  such  as 
Mabyman  or  Mebeocan,  which  would  correspond 
with  HoBSMAN,  HiNXMAN,  Seem  more  naturally 
to  belong  to  this. 

From  the  Old  High  Germ,  marah^  march,  a 
horse,  Forstemami  derives  the  root  marc  in  Old 
Germ,  names,  observing  that  m^rka,  a  boundary, 
may  also  intermix.  Mark  may  of  course  also  be 
in  some  cases  Scriptural 

SEMPLB  FOBMB. 

ji^^         Old    GemLBXi    Map#cia«,    Gkthio    leader   in    ProoopiuB. 

uueh.  Maroo,  8th  cent.      Anglo-Saxon  March,  Cod.  Dip,  Na  971. 

Hone.  2|^g,  Mabx,  Marxkt,  Mabccts,  Mabcs.      Modem  Q«niian 

Mabx,  Mabch.      French  Maboq,  Mabo^  Mabochs,  MabchA. 

DDCDnrriviBS. 
Old  Gexman  Marolin,   9th  oenl — French  MABcnJLOV. 
Eng.  MABKLiL&t    French  Maboou      * 

OOKFOUNDe. 

(ffer0f  wBixior)  Old  Qerman  Marcher — ikig.  Marksb, 
Maboheb — Modem  German  MlBKEB-r-Frendi  Mabohib% 
Mabqubby.  (Mar,  illustrious)  Old  German  Marcomer,  2nd 
cent.  (Awrd  VicL  de  Ccbb.J — Marcamar,  Frankish  prince, 
4th  cent. — ^Eng.  Mabbamobk*  (Lmf,  superstes)  Old  Germ. 
Maideif,  Maidef,  6th  cent.*-^Eng.  Mabkloyb — Mod.  Germ. 
MabxiiOff.  (Ward,  goardian)  Old  Germ.  Marcoard,  8th 
eent» — ^Modern  Gennaii  Mabkwabdt — French  Mabouabd. 
{Wig,  me,  war)  Old  German  Marcovicos,  6th  cenl-^Eoglidi 
Mabkwiok. 


t  Omi  thk  be  the  BanUh  dlmlnntlTe  UUe,  m In  TavtUUe,  North.  Enc  lUef 
Tk6  WUM  If  foind  In  theDftnlah  county  of  linoolnihire. 

*  Sevenl  Old  Oenurn  nenee  ftom  tUt  roo^mppetut  both  m  Mnnh  nod  Iffnrk 
ThoB  Mwnhelnd  and  linrcdnd,  Ac  The  High  Oerm.  K,  howeTer,  miut  be  taken 
to  fepreient  lomethlng  of  a  gntkual  eouid. 


THE  BBX7TE  AND  ITS  ATTfilBUTES.  81 

I  do  not  think  that  Staluon  is  from  the 
anima],  but»  along  with  the  French  Stalin,  from 
^tcM^  steel,  which  enters  into  some  Old  German 
names. 

Palfrey  seems  also  doubtfril.  It  may  be 
from  the  Old  Germ.  Baldfred  or  Paldfred— ^/rec? 
in  Eng.  generally  making /rey,  as  in  Godfrey  and 
Humfrey.  But  Palfbiman  camiot  be  so  ex- 
plained 

Colt  is,  I  doubt  not^  the  High  Germ,  form  of 
Gold.  So  also  Coltman  corresponds  with 
Goldman  and  Coldman.    Other  compounds  are 

C!0LTEB»  COLTABT,  &a 

These  four  animals  then,  the  bear,  the  wol£ 
the  boar,  and  the  horse,  all  possess  obvious 
attributes  which  would  make  them  in  favour  for 
the  names  of  men.  The  bear,  with  his  power,  his 
tenacity,  his  secretiveness,  and  his  imputed  wis- 
dom— ^the  wol^  with  his  ferocity,  his  endurance 
and  his  discipline — ^the  boar,  with  his  vindictive 
sturdiness — ^have  always  been  favourite  types  for 
the  Teutonic  race  :  the  horse,  with  his  noble  and 
generous  spirit>  has  had  an  attraction  for  all  men 
inall  tima 

But  the  cow — ^the  innocent  and  ungainly  cow 
— ^what  is  there  in  her  usefrd  and  homely  life  that 
could  inspire  sentiments  of  reverence  in  a  fierce 
and  warlike  people  1  The  honour  which  was 
paid  to  her  was  from  a  more  ancient  and  a  more 
deeply-seated  source.  From  the  time  when  Israel, 
tainted  with  Egyptian  superstition,   set  up  a 


82  THE  BBTJTB  AND   ITB   ATTBIBUIB8. 

golden  calf  and  said  ''These  be  thy  gods,  which 
brought  thee  out  of  the  land  of  Egypf^^-and 
from  who  can  tell  how  many  ages  before  that 
time,  the  cow,  as  the  type  of  the  teeming  mother 
earthy  haB  been  an  object  of  human  idolatry.  In 
the  Northern  system  of  mythology  she  is  not^ 
like  the  bear,  the  wolf,  or  the  boar,  sacred  to  any 
particular  divinity,  but  appears — in  what  seems 
to  be  a  fragment  of  a  more  ancient  myth^-as 
mysteriously  connected  with  the  first  cause  and 
origin  of  all  things.  Grimm  has  remarked 
(Deutadi.  Myth.  p.  681 J  that  the  Sanscrit  root 
gd  signifies  both  ox  or  cow,  and  also  earth*  coun- 
try, district  Hence,  on  the  one  hand  the  Old 
High  German  chiu>y  Ang.-Sax.  cH,  English  cow— 
and  on  the  other  Gr.  70,  79^  earth,  German  ^u. 
He  frirther  remarks  upon  the  connection  which 
rinta,  the  earth,  and  Bindr,  wife  of  Odin,  may 
have  with  Germ,  rind^  ox. 

Both  of  the  above  two  words,  gow  or  cow^ 
and  rind,  are  found  in  our  names,  and  we  have 
the  choice  of  the  above  two  meanings.  But, 
upon  the  whole,  the  meaning  of  land,  country, 
seems  more  in  accordance  with  the  general  charac- 
ter of  Teutonic  nomenclature. 

I  do  not  take  Bull  to  be  from  the  aniiriali 
though,  as  elsewhere  stated,  I  am  not  certain* 
while  preferring  a  different  derivation,  that  it  is 
not  from  the  same  root. 

There  is  a  root^  ur,  found  in  several  Old 
Germ,  names,  which  Forstemann  refers  to  Aug.* 


TSK  BBX7TE  AND  ITS  ATTBIBUTEa  83 

Saxon,  Old  High  Oennan,  and  Old  Norse,  ^r, 
buffiJa 

anCFLB  VOBMBL 

Old  Oerm.  TJriua,  Uro,  4tli  cent      English  Use,  XTbi^      ur. 
HUBBT.      Modem  German  XJhb.     French  Oxtbt,  Houb,   BaStio. 

HuXBAUy  HUBXT,  HxTBiy  HjBOTtiL 

BDmnrnvBB. 
Ebg.  HuJUUEL — French  Hubbl.    French  Hubez. 

PATBONnaca 
Old  German  XJrinch,  10th  cent — English  Youriko. 

OOHFOUNDfiL 

(Hard J  Old  Germ.  Urard,  Uth  cent — Frendi  Hubabb. 
(Sw0^  iraniOT)  French  Ubdeb,  Htjbisb.  (W<dd,  power)  Old 
German  Urold,  9th  cent — French  Hubault.  (  Wine,  friend) 
Eng.  UBwnr*    {Wig,  war)  Eng.  Ubwigk. 

Calf  was  not  an  nnconunon  name  among  the 
Northmen ;  there  are  several  men  called  Kalfr 
in  the  Lsoxdnamabok  and  elsewhere.  The  Old 
Norse  kaif7\  though  primarily  signifying  the 
young  of  the  cow,  was  applied  in  a  more  extended 
sense  to  the  young  of  various  animaJa  And 
there  is  a  Northman  in  the  Landnamabok  with 
the  name  of  Selakalfir  (seal-oal£)  Forstemann 
has  one  Old  Germ,  name  Calpho,  which  he  takes 
to  be  a  transposition  of  Claffo  (name  of  a  Lom- 
bard king).  But  I  do  not  feel  at  all  certain  that 
this^  ^along  with  a  seemingly  English  name 
Kalvo  in  the  London  directory,  and  a  French 
name  Calvo,  are  not  to  be  referred  to  the  Goth. 
halbo,  cal£  We  havealso  CaXiF  and  the  Germans 
have  Ealb  and  Kalfb,  which  Fott^  though  I 


84  THE  BEX7TE  AND  ITS  ATTBIBUTSa 

think  unnecessarily,  supposes  to  be  a  contraction 
of  some  compound  name  ending  in  leih  or  leif, 

There  are  very  few  names  derived  from  the 
dog.  DoGGETT,  which  I  before  classed  under 
this  head,  I  must  now  withdraw,  as  I  think  it 
belongs  to  the  root  of  Ang.-Sax.  dtigar^  to  be  of 
use  or  value.  Also  BiCK,  and  the  more  pro- 
noncS  name  Bitch  foimd  in  Bowditch,  which  I 
take  to  be  from  bicken,  to  slasL 

Mnnd,  HuND  and  HuNDY,  corresponding  with  an 
^  Old  Germ.  Hundo,  8th  cent.,  are  probably  from 
hund,  a  dog,  Eng.  "hound."  Hunt,  Mr.  Lower 
derives  from  "  hunt^'*  a  chase  or  himting  ground^ 
as  a  local  name.  And  Mr.  Arthur  frt>m  "  hunte,'' 
used  by  Chaucer  for  huntsman.  It  is  possible 
that  both  these  derivations,  and  particularly  the 
latter,  may  obtain  in  some  cases.  But  as  the 
general  rule  I  think  that  Hunt,  corresponding 
with  an  Old  German  Hunto,  Mod.  Germ.  Himdt^ 
is  only  the  High  Germ,  form  of  Hund.  In  a  roU- 
call  of  German  officers  given  by  Mameranus,  AJD. 
550,  are  the  names  Hundt,  Himtus,  and  Hon- 
tus,  the  last  of  which  is  explained  ^'GeorgiuB 
canis  seu  Hontus.''  Hence  Hunting,  French 
HoNTANG,  as  a  patronymic  form,  belongs  more 
certainly  to  this  last.  The  Hundings  (Hyndin- 
gas),  are  a  people  mentioned  in  the  Sc6p  or  Bard's 
song,  and  are  supposed  to  have  been  the  people  of 
Hundland,  which  the  editors  of  the  Copenhagen 
edition  of  the  £dda  place  in  Jutland 


THE  BBUTE  AND  ITS   ATTBIBT7TES.  85 

Though  the  fox  was  much  mixed  up  with  the    Fbi. 
popular  superstitious  of  the  Middle  Ages^  it  does  ^^"^^ 
not  seem  to  have  been  conunon  in  the  names  of 
men.      Indeed  no  ancient  names  come  before  us^ 
and  the  word  appears  first  in  the  Hundred  Bolls 
as  a  surname,  Le  Fox. 

Deer  might  be  from  the  animal,  though  per- 
haps rather  in  the  wider  sense  of  the  German 
thier,  signifying  any  wild  animaL  But  it  is  im- 
possible,  even  in  the  ancient  names,  to  separate  it 
from  dear,  carus^  Germ,  iheiter,  which  I  take  to 
be  the  preferable  sense. 

Bain  might  be  in  some  cases  from  Old  Norse 
hreinn,  a  rein-deer,  the  name  of  three  Northmen 
in  the  Landnamabok.  But  as  a  name  of  German 
origin  it  is  to  be  referred  to  Goth,  ragin,  counsel. 

Of  other  names  I  take  Stagg,  Buge;  Habt, 
Goat,  Bam,  Ewe,  to  be  derived  otherwise  than 
from  the  animala 

Lamb  was  not  an  uncommon  name  among  ^^^ 
the  Northmen — ^little  suited  as  it  may  seem  for  i^m. 
those  ferocious  warriors.  It  occurs  twice  as  a 
baptismal  name,  and  thrice  as  a  surname,  in  the 
Landnamabok.  There  was  also  an  Erik  Lamb, 
King  of  Denmark,  A.D.  1139.  The  High  Germ^ 
form  of  lamb  is  kmip,  and  there  is  an  Old  Germ. 
Lampo,  10th  cent.,  but  Forstemann  thinks  lamb, 
agnus,  an  improbable  root^  and  suggests  Old 
Norse  lempa,  moderari,  or  Ang.-Sax.  limfan.  Old 
High  GteruL  limpan,  evenire,  convenire.  But  in 
the  face  of  the  above  Scandinavian  names,  I  hardly 


86  THB  BBUTE  AND  ITS   ATTBIBUTBS. 

think  that  his  objection  can  be  maintained.  It 
seems  probable,  however,  that  there  may  be  an 
intermixture  of  another  root,  Old  Norse  lemia,  to 
beat,  whence  in  the  Cumberland  dialect  ''lant'' 
Again,  there  are  some  names,  such  as  Lambert, 
in  which  Icmi  is  a  corruption  of  land.  But  upon 
the  whole  I  think  that  the  following  may  come 
in  here. 

aUCFLB  lOSMB. 

Old  QmoL  Lampo^  10th  oeni.    Old  Ncmw  LimbL    Ed|^ 
^^^    Lamb,*  Lambet,  Lamp,  Lajcpeb.     Modem  Oerman  Lakfx, 
Lajul    DaxL  Lakp&    French  Lambtk^  Laky,  Lampt. 

DmiMUTxvjgi 
Old  Oemt  Lampnlo,  9th  cent — ^Eng.  Laxboll — ^Modern 
Oenn.  Laxle — French  Lambat.TiK,  TiAimT.A.      Eng.  Lajcelin 
— ^French  Laxbeun,  Lakbuk.     English  Lamfkik — ^French 
LAXBqunr. 

PATBONnaca 
Eng.  Lajcfsok.    Eng.  Laxpiko. 
ooicpouinxL 
(Frid,  peace)  Old  German  Lempfiit,  8th  cent — ^Engliah 
Laicpbet  9— French  Laxtbot  ft 

The  noblest  animal  with  which  the  Teutonic 
nations  were  &miliar  was  the  bear ; — if  they  came 
in  contact  with  the  lion,  it  must  probably  have 
been  some  inferior  animal  of  the  species.  Tet 
names  from  this  origin,  though  not  very  common, 
are  of  considerable  antiquity,  bemg  foimd  as  early 
as  the  6th  cent      There  are  two  forms-— the 


•  P«riiftiNiw«mAja]«Qbii]ig  In  haroLuMB,  Lvw,  Lum,  «idLuMPK» 
[BowOUeh,) 

t  Ormlgbftb8,MPott]iMttkfhwil4aidfk«L 


THB  BBXJTE  AND  ITS    ATTBIBUTBB.  87 

Bunple  root  leo^  lew,  low,  (Old  High  German  and 
Old  Saxon  lowe,  leo.  Old  Frie&  Umw^  and  the 
extended  root  lion,  lewon.  These  I  take 
separately. 

Eng.  LiOy  Lkw,  Lbwxt,  Lows,  Lowt.    Modem  Oerman  i^,  j^, 
JJECE,  IaATHL    Frenoh  L^,  Lewt^  Lou&  uoil 

OOllPOUNDS. 

(Wold,  dominion)  Old  Oemu  Leoald,  6th  cent. — ^Modern 
Germui  Lxwald — ^French  Lioult,  Louauld.  (Wolf)  Old 
Germ.  Lewol^  8th  oeiit — Eng.  Liowolf. 

XXTENDED  BOOT  ZsOfl^  UuOfl. 

Old  Genn.  Leon,  Leuan,  9th  cent      Eng.  Lewsn,  Liok,    £^^ 
LowEN,    French  Liok,  LotriK.  liob. 

DIMDTUTIVBS. 

Old  Germ.  Leonza^  9th  cent. — ^Eng.  Lyons  ?  Lowancb — 
French  t  Liontz. 

OOMPOUNDa 

(Ha/td)  Old  German  Leonard,  6th  cent— Eng.  Lbonabd» 
Lennabd — ^Modern  Gh^rman  Leokhabd,  Lekhard — ^French 
Lbokabd — ^ItaL  Lbonabdt. 

Leopabd  I  take  to  be  the  Old  Germ,  name 
latibhart,  Leopart,  Leopard  {liuh,  love,  and  hart, 
hard.^  And  Panther,  along  with  Pantbe, 
Pander^  Bantkr,  and  perhaps  Painter,  I  refer 
to  the  root  hand,  bant,  pant,  (Ang.-Saxon  bcmd, 
crown.) 

It  is  probable  that  onr  Link,  LiTNcaa ;  the 
French  Line  ;  and  the  Mod.  German  Linck  ;  are  i^^nz. 
from  Old  High  German  linch,  lynx.     There  is  an 
Old  German  Linco,  8th  cent,  which  Graff  and 
FOrstemaim  refer  to  this  origin.     The  Ang.-Sax. 


I 


88  THB  BBUTE  AND  ITS   ATTBIBITTEa 

word  is  fox,  whence  may  be  our  LosH,  while  fipom 
the  form  liLchSy  found  in  Mod.  Germ.,  may  be  our 
LusK  and  Lush,  and  the  Mod.  Germ.  Leuchs. 

Among  the  names  deiived  fix>m  beasts  of  prey 
must  be  included  that  of  our  gracious  Sovereign 
— Guelph  being  a  dialectic  form  of  Welph,  Eng. 
**whelp,'^  signifying  the  yoxmg  of  beasts  of  prey. 

SniPLB  FOBMB. 

wdRWeif.       Old  German  Huelp,  Hwel^  Weif,  9th  cent,  Guel^  lltii 

^^    cent     Welp,  Domesdcty  Tark$,    Engliah  Wblp,  Ouklpa,* 

Yalpy  f      Mod.  Germ.  Welf.      Frenoh  Yelpbau,  Gelpt  t 

DnaNunvEs. 
Old  German  Walpulo,  9th  cent. — ^Eng.  Wslplet.    Bog. 
Wbllitjk. 

oompounds. 
(ffardj  Old  German  Welfhaid,  Welfert,  Welfexd,  7th 
cent — ^English    Waltord,  Wblfobd— French     Yalfobt, 
Walfebdin  (dvmin,) 

ouphMit.  Upon  the  whole  I  take  Oliphant  to  be,  as 
^'****""  generally  supposed,  from  the  animal  Both  the 
two  forms,  difant  and  olifant,  are  found  in  High 
as  well  as  in  Low  German.  The  former  I  have 
never  met  with  in  English  names,  but  a  writer  in 
Notes  and  Queries  adduces  an  ^Eneas  Elephant 
from  a  list  of  the  society  of  writers  to  the  signet 
in  Edinburgh  for  1 711.  The  name  in  this  form  is 
found  in  Germany  as  early  as  the  8th  cent.  At 
least  I  take  it  that  the  Old  German  names 
Helfant,  Helphant,  Ehphand,  Eliphant  are  from 


*  A  Boiioii  iuniftm«^  but  wImOmt  of  JEnglkh  oilglii  or  noi  Hr.  fovdltoh 
doM  not  MJ. 


t&B  Bbum  AKb   tM  ATXitlBUtSS.  89 

th&t  oligiiL  I  encd  copied  firom  &  Witob&deh 
fSi^tMM'  lldt  aa  "*  El^phabty,  ck\i&  Louden,'''— a  faafaib 
Utrkieh  looki  like  Frmidli. 

I  db  not  think  thi&t  CamSi  is  firoM  the 
atdoiai  There  is  a  root  ^rdmoJ  or  oamailt,  found 
in  ee^fal  bneient  natnefc,  and  whioh  b  probably 
from  Ang.-Sax.  ^amo^i  old. 

Ajmk  for  t^hich  Mr.  Lowe^  hieia  authority  as  ail 
English  name^  and  which  coif  eisponds  ^ith  a 
l^oh  Abs%  may  |)eitihati(M  have  to  be  etevated 
fioM  a  donkey  to  a  demi-god.  It  may  be  the  Old 
K<d*0B  ih,  Anglo-Sakon  (fo,  semideuB,  whenoe  Old 
Ger&L  namee  Abo  iand  Aai,  Old  Noree  Asa«  Of 
If  it  be  the  same  as  Hass,  it  will  correspond  with 
Old  Germ,  names  fiasso  and  Hossi,  of  which  the 
meaning  is  probably  Hessian. 

HAbB  I  take  not  to  be  from  the  animal,  but 
either  to  be  classed  along  with  Harre,  Hatihy, 
fiAttBOW^  from  hariy  warrior ;  of  with  AiB>  Aibt, 
from  Goth,  aru,  eagla  And  HAsb  I  take  not  to 
be  from  the  Germ,  hose,  hare,  but  along  with  an 
Old  Getm.  Haso,  from  hath,  war. 

Babbit,  along  with  the  French  Babot> 
Ba&otts,  I  take  to  be  a  corruption  of  an  Old 
iStefin.  Badbot^  or  Batbod.  As  an  ancient  name 
this  appears  variously  as  Badbod,  Babbod,  Bat- 
^t^  Bappot.  There  is  a  Babbod  mentioned  as  a 
"duke  of  tiie  Frisians''  in  Boger  ci  Wendor^'s 
Ohlronicle. 

BADGltt  I  take  to  be  either  a  compound  of 
9lM^  wtf  )  and  ger,  spear ;  or  of  Ang.-Saz.  heag, 

L 


i  90  THE  BRUTE  AND   ITS  ATTBIBXJTES. 

Eng.  '^  badge/'  and  hari,  warrior.    Another  name, 
I  Badgebt,  is  more  eyidenti  j  the  latter  compoimd. 

I  I  also  doubt  Bbogk^  which  corresponds  with 

I  French  Bitocq  and  Bkoca,  being  from  '*  brock," 

I  a  badger.    Even  if  from  the  same  root,  the  derivar 

tion  seems  too  narrow.     In  Ang.-Sax.,  Old  Norse^ 
and  Old  Eng.,  the  word  signified  a  husbandry 
horse,    which    sense   obtains   in    the  North  of 
I  England  at  the  present  day.      The  origin  seems 

[  to  be  Old  Norse  hrocka^  to  go  with  a  heavy  and 

\  jolting  gait.      Brock  was  the  name  of  a  dwarf  in 

I  Northern  mythology,  and  he  being  a  wonderful 

worker  in  metals,  the  above   derivation    may 
\  perhaps   suggest  a  comparison  with  the  lame 

\  Vulcan.     The  name  then  might  have  a  mytholo- 

gical origin,  but  I  think  on  the  whole  that  it  may 
!  be  better  accounted  for.     Forstemann  has  nothing 

to  throw  light  upon  it,  but  Stark  supplies  the 
I  deficiency,   and  produces  Old    German    names 

\  Bruocho  and  Bruogo,  and  Ang.-Sskx.  Broga,  with 

'  compounds  Brocardus  and  Brochard,  all  of  which 

\  he  refers  to  Anglo-Saxon  brdga,  terror.     I  think* 

however,  that  there  may  be  also  a  root  6roc, 
I  from  Ang.-Saxon  brocian,  to  affict,  persecute,  a 

j  sense  quite  in  accordance  with  the  character  of 

I  ancient  names. 

It  seems  rather  probable,  upon  the  whole,  that 
Beaver  is  from  the  animal  No  doubt  there  is 
a  root  bef,  bif,  biv  (Old  Norse,  bif,  movement), 
which  enters  into  a  number  of  names,  and  of 
which  it  might  be  a  compound.     But  the  forms 


THE  BBUTE  AND  ITS   ATTRIBUTES.  91 

in  wKich  it  appears  seem  to  be  too  extensive  and 
complete  to  be  thus  accounted  for.  There  are 
three  forms — ^the  Low  German  hever,  the  High 
Germ,  biber,  and  the  Old  High  Germ,  pipar,  all 
represented  in  our  names — ^there  is  also  a  mixed 
form  pever. 

fiOCFLKFOBMa 

BCTW.BlbM' 

Biber  (Hand  Rods).  English  Bsatib,  Bibkb,  Pifxb,  pip^. 
PsnoBy  Pkbtob.  Modem  German  Bstxb,  Biebeb,  Pipkil  Bmtv. 
French  Bwvaibe,  Bibem,  Pipbb^  Pibfrb,  Piyeb. 

DDHNUnYBB. 

Eng^   PXTXRALL— PeyieU,  BoR.  B<UL  ilU.— Frenoh 

PSUYBBLLE. 

I  do  not  think  it  probable  that  Otter  is  from 
the  animal  There  are  Old  Germ,  names  Other» 
Oddar,  Mod.  Germ.  Oder,  which  Forstemami  re- 
fers to  awe?,  prosperity,  and  there  is  an  Old  Norse 
Ottar,  which  he  classes  along  with  these,  but  for 
which  I  prefer  the  derivation  of  Haldorsen,  from 
Old  Norse  dtta,  to  strike  with  fear. 

The  cat,  from  the  earliest  times,  seems  to  have 
been  connected  in  the  Teutonic  mind  with  magic 
and  witchcraft.  The  Icelandic  Sagas  relate  that 
Thorolf  Skegge,  a  celebrated  magician,  had 
twenty  large  black  cats»  which  came  to  his  assist- 
ance in  time  of  need,  and  were  each  nearly  a 
match  for  a  man. 

It  seems  certain  that  the  Northmen  had  names 
derived  from  the  cat  Weinhold  (AUnordUches 
Lebenjf  refers  to  the  names  of  two  brothers^  Kott 
and  Easiy  as  both  having  this  meaning.      Kott 


s^gwi  uppears  aa  a  surname  in  the  T^ndnawiabol^ 
In  the  iGyrbiggia  Sa^  there  ia  an  account  of  % 
-witch  called  Katla^  a  name  which  eeeme  probably 
jBtqiq  a  fiiqiilar  Qiigin,  and  which*  but  that  we  find 
it  borpe  by  eeyeral  other  womei?^  we  might  b^ 
disposed  to  connect  with  her  magical  ehara^iler. 
But  as  in  Northern  mythology  the  chariot  of  the 
goddesa  Freyia  is  represented  ae  drawn  by  two 
cats,  this  m^ht  be  the  most  probable  reason  1w 
its  adoption  in  proper  names. 

We  do  not  find  any  Old  Germ,  names  which 
ean  with  certainty  be  referred  to  this  origin.  The 
word  cat  in  some  very  ancient  names,  as  Catu- 
mer  and  Oatualda,  though  by  some  writers  sup- 
posed to  be  from  the  cat,  is  referred  by  Grimm  to 
hath,  war.  And  with  respect  to  our  own  names^ 
and  those  of  France ;  though  I  think  it  probable 
that  such  may  occur,  yet  in  all  cases  there  are 
other  roots  which  present  themtselves,  and  render 
it  more  or  less  doubtftd« 

Batt  and  Mot7SB  are  both  English  names, 
and  Battb  and  Mousse  appear  also  in  the  diree- 
tory  of  Paris  ;  I  have  placed  both  of  them  else- 
where. 

Lastly,  we  have  MotLB,  which  along  with 
Moll,  and  the  French  Mole  and  Moll,  I  refer 
to  Old  Norse  mola,  to  beat,  English  *<mauL*^ 
And  now,  having  run  the  quadrupeda  ta  earth,  I 
laust  turn  to  the  birds. 

Bird  itself  seems  daubtful,  and  theie  a^  twa 
9ther  rocita  which  I  tkiok  mcore  suitable  thuibhp^ 


TRl  m7¥¥  AND  1ft  ATTOTOUTWt  99 

ftm  Obq  ia  014  Norse  ^de*  Qerman  &i{n^ 
%  extended  root  of  which  is  Ang,^Saie^  byrth^n^ 
Eng,  "  buydeiL''  The  ide^  of  s^yeiigtl^  aeema  ta 
k$!fe  beez^  aPBQQifited  with  this  root  In  Qld 
Ncfffift  &ii«^M  (plvT'X  aigwfi^  strength,  \iw«i 
aii4  &|«r€?aZav«  sigiufied  ^e^Jj^.  TWft  might  b*  a 
^(B496  present  in  proper  pames.  AftOth^P,  fifn4 
p^h^p^  1^  litUl  better  derivatioi^  iei  Old  NoiTS^ 
^W^i  Apglot-Baxpn  hfTii,  birth,  whioh  obtained 
onciwtly  Qk  seqae  precipely  sinulax  to  that  whicib. 
it  has  fit  present  in  such  a  phrase  fia  *'  a  ma^  of 
birth/'^  A^d  thero  l^ppoar  to  be  other  roo^ 
^th  aipiilm*  mefou^g  in  proper  iiames,  Jn  ^xd» 
few  cases,  hgw^ver,  l^vvd  is  po  doubt  a  can^ptioQ 
of  hert  (famous).  Aud  there  is  one  name,  Bxjudb- 
KIN,  which  I  am  rather  inclined  to  take  to  bo 
from  the  bird. 

From  the  GptKyii^,  kng.-^^OL  fu^\  Grerm. 
vo^dj^  fowl  pr  bird,  are  the  following. 

SPCPLX  VOBHS. 

Old  German  Fi^gal,  9t]^  oent,      Efigliali  Fuoos^  ?ukl^ 
FowxLi^  FowLE,  VowELL,  7owLBS.      MocL  GemL  YOGKL.    ^^ 

BDffDfiniV'JUL 

Old  GenoM  FokeliD,  F^galins,   lltb  9ei|t.^&|(Slk 

FAiBFOxnEi,  as  Mr.  Low^r  obserres,  aeemapaia^ 
doxicaL      But  spell  it  Fabbfowl,  and  its  mean^ 


Baxdo^  iiotesplaliiedV  nntonaaa,  piopoMtU 
Ihftvtrantited. 


Ar. 


94  THE  BBUTE  AKD  ITS   ATTBIBUTES. 

ing  is  explained  at  once,  **  bird  of  passage.^  Such 
names  were  common  among  the  Northmen.  A 
Summerfiigl  and  a  Winterfugl,  "Summer-fowr 
and  *'  Winter-fowV'  are  among  the  names  on  the 
coins  minted  by  Scandinavian  coiners  at  York, 
(Worsaae,  Danes  and  Norwegians.)  Sommeb- 
VOGEL  is  found  at  present  in  the  directory  of  Paris, 
and  if  French,  may  be  a  legacy  of  the  Northmen. 
A  similar  sort  of  name  is  our  Summebseli^  the 
Sumersul  in  the  Domesday  of  Yorkshire,  which 
appears  to  be  from  Old  Norse  sula,  explained  by 
Haldorsen  as  a  sort  of  pelican.  In  the  genealogy 
of  the  kings  of  Northumbria  occurs  a  Saefugd, 
which  name  we  still  have  as  Sefowl. 

The  eagle,  as  the  king  of  birds,  is  at  the  head 
of  the  list,  and  frimishes  by  fax  the  greatest  num- 
ber of  names.  But  Eagle  itself  is  uncertain — ^it 
may  be  the  same  as  an  Old  German  Agil,  Egil, 
Ang.-Sax.  Aegel,  elsewhere  noted.  So  also  the 
French  Aigle  and  Aiguill6,  the  latter  corres- 
ponding with  an  Old  Germ.  Aigila. 

There  are  two  forms,  the  simple  root  ar,  (Old 
High  German  arc,  ar.  Old  Norse  art) — ^and  the 
extended  root  arin  (Ang.-Saxon  earn.  Old  Norse 
am,  em,  Old  High  German  am,  emi).  The 
former  is  apt  to  mix  up  with  another  word,  hart, 
wamor. 

Old  German  Ara,  Aio,  7ih  oent.      Engliah  Ant,  Aibxt, 


Ei^    Eabbb.    Mod.  Germ.  Aae,  Abb. 


THE  BBUT£  AND  ITS  ATTRIBUTES.  95 

DIMINUTIVJBI. 

Old  German  Arila^  8th  oent. — English  Ai»»t.t^  Abli — 
French  Abioll 

OOUPOtTllDa 

(Fasi,  firm)  Ariovutiifly*  leader  of  the  Helretii,  lot  oent. 
B.O.y  ArefiutoB,  11th  cent,  Arfast,  Bishop  of  East  Anglia-* 
Eng.  Habybbt  9 — French  Abbitetz  I  (Hwd)  Old  German 
Arard,  8th  cent. — BSng.  Eabhbart— -Mod.  German  Ebhabdt 
— ^French  Erabd.  {Bad^  war)  Old  (German  ArA^h<^i^^  8th 
oent — Eng.  Eabbatt,  Ebbatt.  {Wwrd^  guardian)  French 
Ebouabd,  Ebouabt.  (Wold,  power)  Old  German  Arawald, 
9th  oent. — French  Atbault,  Abbault.  (Wig,  war)  Eng. 
EabwioI 

sdcflb  wokmb,  abn,  abik. 

Old  Germ.  Ajin^  Amo,  Am,  8th  cent — Old  Notse  Arm.  j^a^  j^ 
English  Ajsls,  Abnbt,  Abno,  Habhet,  Eabhet,  Hebns.    lifb. 
French  Abak,  Abvou,  Ernie,  Hebnt. 

COMPOtmBS. 

(Here,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Amheri,  9th  cent — ^English 
Habhob.  (Wold,  power)  Old  German  Amoald,  7th  cent — 
Old  Norse  Amalldr — ^Eng.  Abnold — Mod.  G^rm.  Abnhold, 
Arnold — ^French  Abnault,  Abnould,  Abnold,  Ebnoult, 
Habnault.  ('Helm J  Old  German  Amhalm,  9th  cent — 
Eng.  Abnum.  (Man)  Eng.  Abnaman,  Hbrnikan.  (Ger, 
spear)  Old  German  Amger,  9th  cent — French  Abeanoeb. 
(EardJ  English  Habnabd.  (Bert,  famous)  Old  Gterman 
Amipert,  Arembert^  7th  cent — French  Ebambebt.  (Dio, 
servant)  Old  Germ.  Axindeo,  8th  cent-»French  Abbondeau. 
(WtU/)  Old  German  Amul^  5th  cent— Eng.  Abvulfhb— 
French  Eenouf. 

The  Mod.  German  adler  is  formed  from  ar, 
eagle  (or  perhaps  large  bird  in  general),  by  the 


*  FQntcniaim  oonildfln  fhe  Q«nnainhood  of  Azloriitai  imonteiii.  TIm 
GffmMi  wxilen  in  gvnenl  mmd,  howwrsr,  to  oomidtr  U  T«atonlo^  but  fhe  oUter 
OTpianfctfon  of  Imi^trd,  "■mqr  iMidtt,"  1%  I  tUiik,  iaadiateftto.  DtoftBlMoh 
■ppMn  to  ^tn  aoma  Mnetlon  to  the  abort  plMlng  of  miiM.  Azftett  th«  Uihop,  m 
a  ohavtaln  to  wnUam  tho  OoBQiioror,  wu,  I  appnhMid,  a  Nonua. 


&6  iltfi  ftBim^  ANt>  Its    ATTampTBd. 

prefix  add,  noble.  But  as  a  name^  Adler  is  more 
proWbly  from  the  Old  drenBAn  Adalliar  {kari* 
warrior.)  The  Dutch  form  is  a^end,  which  we 
find  as  a  name  of  the  14th  century,  and  wh^ioe 
mB^  be  ouf  Abiihkd. 

!SaWk)b  (Aioig.-Sax.  hdfoc),  1  do  not  find  as 
aa  ancient  name.  In  the  Pdl  Records  it  occurs 
as  a  Bumame^  Bene  Havekin^  the  teleoSieTi  fienee 
Mems  to  be  out  Hawksi^; 

(jrOSHAWK  is  the  Anglo-Saxon  gos-ha/oc^  a 
^goose-hawk,*'  i.e.,  a  hawk  po#erful  enough  to 
Strike  the  wild  goose.  And  SpABh6wlaA\^fit  is  a 
name  dating  from  Anglo-Saxon  timea  l!here 
was  a  Sperhafoc  elected  Bishop  of  London,  A.D. 
1060,  but  ejected  before  consecration. 

Next  to  the  eagle,  the  raven,  &s  being  sacred 
to  Odin,  was  of  all  birds  the  most  common  in  the 
names  of  men.  Particularly  so  among  the  Norths 
m^  whose  war-standard  he  formed^ — ^thefe  bekig 
seventeen  persons  called  Bafii  in  th^  Landnama- 
bok.  Among  the  Germans  the  name  was  not 
universally  common,  being  scarce  among  the 
Goths  and  Saxona  In  proper  names,  particularly 
as  a  termination,  it  often  becomes  hnoMni  rdfn  oi^ 
ran.  The  Ang.-Sax<Hi  ha«  similar  forms,  hrcBm, 
hr^m,  hremn^  for  hrmjkn.  The  Old  Frankish 
dialect,  increasing  the  initial  aspirate,  makes 
htamin,  hi^am,  hran,  into  ehramn,  cram,  cran. 
HeoM  Chfatnniis»  lion  e(  Olothw  let,  Chratmus, 
(genealogy  llerovi&giMi  kings.) 


TBE  BHUTE  AND  ITS  AITBIBt7TB&  97 

aofPLB  fOBua 
Old  QeroL  Rabanua  (Arcbbkhop  of  Majenoe^  9tk  oent^X    ^»*>^ 
Bapaiif  RaTBQy  Ramno,  Bam,  Chramnua^  Ghrannua      Old  ^|[^ 
Vcfne  Bafii.    Eng.  Raban,  Rabonb^  Batbi ,  Oram  9  Baku  t 
Mod.  Oenn.  Baben.    ]>an.  Bafet.    French  Babak,  Babov, 
BAMirBAtr,  BAPiHy  Bapxhsau,  BATAiorx,  Ravov,  BAtnrHA0» 
BAntv,  OBAJOf  t 

OOUPOtmDGL 

{M0fi,  fitfnona)  (M  Germ.  Hramberty  Bambert,  7th  osnt 
Trenoh  Bambxbv^  (ffariy  warrior)  Sng.  Batenob — Modem 
German  Babeneb.  (Rice,  powerful)  Old  Germ.  Bamnericfay 
Bamarichy  10th  cent. — ^Eng.  Bambidge. 

LOCAL  NAME. 

En^  Bayenbbeab.  (Bavnaore,  "  Bayen's  pomt,"  on  the 
finmbert) 

Cr&we  was  the  surname  of  an  Anglo-Saxon  orow. 
lady.  Cod  Dip.  No.  685.  And  I  do  not  find  any-  ^""^ 
thing  to  indicate  a  different  origin  for  our 
Cbowb.  Unless  indeed  it  be  Cbowson,  which 
however  is  not  certain,  as  it  may  be  an  extension 
of  a  root  crose,  and  not  the  patronymic  of 
Gbowb. 

The  Old  Norse  hrakr,  Suio-Groth.  kraka,  a 
€l?ow,  occurs  frequently  in  Scandinavian  names^ 
and  seems  to  have  been  generally,  though  not 
invariably,  a  surname.  Weinhold  (AUnordischea 
LebenJ  rrfers  to  two  brothers  called  respectively 
Hrafii  and  Er^  (raven  and  crow)  as  instances  of 
names  of  similar  meaning  given  in  a  &mily. 
Graca  also  appears  as  a  simple  name  in  the 
Liber  VitcB.  Hence  may  be  our  Crak£,  Cbaik, 
Ceaig,  Cbaigie,  and  CrakeUj  as  a  diminutive. 

M 


Gkaka 

Crow. 


98  THE   BBUTE  AND  ITS   ATTRIBUTES. 

There  are  some  names,  Corby,  Corbi^,  Cob- 
BBTT,  which  we  probably  have  from  the  French, 
and  which  all  appear  in  the  Roll  of  Battle  Abbey. 
For  these  the  French  corbeau,  corbin,  raven, 
Scotch  "corbie,"  crow,  naturally  suggests  itself. 
But  there  is  a  Corbus,  son  of  the  Frankish  king 
Theoderic,  7th  cent.,  for  which  Forstemann  pro- 
poses Ang.-Sax.  ce(yi*fan^  to  cut,  carve,  in  a  war- 
like sense.  We  have,  however,  scarcely  sufficient 
data  on  which  to  form  an  opinion. 

It  may  be  doubted  whether  Booke  is  from 
the  bird,  as  there  is  a  group  of  ancient  names 
with  which  it  would  fall  in,  though  in  any  case 
it  is  probably  from  the  same  root. 

The  swan   seems  a    more  natural  type  of 
woman  than  of  man.      Yet,  though  it  was  more 
common  in  female  names,  it  was  not  exclusively 
so  used.     Swane  appears  on  the  coins  minted  by 
Scandinavian  coiners  at  York.      It  occurs  again 
in  the  Domesday  of  Yorkshire,  and  is  still  a  name 
well  known  in  that  county.      Mr.  Worsaae  re- 
marks that  "names  of  birds  appear  on  the  whole 
to  have  been  often  assumed  in  the  old  Danish 
part  of  England.*'      The  earliest  name  on  record 
from  this  origin  is  that  of  Swanahilda^  wife  of 
Charles  Martel,  6th  cent.      Weinhold  (Deutsche 
FraicenJ  observes,  in  reference  to  its  use  in  the 
names  of  women,  that  along  with  the  beauty  of 
the  swan,  was  contained  a  warlike  sense  derived 
from  the  swan-plumage  of  the  maids  of  Odin. 
Two  other  forms  are  swen  and  sworiy  the  latter 
Anglo-Saxon. 


THE  BBUTR  AND  ITS   ATTRIBUTES.  99 

aniFLE  VOIUIB. 

Old  Qerm.  Soana^  9tli  cent    SuanuB,  Lib,  ViL  EDgliali  Swui,  Soan. 

Swank,    SoakbI      Modem    Gernuui    Schwajtk.  French  Cyinw- 
Sovurf  Suorf 

DIMINTTnVBa 

Old  Oenn.  Suanncho,  Sth  cent. — Eng.  SwAimACK — Mod 
Germ.  SoHWAinBOKE — French  SAUNAa  Old  Gtorm.  Snanila, 
7th  cent. — ^English  Swanhell,  Swonnxlk 

00MP0T7KD& 

(Berty  fi&motts)  Old  German  Soanperht,  Soamperht,  Sth 
cent. — French  Sombret.  (Burg,  protection)  Old  German 
Swaneburgh,  11th  cent. — Ibig.  Swanbebg.  (Rwrd)  Old 
German  Suanehard,  9th  cent. — French  Soinabd.  {fiwri^ 
warrior)  French  Soikouby.  (  Wig,  war)  English  Swanwicb:. 
(fioA,  counsel,  or  ril,  ride)  Eng.  Swenwbioht. 

The  nobility  of  the  goose  is  not  so  obvious  as 
that  of  the  swan.  Yet  it  was  in  ancient  and 
honorable  use  as  a  man's  name,  if  Genseric,  the 
name  of  the  great  Vandal  chieC  is  rightly  referred 
by  Grimm  to  gdnserich,  a  gander.  But  it  was 
no  doubt  the  wild  goose  which  gave  the  name, 
and  if  we  consider,  we  shall  see  that  this  bird  has 
some  qualities  calculated  to  command  the  respect 
of  these  early  roving  tribes,  A  powerfiil  bird, 
strong  on  the  wing,  taking  long  flights  to  distant 
lands,  marshalled  with  the  most  beautifiil  discip- 
line of  instinct^  it  formed  no  inapt  emblem  of 
those  migratory  plunderers  who  renewed  their 
unwelcome  visitations  with  each  succeeding 
spring. 

But  I  doubt  very  much  whether  Goose  itself 
is  firom  the  bird.  It  corresponds  with  a  French 
GoussE,  and  I  have  elsewhere  placed  them  both 


100  THE  BBXTTS  AKD   ITS   ATTBIBuxjdb. 

to  an  Old  German  Gauso.  So  also  Goslinq,  and 
the  French  Gosselin  I  include  in  the  same  group, 
Gandeb  I  have  already  referred  to  a  diSereut 
origin,  p.  74.  The  only  two  names  that  seem 
with  any  certainty  to  be  firom  this  origin  are 
WiLDQOOSB  and  Gbatqoosb,  Ang.-Sax.  ff^c^g^M, 
a  grey  or  wild  goose. 

Swan  was  usujally — ^if  not  invariably  a  bap- 
tismal name^^Goose  s(»netimes  a  baptismal,  and 
sometimes  a  surname,  but  Duck  always  a  sms 
name.  There  was  a  Northman  sumamed  Oend 
in  the  Landnamabok,  and  an  Anglo-Saxon  lady 
sumamed  Enede  in  Flor,  Wig.  Our  name  And 
might  be  from  the  Dan.  and  Swed.  and,  correst- 
ponding  with  the  Old  Norse  ond,  Ang.-Sax,  enedet, 
a  duck.  But  we  have  also  Andoe,  and  this  is 
very  evidently  the  Old  German  Ando,  7th  cent<i 
from  anda,  zeal,  spirit.  So  that  And  may  be 
more  probably  the  same.  Duck  again  is  not  by 
any  means  certain — the  Modem  German  DiJCKi;^ 
Forstemann  refers  to  Ang.-Sax.  dugan^  to  be  pf 
use  or  valua  So  that  Duck  may  go  along  with 
DuGA,  DuGGiN,  Tuck,  and  other  names  elsewhere 
noticed,  while  Duckling  will  correspond  with  an 
Old  Germ.  Dugelin  from  the  same  root. 

Drake  again,  along  with  Drage,  and  the 
French  Drache,  Dracq,  is  most  probably  from  a 
root  dra€,  drag,  trag,  found  in  many  Old  Germ, 
namei^  and  which  Forstemann  refers  to  Gotk 
tragjan,  to  run. 


XHB  VKOn  AND  ITS   ATTRIBUTB9.  101 

It  14  not  at  all  probable  that  the  French 
Cavabd  signifies  duck*  It  comes  in  its  place  as 
one  of  several  compounds  from  a  root  gan  or  can, 
and  it  interchanges  with  another  French  name 
Gakabd,  which  again  corresponds  ¥rith  an  Old 
Oenn.  Oanhart 

Thtis  it  will  be  seen  that  though  there  were 
andent  somajnes  from  the  duck,  there  is  no  name 
at  present^  in  French  or  English*  which  can  with 
anj  certaintj  be  referred  to  that  origin. 

From  the  QotL  and  Anglo-Saxon  hana.  Old 
NoTM  Jiani,  Mod  GerxxL  hahn,  which  signify  the 
male  of  all  birds,  but  particularly  of  the  hen,  maj 
be  HAsm»  Hanka,  Hanky,  Hankisu;^  &c.  But 
it  is  rather  more  probable  that  this  is  only 
another  £irm  of  an,  which  is  from  a  different  root. 

The  names  derived  from  the  peacock  must  fm. 
probably  have  been  bestowed  on  account  of  the  ^**<»^ 
magnificence^  or  perhaps  the  ostentation  of  the 
individual  There  was  an  Icelandic  chieftain  of 
the  tenth  century,  named  Olaf  Pi  (Anglo-Saxon 
pawa.  Old  Norse  p4  pea-fowl),  the  splendour  of 
whose  dwelling  is  commemorated  in  the  Laxdsolar 
saga^  and  who  probably  owed  his  surname  to  thia 
cause.  Hence  might  be  Psa,  Pay,  Po«»  the 
Mod  Germ.  Pfau  and  our  Pbaoook  and  PooocK* 
all  of  which  I  take  to  have  been  originally  given 
as  surnames. 

Among  the  names  which  I  think  are  to  be 
otherwise  ezplaizied  are  Coots;  same  as  Ooops 
and  QooD — ^Tbalb  same  as  Dsal  (Anglo-Saxon 


102  THE  BBtJTE  AND   ITS   ATTBIBXJTE& 

deal,  illustrious)  Quail,  an  aspirated  form  of 
Wale — ^Bunting,  the  patronymic  of  Bunt — 
BusTABD,  BuzzABD,  Mallabd,  and  Partridge, 
which  I  take  to  be  ancient  compounds — and 
Grouse,  referred  to  at  p.  49. 

OsTMCH  I  have  elsewhere  taken  to  be  firom 
the  Old  Germ,  name  Austoric.  In  an  Ang.-Sax. 
charter  Ostrich  also  occurs  as  a  corruption  of  the 
female  name  Ostrith. 

Snipe  I  cannot  think  to  be  from  the  bird, 
though  it  is  not  improbable  that  it  may  be  from 
the  same  origin,  Dutch  and  Dan.  sneb,  beak. 
Compare  an  Ang.-Sax.  Cnebba,  "  he  that  hath  a 
heak"  (Kemble, — Names,  Surnames,  and  Nic- 
names  of  the  Anglo-Saxons) 

Names  derived  from  small  birds  enter  into  a 
different  category.  They  seem  in  most  cases  to 
have  been  sohHquets — perhaps  often  pet-names, 
given  especially  to  women.  So  the  Bomans 
employed  columba,  puUvs,  and  passer — ^  my 
dove,''  "my  chick,"  "my  sparrow."  The  same 
prevails  very  much  at  present  among  ourselves  ; 
indeed  birds,  with  their  pretty  ways>  seem  a 
natural  emblem  of  woman. 

Nonemore  so  than  the  dove,  which  appears  some- 
times as  a  pet-name,  as  in  the  case  of  Tovelille 
(little  dove),  the  name  of  Valdemar  of  Denmark's 
mistress,  and  Dy  veke  (dovie),  that  of  the  German 
mistress  of  Christian  the  Second.  Sometimes 
apparently  as  a  baptismal  name,  though  Forste- 
mann  proposes  Old  Norse  dvhba,  to  beat^  in  pre- 


THE  BBUTE  AND  ITS  ATTEIBUTES.  103 

ference.  However,  I  am  inclined  to  place  the 
following  here,  viz.,  to  Goth,  duha,  Anglo-Saxon 
duvOj  Old  High  Germ,  tuba,  Dan.  tc^e,  dove.  A 
rather  common  name  among  the  early  Danes  in 
England  seems  to  have  been  Tofi  or  Tobi. 

8IMPIJIFORM& 

Old  Germ.  Dubi,  TuIms  Tupa,  9th  cent.     Old  Dan.  Tofi, 
Tobi      EogliBh  Dove,  Dovey,  DoBne^  Tubb,  Tubby,  Tupp,  o^^,u^ 
TovBY,  Toovby,  Toby.      Modem  (Jerman  Taube.      Frenoh 

DUBBAU,  DUTZAU,  DOBBI^  DoUBEY,  TOUY  Y,  TOUY^ 

DDfnrunvESw 
Eng.  Dobel— French  Dobel.     "Rngliah  Doblin — French 
DoBELiN.     Old  Oerm.  Tubinso,  8th  cent. — Eng.  DuBBlNa 

We  have  also  Tubtle,  corresponding  with  the 
name  Tyrthell,  of  a  bishop  of  Hereford,  A.D.  688. 
This  may  be  from  Ang.-Sax.  turtiU,  a  turtle-dove, 
but  it  may  be  a  question  whether  we  should  not 
look  somewhat  deeper.  For  we  find  the  simple 
form  Turta^  a  woman's  name  of  the  8th  cent. 
This  seems  to  interchange  with  other  women's 
names  Truta  and  Trutta,  and  men's  names  Truto 
and  Trut,  9th  cent.  May  not  then  the  Old  High 
German  trUt,  beloved,  trdten,  to  caress,  be  the 
common  origin  of  aU  these  names,  and  also  of  that 
of  the  turtle-dove  1 

It  seems  probable  that  Thbush,  Trush,  and 
Thbossell  are  from  the  bird  (Ang.-Saxon  thrisc,  ThrodL 
ihrode.)  There  are,  however,  two  Old  German  Tuidiw. 
names,  Traostilo  and  TrostUa,  9th  cent.,  which 
Forstemann  refers  to  Old  High  German,  trdst, 
comfort.  But  the  Old  Norse  throstr,  Dan.  trost, 
thrush,  appears  in  the  name  (Throstr)  of  three 


nndL 


104  THE  BftUTfi  AJfD  ITO  ATFBIBIJim 

NortluDQmi  in  the  Landnamabok,  which 
tibe  former  deny&tion  mons  profoabla 

A  name  which  I  take  to  be  pretty  certaifttf 
not  firom  the  bird  is  Ldinxt.  We  can  toaoe  thk 
name  from  an  Old  Qerman  linheLt^  through  A 
Saxon  Liniet^  to  our  Linnbt,  French  LiNSTt 
LiNOTTS.  It  is  a  compound  hosa  the  root  Un 
(probably  Old  Norse  Hnr^  snldX  with  h^  states 
-hood'' 

Fink  and  FiNCH,  French  FinK,  seem  to  be 
Fink,    probably  from  the  bird  (Ang.-Saxon  Jinc,  finch). 
This  we  find  as  a  surname  in  Anglo-Saxon  times ; 
there  was  a  Godric  Fine  {Cod.  Dip.  923.) 

Some  other  names  from  small  birds,  as  Bxtl- 

WKCH,    GoLDMIirCH,  ChAFPINCH,   NiGHTINaAUS; 

Trrauss,  which  cannot  reasonably  be  otherwise 
explained,  have  probably  also  been  surnames.  I 
do  not  class  Wren  along  with  these,  for  I  think 
that  it  is  the  same  as  Renn,  Rennie,  BeNNO, 
French  Ren6  (probably  rrfn,  rapine.) 

Sporr  (sparrow),  is  found  as  a  surname  among 
8iM^.  the  Northmen*  And  to  the  same  origin  I  am 
disposed  to  refer  our  Spahrow,  Spaii^  Spakling, 
and  Sperunq  (Germ,  sperliiig,  sparrow.) 

There  is  some  doubt  about  Swallow,  though 
the  type  would  not  be  an  inapt  one  in  ancient 
times,  and  though  there  is  a  Modem  German 
Schwalbe  to  correspond.  But  we  have  also 
Swale,  and  we  find  an  Old  German  Swala^  9th 
cent.,  along  with  different  compounds.  So  that 
our  Swallow  might  be  the  same  name,  vaiying 


Spftr. 


THE  BRUTE  AND  ITS  ATTRIBUTES.  105 

the  termination.  A  probable  etymon  seems  to 
be  Anglo-Saxon  swSlan,  to  bum  (NortL  Eng. 
**  sweel"),  swol,  heat,  fire. 

It  is  not  easy  to  see  upon  what  principle  the 
cuckoo  and  the  owl  should  have  given  us  names. 
Yet  Gaukr  (Old  Norse  gaukr,  cuckoo),  appears 
as  a  baptismal  name  in  the  Landnamabok  of 
Iceland,  and  seems  to  be  the  orimn  of  otir  Gowk   ^*^ 

Cackoa 

and  GooK.  We  have  also  Cuckoo  and  Gouoou 
— ^the  Grermans  have  Kuckkuck,  and  the  French 
have  Cucu  and  Cuqu.  The  Old  Norse  gauhr 
had  a  contemptuous  sense  similar  to  that  which 
obtains  in  the  North  of  England  at  the  present 
day,  where  gowk  signifies  both  cuckoo  and  also 
simpleton.  Either  this,  or  the  peculiar  habit  by 
which  this  bird  evades  parental  responsibilities, 
might  account  for  its  origin  as  a  sobriquet^  but 
not  as  a  baptismal  name,  of  which,  however,  I 
find  no  other  instance  than  the  above. 

The  owl  is  found  more  fi:«quently  in  baptismal 
named,  unless  some  other  origin  can  be  suggested 
for  the  following  group  than  the  Old  High  Germ: 
uia,  Ang.-Sax.  vle^  owL 

SIMPLE  fOItMa 

Old  German  OvXtas,  Prooop.  6ik  cent.  English  Owle,  uiai 
OwLBT,  HooLE,  HowLE,  HowLET.  Modem  German  XThlb.  <^^ 
Frefich  H0ULI&. 

DlMDilUTiVES. 

French  XTiiLiAa      Old  German  Ulit — English  Houlet, 
HuLETT — French  Houlet,  Hulot. 

COBIPOUNDS. 

{Bert^  famous)  Old  German  Ulberta^  -Sth  cent. — T^nglii^li 
Hulbbbt — Modem  German  Ulbricht — French  Hulbebt. 

N 


106  THX  BBUTB   AND  ITS  A<ITB1B(JTB& 

(ffard^  fortdfl)  French  Houlaboi.  (Hcui,  warrior)  OUChniL 
Ovkiapis,  Prooop.  Gth  cent. — ^Eng.  OwiiEB^  UuxR — ^IVenoli 
HouLLiER.  (Man)  Old  G«rm.  OvXc/aovi^,  Prooop.  6th  cent. 
— ^Eng.  Ulxan — Mod.  German  TJllmann — French  Ouucak, 
UuiAir.  {Mcur,  funonn)  Old  German  TJlmar,  8ih  cent — 
Ulmeras  {Domuday) — Eng.  Uluoeb. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  pages  that 
while  the  number  of  names  derived  from  birds  iB 
very  considerable,  a  large  proportion  of  tiiiem  hav« 
be«i  originally  sohriquets^  while  others  are  found 
only  as  isolated  baptismal  names,  and  that  the 
number  of  these  which  have  been  adopted  into 
what  I  may  call  the  regular  Teutonic  name* 
system  is  only  three  or  four. 

Of  the  whole  tribe  of  fishes  I  do  not  think 
that  th^e  is  one  which  is  to  be  found  with  cer- 
tainty in  our  names.  Fish  itself  and  Fise;  are 
certainly  not  from  fish,  pisces,  though  they  might 
be  from  Ang.-Sax.  Jisca,  fisherman.  But  I  have 
elsewhere  given  a  reason  for  proposing  Welsh 
ffysg^  impetuous,  as  obtaining  at  least  in  some 
cases. 

Of  other  names  Bream  is  the  Anglo-Sajt<Mi 
brSine,  famous,  Burt  is  the  same  as  Bright, 
Smelt  is  the  Ang.-Sax.  smelt,  mUd,  gentle,  and 
Trout  is  Germ,  traut,  beloved.  Tunny  and 
Minnow  are  Tunn  and  Minn  with  the  endings 
I  and  o  {Chap.  2) — Haddock  is  a  diminutive — 
Sturgeon  is  Sturqe  with  a  phonetic  ending 
{Chap.  4) — Herring  and  Whiting  are  patrony- 
mics— Cod  is  another  form  of  God  ;  Perch  and 
Tench  of  Birch  and  Dench  {Chap.  7). 


THS  BRUTE  AND  IT8  ATTBIBUTBa  107 

There  may  remain  a  few  namea,  originaUy 
sobriquets^  derived  from,  or  connected  with  fish. 
I  lately  met  with  the  curiotis  name  Rotten- 
FYS€H£,  like  the  name  Bottenhebynq  found  by 
Mr.  Lower  in  an  ancient  record  of  the  town  of 
Hull.  There  is  a  Northman  in  the  Landnamabok 
with  the  not  very  elegant  surname  of  Hwalmagi 
(whale-belly.)  Mr.  Lower  produces  a  similar 
English  name  Whalebelly. 

With  the  exception  of  the  serpent,  I  doubt 
whether  reptiles  or  insects  have  contributed  to 
our  nomenclature.  Perhaps,  however,  another 
exception  may  be  Wasp,  which  would  not  be  an 
unnatural  etymon.  Mr.  Lower,  moreover,  ad- 
duces from  a  Sussex  subsidy  roll  for  1296,  a 
"  Boger  le  Waps,''  ( Ang.-Sax.  VHBps^  another  form 
oiwiBsp.) 

Owing,  as  we  may  presume,  to  its  supposed 
wisdom  or  subtlety,  the  serpent  was  anciently  a 
common  type  in  the  names  of  men«  Li  the  names 
of  women  still  more  so,  at  least  among  the 
Germans.  Weinhold  (Deutschen  Frauen)  classes 
the  snake  and  the  swan  together  as  the  two 
types  most  peculiarly  femiaine,  Kespecting  the 
former  he  waxes  almost  poetical — **  Our  ancestors 
had  a  different  idea  of  this  animal  to  that  which 
we  have ;  they  not  only  thought  it  beautifrd,  but 
from  its  insinuating  and  entwining  habits,  a  type 
of  the  living  woman.  Moreover  the  mysterious 
pow«r  and  magic  craft  that  was  attributed  to  it 
reminded  them  of  the  like  mysterious  subtlety 


108  THE  BBX7TB  AND  ITS  ATTBIBUTB& 

and  power  of  woman,  and  thus  the  name  Unda 
had  nothing  of  that  hateful  sound  which  our 
word  snake  conveys^  but  everything  of  insinuar 
tion  and  enchantment  that  can  be  put  into  a 
word"  I  cannot  but  fear,  however,  that  the 
original  idea  may  have  been  a  shade  more 
prosaic. 

From  the  Ang.-Saz.  wurm^  Old  Eng.  uwm. 
Old  Norse  (yrmr^  serpent,  I  take  the  following. 
Ormr  was  a  veiy  common  name  among  the 
Northmen,  there  being  twenty-four  men  so  called 
in  the  Landnamabok.  It  does  not  seem  to  be  a 
common  name  at  present  in  Denmark. 

SIMPLE  FOUia 

Old  Germ.  Wurm,  11th  oent.  Old  None  Oimr.  Eng. 
WoBME,  Obmb.  Mod.  German  Wubil  Mod.  Dan.  Obk. 
French  Wabk^  9 

coMPonKDa 

{BM^  andax)  Eng.  Wobmbolt.*      {Waid^  poorer)  Eng. 

WOBMALD. 

Snook,  flnag.  ^®  ^®^*  g^oup,  Snook,  Snakb,  Snago, 
>r  Skugg,  is  not  quite  so  certain.  They  might  be 
from  Ang.-Saxon  m6ce.  Old  Norse  sndkr^  sndkr, 
Dan.  snog,  snake.  But  the  Old  Norse  mdkr, 
sndhr,  as  well  as  another  word,  snoggr,  also  means 
active,  nimble,  in  a  derived,  or  secondary  sense. 
There  is  also  a  verb  snxigga,  increpare,  which 
might  be  the  origin  of  Snugg.  There  is  a 
Snocca^  whose  name  is  signed  to  a  charter  of 

*  Or  thb  may  go  along  with  the  Mod.  Oerm.  Wabicbou>»  irhleh  Pott  makm 
lh«  nine  •■  Wabhxbold,  from  the  item,  warint  vam,  eleewfaera  notioed.  Indeed 
I  am  not  quite  mure  that  the  name  Woamboia  Iteelf  la  not  of  Oennan  origin. 


Wbraif 


THE  BRUTE  AKD  ITS  ATTRIBUTES.  109 

Cadwaiha    of    Wessex,    comparing    with    our 
Snook. 

From  the  Old  Norse  lingvi,  lingormr,  serpent, 
I  am  inclined  to  take  the  following,  though  Graff 
and  Forstemann  refer  to  German  gdingen,  to 
prosper.  Lingi  was  the  name  of  a  king  in  the 
Norse  Yolsungasaga. 

8IMPLI  F0BM8. 

Old  Qerm.  Lingo,  llth  cent      Old  None  IdngL      Eng.     n^ 
LofoOy  Lnra    French  Linox^  Lurofi 

PHOKEno  XXXB2!IBI0N. 

Old  QeniL  Lingani     Eng.  LuraBV. 

OOMPOUllDa 

(Hard,  fortis)  Eng.  Likoabd.      (HaU,  state,  condition) 
Old  Oenn.  Lingeeid^French  Linget. 

Of  a  similar  meaning  may  be  Hnd,  Old  High 
German  lint,  snake,  basilisk,  ^lindworm."  But 
there  are  other  words  which  are  also  suitable^ 
and  while  Weinhold  proposes  the  above,  Grimm 
refers  also  to  Undy  fountain,  and  Forstemann 
thinks  of  Und,  gentle.  The  older  writers  again 
propose  Und,  the  lime-tree,  the  wood  of  which 
was  used  for  shields.  It  is  probable  that  there 
may  be  an  admixture  of  these  different  meanings, 
or  of  some  of  them.  As  a  termination,  in  which 
it  is  only  used  in  the  names  of  women,  Und, 
gentle,  seems  to  me  to  be  a  very  suitable  mean- 
ing. In  such  more  modem  names  as  English 
LiKDEGBEEN,  which  seems  to  be  from  the  German, 
the  sense  is  no  doubt  that  of  the  limetree.  But 
there  is  a  name  Lenpobmi  in  the  directory  of 


VP 


110  THB  BRUTE  AND  ITS  ATTUBUTSa 

Paris,  which  seems  clearly  to  be  from  the  snake, 
and  to  mean  lind-worm. 

BDCPLB  VOBMa 

liind.  Old  Qerm,  Linto,  8th  cent.      Eng.  Lnn),  Lindo,  Lent. 

^•"P"*-    Mod.  Germ.  Lindb,  Lende,     Swed.  Liin>.      French  Lent£ 

OOMPOUKDS. 

(Hari,  warrior)  Eng.  Linbeb — French  Lindeb,  Lender. 
(Mem)  English  Lindemav — French  ?  Lindexanh.  (Orm, 
serpent)  French  9  Lendobhl 

Of  names  apparently  from  insects,  Moth  and 
Mote  may  be  taken  to  be  from  Old  Saxon  mdd. 
Mod.  German  rmUh,  courage.  Emmett  is  from 
Ang.-Sax.  emeta,  quies,  an  ill-fitting  derivation 
for  poor  Robert  Emmett. 

Lastly — ^we  have  Bugg,  and  an  impleasant 
name  it  seema  Yet  there  may  be  crumbs  of 
etymological  comfort  for  the  BuQGS — ^indeed  I 
think  a  good  case  may  be  made  out  to  show  that 
it  is  a  name  of  reverence  rather  than  of  contempt. 
It  is  at  all  events  of  respectable  antiquity,  for  Mr. 
Eemble  (Names,  Surnames,  and  Nicnanies  of  the 
AnglO'Saooons),  mentions  an  Anglo-Saxon  lady, 
Hrothwaru  sumamed  Bucge,  which  he  thinks 
can  be  derived  from  nothing  else  than  the  name 
of  the  odious  insect.  The  opinion  of  Mr.  Eemble 
is  not  lightly  to  be  gainsayed.  Still  I  should 
like  to  know  whether  there  is  any  other  proof 
that  there  were  bugs  in  Anglo-Saxon  times^  or 
whether  there  is  any  other  trace  of  the  word  in 
ancient  Teutonic  dialects.  For  I  have  heard  it 
maintained  that  the  bug  is  one  of  the  many  im- 
portations— ^good  and  bad — ^that  we  have  received 


XHE  BBUTB  AND   ITS  ATTBIBUTB8.  Ill 

dumg  the  last  few  centuries.  In  Old  Eog.  the 
word  meant  a  spectre — "  Thou  shalt  not  be  afraid 
of  any  bugs  by  nighty"  in  an  old  version  of  the 
Scriptures,  referred  to  an  imaginary,  and  not  a 
real  horror.  The  lady  in  question,  Hrothwaru, 
sumamed  Bucge,  is  described  as  **  Abbatissa  et 
sanctimomalis" — she  was  an  abbess  and  a  holy 
person.  Now  in  some  ages  of  the  church  a  per- 
verted self-mortification  did  make  uncleanlineas 
next  to  godliness,  and  I  could  not  undertake  to 
say  that  it  was  never  so  in  Anglo-Saxon  times. 
Yet  still  it  does  not  seem  very  likely  that  the 
feeling  of  reverence,  amounting  often  to  super- 
stition, which  prevailed  among  that  simple- 
minded  people,  would  allow  them  to  apply  to  a 
holy  lady  a  term  which  could  not  be  otherwise 
than  one  of  contempt.  Might  not  th^i  Bucge  be 
classed  with  several  other  ancient  names,  Buga^ 
Buge,  Buggo,  referred  to  in  another  chapter,  and 
probably,  if  it  be  taken  to  be  a  surname,  having 
the  meaning  of  bowed  or  bent^  as  with  age  or  in- 
firmity? In  that  case  nothing  can  be  more 
natural  than  that  the  venerable  abbess  should  be 
called  by  a  name  which  would  at  once  bring  to 
mind  the  reverend  years, — the  cares  of  her  high 
office — and  the  self-mortification  which  had  com- 
bined to  bow  down  her  frame.*      And  even  if  it 


*  IUb  standi  u  I  had  It  bef ora.  Bat  I  now  donM  wliethar  Bnoge  wtM  •  wut- 
name  at  alL  It  Menu  to  have  been  another-^and  perhaps  more  probaUy— her 
original  name.  I  find  that  Mr.  Halg,  in  some  brief,  bat  very  Jndicioas  lemarlcs  on 
Anglo4azon  names  appended  to  a  treatise  on  the  cross  at  Bewoastle,  has  taken  tbe 
same  objection  to  Sfr.  Xemble's  opinion. 


112  THM  BBUTE  AND   ITS  ATTRIBXJTEa 

were  perfectly  clear  that  this  lady  derived  her 
name  from  the  bug  aad  nothing  else — other 
Buaas»  as  I  have  elsewhere  shown,  may  wear 
their  name  with  a  difference,  and  have  no  occasion 
to  change  it  to  Howard 

Having  now  gone  through  the  names  of 
animals,  beginning  with  the  bear,  and  ending 
with  the  bug,  we  may  conclude  this  part  of 
the  subject  with  a  general  observation.  We 
find  that  the  names  of  the  nobler  quad- 
rupeds, and  of  the  nobler  birds,  have  gene- 
rally been  assumed  as  baptismal  names.  That 
the  names  of  the  inferior  quadrupeds^  and 
of  the  smaller  birds  have  been  generally  conferred 
as  surnames.  That  any  names  that  may  be  de- 
rived from  fishes — ^and  whether  there  are  any  is 
very  doubtftil — ^were  also  probably  surnames. 
That — ^with  the  exception  of  the  serpent — ^names 
from  reptiles  and  insects,  of  which  I  know  only 
one  at  aU  probable,  were  also  probably  surnames. 
And,  in  the  exception  of  the  serpent  we  may 
perhaps  find  a  trace  of  that  widely-prevailing 
worship  or  respect  which  was  paid  to  that  animsJ 
as  the  representative  of  evil  throughout  the 
world. 

NOTE  TO  CHAPTER  i 

To  eber  or  ever,  boar,  we  may  pat  {wacar,  watchful)  Old  German 
Eburacer,  Sth  cent — ^Enrenuacre,  Domesday— ^D^iah  Eabwaksr. 
The  only  Old  German  name  which  has  been  distinctly  rec<M;nised  as 
having  this  termination  is  that  of  Odovacar,  and  it  is  creditable  to  the 
discernment  of  Forstemann  to  haye  suspected  the  same  form  in 
Eburaoer — ^his  judgment,  it  will  be  seen,  being  confirmed  by  the 
Domesday  name  of  Eureuuacre  (Evrewacre.)  Both  our  own  name 
and  the  Domesday  are  quoted  from  Lower.  I  must  therefore  amend 
the  derivation  of  Overigrb,  and  make  it  same  as  above. 


CHAPTER  XL 


THE  QODS  OF  THE  NORTH. 

The  names  or  titles  of  their  deities  have, 
among  various  nations  and  from  the  earliest 
period,  been  assumed  as  the  names  of  men.  Thus 
we  read  that  Daniel  was  called  by  Nebuchad- 
nezzar Belteshazzar,  *' according/'  as  the  king 
says,  "  to  the  name  of  my  god."  In  this  respect 
the  Teutonic  nations  were  not  an  exception, 
though,  as  it  seems  to  me,  the  practice  was  more 
common  among  the  Scandinavians  than  among 
the  Germana  But  it  is  to  be  borne  in  mind  that 
the  Scandinavian  mythology  is  the  only  one 
which  has  come  down  to  us  in  its  integrity,  and 
that  of  the  corresponding  Germanic  mythology 
we  have  only  fragments.  Th^re  was  a  general, 
but  by  no  means  an  exact  coincidence  between 
the  two  systems,  and  we  are  therefore  not  so  well 
able  to  judge  how  far  the  names  of  their  deities, 
the  whole  of  which  are  not  preserved,  were 
assumed  by  the  Germans  as  the  names  of  men. 

Before,  however,  entering  upon  the  traces  of 
the  Northern  pantheon,  I  must  refer  to  two  words 
signifying  divinity,  and  both  very  common  in 
Teutonic  names,  whose  roots  may  go  down  deeper 
than  the  Odlnic  mythology,  and  perhaps  even 
reveal  to  us  a  glimpse  of  an  older  and  a  purer  faith. 

o 


114        THE  GODS  OF  THE  NOBTH. 

One  of  these  is  the  same  as  our  own  word 
God,  Goth,  gvthy  Old  Norse  gaudy  Ang.-Sax.  god^ 
Friesic  goady  guad,  &c.,  Old  High  German  goth. 
god,  cot  (the  last  the  oldest  form.)  Various 
derivations  have  been  suggested  for  its  origin,  as 
that  of  Pott,  from  a  Sansc.  word  signifying  to 
hide,  as  found  in  gMha,  mystery,  and  that  of 
Eichhoff,  from  Sansc.  guddha,  pura  The  word 
occurs  first — ^if  we  set  aside  the  fabled  Gothic 
king  Gothila  mentioned  by  Jornandes — ^in  the 
name,  as  I  read  it,  of  a  Dacian  referred  to  by 
Horace, — 

''  Occidit  Daoi  CotiaoniB  agmen." 
Mr.  Talbot  says  "  The  name  of  this  Dacian, 
Cotison,  appears  to  mean  Gottes  sohn,  or  Dei 
fili\is."  Such  a  name,  however,  would  be  quite 
out  of  keeping  with  Old  German  nomenclature  ; 
and,  moreover,  I  take  the  nominative  of  Cotisonis 
to  be,  not  Cotison,  but  Cotiso.  This  brings  it  in 
at  once  as  an  Old.  Grerman  name,  corresponding 
with  a  later  Godizo — cot,  as  Diefenbach  observes, 
being  the  oldest  High  German  form — and  connects 
it  with  the  present  names  Godsoe,  Godso,  &c. 

The  word  is  very  apt  in  Teutonic  names  to 
mix  up  with  the  adjective,  guot,  god,  bonus,  which 
may  be  from  the  same  root,  and  also  with  Goth, 
the  people's  name,  a  word  likewise  perhaps  allied 
in  its  root.  But  the  most  of  the  forms  I  think 
come  in  under  this  head.  As  an  ending,  how- 
ever, I  agree  with  Forstemann  in  preferring  the 
people's  name. 


THE  GODS  OF  THE  NORTH.        115 

aiMPLS  VOBMB. 

Old  Qemu  Godo,  Goddo^  Goda^  Gotti,  Otido^  QaUi,  Got,  God. 
Ootta,  Codes  Ooutua,  6ih  cent.  Ang.-Sax.  Goda.  Oudda,  ^^^ 
Oaddi  {Lib.    VU.)     Engliah  Gob,*  Goddt,  Good,   Goad, 

GoODXYy  GoODDATy  GOTT,  GOTTO,  GXJT,  CoDD,  GODT,   GoODXi 

CkK>TE^  CoTT,  CuDD,  CuDDY.     Modeiu  Gemuui  Godb,  Gcds, 
GuTTB,  KoTTy  KuDB.      French    Goddb,  Godkau^   Gudb, 

GOUDBAU,   GrOUT,    GOUT^   COUDT,   CoUTY,   COUTBAU,  COTTB, 
Ck>TTKYy  COTTA,  GOX^,  COTEAU|  OCDEY,  OuiT* 

DIMIlTUnnSSL 

Old  German  Godaoo,  4tli  cent. — ^Mod.  Germ.  Godeckb — 
French  Goudchau.  Old  Germ.  Godila,  Gudila,  Ooutilo,  7th 
cent,  Gothilas  or  Gudilaa  {Jomandes,  mythical  king  of  the 
time  of  Philip  of  Macedon). — English  Goodali^  Cottle, 
OuTTELL — ^Mod.  German  Godei^  Gottel^  Guttel — French 
GouDAL,  €k)DEL,  GuTEL,  CoTEL.  Old  Germ.  Gotichin,  10th 
oentw — £ng.  Godkin  t—  French  GoDQum,  Gauduchon.  Old 
German  Godelenus,  Godelin,  6th  cent. — English  Codlinq 
— French  Godillon.  Old  German  Ootiso  (Horace),  Godizo, 
10th  cent — Eng.  Godsoe,  Goodess,  Coutts — Mod.  German 
GoTZB — French  Coutz.  Old  German  Chotenza — French 
Cottance,  Coutance,  Coutanseau.  Old  German  Godemia, 
9th  cent — Eng.  GtODDAM,  Cottam— French  Coutem. 

PATEONYMICS. 

Old  Crerm.  Goding,  8th  cent — Eng.  Godding,  Goodiho, 
Ourrnro — ^Modern    GeraiAa    Gdrrnro,     Kottdto — French 

OOTTUNO. 

OOMFOirNDeL 

(Bald,  bold)  Old  German  Godebald,  8th  cent— Godebol- 
dns,  Domesday — Eng.  Godbold,  Godbolt.  (Bert,  &mous) 
Old  Germ.  Godabert,  7th  cent — Fi-ench  Gaudibert.  (Fnd^ 
peace)  Old  Germ.  Godafrid,  7th  cent — English  Godfrey — 

*  John  God,  the  name  of  %  writer  who  lived  about  the  17Ui  centuxy. 

t  Pott,  ia  aeoordanoe  with  hie  genearal  iTBtem  of  oontractions— which,  how- 
eif«r,  1  canaot  help  ^K<«%<"g  an  eironeous  one— makee  oar  name  GoDUir,  as  well 
aa  Goad  and  Goddxh,  an  abbreviation  of  Godard  or  Godfrey. 


116        THE  GODS  OF  THE  NORTH. 

Mod  German  Oottfried— French  Godefroid,  Godefroy, 
GoDFRiK  (French  dimin.-  ?)  {Ger^  spear)  Old  Germ.  Cnotker 
— Eng.  GooDACBEL  {GiaUy  hostage)  Old  German  Godigisil, 
GodesiluB,  Buigundian  King,  5th  cent. — English  Godsbll, 
GooDSALL.  {Heidy  state,  condition)  Old  Germ.  Gotaheid,  9th 
cent. — English  Godhead  (Mcmchr,)  (Hard)  Old  German 
Gotahard,  Godehard,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Goddard,  Gk>0DHEABT, 
GoTHARD—Mod.  German  Godehard^  Gotthabdt — French 
GouDABD,  Coutard,  Coudert,  Cottabd.  (Harif  warrior) 
Old  German  Godehar,  Goter,   8th  cent. — English  Godjer, 

GO0D£AR,«Go0DTEARy    GOODAIB,    GOATER,    CoTTER — Modem 

German  Gotter,  Outer,  Euttbr — French  Gouthierrb, 
CouTiERy  Couder.  (Gi/u,  gift)  Ang. -Saxon  Godgifu — Plater 
Godiva — English  Goodeve — French  Gaudiveau.  (Lef, 
Buperstes)  Old  Germ.  Godolef,  6th  cent. — Old  Norse  Gudleif 
— Eng.  GooDLiFFE — Mod.  German  Gottleib.  (Lac,  play) 
Old  German  Godolec,  9th  cent.—  Eng.  Goodlake,  (Larul) 
Old  Genn.  Godoland,  8th  cent— Godland  (Lib.  rt«.)--Eng. 
GooDLAKD.  (Afan)  Old  German  Godeman,  8tli  cent — 
Godeman,  Domesday — Eng.  Godman,  Goodman,  Gutmak, 
GoTMAN — Modem  German  Guttman — French  Gtoutmaitn, 
GuTMAN.  (Mar,  hmous)  Old  Germ.  Godomar,  Outhmar,  5tli 
cent. — English  Cutmore.  (Mund,  protection)  Old  German 
Codemund,  9th  cent. — ^Ang. -Saxon  Godmund — Old  Norse 
Gudmundr — Eng.  Godmitnd — French  Goudbmakt.  (iVew, 
young)  Old  German  Godeniu,  Cotini,  8th  cent. — Old  Norse 
Gudny — ^Eng.  Goodnow — French  Oodini.  (Ram,  raven) 
Old  Germ.  Godramnus,  8th  cent — Eng.  Goodram.  (Rai, 
red,  counsel)  Old  Germ.  Gbtrat,  Ouotarat,  8th  cent — Eng. 
GooDERED — French  Gautrot,  Ooderet,  Coutrot,  Coterkt. 
(Bit,  ride)  Old  German  Guderit,  6th  cent — Godritius, 
Domesday — English  Goodwriqht,  Cutbioht.  (Run,  com- 
panion) Old  German  Goderuna,  Guterun,  7th  cent — ^Old 
Norse  Gudrun — French  Gutron,  Codron,  Oothrunb.  (Rice, 
powerful)  Godricus,  Domesday — English  Goodrick,  CJood- 
RiDOE,  GoDRiCK — Freuch  Godry,  Coutray.  (Sealk,  servant) 
Old  Germ.  Godscalc,  7th  cent. — Eng.  God^kall,  Godsghall 


THE  GODS  OF  THE  NORTH.        117 

(  Ward,  gc^urdian)  Old  Germaa  Godoward,  Sth  cent. — Eng. 
GoDWABD.  (Wine,  friend)  Old  Gennan  Goduin,  Codoin,5tli 
cent. — Ang.-Sax.  Godwine — Eng.  Godwin,  Goodwin — Mod 
German  Guttwein — French  Goudoin,  CouDonr.  (Wealh, 
stranger)  Ang.-Sax.  Cudwalli — Eng.  Goodwill. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Old  German  Godin,  Godino,  Gudin,  Cotini,  7th  cent. — 
Gotten  (Lib.  ViLy^^-Eng^iak  Godden,  Gooden,  Cotton, 
CuDDON.      French    Godin,    Godineau,    Gudiw,    Guttin, 

COUTIN. 

PHONETIC  INTEU8I0N  OP  n,  T,  I,  See  p.  29. 
Old  Germ.  Godenulf,  Sth  cent. — English  Goodenouoh. 
Old  German  Godelher,  Sth  cent. — French  CtODEIJER.  Old 
Germ.  Godalmand,  6th  cent. — ^Eng.  Godliman  ?  Old  Crerm. 
€k)derman,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Gutterman* — Modem  German 
Gutebhann — French  Gaudesmen. 

It  is  striking  to  observe  how  the  names  of  the 
Deity,  in  the  three  great  languages  of  Europe, 
show  forth,  each  for  itself,  some  one  or  other  of 
his  attributes.  The  Romanic  Dtos,  Dio,  Dieu, 
from  a  root  signifying  brightness,  tells  of  his 
glory — "  He  dwelleth  in  the  light  whereunto  no 
man  can  approach."  The  Germanic  God,  Got,  if 
we  take  the  meaning  of  Eichhoff,t  speaks  of  his 
purity — "He  is  of  purer  eyes  than  to  behold 
vanity."  If  we  take  that  of  Pott,  it  refers  to  his 
impenetrability — "  Canst  thou  by  searching  find 
out  God  T      The  Slavonic  Bog,  from  a  root  ex- 


*  Perhaps  this,  along  with  some  other  namea  found  In  Suffolk  Boinamei, 
magr  be  ft  German  name  anglicised. 

t  Diefenbach,  however,  seems  to  dlBtmst  both  these  derivations.  Giimm 
observes  {DeutMh,  Myth.)  that  "  the  root-meiitaing  of  this  word  is  a  subject  upon 
which  we  lequlxB  to  be»further  enlightened/' 


118        THE  QODS  OF  THE  NORTH. 

pressive  of  abundance,  speaks  of  his  bounty — 
••He  giveth  us  richly  all  things  to  enjoy" 

But  there  is  another,  and  a  remarkable  word 
which  was  used  by  our  Scandinavian  forefathers^ 
and  which  is  also  found,  though  in  a  sense  seem- 
ingly already  somewhat  debased,  among  their 
German  kinsmen,  the  Old  Norse,  as,  Ang.-Sazon 
6s,  Goth,  and  High  Germ.  cms.  The  word  does 
not  seem  to  have  any  immediate  co-relatives  in 
the  Northern  speech — can  we  venture  to  connect 
it  with  the  Sansc.  as,  to  be,  giving  it  the  meaning 
of  the  self-existing,  and  comparing  it  with  the 
great  **  I  am"  of  Scripture  1  In  Old  Norse  as 
was  a  general  title  prefixed  to  the  names  of  all 
the  principal  gods — ^thus  Thor  is  called  Asa-Thor, 
Brag  Asa-Brag,  while  Odin  is  called  by  pre- 
eminence The  As.  In  the  Anses  of  the  Goths 
the  sense  seems  to  be  a  little  lower,  and  more 
that  of  demi-god,  while  the  Ang.-Sax.  ds  is  ren- 
dered by  Bosworth,  perhaps  rather  under  its 
meaning,  as  hero.  It  is  probable  that  in  the 
first  instance  the  prefix  os  was  confined  to  the 
names  of  those  who  claimed  to  be  descendants  of 
Odin,  though  in  after  times  it  might  come  to 
be  more  generally  assumed.  AU  the  founders  of 
the  Anglo-Saxon  kingdoms  claimed  a  descent 
from  Odin,  but  it  was  only  in  the  names  of  the 
Northumbrian  branch  that  the  word  was  common. 
Mr.  Kemble  observes  "  This  word  is  nearly 
peculiar  to  the  royal  (god-bom)  race  of  Northum- 
berland,  and  occurs  rarely    in    the    south    of 


THE  GODS  OF  THE  NORTH.        119 

England  ;  and  wh^i  it  does  it  is  rather  of  Jutish 
or  Angle  than  Saxon  character." 

It  will  be  seen  that  there  is  in  our  names  a 
considerable  mixture  of  the  two  forms  as  or  cs, 
and  ans ;  it  is  probable  that  most  of  the  latter 
have  come  to  us  through  the  French,  The  roots 
haz  and  hass  are  rather  liable  to  intermix  with 
some  of  these  forma 

SIlfPLB  VOBMB. 

Old  Qenn.  Anao,  Aao,  dth  cent.     Old  Norse  Asa.     Eog. 
Aims,  Hancs,  Abat,  Asibt  !  Aas  I       French    Anckau,  ^^ 
Rasb,  Kajsoxz,  Assb  I 

DIMIKUTIYEB. 

Old  GeruL  Ansich,  Esic,  Sth  cent — Eng.  Ensooe — Mod. 
German  Essich — French  EssiQUK  Old  Oerman  Ansila, 
Anailo,  Ensilo,  Asilo,  5th  cent. — Ang.-Saz.  Eala — English 
Akbell,  Anslow,  Okslow,  Ensell,  Essell — ^Modern  Germ. 
ENBLBy  AsBL — French  Anskl,  Akcel,  Asskll.  Eng.  Asldt, 
EsLiNG — ^French    ANcnsLiNy    Aksxlin,    Enslev,    A^seuKj 

OSSELIH. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Bern,  bear)  Old  €rerman  Osbem,  Aspim^  8th  cent.-— 
Ang.-Sax.  Osbeom — Old  Norse  Asbiom — English  Osbobv, 
AsPXBX.  {B^rt,  bright)  Old  Germ.  Ansperty  Aaspert,  Aspert^ 
7th  cent — ^French  Auspebt,  Aspsbtl  {Berg,  protection) 
Old  German  Asbirg,  9th  cent. — ^Eng.  Asbbidoe,  Asbebbet. 
(Gundf  war)  Old  German  Ansegunde^  7th  cent — Fr.  AssE- 
GOKB.  (Gaud,  Goth)  Old  German  Ansegaud,  9th  cent — 
Ang.-Saz.  Osgot — English  Osgood.  (Hard)  Old  German 
Ansardy  8th  cent — ^English  Haebabd — French  Ahsabt. 
(Han,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Ansher,  8th  cent — ^Ang.-Saxon 
Oshere— 'Eng.  Akseb,  Enseb,  Ekzeb,  Osteb — Mod  German 
AirsEBy  Abseb — French  Aussii^  Esseb..  (Helm)  Old 
Germ.  Anshehn,  8th  cent — Eng.  Akselmb,  HAirsoM^Mod. 
Gorm.  Ansbuc — French  Anselme,  AKCEAim.      (Lao,  plaj) 


Oi. 
Divvs. 


120        THE  GODS  OF  THE  NORTH. 

Old  Qerman  Ansalicus,  7th  cent. — Ang. -Saxon  Oal&o — Old 
Norse  Asleikr — Eng.  Aslock,  Hasluck.  {Man)  Old  Gernu 
Asman,  Osman,  9th  cent — Asseman  ffufui.  RoUs, — Eng. 
AsMAir,  OsMAN — French  AKSMAmr.  {Mtxr^  famous)  Old 
Germ.  Ansmar,  Osmer,  8th  cent. — Osmer,  Domeada/y — ^Eng. 
OsHEB.  {Mvmd,  protection)  Old  Germ.  Ansemnnd,  Osmund, 
6th  cent. — Ang.-Saxon  Osmund — English  Osmond — French 
Ansmant,  Ancemekt,  Obmont.  (Wald,  power)  Old  German 
Ansovald,  Ansald,  Oswald,  7th  cent. — Ang.-Sax.  Oswald — 
Eng.  Oswald — Modem  German  Oswald — ItaL  Ansaldl 
{WarUy  inhabitant)  Old  German  Ansveros,  Assuerus)  8th 
cent. — French  Assukrus  %  {Wine^  firiend)  Ang.-Sax.  Oswine 
—Eng.  OswiN.  {Ulf,  wolf)  Old  German  Asul^  Osulf,  7th 
cent. — French  Ozoup. 

Of  Odin  or  Woden,  the  father  of  the  gods, 
there  are  but  few  subsequent  traces  in  the  names 
of  men.  In  the  genealogies  of  the  founders  of 
the  Saxon  kingdoms,  for  instance,  all  of  whom 
claimed  descent  from  Woden,  the  name  is  never 
reproduced  as  is  so  generally  the  case  with  that 
of  a  distinguished  ancestor.  Perhaps  it  might 
be  deemed  presumptuous  to  assume  the  name  of 
the  father  of  the  gods.  "  It  seems,''  says  Miss 
Yonge,  "to  have  been  avoided  as  Zeus  was  in 
Greece,  and,  to  a  greater  extent,  Jupiter  in 
Rome."  We  find,  however,  one  Old  Germ,  name 
Wotan,  9th  cent,  which  seems  to  be  from  this 
origin.  Possibly  also  our  name  Weddon,  which 
corresponds  with  the  form  the  word  has  assumed 
in  Wednesday,  and  in  names  of  places,  as  Wed- 
nesbury,  &c.,  may  also  come  in  here.  The  Scan- 
dinavian form  Odin  is  rather  more  common.  It 
is  found  among  the  names  of  Danish  coiners  in 


THB  OOD0  OF  IBM  NOBTB.       121 

England,  and  it  occtirs  tmca  in  Domesday.  The 
Engliflh  name  Odbn  is  adduced  by  Mr.  Lower, 
and  I  find  ihree  persons  called  Odin  in  the  direct 
tory  of  Paris.  The  name  does  not  occur  in  the 
directory  of  Copenhagen,  nor  do  I  find  the  corres- 
ponding  Gennan  form  in  that  country. 

One  of  the  principal  titles  of  Odin  in  the 
Scandinavian  mythology  was  Oski^  from  Old 
Norse  6sk,  a  wish,  and  which  is  supposed  to 
signify  "  one  who  listens  to  the  prayers  or  wishes 
of  mankind."  Grimm  (Devtsch.  Myth.)  refers,  in 
connectiDn  with  the  above,  to  the  maimer  in 
which  the  German  minnesingers  of  the  13th 
oent.  personified  the  wunsch  or  wish.  He  gives 
a  number  of  examples,  on  which  he  remarks  : — 
''In  the  greater  number  of  these  instances  we 
might  put  Deity  instead  of  Wunsch.  .  .  In 
the  first  example  from  Gregory^  the  Wunsch 
seems  almost  to  be  ranked  as  a  being  of  the 
second  order;  a  servant  or  messenger  of  the 
higher  deity."  Pott  remarks  that  we  seem  to 
have  here  "  a  trace  of  the  German  Cupid."  From 
the  above  title  of  Odin  seems  to  be  Osk,  a  Scan* 
dinavian  female  name  in  the  Landnamabok* 
Also  the  Mod  German  name  Wunsch  and  the 
English  Wish  or  Whish,  showing  the  respective 
High  and  Low  German  forms  of  the  same  word 
The  JBdiriburgh  Review  for  April,  1855,  suggests 
that  the  surname  Wishabt  {fiart,  hard)  may 
also  have  been  formed  from  it.  It  may,  however, 
perhaps  rather  be  the  same  as  the  name  Wisu- 

p 


122        THE  QODS  OF  THB  NORTEL 

cart,  Wisigard,  of  the  wife  of  the  Frankish  king 
Theodebert.  But  WiSHBaEi  and  Whisker^  cor- 
responding with  a  German  Wcnschbr,  rather 
seem  to  belong  to  it.  Possibly  also  Wishman 
and  WmsKEYMAN  (Baioditch.)  The  only  Old 
Germ,  name  from  this  root  seems  to  be  a  Wiscolo, 
11th  cent. 

On  two  different  occasions  Odin  appears  in  a 
sort  of  trilogy  ;  at  the  creation  of  the  world  in 
conjunction  with  Vili  and  Ve  ;  at  the  creation  of 
mankind  in  conjunction  with  Hoenir  and  Lodur. 
These  beings  do  not  seem  to  have  had  an  in- 
dependent existence,  but  to  denote,  as  Mr. 
Thorpe  observes,  "several  kinds  of  the  divine 
agency.''  The  name  Vili  is  from  Old  Norse  vili, 
Anglo-Saxon  wiUa,  English  "  will,*'  and  may  per- 
haps have  here  the  meaning  of  creative  impulse. 
According  to  Grimm  the  Anglo-Saxon  mlla.  Old 
High  Germ,  mllo,  Old  Norse  vtli,  denote  not  only 
inclination,  "  voluntas  and  votum,*'  but  also  "  im- 
petus and  spiritus "  the  power  that  sets  will  in 
motion.  From  the  personification  of  the  will  in 
this  title  of  Odin,  like  that  before  referred  to  of  the 
wish,  may  be  the  word  willy  so  common  in  proper 
names.  Miss  Yonge,  generally  so  trustworthy, 
has  fallen  into  what  I  cannot  but  consider  a  grave 
error  in  following  old  Camden  instead  of  the 
German  philologists,  and  making  hil  and^  other 
forms  of  vnU. 

BniPLEFOBMa 

v^^i,        ^^^  ^^^®™-  ^^^*  Wi\l&,  Wilia,  Guila^  5th  cent.      Eng. 
impetw.  WnJi,  WUiLOE,  Wu<LET,  GuHJiB,  QuHX.    Modem  German 


THB  QODS  OF  THE   NOBTH.  123 

WiLLBy  QuiLB.      Dan.  Wills.      French  YillBi  Yillt, 

VlLL^  GuiLLl^  GUILLI^  QuiLL& 

DDilNUTlVJCflu 

Old  Germ.  Willioo,  Willie,  9th  cent— Uillech,  Lib.  VU. 
— ^Eng.  WiLLOCK,  WnjUE,  Wilkb,  Quilkb — Mod  German 
WnjJOH,  WiLKis — French  Quillao.  Old  Germ.  Willikin, 
11th  cent. — Eng.  Wilkin — French  Yillachok,  Guillochik. 
Old  Germ.  WiUizo,  10th  cent— Eng.  Willw,  Will»— Mod. 
German  WiLLisZy  Wilz — French  Guilles.  Old  German 
WilliflcaSy  9th  cent — Modem  German  Willisgh— English 
QuHjLish. 

PATBONTMICa 

Old  German   Willing,  Willencns,  9th  cent.      English 
WiLLorGy  WiLLiNE.    Mod.  Germ.  Willhtg,  Quiujko. 
PHONisnG  ending. 

Old  German  Willin,  11th  cent.  English  Willan, 
GunxAN.    French  Villain^  Guilaine,  Guillon. 

0OMPOITND& 

{Bald,  bold)  Old  German  Willabald,  8th  cent— French 
Vilbaut,  Guilbaut.  {Bemy  bear)  Old  German  Wilbemus, 
10th  cent — Eng.  Wilboubn.  {Bert,  bright)  Old  German 
Willibert^  Guilabert,  8th  cent — French  Guilbeet.  {Brody 
dart)  Old  Germ.  Willebort^  11th  cent— Ang. -Saxon  WiUi- 
brord — French  Wilbbod.  {Burg,  protection)  Old  German 
Williburg,  8th  cent— Vilburg,  Lib.  VU. — Eng.  Wilbub*— 
Modem  German  WiLLBEBa  {Oom,  com,  man)  Old  German 
Willicomo,  9th  cent — ^Uilcom»,  Lib.  Vii. — ^£bg.  Wiloomb, 
Welooke — ^Mod.  German  Willkomil  {Fred,  peace)  Old 
Germ.  Wilfrid,  8th  cent— Anglo-Saxon  Wilfrid— English 
WiLFOBD,  Wilfbed  (Ghrittlom  name.)  {Oer,  spear)  Old 
German  Williger,  Williker,  8th  cent — French  Yilleoei, 
YniCkBB.  {Oie,  hostage)  Old  Germ.  Willigis,  5th  cent. — 
Ang.-Sax.  Wilgis— Eng.  Wilgosb.       (Hard)  Old  German 


*  HaoM  the  local  nam*  Wilbbahax,  oilglaaUjr  WlllnugbMB^  Pott  oar- 
talnljr  miut  hava  bean  nappliif  whan  ha  daiiTad  It  fiom  Will  (WUlJjun},  and 
Atnaham! 


l!24  THB  OODS  X)F  THfi  NOBTB. 

Willihard^  Willard^  dih  oent-^Sng.  WnXAlO^ModMi 
German  WiLLEBT^French  WillabDi  YtLLABO^  Gcillaxd, 
QuiLLABD.  (Held,  8tatO|  oondition)  Old  German  Williheidy 
Williheit,  8ih  oent^Eng.  WUiLETT— Mod.  Germ.  Willet 
— ^French  Yillstti^  Guilet^  Quillet.  (^oriy  warrior) 
Old  Gennan  Williheri,  Willeri,  Wilier^  6ih  oenl— EogliBb 
WiLLER-— Mod.  Germ.  WiLLBfr-^Erench  Yillsbie,  Yillkb* 

GuiLHERTi    GuiLKRi    QuiLUSBI,     QuiLLIEB.         (HdmJ     Old 

Germ.  Willihelm,  Guilhelm,  8th  cent— Ang.-3az.  Wilhelmi 
(mAkfrmik  Wod&n  in  the  gtnetdogy  ^f  (A#  lwng9  of  <^  EcM 
AngleaJ — Eng.  Williaics,  QuiLLiAMSy  Guillaume — ^Modern 
German  Wilhelm — Dan.   Wilhjblm — ^French  Yillaume, 

YlLLIAlfBy  WlLLAUHE,    GuXLLAUlO^   GUILHEH.        To  the  last 

Forstemann  plaoea  also  Old  German  WillermuB,  Yilleim, 
Guillerma,  lOth  cent,  to  which  correspond  French  Wil- 
LEBMEy  YiLLBfi]C>  GuiLHEBiCT  j  but  orm,  serpent>  seems  to 
me  a  possible  origin,  thongh  we  do  not  find  it  elsewhere  as  a 
termination.  (Mem)  Old  German  Williman,  Wilman^  9th 
cent — ^Eng.  Quillman — Mod.  Germ.  Willmakn — French 
WiLLSiitN,  YiLLEMAiir,  GtlLLtafAlK.  {Mar,  &mons)  Old 
Germ.  Willimar  (SuAss  prteH),  Tth  cent. — Eng.  Willkeb — 
Mod.  Germ.  WiULAftr— French  Villmar.  {Mand,  joy)  Old 
Germ.  Willmant^  6th  cent. — French  GuiLLBttA2jrT.  {M<4, 
Courage)  Old  Germ.  Willimot,  8th  C6nt — English  Weluiow 
— F]fench  WiLLEHot,  YiLLEMot,  GunxBiioi!.  {Mundy  pro- 
taction)  Old  German  Willbnund,  Guilemund,  8th  cent — 
Uilmund,  Lib.  VU. — Eng.  WtLLAttEwr — French  Yillemont, 
GmLLEitONt.  {ir(Md,  daring)  Old  Geim.  Wfllinant,  6th 
oent— English  QuillinaIJ.  {Rat,  <»unsel)  Old  G^iman 
Willirat,  8th  6ent. — French  VtLLEBKT,  Qxjilleret. 

Among  the  many  titles  of  Odin — ^no  fewer 
than  49  of  which  are  enumerated  in  the  Eddas-^ 
one  of  the  principal  was  Grimr,  from  Old  Norae 
ffrtma,  mask  or  helmet.  To  this  origin  Grimm, 
and,  following  him,  Leo,  place  the  ancient  names 
of  the  following  group,  and  though  it  is  highly 


THB  GODB  OF  THB  NOBTEL        125 

probable^  as  Fontemann  suggestSi  that  grimf 
BasrxxB^  intermixes  yet  it  is  impossible  to  separate 
them,  for  the  qtiantity  of  the  vowel  is  no 
sufficient  guide. 

BDIFLX  FOBMS. 

Old  Qerman  Grimo,  Grim,  7th  cent.  Old  Nonw  Grimr.  cwma 
Eng.  Gbiii,  Gbkam,  Gbime,  Cream,  Obtms.  Mod.  Germaii  ^^^"^ 
Gbhol    French  Gbdi,  Obbic^  Gbxhxait. 

BmiMUTlVJU. 

Old  Germ.  Grimik,  6th  cent  £^.  Gbimut.  Modem 
Qenn.  Gbuooeu    Eranch  GuxAiii 

PATBOimDG& 

Eng.  Onmsoir,  CamBov. 

OOHPOUNDa 

(Baldf  fortifl,  Old  German  Grimbald,  8th  cent — ^EngHah 
Gbimbold,*  Gbimble — French  Griicblot.  (Bert,  fiunons) 
Old  G^nn.  Grimberb,  7th  cent — ^French  GRncBEKt.  (BeU, 
state,  '<hood")  Old  Gei-man  Grimheit,  8th  cent.— English 
GRiHMBrr.  (Jffarty  Trarrior)  Old  German  Grimhar,  Crimher, 
8th  cent — ^English  GRimcEB,  Creaicer  t — ^Modern  Crerman 
Grocmeb,  Kbimmeb — French  Gbdiab.  (Mund,  protection) 
Old  German  Grimnnd,  9th  cent.— >Bng.  GBimcoKD — ^French 
GniMOiiT.  (Wold,  power)  Old  Germ.  Grimoald,  7th  cent — 
Frendi  GBiiiAi}ui>--IUlian  GBUiAtDtt— Spanish  Gbdcaxomx 
(ITmm,  friend)  Old  (German  Grimoin,  8th  cent — ^French 
Gbdkoin.  {Ward^  guardian)  Old  German  €hrimwart^ 
Qiimoaid,  8th  cent — French  Gbdcoabd. 

The  following  names^  though  perhaps  more 
immediately  connected  with  superstitions  of  a 
later  date,  may  in  iheir  remoter  origin  be  traced 
to  Nikar,  a  title  of  Odin,  in  which  he  appears  as 
a  water  spirit  or  daemon.     Throughout  Grermany 

*  Of  the  lOkh  cent    I  do  not  find  it  ftt  preMni 


126        THB  QODS  OF  THE  NORTH. 

and  Scandinayia  popular  superstition  has  pre- 
served some  trace  of  him  in  this  form.  Iceland 
and  the  Faroe  islands  have  their  Hnikur,  Norway 
and  Denmark  their  Nok,  Sweden  its  Neck,  and 
Germany  its  Nix  and  Nickel  All  these  are 
water  dsemons»  appearing  generally  in  the  form 
of  a  horse,  and  usually  obnoxious  to  mankind 
England  has  its  Old  Nick,  in  which  he  appears 
directly  in  the  form  of  the  evil  one.  As  the  early 
Christian  missionaries  found  it  difficult  to  get 
rid  of  him  altogether,  they  seem  to  have  changed 
him  into  the  devil  The  following  root  Forste- 
mann  takes  to  be  from  this  origin* 

HWk.lfadk.  aniELRIOBMB. 

WfttvBphit      Old  German  Niko,  Keooho,  11th  cent.      Engliah  Niok, 

Nbok,  Nez,  Nix,  Nixdb.     Modem  Qerrnan  Nick.     French 

Nick,  Kicaibb.      (The  latt  name  teems  to  he  the  Old  High 

Oerm,  mchiUf  wheneehy  cofUraeiion  the  Mod.  Germ,  mxe,) 

DnaNunw. 

Engliflh  NiCKi^Eir. 

OaMPOUNIML 

{Audf  proq)eTit7)  French  Nigaud.    (Ha/rd)  French  Nioabd. 

EXTENDED  SOOT=THE  OLD  NOBSB  HNIKXTK 

Old  Qerrnan  Nickar,  8th  cent.     Engliah  Nickxr(80n). 
Dutch  Nbgkab.     French  Niooub. 

I  am  not  sure  that  the  father  of  the  gods  has 
not  contributed  to  the  commonness  of  the  name 
of  Beown,  for  Brftni,  from  the  Old  Norse  JyHln^ 
the  brow,  was  one  of  the  names  of  Odin,  and  a 
probable  meaning  seems  to  be  that  of  having 
marked  or  prominent  brows,  which  is  considered 
to  give  power  and  dignity  to  a  countenance. 


THB  GODS  OF  THE  NOBTH.        127 

This  is  what  Tennyson  is  generally  understood 
to  mean  by — 

"*  The  bar  of  Michael  Angelo." 
There  are  several  Northmen  called  Bdini  in  the 
Landnamaboky  and  one  of  them  was  sumamed 
"  The  White,**  shewing  clearly  that  at  any  rate 
his  name  was  not  derived  from  dark  complexion. 

The  name  of  Thor,  the  second  of  the  gods, 
from  whom  we  have  Thursday,  seems  also,  like 
that  of  Odin,  to  have  been  uncommon  as  a  man's 
name  in  its  simple  form.  Finn  Magnusen  {Lex. 
Myth.)  states  that  though  he  could  reckon  up 
about  sixty  compound  names,  he  knew  no  instance 
of  the  simple  form. 

We  have,  however,  instances  of  its  use  in  our 
own  district;  there  was  a  Thor,  sumamed  the 
Long,  an  Anglo-Saxon  or  Northman  of  some  note 
about  the  time  of  the  Conquest,  and  who  was  so 
sumamed  to  distinguish  him  from  another  Thor 
who  had  possessions  in  the  same  part  of  the 
country. 

The  name  Tor  occurs  several  times  in  Domes- 
day ;  this  is  the  Scandinavian  pronunciation,  as 
in  Torsdag  for  Thursday,  but  it  is  not  clear  to 
me  that  this  name,  as  well  as  our  own  Tobb  and 
ToKRY,  is  not  from  another  root,  probably  Old 
Norse  dden\  spear.  Thor  does  not  occur  in  the 
directory  of  Copenhagen,  though  the  patronymic 
Thobsen  is  common.  ^ 

Grimm  thinks  that  Thor  is  only  a  contracted 
form  of  Anglo-Saxon  thuner.  Old  Norse  ihonar. 


128  ZHB  QOM  OF  THB  NOBIS. 

thunder.  And,  in  &ot,  Thuner  was  another.  Ang.- 
Sax  form  of  his  name,  as  found  in  Thunresdsag 
for  Thursday.  There  was  an  Anglo-Saxon  named 
Thuner,  a  **  limb  of  the  devil,"  A.D.  654,  {Rog. 
Wend.)  And  we  have  still  the  name  Thukdsb^ 
though  uncommon. 

The  High  Qerman  form  is  Donar,  as  foundin 
Donnersiag  for  Thursday.  This  occurs,  though 
not  frequently,  as  a  proper  name  in  Germany ; 
there  was  a  noble  fiunily  on  the  Bhine  called 
Doimer  von  Loiiieim  (Grimm's  Deutsch.  Myth.) 
Our  names  Donnob  and  Tonnob  I  apprehend  to 
be  the  same.  There  are  also  some  Old  Qerman 
names  compounded  with  it. 

Names  compounded  with  Thor  were  very 

common  among  the  Northm^i,  and  we  have 

several  corresponding.      They  seem  also  to  have 

occurred,  though  rarely,  among  the  Qermans,  and 

one  or  two  are  to  be  found  in  French* 

ooMPomnM  OF  thok. 

^^__      ^       (^<»rf  bear)  Thurbarus,  Qoth.  leader  3rd  cent — "Eag.  Thus- 

of  Thor.   9>IL      (^u^  btfff*)  Old  Noise  Thorbiorn—EoglM  Thor- 

BUBN.      ((Tor,  spear)  Old  None  Thozgeir — Eng.  Thuboab. 

(Oa/ut,  Goth)  Old  Norse  Thoigautr— Tuigot  {Dome9dayy^ 

Englisli  Thobgatb,  Thoboughoatb,  Tabgbtt  t  TmraaooD, 

TwyBOUOHOOOD— Freaeh   Tumot.      (KeULg^)    Old   Nozae 

"^  FtobftVly  from  the  saered  bear  bj  wkioh  Ilior  wm  aocompttoied.  Henot 
Tbokbuut  la  limQar  to  OsBUBir,  pi  11§. 

t  AoooHUactoOiiiiuD^tron  tt«  famoni  k«ttk  whkh  Tb«r  oaftared  |k«n 
Ihe  giant  Hymlr  for  the  goda  to  brew  their  beer  In.  {DeuUdk.  MvtK)  KetUlitaeU 
waa  a  common  SeandinavUn  name^^md  henoe  log.  Xbetub.  The  name  !tav»> 
xanuB  then  ooneaponda  with  another  Bag.  name  AaBxanz^  Old  JKTone  Aake- 
tni,  Ang.-flaz.  OioitlU.  Hie  P^«oh  hsve  f^gowea*  and  AxviawoL,  prabaUj  for 
ftnawartl.     I»  JkumA  I  qnljr  flad  ftte  patamjnlo  Kaxaumr,  lUmjonm, 


THE  GODS  OF  THE  NORTH.        129 

Thorketill — Bag.  Thubkbttle — French  Tctrqueth:..  (S^B, 
a  contraction  of  EeUH,  according  to  Grimm)  Old  Norse  Thor- 
kell— Eng.  Thubklb.  (Man)  English  Thobxak.  {M6dy 
courage)  Old  German  Thurmod,  9th  cent. — Old  Norse 
Thdrmddr— English  Thubmott.  (Stone J  Old  Norse  Thdr" 
steinn — Eng.  Thub&ton.  (Wald^  power)  Old  Norse  Thdr- 
yalldr — ^Eng.  Thobold — French  TouBAULxf  (Fic^  wood) 
Old  Norse  Thdrvidr — Eng.  Thoboughwood. 

The  name  of  this  god  in  all  its  three  different 
forms  appearing  to  be  synonymous  with  thimder, 
it  may  not  be  amiss  to  enquire  whether  there  are 
any  other  names  which,  as  perhaps  also  signifying 
thunder,  may  contain  other  forms  of  his  name. 
There  seems  indeed  to  me  a  considerable  proba- 
bility that  the  name  of  this  god,  or  rather  of  some 
god  wielding  the  thunder,  is  of  older  date  than 
the  rest  of  the  Odinic  mythology.  There  is  a 
root  dun,  which  in  the  opinion  of  Forstemann,  is 
at  least  as  probably  from  Old  Norse  duna, 
thunder,  as  from  Ang.-Sax.  dunriy  brown.  Along 
with  this  may  be  included  din  and  don.  Old 
Norse  dyn,  Ang.-Sax.  d^ne,  Belg.  don,  all  having 
the  same  meaning  of  thunder.  This,  however, 
must  be  taken  for  nothing  more  than  a  conjec- 
ture, though  an  Old  German  name  Dunitach 
(=Thimder-day,  like  ThunresdsBg,  Thursday  ?) 
seems  rather  to  give  a  colour  to  it. 

BIMPLB  lOBMS. 

Old  Oerman  Dnno,  Duna,  Dono,  Dina,  Tunno,  Tnnna,  ^^^^^  j^^ 
Tinno,  7th  cent.      Anglo-Saxon  Dun,  Dunna.     Eng.  Dunn,      ma. 

DiNN,  DONN,  DONNET,  DoNHO,  TuN,  TuNNO,  TuNNAT,  TUNNY,  TJ»«nder? 

Ton,  Tinnbt.  Mod.  Germ.  Donn,  Tonne.  French  Donne, 
DoNAT,  Donnsr&f  Tonne,  Tunna,  Tm6. 

Q 


130  THB  GODB  OF   THB  NOB«!H» 

DnoNunvuw 
Old  Qenik  DoiuIa,  Donnolo^  Taxdla,  TLnaulo^  7th  oeat 
— Efaag.  jywKNELL,  Donrsuii  Tuiivbll,  Tuw aiat,  Dmurri 
TiKLMT— -French  Toniteld^  Tono*      Eog.  DoniiAir^  Tur- 
uvo-i-Freiich  Domvellah. 

Aiig.-€ax.  DuD&iBg.    Eng.  Dmnnaro>  Dnmnro,  Dnrora. 

TiNNINO. 

ooMFouyDa 
{Qer,  spear)  Eng.   Dunobb — Fren.   Donokbb.       {Stan, 
stone)  Anglo-Saxon  Dunstan — Eng.  DuKdiy>KBy  TunstaxT. 
(ITiiMS  Mend)  English  Dttkatik. 

According  to  Grimm,  a  name  under  which 
tmces  of  Thor  are  still  to  be  found  in  Germany 
is  Hamer,  and  which  is  derived,  no  doubt,  from 
the  celebrated  hammer  or  mallet  which  he 
wielded.     Hence  may  probably  be  the  following* 

6IMPIA  FO&MB. 

Old  German  Hamar,  Hamari,  8th  cent.     Eng.  Hammsr, 
^"^^  HKimitR,  AnoR  9  Amoay  f    Mod.  Oerm.  HiJOCBBy  KvxMEaL 
French  HaxoiBi  Axobt  t 

The  name  of  Bragi  or  Brag^  the  god  of 
poetry^  seems  unquestionably  to  have  been  borne 
by  men.  Finn  Magnusen  says  ""Nomen  Bragi 
ssepe  viris,  et  non  raro  poetis  celebribus  in  Sep** 
tentarione  contigit.''  There  was  among  others  a 
celebrated  Icelandic  bard  named  Bragi  Skalld 
(Bragi  the  poet)  The  Englidi  Bbaqg,  and  the 
French  Brag  may  be  from  this  origin,  but  the 
Eng.  Bba<3Gs&  seems  uncertain. 

The  name  of  Baldxir,  the  Apollo  of  the 
Germans,  seems  to  occur  in  one  Old  German 
name  Baldor.       Another,  Baldro^  9th  cent.>  (our 


THB  Q0B8  OF   THS  NOBTH.  131 

BoLZ>BBO  ^)  seems  less  certain.  There  was  also 
an  Old  German  name  Baldher^  from  a  difOsrent 
origin,  to  which,  aa  being  more  common,  our 
Baldbb,  and  the  French  Baltab,  may  mcnre 
probably  belong. 

The  name  of  Tyr,  son  of  Odin,  in  its  Qothic 
form  Tins,  may  perhaps  be  foimd  in  Teias,  a  Gothic 
leader  of  the  6th  cent^  and  with  which  our  Tyas 
and  Ttxts  seem  to  correspond.  But  the  Goth. 
ihdua^  minister,  an  allied  word  may  put  in  a  claim. 
It  does  not  seem  probable  that  Ldk  or  L6ki, 
who  r^esented  the  evil  principle  in  the  Northern 
mydiology,  would  be  much  in  favour  for  bap- 
tismal name&  I  find  it  only  as  a  surname  in  the 
Landnamabok,  and  it  might  have  been  given  for 
mischievousness  or  malignity  of  disposition.  The 
group  of  names  which  we  have,  viz.,  Eng.  LocKJi, 
LocKiE,  French  Loque,  Locque,  Loch,  &c., 
might,  however,  be  from  the  same  root.  Old 
Norse  lokka,  to  decdve,  seduce.  A  title  of  Ldki 
was  Loptr  or  I^oftr,  ''  the  aerial  f  this  was  a 
common  Scandinavian  name,  and  hence  possibly 
may  be  Eng.  Loft.  The  corresponding  deity 
among  the  Saxons  was  Sseter,  from  whom  we 
have  Saturday,  and  whose  name  seems  to  have 
the  same  meaning,  Ang.-Saxcm  acBtere,  a  seducer. 
I  hove  found  Sattbb  as  an  English  name,  though 
Tcry  uncommon. 

Mr.  Lower  (Pat.  Brit)  makes  a  suggestion  ro- 
specting  the  name  of  Flint,  which  I  reproduce* 
without^    however,  being  able    to    throw  any 


132        THE  OODS  OF  THE  NOBTH. 

fiirther  Kght  upon  it.  "  Our  Ang.-Sax.  anoestors 
had  a  subordinate  deity  whom  they  named  flinty 
and  whose  idol  was  an  actual  flint-stone  of  large 
size.  The  name  of  the  god  would  readily  become 
the  appellation  of  a  man,  and  that  would  in  time 
become  hereditary  as  a  surname.  Such  it  had 
become,  without  any  prefix,  at  the  date  of  the 
Hundred  Rolls  (1273),  and  even  in  Domesday 
we  have  in  Suffolk  an  Alwin  Flint.  The  town  of 
Flint,  in  North  Wales,  may  however  have  a  claim 
to  its  origin." 

The  following  group  Forstemann    connects 
with  the  name  of  the  goddess  Frigga  or  Frikka» 
wife  of  Odin.      The  Ang.-Sax.  Jrec,  Mod.  Germ* 
frechy  bold,  is  also  a  probable  root. 

SIMPLE  FOBMSL 

Old  Germ.  Frioco,  Frich,  8th  cent.  Ang.-Sax.  Freok, 
Frigga  or  Cod.  Dip.  971.  English  Fricke,  Fsicket,  Fbsck,  Freak- 
^^'^^^^    Mod  Gennan.  Fkigk.  Freche.     French  Frioq,  Fbbch. 

WifeofOdln- 

ooMPouin)a. 
(HerSf  warrior)  Old  German  Fricher,  8th  cent. — English 
Frigker — Mod.  Germ.  Fricker — French  Feikkb.      {Wald, 
power)  French  Fricault,  Frbcault. 

There  are  some  roots  which  seem  to  be  con- 
nected with  the  names  of  certain  deities,  though 
there  is  scarcely  sufficient  reason  for  supposing 
that  they  are  derived  from  them.  Thus  the  root 
had,  haJthy  war,  Grimm  thinks  is  connected  with 
the  name  of  the  god  Hodr,  a  son  of  Odia  And 
the  root  sihy  sify  friendship,  with  the  goddess  Sii^ 
wife  of  Thor.  Also  the  root  nand,  naUy  with  the 
goddess  Nanna,  wife  of  Baldur.      And  the  root 


THE  GODS  OF  THE  NOBTH.        133 

fravo^  fn^\  expressive  of  freedom  or  authority, 
with  the  goddess  Freya.  But  if  the  Odinic 
mythology  be,  as  some  think,  of  no  very  profound 
antiquity — ^if  Odin  were  a  real  personage,  the 
founder  of  a  kingdom  and  of  a  dynasty,  it  is 
possible  that  the  names  may  have  been  those  of 
men  before  they  were  those  of  gods. 

The  names  of  some  of  the  Yalkyrjur,  maidens 
of  Odin  appointed  to  select  the  victims  in  battle, 
seem,  as  elsewhere  noticed,  to  have  been  common 
in  the  names  of  women.  One  of  these  is  Hrist, 
probably  from  Old  Norse  hrista,  to  shake  (per- 
haps to  brandish  as  a  sword),  whence  seem  to  be 
Eng.  and  French  BiST.  In  connection  with  this 
name  a  suggestion  occurs  to  me.  There  is  a  root 
crist  found  in  Frankish  names  from  the  7th  to 
the  9th  cent.,  and  which  Forstemann  takes  to  be 
from  the  name  of  our  Lord.  But  some  of  the 
compounds,  as  those  with  hild,  war,  savour  rather 
of  a  heathen  sense,  and  it  now  occurs  to  me  as 
possible  that  crist  may  be  nothing  more  than  the 
Frankish  form  of  hrist,  the  aspirated  h  forming  c 
as  noticed  at  p.  46.  To  this  then  may  belong 
English  Chmst,  Chmsto,  Christy,  Chbystal  ; 
Mod.  Germ.  Christ,  Christel  ;  French  Christ, 
Christy,  Christel,  or  some  of  them.  It  may 
be  objected  to  this  theory  that  all  the  Frankish 
names  in  question  occur  in  Christian  times,  but 
on  the  other  hand  it  is  from  Christian  records 
that  most  of  the  Frankish  names  known  to  us 
are  derived.     However,  I  only  throw  this  out  as 


134        THB  GODS  OF  THB  NOBTH. 

a  st^gestion,  but  the  fact  that  as  well  as  Christ 
vre  hare  also  Bi&rr  and  Obist  seems  rather  to  sug- 
gest a  oommon  origin  for  the  three. 

There  is  a  race  of  dwarfs  or  elves  which  fi^ 
quently  come  before  us  in  the  Northern  mythology, 
and  the  names  of  many  of  whioh  are  entunerated 
in  the  Eddas.  The  root  aft,  alfi  elf  is  very  com- 
mon in  Teutonic  names,  among  the  Anglo-Saxons 
as  well  as  others  ;  the  olda*  German  writers  re- 
ferred it  to  the  mountains  of  the  Alps,  and  the 
words  connected  therewith ;  but  Grimm  and 
Massmann  connect  it  with  these  mythological 
elves.  Some  of  these  beings  seem  to  have  been 
noted  for  their  wisdom,  and  oth^B  tor  their 
mechanical  skill,  and  this  may  perhaps  be  the 
idea  present  in  some  of  these  names,  as  for  in- 
stance, Alfred  {rSd^  counsd.) 

SIMPLE  fOBBia. 
Alls  All 

jgif^  Old  Genn.  Albo^  Alpho,  Albi,  Stii  cent.      Sag.  Altxt^ 

AxjPHAy  Axf,  BuM>w,  ISLvn,  Sltt,  Ei.fhbk  Mod.  Gemfta 
Alt,  Esjo.    Erenfih  Aiso,  Albt,  Aub&. 

DDaMUTiVAk 

QLd  Gerawn  Albocho,  11th  eent^^^^lfecli,  D<mhsaday — 
En^  Elphick,  EiiVmoE.  Old  German  Albizo,  Aluezo,  8  th 
oent. — Albtd,  L^.  VU. — Eng.  Alvis,  Elvis,  Elyss — French 
AuBEZ.  Old  QeroL  Albilay  6th  cent. — Mod.  Genn.  Albh. 
— ^Fr.  AvBEL. 

VHOOnmO  BmNBIQR.* 

Old  German  Alfan,  Elbenn^  Albini,  Alpuni,  8th  cent. 
Eng.  Albax,  Alrakt,  Aupenky,  HALFPraorrt  Modem 
GeruL  Elbsn.     French  Albik,  Aubot,  AuBiamr,  Axtbikeau. 

^  The  Lftttn  root  maj  intermix  In  tbeie  nemet. 


THE  QODS  OF  THB  NORTH.     «   185 

PATRONYMI0&  I 

Old  Qerm.  AlbiDC,  8th  cent.      Frenoh  Albevqux,  i 

OOBCPOtTNDQ.  I 

{Oe/f,  Bpear)  Old  German  Al%er,  Halbker,  8th  oeat—  ' 

Aiig.-Saz.  Alfgar — Eng.  HalfacreI      {Haidf  state,   con- 
dition) Old  German  Albheid,  8th  cent. — ^Eng.  HALnreAD  Y  j 
(Hmri)  Old  German  Alfhard,  Albhoid,  8th  oent.— English 
Alvsbt — French  Aubaba.      {Hari^  warrior)  Old  G^erman 
Alfherii   Albheri,   8th    cent. — English   Alvabt,    Albbbt, 

Blvebt,  Aubkey — ^French  Aubikr,  Axtbebt.       (Mam,)  Old  i 

German  Alpman — Eng.   HalfxakI      (iM,  counsel)  Old  i 

G«nn.   Alberat,  8th  cent — ^Anglo-Saxon  Alfred — English  i 

Aijvbd — French  AiiBarit,  AjumBO^  Aubbibt.    {Ewi^  com* 
panion)  Old  German  Albrana,t  Tck^ub^  Albrun,  10th  oenk 

— Fr.  AuBBUK.      {Ww^  defence  1)  Old  G^erman  Albwer,  8th  i 

cent — French  Auboueb.       (TTtfM,  friend)  Alboin,  Lombard 
king,  6th  cent — Fr.  Aubouih. 

As  well  as  the  dwarfs  or  elves  there  was  a 
race  of  giants  which  figure  in  the  Northern 
mythology  as  at  continual  enmity  with  the  gods 
— ^the  foundation  of  the  myth  (if  not  a  relic  of  a 
still  more  ancient  one),  being  perhaps  to  be  traced 
to  the  subjugation  by  Odin  and  his  followers  of 
the  oMer  and  less  civilized  races  with  whom  they 
came  in  contact.  But  I  do  not  know  that  there 
are  any  names  in  which  the  sense  can  with  suf- 
ficient reason  be  taken  to  mean  more  than  large 
stature. 

Many  of  the  names  derived  from  the  weather 
appear  to  have  a  mythological  origin.  Thus 
Frosti  was  the  name  of  one  of  the  dwarfs  or  elves 


t  A.'WGian  meBttonea  t^  ttie  hiiftoritai  m  IdgU^  vv&emtaa  ^tlie  Qnauum 
for  h«r  wife  eoonaela.  Among  tlM  tuIoiui  nadJagi  of  the  luune^  tlda  it  mtaik  la 
Moordanoo  with  •ndent  nomenolatnre. 


136        THE  QODS  OF  THB  NORTH. 

before  spoken  of;  the  meamng,  according  to  Finn 
Magnxisen,  is  ""gelidus  vel  gelu  ac  frigora 
efficiens."  Our  nursery  hero,  Jack  Frost,  may 
possibly  have  his  origin  in  the  old  northern 
mythology.  Frosti  occurs  as  a  Scandinavian 
name  in  Saxo;  and  we  have  Fbost  and  the 
diminutive  Frostick.  Frost  occurs  frequently 
in  the  Hundred  Bolls,  temp.  Edw.  1.  Mr.  Lower 
observes  (PaJt.  Britt.J  that  "one  Alwin  Forst 
was  a  tenant  in  Co.  Hants,  before  Domesday,  and 
his  name  by  a  slight  and  common  transposition 
would  become  Frost."  This  is  true,  but  the  con- 
verse might  also  apply,  for  forst  is  an  Ang.-Sax. 
form  oifrosA.  In  another  name,  however.  Frost- 
man,  given  by  Mr.  Bowditch,  I  should  take  the 
proper  form  to  be  Forstman. 

One  of  the  Valkyrjur  was  called  Mist,  which 
must  be  from  Anglo-Saxon  mist,  English  "  mist." 
There  is  an  Old  German  name  Mistila^  9th  cent., 
which  Weinhold  takes  to  be  a  diminutive  of  the 
above.  We  have  Mist,  and  Mister^  which  may 
possibly  be  a  compound. 

Of  the  same  meaning  and  from  a  similar 
source  to  Mist  might  naturally  be  supposed  to  be 
Fog  and  Foggo.  This,  however,  is  less  certain ; 
there  is  aroot^bc,  for  which  Forstemann  proposes 
Old  Norse  ybA;,  flight,  to  which  they  might  be  put. 

The  name  of  an  old,  probably  a  mythical  king 
of  Denmark  was  Snio  (snow.)  It  enters  into 
some  Old  German  names^  and  hence  may  be  our 
Snow. 


THE  GODS  OF  THE  NORTH.        137 

I  thought  hefore  that  Snowball  might  be  a 
compound  {bald,  fortis),  but  on  the  whole  I  now 
think  that  Mr.  Lower's  derivation  from  a  feudal 
tenure  (Pat.  Britt.J  is  to  be  preferred. 

It  seems  probable  that  something  of  a  mytho- 
logical origin  may  be  assumed  for  the  English 
Rainbow,  the  German  Begsnboqen,  and  the 
French  Eainbeaux  and  Regimbbau — ^the  two 
latter  names  appearing  to  bespeak  for  themselves 
a  considerable  antiquity. 

The  system  of  personification  which  pervaded 
the  Northern  mythology,  and  which,  extending  its 
influence  deep  into  the  middle  ages,  has  left  its 
traces  on  the  popular  mind  of  Europe  to  the 
present  day,  extended  to  the  earth,  the  sun,  the 
moon,  day  and  night,  summer  and  winter.  The 
sun  in  Northern  mythology  was  reckoned  among 
the  goddesses,  being  feminine  in  all  Teutonic 
languages  except  our  own.  The  moon,  on  the 
other  hand,  was  masculine,  being  the  brother  of 
the  sun.  In  some  parts  of  Germany  the  peasantry 
still  give  the  sun  and  moon  the  title  of  Frau  and 
Herr — ^Mrs.  Sun  and  Mr.  Moon. 

I  thought  before  that  the  names  signifying 
sun  and  moon  might  be  derived  from  this  per- 
sonification of  Northern  mythology,  but  I  am 
now  inclined  to  think  that  as  the  worship  of  the 
heavenly  bodies  is  probably  a  relic  of  an  earlier 
creed,  so  the  names  too  may  be  of  a  date  anterior 
to  the  Odinic  system.  From  the  Goth.  sauU, 
Old  Norse  sol,  the  sun,  may  be  the  following. 

B 


138  THE  GODS   OF  THE  NOBTH. 

SllCPLB  VOKMBu 

Old  Qerman  Sol,  Sola,  8th  oent      Also  probably,  as  it 

Bote,  seems  to  me,  though  Forstemann  places  them  elsewhere, 

^^  2aovX  ''Dux  barbaroram,**  ZoHnL  4th  cent,  Saul,  9th  cent. 

Sol,  Saul  (DamBBdayy    Sola,  Lib.  VU.      Eog.  Sols,  Solbt, 

Souii^  Sauu    Mod.  Qerm.  Sohl.    Erenoh  Sol,  Sou^  Saul, 

SouLi^  SonL& 

ooii»>uin)8. 
(Burg,  protection)  Old  German  Solbuig,  9th  cent.  — Eng. 
SoLBEBBY.       {HaH,    warrior)    French    Soulebt,    Solier. 
(Hard)  French  Solabd.    (Rai,  counsel)  French  Solkbbt. 

Of  the  same  meaning,  according  to  Forste- 
mann,  is  the  name  Sunno,  of  a  Frankish  prince  of 
the  4th  cent.,  and  with  which  may  correspond 
Eng.  Sun. 

The  moon,  in  Old  Norse  mdni,  figures  in 
Northern  mythology  as  the  brother  of  the  sim. 
M&ni  occurs  as  a  Scandinavian  name  in  the 
Landnamabok,  but  I  do  not  find  any  trace  of  it 
as  an  ancient  name  among  the  Germans.  Perhaps 
firom  this  origin  may  be  English  Moon,  Moonsy, 
and  Mawnet. 

Hiere  is  a  root  lun,  which  Forstemann,  finding 
names  of  a  simUat  sort,  thinks  may  be  fi*om  Old 
High  Geim.  luna,  Mid.  High  Germ,  lune^  change 
of  the  moon.  He  holds  the  word  to  be  related 
to  the  Latin,  but  not  borrowed  from  it.  Luno  is 
.  mentioned  in  Ossian  as  a  Scandinavian  armoiner, 
and  the  maker  of  Fingal's  swoid.  But  the 
name,  at  least  in  that  form,  could  hardly  be 
Scandinavian.  None  of  the  ancient  names  given 
by  F&rstemann  correspond  with  the  following. 


THE  Q0D8  OF  THE  NOETH.        139 

•DCPLBVOXMB.  LniL 

Eng.  LuHi,  LooMT.    Reach  Lvwuv.  MoonchMgti. 

DIMLNUTIVJL 

French  LuNiu 

OOKPOITimB. 

(Audf  prosperity)  French  Lvkauo.      (Hard)  French  (or 

ItaL  t)  LUKABDL 

Some  other  names,  such  as  English  Sunbise» 
SiFNSHiNE^  German  Monsghein,  Germ.  Mobgek- 
STERN  (morning-star),  Abekdstebk  (evening- 
8tar)»  MoBGENBOT  (morning-red),  Abenbbot 
(evening-red),  &c.,  may  be  from  a  similar  origin. 
Abendrot  was  the  name  of  a  spirit  of  light 
(GrvmmCs  Deutsch.  Myth.)  I  do  not  know  what 
to  say  of  such  names  as  Faibweatheb  and  Fine* 
weatheb^  except  that  the  Germans  have  similar 
— e.g.,  SgoblOkwetteb,  Bobewetteb^  &c. 

The  worship  of  the  goddess  Hertha  (the  per- 
sonified earth)  was  no  doubt  of  remote  antiquity 
among  the  Germans.  She  is  reckoned  among 
the  goddesses  in  the  system  of  Northern 
mythology,  but  this,  I  take  it,  is  a  relic  of  a  more 
ancient  myth.  A  root  jord,  which  seems  to  be 
from  Old  Norse  jord,  terra,  comes  before  us  in 
some  ancient  names,  and  we  seem,  as  below,  to 
have  it  both  in  this  and  the  Saxon  form  eorthe. 


SIMPLE  rOBMS. 

Eng.  Eabth,  Eabtht,  Jukd.      Modem  Qcnnan  Esd. 
French  Jobdy,  Joubdy,  Joubdk 

OOMFOUSBa  « 

(ffarif  warrior)  French  Jobdset,  JotrBDniaK. 


JonL 
Euih. 


140        THE  OODB  OF  THE  NOBTH. 

EXTENDED  BOOT. 

Old  German  JoidoneSy  JordannBy  5th  cent.* — Jordan' 
Jordan,  Lib  VU.  Eng.  Jordan^  Jobtot.  Modem  German 
JoBDAN.     French  Jovbdah. 

The  name  of  Einda,  one  of  the  wives  of 
Odin,  is  derived  by  Grimm  from  Old  High 
Germ,  rinta^  Ang.-Saxon  rind,  Eng.  "  rind,*'  and 
explained  as  signifying  the  crust  of  the  earth. 
From  this  source  may  be  our  names  Rind, 
BiNDLE,  Kinder,  though  rand,  shield,  is  liable 
to  intermix.  There  is  one  Old  German  name 
Bindolt,  which  Forstemann  brings  in  as  above. 

The  Old  High  German  himily  heaven,  occurs 
frequently  in  ancient  names,  where  it  is  probably 
from  a  mythological  origin.  We  have  the  corres- 
ponding Saxon  word  in  our  name  Heaven,  but 
it  may  be,  as  Mr.  Lower  thinks,  only  a  cockney 
form  of  Evan.  Himhel  is  a  Mod.  Germ,  name 
and  HiMELY  is  a  French  name. 

From  a  similar  mythological  personification 
may  be  our  names  Summer  and  Winter.  These 
have  been  supposed  to  be  derived  from  persons 
having  been  bom  at  these  seasons.  But  it  seems 
to  me  that  though  a  man  might  naturally  enough 
be  called  Friday  because  he  was  bom  on  a 
Friday ;  or  Christmas,  Noel,  or  Yule,  because  he 
came  into  the  world  at  that  festive  season  ;  yet 
to  call  him  Summer  because  he  was  bom  in  all 
summer,  seems  rather  wide.  The  names  at  any 
rate  are  of  great  antiquity.     In  Neugart's  Codex 

*  FOntemann  thlnla  that  aonM  of  theie  naxoM  m»f  be  dadred  from  the 
MoredilTerJordftii. 


THE  GODS  OF  THE  NOBTH.        141 

Diphmaticus  Ahmannice  there  are  two  brothers 
called  respectively  Sumar  and  Wintar,  a.d.  858. 
And  Winter  was  the  name  of  one  of  the  com- 
panions of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Hereward.  With 
the  English  Summeb  correspond  Mod.  Germ,  and 
Danish  Sxjmmeb^  French  Summer  and  Sommaibe. 
The  French  has  also  Sommerahd,  which  seems 
to  be  a  compound.  Winter  is  likewise  a  Modem 
German,  Danish,  and  French  name,  but  there  is 
another  word,  elsewhere  introduced,  which  is  apt 
to  mix  up  with  it. 

The  Eng.  name  Troix  and  the  French  Troly 
may  be  from  Old  Norse  trolly  a  demon.  There 
was  a  Danish  family  named  Trolle,  of  great  im- 
portance in  the  15th  or  16th  cent.,  who  bore  in 
their  coat  of  anns  a  headless  troll  or  demon.  The 
name  and  the  arms  were  assumed  in  commemora- 
tion of  an  exploit  of  their  ancestor  in  decapitating 
a  troll-wife,  which,  sooth  to  say,  he  seems  to  have 
done  in  anything  but  a  chivalrous  manner,  while 
she  was  presenting  him  with  a  drinking  horn 
(Thoiye's  North.  Myth.)  Trollo  was  also  an  Old 
German,  and  Trolle  is  a  Mod.  Germ.  name.  Our 
name  Trail  is  supposed  (Folks  of  Shields)  to  be 
a  corruption  of  Troll,  though  etymologically  it 
would  go  better  to  another  root. 

The  following  root  Forstemann  derives  from 
Goth,  alhs.  Old  High  Germ.  afotA,*  Anglo-Saxon 

•  The/kwaanodoaUIn  ttdaand  BtmUaroues  itronglr  uplnrted,  like  the 
Hod.  OeniL  ek. 


142        THB  QODS  OF  THE   NORTH. 

ecUh,  temple.      An  intermixture  with  halig,  holy» 
is  easy — ^indeed  the  two  roots  seem  to  be  cognate. 

SIMPLE  FOBMB. 

Aik,Bik.        ^^^  German  Alaoh^  ElachuB,  8th  cent.      Allic^  Alidh 
Temide.   (DomudoAf).      Eog.  Atjjck,  AuiIZ,  Eul      French  Aux, 
Elck£ 

OOlfPOUNDB. 

(Hard)  Old  German  EQdhard,  8th  oent.^-Anglo-Saxon 
Alcheard,  Cod.  Dip.  520.— English  Atj.cari) — French 
AucHARD.  {Here^  warrior)  Old  German  Alcher,  8th  cent, 
— English  Alxer — French  Alquieb.       {Ward,  guardian) 

Eng.  AUKWABD  tt 

According  to  the  tradition  of  Northern 
mythology  the  first  man  and  woman  were  created 
out  of  two  pieces  of  wood  left  by  the  waves  upon 
the  beach.  The  man  was  called  Askr,  which 
means  **  ash/'  and  we  may  presume  has  reference 
to  the  wood  out  of  which  he  was  formed.  Many 
men  in  after  times  were  called  after  the  Teutonic 
Adam,  as,  for  instance,  iEsc,  son  of  Hengist.  We 
have  Ask,  Ash,  and  various  compounds,  but  I 
am  inclined  to  think  that  the  warlike  sense  de- 
rived from  the  spear  (which  was  made  of  ash- 
wood),  is  stronger  than  the  mythologicaL 

The  first  woman  was  caUed  Embla,  the  meaning 
of  which  is  not  very  dear.  According  to  Grimm, 
it  is  derived  from  Old  Norse  ami,  ambl,  assiduous 
labour,  a  derivation  which,  however,  seems  open 
to  considerable  doubt.  The  name  of  the  Teutonic 
Eve  is  stUl  found  in  the  Christian  names  of 
women,  as  AmeUa^  Emily,  and  Emmeline,  though 

t  Thongh  thlf  Mems  s  natoral  oompoond,  j9t  we  find  no  uietont  nme  to 
ooRwpo&d,  and  It  may  be  on]y  a  oomiption  of  Aukjajux 


THB  GODS  OF  THB  NORTH.        143 

perhaps  the  Latin  Emilia  may  intermix.  The 
word,  however,  was  by  no  means  confined  to  the 
names  of  women,  being  foimd  in  the  name  Amal, 
of  one  of  the  Anses,  or  deified  ancestors  of  the 
Ooth&  It  was  most  common  among  the  West 
Gk>ths ;  scarce  among  the  Saxona 

flDfPUE  rOBlffll 

Old  Oerman  Amala^  Amelias,  Emila,  Almo,  namoB  oi 
men,  5tih  cent.  Amalifty  Ambla,  Emilo,  names  of  women, 
8th  cent  Eng.  TTAmfn.T.,  Emly,  Emblow.  Mod  Oennan 
Emelb,  Emxxl.    fVench  Amail,  Emvel. 

PIMmUTlVEH. 

Old  German  Amalin,  Amblinus,  men's  names,  9th  cent. 
Amelina,  woman's  name,  11th  cent — Amelina  (woman  t) 
Lib,  VU,  English  Emltk,  Emblin,  Emblem)  French 
Ameldt,  Emelin. 

patbontmicb. 

Old  German  Amalong,  5th  cent.      English  Hamuno, 
Hamblhto.     Mod  Germ.  Amelukq.     French  Ameliko. 
ooMK)nin)6. 

{OoTy  spear)  Old  German  Amalgor^  Emelgar,  7th  cent. — 
English  Almigeb^  Etj.kaekr  {Hard,  fortis)  Old  German 
Amalhart,  Amblard,  9th  cent. — French  Amblabd.  (Hari, 
warrior)  Old  German  Amalhari,  Amalher,  5th  cent. — Eng. 
Amwi.kb,  EMEr.ER  (Man J  Eng.  Amblbman,  Ampleman — 
Mod  German  Hamelmanit.  (Ric^  powerful)  Old  German 
Amalaricus,  West  Gothic  king,  6th  cent,  Almerich,  10th 
cent — French  Elmebigol 

Lastly — ^I  do  not  think  that  any  of  the  names 
which  seem  to  be  derived  from  the  classical 
deities  are  so  in  reality.  There  are  indeed  Mabs» 
Bacchus,  Venus,  Cupid,  and  Pan  ;  also  French 
Mabs,  Janus,  Minebve,  and  German  Pallas, 
but  not  •*  ut  sunt  divorum.''     Bacchus  is  the 


144        THE  GODS  OF  THE  NOBTH. 

same  as  Bace:house,  which  seems  local,  like  the 
Modem  German  Backhaus  and  Backho£  Venus 
is  also  local,  as  shown  by  Mr.  Lower — ^  Stephen 
de  Venuse,  Miles,  temp.  Edw.  Isf  Cupid  I 
put  along  with  Cubitt  and  Cupit.  Mabs  cor- 
responds with  an  Old  German  Marso,  7th  cent., 
which  Forstemann  refers  to  the  German  tribe  of 
the  Marsi  And  the  French  name  Minebve  I 
take  to  be  local,  from  a  place  called  Minerbe,  in 
North  Italy,  though  I  apprehend  that  the  place 
is  named  after  the  goddesa 


CHAPTER  XII. 


THE  HEROES  OF  THE  NORTH. 

In  the  dim  morning  of  the  history  of  our  race, 
when  we  first  find  the  German  tribes  wrestling 
in  their  rude  strength  against  the  power  of 
imperial  Rome — there  stands  out — drawn  by  the 
hand  of  an  immortal  historian — one  taller  by  a 
head  and  shoulders  than  the  rest.  Foiling  in 
their  own  science  Rome's  trained  legions— bafliing 
by  his  singleness  of  purpose  her  crafty  policy — 
resisting  by  his  honesty  her  fatal  blandishments 
— ^we  find  in  him,  the  hero,  the  patriot  Arminius, 
the  first  embodiment  of  that  principle  of  unity 
which  Germany  has  yet  fully  to  learn.  With 
what  generous  appreciation  the  great  historian 
describes  his  country's  foe — ^with  what  elegant 
irony  he  points  his  description.  *"  The  deliverer 
'  of  Grermany  without  doubt  he  was,  and  one  who 
assailed  the  Roman  state,  not  like  other  kings 
and  leaders,  in  its  infancy,  but  in  the  pride  of 
imperial  elevation ;  in  single  encounters  some- 
times victorious,  sometimes  defeated,  but  not 
worsted  in  the  general  issue  of  the  war  ;  he  lived 
thirty-seven  years  ;  twelve  he  was  in  possession 
of  power ;  and  amongst  barbarous  nations  his 
memory  is  stUl  celebrated  in  their  songs  ;  his 


'  Tadtus,  "Annals."     Oxford  translation. 
8 


146       TUB  HEROES  OF  THE  NORTH. 

name  is  unknown  in  the  annals  of  the  Greeks, 
who  only  admire  their  own  achievements  ;  nor 
is  he  very  much  celebrated  among  us  Eomans, 
whose  habit  is  to  magnify  men  and  feats  of  old. 
but  to  rega^  with  indifference  the  examples  of 
modem  prowess.*' 

And  yet  how  few  are  thereat  the  present  day 
who  know  even  the  name  of  this  first  great  man 
of  oin:  race ;  another  Arminius,  the  founder  of 
one  of  the  isms,  is  probably  of  much  more  exten- 
sive reputation. 

The  name  of  Arminius^  Armin,  Elrmii^  or 
Irmin,  is  not,  as  some  writers  have  supposed,  the 
same  as  Herman ;  this  opinion,  as  Fdrstemann 
observes,  is  to  be  considered  as  now  completely 
set  asade.  It  is  a  simple,  not  a  compound  word  ; 
its  Tixyt  is  arm,  et'rn^  irm — ^the  ending  in  being 
caaly  phonetic  ;  its  meaning,  as  Grimm  observes^ 
is  altogether  obscure.  Many  names  compounded 
from  it  occur  in  the  genealogies  of  the  kings  of 
Kent  and  Mercia^  as  Eormenrio,  Eormenred, 
Eomiengild,  &c.  There  are  traces  of  Irmin  as 
the  name  of  a  deity  in  the  andent  'German 
mythology. 

SDfFUS  VOBMB. 

Old  German  Aiminias,  leader  of  the  Ghemski,  let  cent, 
^s^^  Ermin,  Irmina  English  Arhine,  Abkent,  Ehmine,  Har- 
mony. Mod. 'German  IESeihen.  French  Abhent.  ItaliiEUi 
EbIunl 

fGer,  upear)  Old  German  Irmmger,  Stih  eent. — ^English 
ABKmoBB,  iBifitebm^B  ?    {Gcvud,  KMh)  <M  German  Ermin- 


Annln. 


ipu>4,  8th  cent— JVanck  ^.bxikcuud.  (Dip,  ^rvapt)  914 
Genn.  Irminditii  Ermenteo,  7th  cent. — ^French  Armandkau^ 
Abmemti^.  (Deo^,  people)  Old  QermoQ  Irmincleot,  8th  cent. 
— French  Abmakdet. 

"  The  older  and  the  simple  form  of  Irmin,*' 
says  Porstemann,  "  runs  in  the  form  Irm,  Erme^^ 
Iiim/'    To  this  I  place  the  following. 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Old  Germ.  Ermo,  Inna,  8th  cent     Eng.  Harme.     Mod.   Erm,  inn. 
Germ.  Hbrm.     French  Herm^  Hbrmy. 
DDdNurnrBa 

Old  German  Irmiz%  10th  cent. — Pogliab  Aitics. — Modem 
Qerman  EfuoscH — French  4^^|[^,  TTkrmks.  Old  Genow 
Hprmplo,  9th  cent.— rMod.  Germ.  Ermel — French  TTieRMTeT^ 
Old  Germ.  Ermelenus,  7th  cent. — French  Hbrmrltkr. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Qofy  sj^eai)  Old  German  Ermgar,  5th  cent — ^English 
ABJiia^R.  (Gi9,  hoetage)  014  German  Ermgia,  8^  pept — 
Fr^ch  BE^4ai&  (jSfjdUm,  rsjleve)  Old  Germ.  Ermegild-T- 
Eng.  Arx€K>ld.  (ffadf  war)  Old  Germ,  ^mhad,  9th  cent. 
— Eng.  A  KM  AT — ^French  4-»met.  {Eari,  warrior)  Old  Germ. 
Ermhar,  8th  cent — Hermeros,  Domesday — Eng.  Armour, 
Armory,  Harmkr — French  Hkrmtkr.  (Rtul,  ooundl)  Old 
Germ.  Ermerad,  8th  cent — Eng.  OsLMfsmoD. 

But  £df  tlie  most  part  the  heroes  of  the  North 
aare  legendary  ^ther  than  historical  At  the 
same  time  it  must  not  be  oyerlooked  that  legends 
and  traditions  are  the  most  ancient  vehicle  of 
histoiy,  and  that  as  a  general  rule  we  may  accept 
the  azistfinee  of  the  hero,  whatever  amount  of 
faith  we  may  be  disposed  to  place  in  the  story  of 
ids  achieyementa 

The  most  ancient  heroic  poem  in  the  Teutonic 
language  at  present  discovered  is  probably  the 


148       THE  HEROES  OF  THE  NORTH. 

Ang.-Saxon  lay  which  recounts  the  achievements 
of  Beowulf  the  Scylding.  The  Scyldings  (in 
Ang.-Sax.  Scyldingas,  in  Old  Norse  Skioldungar) 
were  an  illustrious  race,  the  descendants  of  Scyld 
or  Skiold,  a  name  which  respectively  in  Anglo- 
Saxon  and  Old  Norse  signifies  "  shield."  The 
Danish  traditions  make  their  Skiold  the  son  of 
Odin  and  first  king  of  Denmark,  but  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  genealogies  make  their  Scyld  an  ancestor 
of  Woden.  Beowulf,  as  the  son  of  Scyld,  was  the 
Scylding  by  pre-eminence,  though  aU  his  people 
are  called  Scyldings.  Our  names  Shield,  Skeld- 
ING,  Scolding,  Skoulding,  I  have  taken  to  be 
from  this  origin.  As  to  the  name  Beowulf  if  we 
could  suppose  the  right  form  to  be  Beahwul^  it 
would  be  firom  Ang.-Sax.  heag^  heah,  ring,  crown, 
bracelet,  and  would  correspond  with  an  Old 
Germ.  Baugulf.  Or  it  might  be,  as  Bosworth 
has  it,  a  contraction  of  Beadowulf.  Mr.  Kemble, 
however,  and  following  him,  Miss  Yonge,  derive 
it  from  beo,  harvest. 

According  to  the  Ang.-Saxon  genealogy  the 
father  of  Scyld  was  called  SceaC  which  signifies 
sheaf:  and  whence  perhaps  the  English  name 
Sheap. 

The  legend,  as. related  in  the  Anglo-Saxon 
chronicles  is  that,  as  an  infant  and  asleep,  he  was 
brought  by  the  waves  in  a  small  boat,  with  a  sheaf 
of  com  at  his  head,  to  an  island  of  Germany  called 
Scani  or  Skandza.  The  inhabitants,  struck  by 
the  apparently  miraculous  nature  of  the  circum- 


THE  HEROES  OF  THE  NOBTH.       149 

stances,  adopted  him,  gave  him  the  name  of  Scef, 
and  eventually  making  him  their  king,  he  reigned 
in  the  town  which  **  was  then  called  Slaswic,  but 
now  Haithebi'^ — ^the  locality  mafking  the  legend 
as  probably  an  Angle  one.  Very  poetically  in 
the  poem  of  Beowulf  (though  the  legend  is  by 
mistake  transferred  to  his  son  Scyld),  he  is  repre- 
sented, at  the  close  of  his  long  and  prosperous 
reign,  as  placed  by  his  own  last  command  in  a 
ship,  surrounded  by  the  arms  and  ornaments  of  a 
king,  and  again  committed  to  the  waves  which 
had  laid  him  as  an  in&nt  on  the  shore.  The 
story  is  so  poetical,  both  in  sentiment  and  expres- 
sion, that  I  may  be  excused  in  quoting  a  part  of 
it  from  the  translation  of  Mr.  Thorpe,  again  re- 
marking that  Scef,  and  not  Scyld,  should  have 
been  the  hero. 

"  Scyld  then  departed 
at  his  fisited  time, 
the  much  strenous,  to  go 
into  the  Lord's  keeping. 
They  him  then  bore  away 
To  the  sea-shore, 
his  dear  companions, 
as  he  had  himself  enjoined. 
*        «         •        • 

There  at  the  hithe  stood 
the  ring-prowed  ship 
icy  and  eager  to  depart^ 
the  prince's  vehicle. 
lliey  kid  then 
the  beloTed  chie^ 
the  dispenser  of  rings^ 


IflO  TH£  HEBOBS  09  THB  NORTH. 

ii»  jpracit  one  by  the  mast ; 

th^re  were  treasores  many 

from  far  ways 

eraameutB  broagbt 

X  have  Aot  heard  of  a  oonelier 

k^  adome4 

With  w^-weaponn 

%Dd  martial  weeds, 
•         *         •        • 

Men  oanxiot 
say  ftMf  8o«th, 
pouneillQBa  m  hall 
heroes  un4er  heaven, 
who  that  lading  re^ceived.** 

Does  not  this  warrior's  fun0raJ,  ixi  tlie  oldest 
h^TQm  poeiQ  of  our  laaguagp.  renuQ(i  us  somewhat 
in  its  toue  pf  Tennyson's  ode  on  the  funeral  of 
Wellington  ? 

Among  the  heroiq  romance  pf  Germany  the 
most  notable  is  the  Nibdungm^U^d,  or  lay  of  the 
Nibelungs.  The  name  Nibelung  is  a  patronymic 
or  a  diminutive  of  the  name  Nibel,  which  the 
German  writers  refer  to  Old  High  German  nibidf 
Modem  German  nebelf  a  jnist.  Mono,  in  his 
Heldensage,  hm  with  gi:^  labour  collected 
examples  of  this  name  from  all  parts  of  Germany, 
as  well  as  the  countnes  into  which  the  Germans 
have  imported  it.  From  the  following  list  of 
Lombard  names,  it  will  be  seen  thjat  he  makes 
the  name  Napoleon  identic^Jt 

Neapoleo  de   TJrainiB^    190^ — ^l^apolio  fipinula,    naval 
captain  of  the  GibeUines  at  Oenea^  1889— STevolonaa,  a  oon- 


ims  H£B(»BB  09*  ins  NOKSH.  ISl 

feasor  at  Vsmm,  IddO^Neapolion^  liead  oTthe  Gibettmee  «ib 
Borne  under  Fred.  2nd — Napolione  Yisconte  di  Camplglii^ 
1199,  &c 

He  fiirther  remarks,  though  in  language  some- 
what wanting  in  clearness  ''  The  name  seems  to 
have  come  to  the  Lombards  through  two  causes. 
When  we  find  the  Napoleons  in  alliance  with  the 
Gibellines  (more  evidenoes  thereof  would  be  desir* 
able),  the  question  arises  whether  or  not  this  is 
accidental  Napoleon  is  the  older  name^  and 
more  nearly  expresses  the  correct  form.  I  cannot 
account  for  its  transmission  to  Italy  except 
through  the  Frankirfi  conquest  of  Lombardy.t 
But  as  yet  I  have  not  been  able  to  meet  with  any 
ancient  examples.'^ 

I  do  not  find  the  form  Nibdui^^  except  in  the 
name  Nefflen  quoted  by  Mr.  Bowditch,  and 
whidi  looks  like  an  English  name,  though  there 
are  several  examples  of  the  simple  form  Nibel  as 
below. 

SIMPLE  FOBIIS. 

Old 'Germ.  Nivalus,  ^Nevelo,  Novol,  6th  cent.      English^^N'^ 
Ihsuyt,  Krv^OLEY,  VEynxB,  Novell,  No&le  9   -Mod.  ^Unli. 
KmasM,  NiBSL.    Fzencli  Nibelle,  NiVBLfisiu,  Noysl. 

The  Qerman  hero-book  tefers  to  a  king 
Orendel  or  ikrentel,  whom  it  describes  as  the 
greatest  of  all  h*oes,  and  whose  wife  was  ithe 
most  beautiful  among  women.  In  the  story  of 
his  shipwreck  and  subsequent  adventures  Ghrimm 
traoes  a  dose  resemblance  to  the  story  of  U^y^ses. 

-- -   ■    f  ♦  •  •  -  ■». — •  r  '  I  •         -1 

*  Older  iluui  Ne»poleon  I  suppoae  is  all  that  he 


152       THE   HSBOES  OF  THE  NOBTH. 

The  origin  of  the  name  appears  to  be  Ang.-Sax. 
earendd,  a  beam  of  light,  a  star.  An  Ang.-Sax. 
hymn  to  the  Virgin  Mary  in  the  Cod.  Ex.,  seems 
to  apostrophize  her  under  this  title. 

<<  Eala  Earendel,  engla  beorhtast" 
O  star,  brightest  of  angebi ! 

The  names  Aurendil,  Orendil,  Orentil,  occur 
Star,  frequently  in  the  8th  and  subsequent  centuries  ; 
among  others  was  a  coimt  of  Bavaria.  In  the 
old  metrical  romauce  of  Sir  Bevis  of  Hamptonn, 
his  "  good  steed"  is  called  by  the  name  of  Arundel, 
which  has  been  presumed,  though  I  think  with- 
out sufficient  reason,  to  be  a  corruption  of 
hirondeUe,  a  swallow.  Abondel  is  not  uncom- 
mon as  a  French  name  ;  there  are  five  persons  so 
called  in  the  directory  of  Paris.  In  Holinshed's 
copy  of  the  Roll  of  Battle  Abbey  is  an  Arundel, 
but  it  is  not  in  all  the  othera  The  English  name 
Abundel  may  be  in  all,  or  in  some  cases,  from 
the  place. 

Of  Weland,  the  wonderfiil  smith,  the  Vulcan 
of  Northern  mythology,  many  traces  are  to  be 
found  in  this  country.  There  is  a  place  in  Berks, 
called  Wayland's  Smithy,  which  retains  its  name 
firom  Ang.-Sax.  times.  And  our  names  Weland 
and  Wayland  are,  I  take  it,  derived  from  him. 
The  etymology  of  the  name  I  have  elsewhere 
referred  to. 

The  fether  of  Weland  is  called  in  Ang.-Saxon 
Wada^  in  Old  Norse  Vadi,  in  Old  High  German 
Wato.      He  was  the  son  of  the  celebrated  king 


THE  HEROES  OF  THE  NORTH.       153 

Vilkinr  or  Wilkin,  by  a  mer-wife,  and  was  a  hero 
of  gigantic  size.  Some  traces  of  him  are  to  be 
found  in  our  early  English  poets  ;  Chaucer  cele- 
brates Wade's  boat  called  Guingelot.  In  the 
Sc6p  or  Bard's  Tale  we  are  told  that  "  Wada 
ruled  over  the  Helsings/'  a  Scandinavian  tribe  of 
whose  name  memorials  are  to  be  found  in  Hel- 
singor  (now  Elsinore),  Helsingfors,  in  Finland, 
and  perhaps  in  one  place  in  England,  Helsington 
in  Cumberland.  As  to  the  meaning  of  his  name, 
Grimm  says  ''  I  think  that  it  is  derived  from  his 
having,  like  another  Christopher,  with  his  son 
upon  his  shoulders,  waded  over  the  nine-ell-deep 
Groenasund,  between  Seeland,  Falster,  and  Moen.* 
Our  names  Wade,  Wadd,  Watt,  &c.,  elsewhere 
introduced,  I  have  hence  derived. 

The  brother  of  Weland  was  called  in  Anglo- 
Saxon  Aegel,  in  Old  Norse  EgiL  As  Weland 
was  celebrated  as  a  smith,  so  was  his  brother  as 
an  archer,  and  precisely  the  same  legend  is  related 
of  him  as  of  the  Swiss  TelL  Having  been  com- 
manded by  the  king  Nidung  to  shoot  an  apple 
off  the  head  of  his  son,  and  having  taken  two 
arrows  from  his  quiver,  the  king  demanded  his 
reason  for  so  doing,  and  received  the  same  bold 
reply  that  was  given  to  the  tyrant  Gessler.  The 
same  myth  re-appears  elsewhere  with  slight 
variations  and  different  heroes ;  whether  the 
legend  of  Aegel  is  the  foundation  of  all  the  others, 
or  whether  it  is  to  be  traced  back  to  a  stiU  more 
ancient  source,  we  cannot  say.     The  following 

T 


154       THE  HEBOB8  OF  THE  NORTH. 

group  of  names  are  to  be  referred  to  this  ori^n, 
but  the  meaning  of  the  word  is  obscura  The 
form  ail  for  agil  seems»  as  Forstemann  observes^ 
to  be  more  particularly  Saxon. 

aiMFUE  lOSMB. 

A«ii,  AIL  Old  Qerman  Agila  (king  of  the  West  Goths,  6th  oentX 
Aigil,  I^gil,  AilOy  Aila  Eng.  Eaglb,  Eqlst,  Atle,  Alk, 
Atlet,  OnjEY.  Mod.  GeriiL  Eoel^  Etu  Fren.  AiguilliS, 
EoLE,  EoLT,  Ayel,  Aillt. 

DnnKunvK 

Old  Oerm.  Agilin,  Aglin,  Ailin,  7th  cent.-— Eng.  AoLUTy 
'    Eaolino,  Atuno — French  Egaloh. 

ooiCFOtrNDei 

(B«ri,  bright)  Old  Oerman  Agilbert,  7th  cent — ^Angjlo- 
Saxon  Aegelbeorht — French  Ajalbebt.  (Ger,  spear)  Old 
Oerm.  EigUger,  Ailger,  8th  cent  — Eng.  Ailgeb.  (Hard J 
Old  Oerman  Agilard,  Ailard,  7th  cent. — English  Atlabo — 
French  Aillabd.  (ffcm,  warrior)  Old  Germ  Agelhar,  8th 
cent — ^Eng.  Aguilab.*  (Man)  Old  Germ.  Aigliman,  6th 
cent — Eng.  Ajllkak,  Alexav.  (Jfor,  famous)  Old  German 
Agilmar,  Ailemar,  8th  cent^Eng.  Atlmeb.  {Ra/t,  counsel) 
Old  German  Agilrat,  Eilrat,  8th  cent. — French  Ajllebet. 
(Ward,  guardian)  Old  German  Agilward,  Ailward,  8th  cent. 
— Eng.  Atlwabd.  (Wine,  friend)  Old  German  Agilwin^ 
Eilewin,  8th  cent — Ang.-Sax.  Aegelwine— Eng.  Atlwdt. 

The  son  of  Weland  was  called  in  Ang.^Saxon 
Wudga,  in  Old  Norse  Vidga^  in  Old  High  Germ. 
Wittich,  and  in  an  tmpublished  Low  Germ,  poem 
referred  to  by  Grimm,  Wedege.  The  name, 
according  to  Grimm,  signifies  silvicola,  being  a 
diminutive  fix>m  the  root  wudu^  witu^  vidr,  wood. 
Corresponding  English  names  are  Wedge,  Vetch, 
WnrncH,  Whittook. 

•  TUa  name  1>,  I  beUera^  ImmedUtoly  datlTvd  from  Sp«liL 


THE  HEROES  OF  THE  NORTH.       155 

Other  heroes  of  the  Nibeltingen  Leid  were 
Gunter  or  Gunther,  Hagan,  Hildebrand,  and 
Hawart.  The  German  Gunter  corresponds  with 
the  Old  Norse  Gunner  of  the  Volsungasaga  ;  the 
etymon  is  gvnn,  gund,  war,  and  hence  our  names 
Gunter,  Gunther,  Gunner,  &c.,  mtroduced  in 
another  place.  Hagan,  according  to  Lachmann 
(Kritik  der  sage  von  den  NibelungenJ,  is  **  more 
than  heroic."  The  name  comes  in  a  group  else- 
where noticed  ;  according  to  Grimm  its  meaning 
is  spinoms^  thorny.  Hawart  is  described  as  a 
king  of  Denmark,  and  I  think  that  our  corres- 
ponding names  (Haward,  Howard,  &a)  are 
more  particularly  of  Scandinavian  origin.  Never- 
theless, according  to  Mone,  there  are  many  in- 
stances of  the  name  Haward  or  Hawart  in 
Southern  Germany  during  the  12th  and  two 
following  centuries. 

It  is  to  be  remarked  that  in  the  poetic  legends 
of  various  coimtries  we  frequently  find  something 
uncommon  or  supernatural  attaching  to  the  birth 
or  to  the  rearing  of  the  hero.  Sometimes  he  is 
the  ofispring  of  a  mortal  and  a  divinity  ;  some- 
times of  a  mortal  and  one  of  the  nobler  animals, 
as  the  bear  or  the  wolf ;  more  frequently  he  is 
only  reared  or  suckled  by  one  or  other  of  these 
animals.  Grimm  has  remarked  (Deutsch.  Myth.) 
that  something  of  the  heroic  character  frequently 
attaches  to  one  not  bom  in  the  natural  manner,  but 
cut  untimely  from  his  mother's  womb.  Such,  among 
many  other  instances,  was  the  Scottish  Macduff* 


156       THE  HEBOES  OF  THE  NORTH. 

Matheth — ^I  bear  a  channed  life,  which  must  not  yield 

To  oae  of  woman  bom — 
Macduff—  Despair  thy  charm ; 

And  let  the  angel  whom  thou  still  hast  served 

Tell  thee— MacdniOr  was  from  his  mother's  womb 

Untimely  ripped — 
Macbeth — ^Accursed  be  the  tongue  that  teOs  me  so. 

.       .       .       Ill  not  fight  with  thee. 

The  title  of  ungehomey  "  unborn/"  is  given  to 
some  of  the  heroes  of  German  romance,  and  the 
corresponding  one  of  dborni  occurs  in  the  Scan- 
dinavian Eddas.  From  this  latter  I  before  took 
to  be  our  name  Oborn  ;  it  might,  however,  be 
properly  Hobom,  from  the  root  hoh,  hoCy  celsus. 

It  is  also  to  be  noted  that  the  wearing  of  the 
hair  long,  or  curled,  or  fastened  up  in  a  peculiar 
manner,  was  held  among  the  ancient  Germans  as 
a  badge  of  the  hero.  To  this  I  have  alluded  in 
another  chapter. 

It  is  to  be  remarked  that  among  the  Anglo- 
Saxons  and  other  Teutonic  races  there  was  a  sort 
of  nobility  arising  from  connection  with  a  distin- 
guished ancestor.  The  whole  of  the  descendants 
of  such  a  man  frequently  took  his  name,  with  the 
addition  of  ingr,  giving  the  meaning  of"  descendant 
o£"  not  as  their  own  individual  name,  but  as  a 
family  or  clan  name.  Thus  as  well  as  being  a 
simple  patronymic,  in  the  manner  referred  to  at 
p.  31,  ing  is  often  applied  as  the  badge  of  a  family 
or  tribe.  Thus  from  the  name  of  Uffa,  king  of 
East  Anglia,  his  posterity  were  called  Uffings 
(Uffingas.)  In  the  life  of  St.  Guthlac  mention  is 
made  of  a  Mercian  nobleman  who  is  said  to  have 


THE  HEROEd  OF  THE  NORTH.       157 

been  '*  of  the  oldest  race,  and  the  noblest  that 
was  named  Iclingas/^  In  the  genealogy  of  the 
Mercian  kings  there  is  an  Icil,  who  most  probably 
was  the  foimder  of  the  Iclinga  The  names 
Hick,  Higkukg,  &c.,  elsewhere  introduced,  I 
have  referred  to  this  origin. 

The  Billings  were  a  powerfiil  and  celebrated 
family  in  North  Germany  during  the  10th  and 
11th  centTuies,  and  there  is  some  trace  of  them 
a  himdred  years  further  back  (Grimm's  Deutsch. 
Myth.)  We  seem  to  have  a  still  earlier  trace  of 
them  in  the  Scop  or  Bard's  song,  where  we  are 
told  that  "  BiUing  ruled  the  Wems"  (the  Verini), 
a  people  on  the  Elbe.  There  was  also  a  noble 
family  named  Bille  in  Denmark  The  Billings 
seem,  from  the  names  of  places,  as  weU  as  from 
the  names  of  families,  to  have  made  considerable 
settlements  in  England.  The  etymology  is  else- 
where referred  to. 

The  Harlings  (Herelingas)  are  another  people 
mentioned  in  the  Scop  or  Bard's  song.  Their 
locality  was  on  the  banks  of  the  Bhine.  There 
is  a  castle  of  Alsatia  called  Brisach,  from  which 
all  the  adjacent  country  is  called  Brisach-gowe, 
which  is  reported  to  have  been  anciently  the 
fortress  of  those  who  were  called  Harlimgi 
(W.  Grimm's  Held.  Sag.)  We  have  the  names 
Hi^KUNG,  Harle,  referred  to  in  next  chapter. 

Sometimes  irig  has  the  still  wider  sense  of 
nationality.  Thus  from  Skiold  the  son  of  Odin, 
and  first  Tfi^g  of  Denmark  according  to  Danish 


158       THE  HBROES  OF  THE  NORTH. 

tradition,  the  Danes  were  called   Skioldungar 
(Skioldings). 

The  Hokings  are  a  people  mentioned  in  the 
Sodp  or  Bard's  song — **  Unsef  ruled  the  Hokinga'' 
These  seem  to  have  been  a  Frisian  people,  and  to 
have  derived  their  name  from  a  Hoce  mentioned 
in  the  poem  of  Beowulf.  Mr.  Kemble  observes 
(ArchcBological  Journal  J  that  Hoce  is  "  a  reaUy 
mythical  personage,  probably  the  ?ieros  eponymus 
of  the  Frisian  tribe,  the  founder  of  the  Hokings, 
and  a  progenitor  of  the  imperial  race  of  Gharle- 
magna"'  The  etymology  and  the  names  we  have 
corresponding  are  referred  to  in  another  place. 

It  would  seem  that  a  surname  acquired  by 
some  distinguished  man  was  ofton  conferred  on 
others  as  a  baptismal  name,  probably  on  no  other 
ground  than  that  of  hero  worship.  Thus  Magnus, 
king  of  Norway,  acquired  the  name  of  Barfot 
(bare-foot),  on  account  of  having  adopted  the  kilt 
when  in  Scotland.  And  Barfot  ever  since  has 
been  a  common  name  in  the  Scandinavian  coun- 
tries. Babefoot  is  also  an  English  name. 
Probably  also  on  the  same  principle  it  is  that  we 
have  the  name  of  Ibonsidk  There  was  a  cele- 
brated Norwegian  pirate  named  Olver,  who,  set- 
ting his  face  against  the  then  fisiahionable  amuse- 
ment of  tossing  children  on  spears,  was  christened 
by  his  companions,  to  show  their  sense  of  his  odd 
scruples,  Bamakarl  or  Bamakal,  ''  babies'  old 
man.''  Hence  possibly  may  be  our  name 
Babnacle. 


THE  HEBOES  OF  THE  NOBTH.       159 

There  is  yet  another  name  which  I  have  re>- 
fierved  as  a  worthy  oonclusion  to  this  chapter. 
Very  &mous  in  early  English  romance  was  the 
Danish  hero  Havelok^  of  whom  some  traces  are 
still  to  be  found  in  the  local  traditions  of  lincoln^ 
shira  There  is  a  street  in  Grimsby  called  Have* 
lock  Street ;  and  there  was,  according  to  the 
**  History  of  Lincolnshire,^  a  stone,  said  to  have 
been  brought  by  the  Danes  out  of  their  own 
country,  and  known  as  "  Haveloc's  stone,"  which 
used  to  form  a  land-mark  between  Grimsby  and 
the  parish  of  Wello-v?.  That  the  Danes  would 
take  the  trouble  of  biingrng  a  stone  out  of  their 
own  country  is  not  very  probable — but  it  is 
possible.  The  stone  in  question  may  have  been 
a  bauta  or  memorial  stone  ;  and  some  Northman, 
from  a  motive  of  superstition  or  pious  friendship, 
might  wish  to  consecrate  the  shores  of  his  new 
home  with  the  memorial  of  a  revered  ancestor. 

Havelok  was  not  a  common  Danish,  as  it  is 
not  a  common  English  name.  Its  proper  Scan- 
dinavian form  I  should  assume  to  be  Hafleik, 
from  haf,  the  sea,  and  leik,  sport.  War  being  the 
game  of  heroes,  the  termination  hik  or  lac  is 
frequently  coupled  with  a  prefix  of  that  meaning. 
But  there  was  another  pastime  in  which  the 
Northmen  pre-eminently  rejoiced.  To  them  the 
sea  was  "  a  delight,"  and  there  were  bold  Vikings 
who  could  make  the  boast  that  they  had  **  never 
slept  under  the  shelter  of  a  roof,  or  drained  the 
horn  at  a  cottage  fire."    Thus  then  the  name 


160       THE  HEROES  OF  THE  NORTH. 

Havelok,  "  sea-sport,"  would  be  a  name  than 
which  we  could  find  no  more  appropriate  for  one 
of  the  wild  sea  rovers. 

And  among  the  many  brave  men  raised  up  in 
our  time  of  great  need,  let  us  acknowledge  with 
thankfulness  and  pride  the  daimtless  valour  of  the 
old  Danish  hero,  tempered  by  a  christian  spirit, 
in  our  own  gallant  Havblock. 


CHAPTER  XIIL 


THB   WABBIOB   AND    HIS   ABMa 

In  an  age  when  war  was — ^if  not  the  "  whole 
duty/'  at  least  the  main  business  of  man — ^names 
taken  from  the  pastime  in  which  he  delighted, 
and  the  weapons  in  which  he  trusted,  were  aa 
natural  as  they  were  common.  And,  directly  or 
indirectly — ^from  words  signifying  ^war,  battle, 
death,  slaughter,  victory — ^from  words  signifying 
strength,  valour,  and  fierceness — ^from  words 
signifying  arms  and  warlike  implements — or  from 
words  signifying  to  wound,  to  slay,  to  strike,  to 
crush — there  are  probably  as  many  names  from 
this  source  as  from  all  other  sources  put  together. 

Of  such  ungentle  origin  were  the  names  of 
women  as  weU  as  men.  Indeed  two  of  the  prin- 
cipal words  signifying  war,  hild,  and  gund  or 
ffunn,  are  more  especially  common  in  the  names 
of  women,  and  sometimes,  as  in  the  Norse  Gun- 
hilda,  and  the  Old  German  Hildigunda,  these  two 
words  are  joined  together.  They  are  stiU  retained 
in  some  female  christian  names,  as  in  the  Danish 
HiUe  and  Gunnila ;  in  our  Matilde,  French 
Mathilde ;  and  in  the  French  and  ItaL  Clothilde. 
The  reason  for  the  particular  use  of  these  two 
woords  in  the  names  of  women  is  to  be  found  in 
Northern  mythology,  where  Hild  and  Gunnare 

u 


162  THB  WABRIOB  AKD  HIS  ASMS. 

the  names  of  two  of  the  Yalkyrjur,  maidens 
appointed  by  Odin  to  select  the  victims  in  battle, 
and  also  to  wait  upon  the  heroes  in  Valhalla. 

Our  name  Hill  has  been  generally  supposed 
to  be  local,  from  residence  on  or  near  a  hilL  But 
I  think  it  will  be  clear,  from  the  place  which  it 
takes  in  the  following  group,  that  it  is,  at  least  in 
some  cases,  from  hild,  battle,  which,  even  in 
ancient  names,  appears  often  as  htU,  The  Frankish 
form  child  was  conmion  in  the  names  of  the 
Merovingian  period,  and  we  have  a  few  in  which 
it  occurs,  but  it  is  rather  singularly  wanting  in 
the  names  of  France. 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Old  German  Hildo,  Hilt,  Hillo,  Ohildi,  Chillo,  lHh  cent;. 
•^„,     Eng.  Hii/r,  HnJi,  Hilly,  Child,  Chill,  Chilly.      Modem 
Qerman  Hild,  Hilt,  Hill. 

PATBONYMICS. 

Old  Germ.  Hilding,  8th  cent — English  Hildino.  Eng. 
Hillsok. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Ber,  per,  bear)  Old  German  Hiltiper — English  HniHKB — 
French  Hilbeb.  {Bert,  bright)  Old  German  Hildebert,  6th 
cent — Mod  Germ.  Hilbebt — French  Hilpebt.  (Brandy 
sword)  Old  Germ.  Hildebrand,  7th  cent. — Eng.  Hildebrakd 
— ^Mod.  Germ.  Hildebrand — French  Hildebrand.  (Ger, 
spear)  Old  German  Hildigar,  6  th  cent — ^English  Hiloers — 
Modem  German  Hilger — French  Hilger.  (Hard J  Old 
Germ.  Heldiard,  8th  cent — English  Hildyard,  Hiluard. 
(Here,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Hildier,  8th  cent — Eng.  Hilder, 
HiLLYER,  Hillary,  Childers — ^Modern  German  Hiller — 
French  Hiller,  Hilairb.  (Bam,  ran,  rayen)  Old  German 
Childerannus — English  Children.*      (Man)  Old  German 

*  TIm  fenule  omim  C8hfldcraii>  (ntis  oompanlon)  mighl  alio  pat  In  %  claim. 


THE  WABRIOB  AND  HIS  AHMS.  163 

Hildemaiiy  6ih  cent. — Childman,  ffund,  Rdlh — Eng.  Hnir 
icAN,  Illxah,  Ohillkai^ — Mod.  Qerman  Hiltmank,  Hill- 
XAmr — French  Chilmak.  {Mar^  illtistiious)  Old  German 
Hildimar,  6th  cent. — Eng.  Hilmeb,  Hellmorb — Mod.  QeruL 
HiLLMBB,  Helxab.  {Mod,  courage)  Old  Qerman  Hildimod, 
8th  cent — Eng.  Chillmaid  %  {Rod,  counsel)  Old  Qerman 
Hildirad,  8th  cent — ^Eng.  Hildbeth — French  Hillaibet. 
{Eice^  powerful)  Old  German  Hilderic,  Goth,  king,  4th  cent 

— ^Eng.  HiLBIDOE. 

LOCAL  NAME. 

(Drup,   trup,    corruption  of  thorp,  a  village)  TCngliaTi 
HiLLDBUP — ^Mod.  Germ.  Hii/tbup. 

As  a  termination  hild  was  extremely  common, 
particularly  among  the  Franks.  But  as  in 
modem  names  it  would  change  into  hiU,  it  be- 
comes confounded  with  the  diminutive  ending  el 
or  il. 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  gtUh,  Old  High  Qerman 
gund,  gunt,  Old  Norse  gunn,  are  the  following  : — 

SIMPLE  FOBMa 

Old  (German  Gundo,  Gonto,  Cund,  9th  cent      English    q^^ 

GUKDEY,    GuNN,    CoNDY,    CUNDY,    CoUKD,    OoUNTY,   CoUWT  1     Qunn. 

Modem  German  Kunde,  Kunte,  Kunth.      French  Gonde,     '^^• 

GOW,    GOKT^  OOETL 

DnnNunvEa. 
Old  Germ.  Gundicho,  8th  cent — Eng.  Gundick — ^Mod. 
Germ.  Kuntke.  Old  C^enn.  Gundila,  Cundilo^  tth  cent — 
English  GuNVELLy  Cundell — Mod.  Germ.  Guin>EL — French 
Gondal,  €k>in)0L0,  Gonelle.  Old  German  Gunzo,  Gonzo, 
OunzOy  Conzo^  7th  cent — English  Guns,  Countze — Modem 
German  GuNZ,  Kunz — French  GtONSse,  KunzjI  Old  Germ. 
Gunzila^  8th  cent. — ^Eng.  Consell,  Oounsell — Mod.  Germ. 
GiJNZEL^  KiTNSEL — French  Kuntzl^  CoNSEni — Span.  Gk)N- 
ZALE&     Old  Germ.  Guntiscus,  7th  cent — Eng.  Gondish. 

PATBONYMICS. 

Eng.  GuNNnra^  Gunbon. 


164         ma  WABBioit  akd  his  abms. 

(Bald,  fortia)  Old  German  Gondobald,  Bmgandiaa  king, 
5tli  cent,  Gumfaaldy  9th  oent — Enf^uh  Gumboil — Franoli 
QoMBAULT.  (Hard J  Old  Gennan  Gundiuunl,  8th  oent^-^ 
XVencih  Gondhabd,  Gonta&d.  {Rm^,  varrior)  Old  Gerraaa 
Ghmther,  Gonthar,  Ountaher,  Otmdher,  8th  oent. — Old  Noim 
Guzmitr — ^Aiig.-Saz.  Gather^'— -Engliah  Gunthxb,  Qusteb, 
QvjsnsEBL,  OouKTEB,  OoNDSB — Mod.  Germ.  GiJBTHE%  Koktbe 
—French  Gonthieb,  Gontikr,  Gonter,  Oontous.  (Zoo, 
plftj)  Anglo-Saxon  Guthlao — ^Eng.  Goodlake,  Goodluck.* 
(Ifand,  fumi,  daring)  Old  German  Gundinand,  5th  cent. — 
French  Contikakt.  (Bam,  ran,  raven)  Old  German  Gund- 
ram,  Oondramnus,  6th  cent — Eng.  Cokdbok.  {Rai^  oonnael) 
Old  German  Gundrat,  8th  cent — French  Gondbbt.  {Rioe^ 
powerful)  Gundericus,  Gothic  chie^  3rd  cent.,  Vandal  king, 
0th  cent,  Gunderih,  8th  cent — English  Gundet,  Gxttheoi^ 
GuKinsRT,  GoxTDRY.  {WiM,  Mend)  Old  Germ.  Gondoin,  7th 
cent — French  GoNDOum.  {Steiwn,  stone)  Old  Norse  Gnn- 
steinn — English  Gunston.  {Salv,  anointed  9)  Old  German 
Gundisalvus,  Gonsalvus,  9th  cent — Span.  GoHSALva 

A  third  word  signifying  war  is  Ang.-Sax.  and 
Old  High  German  wig.  Old  Norse  vig,  which, 
losing  the  guttural,  becomes  in  many  cases  wi^ 
both  as  a  termination,  and  also  in  the  middle  of 
a  word.  In  other  cases  it  assumes  a  prefix  of  g 
or  c,  as  referred  to  at  p.  46. 

SIMPLE  FOBMS. 

Old  German  Wigo,  Wioo,   Wihho,   9th  cent*      Wift 

wig;  Wick,  g^^ogy  ^  Oerdio,  king  of  the  West  Saxona      Wiga^ 

War.     Domeiday  Torks.    English  Wioo,  WiofiB,  WiOK,  WiOKST) 

VioK,  Quick,  Wyb,  Qut.      Modem  German  Wick,  Wioh, 

WmH.     French  Wigt,  Vioii,  Vioq,  Viey,  Guiohe,  Ouibi^ 

QuBCK,  Qura 

DIBCIKCTiyEa. 

Old  German  Wigilo,  8th  cent — Eng.  Wious,  Quigglb^ 

•  High*  atoo  b«  fkom  anothw  root,  p.  ua 


THB  WAXBlOn  AND  HIS  AKBfS.  165 

QmcKLT,  WmoaBLO^-Modem  Gennan  Wbok^  Wm&vL, 
WiooxLi — French  Vkila,  Vicwu  Old  G^enxL  Wikelin — 
Mod.  Germ.  Wbqklsin — French  Yiolik. 

PATBONYXIGS. 

Old  German  Wiking,  8th  cent — Eng.  Wickiko.      Eng. 

WlQSON,  WiCKflON. 

OOMFOUKDO. 

(Soldi  bold)  Old  Germ.  Wigibald,  Wibald,  Guibald,  8ih 
oent-^'French  GuibaIiD,  Guibaud.  (£&H,  bright)  Old  Germ* 
Wigbert,  Wibert,  Guibert — English  Vibebt — ^Mod.  Germ. 
GuiBKKT — French  Yibebt,  Guibert.  {Burg,  protection) 
Old  Germ.  Wigburg,  Uth  cent— Wiburch,  Lib.  Fit^— Eng. 
WTUaOt  WiBBOW.  (Hard J  Old  Germ.  Wighard,  Wioard, 
WiBTt,  Vichard,  Guiard,  7th  cent — XJigheard,  Lib.  Ftt.— 
Eng.  Wyabi>— Mod.  Germ,  Wiggebt,  WicotABDT — French 

WlOABT,    WlABT,     ViGART,    ViOHABD,     VlABD,    GuiOHABD, 

GuiABix  {Herey  heriy  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Wigheri,  Wiger> 
Wiocar,  Wiher,  8th  cent — IJigheri,  Lib.  VU. — Old  None 
Yikar^BngliBh  Wigkyb^  Witoheb,  Yiqob,  YiOiAY,  Wno; 
GWTEB,  QnxBB— Mod.  German  WEiOEBy  WsiflBB^Frenoh 
YioiBB,  YzGBBiB»  YiCAiBB.  {Hody  WBT,  or  MK^,  prcepcri^) 
Old  Germ.  Wicod,  Wihad,  Guiohai,  8th  cent. — Ang.-Saxon 
-V^lgod— Eng.  WiGGBTT,  WioHBTT,  Wyatt — French  Wioor, 
YiBfix,  GuioHOT,  Gmm.  {Hdm,  helmet)  Old  German 
Wighdm,  8th  cent.— XJi^iehn,  Xtft.  Fid.— English  Whioak. 
(Bam,  raven)  Old  German  Wichraban,  Wigram»  8th  cent 
—English  WiGEAX,  (Man)  Old  Gennan  Wigman,  8th 
cent— Eng.  WianAH^  Wickman,  Wyxan — ^Modern  Gennan 
WioHXAVy  WxBMAXN.  (MoT,  fiunons)  Old  Germ.  Wigman 
Wimar,  7th  cent.— TJicmer,  Wimar,  Lib.  Vii — Sngliah 
WiGMOBB,  Wymeb— Mod.  Germ.  Wdeueb — French  Ydcab. 
(RcO,  connael)  Old  German  Wigarat^  Sih  cent— French 
ViCHBRAT,  QuiOKBBAT^  QuiBBOT*  (Bioe,  powerful)  Old 
Germ.  Wiguich,  7th  cent— Eng.  Yigkbidgk— Mod.  Germ. 
Wbobbxch.  (Waldj  power)  Old  Germ.  Wigold,  11th  cent 
Modem  GenB«  Wbyooh)— French  Yiaum. 


166  THE  WABRIOB  AND  HIS  ARMS. 

A  fourth  word  signifying  war  is  Goth,  badu, 
Ang.-Sax.  beado.  I  apprehend  that  the  French 
names  Badou,  Battu,  Pattu,  &c.,  contain  simply 
the  Gothic  word  There  are  no  such  ancient 
forms  in  Forstemann's  list,  but  it  will  be  seen 
that  they  do  occur  in  the  Liber  Vitas. 

SIMPLE  FORMa 

Old  German  Bado,  Batto,  Patto,  Bedo,  Beddo,  Betto, 
BAd,  Bed.  Beto,  Betho,  Peto,  Petto,  6th  oent.  Saxon  Bieda,  A.D.  601, 
^•'-  Peada.  Betti  {Beds'M  Eoa  Hist)— Bada^  Badu,  Bettu,  Lib. 
ViL — English  Bad,  Batt,  Batty,  Bath,  Batho,  Paddy, 
Patte,  Pattie,  Bkde,  Bed,  Beddoe,  Beath,  Beatty,  Betty, 
Peedb^  Peat,  Peatie,  Pett,  Peto,  Petty.  Mod.  German 
Bade,  Bath,  Beede,  Bethe,  Bette,  Pathe,  Pitrel  French 
Bady,  Badou,  Batt^,  Battu,  Patte,  Pat^,  Patay,  Paty, 
Pattu,  Pathe,  Pathi,  Bed^,  Bedeau,  Bedu,  Bette,  Bbtou, 
BnsD.  

DIMIMUTlVJftS. 

Old  Germ.  Badncho,  Patncho,  Bettik%  8th  cent — Ang.- 
Sax.  Beadeca — Baduca,  Lib.  VU. — ^Eng.  Badogk,  BmDiCB:, 
Paddiok,  PfermcK,  Pn)DucK,  Phtock — Modem  German 
Badioke,  Bettaok,  Bethke,  Pattke,  Pethks — ^French 
Patoche,  Pettez.  Old  Germ.  Bettikin,  10th  cent. — Eng. 
Badkin,  Batkin,  Bbtkht.  Old  German  Baduila,  Patilo, 
Bedilo,  Betilo,  Pettilo,  Pettili,  6th  cant. — ^Eng.  Baddeley, 
Batley,  Battle,  Beadle,  Beetle,  Bettbll,  Bethsll, 
Beatley,  Betteley,  Padley,  Paddle,  Pattle,  Patullo 
Pkdley,  Petley — Mod  German  Padel,  Pjltei^  Pedel — 
French  Badel,  Batel,  Bataille,  Bedel,  Betille^  Betail, 
Pataille,  Petel. 

PATBONYMIOa 

Eng.  Batting,  Beddikg — ^French  Bedeng. 

00MF0UND& 

{HaH^  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Bathari,  6th  cent — ^English 
Baddeb,  Bather,  Beater,  Pedder,  Pktheb,  Petteb — ^Mod. 
German  Badeb,  Bideb,  Pbtteb — French  Badeb,  Badieb, 


THE  WABRIOE  AND  HIS  ARMS.      167 

BsDiEBy  Bbthery,  Padeb,  Pathisr,  Pbttisb.  (Hiyrd) 
Beadheard,  lAb,  Vii. — English  Beddabd — French  Batabd^ 
Bedabd,  Patabd,  Petabd.  (Mar,  famous)  Eng.  Padmobb, 
Patmorb — French  Bedkab.  (Man)  Badumon,  Betmon, 
lAb,  VU. — English  Bapman,  Bbadmav,  Padmak,  PAmcAir. 
Dutch  Bbthman.  (Biee,  rich,  powerful)  Old  Germ.  Baturichy 
Paturich,  Paturih,  Betterich,  6th  cent. — English  Bethbay. 

BETTEBIDOEy  BiTHBEY,    PaTBIBOE,   PaTBY,    PeTBICBI,    PeTBIB 

— ^French  Bathrey,  Pbtby,  Patby.  (Wine,  Mend)  Old 
Germ.  Bettwin^  7th  cent. — French  Bedouin.  (  Wald,  power) 
French  Batault,  Bidault,  Pidaui/f.  (Ulf,  wolf)  Old  Germ. 
Badul^  8th  cent— English  Biddulph.  (Hild,  war)  Old 
Germ.  Baduhilt^  wife  of  Chlodwig  IL,  7th  cent. — French 
''  Bathilde,  Mme.,  Superieu/re  de  la  maiaan  dea  dames  de 
St.  ClotUde** — Christian  or  surname  ? 

A  fifth  root  signifying  war  is  Goth,  hath,  Old 
High  Germ,  had,  Ang.-Sax.  heatho,  Old  Frankish 
chad.  There  is  also  a  form  cat,  as  found  in  the 
Catumer  and  Catualda  of  Tacitus,  which  Grimm 
holds  to  be  the  most  ancient  form  of  this  root. 
And  in  the  Celtic  cad  or  cath,  war,  we  trace  a 
corresponding  form  of  the  Aryan  tongue — ^the 
Old  Celtic  name  Cathmor  being,  as  Gluck  ob- 
serves, the  precise  equivalent  of  the  Old  German 
Catumer,  and  the  more  recent  Hadamar,  and  the 
Old  Celt.  Caturix  of  the  Old  German  Hadurich. 
Grimm  connects  the  name  of  the  god  Hoedhr  in 
Northern  mythology  with  the  above  root  signify- 
ing war,  as  a  Scandinavian  form, 

simple  FORMa 

Old  Germ.  Hatto,*  Haddo,  Hatho,  Chado,  Hed,  Heddi,  =^  ^*» 
HettL      Names  of  Anglo-Saxons,  Had  or  Hath,  Dux,  in  a     ^„ 

*  The  legend  of  the  haid-hearted  Mshop  of  tUa  name  who  wm  deroorad  bj 
nteliirall  known. 


168  THJS  WABBIOR  AND  HIS   AXMA. 

ekarter  of  Atiielrtaa ;  Hedda^  HmUo,  or  OktA,  Buiiop  of 
WeaMZ,  A.D,  676.— HAd%  LA.  Ftt— Eng.  Hatv,  Haimmt, 
Hajd>t,  Hbatb,  Bmad,  Hiddt,  Hodi>  f  Hm,  Chad^  Caa^ 
Oattit,  Oatio,  CATa — ^Mod  German  HAtT,  BEbddb^  EIaA 
Frendi  HAntf,  Hxdou,  Oat,  Oatau/CattT|  Oatu. 

DiMnnmyiBSb 
Old  German  OhadiohtiB,  7th  cent — En^iah  Haddock,* 
Hettich,  Ohaddock,  Shaddock! — ^Mod.  Qetm.  Hidickx. 
Old  German  Heddilo,  Hetilo,  Hathli,  Oatla-— Eng.  Hadlow, 
Hadlet,  Hatlet,  Hedlet,  Hetlet,  Hoadly,  Catilb, 
Cattlet — Mod.  German  Hidel — Frencli  Hadol,  Catai^ 
Oatala.  Old  Germ.  Hadalin,  Ohadalenua,  7th  cent. — Eng- 
Cattliv — Frendi  Hedeuk,  Catillok,  OaATEUir  f 

PATBONTMIOa 

Old  German  Hettinc,  10th  oent. — Eng.  HEADuro — ^Mod. 
Qtana.  Hadakk — French  Hadinoue. 
ootfPoiryDa. 

(BaU,  bold)  (M  German  Hadnbald,  8th  oent— Eaglidh 
Shadboi/t— French  Ohabault  f  (BeadOf  war)  Old  Gennan 
Ohadbedq,  Ghabedo,  7th  cent — Eng.  Ohabot — Fr.  Ohabot. 
(Bern,  bear)  Old  German  Hadabem,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Oaad- 
BOBH.  (Oia,  hostage)  Old  Germ.  Hadegia,  9th  cent. — Eng. 
HiDKTHa.  C If  an  J  'Ekkg.  Ohadkak.  (Mer,  fitmons)  OatumeTy 
Prince  of  the  Oatti^  Ist  oent,  Hadamar,  8th  cent— English 
OATOMOfiByt  Oatxub,  Hattbmobe — French  HAPiifABr  (Jfo^ 
bold)  Eng.  Hadnutt — French  OHADnnET.  (Bat,  oonnael) 
Old  German  Hadarat^  8th  oent — ^Eogliah  Hadbot — French 
Hadbot.  {Biee^  powerful)  Old  Germ.  Hadaricna,  8th  oent 
— ^English  EEatbick,  B^eadrick,  Shadrake  (apparently  not 
Jewish) — ^Mod  Germ.  EEsdbich — French  OHADiBAa  (^iff, 
wi,  war)  Old  Germ.  Hathuwic^  Hathawi,  Hjithwi,  Hadawi«— 

*  The  ouloiii  uune  Hxaoaghb  g^oiad  bj  Mr.  Low«r  is  no  dooM  »  •Ugkfc 
•ccmplloii  of  HMdlok. 

t  ICiiT  iM  dMivtd  dtawO^r  from  OrtBura  In  Baika»  Imfc  t^ 
li  duply  thai  of*  man.  ItvasoilgtDAUjrGatnifiro'igaiiimo.  "Oatmanli  boudMy  ** 
llMliioQBmdfliiilastiiofwbidihaicnndaUtobodrQn^bni  tho  naao  of  tho 


THE  WABBIOB  AND  HIS  ABtfS.  169 

Eng.  Hathaway,  Hathwat,  Hadawat,  Chadwiok,  Ohata- 
WAT.  (Wold,  power)  Old  Qerman  Catualda,  TacUua — ItaL 
Gataldl  {Wine,  Mend)  Old  Germ.  Hadawin,  Ghaduin,  7th 
oent — Eng.  Hadwen,  Ghadwin — Fr.  HxDauiN.  {Wal<ih, 
stranger)  Soeadwala^  father  of  Beowulf  Flor.  War.,  Gad- 
whDus  king  of  Wessex — Eng.  Gadwell^  Ghatwell. 

The  root  Jiaz  Forstemann  takes  to  be  another 
form  of  fiad  or  ficUh,  while  Graff  proposes  haz, 
hatred,  in  the  sense,  perhaps^  of  hostility.  So 
that  in  any  case  the  names  will  come  under  this 
head.  There  is  also  a  root  az,  but  the  separation, 
even  in  the  ancient  names,  seems  to  me  so  doubt- 
ful that  I  have  included  them  together. 

SIMPLE  rOBMB. 

Old  Qerman  Hazo,  Azo,  Azzo,  8th  cent,     English  Haze.     Bu. 
Mod.  Qerrn.  Hetz.     French  Aze,  ^^' 

DIMINUTlVEa 

Old  Qerman  Hezilo,  Azzilo,  8th  cent — English  Haseu^ 
Hezei. — ^Mod.  Qerman  Hbtzbl — ^French  Azillb.      French 


PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Eng.  Hayzen.      French  Azan. 

COMPOUNDa 

{BeH,  fionons)  French  Azibert.     (Hard)  Eng.  Hazabd 
— ^Bbrench  Hazabd,  Azabd.      (Man J  Old  (xerm.  Hacaman, 
Azaman,  10th  cent — EngHsh  EL^tshak — ^French  Azimon 
(J/ior,  fiunons)  French  Az^mab. 

There  is  a  root  san,  for  which  Forstemann 
supposes  a  Goth,  sanja,  in  the  sense  of  beauty, 
taraces  of  such  a  word  appearing  to  be  found  in 
seUsdni,  precious,  and  unsdni,  deformed.  Instead, 
however,  of  this  hypothetical  word,  I  would  sug- 
gest the  Old  Fries,  san,  strife,  sania,  to  combat, 
as  containing  a  meaning  suitable  for  the  purpose. 

V 


170  THK  WABBIOB  ANB  HI8  ABliEL 

Old  OeniL  S«oo,  Seno,  6tb  oent      Hod.  Ctanun  Smmm, 

DDujilmvJBi 

Old  Gernm  Senoooai  8ih  cent. — ^Fren^  Bsvocx^  Skvaq^ 
Senega  f  Old  Oerm,  Sanilo,  Seoiky  9t]i  oeat^Eog,  Sxno 
— French  BbhbIiLV.    French  BKsiLum. 

OOXPOUNDa 

{Gund,  war)  Old  €(erm.  Sen^gandiB,  9th  cent — ^French 
SAmsGOK,  Bennbgov.  (Hard J  Old  Qerm.  Senazd,  8th  cent 
— ^Mod.  Germ.  Bbnitsbt — French  Beitaed.  (Esri,  warrior) 
Sog.  Baekb — ^Mod.  Germ.  SEmfEa-^Freneh  BAinniEB. 

Another  root  for  which  ForGrtemann's  deriva^ 
tion  seems  to  be  still  more  unsatisfaotory  ia 
criechy  crieh,  as  found  in  the  names  Criechol^ 
CrieholC  Crea^  which  he  appears  to  refer  to  the 
name  of  the  Greeks,  but  for  which  the  Mid.  High 
Germ,  krigen.  Old  Fries,  kriga^  krija,  New  Fries, 
kryen,  to  make  war,  seems  to  me  very  appro- 
priate. 

snfraBpoBiiB. 
Kzieff.  Old  German  Grea^  9th  cent.      EngUflb  Obxeoh/  Obbak, 

Ww.     Greah,  Obee,  Gbeek,  GBBGGf  Grigo  f      Modem  German 
Kbibgs.     French  GaiA,  Gbioi  9 

pixnrunvx 
English  Oriokmat — Seep^  25. 

ooMPOxmnei 
(Hart,  warrior)  English  Oreakeb,  Gryer,  Greer,  Grier, 
Greer — ^Mod.  Gennan  KmEOER^-French  ITRnnt^  Gbbhieb, 
OwERE.     (Wald,  power)  French  Grioaui/f. 

From  the  Goth,  mkjo.  Old  High  Germ.  Mok, 
Anglo-Saxon  sao,  seo,  war,  we  may  take  the 
following. 

I  I  IIIIIP  ■■  III  |IW>1  >lll>»ll«t       ^— W» 

*  There  i«  %  mrrd  anagh,  onich,  eritk,  Aa,  oocnning  in  nemei  of  plaom,  «id 
probftUj  from  a  Oeltto  oilfiii,  irUoh  mi^  IntenBiz  ia  tiieie  mmmh 


THB  WARUOB  AND  HIS  ABMB.  171 

anipu  fOBMB. 
Old  German  Stooo,  Bahho,  8ih  oent^     Eng.  Sack,  Sago,     bml 
Sat*    Mod.  Qerm.  Back^  Saoh.    French  Saqui,  Sat.  war. 

DlMINUTnrBB. 

Old  Genn.  SaoqoilA,  8th  cent.     Eng.  Satchell, 

PHommo  SNDiifo. 
Old  CkrnL  Sediana     French  Saoquxn. 

OOMFOUinM. 

{Hart,  warrior)  Eng.  Saoksb,  Saqsb,  Satzb — Modem 
Germ.  Sagsb — French  Saobx,  Saoabxau,  Sateb.  (Man J 
Kig.  Sackkak.    (Wold,  power)  Eng.  Saokelld.* 

From  the  Old  High  Germ,  strit,  Mod  Germ. 
streit,  war,  are  probably  the  foUowmg. 

SDCPLiroBMB.  g^^ 

Sig.  Studio  SnuDer.    Mod.  Germ.  Stbeft.  ^^ 

DlMUnTTIVB.  PHONlETiO  KNBmO. 

Eng.  STHViTELLb  Eng.  Stsseten. 

OOMFOUNIML 

(Hari^  warrior)  Old  Germ  Stritheri,  9th  cent — ^English 
Stbeetkr — ^Mod  Germ.  Stbbitib. 

Prom  the  Ang.-Sax.  camp,  comp,  Mod.  Germ. 
hampf,  war  ;  Ang.-Saxon  caempa^  cempa,  com- 
batant, whence  the  NortL  Eng.  kemp,  champion* 
are  the  following. 

flDCFUi  FOBMa. 

Old  G«nMn  Ounpo^  Cempho,  8ih  cent  English  Camp,  oubpl 
Ohaxp,  KflMR  Modern  GennAn  Camper  Kemp.  French  Wu. 
Oampt,  Okaicpt,  Ohaxpeau. 

DIMINUnVEB. 

Eng.  Oampldt,  OAXPUvay  Ksmplen — French  Ohamplok. 
Sag.  Oampkoi. 

An  'eleventh  root  is  bag^  back,  pack.  Old 
High  Germ,  bagan,  to  contend. 


*  A  Bortop  «giMumb  bat  pgiapt  only  mootwpWoB  of  atww.ft, 


172  THE  WAKRIOB  AND  HIS  ABKS. 

SIMFLE  FOfiMB. 

Old  Germ.  Bago^  Bacco,  Bftgo^  8th  cent     English  Bagg, 

Big,  Back,  Back^  Pack.     Baga,  Bacca,  Lib,   Vit. — Mod.  Germ.  Backe, 

i**ck.    Bage,   Packs.      French  Bagxtb,  Bag,  Baoque,  Baoqua, 

ToconteDdg^^ 

DDlINUTlVEa. 

English  Baguley,  Baqlet,  Baiijst — ^French  Paquex^ 
Pacilly,  Pagelle,  Bailly.     Eng.  Baglin — French  Baglan. 

COMPOUND& 

(Aud,  prosperity)  Old  German  Bacauda^  5th  cent. — ^Eng. 
BaggetT;  Pagkett — French  Baocaud,  Pacaud,  Baoquet. 
(Ha^dJ  Eng.  Packabd — French  Bagabd,  Paccabd.  {Bona 
warrior)  Eng.  Backeb,  Packer — French  Bagieb,  Bagaby, 
Paoquier.  (Ma/nJ  English  Packkan.  {Mwnd,  protection) 
French  Bachiment,  Pacquement.  (Wold,  power)  French 
Pacault.     (Ward J  French  Bacquabt. 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  sige.  Old  Norse  sigr.  Old 
High  Germ,  sign,  victory,  are  the  following. 

SIMPLE  F0BM8. 

Old  Germ.  Sigo,  Sico,  S^^,  Secki,  4th  cent.     Ang.-Sax. 
^^t^  Sig,  Sigga.     Old  Norse  SigL     Eng.  Seago,  Seage,  Sikb,  Sea. 
Mod.  Germ.  Sieg,  Sigg,  Sieke,  Sick.    French  BhsE,  See. 

DIMZNuxiVJsa. 

Old  Germ.  Sigilo,  Sigili^  9th  cent — ^Eng.  Sigley,  Sickle 
— Mod.  Germ.  Sigel»  Siole,  Siokel — French  Sibgel,  Sigi4» 
SiCHEL.  Old  German  Sigiliii%  Siclina^  8th  oent — ^English 
SiCKLEN,  Sickling — Mod.  Germ.  Siglen.  Old  Germ.  Sigiso, 
10th  cent. — Eng.  Siggs  t  Sykes  I  Old  Germ.  Sigonzo,  9th 
cent. — ^Eng.  Sickens. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Bold J  Old  German  Sigibald,  Sicbold,  Sibold,  8th  cent. 
— Ang.-Sax.  Sigebald,  king  of  Essex — Eng.  SibbiId — ^Mod. 
Germ.  Sibbold — Fr.  Sicbel»  Sebaxtlt.  (Aud,  prosperity) 
Old  German  Sigaud — French  Sbgaut.  {Bert,  bright)  Old 
German  Sigibert,  Sibert^  6th  cent. — ^Ang  .-Saxon  Sigebert — 


THS  WAKBIOB  AND  HIS  ABMS.  173 

'Eog.  SiBSBT — ^Mod.  Genn.  Sikbebt — ^French  Sibebt.  (Btxl, 
meesenger)  Old  Qerman  Sigibodo,  Siboto^  9th  cent — Modem 
Germ.  Sebode — Frenoh  Sibot.  (Fred,  peace)  Old  German 
Sigifiredy  Sieffired — Ang.-Saz.  Sigefred,  Bishop  of  Chiceater — 
Bng.  SETFBiEDy  Sbffebt — Mod.  Germ.  SibofbosDi  Setfbid 
— ^French  Setffebt.  (Hard)  Old  Germ.  Sigihard,  Sigard, 
Sicard,  9th  cent. — ^Mod.  Germ.  Sibghabdt,  Siohebt — Frenoh 
Seoabd,  Sicabd.  (JTere,  warrior,  or^r,  spear)  Old  German 
Sigger,  Sicker,  Sier,  8th  cent — Siggser,  genealogy  of  the 
Northumbrian  kings,  Sigar,  bishop  of  Wells — Old  Korse 
Siggeir,  king  of  Gothland  in  the  Yolsongasaga — Eng.  Sbgab, 
Siqgebs,  Seckeb,  Sedgeb,  Sieb,  Seabs — Mod.  Germ.  Sixgeb, 
SiCHEB,  Seteb — French  Sbeqeb,  Segub,  Seguieb.  (Man) 
Old  Germ.  Sigiman,  8th  cent — ^Eng.  SiCKHAir — ^Mod  Germ. 
SiEOMANN.  (i^Tot,  bold)  Old  Germ.  Sigenot — ^French  Signet. 
{Ratj  counsel)  Old  German  Sigirad,  8th  cent. — French 
S^ubet,  Secbot.  {Mary  famous)  Old  German  Sigimar, 
brother  of  Arminius,  1st  cent,  Sicumar — ^Eng.  Sycamobi^ 
Sbameb,  Sstmoub— Mod.  Germ.  Setiosb — ^French  Siekebs. 
{M%mdy  protection)  Old  Germ.  Sigimund,  Burgundian  prince^ 
5th  cent — Old  Norse  Sigmundr — Eng.  Sigmubd,  Simhondb 
— Mod.  Germ.  Sixgicxtnd,  Sikund — French  Sixond.  {Wig^ 
war)  Old  Germ.  Sigiwic,  9th  cent — ^Eng.  Sedgwick.  {Wine^ 
friend)  Old  Germ.  Sigiwin,  Seguin — Seguin,  Rett,  BaU.  Al>b. 
— ^Eng.  Sbguik— French  Sbgudt. 

PHONETIC  INTBUBION  OF  I  and  r,  $eep.  30. 
Old  German  Sicumar — Eng.  Sicklemobb.     Old  German 
Siginiu — Eng.  Sigoubnat. 

We  have  a  name  Sigbist,  and  there  is  a  cor- 
responding French  Sieobist.  Bist  was  the  name 
of  one  of  the  Valkyrjur,  maidens  of  Odin,  among 
whose  duties  it  was  to  dispense  victory.  In  this 
sense  the  compound  seems  a  natural  one,  and  I 
do  not  know  of  any  other  way  in  which  the  name 
can  be  explained 


174  THfi  WABBIOB  A19I>  HIS  ABMfiL 

Another  root  with  the  meaning  of  victoiy 
may  be  gagan,  gain.  This  root,  which  is  found 
in  several  Old  German  names,  Forstemann  refers 
to  gagarit  contra>  which  in  the  sense  of  opposi* 
tion»  hostility,  would  not  be  unsuitable.  But  I 
think  that  a  still  better  meaning  is  found  in 
English  •'gain,*'  French  gagner,  and  the  Old 
Norse  gagn,  which  had  the  direct  sense  of  victory. 

SIMPLE  fOBMBu 

GtciB,CM]i,      Old  Qerm.  Oagaao,  8th  cent.      English  Oaoak,  Oahah^ 
"^^^^^f^T-  Gaus,  Oadhet,  Jake,  Oaban,  Cain,  Canet.     Mod.  Oermaa 
Cahn.      French  Gagin,  Oaghi^  Oaoni^  Gagvt,  Gagheau, 
Gaqt,  Oagin,  Oahek,  Gain. 

DmUN  UTIVEH. 

Old  Germ.  Eagimso.    Eng.  Gains,  Janes,  Cainb. 

OOMPOnNt)& 

{And,  protspetity)  French  Gaignattix  fHardJ  Old  Germ 
Qsganhard,  Oaganhftid,  8th  cent — French  Gagnau),  Gag- 
VASCD,  Gainabd.  (Hari,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Geginheii,  9th 
cent. — Bng.  Gaineb,  Januabt) — French  Gagnsb,  Gagnieu^ 
Gagnebt— ItaL  Gagnebl 

Hien  there  is  another  class  of  names  from 
verbs  signifying  to  wound,  to  slash,  to  strike,  to 
kill,  to  devastate,  to  spoil,  or  else  from  nouns 
signifying  death,  havoc,  slaughter. 

From  the  Ang.-Saxon  bona,  a  slayer,  are  pro- 
bably the  names  in  the  following  group.  In  the 
Scop  or  Bard's  song,  an  ancient  Saxon  poem  pro- 
fessing to  be  an  account  given  by  a  wandering 
minstrel  of  the  different  countries  he  had  visited 
we  are  told  that  **  Becca  ruled  the  Bannings.*' 
We  know  nothing  further  of  this  people,  but 
their  name  seems  to  indicate  that  they  were  a 
warlike  tribe. 


r 


THE  WABBIOE  AMD  HIS  ABMa  175 

BIlfPIB  tOBMB. 

Old  German  Paimo,  11th  oent      finglidi  Banv,  BiJnrr,  pui,  b«l 
Pank.     French  Baki^  Pakay.  ffl«^- 

DIMilffDTXVttL 

English  PAiariLL— French  Banitisujb,  Panxu  Engliah 
BAHiracK.    French  Panubb — Ital  Pavizsl  f 

OOMPOUinM. 

(JSWvy  wanior)  Eng.  Banveb,  PAJonxBr— French  Bavvio, 
PAViriEB*  (€hr^  spear)  Old  Oena,  Panager,  9th  cent — ^Eng. 
BAKaxR  (if  not  local) — Modem  Oennan  Bakoxr.  (Eofrd) 
Kngliah  Bavtard — French  PAirHAJU),  Pahabt.  (TTonf, 
gnitfdian)  Mod.  Qerm.  Bavnwabt — ^French  BANOUABa 

Another  form  of  Ang.-3axon  hana^  a  ^slayer 
was  hiynxi.  The  root  hon  occurs  especially  in  Old 
Frankish  names^  and  the  Latin  honu%  may  per- 
haps intermix  in  the  simple  forms.  I  have  sug- 
gested, p.  55»  that  Bonaparte  may  be  an  Old 
Frankish  name  id  an  Italianized  form.  It  will  be 
seen  from  the  following  list  that  the  name  has 
representatives^  both  in  French  and  EDglish. 

SnCPLXrOBMB. 

Old  Qerman  Bonoa,  Bono,  Pona     Bag.  Bomrr,  Boavr,  ^^  p^ 
PovT.     Mod.  German  Bomr,  Boims,  Bohn.      French  Botr, 
'BoKSM,  Boxn,  Boairr,  Bovhat,  Bohhxau,  Boinro,  Poor. 

DIiaNTTTIVXS. 

Old  Germ.  Bdhila^  8th  cent. — ^English  Bomnur-^-French 
BoKNXUiy  BomnELYB^  PomrxLui  Old  Genn.  Bonigo,  10th 
cent. — Eng.  Bonhigk — Mod.  G^erman  BomnscKS.  En^^iah 
BoNXXN — ^French  Boniohok.  Old  (German  Bonuso,  10th 
cant. — ^Anglo-Baxon  Bonsig^  Qod,  Dip,  810 — ^Eng.  BoNSsr — 
French  BoHASSBAinCy  Bqhz6,  Bont& 

PATBOHTMI0& 

Eng.  Boinnxra-^Franeh  Bommrara^  BoMnro. 

OOHPOFKSe. 

{Aui^  prosperity)  French  Bonvattd,  BomnrAUix  {fi€fri^ 
fionous)  Old  Genn,  Bonibart^  7th  oant»  BQii4)ert^  8th  eant» 


176  THE  WAjEtmOB  AND  HIS  ABMa 

•— Eng.  BoNBRiGHT — French  BokpabD,  Bompast — Italian 
BoHiPBRTi,  Bonaparte  ?  (^^,  fi"^"^^  prompt,  eager)  Old 
Qerm.  Bonafusoa,  BonafiiBse,*  11th  cent — French  Bohna- 
Fous,  BoHHEFONB,  BoNiFACB  t  BoNFiui  %  {Oo^^  spear)  Eng. 
BoNiOEB,  BoiiaAB(80K).  {Hwe^  warrior)  Old  Qerm.  Bonarins 
— Eng.  BoNAB,  BoNNSB — Modem  Qerm.  BoEiorER — French 
BoNKAiBE,  BoKiEB,  BoNNEBT,  Bokheub!  (Mcm)  Ei%lish 
BoHimcAK — French  Bonnemaik.  {Mund,  protection)  French 
BomnocENT.  f Hard  J  Old  Qerm.  Bonard,  8th  cent. — Mod. 
G^erman  Bohnhabdt — Fr.  Bomkabd,  Bonabdi,  Bokvardet 
{French  dimin,)  (Sind,  way)  Old  Qerman  Bonednd,  9th 
cent.— French  Boknissent.  (Wald,  power)  Old  Qerman 
Bonoald,  Bonald,  9th  cent. — French  Bokald  (Archbishop  of 
Lyons)— ItaL  Bonoldl 

From  the  Anglo-Saxon  ben,  a  wound,  in  the 
sense,  with  the  ancient  termination,  of  a  wound- 
inflicter,  may  be  the  following.  I  am  inclined  to 
think,  however,  that  this,  and  the  preceding 
groups  ban,  ban,  are  in  reality  only  different  forms 
of  the  same  word. 

BIMPLBFOBM& 

Old  Qerm.  Benno,  Benni,  Ben,  Penna,  8th  cent. — ^Bynni, 
'yfl^  Lib.  ViL — Eng.  Beeth,  Bennbt,  Binhet,  Penk,  Pennt,  Pinh, 
Pnnnr,  Pino— Mod.  Qerman  Behk,  Bihn,  Peek.  French 
Beka,  Buta,  Binbt,  Bikeau,  Peny,  Pik,  Piheau,  Putau. 

It  appears  aleo  thai  Benno,  Penno,  wie  eometimee  ueed 
cmcierUly  aa  a  contraction  of  Bemhard,   Benedictus,  and 


B«ii,BI]L 


DIMINUTIVES. 

Old  Qerm.  Benico,  Bennic,  9th  cent — Benoc,  genealogy 
of  Ida,  king  of  Bemicia — Eng.  Bennicki^  Benkooh,  Psir« 
HICK,  PiMNOCK — ^Mod.  Qerm.  Bbnicke,  Binkeckb,  Pennickb 
— ^Fienoh  Bsitbckb,  BEinBOH,  BurooH.  Old  Qerm  BcvtXos, 
FrocopkUf  6th  cent.,  Benilo,  11th  cent — English  Bemnxli^ 

*  Thaw  li  also  an  Old  Oenn.  BonafnliMfc,  lOth  cent     Is  not  this  th«  French 
dIadBtiitivs  addad,  •§  In  tha  Old  Franoh  uuno  Ohademalnsl  t 


THB  WABBIOB  AND  HIS  ABMa  177 

Pkorll — French  Pehsl,  Pimb  Engliih  Behkot — Mod. 
Germ.  Bsnxkbn — French  Pknnbquin.  Old  German  Benzo, 
Penio — ^Eog.  Bennb,  Bxnbs^  Binks — French  Bknob,  Benz, 
BonSy  Psng4  Pm8KA.u.  Old  Gterman  Benimias,  Benimia,* 
8th  cent— Fries.  Bokhbica — ^Fiench  Boeaxt,  BohomI 

PATJtONTMIGB. 

Old  Germ.  Benning,  9th  cent. — ^Engliah  Bjonrnfo — ^Mod. 
Germ.  Benitino. 

(Oer,  spear)  Old  Germ.  Benegar,  8th  cent — Eng.  Bebtobb 
— I^rench  Bihvegheb.  (Gaud,  goi,  Goth)  Old  Gkrm.  Bene- 
gaud,  8th  cent — £ng.  Pjdtktoad— Fr.  PtaiooT,  PKnoAUD. 
(Rofrd)  Old  German  Benehard,  Benard,  9th  cent. — Modem 
Otrman  Bbmitbbt — French  Benabd,  Binabd,  Phthabd 
{Hwty  irarrior)  Old  German  Beneher,  9th  cent. — English 
Benver,  Btekeb,  Penkeb — Fr.  Benxbb,  Bdtier,  Pent^bBp 
{Aud^  prosperity)  French  Penattd,  Pikaud,  {Befi%  bright) 
French  Pskabsbt.  (Mom)  Eng.  Penman — ^Mod.  German 
Benneicann.  {Mar^  fiunons)  Eng.  Benkobe,  PENNTMOBSi 
{NcMly  daring)  English  Pennant— French  Binant,  Penabt. 
(Wald,  power)  Mod.  Gterm.  Bennolb— French  Pinault. 

From  the  MicL  High  Germ,  hicken.  Old  High 
Genu,  pichan,  to  slash,  Forstemann  derives  a  root 
big,  bic,  pig,  pic,  to  which  I  place  the  following. 

8DCPLEV0BM& 

Old  German  Bicoo,  Bigo,  Picco»  Pigo,  Picho,  8th  cent. 
Eng.  BiOK,  BrrcH,  Bioa,  Pick,  Piqo.      Mod.  Germ.  Bieok,  ^  ^' 
Biogb;,  PiCKy  PiOH.      French  Biai,  Biqet,  Pick,  Pioqxte,  to'iImIl 

PiGHI,  PlOHOU,  PiGEAU. 

DIMINUnVESL 

Eng.  BiGKLEy  BiOKLET,  BiGELOW,  PiCKELL— Mod.  Germ. 
PiGKEL — ^French  Bical,  Bigle,  Pioal. 


178  THE  WARBIOB  AND  HI8  ABHa 

OOKFOONDS. 

(Aud,  prosperity)  French  Picaud,  Pichaud,  Bigot! 
PiGBAT  f  PioQusr  t — Eng.  Pickett  Y  Piggott  t  (Hard J 
Eng.  PiOKAiU) — Mod.  Qerm,  Pickharst — French  Bicsauo, 
BiGBAHDy  PicKABD,  PiCHABD,  PiGKABD.  (Eere^  wurior) 
Engliah  Biokbb,  Biggab,  Pickbb,  Pitcheb — ^Frenoh  Biobe, 

BlTOHXBy  PlOHBB,  PiCHEBT,  PlOOBT,  PlOBOBT.      (MonJ  Eng. 

BiGMAN,  PiCKMAN.  (Bam,  ran,  raven)  English  Piobam — 
French  Biohebok,  Pioeboh.  (Wald,  power)  Old  German 
Bigwald,  Piooaldy  7th  cent. — French  PiCAni;r,  Pioaxtlt. 

I  am  inclined  to  think  that  the  following 
group  are  formed  by  a  phonetic  n  from  the  pre- 
ceding, and  that  they  correspond  with  the  Old 
Eng.  pivJc,  to  pierce,  to  stab. 

8IMPLB  FOBMa 

Pink.  EngliBh  BnraET,  Pnroo,  Pimc,  Pinket,  Pdtch — French 

To  pioroe.  BiNG,  BlKGl^  

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Pinceon,  Lib,  ViL,  Eng.  Pinchbon.       French  PiNGEONy 

PiNCHON. 

coiiFouNre. 
(Hard,  fortis)  Eng.  Pinkebt — French  Pingabd. 

From  the  Goth,  malvjan.  Old  Norse  mola^ 
contimdere,  Eng.  "'maul,"  we  may  take  the  fol- 
lowing. 

SIMPLE  FOBMS. 

Old  German  Malo,  8th  cent.      Moll,  "  also  called  Ethel- 
wold,"  king  of  Northumbria.     Maule,  Maulay,  EoU  BaU,  A  hb, 
TobMt  ^<i^-  Mali^  Mallet,  Maule,  Moll,  Mole,  Molley.    Mod. 
German  Mahl,  Mallr,  Mohl.       French  "Mkj.rjt^  Mat.t.jj^ 
MAiiO,  Moll,  MoLui,  Mole,  Molat,  Maull. 

DIBUNrmVEB. 

Engliah  Mau/x^l — ^French  Mallac^  Maleoo,  Mquque 
Eng.  Malbin — French  Malaquin. 

PATBONYMICS. 

Eng.  Maluhg,  Mollino.      French  Malinguk 


MalL 
Hoa 


THE  WARRIOR  AND  HIS  ARMS.  179 

OOMPOUNDB. 

(BeH,  £unoii8)  Old  Qennan  Malpert,  10th  ctnt. — ^French 
MaIiAFBBT.  (Bot,  envoy)  Old  Germ.  Malboto,  8th  cent.^ 
French  Malbot.  (Hard,  fortis)  Old  Cterman  Mallard,  7th 
oent — Maularde,  EoU  BaU.  Abb. — Eng.  Mallard,  Mollard 
—  French  Mallard,  Mollard,  Mouillard.  (Bad,  council) 
Old  Grerm.  Mabrada^  8th  cent — French  Malaret,  Malrait. 
(Eice,  powerful)  Malorix,  Friiian  Prince,  1st  cent,  Malarich, 
prince  of  the  Suevi  in  Spain,  6th  cent — ^Engtbih  Mallort — 
Frendi  Malory.  (Thitu,  servant)  Old  German  Malutheus, 
in  a  Gothic  record  at  Naples,  6th  cent — English  Malthus, 
Malthoubk  i^/f  wolf)  Old  German  Malul^  6th  cent — 
Eng.  Maliff. 

It  appears  to  me  that  mel  and  mil  are  dif- 
ferentforms  from  the  same  root,  and  corresponding 
directly  with  Old  Norse  melia,  English  "  mill," 
which  is  still  used  in  the  sense  of  pxigilistic 
encounters.  Forstemann  calls  this  a  yet  unex- 
plained root,  "  ein  noch  unerklarter  stamm,''  and 
refers  to  **  mild,''  also  to  a  Slavonic  root.  But  it 
appears  to  me  that  there  is  no  occasion  to  go 
farther  than  the  above. 

8IBIPLB  FORMS. 

Old  Germ.  Mile,  Mello,  10th  cent.  McAmv,  a  Sigamber 
in  Strabo,  Ist  cent.,  Grimm  makes  the  same  as  the  abova  ^*^  ^^ 

To  bmt. 

English  MiLOy  MnjBY,  Millie,  Mello,  Mellow.      French 

MiLLE,  MfT.T.^  MiLBT,  MiLLY,   MiLLAUX,  MeLL^  MeLAYE. 
DIMINXTnVES. 

Old  Germ.  Milike— Eng.  Miluoe,  Milk — Mod.  Germ. 
MiELEOKB,  MiLCKE,  MiLCH — French  Melick^  M^que. 
Old  German  Miliz2so,  8ih  cent. — English  Milus,  Mellis, 
Melijsh — Fr.  Milisoh.  Eng.  Millikik.  Fries.  Mellema 
— French  Malamy,  Milhomhe  I 

PATBONYMICS. 

Eng.  MiLLiNGE — French  Millakoe. 


180  THE  WABRIOR  AND  HIS  ABMa 

OOHPOUHIML 

(Dio,  Berrant)  Old  G^nnan  Mildeo,  9th  cent. — Engliah 
Mellodew,  Mblodt,  Mbllowdat,  Malady.  (Hard)  Old 
Qerm.  Milehard,  7th  cent. — ^English  Mkt.tjard,  Mnj.ABD— 
Mod.  Qerm.  Mielebt — ^French  Millabd,  Milobd.  {EaH, 
wairior)  Eng.  1VfRr«T.KB,  Millbb  % — ^M«d.  Qemu  Mfrjrjgn  | — 
French  MiaiTKK,  Milleb,  Miujcet.  {Sindy  expedition)  Old 
German  Milflmniltt^  Milissent — 'l<Vigliffh  MiiJiiCENT"-Fr6nch 
Miuent. 

It  is  rather  probable  that  the  word  nudd^ 
maU,  mold,  which  seems  to  be  a  derivative  of  the 
previoiis  root  mcd,  has  also  the  meaning  of  hostile 
collision.  The  prefix  meald  occurs  in  several 
Anglo-Saxon  names^  as  Mealdhelm»  &c.,  and 
Ettmuller  supposes  an  Ang.-Saxon  meaJd,  in  the 
sense  of  confrictio.  The  most  natural  meaning 
to  give  to  this  seems  to  be  that  of  mingling  in 
battle  fray.  The  form  mala,  which  appears  in 
some  French  names,  may  be  another  form  of  the 
same. 

SIMPLE  FORMa 

Ang.-Sax.  Malte,  charter  of  Edward,  A.D.  1060.  Maald, 
MaiA  Maid,  Xi6.  Fit  Eng.  Malt,  Mould,  Moult.  Mod.  Germ. 
'^'  Maldt.     Dan.  Malthel     French  Mauldb,  Maioxauz  f 

DDflNUTrVEB. 

Eng.  MouLDiCK.     Dan.  Moltke.     French  MAT.gin 

PHOincnO  BKDINOt 

Old  QtenxL  Maldra,*  king  of  the  Sueyi,  5th  cent.  Eng. 
Moulder.    French  Maltaibe,  Mat.tar. 

PATBONYMIOa 

Eng.  MouLDora.     French  Malbaeo  f 

OOMPOUNDa 

{Bert,  famona)  Old  Germ.  Maldeberta,  7th  cent. — French 
Maubebt)      ((ror,  spear)  Old  German  Maldegar — French 

*  GiUed  in  wothar  doonlole  MAHPa4. 


THE  WABHIOB  AflD  HIS  ABMa  181 

Mauoer  t  (Man J  Eng.  Mai/tman — ^French  Maudbmain. 
(Vid,  foiik,  wood)  Aiig.-Saz.  Maldvit — ^Maldwith,  Domesday 
— Eng.  Maltwooi>— French  Mauduit. 

From  the  Old  Norse  hasay  to  strive,  contend, 
Forstemann  derives  the  root  has  in  Old  German 
names.  And  from  the  Old  Norse  hisa^  to  strive 
fiercely,  a  word  no  doubt  cognate,  he  also  derives 
a  root  his.  It  seems  to  me,  however,  that  the  two 
words  are  too  closely  connected  to  be  separated. 
Thus  we  find  that  the  Thuringian  king  Basinus 
was  also  called  Bisinus. 

BDCPLB  rOBMB. 

Old  German  Baso,  Basso,  7tli  cent.,  Biso,  Piso,  9th  cent. 
BaHS,   a   '^Mass-Priest,"    Ang,'Sax.    Chron.       Bassason,    a  ^^ 
Northman,  Ann.  Id.      Bisi,  bishop  of  the  East  Angles,  7tb   Bis. 
cent      Bysey,  Roll  BaU.  Abb.      English  Bass,  Besst,  Bibs,  ^^^ 
Pass,  Passit.      Mod.  German  Bass,  Bese,  Pass.      French 
Bassb,  Basse^  Basso,  Besse,  Bessat,  Biseau,  Bissat, 
Pabsb,  Pabst. 

DDCCNUTIVKS. 

Old  German  Bassac,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Baseke^  Bass, 
BiBCOE — ^Mod.  Germ.  Basee,  Basch.  Old  German  Basolo, 
6th  cent. — Eng.  BASsUi,  Bessel,  Bbsley,  Bissell — ^Modern 
German  Basel,  Pesel — ^French  Beslat. 

PHONETIO  EKDINO. 

Basinns  or  Bisinus,  Thuringian  king,  5th  cent.  Basina^ 
wife  of  the  Prankish  king  Childerich,  and  daughter  of  the 
above.  Pisin,  9th  cent.  Basin,  Dom  sday.  Eng.  Basdt, 
BisNET.  French  Baibbut,  Bebbon,  Bebsohbau,  Bbbsona, 
Bibsen,  Pisbin. 

C0MP0XTND& 

{Oanfdy  Goth)  Eng.  Bisoood,  Peascod  t — Fr.  Basbaoet. 
{Hard,  fortis)  French  Bebsabd,  Bisabd,  Passabd,  Pibsabd. 
( Jfor,  fiunous)  Eng.  Bessemer,  Bisshibb,  Passkeb.  (If an  J 
fing.  Passman — Mod.  Germ.  Basbmann. 


182  THE  WABBIOB  AND  HIS  ABHS. 

I  am  not  sure  that  Bishop  is  not  in  some 
cases  from  this  root.  No  doubt  it  might  be  de- 
rived from  the  office,  for  even  in  ancient  times 
such  names  seem  to  have  been  given  baptismallj, 
and  there  is  an  Old  German  Pisco^  8th  cent., 
which  Graff  so  derives.  But  there  is  a  Biscop  in 
the  genealogy  of  the  kings  of  the  landisfari,  who 
of  course  mast  have  been  a  heathen.  Possibly 
it  may  be  from  the  above  root  bis,  with  Anglo- 
Saxon  cd/y  strenuous,  which  apparently  occurs 
sometimes  as  a  termination  in  Saxon  names. 

There  are  several  words  signifying  to  beat, 
some  of  which  are  still  in  use  in  the  English 
language,  or  in  provincial  dialecta  One  of  these 
is  bang  or  bank.  Old  Norse  banga,  Danish  banke, 
Eng.  **  bang,''  Exmoor  dialect  "  bank,''  to  beat 

BIMPLS  FORM& 

Eng.  Bakg,  Bank,  Bknch,  Pens.     Mod.  Germ.  Bancs, 
tTmT  Bang.    Frenoh  Banot,  Bang. 

DDflNTTnVBSw 

Frekicli  Benosl.     French  Panokoxtkx. 

OOMPOUNDa 

(Qaud,  Gtoth)  Old  German  Banogot,  9th  cent. — ^English 
Penkktt.  (Aud,  prosperity)  French  Panchaud.  {Hard) 
English  Banghabt,*  Bankabt — ^Modern  German  Bekckebt. 
{Her^,  warrior)  Eng.  Banckeb,  Bankieb — French  Penquieb. 

Another  word  signifying  to  beat,  Old  Norse 
beysta.  North.  Eng.  "  baste,"  may  perhaps  be  the 
root  of  the  following.  This  group  is  constructed 
on  a  purely  hypothetical  principle,  as  I  have  as 
yet  foimd  no  ancient  names  to  correspond. 

*  A  FhllMldphia  luina^  potilblr  of  Genmui  oiigiii. 


THE  WABRIOB  AND  HIS  AKMS.  183 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Bng.  BA8IB,  Bastow,  Bxbt,  Paste,  Pest.    Mod.  Oerm. 
BsBTE.      French    Basta,    Bastib,   Best,    Past^    Pasty,  ^obeat 
Pasteau,  Pebtt. 

DDCINUTiVES. 

Eng.  Bastiox:     French  Bestei^  Pestel. 

PATBONTMia 

Eng.  Bastikq. 

OOMPOUNDa 

(Hard,  fortis)  Eng.  Bastard — French  Bastard,  (ffm-ef 
warrior)  Eng.  Baster,  Bastrat,  Pester — French  Baster, 
Bastiee,  Pastier,  Pastr^  Pbbtrb.  (Wald,  power)  French 
Bestauuf. 

A  third  root  signifying  to  beat  is  Old  Norse 
Jdappa,  Old  High  Germ.  Jdaph&n,. 

RTifPT.iE  FORMa 

Old  Qerm.  Olaffo,  Lombard  king,  6th  cent,  Olapho,  dep,  cup,  Oair. 
Oleb,  deph.      Ch^pa,  son  of  Ida,  king  of  Bemicia.      Osgod  ^obMt 
Olapa,  Danish  nobleman  at  the  court  of  Oanute.      English 
Olapp,  Olayet.    Modem  Germ.  Klapp.    French  Olayeau, 
CLAvi,  Clatet. 

DIMIKT7nYE& 

Eng.  Claplin.     French  Glabbeeck.     French  OLATEib 

PATRONTMIOB. 

Eng.  Olapson.      French  Clapissov. 

OOMPOTTNDa 

{Aitdy  prosperity)  French  Olabaut.  {Hairif  warrior) 
Eng.  Glapfer — ^Modern  German  ElLABER-*-Frenbh  Clapeer, 
Clayier,  Olayerie,  Kleber.  {Eon^  raYen)  Fr.  Olapetrok. 
{Rai,  r$d,  connsel)  French  Olayrot,  CLAPAnkDE. 

From  the  Old  High  Germ,  bliuwan,  to  strike, 
to  kill,  Forstemann  thinks  may  be  a  GotL  name 
Blivilas  of  the  5th  cent.  There  are  a  few  names 
mostly  French,  which  may  perhaps  be  referred  to 
this  origin. 


184  THE  WABJEULOB  AND  HIS  ABMa 


DoDl 


B]aiT«.  French  Blaiyz,  BiisYK 

TerbenNi 

PHONICnO  BNDIKO. 

Eng.  Blbvin,  Pleydt.     French  Blayin,  BLEVAiorB. 

OOMPOXTNDS. 

(Hardy  fortiB)  French  Pur abd.    (Hart,  warrior)  French 
Blayieb,  Ploutieb. 

The  following  root  seems  to  be  referable  to 
Old  Norse  dolgr^  foe,  Ang.-^Saz.  dolg,  vulnus, 

SDCPLB  fOBUa 

Old  Germ.  Tnlga  (West  Ooihio  king,  7th  cent),  Tolcha 
Eng.  TuLK.    Mod.  Germ.  Dulk. 

PHONEno  ENDnra. 
Old  Germ.  Toloon,  10th  cent      Eng.  Toumor,  Tolken. 
Mod.  Germ.  Duloken. 

00MP0Uin)& 
(Fin,  people's  name  f)  Old  Norse  Dolgfinnr-^Bnglikh 
DoLPHm.     (Sifri,  warrior)  Eng.  Toloheb. 

Then  there  are  several  roots  signifying  to 

break,  subdue,  crush,  and  in  which  the  meaning 

probably  often  mixes  with  that  of  the  former 

clasa     From  the  Goth,  hrican,  Ang.-Sax.  5raoan, 

hrecan,  Old  High   German  brechan,  brehhan, 

brihhan,  prehhan,  to  break,  crush,  Eng.  "  bray,'" 

Cumb.  "  brake,**  to  beat  violently,  I  take  to  be 

the  following.     There  are  but  few  ancient  names, 

and  Forstemann  does  not  give  any  explanation. 

simfle  fobmb. 

Old  Germ.  Brachio,  Thuringian  king,  6th  cent.,  Bricdus^ 

Bd^     5th  cent      English  Brack,  Bbakb^  Bbeach,  Brick,  Briqg, 

TobMit    Bru>oe,  Bray,  Prigo,  Pray.      Mod.  German  Braoh,  Bry. 

French  Braoq,  Brbok,  BriquiS,  Brahy,  Bray,  Br^v,  BriIi^ 

Pray,  Pr^u. 


Bmck, 


THB  WABBIOB  AND  HIB  ABMa  185 

DIMiNUTlVJfia. 

Ibg.  Bbxaxell,  Bricksll,  Fbicklb.  Brixiy  Domte^day 
IfaUi. — EDgliah  Bbixet,  Bsix,  Baiaas  f  Bridoes  t — ^French 
Bbaok  f  Frax  f    French  BiuqitbiiONKS,  PidacLiN. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Aud,  prosperity)  French  Bbigaui>,  Bbatoub,  Brioubs, 
(Aiwif  life,  spirit)  Eng.  Briakd,  BBiAinr — French  Bbxqavd, 
Bbiant.  (Hard J  French  Bbaohabd,  Bbbohabd,  Bb^sabd, 
Bricabd,  Bbichabd,  BsiABD,  Bbiabd.  (Here,  warrior)  Eng. 
Bbacheb,  Bbickkb,  Bbeakeb,  BbbegheBi  BBiDasBy  Bbateb, 
Bbieb,  Pbeagheb — French  Bbacheb,  Bbateb,  Bbeoebb^ 
Bbigaibe,  BBEYEBy  Pbeteb.  (Mcm)  English  Bbakekajht, 
Bbatmajt,  Bbigkhak,  Bbiqmak,  Bbidgexan — Mod.  German 
Bbackmann,  BBifcKMANN — French  Bbaquemut,  Bbbchbhin. 
{Wine,  Mend)  French  Bbegeyik.  {WcUd,  power)  Old  Germ. 
Briceoldy  9th  cent. — French  Brajjuc,  Pbeault. 

PHONETIG  BNDma. 

Eng.  Bbaqan,  Bbidgen,  Bbain,  Pbaht.  French  Bbioov, 
Braikkb. 

PHONBnC  INTBUSION  OF  fft. 

£bg.  Bbainabix      French  Prbgniabd. 

Another  root  signifying  to  break  may  be  hrit, 
Ang.-Sax.  britian,  whence  Eng.  **  brittle.''  But 
the  Ang.-Sax.  bn/tta,  ruler,  prince,  may  come  in 
for  all  or  part.  Forstemann  also  proposes  Ang.- 
Sax.  Bri/t,  a  Briton,  and  brid,  as  the  root  of  bridla 

HnffiT.TE  FOB3CL 

Old  German  Briddo,  Britto,  9th  cent     Brette,  EoU  BtUL 
Ahb.    Eng.  Bbbit,  Pbitt,  Pbettt,  PsmB,  PBmDT.    French  ^  ,,^,^1 
Bbbt,  Bbetbau,  Pbxi^  BBms,  BBmsAU. 

DIMINUnyES. 

Eng.  Bbbtieli^  Bbittkll — French  Bbbiel.    Ft.  BBETocQi 

COMPOUNDS. 

{Here,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Britiharius,  Thoringian,  6th 
cent — English  BsiTTEBy  Pbeteb— French  Bbetab,  Pbetbe  t 
(Hard)  French  Pk^abd.     (Mem)  Eng.  Pbeityicah  9 

X 


186  THB  WABBIOB  AND  HIS  ABMa 

Another  root  of  siinilar  meaning  I  take  to  be 
found  in  Anglo-Saxon  brysan.  Old  Eng.  brise, 
French  briber.  Old  French  bruiser,  English 
"bruise/'  The  following  names  show  the  Teutonic 
origin  in  French  as  well  as  English. 

SmPLBFOKMa 

nrapa,BniM.       Old  German  Briao,  PriBO,  8th  cent      Old  None  Bred. 
"mL"  ^'^^^  Bbise,  Brisset,  Bbeeze,  Bressst,  Bbewss;  Bbucb, 

Pbibset,  Pbuse.      Modem  German  Bbese,  Bbxsa,  Pbbiss. 

French  Bbibe,  Bbisat,  Bbeyssb,  Bbbsb^  BBxassAV,  Bbbbst, 

Bbuot,  Bboubsb. 

DDHNunvEa. 
English  Bbislet,  Pbislet — French  Bbbbsel,  BBBSOLy 

PsnzELLB,      Old  German  Brisca^  11th  cent. — Eng.  Bbiboo, 

BniSKy  Bbetbig,  Pbissick — French  BBisAa     Eog.  BBBBUiiy 

Pbeslot — French  Bbxsxllov,  Bbuzeun. 

OOMPOUNDa 

(Aud,  prosperity)  English  Bbuzaud— French  Bbissaud. 
(And,  life,  spirit)  English  BBcrzAND — French  Bbessahd. 
(HardJ  English  Bbbazard— French  BEXsaABD,  Bbizabd. 
(Man J  Eng.  ^bisman,  Pbisemak.  (Here,  warrior)  French 
Bbesseb,  Bbuezieb. 

Then  we  have  several  roots  signifying  to  plun- 
der, to  devastate,  to  overthrow.  From  the  root 
rob  (Goth,  rauban.  Old  High  German  raupan. 
Old  Sax.  raven),  are  a  number  of  names,  many  of 
which  have  been  supposed  to  be  contractions  of 
Bobert.  The  word  has  not  a  pleasant  sound  to 
English  ears,  but  it  must  not  be  understood  in 
the  petty  larceny  modem  sense,  but  in  the  respect- 
able ancient  sense  of  burning  down  a  village^ 
slaughtering  the  men,  and  carrying  off  the  goods 
and  chattels,  women  and  children. 


THE  WARRIOB  AND  HIS  ABM&  187 

SIMPLE  FOBM& 

Old  Germ.  Ruabo,  Bubbo,  Bubo,  8th  cent.  Eng.  BoBB,  Bob,  Bab. 
Bobbie,  Boff,  Boffib,  Boaf,  Boof,  Bough,  Bubb,  BubYj^^p^"^***"* 
Buff,  Bufft,  Bope,  Boope.      Mod  Germ.  Bube.     Erench 

BOBBE,  BOBI,  BOUBO,  BUBIO,    Bub6,   BuBT,   BuPP,  BoUFFBy 

BOUVEAXT. 

DIMINUTrVEB. 

Old  Germ.  Bnpilo— English  Boblow,  Boblet,  Boufell, 
BuFFLE — French  Bubelle,  Bouyel.  English  Bubidqe — 
French  Bobiquet  {double  dUnin,)  Old  Gterman  Buopilin» 
10th  cent — English  Bobolin — French  Bobun,  Boyillaik. 
French  Bobquik,  Bobichon. 

OOMPOFNDa 

{Here,  warrior)  Eng.  Bopeb,  Roopeb,  Bubebt — ^French 
BoBiEBy  BuBiEB,  BouYiER.      {Rioe,  powerful)  Fr.  Bupbich. 

Then  there  is  another  root  ra6,  ra/p^  raf^ 
which  I  take  to  be  most  probably  another  form 
of  the  last,  Old  High  Germ,  rahan^  Ang.-Saxon 
reafariy  Old  Norse  krapa. 

simple  FOBMS. 

Old  German  Babo,  9th  cent,  Baffo^  11th  cent.     "RnglioK 
Baby,    Bapp,  Bayey.      French  Baby,  Baba,    Bahbau,  ^^  ^^• 
Babou,  Baffy,  Bapp,  Bapi^  Bayeau,  Bayou.  ** 

DIMINUTIYB& 

English  Baffell — Modem  German  Baffel — French 
Baphel,  Bapilly,  Bayel.  English  Bapejn.  French 
Babillon,  Baffldt. 

ooMFouinia 

{Atulj  prosperity)  French  Bayeaub.  (Ha/rd)  French 
Baffabb,  Baffobt,  Bayabd.  {Herej  warrior)  Eng.  Bapeb 
— ^French  Babieb,  Bayieb.  {Oot,  Goth)  French  Babioot. 
{Wold,  power)  Old  Germ.  Baffolt,  8th  cent — Eng.  Baftold 
— ^French Bay Aui/r.  (TTtna,  Mend)  French  BABomn.  {Ulf, 
wolf)  Old  Germ.  Bafbli;  9th  cent— French  Babeuf. 

Another  form  of  the  same  root  signifying  to 
rob  is*  I  think,  re6,  rev,  rip,  riv,  Ang.-Sax.  refan^ 


188  THE  WABBIOB  AND  HIS  ABlfa 

rjfpan,  Eng.  ''rifle,''  (diminutive).  Fozstemann 
proposes  Ang.-Sax.  n>e,  English  ''ripe''  in  the 
sense  of  mature,  a  less  probable  root,  as  it  seems 
to  me.  Some  of  the  Old  German  names  begin- 
ning with  an  aspirated  h,  it  is  possible  that  crib, 
crip,  may  be  Frankish  forms  from  this  root^  as 
at  p.  46. 

aiirPLE  FORIIB. 

sib,  Bif.        Old  OenzL  Hripo,  Hiiffo,  9th  cent.      Eng.  Ribb,  Hznr, 
Tophudflr.  Obibb  I    Mod.  Genn.  Beibe,  Reiff.     Frencli  Reyu,  Ribott, 
Rur,  RiYAT,  RiYi,  RiYAu,  Obept  ?  Obep^  Cbefeau  I 

DIMIM  UTIVEU. 

Eng.  RiBBBCK,  Repuks,  RiPKiET.  Eng.  Reffel,  Revoj^ 
Reayell,  RiPLsr — ^Rivell,  BoU  BaU.  Ahb«y — ^Mod.  German 
RiJppELL,  RiFFEL — French  Rible,  Ribail,  Rebel,  Revel^ 
Reteh^  Cbepelle  9     French  REBnJiOK,  REYELiir,  Rivslik. 

OOMPOUND& 

{Aui,  prospeiiiy)  French  Riffaud,  Ripaut,  Riyaud. 
(Hard)  French  Rebabd,  Ripabd,  Riyabd,  Revebd.  (HerSy 
warrior)  Old  Germ.  Ripher,  Riper,  8th  cent. — ^Eng.  Ripbb, 
Retebe,  Ritiebe,  RnrEB,  Oeipeb9 — Ripere,  RiverSy  BoU 
BaU.  Abb. — Mod  Germ.  Reibeb — French  Ribieb,  Ribii^bx, 
RiYiXBE,  CBiBiEBt — Spanish  Ribeba.  (Wcdd,  power)  Old 
Gennan  Ribald,  Rippo]d,  8th  cent — French  RiBAUi/r, 
Rebold,  Riffault,  Ripault — ^ItaL  Riyolta  t 

PHONETIC  EKBIKG. 

Old  Germ.  Rifoni,  8th  cent.  English  Rippor,  Obipfbk  f 
French,RiBUK,  Ribovi,  Riyain. 

Another  root  of  similar  meaning  may  be  ran, 
ren,  from  Old  Norse  rcencc,  spoliare,  rdn,  rapine. 
But  this  is  difficult  to  separate  in  many  cases 
from  ragin,  counsel,  which  is  frequently  con- 
tracted into  rain,  as  at  p.  48.  Forstemann  also 
refers  to  BAn,  the  vdfe  of  Oegir  in  Northern 
mythology. 


THE  WABBIOB  AND  HIS  ABMS.  189 

8I1IFLB  fOBMa 

Old  Oerm.  Bano,  9th  oent.    Eng.  Rahk,  Bjosnxis,  Bshn, 
Wuat,  BxifNiB,  RENva     Modem  Qeimaa  Rahn.     French  jupiM- 
Rahob,  Bknkt,  Bsv& 

DDIIMUTiVn. 

Old  Oerm.  Banila^  7th  cent  Eng,  Bxbvelu  Franoh 
Rbhel. 

patbokyxic& 
Eng.  BxmnsoK.    French  RKinsBsoir,  RENiixcx>ir. 

OOMPOUNDa 

(Oar,  spear)  Old  German  Baogar — ^Eng.  Rakixxb,  RiiroxB  f 
Another  root  of  the  same  meaning  is  dil,  til, 
which  Forstemann  refers  to  Old  High  German 
tUen,  Ang.-Sax.  dilgian,  diruere,  destruere.  To 
the  few  ancient  names  of  his  list  I  add  several 
others  from  our  own  early  record& 

BIMFLB  70BMS. 

Old  Germ.  Dilli,  Tilli,  Thilo,  8th  cent      ISlli,  ZA  FftL  ^  ™- 
Bill,  Tilly,  Tillc,  Hund.  lUdU.      English  Dm^  Dolet,  ^  ^^"*^' 
Du.u>w,  Till,  Tnurr.    Modem  German  Dill,  Till,  Tilo. 
French  Dillt,  Dill^,  Tillt,  Tjll& 

DIMIMUTlVjgi. 

Ang.-Saz«  TiUuc  (found  in  TiOueea  IM,  Cod.  Dip.  436.) 
Eng.  DiLUCK,  DiLKE,  Tillick,  Tilk&    French  DiL&Aa 

PATBONTHICei 

Eng.  Tilling.     Mod.  Gexm.  Dmuna 

OOMPOUNDa 

(Oer,  spear)  Ang.-Sax.  TilgAr  (found  in  TUgSrea  die,  Cod. 
Dip.  714)— Dilker,  ffund  JMZ^.— Eng.  Dilqsb,  Dilligab. 
(Hard)  Eng.  Tillbabd — ^Mod.  German  Dillbbv — ^French 
TiLLiAXD,  (Hore,  warrior)  Ang.*Sax.  Tilhere^  bishop  ox 
Woroester^Engliah  Dillbb,  Tilleb,  Tillikb— l^Vench  DiL- 
LEBT,  TiLLUEB.      (J7<*)  English  TiLLOTT — ^French  Dillkt, 

^  VMKf  Aaol«nt  «Bdl]isi,  m  ancl-or  and^  pntpezity,  had,  ww,  hoM,  "hood," 
eooTtise  in  modm  nuMf  into  «l. 


190  THE  WABBIOR  AND  HI8  AKUa 

TiLLOT.  (Man)  Ang.-Sax.  Tilmann  {found  in  TUmannei 
den,  Cod  Dip.  379)— Tilmon,  Lib.  Fit— TUeman,  Hund. 
BoQs. — Eiig.  DnjJCAK,  Tillmajt,  Tilomav,  Tilkmak — Mod. 
German  Dilleicank,  Tillmabk — ^French  Thjcajt.  (Mar, 
fiuBums)  Old  German  TUemir,  Stih  cent. — Eng.  Dillimobb. 
(I^oih,  bold)  English  Dilnutt.  (W^ine,  Mend)  TUmni,  Lih. 
ViL — Eng.  DnjiWTir.  (Mund,  protection)  An^o-Sazon 
Tilmnnd  (/ound  in  Tilmunde$  hd,  Cod  Dip.  663)— French 

TiLMAHT.  

PHONXnO  ENDING. 

Eng.  Dillon.     French  Dillon,  Tillon. 

Another  root  of  similar  meaning  is  probably 
tum^  which  is  found  as  early  as  the  6th  cent., 
and  which  Forstemaim  supposes  to  be  from  Old 
High  German  twman,  Eng.  ''  tum,^  in  the  sense 
of  overthrowing,  or  in  the  later  sense  of  tilting. 
He  has  five  ancient  names  from  this  root^  but 
none  corresponding  with  ours. 

simple  FOSUS. 

Td  ovw^row.     English  TusNEY,  ToxTBN AT  1    French  Toubne^  Toubnat  t 

DUBNET. 

DIMINXTnVES. 

Eng.  TuBNELL,  TuBNLEY — French  Toxjbnai^  Doubnel. 
French  TouBKAHiLON.     French  Toubnaohon. 

CX)MP0TJNI)a 

(Here,  warrior)  Tameros,  Ci^>ellanns,  in  a  grant  to  the 
monastery  of  Croyland,  A.D.  1051 — ^Eng.  Tubneb — ^French 

TOUBNEUB,  TOUBNAIBE^  ToUBNEBY. 

Another  root  with  this  meaning  may  be 
strude,  strut,  Ang.-Saxon  strudan,  to  devastate, 
destroy,  along  with  which,  as  a  High  Germ,  form, 
we  may  class  struz. 

SItnSB,  BDIFLE  F0BM& 

Btnit  Old  German  Strode,  Strata  Stmz,  8th  cent.      English 

To  iMnj.  qtotob,  Stbutt.    Mo4  Germ.  SraAUBa 


THE  WAEBIOE  AND  HIS  AHMS.      191 

OOMFOUNDB. 

{Herey  warrior)  English  Struthebs.  {Wig^  imr)  Eng. 
SrfiUBWicK. 

Another  root  of  similar  meaning  may  be  Ang.- 
Sax,  scathan,  sceathariy  Old  Norse  skSdia^  Old 
High  German  scadariy  Mod.  German  schadeUy  to 
injure,  plimder,  destroy.  There  is  also  another 
root  proposed  by  Forstemann,  and  which  might 
intermix — Goth.  skadtiSy  Old  High  Germ,  scato, 
shade,  in  the  older  sense  of  shelter  or  protection. 
And  a  third  might  be  Old  Norse  skati,  rex,  vir 
munificus,  from  skattr,  tribute,  whence  Skati,  a 
name  in  the  Landnamabok. 

aniPLB  POBMB. 

Old  German  Scato,  9th  cent      Engliah  Skatb,  Shaded  ^^  dArtroj. 
SHBA.TH,  Skeei.      Mod.  German  Schat,  Schade.      French 
Scat,  Bcatti. 

OOMPOUNDa 

(Here,  warrior}  Eng.  Sheatheb,  Shsthsb.      (Lac,  play) 

Eng.   SoADLOCK.      (Leo/f  dear)  Eng.   Skatliff.      (Wealh, 

stranger)  Sceadwala,*  &ther  of  Beowulf  (Flor.  War.  J  Eng. 

Shadwell. 

phonetic  endino. 

Old  Genn.  Scattani  (Genii  J,  9th  cent.  Eng.  Scaddabt. 
Some  other  words  of  hateful  soimd  to 
Christian  ears  are  no  doubt  derived  in  a  warlike 
sense.  Such  is  the  root  6aZ,  6afe,  pale — (xoth. 
bah.  Old  High  Grerman  paio,  Ang.-Saxon  bealo, 
bale,  woe,  calamity,  in  the  sense  of  one  who 
inflicts  calamity  upon  others.  This  root  is  apt 
to  mix  up  with  another  of  very  different  meaning, 
bit,  lenitas,  placiditas,  as  explained  by  Grimm. 

•  Or  thif  lUUDU  might  )>•  put  to  th«  root*  had,  chad,  war,  m  at  p.  100. 


192  THE  WABBIOB  AND  HIB  ABMa 

SDCPLK  lOBMa 

Old  Gennan  BoUo^  Pallo,  Sth  cent  Palejr  or  Paling, 
Bii,  BiOfl^  Danish  Jarl  in  the  time  of  Eihelred.  Eng.  Ball,  Ballet, 
^f  ^_  Bail,  Bailkt/  Pail,  Paley,  Bell»  Bellt,  Bellow,  Bellew, 

Pell,  Pellt,  Pellew.      Mod  Germ.  Ball,  Pahl,  Behl. 

Frenoh  Balle,  Balat,  Ballt,  Ballu,  Bau^  Bailla,  Baillt, 

Baillibu,   Paille,   Paillet,    Pallu,    Bell^  Belleait, 

Belli,  Bellu,  Pelle,  Pell^,  Pellu. 

DDOKUnyES. 

Eng.  Ballook — French  Ballochk      En^^iiah  Balaam, 
Bellaxt — Fries.  Ballema — French  Bellamy,  Belhoxme  f 
PATBOimao& 
Eng.  BALLma,  PAUNa    French  Pallanqu^  PELUSNa 

ooMPon2n)s. 
(Fred,  peace)  Old  German  PalMd — English  Palfbet. 
(Ha/rd)  Engli^  Ballabd,  Paillabd — French  Ballabd, 
Bailliabd,  Paillabd,  Pailuabt.  {Here,  irarrior)  Eng 
Balleb,  Balteb,  Paleb — ^Fr.  BAiLLiiBS,  Balebt,  Pailleub, 
Paillbeib.  {M€t,  £unoua)  Old  Germ.  Ballomar,  2nd  cent, 
Belimar,  8th  cent — Eng.  Balxei^  Bellmob^  PalmbbI — 
Frenoh  Bellemabb,  PAUCiEBf  {EH,  counsel)  English 
Palaibet — ^French  Ballebet. 

Then  there  are  some  roots  which  signify  fear, 
loathing,  horror,  in  the  sense,  with  the  ancient 
termination,  of  "  one  who  is  a  terror  to  others.** 
Thus  a  warrior  in  Saxo  describes  himself — 

Bessos  ego  sum, 

Fortis  in  anni% 

Trox  inimicis, 

Geutibus  honor. 

Hence  I  take  to  be  the  root  og.  Old  Norse 
dga,  abominari,  whence  Oegr,  a  name  in  the 
Landnamabok.     This  seems  to  be  the  root  of  our 

•  OrMBMofUMMmislUbepattotlMioo(6a9,M»ip.l71 


THB  WABBIOB  AND  HIS  ABMS.  193 

words  **  tigl/'  and  "  ogre."  Forstemann,  however, 
places  og  to  the  root  hxig,  thought^  reason,  which 
may  indeed  intermix — ^the  difference  between  og 
and  hog  not  being  much  to  build  upon. 

SIMPLE  rOBKS. 

Old  Germ.  Ogo,  9th  cent.     Old  Norse  Oegr.     Eng.  Ooo.      og. 
French  Oo,  OaA  ^««» 

OOMPOTTNDa 

{Bem^  bear)  Eng.  Ogbobk.  {Here^  warrior)  Eng.  Ooieb, 
French  OonsB,  Ooeb. 

A  root  cognate  with  the  above  seems  to  be 
Goth,  agis,^  Old  High  Germ,  akiso,  ekiso,  horror, 
which  is  foimd  in  several  Old  German  names, 
none  however  corresponding  with  the  following. 

SIMPLE  Fosua 
English  Agois,  Aogas,  Ajlabs.      French  Aoicf,  Aqassb, 

AoiTESSE^  A JA88B,  EoASSB^  EqAZE.  Honor. 

DIMIKUTIVS. 
Swiss  AOASSIZ  ? 

A  third  root  with  the  same  meaning  may  be 
broke,  brook,  which  Stark  refers  to  Old  High 
Germ,  bruogo,  pruoko,  Ang.-Saxon  brdga,  terror. 
There  might  also  be  a  root  h^ock,  from  Ang.-Saz. 
brockian,  to  afflict,  oppress^  but  a  separation 
would  be  difficult. 

SIMPLE  FOBMa 

Old  Germ.  Broocho,  Bruogo,  11th  cent      Anglo-Saxon 
Br6ga.    Eng.  Bbook,  Bboke,  Bbooe,  Bbxw.      Mod.  Germ.    !^^ 
Bbugh,  Bbockk    French  Bboo,  Beeuoq.  Tmot. 

PATEONTMICS. 

Eng.  Brooiuko.    Eng.  Bbookson. 


Mijiiott]ilsb«th«oilgliiofEiif.  "agfaaitk'' fonntriy  ipatt  oiwml ' 
Y 


194  THB  WABBIOB  AKD  HI8  ABMa 

OOMFOUKDa 

{Her&y  warrior)  En^iah  Bbokxb,  Brookbb,  Bbbwsb  f-^ 
Modem  Qerman  Bbockeb — ^French  BBuaiiss^  Bbuhd^be. 
(Man)  Eng.  Bbockmahk,  BftooKiCAir — ^Mod.  Qerm.  Bbuck- 
XAHir,  BBOCKMAinr,  BROOCKitAiiK.  (Ewrd)  Old  German 
Brocard,  11th  cent — Eng.  Bbooabd — Mod.  Germ.  Bruoh- 

HABDT — ^Fr.  BbOGABD. 

There  is  another  root  which  may  come  in 
here,  oUy  from  Old  Norse  tttxi^  terrere.  Hence 
Tenor?  Haldorscn  derives  the  Scandinavian  name  Ottar, 
in  the  sense  of  metuendus,  '*  one  to  be  feared," 
and  hence,  I  take  it,  the  Eng.  name  Otter.  But 
.whether  Ott,  Ottey,  Otway,  are  also  to  be 
placed  to  the  same  root,  may  be  doubtful. 

Anoth^  word  of  similar  meaning  is  Old  High 
Germ.  Uid^  Old  Sax.  Ud^  Ang.-Sax.  IMi^  hateful, 
loathly,  in  the  sense,  like  the  preceding  words,  of 
one  who  is  a  terror  to  others.  But  it  seems  to 
me  probable  that  there  is  an  intermixture  of 
another  root,  not  noticed  by  Forstemann,  Ang.- 
Saxon  Udany  to  lead,  Idteaw,  latheow,  Iddman, 
leader. 

SIMPLE  FOBM& 

Old  Germ.  Lethn,  Lombard  Eang^  5tli  oent,  Laita,  Ledi, 
LetoB.      English  Laid,  Lady,  Late,  Latht,  Lsath,  Lebte- 
^^^^**  Mod.  Qerm.  Lethe,  Lette,  Letde.     French  Laitt,  Lajti^ 
LsTHO,  Led^  Ledo,  Ledouz,  Leddeu,  Leitu. 

DIMINTTTiyBEL 

Old  Germ.  Ledila,  9th  cent — Eng.  Lathali^  Leathlet^ 
Letley — French  L^aix^  Letaille,  L^toiIiE.      Old  Germ. 
Ledoc,  8th  cent. — French  LsDUC,  Letac,  LsTOOQi 
pATBOKnaoa 

Old  German  Leiting,  9th  cent  English  LsEDura, 
Lathanoue.    Mod.  Germ.  Ledd^o.     French  LEiANa 


THE  WABRIOB  AND  HIS  AAMS.      195 

OOMPOUHDfi. 

{Oer,  spear)  French  Ledaobe.  (Hard J  Old  German 
Lethard,  Letard,  9th  cent — ^English  Leathabt — ^French 
Latabd.  (Here^  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Leither,  Letar,  Lether^ 
8th  cent — Ang^-Saz.  Lethar  (EpiacopWy  Cod.  Dip.  981) — 
£ng.  Latbb,  Lbatheb,  Leader — ^Modern  German  Ledeb, 
Leiteb — ^French  Ledisr,  Lb  TniiRB?  (Man)  English 
Laidmak,  Ladtman.  {Riee^  poweiful)  Old  Germ.  Letoerich, 
8th  cent — French  Labdebich.  (^omm,  nvriy  raven)  Old 
Germ.  Lethramnua,  9th  cent —  French  Ladubon,  Lettebok. 
{Raty  counsel)  Old  German  Laidarat^  (Archbishop  of  Lyons, 
8th  cent) — French  Ladbet,  Latebbade.  {Wordy  guardian) 
Old  Grennan  Lethward,  8th  cent — English  Latewabd. 

There  is  another  root  very  difficult  to  separate 
from  the  above,  GotL  lathon,  Old  High  German 
ladon,  to  invite,  in  the  sense,  according  to  Forste- 
mami,  of  challenge.  So  that  in  any  case  the 
names  come  under  this  head. 

SIMPLE  F0BH8. 

English  Labd,  Lath,  Lattey,  Latta.      French  Lad^,  lmi,  Lath. 

TtATTK,  GbAUenge 

ooMPonin)a 
(ZTaro,  warrior)  Eng.  Latteb — French  Latbt,  Latoub. 
(Leo/,  dear)  English  Latliff.      (J/or,  fiunous)  Old  German 
Lathomar,  7th  cent — ^Latomer,  BoU  JBaU.  Abb, — ^Latimarus, 
Domeaday — ^Eng.  Latdceb. 

From  the  Goth,  driugan,  Ang.-Sax.  dreogauy 
militari,  we  may  take  the  following. 
«  simple  forms. 

Old  (German  Drogo,  Drugo,   Trogo,   Trugo,   7th  cent    p^og. 
Drogo,  Domeaday.    English  Tboke,  Tbow,   Tbue,  Dbew.     i>rBw. 
Mod.  Qerm.  Dboge,  Tboche,  Dbue.      French  Tbpo,  Tbou,  ^^*«*- 
Dbov,  Dbuet. 

DDaKX7nVE& 

Eng.  Dbxwelz^  Tbowell — French  TBtTELLE.  French 
Dboulik. 


GiflL 


196  THE  WABBIOB  AND  HIS  ABJCa 

PHONBinC  XNBIKO. 

En^^iah  Dbitooak,  Drowh.  French  DBuaaoir,  DBOcnor, 
Dfioimr  (de  LhuyiL) 

O01CPOUKI)& 

(Bmi,  fiunoiu)  French  Tbuhebt.  (Hard,  fertis)  French 
Dbouabb.  (JIarif  warrior)  Old  Gennan  Tmogheri,  9th 
cent. — En^iah  Drewert,  Drurt,  Trowbr — ^Mod.  Qcnuan 
Druckeb,  Truorr — French  Druoquer.  (ManJ  Kngliah 
Trxteman — Mod.  Qerm.  Drumakk. 

The  following  seem  to  be  from  Anglo-Saxon 
griUan,  ad  litem  provocare.  There  is  only  one 
Old  Genn.  name,  which  Forstemann  thus  derives. 

SIMPLBFORMa 

Eng.  Grox^  Greele,  Greelt,  Crillt,  Crealet — French 
Grill^  Grilly,  Gbeel. 

OOHFOUinXL 

(HaH,  warrior)  French  Gbeluer.  (Man J  Old  Genn. 
Grilieman,  10th  cent — Eng.  GRSBLMAir. 

From  the  Goth,  draban,  Ang.-Saxon  dr^an, 
to  hew,  slash,  wound,  are  probably  the  following. 

SIMPLB  FORJC& 

Drab.  Old  Genn.  Drebi,  8th  cent.     Eng.  Trapp,  Tripp.     Mod. 

To  tiMh.  Qerm.  Trappb.     French  Trappe^  Tribou. 

DDfiNimyBaw 
Old  Germ.  Trebel,  10th  cent      Eng.  Drabble,  Travel^ 
Treble.     French  Treboul,  Trsful. 

OOHPOUNDS. 

(Wold,  power)  Old  German  Trapold,  9th  cent — ^French. 
Trabold,  Drevault. 

In  an  age  of  hand-to-hand  conflict,  when 
every  man  had  to  depend  on  the  strength  of  his 
own  arm  and  the  temper  of  his  own  steel,  a  tried 
and  trusted  weapon  was  naturally  regarded  with 
a  feeling  something  aldn  to  veneratioa 


TH£  WABBIOR  AND  HIS  ARMS.  197 

We  find,  both  in  the  Celtic  and  Teutonic 
myths,  that  the  sword  of  a  celebrated  warrior 
was  often  distinguished  by  a  proper  name,  and 
that  magical  or  peculiar  properties  were  not 
unfirequently  attributed  to  it.  Thus  the  cele- 
brated sword  called  Skofnung,  which  belonged  to 
the  Icelandic  warrior  Hrolf  Kraki,  and  which 
was  afterwards  carried  away  out  of  his  grave, 
could  not,  as  related  in  Scandinavian  myths^  be 
drawn  in  the  presence  of  women,  or  so  that  the 
sun  shone  upon  the  hilt,  without  losing  something 
of  its  virtue. 

The  sword  of  Roland  was  called  Durenda^  a 
word  which  also  occurs  frequently  in  the  names 
of  men,  where  it  is  probably  derived,  at  least  in 
many  cases,  from  the  weapon  of  the  renowned 
champion.  In  France,  at  the  present  day,  the 
name  is  extremely  common. 

SIMPLE  FOBMS. 

Old  German  Durand,  Duorant,  9th  and  following  cen-   JP°^^ 
turies.     DorandnSy  Lib.  VU.     Eng.  Dubaivd.      Mod.  Qerm. 
DoBAND,  DuRAND.     French  Du&anp,  I>u&Ain>EAU,  Buraitt. 
ItaL  DUBAJTDT,  DuBAinx). 

COMPOUND. 

(Eard,  fortis)  French  Dubandabd. 
Names  derived  from  weapons  are  extremely 
common,  but  not,  as  it  seems  to  me,  at  least  as 
the  general  rule,  in  any  metaphorical  sense,  but 
rather  on  the  principle  referred  to  p.  18,  That 
is,  in  simple  forms,  the  ancient  termination  gives 
the  sense  of  **  one  having  a  sword,'"  *"  one  having 
a  spear,'"  &c. 


Swwdo* 


Sword. 


198  THE  WABHIOB  AND  HIS  ARMS. 

Sword  itself  is  not  common  ;  it  is  found  in  an 
Old  Germ.  Sueridus,  4th  cent. — ^in  the  name 
Swerting,  of  a  Goth  mentioned  in  Beowulf — and 
in  Svertingr,  the  name  of  four  Northmen  in  the 
Landnamabok. 

BIMPLB  FOBM& 

Old  Germ.  Sueridus,  4th  cent.  Eng.  Swobd.  Modem 
Germ.  Sghwjsrdt.     French  Soubd,  Soubdeau^  Sebdou,  Sebt. 

OOMPOUNDa 

{Here,  warrior)  Eng.  Swobdeb,  Sobtob — Fr.  Soubdu^bb. 
(Or  else  the  same  as  Old  English  <'  sworder,**  swordsman  ?) 
{Wal^  stranger)  Eng.  Sobtwell — French  Soubdeyal. 

A  more  common  word  is  brandy  Old  Norse 
brandr,  signifying  literally  a  torch,  a  burning, 
but  metaphorically  a  sword,  from  its  shining,  in 
which  sense  it  is  still  used  in  poetry.  Graff  gives 
it  the  former  meaning  in  proper  names,  but 
Forstemami,  more  reasonably,  as  I  think,  the 
latter.  It  was  common  among  the  Lombards, 
and  among  the  Northmen,  but  not  among  the 
Saxons,  nor,  except  as  a  termination,  among  the 
Franks.  Another  form  in  Ang.-Sax.  and  Old 
Fries,  is  brand.  The  Brondings  are  a  people 
mentioned  in  Beowulf  also  in  the  Scdp  or  Bard's 
song. 

SIMFLEFOBMB. 

Old  German  BrantiLo,  9th  cent.  Old  Noise  Brandr, 
Bnnd,  BiandL  English  Bbaio),  Bbandt,  Bbutt,  Bbond,  Bbemt — 
BroBd.  Mod.  German  Bbandt — French  B&and,  Bbaiidt,  Bbaxtbau, 
Bbakdao,  Pbakd. 

DrmNTTTIYEB. 

Old  C^erm.  Brandila^  5th  cent — ^Eng.  Bbaitdlb — ^Modern 
Germ.  Bravdxl — French  Bbaiidelt,  Bboitdel.    Old  Germ. 


Sword. 


THE  WABRIOR  AKD  HIS  ABMa  199 

Brandalenus,  8th  cent. — £ng.  B&ahdukg — Modem  German 
BBiNDLEiN.  Eng.  BRAin)i8;*  BsAiffDisH — Modem  Geraian 
Bbandeis — French  BRAin)£S. 

OOMPOlTNDa. 

(Hard)  English  Brandabd.  {Herey  warrior)  English 
Brakdeb — French  Bbokder  (or  same  as  Old  English 
^'sworder/'  swordsman.)  {Ramy  raven)  Eng.  Brandbak. 
{R^i  counsel)  Eng.  Braitobeth — ^Mod.  Germ.  Bbandboth. 
(Rice^  powerfdl)  Eng.  Bbandbiok. 

As  a  termination  I  find  it  in  three  English 
names,  Gilubband,  Shiebbband,  and  Hilde- 
BBAND.      And  in  five  French,  Albband,  Aude- 

BBAND,   ChABBAND,   OhEEBBBANT,   and    HiLDE- 

bband.  Perhaps  we  may  find  another  in  Mali- 
bban.  The  name  of  the  Dutch  pq^inter,  Bem- 
bbanbt,  comes  in  here. 

Another  word  signifying  a  blade,  sword,  is 
Old  Fries.  klingCy  Germ,  and  Dan.  Hinge,  Dutch 
Jding. 

SIMPLE  FOBMS. 

Qld  Germ.  Ohlincho,  9th  cent      English  CLnra,  CluNao,^J^,j^ 
OuNK,  GLiNCHy  Qlescsl      Modem  Qerman  KLma,  Klikk, 

KliENCKEL 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Hard)  Eng.  Olinkabd — ^Mod.  Germ.  Kunkhabdt — 
French  Glenchabd. 

There  is  considerable  probability  that  in 
proper  names,  spade  (Ang.-Sax.  spada.  Old  High 
German  spata),  had  the  meaning  of  sword. 
Forstemann  observes  that  this  sense  obtains  in 
the  Romanic  languages  and  in  Polish.     And  the 

*  Perlutps,  nther,  the  ending  in  these  names  maj  be,  u  Pott  hM  it^  from 
tU,  iron.  And  thns  B&aitdzb,  fta,  may  be  the  oonyene  of  the  Old  Oeim.  munee 
Ttbnnd,  IianbxKnd,  ''Iron-iwoid." 


200      THE  WABEIOB  AND  HIS  ABMB. 

probability  is  increased  by  the  feet  that  plough, 
as  hereafter  noticed,  had  sometimes  the  meaning 
of  spear. 

SIMPLE  FOSHB. 

^^  Old  Qerman  Spatto,  9tli  cent.      English  Spade,  Spadt, 

Speight.    Mod  Genn.  Spaeth,  Spit.     French  Spada. 

OOMPOUmMl 

{Man)  Eng.  Spademan.  {Hert^  warrior)  Eng.  Spader. 
(Or  perhaps  more  probably  aame  as  **  aworder,"  swoTdsman.) 

A  fourth  word  for  a  sword  is  Groth.  meki^ 
Ang.-Sax.  meche.  There  is  a  Meaca  mentioned 
in  the  Sc6p  or  Bard's  song,  as  ruling  the  Myrg- 
ings  (the  people  of  the  Old  Nordalbingia),  whose 
name  seems  to  be  from  this  origin.  This  root  is 
very  difficult  to  separate  from  another,  mic,  pro- 
bably meaning  great. 

SIMPLE  FOBMa 

Old  German  Meco,  9th  cent.      Meaca^  Sti^  or  Bard^s 

Swordr    9Whg,      Eng.  Mmnrj  Mkhrkv^  MsBCH. 

PATBONTMIC. 

Engliflh  Mi^EKiKCk 

00MP0T7ND. 

(J7er0,  warrior)  Eng.  Meekbb. 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  seax  or  sex,  a  dagger  or 
short  sword,  it  is  supposed  by  some  writers — ^and 
this  theory  I  think  has  the  greatest  probability 
— that  the  Saxons  have  derived  their  name. 
Hence  in  proper  names  the  meaning  may  some- 
times be  that  of  the  nation,  and  sometimes  that 
of  the  weapon. 

SIMPLE  FOEMfl. 

Old  Germ.  Sax,  Saxo,  7th  cent.  S»xa,  genealogy  of  ihs 
Ecut  Saxon  kings.  Eng.  Saze,  Sex,  Sezet,  Six.  Modem 
Germ.  Sachs,  Sax.     French  Sax,  Six. 


Meek, 


Sn,  Sax. 
Dagger. 


THS  WABBIOE  AND  HIS  AKIf&  201 

i>DiiKir!nvx.  ooMPOtmx 

Engliflh  Saxl.  (Mer,  famous)  Eng.  Sxxxeb. 

The  father  of  the  above  Sasxa  was  called 
Sledda.  This  seems  to  be  from  Old  Norse  deddc^ 
a  faulchion  or  curved  sword.  We  seem  to  have 
here  one  of  the  instances  of  the  earliest  attempts 
at  a  &mil7  name.  The  &ther  being  called  by  a 
name  signifying  a  sword,  the  son  is  called  by  a 
name  perfectly  different  in  sound,  yet  having  the 
same  meaning ;  so  as,  without  any  confrision,  to 
connect  him  with  his  &ither.  The  following 
names  come  in  here. 

SIMPLE  FOBMSb  Skdai 

Sledcb^  OresL  East  Sax.  kings.    Eng.  Slak,  Slate,  Slight.  rMkhiaar 

PHOlOCnC  EVDINO.  COlfPOUNDa 

EDg.  SLiJ>EN.  {Heret  warrior)  Eng.  Sladeb,  Slatbb  I 
A  very  ancient  name  is  Knife,  which  appears 
in  the  name  Cniva^  of  a  Gothic  king  of  the  3rd 
cent,  in  Jomandes.  Two  centuries  later  we  find 
in  the  same  author  a  Grothic  name  Cnivida. 
This  has  the  same  meaning,  ^  knife-wood,''  a 
poetical  or  pleonastic  expression  for  a  knife. 

filMFLK  FOBMB. 

Old  Germsn  CniTa,  3rd  cent,  GniTm.      Eaglish  KNin,   ^^ 
Ehife;  Cankotb  (Mcmck,)    Med  Qerm.  Enikp.     French 
Oannbta,  Ohkneykau.    ItaL  Oahoya  % 

GOMPOUn}>& 

{Vidj  vood)  Old  Qerman  Cmvida,  5th  cent — ^Engliflh 
Ehttbit — Eraich  GAHivxr,  Ganxvet. 

We  see  how  in  the  English  knife  and  in  the 
French  canif  the  awkwardness  of  the  initial  k 
has  been  variously  got  rid  of — in  the  one  case  by 
dropping  it  in  the  pronunciation  altogether,  and 

z 


202  THE  WABBIOB  AND  HIS  ABMfL 

in  the  other  by  the  introductioD  of  a  vowel,  so  as 
to  make  it  a  dissyllable,  as  is  the  case  in  some  of 
the  above  namea  The  latter  course  we  have 
ourselves  adopted  in  the  name  of  the  English 
king  Canute,  properly  Gnut  or  Knut. 

There  are  more  names  derived  from  the  spear 
than  from  the  sword.  One  of  the  most  common 
of  all  roots  is  Ang.-Sax.  gdr^  Old  Norse  geivy  Old 
Sax.  and  Old  Friea  gSr.  Forstemann  thinks 
that  ger,  avidus,  and  garo,  paratus,  may  mix  up 
with  this  root.  The  Old  Frankish  forms  char 
and  car,  of  Aar,  army,  are  also  often  difficult  to 
separate. 

Ckm^GMs;  BDIPLB  FOBM& 

Gtom.  Old  Oerzo.  Gero,  Kero,  Caro,  7th  cent     Old  None  Geir, 

^^^'    GeirL     Eng.  Gare^  Garbt,  Gabrow,  Gebbe,  Gbabt,  Gobb, 

GuBB,  Jaby,  Jeaby,  Gabb,  Gabby,  Oabew,  Gobb^  Goby, 

EjSBB.     Mod.  GeroL  Gehb,  GdHB,  Kshb.      French  Gabay, 

Gabe^  Gabby,  Gabbau,  Gbby,  Gbbay,  GniY,  Guou,  Gobbb, 

GUBBBE,  GUEBBY,  GoEB,  JaYB,  JABBY,  OaBEY,   CaBK^ 

Gabeau,  Goba,  Gobu. 

DIMINUTIVES. 

Old  G^rm.  Gericho,  Kericho^  8th  oeut — ^Eng.  Gabbiok, 
Gerich,  Oabbick,  KEBBmGE — ^Mod.  Germ.  Gebicee,  G^bich 
— ^Frendi  Guebioo,  Gobiok.  Old  German  Gerlo,  Kerilo, 
Gherilo,  8th  cent — ^Eng.  Gabell,  Gibl  9  Kebley,  Kebbell, 
OmcBBnji — ^Mod.  Germ,  "gieitm.ig — ^French  Gaibel,  Gabuel, 
Gabbel,  Gabblla,  Gueubei^  Gabel,  Goballl  Engliflh 
Gablikg,  Gabldio,  Oablen,  GnajNG — ^French  Gabbelok, 
Garlin,  Oablif.  English  Gabbab,  Gebibh — ^Frendi  G^bbz^ 
Gorez,  Gorissi^  Garraz.  Eng.  Gerkik — ^Modern  German 
Gherken — French  Oabqus^. 

PATBONYMIOB. 

Old  Germ.  Geiing,  8th  cent — English  Gabiho,  Gobiho, 
Geabibg — Mod.  Genn.  GsBUf o,  G5bivo. 


THB  WABRIOB  AND  HIS  ARMa  203 

OOMPOUinM 

(And,  life,  spirit)  Old  Qerm.  Geraad,  8th  cent — ^French 
Garajxb,  Gerandv,  Qebemti^  Qorakd,  Gu^band.  (Bad,  hety 
war)  Old  Germ.  Keipato^  8th  cent. — ^Eng.  Gabbett — French 
Gebbbt,  Guebbet.  (Baldj  bold)  Old  Germ.  Garibald,  diike  in 
Bayaria^  6th  cent^  Kerbald — ^Eng.  Gobbold,  Gobbell,  Cob- 
BOXTLD— Frendi  Gabibax.,  Gebbault,  Gibbal — ^ItaL  Gabi- 
BALDiy  Gebbaldl  (^^t^  bright)  Old  Geim.  Garibert^  7th  Cent, 
Gerbert — ^Mod.  Qerm.  Gsebebt — Fren.  Gebbzbt.  (Brand, 
sword)  Old  German  Gerbrand,  9ih  cent. — ^Eng.  Gabbbakp, 
17th  cent — ^French  Gheebbbant.  (Brun,  bright?)  Old 
Geim«  Gerbnm — ^Eng.  Gk>BEBBOWV.  (Bod,  but,  envoy)  Old 
G^eiman  Gaerbod,  8th  cent — Gerbodo,  Domesday  Torht. — 
Eng.  Gabbutt — ^Mod.  Germ.  GEBBOTH-T-Frenoh  Gebbaud, 
Gbbbaut.  (Hard)  Old  German  Garehard,  7th  cent,  Ger- 
hard, (Gerard,  Girard — Eng.  Gabrabd,  Gebabd— Modem 
German  Gebhabd — French  Gebabd,  GibabDi  GmABDnr 
(French  dimin,)  Gui^babd.  (Hari,  warrior)  Old  German 
Ckraheri,  Caroheri,  Gerher — Eng.  Cababt,  Cabbieb — ^Mod. 
Cknn*  Gehbeb,  TCigirRTeit — Fren.  Gabsdsb,  Gebbebb,  GnuEB, 
GiTEBBXSB,  Jabbieb,  Cabbtt^rw.  (Loc,  pkj)  Old  €(erman 
Gerlac — ^Eng.  Gablick — Mod.  Germ.  Gerlagh.  (Land) 
Old  Germ.  Gerland,  9th  cent,  Jerlent,  11th  cent — English 
Gablaitd,  CajbSjAXD — French  Jabland.  (Ma/n)  Old  Germ. 
Garaman,  Garaman,  German — ^Ang.-Sax.  Jaruman,  bishop 
of  Meroia — English  Gabiian,  Gebman,  Gebmany,  Gobkan, 
JabicaKj  Cabkah,  Kebman— Mod.  German  GEBMAior,  Kab- 
iCAEir — Frendi  Gebman,  Gebmain,  Oa&aman.  {Mwnd,  pro- 
tection) Old  German  Garimund,  Germund,  7th  cent — Old 
Norse  Gkirmnndr — English  Gabment — ^French  GEEicoim, 
Guebmoet,  Cabment.  (Not,  bold)  Old  Germ.  Gamot,  8th 
cent — Eng.  Gabnetiv— French  Gabkot,  Gubrkbt,  Cabnot. 
(Bod,  red)  Old  German  Kaerrod,  8th  cent— Old  Norse 
Geirrandr— English  Gabbod — ^French  Gibod,  Cabqd.  (Laif, 
relic)  Old  Germ.  Gerlif— Old  Norse  Geirleifi^--Eng.  Gebloff. 
(FwMk,  life,  spirit)  Gerferth,  lAb.  Fi&— English  Gabforta. 
(SUn^  stone)  Old  German  Eerstin,  11th  cent — Old  Norse 
Geirstinn — ^English  Gabstie.       (Fo^c^,  power)  Old  German 


204  THB  WABBIOB  AND  HIS  ABMa 

GuiTald,  GftToldy  Qerwald,  Gerald — ^English  Gsbhocd^ 
Oakboid,  Jarboid,  Jsbbold — ^Mcdem  Oennaa  Gsehold^ 
Geboid — ^French  GARAVur,  Gerault,  GntAULD,  Gukboult. 
{Ward,  goardian)  Old  German  Chirward,  Geroard — French 
GiBOUABa  (WoB,  wu,  ooaiageoofl)  Old  German  Gerras — 
Eng.  JxRYn— French  Gebyaisb.  (Fii,  wood*)  Old  Germ. 
Gervida,  7th  cent. — ^Enj^uh  Gabvood,  Gubwood,  Jebwood. 
(Wiff,  wi,  war)  Old  Germ.  Gerayig,  Gerwi,  BA  cent— Bng. 
Oabbaway,  Gobwat,  Gabyet,  Jabvie,  Oabbowat.  (SUnd, 
way,  joomej)  Old  German  Gerdnda,  8th  cent. — Frendi 
Gabzend,  Guebsaht.  (Wine,  Mend)  Old  German  Girwin^ 
Gannn,  Oaroin — ^Eng.  Cubwen— Modem  German  GsBWiHy 
Kebwdt — ^French  GABYnr.  (Wan,  beauty  f)  Old  German 
Gerayan,  11th  cent — Eng.  Oabatak. 
PHONETIC  SNDnro. 
Old  German  Garino,  Gerin,  7tii  cent.  English  GoBKir. 
Mod.  German  €t5BEK.     French  Gabik,  Guebut,  Gxtbbihsau. 

The  oldest  form  of  gar,  as  found  in  the 
Gothic,  is  gdiSy  which  shows  the  identity  of  the 
word  with  the  old  Celt,  gais,  weapon,  the  gwsum 
of  Caesar,  a  sort  of  javelin  used  by  the  Gaids,  and 
the  Greek  yaitro^.  Forstemann  finds  a  difficulty 
in  the  fact  that  the  word  is  found  in  personal 
names  long  after  Gothic  times^  as  late  as  the 
10th  cent.  But  the  theory  which  I  have  else* 
where  proposed  as  to  the  adoption  of  names  in 
many  cases  simply  as  having  been  borne  by  men 
who  had  gone  before,  is,  I  think,  sufficient  to 
account  for  this.  Such  names  would  generally — 
but  not  invariably — ^follow  the  changes  of  the 
languaga  The  name  of  the  great  Vandal  king 
Genserich,  is  in  some  readings,  Gaiserich,  and 
would  come  in  here. 

*  Aiig.-Su.  gar-wudu,  ipaar-wood,  •  ipew. 


THB  WABBIOB  AND  HIS  ABM&  205 

SIMPLE  lOfilia 

(Ml. 

Old  Genu.  Gaioo,  Geeao,  6th  cent.    Eng.  Qase,  Geaxey,    gp,^ 
OAtE^  Gasbt,  E1at&     French  Gaze,  Caze,  Jiz& 
DiMiNunyEa. 

English  Gazelle,  Cazalt — French  Gazel^  Gazelius, 
Cazel.     French  Cazaloegt 

OOMPOnifDB. 

(ffard^  fortis)  £ng.  Gazabd — French  Gaissabd.  (B'0ref 
wani<»)  Casere,  Gen.  kings  of  the  East  Angles — 1>^g1ia>» 
Catzeb  f  (Mtmd,  protection)  Eng,  Oasememt  t  (Baud, 
red)  French  Jazebaud.* 

From  the  Gelt,  gais,  weapon,  the  Gaelic  tongue 
forms  gaisge,  bravery.  And  probably  from  some 
German  form  of  the  same  word  comes  Eng.  gash, 
to  cut.  Whether  of  these  two  meanings  is  to  be 
found  in  the  following  group  I  cannot  say,  as  the 
German  character  is  not  very  strongly  marked, 
and  as  I  find  no  ancient  names  to  correspond. 
Perhaps  also,  as  Pott  suggests,  the  French 
Gabg  may  be  the  same  as  Gascon. 

simple  FOBMa 

Eng.  Gash,  Cash,  Cashow,  Oask,  Oaskt.    Mod.  Germ.  ^^J^^ 
Easch,  Kask&     French  Gaso,  GaschiI 
nDmiUTiVK 
Englidi  GASXELL.t 

OOHPOXmDS. 

(Man J  English  Cabhmak?      (Hari,  warrior)  English 

GASHBYt 

Another  form  from  the  same  root  as  gar  and 
gais  is  gaid,  English  "  goad,"  to  which  I  put  the 
following. 


ito««Reooiidfrlthlli«OU  ]foiMO«lBMMk.     Ildi 
have  taken  to  b«  foneakUy  from  Another 'word,  hrdd,  gloxy. 

t  Or  Moording  to  ICc  Arthur,  from  OmL  ChUgtO^  Tallanl 


206  THE  WABRIOR  AMD  HIS  ABM& 

D,^  Old  Oerman  Gaido,  Oaide,  9th  eent     Engluh  Oads, 

Gatb,  Cade,  Gatb,  Oato.      Mod.  German  Gaibb.      French 
Gaidi^  Gaittb,  Gattte. 

ooMFOinrDa. 
(Bon^  fiital,)  Bug.  GA]>BAN-«EVench  Oatteboh.    (Chur^ 
spear)  Eog.  Gataker — French  Gatbchaib.    (Hart,  wanior) 
English  Gaiteb,  Cater. 

The  root  sp  forms  maay  of  the  words  signify- 
ing a  weapon  or  sharp  instrument,  and  forms 
them  perhaps  in  two  different  sensea  One  sense 
may  be  that  of  darting  or  shooting  forth,  as 
found  in  spew,  spout,  spirt,  speed — ^the  other  that 
of  diminution,  as  found  in  spare,  speck,  split,  spin 
(to  draw  out  or  attenuate),  sparrow,  spink  (small 
birds),  sprat  (small  fish),  &c., — ^this  gives  the 
sense  of  a  fine  or  sharp  point. 

In  the  latter  sense  I  take  it  is  formed  the 
word  spear,  Ang.-Sax.  spere.  Old  High  German 
and  Old  Sax.  spSr,  cognate  with  Latin  sparus,  kc 
It  is  by  no  means  a  common  word,  either  in 
ancient  or  modem  names. 

SmFLB  rOBlOL 

Old  German  Spenia,  8th  cent  English  Sfbab,  Sftxe. 
Mod.  German  Speee.    French  Spibe^  Sputa 

PATBONTMICB. 

Engiiah  Spbabiko^  Spnuora    Mod.  Getm.  SpoBiNa 

OOMFOUZnXL 

(Man J  Eng.  Speabmak.    (Wine,  Mend)  Eng.  Spebwqt. 

From  the  same  root  as  spear  comes  spit — 
Old  Norse  spiot,  Daa  spyd,  Dutch  speet,  ItaL 
spiedo.  Old  High  Germ,  spiz,  Mod  Germ,  spiess, 
all  having  the  same  meaning  of  dart  or  spear. 


Spew. 


THB  WABBIOB  AKD  HIS  ABMa  207 

and  no  doubt  closely  allied  to  the  word  spade, 
p.  200.  I  do  not  find  any  ancient  names  to  cor- 
respond with  the  following. 

taxnjt  roBMa  spa 

Engi  SpiTTTy  Spitti,  S^it^  Svekd,  Spicb.    Mod.  Qwol    flptir. 
BvsMBa. 


BfXU 


A  third  form  firom  the  same  root  is  spik( 
Old  Norse  aptk,  falcicula»  Dutch  y^njk,  pike»  Lat. 
spied,  pointy  &c.     The  Old  Norse  spekia,  philoso- 
phari  spdkr,  wise,  speki,  wisdom,  might  inter- 
mix in  the  following  names. 

SmPLB  FOBU& 

Spech,  Dinneida^.     Eng.  Speak,  Bpiok,  Bpikx.     Mod.    Pdnt 
Genoan  Spxck.    French  Spicq. 

OOKPOUNDfl. 

CManJ  Engliflh  SPEAiocAir,  Bpixsiun.    Mod.  German 
SpscxxAinr. 

From  the  root  sp  above  referred  to,  and  pro- 
bably in  the  former  of  the  two  senses,  is  formed 
Ang.-Sax.  8p7*eot,  sprit,  which  has  the  double 
sense  of  sprout^  branch,  twig,  and  also  of  dart 
or  spear.  In  the  latter  sense  might  be  taken  the 
English  names  Sprout,  Spboat,  Sfbatt,  ftc.,  but 
there  is  another  sense  allied  to  that  of  sprouting, 
viz.,  that  of  vigour,  activity,  *'  sprighthness,''  to 
which,  on  the  whole,  I  have  thought  it  better 
elsewhere  to  place  them. 

Another  word  for  a  spear  was  Old  Norse 
doerr,  probably  firom  the  Sansc.  root  tar,  to  pene- 
trate, to  which  Forstemann  places  the  following 
ancient  name&  The  word  dn/rand,  durant,  p.  197, 
I  take  also  to  be  firom  this  origin. 


208  THB  WABRIOB  AND  Hlfl  ABMa 

amPLK  F0B1I& 
^^^^'        Old  German  Tano,  Terra,  Torro,  9th  cent.     Terri,  Lib. 
ViL    Engliah  Dabb,  Dabbow,  Doob,  Dobet,  Dubei^  Tabb, 
Tabbt,  Tebbt,  Tobbt.      Mod.   German    Doobb.      Frencli 
Dabt,  Dabbu,  Dob^  I>ob4  Dobt,  Dobeau,  Dubb,  Dubby, 
DuBBAUy  DuBU,  Tab^  Teb&at,  Tbbbk. 
DiMnnrriyBs. 
Old  German  Darila,  9th  cent — Eng.  Dabbbll,  Dablet, 

DOBBELL,     DuBELLy     DuBLET^     TC7BBELL  —  French     DOBEL, 

DuBELy  Tablat,  Tubsli.. 

FHOSETIO  ENDIMG. 

BngUflh  DoBAE.    French  DoBDiy  ToBur, 

OOMPOUNBa 

(Bcn^  &tal)  Eng.  Dobboe* — French  Takabok.  fOaud, 
Goth)  Eng.  Dabaoott— French  Daboaud.  (Ound^  war) 
Old  Germ.  Taragan,t  9th  cent. — Eng.  DABBiaasr,  Dabgav 
— French  Tabagon,  Taboaet,  Daboenns.  ^Here,  warrior) 
Eng.  Tabbyeb,  Tebbieb — Fren.  Dabieb,  TEBBiEBy  Tebbeub, 
(Oit,  hostage  1  comrade  9)  Eng.  Dabkies — ^Fren^  DoBCEOESy 
TuBOiB.  (Man)  English  Dobxak,  Dubman — Mod.  German 
DoBMANK.  (MmTy  fitmons)  Old  German  Terrimar,  9th  cent. 
— ^English  DoBMEB — ^Mod.  Germ.  Dobmeieb— French  Doeb- 
MEB.  {J^<a,  bold)  Old  German  Temod,  9th  cent. — ^Engliah 
Tebvottth — ^French  TabitaxtI),  Dabhet.  (Wine,  friend)  Old 
Ctocm.  Daroin,  8th  cent. — ^English  Dabwin.  (Wold,  powcoc) 
Old  Germ.  Derold — Mod  Genn.  Dabold,  Tubhold— -French 
Dabbalde,  Dobyault. 

from  the  above  root  dar  I  take  to  be  formed 
Ang.-Sax.  darSth^  English  dart,  foimd  in  two  or 
three  ancient  names. 

SIMPLE  FOBH& 

D«t  Qi^  German  Daredna,!  Tarit  ?  8th  cent.     Eng.  Dabdy> 


•  FOntamaBn  hM  no  ezamplM  of  6«fi  m  an  ending.  Bat  it  eridflotlf  oooon 
In  MnM  of  tliA  woxdi  tlgnitjing  spear,  m  In  OAonjjr,  p.  9(ML 

f  YOntenuum  aeems  to  think  thii  name  oom4)ted.  Onlj,  I  pranuna,  In  w 
for  that  it  has  lort  the  final  dL 

t  YOntemann  does  not  place  either  of  these  two  names  here.  Daredus,  he 
snggeslB,  maj  slndfor  Bagrsdnt ;  aid  Tailt  he  plaees  to  tlie  root  dm,  with  mt 
ending  probably  phonetia  Bat  from  the  root  dar  with  saoh  an  ending  nnj  not 
the  word  dorsM^  dart,  be  tonnadr 


THE  WABRIOB  AND   HIS  ARMS.  209 

Bart,  Deabth,  Tabt,  Tarratt  ?     French  Darter  Dard, 
Dardib,  Tard,  Tardt,  Tardu,  Tarids  1  Tarratte  t 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Eng.  Barton,    French  Baivdenne,  Baridan. 

OOlCFOUNDa 

(J7an,  warrior)  Old  German  Birodhar,  8th  cent. — Eng. 
Barter,  Tarter — French  Bardier,  Taratre,  Tarttee, 
Tartart. 

From  the  Old  High  Germ,  ecca^  Mod  Germ. 
eckey  Ang.-Sax.  ecg^  edge,  sharpness,  cognate  with 
Lat.  adeSy  &c.,  and  from  the  root  found  in  Sansc. 
cLgy  ac,  to  pierce,  I  take  the  forms  ag,  ac,  egr,  ec, 
widely  spread  in  proper  names.  And  I  also  in- 
clude the  forms  hag^  hoc,  though  Old  Norse  hagr^ 
handy,  useful,  might  be  suitable.  Grimm,  how- 
ever, explains  the  name  Hagen  as  "spinosus.'' 
Still  it  must  be  admitted  that  the  varied  forms 
of  the  group  suggest  the  probability  of  an  admix- 
ture of  roots. 

simple  forms. 

Old  German  Ago,  Acoo,  Hago,  Hacco,  Ego,  Eggo,  Eeco, 
Hego,  Hecco,  Aiko,  Aio,  Eyo,  4th  cent.      Old  Norse  HakL  ^g,  Ack, 
English  Ago,  Ague,  Ache,  Ake,  Akey,  Haig,  Haggie,     Bck. 
Hack,  Haw,  Hay,  Ego,  Ego,  Edge,  Eye,  Heggie,  Heck, 
Hedge.      Mod.  German  Acke,  Egge,  Ecke,  Hacke,  Heye. 
French  Hacq,  Hache,  Hage,  Haye. 
diminutives. 

Old  Germ.  Hagilo,  Hachili,  Eccila,  9th  cent. — Ang.-Sax. 
Hagel,  Cod,  Dip. — Eng.  Haoel,  Heckle,  Hatt. — Modem 
Germ.  Hickel — Freneff  HeckliS.  Old  German  Hacchilin, 
Echelin,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Aghlin,  Hailing — Mod.  German 
HlGELEN — French  Egalin. 

COMPOUNDS 

(Rwrdy  fortis)  Old  German  Agihard,  Achard,  Aicard, 
Eckhard,  Heocard,  8th  cent. — English  Achabd,  Haggabd — 

A  2 


210  THB  WABRIOB  AND  HIS  ABM& 

Mod.  Germ.  Egkardt,  Haoasv,  Hagkbbx — Freack  AcsASi; 
Aycabd,  Haoabd.  (Hariy  vanior)  Old  Gennan  Agihai; 
Agar,  Aichar,  Aiher,  Egiher,  Ha^er,  8th  cent. — ^Eng.  Aoab^ 
Acre,  Ayeb,  Eaoeb,  Hagab — Mod.  Germ.  Acxxb,  ATmnen^ 
Egeb,  ELageb,  Hater — Frenoh  Agar.  (Bam^  ran,  raven) 
Old  German  Agranmoa,  Agvanniu^  SUh  oeni.*-BDg;  AcBOV, 
AooRH  t — French  Agram,  Agron.  (Lae,  play)  Old  German 
Ekkileich,  9th  cent. — ^Frendi  Aclooquk  (^/y  ^bu)  Old 
Germ.  Ailiv,  9th  cent — Old  Norae  Eylifir — ^Eng.  Atuffk 
(Mar,  famous)  Old  German  Agomar,  Aimarj  7th  cent. — 
French  Ayxer.  (Man J  Old  German  S^man,  9th  cent. — 
Eng.  AiKMAN,  Hackmak,  Hedgman,  Batman — ^Mod.  Germ. 
HACHXAinf 9  Heckmaith^  Hatmanh — Fr.  Hsnoar.  (Mtmd, 
protection)  Old  Germ.  Agimond,  Ekimnnt^  9th  oentw — Old 
Norse  Agmnnd,  Aamund. — ^Agemund,  Dameada/^ — 'Rng1i«!^ 
Hammond — French  Agmand,  Etmond,  Atmoet,  Eghement. 
{Not,  bold)  Old  German  Eginot— French  Aqenet.  {Rait, 
counsel)  Old  German  Egered,  Aocarad,  7th  cent — ^English 
AcrotdI — French  Egrot,  Etraub.  {Wald,  power)  Old 
Gkrm.  Agiovald,  Agold,  Ekkold,  7th  oent-^Mod.  German 
EcKHOLDT — French  Agoult,  Aooault.  {Ward,  guardian) 
Old  Germ.  Egoard,  11th  cent — Fr.  Echiyard,  Hacquart. 
{Wine,  Mend)  Old  German  Agiwin,  8th  cent — French 
AiGOiN.  {mf,  wolf)  Old  Germ.  Achinlf,  a  Wem,  0th  cent 
— Eng.  AcHUFF. 

The  root  ig  or  ic,  which  Forstemann  considers 
obscure,  I  shoiild  rather  take  to  be  another  form 
of  ag  or  ac,  as  found  in  Old  Fries,  ig,  pointy  edge, 
sword,  Lat.  ico,  &c. 

SIMPLE  FORM& 

lo  Old  Germ.  Igd,  Ico,  8th  cent     *  Iocin%  Be]gio  name  in 

G<a*sflM.    Cnear  %    Eng.  Igo,  Hiok.    Mod.  Germ.  Icocb. 

DiMiNTrnvBaL 
Old  Germ.  Ikjko,  10th  cent — ^Eng.  Hickook. 

OOMFOUNDS. 

{Ulf,  wolf)  Old  Germ.  Igol^  8th  oant-^Frenoh  Igouf. 


THS  WABKIOB  AND  HIS  ABMS.  211 

From  the  root  ag  or  ac  is  produced  by  a 
phonetic  termination  the  form  <igin  or  akin.  The 
only  appellatives  that  I  find  are  the  Old  High 
Germ,  agana^  Goth,  ahana,  Old  Norse  ogn,  stalk, 
stem,  spike,  North  Eng.  avm,  the  beard  of  barley, 
from' which  we  may  assume  for  proper  names  the 
meaning  of  spear  or  weapon, 

SDiFLE  TOBHa 

Old  Germ.  Agino,  Eggino,  Acbino,  Hagino,  Haino,  7th     ^^«^ 
cent      Eng.  Aqas,  Acksn,  Aikut,  Haoen,  Haoon,  Hain.*   ^^^'^ 
Mo<L  G^rin.  Haqket,  Hxrins.      Ft.  Aoobt,  Egov,  Etchkhne, 
Hagbnb,  Haoquin,  Hain. 

OOMPOUNDfl. 

{Berif  fEunoos)  Old  Gennan  Aganbert,  Agembert,  8th 
oent — Eng.  Agombab  ? — French  Eohanbabd.  (Fred,  peace) 
Old  Genn.  Aganfred,  Ainfired,  8th  cent — French  Hainfbat. 
(Han,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Agenar,  Haginer,  7th  cent. — Old 
Nqebo  Agnar — Mod.  Germ.  Kaokeb — French  Haoxjenoeb. 
(Hard,  fortis)  Old  GernL  Egjuihard,  8th  cent.— Mod.  Germ. 
Heinhabdt — French  Ecqunabd,  Iqnabd. 

From  the  same  root  ag  or  ac,  is  also  probably 
formed  agil,  p.  154,  which  may  have  a  kindred 
meaning.  I  have  there  referred  to  the  word  as 
obscure,  but  I  am  inclmed  to  think  that  it  comes 
in  here,  and^that  it  corresponds  with  Ang.-Sax. 
egli  a  point,  eglan,  to  pierce. 

From  the  root  ag  or  ac,  as  a  nasalized  form 
comes  ang  or  anc  (Old  High  Germ,  ango,  Ang.- 
Sax.  oiiga,  goad,  prick,  point),  to  which  I  put  the 
following.  There  are  several  other  names,  par- 
ticularly French,  which  would  seem  to  come  in 

*  A  fonn  Ain  appeus  to  be  fonnd  In  names  of  placet,  m  Alnsl«f  and 


212      THE  WABRIOB  AND  HIS  ABMS. 

here,  but  a  comparison  with  the  Old  Frankish 
names  shows  the  original  form  to  have  been  ing. 
At  the  same  time  I  feel  by  no  means  sure  that 
the  root  tngr,  except  as  a  termination,  is  not  often 
the  same  as  ang. 

SIMPLE  FOBMa 

^^  Old  Germ.  Anco,  Hanoo,  8th  cent     Eng.  ?  Ang,  Hako 

Pdnt.     (^<>^^*ck).      Mod.  Germ.  Anke,  Hanke.      French  Ang4 
Akgut. 

cx>mpotjnd& 
{WvMy  Mend)  Old  German  Ancoin,  8(h  cent — English 
Angwin — French  AKGEvm. 

As  agil  from  ag,  so  angil  seems  to  be  formed 
from  ang.  The  appellative  corresponding  is 
Ang.-Sax.  angel^  a  hook,  but  in  proper  names  I 
should  rather  suggest  the  meaning  of  a  barbed 
spear.  The  theory  which  derives  the  Saxons 
from  their  seaxc  or  knife,  the  Lombards  from  their 
hart  or  axe,  and  the  Franks  from  their  ^arica  or 
javelin,  derives  the  Angles  also  from  their  angd 
or  hook.  In  proper  names  then  we  may  hesitate 
whether  to  take  the  weapon,  or  the  people's  name, 
or,  if  we  accept  the  above  theory,,  the  one  as 
derived  through  the  other.  Forstemann  also 
proposes  the  Lat.  angeluSy  as  a  word  of  Christian 
introduction,  with  an  admixture  of  ingil^  as  an 
extended  form  of  the  root  ing.  My  own  impres- 
sion— taking  all  the  above  groupings  together, 
and  finding  in  them  one  common  root — ^is  in 
favour  of  the  prevailing  meaning  of  weapon. 

^^jj^  8IMPLB  FORMS. 

Hook.  Old  German  Angilo,  Engilo,  Ingilo,  7th  cent      English 

Barb. 


THE  WABRIOB  AND  HIS  ABMS.  213 

Angil^  AiroLET,  AnoELOy  "Esqauj,  Ikous,  Ingblow.  Mod. 
German  Ahgele,  Engel,  Inqel.  FreDch  Akgel^  Enosl^ 
Ingel. 

DIMINtTnyBBu 

Old  GemL  Angelin,  9tli  oent— Eng.  Anglot — ^Modern 
Germ.  Enqelik,  Englen — French  Encelaik. 

OOMPOUIOW. 

(BeH,  bright)  Old  Germ.  Angilbert,  Engilbert,  8th  oent. 
Eng.  Enolebubtt — Mod.  German  Enqlebbeght — French) 
Inghelbbbghi^  (ffa/id,  ''hood")  Old  Germ.  Anglehaidub 
9ih  cent— :Fr.  Angladb.  (Hard)  Old  German  Angilhart, 
Engelhart,  8th  cent — ^Engliiih  Engleheabt — Mod.  German 
Engelhabdt — French  Ahgla&d.  (JTiere,  warrior)  Old  Germ. 
Angelher,  Engilher,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Angler — Mod.  Genn. 
Engleb — French  Angelder.  (Land)  Old  Genn.  Ingaland 
— ^Eng.  England.  (Man)  Old  G^rm.  Angilman,  8th  cent. 
— Eng.  Angleman — ^Modern  German  Englbkann.  {Mtmd^ 
protection)  Old  (xerman  Angelmund,  8th  cent — French 
Anglement.  {Dioy  servant)  Old  Germ.  Angildeo,  Engildiu, 
8th  cent — Anglo-Saxon  Angeltheow — English  Ingledew. 
{Sindy  via)  Old  Germ.  Ingilsind,  9th  cent — Eng.  Inglesent. 

Another  root  with  the  probable  meaning  of 
spear  or  sharp  instrument  is  to  be  found  in  Aug.- 
Saxon  staca^  stake,  spear — sticca,  stick,  spike — 
stician,  to  pierce — Old  Norse  sticki,  dagger,  &c. 

SIMPLE  FOSMS. 

Staek. 

Old  GemL  Stacco,  9th  cent,  Stucchns,  8th  cent  Eng.  g^^^ 
Stack,  Stag,  Stick,  Stock,  Stuck,  Stuokey.  Mod.  Germ,  coipta. 
Stacks,  SncH,  Stock,  Stucke.    French  Stach,  Stocq. 

C0MP0T7ND& 

{Here,  warrior)  Old  German  Stacher,  9th  cent — ^English 
Stakes,  Stickeb,  Stokeb,  Stockeb — Mod.  Germ.  Stbcker. 
(Hard)  Eng.  Stackabd — ^Mod.  Germ.  Steckebt,  Stichebt, 
Stockhabdt.  (Man)  Eng.  Stackman,  Stagkan,  Stickiian, 
Stockman — Modem  German  Stackemann,  Stegemann, 
Stockmann. 


214  THE  WABBIOB  AND  HIS  ABMa 

From  staca,  sticca,  a  sharp  pointy  is  iS>nned, 
perhaps  as  a  diminative.  Old  High  German 
stachiUa,  cuspi£f,  Old  Norse  stickiU*  a  sharp 
poiot. 

SIMPLBFOBM& 

Eng.  Stagoall^  SrEoaALL^  SnoKLS^  Stockill.      Modem 
Genu.  SncKsi^  Stockxl. 

OOMFOUNDS. 

{Hm^  wurior)  Eog.  Stagkud,  Siigkleb,  8ioo<)UEiiSft — 
Mod.  Genn.  BrxBcajBiL 

A  nasalised  form  of  sloe  or  stic  I  take  to  be 
stang^  sting  (Ang.-Saxon  stCBtig^  styng,  pole,  or  as 
Forstemami  suggests,  spear,  stingian^  to  pierce^ 
stab).  None  of  the  aiKnent  names  in  Fdrste* 
mann's  list  fall  in  with  this  group. 

BDfPLS  FQKBia 

sung.  JSng.  &FASK,  BnNa      Mod.  Genn.  SrAxra      Mod.  Daa. 

^^^    BrAJxax,  SmrcK  I 

Bpewr  O0]fPOI7inD& 

{Hars  wttrrior)  Old  Non»  Staogar — ^EngUah  Stavges, 
SnNGXB.    (i/on)  Eng.  Stinohxan. 

As  spade  in  some  ancient  dialects  was  used  in 
the  sense  of  sword,  so  plough  (Ang.-Saxon  plog, 
Old  High  Oerm.  ploh)y  had  in  a  similar  manner 
the  sense  of  spear.  This  obtained  in  Old  High 
GffimaD^  and  Stark  gives  that  meaning  to  the 
following  three  ancient  namesi 

8DEPUS  FOiBinL 

Old  Germ.  Bhe,  11th  oenl      Pluooo,  Lib.  VH    &q^ 
^^^   "Pluck,  Pluog,  Plough,  Bloci^  Blogkkt,  Blogg,  Bwck^ 
Btow.      Mod.  Gorman  PtilGGB,  Block.      Eranok  PtooQUE^ 
Plov,  BLoa 

*  Hanoe  the  lammit  oalled  BtloUe  PUn  in  Coinberliiid,  and  fha  a«nnAli 


Bpauf 


THE  WABBIOB  AND  HIS  ASMS.  215 

DDONl/TlVJfii 

Old  German  Plagelo,  13th  cent.  French  Blooajllb, 
Bloquel. 

phoketio  skdinq. 

Old  Qerm.  Pluckone,  1 3th  oent  Eng.  Blowsv.  French 
Floquih,  Pluqitik,  FLOunr. 

OOKPOXTNDa 

(Hdmy  helmet)  French  Plougoulil  (Hem,  warrior) 
Eng.  Blowzb — Modem  Qerman  PLUCSSBy  I^ioger — French 
Ployeb^  Bjjoqoi£&i^  (Mem)  Eng.  Ploughman — Modem 
GemL  Blockmann.  {Not,  bold)  Plukenet,  EMBaU.  AVb.— 
Eng.  Plucknbtt.* 

Tacitus  tells  us  that  the  Germaos  were  generally 
armed  with  a  short  spear,  adapted  either  for  close 
or  distant  fighting,  and  which  was  called  in  their 
language  ^amea.  From  this  word,  apparently 
allied  to  the  Modem  Grermanj^^iem,  Forstemann 
derives  the  following  ancient  names,  which  are 
mostly  FrankisL 

SIMPLE  FOBMS.  ^ 

English  Framed  Feeem.       French  Fej^mt,  Fbemeau^    Fnun. 

FbOMM4  FoBMB.  9P«r- 

DDULNUTlVKSw 

Eng,  Fbemldt.    French  FBOMniKUr. 

FHOmBXIO  ENDING. 

Old  Germ.  Fermin.  Ferminna,  Lib.  7iU  Eng.  FsBMcr. 
French  Fbemin,  Fbemineau,  Febmin. 

OOMPOUNDa 

(B<dd,  fortis)  Old  German  Frambold,  8th  oent. — ^French 
Fbadgbaui/t.  {Hcvriy  warrior)  Old  German  Franmder,  9ih 
oent. — ^French  Fbemieb,  Fbemebt,  Fbbmebt.  {Man)  Old 
German  Framan,  9th  oent. — French  Fbomain.  (Mund, 
protection)  Old  Germ.  Framnnd,  8th  cent — ^Eng.  Fbomunt, 
Fbbmont— French  Fb^ont,  Fboment. 

*  PorhApi,  If  ftdight compttoDi  Pl^wnff. 


8pwr. 


216  THE  WARBIOB  AKD  HIS  ABM& 

FHONVnC  INTBU8I0K  OF  «k 

{fi<ur^  Spear)  Old  German  Fnunengar,  8th  cent — BngliA 

FiBMIHGEB — ^fVench  FsEMUNGEBy  FbEMAKOOUB  t 

From  the  Gothic  and  High  German  ast^ 
branch,  also  spear  (cognate  with  Lat.  hastaf)^ 
Forstemaim  takes  the  following  root. 

SDfPLB  FOBHa 

Eng.  AsT^  EsTE,  EsTT.      French  Ebte,  HEsrrEAxr. 

DDOMUTiVJfil 

Eng.  Ahtle,  Ebtle — ^French  Astel,  Estellb.      French 

ESIOOQ. 

COMPOUNDBl 

(ffari,  warrior)  Old  German  Asthar,  8th  cent. — Engliah 
AffTOB,  AsT&AT — French  Astieb.  (Rie,  power)  Old  Germ. 
ABtericns,  9th  cent — Mod.  Germ.  Ebtrich — ^French  Astbuo 
— ^ItaL  AsTfiico.  (Waard,  goaidian)  Old  German  Afidaard, 
9th  cent. — French  Ebtayabd.  (  Wood)  EngUah  Astwood 
Qike  Oanooodp.  204.) 

Perhaps  allied  in  its  root  to  the  last  word  is 
%  Ang.-Saz.  cbsc,  the  ash  tree.  The  Ang.-Sax.  tesc 
also  signified  a  spear,  on  account  of  spears  being 
made  of  ash-wood.  For  the  same  reason  it  like- 
wise signified  a  ship  or  a  boat.  There  is  a  third 
sense  derived  from  Northern  mythology  {see  p. 
142),  which  might  obtain  in  proper  names.  But 
on  the  whole  I  prefer  to  take  as  the  general  sense 
that  of  the  weapon. 

SOCPLB  FORMS. 

Mac,  son  of  Hengist.     Old  Norse  Askr.      English  A&H| 
^^     As»K.  AsKXT.    Mod.  Germ.  Asghe,  Esch. 

8p6ir.  ^ 

DDfXNUTiVKS. 

Old  German  Askila>  4th  cent. — ^Eng.  Haskell — ^French 
AsooUy  EsQXTiLLB.  Old  German  AsceUn,  11th  cent — Eng. 
AsHLor— French  Eboalqt. 


TJSB  WABBIOE  AKP  HIS  ABVa  217 

(.Arc,  &B10II8)  Ang-^SaY.  Machjvbt  (fi)imd  in  .<£acbgrrlitfl9« 
geati  Cod.  Dip.  lOdiy^Magf  Ashpa^v*  (^ors  waniov)  014 
Ghonn*  Aflobiriv  Ssk^re,  8tli  ma%. — Aoglo-Sazpm  jSwduv^-^ 
En^^mk  JurnVBh^Mod^m  Qermm  Abchmr,  Jk^mxa^VteiDek 
EsGAB^.  {B€ildy  fortifl)  Eng.  Abhbouo.  (ManJ  Old  CUnp, 
Ajcip»a— A  «chro>n»  ffun4»  Bolk-S^.  Ashkak — Modem 
Q^nnan  Ebcqhann — Fre^cli  A^scHiiCAinr.  (Mar,  famous) 
Aiig.-Sax.  JESacmtr — Eng.  Ashmobe  (or  local).  (Eie,  power) 
(M  ChnL  EBkirleli,  SQk  cent. — ^Mbd.  Geroutt  Bbghbioh — 
7w&ch  BmiatbjUI.  (  Wid,  wood)  Old  Oenn.  Asquid— Aaanit^ 
Ihmesday — Eng.  Abqwith,*  Ashwith,  Asswood.  {Wmst 
fiiend)  Old  Qerm.  Aansmji^  Stb  cent.-^Ang.-Sazon  .^Iscwine 
•^Eng.  AJ9HWIK.  <  Ulf,  wolf)  Old  GemL  A^woli^  9th  oent.— 
Epg.  AsQouao. 

Anotlier  word  BigDifying  dart  or  spear  ia 
Goth,  vjzd^  Ang.-Saxon  and  Old  Fries,  ord,  Old 
High  Germ,  or*.  Old  Norse  oddr^  to  which  I  put 
the  following.  Most  of  our  forms  in  od  seem, 
however,  rather  to  be  from  aud^  prosperity,  than 
from  the  iaboye  Old  Norse  word. 


Old  Gem.  Orfc,  8tlL  ee&t.  <Hd  None  Oddr,  OddL  Eng. 
Oasbf  OBom,  Hobd,  Hobt,  Oiwt.  Mod.  Qeem.  Oimp,  Obkh. 
French  f  Qbth,  Hobtus  I 

fxwxfmnraa, 

OldOero.  Qrtila,  9th  oeat^^Eng.  SJ^Dis^Mod.  Qem. 
OBTSBCr-^ItaL  Ovrsud.  Mod.  Qermaa  Ob^ti^no,  Obtelit — 
French  Obtolak.  Eng.  Obdish — French  HozDSZ  (GotMo 
Jarm.)    French  HoBDEQirnr. 

ooMPomn)& 
(O0r,  Epesff)  Old  QeiTn.  Ortger,  8th  cent-r-Eng.  Obqab  ff 
<«*IWnch  OvsuKnn.     (Soiri,  wanior)  Old  ChwiB.  <Mahar, 

*  SooM  Of  these  oames  might  be  local 

b2 


Old 
Dttt 


Dtrt. 


218  THE  WAKRIOB  AND  HIS  ABMS. 

8ih  cent.,  Hoitarius*  (prinoe  of  the  Alamanxii),  4th  cent— 
Eng.  HoBDEB.  {Liiuh,  loye)  Old  Qerm.  OrtHub,  1 1th  cent- 
Modem  German  Obtlibb — ^French  Hobteloup.  (Ward^ 
guardian)  Old  German  Hoidward,  11th  cent — "RngKi^K 
Obdwabd.  (Wiff,  wif  war)  Old  Germ.  Ordwig,  9th  oent. — 
Eng.  Obdwat. 

From  the  above  root  ord  or  odd  seems  to  be 
formed^  by  a  prefix,  the  Anglo-Saxon  hrord.  Old 
Norse  broddr,  spear,  dart^  Old  English  brode,  to 
prick.  To  this  Stark  places  the  following  Old 
German  names. 

SnCPLB  FOBMS. 

Old  Germ.  Broda^  13th  cent.     Ang.-Saa:.  Brordb.      Old 
^     Norse  Broddr.      Broth,  EoU  BaiL  Ahh.      English  Bboai^ 
Bbodib.      French  Bbot,  Bboet,  Bbaxtd,  Bbodu,  Pboteau, 
Pbot. 

PHONETIO  ENDING. 

Eng.  Pbotyn.      French  Bbodot,  Pbodin. 

OOMPOUNDa 

{Hadf  war)  Old  German  Prothadius,  7th  cent. — English 
Bbodhead — French  Pbothaut.  {Hariy  warrior)  Old  Germ« 
Brothar,f  Broter,  Prodnriiuf,  8th  cent. — Brother,  King  of 
Denmark,  Brother,  Danish  king  of  Dublin — ^Eng.  Bbotbeb, 
Pbotheboe — ^Mod.  German  Bbttbeb.  (i?tc,  power)  English 
Bbodebiok. 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  pU^  Old  Norse  pda^  dart, 
arrow,  I  take  the  following.  And  I  do  not  feel 
at  all  sure  that  many  other  names  placed  else- 
where to  hUy  pil,  lenitas,  placiditas,  ought  not  to 
come  in  here. 


*  Orimm's  deilration  of  this  name  {Cfeach.  d.  DmUtdk.  Bprcuh.),  from  Anglo- 
Bazoii  eorthfeTf  troap,  oompuiy,  Menu  bj  no  means  a  aatisfactoiy  ona  Bat  w« 
mnat  remember  that  thii  great  scholar  wrote  without  the  fall  data  whioh  the 
AUdeiUtekti  Nammbwh  now  affords. 

1 1  take  it  that  brother,  Crater,  intermixes  in  these  names. 


THE  WABKIOB  AND  HIS  ABMS.  219 

SmPLB  FOBMa 

Eng.  TeeIm    Mod.  Germ.  Piehl^  Feel.     French  Pebllb,     jy^^ 

PncLLAy  TioiA 

PATBOxmnca 

Eng.  Peeliko.     French  PiOLENa 

OOMPOITNDB. 

(Ban,  &tal)  French  Pelabon.  (Ea/rd)  Modem  German 
PiELERT — French  Pielabd.  (Beam^  shaft,  handle)  English 
PmsEAX.* 

As  the  Ang.-Sax.  darelh^  dart,  from  the  root 
dar,  p.  208,  so  may,  I  take  it,  J)he  Old  Norse 
hiOdr  (biledr  f),  dart,  be  formed  from  the  root 
hil  or  pil  (Gr.  pdXXat  ?)  To  this  we  may  place 
the  following,  though  bcdd,  audaz,  is  apt  to 
intermix. 

EtIMPLE  POEMSi. 

Old  Germ.  PUda     French  Pn/r^,  Pelt^  Billotbau  ?         ™^ 

OOMFOUNOa 

(ffari,  warrior)  English  BiLLiTEBy  Buildeb — French 
Bellettbb,  Peltdsb^  Peltzeb.  (R(U,  coTinsel)  Old  German 
Bildrad,  8th  cent — French  Peltbet,  Pelletebet. 

From  the  Old  Sax.  scapt,  Anglo-Saxon  scaft, 
scefl,  spear,  shaft,  arrow — ^literally,  that  which  is 
shaped  or  smoothed — ^we  may  take  the  following. 

SIMPLE  FOBM&  gj^^^ 

Eng.  Shaft,  Shafto.    French  Chaft,  Chapt.  spew. 

001CP0I7NDS. 

(Hart,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Scaptarius,  6th  cent. — ^Ang.- 
Sax.  Sceafthere— Eng.  Shapteb — Fr.  Schefteb,  Ohefteb. 
(Wald,  power)  Old  Germ.  Scaftolt — ^Eng.  Scaffold. 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  Jldn,  dart,  arrow — that 
which  is  flown  or  flung — we  may  probably  take 
the  following. 

t  Like  the  Aug. -Sax  gorbeoffik  spaw  handle.  But  pro^blj  in  both  caaei  iha 
word  ia  only  nied  aa  a  plaonastle  fonn  of  ipear  or  dart 


Anow. 


AZTOW. 


9^0  TBE  WAKtaOB  AKD  mM  ABIIA 

admn  faBHSL 
Bog.  ftiAX%  Flawk.    Traidi  Flait,  VLAjsftnUtXjy  Fu^mr. 

OOMPOUNDa 

(Bertf  fJEunons)  Old  Germ.  Hanbert,  Mamberty  8th  cent, 
— ihig.  Flambabd— French  Flaxbbbt.  (6^y  ^'P^'')  0^<^ 
Qeim.  Flanigaiv  9ih  cent. — ^French  FhAMMQASL 

Theore  is  a  word  nagal  found  in  a  few  ancient 
names,  which  I  think  may  come  in  here.  Fonte*- 
mann  refers  to  nagcd,  unguis^  remarkix^  at  the 
same  time  that  the  sense  does  not  seem  a 
particularly  suitable  one  for  names«  But  nag^ 
davisy  in  the  s^ose  rather  of  a  sharp  pointy  spike» 
spear,  appears  to  me  to  be  sufficiently  iq^propriate. 
Nor  does  it  seem  necessary  to  take  it,  as 
suggested  by  Mone  (Hddensage)^  in  connection 
with  the  mythological  smith  Weland. 

fiOIPIAFOBln. 

KagaL  ^^^  Qerman  Nagal,  9th  cent.  Old  None  Kagle^  Bog. 
ouTia.  Kaole,  Nail.  Mod.  Qerm.  Naqel^  Nahu  Dwdl  ISaoxu 
cn«pi»-    French  Naobl,  Ne6l,  N^y. 

COMPOUNDS. 

{Hcvrdy  dttms)  Old  Germ.  Nagalhaitl,  Mi  oeni-^French 
KalXiABB.  {B9H,  bright)  Frenoh  NAUUDnr.  {Sm%  warrior) 
Eng.  Naylob* — Modem  German  Naoleb — ^Dan.  Naolbb — 
French  NioxUflB. 

There  is  a  curious  set  of  names  derived  from 
the  above  word  nagal,  nail — ^to  all  appearance  of 
comparatively  modem  origin — ^and  found  both 
in  English  and  in  German.  Such  is  English 
TuFPNBLL^  on  which  Mr.  Lower  remarks — **  In 
the  17th  century  this  name  was  spelt  Tu&aile^ 
and  I  am  therefore  rather  inclined  to  take  it 

*  Of  oonxM  thMe  nuoM,  ytUh  tha  raoflptton  pOTbapt  oC  Um  FmboIh  mi^ 
be  from  lh«  tnde. 


THB  WABRIOB  AND  HIS  ABM&  221 

aupied  de  la  UUre^  and  to  consider  "  tough  nafl'* 
as  its  etymon.  I  believe  that  in  this  case  Mr. 
Lower  has  ''  hit  the  nail  on  the  head''  Not  8q» 
however,  in  the  case  of  Hobs£NAIL  (the  name^ 
by  the  way,  as  he  tells  us,  of  a  Kentish  farrier)* 
which  he  seems  to  have  been  beguiled  into  think- 
ing a  corruption  of  Arsenal  I  take  it  that  this 
name,  corresponding  with  the  Germ.  Bosnagel, 
is  also  nothing  else  than  what  it  seems.  We 
have  also  Habtnell  corresponding  with  a  Germ* 
Habtnagel^  Cofpebkoll  with  a  Germ.  Kupfer- 
NAGEL,  and  HooENAiL  with  a  Germ.  Huenagel. 
And  we  have  Isnell  (iron-nail),  Bba2NBLl» 
Cbucknell,  Hocknell^  Bkadnell,  Dabtneli* 
pRANGNELL  (Germ,  prangeuy  to  glitter  ?)  Brit- 
NBLL  (German  hreit,  broad),  Soabneli^  Coubt- 
KELL  (Dutch,  Dan.  horty  short.)  The  Germans 
have  ThCbnagel  (door-nail),  Becenagel  (rack- 
nail),  ScHiNNAGL  (plate-nail),  Blankennagel 
(white-nail),  Bodnagel  (red-nail),  Bunbnagel 
(round^nail),  Wacejsbnag£L»^  and  several  others. 
This  curious  class  of  names,  standing  very  much 
by  themselves,  must  I  think  have  had  some 
peculiar  origiu. 

From  the  Old  High  German  hoHa^  an  axe,  I 
take  to  be  most  probably  the  following.  Words 
also  suitable  are  harty  beard,  and  Old  Norse 
hardiy  giant.  And  the  root  hert^  bright,  famous, 
is  also  Hable  to  intermix. 

*  OenoL  looMlMr,  noUe,  iton^  bz»y&  Potf  s  soegoiUon  tbAt  wadber  la  an 
epItlMt  applied,  not  to  the  nail,  bnt  to  a  man  called  Nage)^  hardly  helpt  Hf  rnneh, 
■eelng  the  niunber  oC  other  limilar  namee. 


222  THE  WAPItlOR  AKD  HIS  ABMS. 

SIlfPLB  FOBMa 

Old  Qerm.  Bardo,  Barto,  Pardo,  Parto,  9th  cent.      Eng. 

^^     BABDy  Babdt,  Bartie,  Pabt,  Pabdob.      Modem  Qerman 

Babde,    Babt>   Babth.      French    Babd,   Babdi^    Babdt, 

BABDBAUy  BaBTEAU,  PaBTY. 

DIMraUTIVBEL 

Old  Qerman  Bardilo,  9th  cent. — ^English  Babdouleau, 
Babdelle — ^Modern  German  Babdel — French  Babdellb9 
Babiel.     French  Babdillon,  Pabdailloh. 

PHONETIC  Ein>mo. 
Old  Qerm.  Bardinns^  8th  cent      Eng.  Babbin,  Pabdon. 
Mod.  Qerm.  Babkebt.      Ft.  Babdok,  Babdonneau,  Pabdon. 

PATBONYKIGS. 

Old  Qerm.  Barding,  9th  cent     Eng.  Babddtg,  Pabdibto. 

00MP0UND8.* 

(Hart,  warrior)  Eng.  Babteb,  Pabdab,  Pabteb — ^Modern 
Qerm.  Babtheb.  (Man)  Eng.  Babtman — Modem  Qerman 
Babthxann.  (Ul/,  wolf)  Old  Qerman  Bartholf— English 
Babdolph. 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  becca,  axe,  might  be  the 
following.  But  I  think,  now  too  late,  that  they 
ought  not  to  have  been  separated  from  the  root 
big,  bicy  to  slash,  p.  177. 

simple  FDBMS. 

Beck.  Old  Qerm.  Becoo,  Begga,  Becca,  7th  cent      Eng.  Beck, 

^^     Begg,  Beach,  Bebohey,  Peak,  Peach,  Peachet.      Modem 

Qerm.  Beckh,  Peck.      French  Bec,  Beck,  Bbcquet,  Pech. 

DIMXNUTIYES. 

Eng.  Beacall,  Pechell — Mod.  Qerm.  Beckel — French 
Beckl&     Eng.  Beakeh  9 — French  Becquehie. 

00MP0UND8. 

{Had,  war?)  Eng.  BECKirrr,  Peckett — French  B^hade, 
Beoquet,  Pecquet,  (ffari,  warrior)  Eng.  Beecheb,  Pecker 
— French  Beckeb,  Pecqueby.  (Man)  English  Beckkah, 
Beachman — French  Bechjcan. 


*  I  do  not  Include  here  Babtuett  and  Bastbam,  for  I  tlilnk  that  they  •*• 
nther  from  beH,  f amooi. 


THE  WABRIOR  AND  HIS  ABMS.  223 

There  is  a  word  scorCy  found  in  two  or  three 
ancient  names,  which  Stark  refers  to  Old  High 
Germ,  scora^  schora,  spade,  shovel,  supposing,  as 
in  former  cases,  the  meaning  to  be  that  of  weapon. 
This  word,  and  another,  scar,  which  Forstemann 
assigns  to  Old  High  Germ,  scara,  acies,  I  include 
together  in  the  general  sense  of  cutting,  as  shown 
in  Ang.-Sax.  scearian,  sceorian. 

8IMFLE  FOBMa 

Old  Qerman  Scarius,  9th  oent,  Sooro,  Sooii,  IStli  cent     Sear. 
English  ScABB,  Scabbow,  Sheeb,  Shebbt,  Sgobe,  Shobe,    ^<'<^^ 
Shobby,  Scubby,  Shubey.  .    Modem  German  Scab,  Sohab» 
ScHEEB,  ScHUBB.     French  Ghebi  ?  Chebeau  1  Chobey  f 

DDOMUTIVEH. 

Old  Oerm.  Scherilo,  9th  cent — ^Eng.  Shebbell. 

COMPOITND& 

(Brand,  sword)  English  SmEBBBANP — ^Modern  German 
Scheubbband.  (Man J  Old  German  Scoreman,  14th  cent. 
— ^Eng.  ScABHAN,  Shabmak,  Shebmax,  Shobmak — ^Modern 
German  Schtebkane,  Schubhank. 

I  am  inclined  to  the  opinion  that  wood  in 
proper  names  has  sometimes  the  sense  of  spear,  or 
at  least  of  a  weapon.  We  find  a  peculiar  use  of 
this  word  in  AJiglo-Saxon ;  thus  gar-vrndu  is 
"spear  wood,'"  a  spear — Whence  the  Old  German 
name  Gervida>  our  Garwood.  The  same  is  no 
doubt  the  sense  in  the  Old  German  Asquid,  our 
AsQWHH — **  ash-wood"  in  the  sense  of  a  spear, 
and  probably  in  our  Astwood,  p.  216.  An  Old 
Franiish  name  Bonavida,  9th  cent., "  fatal  wood,'' 
is  probably  also  a  figurative  expression  for  a 
spear.      So  also  the  Gothic  name  Cnivida^  our 


22i  T&B  WABBIOB  AND  HIS  ABMa 

Entvbtt,  18  ''  kmfb-wood/'  a  knife.  It  fleems  to 
me  probable  that  wood  of  itself  may  sometiines 
have  the  same  sort  of  meaxuog.  There  is  an  Old 
Qerman  name  Widolaic;  our  Wsdlakb  and 
Wedlock,  fix)m  lacan,  to  play*  This  compares 
with  the  Anglo-Saxon  asc^lega,  ''  aah-play/'  Le^ 
play  of  spears.  A  eimilax  mode  of  expression  is 
by  no  means  uncommon  even  in  English  Thus^ 
in  a  sense  more  or  less  poetical,  we  use  steel  for 
a  sword»  and  gold  for  money.  Hence  also  in 
saered  poetry,  such  an  expression  as  *'  &tal  wood'' 
for  the  cross.  And  the  poetical  element^  it  muist 
be  observed,  enters  largely  into  the  composition 
of  ancient  names. 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  bog<z.  Old  High  Gonnan 
bogo,  pogo,  poco,  English  bow,  arcus,  I  take  the 
following.  But  there  is  another  word  firom  the 
same  general  root  signifying  to  bend,  viz.,  Gothic 
bangs.  Old  High  Germ,  bauc,  AngIo-Sax(»x  bedg, 
ring,  bzacolat^  which  I  think  also  enters  into  the 
oomposition  of  men's  names,  and  which  it  is 
extoomely  difficult  to  separate  from  the  present 
group, 

ffliPLS  roBiia 
Old  Qmxx.  Boeoo,  9th  cent  ?     Ang.-Saxon  Bogo.      Old 
^^     None  BqgL      Eng.  Bogci,  Boag,  Bogie,  Boht,  Bow,  Biraxj, 
^^'     BookI     Mod.  Germ.  B5gb,  Pogoe,  BockI     French  Pog^ 
BooHf 

Sooui^  BovsuCi — ^Mod.  Genoan  Poggbl — French  Pqggiale* 


THE  WABRIOB  AND  HIS  ABMS.  225 

OOMPOUNDa 

(Hard,  fortis)  Eng.  Bogabd — Modern  German  Bogebt — 
French  Boohabd^  Bohabd,  Pochabd.  (Mem)  English 
BoGiCAN,  Bowman — Mod  Germ.  Bochmann  1  (if<w,  fiunons) 
Anglo-Saxon  B6cm^r,  B6hm^  (/atmd  in  Bdcm^ea  stigde^ 
Bdhmirea*  stigde) — English  Poomobe,  Bowxeb — French 
Bochmer,  Boimeb. 

From  the  extended  form  found  in  Modern 
Germ,  hogen,  may  be  the  following. 

SIMPLE  F0BM& 

Eng.  Boggon,  Bowen.      Mod.  German  Bohk  1     French    Bogeo. 

BOCHIN^  BOIN,  B0HK&  ^'^• 

OOMPOUIOM. 

{Hardy  fortis)  English  Poigkabd  % — ^Modern  German 
BooENHABDT — Fr.  BoGNABD,  PoiGNABD  ?  {H<»r%  warrior) 
Eng.  BoDGENEB — Mod  German  Bogneb — French  Bognieb. 

A  common  word  in  ancient  names  was  helm^ 
helmet.  We  have  very  few  names  at  present  in 
which  it  can  be  traced,  but  as  it  is  apt  to  change 
into  hem  or  em,  and  so  to  mix  up  with  other 
words,  it  is  probable  that  many  more  names  may 
€xist  in  a  disguised  form. 

simple  fobmb. 

Ang.-8axon  Helm  {found  in  Hdmes  tre&Wf'f  Cod.  Dip.    Hdm. 
1266.)    Eng.  Helm.     Mod  Germ.  Halm,  Helm.  ^'^^ 

oompouxds. 

{Burg,  protection)  Old  German  Helmbuig,  9th  cent. — 
En^^ish  Hembebg,  Hembebt,  Hembbow.  {Ger^  spear)  Old 
Overman  Helmger,  8th  cent. — Eng.  AjiMIGEB  {or  to  amal, 
p.  U3.) 

Another  word  signifying  helmet  is  Ang.-Sax. 
col.  Old  Norse  koUr.      This  seems  to  have  been 

*  Bohmer's  style.    These  two  xuunea  leem  to  be  the  Mune. 
t  Helm'i  tree. 

C  2 


226  THE  WASRIO&  AND  HIS  AHM& 

common  in  Anglo-Saxon  and  Old  Norse  names, 
but,  judging  by  Forstemann's  list,  not  generally 
in  Old  German  names. 

SIMPLE  F0BM8. 

Goa  Old  Germ.  Colo,  9tli  cent.      Ang.-Sax.  Col%  Colo,  Coku 

Old  None  KoUr,  KolL  Eng.  Colla,  OoLLKTy  Colbt,  Colb. 
Mod  Germ.  Kohl^  Koll.      Dan.  Kohl.      French  Collb, 

COLI,  COLLEAU. 

DmiMUTlVJOL 

Old  Germ.  CoLdclio,  Sth  cent. — 'Eng,  Coluck,  Collbcdb 
— ^Mod.  Germ.  Kohlig.  Frencli  Coluchov.  Old  German 
CholensuS)  8th  cent. — ^Eng.  CoLEirao,  Collinb. 

PATJKONTMIGB. 

Eng.  CoLLura.  Mod.  Germ.  Kohlutg.  Dan.  Kolldtg. 
French  Collanqe. 

OOMPOTTNDS. 

(Bert,  bright)  Old  German  Colobert,  8th  cent. — English 
CoLBBEATH,  CooLBBEATH — Fr.  CoLBEBT.  (Brand,  fiword) 
Ang.-Sax.  Colbrand — Eng.  Colbrak.  (Biom,  bear)  Old 
Norse  Kolbiom — Eng.  Colbubn.  (Hard)  Eng.  Collabd — 
Modem  German  Kohlhabdt — French  Collabd.  (ffari, 
warrior)  Eng.  Collier,  Collab — Modem  German  Kolleb — 
Dan.  Kolleb — French  Collieb,  Collebt,  Col^be.  (Man) 
Old  Germ.  Coloman,  Colman,  9th  cent. — Colman,  Bishop  of 
Tiindisfame,  A.D.  663 — Eng.  Colmak,  Colbhan — Modem 
Germ.  Kohlmann — French  Collman.  (Jfor,  famous)  Ang.- 
Saxon  Colomdr  (/atmd  in  Colom^es*  sic.  Cod.  Dip.  509)— 
Eng.  CoLLAMOBE,  CoLMEB — Mod.  Germ.  Kollmeyeb. 

PHONETIC  niTBUSION  OF  n,  m. 

(Bert,  bright)    French   Colombebt.       (Hwrd)   French 

COLmABD. 

*'  Until  something  better  shall  be  found," 
Forstemann  places  the  following  to  Old  High 
Germ.  Mba,  Ang.-Sax.  hiife.  Mod.  Germ.  Jiauhe^ 

•  "  Oolomoie'8  sjrke/'  Syka,  a  word  tfcUl  wed  in  tb*  North  of  Kntfund, 
lignlflM  a  nuuMr  ■omgUnm  dij. 


^t^B^BBs^T^r^^m^mfmmm^  w^  m    m  w 


cap,  crest,  or,  most  probably,  helmet.  As  I 
camiot  say  that  I  am  able  to  suggest  aaything 
better,  I  continue  them  under  the  same  head. 
The  root  of  the  Saxon  names  Ofia  or  Uffa  may 
be,  however,  liable  to  intermix. 

8IMPLB  FOBlia. 

Old  German  Hubo,  Huba,  Hafo,  8th  cent     HobbeBime,     Hub. 
Domesday.     Eng.  Hubib^  Hqbt,  Hoop,  Hopiv  Hoof*    Mod.   u«im*t. 
German  Haubb,  Hupb.     French  Hottbb,  Houppe,  Httpp^, 

CHOUPEi 

DumnnmrBB. 
English  HxTBBAGK,  OHUBBAOK-^Mod.  German  Hobbbks, 
HdPKS — Frenoh  Hxtbac.     Engliah  Hopkot — ^Mod.  German 
HoPEEN.     Eng.  HuHHUi— Frenoh  Hubbl.     Eng.  Hohlik — 
French  Hxtbldt,  Houplok,  Oeobillon.     Datch  Kobbema. 

OOMPOITKDa. 

(Sard)  English  HuBBABi>"*Frenoh  Hubabd,  Ghopabd. 
(Man)  Itagi  Hobhav,  Hopxan,  HooncABr-**Mod.  German 

HOPPXAHV,  HOVWAEN  t 

There  is  a  name  Copestakb  or  Capstick, 
which  in  the  previous  edition  I  completely 
mistook.  It  is  evidently  the  Qerman  kopfstilck, 
head-piece. 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  scyld,  Old  High  German 
sciUy  Old  Norse  shiold^  English  shield,  there  are 
not  many  names,  though  as  noted  p.  148,  it  was 
anciently  a  name  of  honour. 

SIMPLB  VOBBCS. 

Scyld,  ancestor  of  Woden  (Anglo-Saxon  Qen.)  Scyld 
(found  in  Scyldes  Preow,  Cod,  Dip.  436.^  Skibld,  mythical 
king  of  Denmark  EngliBh  Shield,  Skbul  Mod.  German 
ScmuxF.*    French?  SoHn^rs. 


Bcatixm. 


*  EeM»  BoranoBZLP,  "  nd  ■htold,"  idopted.  m  II  to  Mid,  by  Ike  f omder 
of  fli«  temflf  from  the  ■!{&  of  hto  p]M«  of  ImsloMi^  And  MfUiBljr  not  an  impra<r»- 
meBl  upon  Ut  oilgfaua  BABM  of  AxiBBLM,  *'dtTliMhilm«t." 


228  THE  WABJUOR  AND    HIS  AIUCS. 

PATBONTMIGSl 

Old  Sax.  Sdltong,  9th  cent     Eng.  Skeldihg,  Boolding, 

SlLOULDIKa. 

A  more  common  word  in  men's  names  is  randU 
rim,  in  the  sense,  according  to  Forstemann,  of 
shield,  and  to  which,  as  a  High  German  form,  I 
put  vans. 

SniPLB  fOBll& 

Old  Germ.  Rando,  Bento,  4th  cent  Eng.  Rakd,  Rakce, 
EoKDEAU,  EouNDt  Mod.  German  Rand.  French  Bond, 
RoNDY,  Rondeau,  Rongs,  Ronze. 

DOUNUTIVKS. 

Engliflh  Randlb,  Render  Rehtle,  Rxthdlb  \ — ^Erench 
RoNDELLK    English  Rantem,  Ransom. 

OOHPOUNDfi. 

(Hari,  warrior)  Old  German  Ranthar,  8th  cent,  Ranzer, 
10th  cent — ^Eng.  Render,  Rentes — ^Mod  German  Rantbb, 
Rentes — ^French  Randieb,  Ronzieb,  Rohcerat.  (Mar, 
famoua)  Eng.  Rentmobe,  Wbentmobe.  (YTtne,  Mend)  Old 
Genn.  Randuin,  8th  cent — French  Randouin.  (Ulf,  wolf) 
Old  Germ.  Randnl^  8th  cent — ^English  Randolph — ^Modern 
(German  Randolff. 

An  allied  ibrm  of  rand  is  Old  High  German 
ramjiy  Mod.  Germ,  ranjiy  which  seems  to  occur  in 
a  few  names. 

Bamft.  SIMPLE  FQBMS. 

Shield.  Old  Germ.  Rampo,  9th  cent     Mod.  Germ.  Rampf. 

DIMINXJnVB. 

English  Rampling. 

COMPOUNDS. 

{Hwriy  warrior)  Eng.  Rafteb,  Rjifteby.     Fi*.  Raftieb. 

A  third  root  signifying  shield  is  Ang.-Sax.  hord. 
Old  High  Germ,  horiy  which,  though  Forstemann 
only  has  it  as  a  termination  (as  in  Heribord, 
Hiltiport,  &c.),  evidently  occurs  in  the  following. 


W^^^^w^Ess^^^mmm^mmmmmmmmm 


THE  WAKBIOB  AND  HIS  ABMS.  229 

BOfPLE  FOBHB.  ^^ 

English  BoABD,  Port.     French  Bobde,  Bobda,  Port,    sbiaid. 
Porta. 

oohpoundb. 

(ffar%  warrior)  Eng.  Boabdbb,  Bobber — Fr.  Bordirb, 
BoRDERT.  (Man)  English  Boardmak,  Portican — French  ? 
BoRDHASN.  (Wme,  friend)  Eng.  Boardwine,  Portwine — 
French  Porteyik. 

A  fourth  word  signifying  shield — but  of 
which  I  find  no  trace  in  ancient  names — may  be 
Ang.-Sax.  disc.  Old  High  Germ.  tisc.  This  had 
the  meaning  of  dish,  plate,  flat  surface,  but  I 
think  that  like  rand  and  bord,  the  most  probable 
meaning  in  men^s  names  is  that  of  shield. 

SIMPLE  FORMS.  ^  ^ 

Disk. 

English  Dix  ?*  Dixie  1     Mod.  German  Disch.      French    shield. 
DlESCH,t  Tisci. 

COMPOUNDS. 

{Hari,  warrior)  Eng.  Dibher — Mod.  German  Tischer — 
French  Discrt,  Tizier.  (Mem)  English  Dishman — ^Modern 
German  Dixmann. 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  hringy  hrinc,  Eng.  ring, 
in  the  sense  of  ring-armour,  coat  of  mail,  Forste- 
mann  derives  a  word  ring  in  ancient  names.  And 
from  the  Old  High  Germ,  ringan,  luctari,  rang, 
battle,  Ang.-Sax.  rinc,  combatant,  he  also  derives 
a  form  rang,  rank,  renk.  But  as  the  separation, 
in  the  ancient  names  even,  is  doubtful,  and  in  the 
modem  impracticable,  I  take  them  together — 
the  sense  being  in  either  case  a  warlike  one. 

*  In  Axtg. -Saxon  «e  and  x  froqnently  interchange.  Thus  Boiworth  giyes  the 
plural  of  dite  as  di»ea$  and  diaas. 

t  Or,  as  seems  to  be  the  case  in  another  name,  Dibtsch,  this  may  only  be  a 
corruption  of  Dentsch. 


230  THB  WASBIOB  AND  HIB  ABMR 


aar,  8er. 
Annonr. 


Old  GeniL  Bincho^  Benco,  9ih  cent  &ig.  Bnra^  Botk. 
Mod.  Germ.  Raske,  Rotos,  Bihck. 

DDULNUTIVgL 

Old  GemL  Bingilo— Eki^^  Wboklb— Mod.  Qemuui 
RniCBL— Frendi  Bnroiu 

OOMFOUNIML 

(Sardf  fortis)  Old  Gennan  Bendiftrd,  6th  oMit — ^Modam 
German  Rdtgkbt — ^French  RnroABD,  Ramohxabix  (Hari^ 
warrior)  Old  German  Bincar,  Banchar,  9ih  cent — ^English 
BiKOSB,  Basoour — Mod.  Germ.  BorGSB,  Bbnceeb — Frmch 
BnioiEiL  (Waldy  power)  Old  Germ.  Bingolt — ^Ang.-Saxon 
Hringwold  (finmd  •»  ffringwoldet  heorh.  Cod.  Dip.  1117.^ 
— Eng.  BiHGOOu>— Mod.  Germ.  Botowaij). 

The  root  sar^  ser,  for  which  Forstemann  pro- 
poses Old  High  Grerman  saro,  Ang.-Sazon  searo, 
armour,  enters  into  a  great  number  of  names. 

aiMTLB  FOBMB. 

Old  Germ.  Saro,  Sario,  Sana,  8th  cent.  English  Barb, 
Sarah,  Sbar.  Mod.  German  Sahr,  Sehb,  Serrbl  French 
Sarre,  Bar,  Sarra,  Bari,  Sbrri^  Berra,  Ser^  Bert,  Seudsu^ 
sorr^  borieu. 

DDOKXJnVBS. 

Old  German  Serila,  Berlo,  6th  oent-^ld  None  Sorli, 
Bolli — Eng.  Barel^  Berrexj^  Berle^  Sorue,  Sollt — French 

BeRAIL,  SORBIk 

OOMPOUNDS. 

{B(4,  envoj)  Old  Germ.  Sarabot,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Serbutt 
— French  Borbet.  (Hard)  French  Berard.  (ffere,  warrior) 
French  Berrier.  CGer^  spear)  French  Saboer.  fOaud, 
Goth)  Old  German  Saregaud,  8th  cent — English  Bargood. 
(Mem  J  Old  Germ.  Baraman,  8th  cent — Eng.  Sebxok — Mod. 
German  BAARMAinr — French  Saramon,  C^R^ONDsf  {RcA, 
counsel)  Old  German  Barrad,  Barrat,  9th  cent. — ^English 
Sarratt — French  Barbtte.  (Wald^  power)  Old  German 
Serald,  9th  cent. — French  Sarrault.  (Wvm^  friend)  Old 
Genn.  Baroin,  8ih  cent— French  Barrion,  SEROUr. 


THE   WABRIOB  AND   HIS  ARMS.  231 

From  the  above  root  sar,  acx^ording  to 
Diefenbach,  is  formed  Old  Norse  serkr,  Ang.-Sax. 
syrice,  syrce^  shirt.  North.  Eng.  sarh.  To  this 
may  be  put  the  following  names,  the  meaning  of 
course  being  taken  to  be  that  of  a  shirt  of  mail 

SIMPLE  FOBHB. 

Old  German  Saracho,  10th  cent.       Sere,  Lib  VU, — Eng.     gexk. 
Sabch,  Seabch,  Shabx,  Shabkby,  Shirk,  Shibkey.  shirtofmAii. 

DIMINUnVBa 

Old  German  Sarchilo,  10th  cent      Eng.  Sharkt.ry. 

One  of  the  most  common  of  all  roots  in  Teutonic 
names  is  Goth.  Aari,  Ang.-Saxon  here^  Old  Norse 
her^  army.  Grimm  suggests  that  the  original 
meaning  may  rather  have  been  soldier,  which 
would  consist  better  with  the  use  of  the  word  as 
a  post-fix.  Other  roots  which  may  intermix  are 
ara^  eagle,  and  Ang.-Sax.  hear.  Old  Norse  hi'&r^ 
sword,  both  found  in  ancient  names. 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Old  German  Herio,  8th  cent      English  Harre,  Hare,  ^^  ^^ 
Harry,  Harrow,  Charie,  Cherry.     Mod.  German  Hehr,    Army.  ' 
Herr,  Heer.      French    Hard,   Harry,    Herr,   Hj^reau, 
Herry,  Herou,  Charey,  Chario,  Oharue. 

DIMENUTlVEa 

Old  German  Haric,  Herioo,  8th  cent. — Eng.  HARRmoE, 
Herridoe,  Herrice — Modem  German  Hxricke,  Harke — 
French  Hi^RiCHii  Old  Germ.  Heril,  Herilo,  Herili — Eng, 
Harral,  Ha  RLE,  Harley,  Harlow,  Hearl,  Hearly — Mod. 
German  Herel,  Herl,  Herrle,  Hirle — French  Harel^ 
Hariel,  Harlay,  Harl4  Herel.  Old  German  Herelin, 
11th  cent — Eng.  HARLINQ—Mod.  Germ.  Hjlrlik — French 
Herlan.      Eng.  Harris,  Harrifj<,  Hkrrtes — Fr.  Herisz, 

HWRRTRSI^N 


232  THB  WABBIOR  AND   HIS  ABMS. 

PATROKYMIOS. 

Old  Germ.  Heiinc,  9th  cent.  Eng.  Heabhto,  HEBRiKa 
Modem  C^erman  Harbino,  Kebbino,  Heebikq.  French 
Bjlujlsq,  Hebinoq,  Hebing. 

OOMPOUNDa 

(And,  life,  spirit)  Old  Germ.  Heriand,  9th  cent — French 
Haband.  (Bat,  pat,  path,  var)  Old  German  Heripato,  9th 
cent. — English  Hebepath,  Hebbet — French  Herbette. 
(Bald,  bold)  Old  German  Haribald,  Herbald,  8th  cent- 
French  Hebbault.  (Ber,  bear)  English  Habbab,  Habbeb, 
Habboub — Mod.  Germ.  Herbeb — French  Herbeb.  (Bert, 
bright)  Old  German  Hariberaht,  Frankish  king,  6th  cent — 
Aripert,  Lombard  king,  7th  cent,  Heribert,  Herbert — Eng. 
Habbebt,  Hebbebt — ^Mod.  Germ.  Kabpbecht,  Hebbebt — 
French  Hebbebt.  (Bord,  shield)  Old  Germ.  Heribord,  11th 
cent — Eng.  Habboabd,  Habbobd.  (Bod,  envoy)  Old  Germ. 
Herbod,  8th  cent — English  Harbud — Modem  German 
Hebbothe — French  Herbut.  (Oer,  spear)  Old  German 
Hanger,  Hariker,  ECarker,  Ohargar,  7th  cent — English 
Habkeb,  Chabkeb — Mod.  Germ.  Hebgeb.  (Gaud,  Goth) 
Old  German  Haregaud,*  6th  cent — Eng.  Habgood.  (Gtail, 
gU,  hostage)  Old  German  Charegisil,  6th  cent — English 
Habgill.  ("Hard J  Old  Germ.  Hariard,  Herard,  7th  cent 
Ft.  H^abd.  (Here,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Harier,  9th  cent. — 
French  Chabieb.  (Ladth,  terrible)  Arlot,  Lib,  VU, — ^Eng. 
Hablot  1— Fr.  Hablet  ?  (LcmdJ  Old  Germ.  Hariland,  8th 
cent. — Eng.  Habland.  (If an)  Old  Ger.  Hariman^  Harman, 
Herman,  7th  cent — English  Habbtmak,  Harhan,  Hermon, 
Ghabman — Modem  German  Habmann,  Hebilann — French 
Hebkak,  Hebmain.  (Momd,  gaudium)  Old  Grerman 
Herimand,  Herimant,  10  th  cent — Fr.  Habmand,  Habmant, 
Hebmakd.  (Mar.  fEimous)  Old  German  Herimer,  Hannar, 
6th  cent — English  Habmer — French  Harmier^  Hermieb. 
(Mot,  courage)  Old  Germ.  Harimot,  8th  cent — Mod.  Germ. 


*  Perhaps  also,  vdth  a  phonetic  n>  the  Old  Germaii  Heringaud,  English 
HsBiKaAtTD.     Bat  FOntemann  takes  it  to  be  rather  the  same  as  Azingaud  {arin. 


THS  WARRICK  AND  HIS  ABHS.  233 

Hkrbxuth — French  Hermet,  Oharmotte.  (MutuI,  pro* 
tection)  Old  Germ.  Herimund,  Chanmundy  5th  cent — ^Eng. 
Habmoio) — French  Ckabmokd,  Gharmont.  {Ncmd,  daring) 
Old  German  Herinand,  10th  cent. — Spanish  Hernandez. 
(Sandy  envoj)  Old  Grerman  Heraand^  11th  cent. — ^English 
Hbbsaht — ^French  Hersent.  (Wold,  power)  Old  Gkrmau 
Garioyalda,*  prince  of  the  Batayi,  Ist  cent,  Heroald,  Hariold, 
8th  cent. — Old  Norse  Haraldr — Eng.  Harold — ^Mod.  G^erm. 
Herold — French  Herold,  Heroult.  (Wctrd,  guardian) 
Old  Germ.  Hariward,  Herward,  Heroard,  8th  cent — ^Ang.- 
Saz.  Hereward — Old  Norse  Harvardr — English  Harward, 
Harvard — ^Mod.  German  Harward — ^French  Herouard. 
(Vid,  wood)  Old  German  Eryid,  7th  cent. — Eng.  Harwood. 
(Wiff,  vd,  war)  Old  German  Heriwig,  Hairiyeo,  7th  cent. 
— ^Eng.  Haryet — Mod.  Grerman  Herwig — French  Hervt, 
Hervieu,  Charvey,  Charavat.  (Wine,  Mend)  Old  OensL 
Harwin,  Gharivin,  Gharoin,  8th  cent — Eng.  Harwin — 
French  Herouin,  Gharyin,  Gharoin.  (To  this  Old  G^rm. 
Erwin,  Errin — ^Eng.  Irwin,  Iryin  ?) 

The  above  word,  AaW,  warrior,  was  one  of  the 
most  oommoQ  post-fixes  in  Old  German  names. 
It  appears  variously  as  har,  Jiari,  her,  heri,  and 
forms  many  of  our  endings  in  er  and  ery,  and  of 
the  French  in  ier.  In  certain  cases,  however,  the 
ending  er  appears  to  be  phonetic,  as  noticed  at 
p.  29. 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  fana,  Old  High  German 
fano.  Mod.  German  fahne.  Old  French  ^anon,  an 
ensign,  of  which,  however,  there  is  but  a  sKght 
trace  in  ancient  names,  I  take  the  following. 
Another  word  fagin,  fain,  joyful,  is  apt  to 
intermix. 

*  Af  eat  of  hadt  p.  107,  to  Mr  ii  the  oldait  f  onn  of  har, 

d2 


Fw.  BngL  Fabu,  Fjlhvt,  FbrI.    Mod.  Gena  Fab»IL    Aendi 

FAXO^FAHli  

DDUN  UTiVJSBk 

Eogliflk  FENmB^r-^Frencii  Fekailul  Eo^^iah  FAVuin^ 
FraiiOV — ^French  Fenslok. 

PHonrnc  sndino»old  rsaofim/anan  i 
Eng.  Fakkow.    French  Fasvok. 

(Jffof^  ^TERior)  Ibg.  Pahmbs  FKRHlra^-Jif odem  Owaua 
PFAHiraB — F^rendi  FAjnnkBB(or  laaie  m  Old  Higk  Qeamk 
fmnny&ty^  eteadaid-beaiMr.) 

From  the  Anglo-Saxon  cfwmh(yr^  statidard  Of 
^^^  ensign,  appears  to  be  the  name  Cumbra^  of  an 
Ang.-^Sax*  chie^  a,d.  756  (Rog.  Wend.)  Also  of 
a  Cumbro  in  the  Traditionss  Corb^enses.  And 
hence  may  be  our  Cumber  and  Cukpeb.  The 
names  Cumberbeaoh,  Gumbebbatch,  Cukbsi^ 
Patch,  all  no  doubt  variations  of  the  same  word, 
may  possibly  contain  ^e  Ang.-Saz.  bedg,  English 
hadge. 

Bannsb^  thou^  it  might  be,  as  at  p.  175,  It 
oomponnd  of  ban^  mi^t  also  be  from  banner,  an 
ensign.  Th^:e  was  a  noble  fitmily  of  Banners  in 
Denmark,  whose  founder,  according  to  Saxo^  was 
a  Dane  named  Tymmo,  who  assumed  the  name 
of  Banner  for  some  exploit,  probably  capturing  a 
standard,  at  a  battle  between  Canute  and 
Edmund  of  England. 

From  the  Lombard  bandu,  ensign,  standard,  as 
the  most  appropriate  derivative  from  bindan,  to 
bind,  Forstemann  derives  the  root  band,  bend. 
But  the  Ai^.^-Saxon  bcmd,  bend^  crown,  chaplet. 


Burner. 
YezUliim. 


THi;  WAKBIOR  ANJ>  HIS  AKtfa.  235 

firom  hendan^  to  bend,  appeare  to  me  to  be  a  word 
that  might  at  any  rate  intermix.  In  addition  to 
the  above,  Forstemann  also  suggests  the  Old  Sax. 
bant,  pagus,  and  its  High  German  form  panz.  I 
am  also  inclined  to  include  in  the  group  the 
forms  bond,  bund,  for,  though  the  derivation 
&om  the  Ang.-Sax.  bonda^  bunda,  husbandman, 
seems  at  first  mght  the  moat  natural,  it  does  not 
appear  to  receive  much  sanction  from  the  ancient 
names.  Nevertheless,  it  is  very  probable  that 
there  may  be  some  intermixture  of  roots.  In  the 
comparative  table  of  patronymic  forms  appended 
to  **  Words  and  Places,''  Mr.  Taylor  finds  Bond- 
ings in  BondiDgham  fSomers),  and  in  Bontigny 
(Lorraine).  I  also  add  Bansings  as  found  in 
Bensingtoii  (Oxf,),  anciently  Banesinghas. 

aiMPLB  FORMS. 

Old  German  Bando,  Bant,  Pando,  Peuta,  Fonto,  Panzo> 
Benzo,  PeD20,  6th  cent.  Ang.-Sax.  Fenda,  king  of  Mercia.  Band. 
Benia,  Finda,  Zift.  Fit  Bng.  BAirn,  Bendy,  Bbnt,  Bond,  Vexiuam. 
BuNDT,  PoMD^  Bajtce,  Bencs,  Bqnsst,  Bunsb.  Kod.  Germ. 
$AN9E^  FiJTSX^  Bbnte,  Bsn&e,  Bund^  Buntb.  Freaoh 
BEND4,  BiNDA,  Bancs,  BencEi  Bekz,  Bondt,  Bokdeau^ 
BoNTi,  BoNz4  Fantou,  Fanthou,   Fond,    Pont,   Fonti, 

FONTEAU,  FtONTHUSir,  FaNSU,  FENS^  FmSEAU,  FONOEAU. 

DnaNunvEa. 
Eng.  Bantock,  Bundock — Modern  German  Bandke, 
Pantss — JBVench  Fantichbl  Ang.-Sax.  Buntel  (fownd  in 
Bumidu  pfft,  Ood.  Dip.  1102>— Eng.  Bsndle,  Bendelow, 
Bbntall,  Bundlib,  Bovsali%  F£pn>Aij.,PENTEi^w — Mod.  Ger. 
BandeXi,  Bendell,  Benzbl — Fr.  Fantel,  Bunzel,  FoNCEi«i 
Old  German  Benzlin,  10th  oent — Benzeliniia,  Domesday. — 
Ibg.  Pantun — ^F^neh  Bancbldt. 


236  THE  WABSIOB,  AND   HIS  ABMS. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Engliflli  Banton,  Benton,  Binden,  BEVSONy*  Bunten, 
Panton,  Pehtik,  Penson,  Ponson.  Mod.  Gennan  Bunsen. 
French  Panbin,  Pinson,  Pinsonneau,  Ponson. 

PATBONTMIOEL 

Eng.  Bantino,  Bending,  Bentinck,  Bunting,  Pantdto. 
Mod.  Germ.  Bentingok,  Buntino. 

00int>UNDB. 

(Eard,  fortis)  Old  German  Pantard,  9tli  cent.— Bngliah 
PiNDABD^French  Bansabd,  Pensabd,  Pinbard,  Ponbaed. 
(Rari,  warrior)  Ajig.-Sax.  Pender  (found  in  Pendere$  dify 
Cod.  Dip.  1266^— Eng.  Bandeb,  Bender,  Bindeb,  Bonteb, 
BoNSEB,  Bunter,  Panter,  Pantry,  Panther,  Pender, 
Pindbb,  Pondeb,  Punter — ^Mod.  Genn.  Bender,  Binder — 
French  Bender,  Binder,  Pontier,  Ponsert.  {Rat^  counsel) 
Old  Genn.  Bandrad,  Pantarat,  6th  cent— Eng.  Banderet, 
Bentwright,  Pendered.  (^(^  wolf)  Old  Geon.  Pandulf, 
prinoe  of  Capua,  11th  cent. — Ital.  Pandolfio. 

Then  there  are  some  names  of  a  different  class 
derived  from  weapons,  such  as  Shaejespere, 
Shakeshaft,  Drawsword,  &c.,  which  are  of 
less,  though  still  of  considerable  antiquity,  and 
which  do  not  enter  into  the  Teutonic  name- 
system  ;  on  these  it  is  not  necessary  for  me  to 
dwell  frirther,  as  all  that  can  be  said  upon  them 
is  to  be  found  in  the  last  work  of  Mr.  Lower. 

We  now  come  to  another  class  of  names  of 
warlike  origin — ^those  derived  from  words  signify- 
ing courage  and  valour.  One  of  the  most  common 
roots  is  the  Old  High  Germ,  rndt^  muaty  Old  Sax. 
muody  Ang.-Saxon  mddy  Modem  German  mvthy 
courage.      Along  with  this  I  foUow  Forstemann 

*  Bxvaov,  BuvBBir,  fto^  might  be  pOronymiOf.  Bat  I  am  mora  incUnod 
to  take  the  form  fee  Bene-on,  Buu-en. 


THB  WABBIOB  AND  HIS  ABMS.  237 

in  classing  rruyij  muoZy  though  Weinhold  (Deutsche 
Frauen)  refers  it  to  Old  Higl^  German  muoza^ 
moss. 

SIMPLE  FOBMa 

Old  Germ.  Mot,  Moata,  Muaio,  Moda,  Moza,  Muozo,  6th 
cent,      Ang.-Sax.  Moda  {found  in  Modingctham,  "  the  home     ^^ 
of  the  sons  of  Moda"  now  Mottingham)*      Mote,  Htmd,    Mod& 
BolU.      Eng.  MoTT,  Mottow,  Mote,  Moat,  Mouat,  Moth,  ow»«^ 
Mouth,  Mode,  Mood,  Moody,  Mose,  Mobet,  Moss,  Mouse;, 
Muzzy.      Mod.  German  Mode,  Muth,  Moth,  MiJTZ,  Musa. 
French  Motte,  Mott^  Moteau,  Momi,  Mothu,  Moutds, 
Mossy,  Mousse,  Moussy,  Moussu,  Mussey. 

DIMXNUTIVEa 

Old  Germ.  Motilo,  Mutil%  Muezill,  7th  cent. — English 

MOUTTELL,   MUTLOW,    MoTLEY,   MoDEI^    MUDDLE,  MOUSELL, 

MussELL — Mod.  Germ.  Model,  Mudel^  Mutzell — French 
MoTELLE,  Mutei^  Moussel^  Old  Germ.  Mudilane,  Motilane, 
8th  cent. — Eng.  Mudlin,  Mosldt — Mod.  Germ.  Muslein — 
French  Modelonde  9  Eng.  Muddock,  Musick — ^Modern 
Germ.  Mushacke — French  MousAa 

COMPOUNDa 

(  Bert,  famous)  Old  German  Mutbraht,  9ih  cent. — Eng. 
MusPRATT.  (Hard,  fortis)  Old  Germ.  Moathart,  9th  cent. 
— Eng.  MussABD — Mod  Geim.  Mozabt,  Mushabd — French 
MoTABD,  Moutard,  Mouzabd,  Musabd.  (Hon,  warrior) 
Old  German  Moatheri,  Motar,t  Modar,  8th  cent. — English 
MouTRDB,  Modeb,  Mutteb,  Moser,  Mouser — ^Mod.  Germ. 

MODEB.  MiJTTER — Fr.  MOUTRY,  MOITRY,  MOUTIER,  MOITIER. 

(Helm)  Old  German  Moathelm,  9th  cent — Eng.  Mootham  f 
(Man)  Eng.  Muddiman,  Mossman.  (Ramf  ran,  raren)  Old 
€ter.  Moderannus,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Mottram — Fr.  Motheron, 
MoussERON.  {Bed,  counsel)  English  Moderatil  {Bio, 
dominion)  CHd  German  Modericha,:^  11th  cent. — English 
MuDRiDGE — Mod.  Germ.  Muthreich. 


*  Mr.  Tftylor  flndf  the  lame  name  in  Mntignjr  in  Fnmoe. 

t  It  ifl  f9Tj  probable  that  motharj  mater,  intermixes. 

t  Henoe  perhaps  the  town  of  Motrioo  in  Spain. 


238  IBB  WAKUOR  A^D  BIS  AlOfSk 

FBONXnC  ENPHrO, 

Old  GemL  Moatin,  Muatin,  8th  cent  English  Motioh, 
MuTTOK,  MouzoN.    Ft.  MousoN^  MossoN,  MoziK,  Musaov. 

I  am  rather  inclined  to  daaaalong  with  the  above 
a  group  of  names  ending  ia  ^-^either  bj  trans- 
position for  ts,  tz  (as  for  instance  Must  =«  Mutz) — 
or  by  a  simple  phonetic  hardening  of  the  terminar 
tion.  The  latter  is  in  accordance  with  a  oommoni 
tendency-^for  iostanoe,  a  number  of  Fundi  is 
before  me  in  which  an  Irish  game-keeper  oomfoits 
an  unlucky  sportsman  with  "  Shur^  yer  honner, 
you  do  it  very  nist/^ 

BiHPXjs  roi;mL 
Eog.  MqI8I»  Must^  IdjjwrTp  MusTO,    MooL  Q^rm,  H08T* 
^'"^^  Frwdi  Mourn, 

PDUJMUXiVJfieu 

Ekii^MnssQiU    Mod.  Q^vm.  MioffTHA^t    Fr*  HirstEu 

OQMPOUNIMl 

(Eardy  fortis)  Eng.  MUCTAIUK  (Hari^  warrior)  English 
llmrtEft-^od  Own,  Tdxmnm^Vvtnf^  Mounrinu*  (Son, 
m9w)  Bni^  iSjowsux.    {Ul/»  wolf)  E^|^  Mvrropn. 

Another  word  signifying  valour  or  courage  is 
GotK  aljan^  Old  BGgh  German  efiaw,  Ang.-Sax. 
e22en»  cognate  probably  with  Qaal  dUanta^  fierce, 
to  which  may  be  placed  the  following. 

SIMPLB  rOBSIR 

Old  GFennan  Alyan,  8th  cent    English  Allaut^  Allan, 
Blliok,  Ellkn.      Mod.  Gennan  Allbhn.     French  Allaut, 
0(mzif«.  Ahhuss,  Hellion. 

*  Pott  ouUem  the  French  Moostter  a  oontractloii  of  Monastter,  and  if  the 
name  ftood  bjtlMlf;  that  dedvatton  might  be  aooepted. 

t  AujLv,  asaChiUtfAaiiameto  more  pnMd^  ftom  tbeOaeUa  80  majr 
alio  be  Mme  oC  the  ibOTO  tfm]^  Cmvu. 


Kaod. 
Kan. 


IHB  WAKBIOB  A»]>  HI8  AfiXS.  239 

(^07^,  £unous)  Old  Gmnan  EUinbert,  9th  oent. — Erendi 
thjOfBEBT.  {Bu/rg,  protection)  Old  Qerm.  EUinbnrga^  8th 
cent. — Modem  German  Ellenbebo — ^French  HALnrBonBO^ 
(Oer,  spear)  Old  German  £lkaig«r,  11th  cent — French 
Anxsmr.  {S^  WMTior)  Old  Oetn.  EUanhw,  9tk  cent 
«^ESiig.  £kbUBro»^SCod  G«mi.  AiiLinsa---nre&Qli  Ai&oaiBi. 
(ManJ  Eng.  HALLUroitAB. 

A  third  root  with  the  meamng  of  valour  or 
daring  is  nan,  narU^  from  the  Goth,  naniffiian^ 
audere. 

SIlCPLfi  FOBHa. 

Old  German  Nando,  ITannq,  5th  cent      EngBsh  ISass^       ^ 
Nankt.     Modem  German  Kaiotb,  Ninkt,  13ense.    French  Duing. 
Naht,  Namteau,  Nanta. 

DIUIN  UTIVKS. 

Old  Germ.  Nandilo,  8th  cent — ^Mod.  German  Nisio>el — 
French  I^amteuil.  Old  Germ.  Nanzo^  8th  cent — ^English 
Naks,  KAjnOE—Mod.  Germ.  Kakz — ^French  ISTanctI* 

PATBONYMIGEL 

Old  Germ.  Nandung,  ^enSng,  Bth  cent — Mod.  Germ. 
IfTiinKG— French  Nennino.      ISng..  Naitson-— Dan.  Nahseel 

COMPOUlTDa 

\Eciri,  fortifl)  Old  German  Kanhait,  11th  cent — ^French 
Nenab^.  iBariy  ^warrior)  Old  <}erm.  FsDrtfaar,  9iSk  oni!t.«— 
£&g.  Naisheby,  NEKKEB-^JVranch^AaTflOu 

The  •word  nod,  wot,  tather  common  inpermmal 
names,  is  referred  by  Fiirstemann  to  QotL  natrfA»» 
Mod.  Germ,  noth,  English  need,  with  u  probable 
admixture  from  Old  High  Germ,  hndton,  quassare, 
or  Goth,  hndds,  genus.  But  as  the  ending  of 
Ang.-Saz.  names,  in  which  it  was  rather  common, 

*  JIajr  of  oouM  be  ttom  the  pUoe.  CSaa  the  filue  be  Irom  the  yeoonal 
name?   Mr.  Taylor  ref en  it»  elong  with  Nantea,  to  Oett.  iiaii<»  a Taaqr. 


240  THB  WAKBIOB  AKD  HIS  ABMa 

Bosworth  derives  it  from  Ang.-Sazon  ndth,  bold, 
daring,  nithan,  audere,  which  is  certainly  a 
preferable  sense  for  namea 

SIMPLE  POBM& 

Kotfa.  Old  Qenn.  Noto,  Noid,  Not,  Nuti,  8th  cent.     Eng.  NoTT^ 

^^•'^■»-   NoTHKT,  NoAD,  NuTT.*     Mo<L  QemL  NoTH,  NuTT.     French 

Naud,  Naudeau,  Naudy,  Nod^  Nottk 

DiMiNunyiiB. 

Old  Germ.  Kothicho,  9th  oent. — Bug.  Nothdoe.      Eng. 

Noddle,  Nuttall — ^Mod.  Qerm.  Notel — French  Nottelle. 

PATBONYHTGB. 

Old  Germ.  Noding,  Noting,  9th  cent  English  Nodiho, 
Nuttino.     Mod.  Germ.  Nudino. 

COMPOITNDfl. 

(Bcbri,  warrior)  Old  Genn.  Nothar,  10th  cent. — ^English 
NoDDEB,  NuTTEB,  NosER  9  NuBSEB ) — Mod.  Germ.  Notteb* 
NiJTZBB — Fr.  Naudieb,  Nodier,  Notbe,  Notable,  Nozi^bb. 
(Hard,  fortis)  Old  Qwm,  Nothart,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Nothabd. 
(Man)  Noteman,  ffund  SoUs.-^Eng,  Notjcak,  Nuttican. 

PHONETIC  INTRUSION  OP  I 

(Harif  warrior)  Old  Geim.  Nodalhar,  8th  cent — ^Frendi 

NODLEB. 

The  most  common  of  all  words  with  this 
meaning  in  men's  names  is  the  Ang.-Saxon  b6ld. 
Old  High  Germ,  hold,  audax,  fortis.  The  form 
baltz,  hahy  which  runs  through  the  formation,  I 
take  to  be  High  German.  This  word  is  apt  to 
mix  with  &aZ,  p.  192. 

SIBCPLE  FOBMfl. 

»^  Old  German  Bald,  Baldo,  Baudo,  Paid,  Belto,  4th  oent. 

^^    Eng.  Bold,  Baldet,  Bolt,  Belt,  Baud.      Modem  German 


*  The  Danish  Knat  (Cuxnte)  might  Intermix.  The  name  wm  derived,  m  I 
hftTe  reed,  from  %  wen  upon  hla  head,  hut  I  cannot  find  the  authority  again.  The 
name  KarrB  is  1101  foond  in  Denmark  and  tlie  patronjmlc  Ksunnir  Is  yvtf 


THE  WABRIOB  AND  HIB  AfiMa  241 

Bald,  Boldt,  Poltb.  French  Baldi^  Baldi,  Baud, 
Baudeau,  Fold.  Old  Germaii  Baldzo,*  Balzo,  Pakoi  9tli 
cent. — Eag.  BaUiS,  Palsy — ^Mod.  Germ.  Baltz,  Balz. 

DnflMUTlVlBL 

Eng.  Baldick,  Baltic — ^Mod.  Germ.  Boltche — Frencli 
BALZAa  Old  QenxL  Baldeohin,  9th  cent — Eng.  BALCHisr — 
French  Baudichon — ItaL  Baldaohhtl  Old  Qer.  Baldemia, 
BalBcmia,  BalsmnB,  8th  cent — ^Eng.  Beldam,  Balsam — ^Mod. 
Qerm.  Paldamub — ^French  Balsemine  (French  dimm,  f) 

PATEOXTMIGS. 

Old  Germ.  Balding,  Palding,  8th  cent  Eng.  BoLDora, 
BoiTLTiNa,  Paulding.    Mod  Germ.  Baldikq. 

OOMPOTJNDa 

(Htbrd,  fortis)  Old  German  Baldhard,  8th  cent. — French 
Baia!ASD,  Baltazabd  (s=Baltasard.)  (Hart,  warrior)  Old 
Germ.  Baldher,  Balther,  Paldheri,  Paltar,  8th  cent. — Ang.« 
Sax.  Baldhere — ^Eng.  Boldert,  Baldeb,  Bolter,  Poulteb, 
PowTEBy  Powder — Mod.  Germ.  Baltzer — French  Baltai^ 
Baudier,  PAXHiTRE.  (ffod.  War)  Old  Germ.  Balthad,  8th 
cent — ^Eng.  Baldhead  1  (Ectm,  ran,  raven)  Old  German 
Baldram,  Baldrannns,  Paldhram,  8th  cent — Eng.  Beltram 
— Modem  German  Pelldram — French  Baudron — Italian 
Beltramo.  (JHftmd,  protection)  Old  G^rm.  Baldmunt,  8th 
cent. — French  Baudement.  (Rat,  counsel)  Old  German 
Paldrat^  8th  cent — French  Pautrat.  (Randy  shield)  Old 
German  Baldrand,  9th  cent — French  Baudraio).  (RiCy 
dominion)  Old  Germ.  Baldarioh  (Tharingian  king),  Baldric* 
Baldrih,  6th  cent — Ang.-8axon  Baldric — Eng.  Baldridge, 
Baldry,  Bowdry — French  Baudry.  (Rit,  ride)  Old  Germ. 
Baldrit,  9th  cent — ^French  Baudrit.  (War,  defence  t)  Old 
Germ.  Baldoar,  8th  cent — Eng.  Bouohtwhore  It — French 
Baudubr.      (Wine,  Mend)  Old  Germ.  Baldwin,  8th  cent — 

*  It  Is  nol  easjto  Mj  how  th«M  ■faonld  be  eloased— Ftartenuuin  plMM  tham 
m  dimliratlTeii— L«.,  BiJdfloaBaldlao,  m  WiUiso  from  WUlo,  pu  2a  I  taAve  tokm 
them,  however,  onlj  to  be  High  Gemuui  foimi 

t  An  early  freeman  of  Connecticat  f Suffolk  SwmameiJ.  He  hM  oertain^ 
ooQtiiTwl  to  wptXl  hli  name  with  the  ntmoat  amount  of  nnplemintnwt. 

K  2 


Trua. 
Flwoe. 


242  THE  WABRIOB  AND  HIS  ABM& 

Ang.-Saz.  Baldwine — Eng,  Baudwin — Dutch  Boudewtit-^ 
French  Baudouik — ^ItaL  Baldovino.  (Vidy  wood)  Old 
German  Balsoidis,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Boltwood.  (U2/,  wdf) 
Old  German  Baldulf^  8th  cent — ^Mod  German  Baldauf* — 
French  Baudeuf.  (Wig,  war)  Old  Germ.  Balduig,  7th cent. 
— French  Baldeyeck. 

FHONETIG  ENDING  m  n» 

Old  German  Baldin,  Paldeni,  llth  cent.  Eng.  Bolder; 
PoLDEN.  Modem  German  Baldeniub,  Folten.  French 
Baudin,  BaL8AK. 

PHONETIC  ENDING  IN  f. 

Old  Germ.  Baldro,  9th  cent  Eng.  Boldebo,  BouDBOwt 
— French  BAUDBa 

From  the  Goth,  thrcis,  fierce,  swift,  vehement. 
Old  Norse  thrasa,  to  contend,  Forstemann  derives 
the  following  ancient  names.  The  name  of  the 
Vandal  king  Thrasamund  comes  from  this  root 
which  is  probably  cognate  with  Irish  treas, 
combat. 

SIMPLE  FORM& 

Old  Germ.  Thraso,  Traso,  Treso,  9th  cent  Eng.  Trass, 
Trace,  Tress,  Traies,  Tracy,  Drayset.  French  Trays, 
Tress,  Tracy,  Trens,  Dreys& 

compounds. 

(Hard,  fortis)  French  Trassard,  Tressard.  {WaSLd^ 
power)  Old  German  Trasuuald,  7th  cent. — Modem  German 
Traswalt — ItaL  Tresoldi. 

PHONETIC  ENDING  IN  n. 

Old  Germ.  Drasuno,  9th  cent.     French  Tressan.  j: 

phonetic  ENDING  IN  r. 

Old  Germ.  Trasarus,  9th  cent.  Eng.  Traiser,  Treasure, 
Dresser.     French  Terseur  9 

*  Pott^  taking  this  name  om  pUd  de  la  lettre,  ezfOalna  it  as  IxOd  mtf^ 
"  early  np.** 

t  See  p.  180. 

I  PotVs  dAtiTati<m  of  Trenan  fh>m  *'  int  tain"  it,  I  think,  vwy  unhappy. 


THE  WABRIOB  AND  HIS  ABMB.  243 

The  Ang.-Sax.  trum,  firm,  strong,  courageous, 
appears  to  be  found  in  a  few  names.  The 
AUdetUsches  Namenhrich  has  only  one  name, 
Tromolt,  8th  century,  corresponding  with  a 
TrumuaJd  in  the  Lib.  ViL  In  addition  to  the 
Saxon  Trumhere  below  cited,  there  was  also  a 
Trumwine,  bishop  of  Whitherne.  The  placing 
of  Tumbull  here  is  in  accordance  with  a  sugges- 
tion of  Mr.  Chamock  in  Notes  and  Queries. 

SIMPLB  FORlCa 

TnuxL 

Eng.  Dbum,  Dbuhmet,  Trump,  Tbumpy.     Mod.  German    Yirm. 

T&AX71L  atroiw. 

COMPOUNDS.* 

{BcUd,  foriiB)  English  Trumbull,  Tremble,  Turnbull. 
{Here,  warrior)  Anglo-Saxon  Tnunhere,  bishop  of  Merda — 
Eng.  Trumper,  Drummer  1 — Mod  Germ.  Trummer — French 
Dromery. 

From  the  Old  High  Germ,  hwas,  Ang.-Saxon 
hw€BSf  Old  Norse  hvass,  sharp,  keen,  fierce,  rather 
than  from  the  verb  wcisjan,  pollere,  suggested  by 
Grafl^  I  take  the  following,  though  it  is  likely 
enough  that  there  may  be  an  intermixture.  And 
I  also  think  that  wot  is  in  some  cases  from  hwcet, 
another  Ang.-Sax.  form  of  the  same  word.  Thus 
the  Old  German  names  Kerhuuas,  Gerwas,t 
Kerwat  (grer,  spear)  all  seem  evidently  to  mean 
"  spear-sharp.''  At  the  same  time,  except  as  a 
termination,  I  do  not  find  suflScient  ground  for 
bringing  it  in  here.      As  I  have  at  p.  238  taken 

*  The  Eng.  ]>BUicMOin>,  French  Dkumoxtd,  might  be  pUced  here,  tmt  I 
nther  prefer  the  snggestion  of  Pott,  who  refers  them  to  an  Old  Oerm.  Dradmuni 

t  I  h*Te,  p.  204,  taken  the  secondary  sense  of  boldness,  bnt  in  connection 
with  the  spear  the  direct  sense  of  sharpness  seems  on  the  whole  the  best 


244  THE  WABRIOR  AND  HIS  ABMB. 

mtist  to  be  the  same  as  mtiss,  so  owmg  to  the 
same  cause — ^the  unsatisfying  sound  of  s  final — ^I 
bring  in  here  some  forms  in  toast  and  wash.  We 
have  an  instance  of  the  latter  in  the  name  of 
Washington^  Ang.*Sax.  Wassingatun, ''  the  town 
of  the  Wassinga** 

SIMPLBF0B1I& 

-^Mi.          Old  German  Oasus,  Waso,  9th  cent     ADg.-8ax.  WaaBO, 
Keen.     Cod,  Dip.  971.    Old  Norse  Hvaasi  (awmame.)     Eng.  Wass, 
^***-     Wash,  Quash,  Waste.      Modem  (Jerman  Wass.      French 
Vabse,  Vasby,  

DIMDi(UTiV£& 

Eng.  Wassell,  Wastell,  Yassall — Modem  (German 
Wesssl — French  Vassal.  Old  Qerm.  Wasoelin,  11th  cent. 
— French  Yasselik. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Hard,  fortis)  French  Yassabd,  Gusbsabd.  (i5Ws 
warrior)  Eng.  Yasser,  Washes — French  Yasseue^  YsssncR. 
(Man)  Old  Germ.  Wesmannus,  11th  cent — Eng.  Wash  ah, 
Washman — Mod.  Germ.  Wassmann. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Old  Germ.  Hnasuni,  8th  cent  Eng.  Wesson.  French 
Yasson,  QuEznr. 

There  is  a  root  jitg,  which  is  referred  by 
Stark  to  Goth,  jukariy  Old  High  German  juMiun, 
to  combat,  Goth,  jiuka^  Ang.-Sax.  geoCy  courage, 
fierceness.  The  root  is  probably  the  same  as  the 
Sansc.  yug^  to  dart  forth. 

BUiPLE  FOBMS. 

Old  German  Joga      English  JuGO,  Judoe,  Jew,  Jua* 
^j^f     French  Jauqe,  Jaugey,  Juge,  Jub,  Jui,  Jui. 

DnoNunvEs. 
Old  G^erm.  Jugaz,  Jugizos — Eng.  Jukes,  Juggb,  Jewiss 
— French  Jouisbe.    Eng.  Juggiks.    Eng.  Jeula,  Jewell — 
French  Juqla,  Julla  ?  (homme  de  UUres.) 

*  ABortom 


THB  WABBIOB  AND   HIS  ARMS.  245 

OOMPOUNDa. 

(Avd,  proBperity)  French  Jouoaud,  Jouhaup,  Jouet —  ' 

Eng.  Jewett,  Jowett.  (Bert,  famous)  French  Jotjbert. 
(Hardy  fortis)  French  Ja0QEABD,  Jouard.  (Ifari,  warrior) 
Eng.  JswEBY  ?* — ^French  Jugisr,  Ju^by.  (M<Mr,  fiuaous) 
Old  Qernum  Jugamar,  9th  cent. — French  Joumajgl  (  Wcdd, 
power)  French  Jouault. 

PHONETIC  BNDINa 

Eng.  Jewik.     French  JuQum,  JuiGir^  Juik  I 
From  the  Ang.-Saxon  stare,  sterc.  Old  High 
German  starh,   strong,  rough,    fierce,    are    the 
following. 

SIMPLE  FOBMS. 

Old  Germ.  Starco,  Staracho,  8th  cent  English  Stabx,  ^^^ 
Stabkbt,  Stibk,  Stobk  1  Stubgb.  Modem  German  Stabk,  ^?^ 
Stbbk.     French  Staab  9 

COMPOUNDS. 

(ffari,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Storohar,  8th  cent. — ^English 
Stabkeb,  Stebickeb^  Stbaxeb — Modem  German  Stebkeb — 
French  9  Strickeb.  (Man J  Old  Germ.  Staroman,  8th  cent 
— ^Starcman,  fftmd,  Bolls, — ^English  Stabbjcan — French 
Stebckeman. 

In  the  Ang.-Sax.  and  Old  High  German  snd^ 
Old  Norse  sniaUr,  there  mingles  with  the  sense 
of  swiftness  or  celerity  sufficient  of  that  of  bold- 
ness or  fierceness  to  bring  them  under  this  head. 

simple  FOBMa  SneL 

Old  German  Snello,  Snel,  8th  cent  Old  Norse  Sniallr.  Bnye. 
Eng.  Snell.     Mod.  Gei-m.  Schhell.  ^^^ 

PATB0NYMIC8. 

Old  Germ.  Snellung,  8th  cent     Eng.  SinsLLnro. 
ooMPouNna 
(GoTf  spear)  Old  German  Snelger,  8th  cent     English 
Skeloab. 


Or  ]iOoal»  tion /MMT^  *  diiMot  InhabUed  by  Jews  rHottii^ 


Fortif. 


246  THE  WAKRIOB  AND  HIS  ABM& 

From  the  same  root  as  snd  comes  Ang.-Sax. 

snear^  celer,  fortis,  which  is  found  in  two  Old 

^^'^^    Germ,  names.  Snaring  and  Snarholf.      Also  in  a 

Snearri  in  the  Liber  VitcB^  and  in  English  Snare 

and  Snaeey. 

Also  I  think  in  a  warlike  sense  are  to  be 
taken  the  names  derived  from  the  Old  High 
Germ.^.rw,  Old  Norse  and  Ang.-Sax.  fds^  eager, 
I  impetuous,  a  word  which  we  still  retain  in  the 

degenerate  sense  of  fuss.      In  ancient  names  we 
I,  find  it  more  frequently  as  a  termination,  as  in 

(  Haduftins  {had,  war),  Yalafons  (voZ,  slaughter), 

I  Bonofusus  (ban,  slaughter),  &c. 

SDCPLE  rORM& 

I  Fmu.        Old  Gennu  Fonsa,  Funso,  Fossio,  6tli  cent.     Eng.  Faukce^ 

I  "^      Fuss,  FussBT,   Fobs?*  FossbyI      French  Foussb,   Fuby, 

I  DDOKUTiVEa 

I  FoBsel,  HwuL  Eolls. — Eng.  Fussell — ^Frenoh  FubHi — 

ItaL  FuBELL     English  Fossick — ^French  Foissao — Span.1 

FONSECA. 

COMPOUNDS. 

!  (Hard,  fortis)  Eng.  Fuszabd — Fr.  Foubsabd,  Fobsaed. 

{HaH,  wBfrior)  French  Foubsieb,  Fusieb,  Fossieb,  Fohcier  ? 

It  seems  to  me  rather  probable  that  the 
following  contain  an  allied  form  to  the  abova 
Qra£^  3.733,  has  some  trace  of  a  root  Jiz,  in  the 
sense  of  movement. 

SIMPLE  FOSM& 

n>.  Old  Qerman  Fizo,  9th  cent.      English  Fize,  Fiz,  Fees. 

^P**"^' French  Fizeau,  Fesst. 

*  BMldM  the  looal  word,  the  Low  Oenn.  fou,  foi,  might  oome  in. 


THE  WABRIOE  AND  HIS  ARMS.  247 

BDCDnJTITEa 

Eng.  Teasal — French  Fizel.  English  Physiok.  Old 
Cknn.  FiznjN,  9th  oeni — Eng.  FiSHLuns  ? 

COMPOUNDS. 

{ffardy  fortis)  Eng.  Fizabd — French  Fissabt,  Fbssaxd. 
There  are  two  unexplamed  words,  Jisc  and 
Jusc,  occurring  in  Old  Grerm.  names,  which  I  think 
may  be  formed  out  of  the  preceding — ^the  Swed. 
Jiaska,  Old  Eng.^^,  to  bustle  about,  showing  the 
related  Teutonic  words,  and  the  Welsh  ffysg, 
impetuous^  which  I  take  to  be  also  cognate, 
preserving  most  closely  the  sense.  The  formic 
is  only  found  in  one  Old  Grerm.  name  Fisculf ;  the 
form  fuse  in  the  following.  From  the  frequent 
interchange  of  sc  and  x,  it  is  probable  that  Jix 
(  =  fisc),  and^aj  (==foscJ,  may  in  some  cases 
come  in  here. 

anCPLB  FORMS. 

Old  Qerm.  Fuscias  (a  Vandal)^  6th  cent.,  Fosoo,  Fosca 
(Franks),  9th  cent     Eng.  Fux  f  Fox  1  Foskey,  Fisk,  Fish,  j^^^, 
Fix.    Mod  Qerm.  Fisch,  Fix.      French  Fusch,  Fix,  Fisg^ 
FnoKm. 

DIMmUTIVJM. 

Old  Qerm.  Foscolo,  8th  cent — ^Eng.  Foxell  ? — ^Modern 
Germ.  Fuchsel  f — Ital.  Foscolo. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Eng.  FoxEN,  FisKEN,  FixsoN.     French  Fixon. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(iTarf,  warrior)  Old  German  Fuscari,  8th  cent — Engliflh 
FoxEBT — French  Fixaby — ^ItaL  Foscarl  (Hard,  fortis) 
Mod.  Germ.  Fischabt.  {HUdy  war)  Old  German  Foscildis, 
8th  cent— ItaL  Fuscaldo.*  {Ul/y  wolf)  Old  Germ.  Fisoolf, 
8th  cent — ^Mod.  Germ.  Fischhop  ? 

*  GonwpoBdi  mora  newly  with  wUd,  poirar,  though  kUd  tad  wM  we 
UftUe  to  intenniz.    The  name  PoMUdlf  it  Fnnldih. 


248  THE  WABBIOB  AND  BIB  ABME 

From  the  Aiig.-Sax.  cdf,  cdfy  strenuous^  seem 
to  be  the  following.  There  are  but  slight  traces 
of  this  root  in  Old  Germ,  names,  but  it  frequently 
occurs  among  the  Anglo-Saxons.  There  was  a 
converted  heathen  priest  named  Coifi,  who  on  the 
reception  of  Christianity  by  the  people  of  North- 
umbrian imdertook  the  demolition  of  the  ancient 
shrines.  It  has  been  asserted  that  this  is  not  a 
Saxon  but  a  Cymric  name,  and  that  it  denotes 
in  Welsh  a  druid ;  but  Mr.  Kemble  has  shown 
good  reasons  for  believing  that  it  is  from  the 
Ang.-Sax.  cdf,  active,  strenuous.  It  also  appears 
in  the  form  cuf,  as  in  the  names  Blethcuf  and 
Wincuf,  Cod.  Dip.  981.  The  Old  High  German 
kop.  Mod.  G^rm.  kopf,  head,  perhaps  in  the  sense 
of  helmet,  is  a  root  liable  to  intermix. 

BDIPLB  FOBM& 

Old  Qerman  Cuppa,  a  Frank,  6tk  cent.,  Coppo,  9th  oent. 
Btrenuoiu.  Ang.-Ssjc.  Coifi.      Eng.  OoppEY,  Covey,  Copp,  Cob,*  Cupf, 
CuFFEY,  Cubby.      Modem  Qerman  Ka.up,  Kopp,  Kubbb. 
French  Coffy,  Copeau,  Cdfay. 

nnaNUTZYBa 

Old  Germ  Cuffi)l%  8th  cent — ^English  Cuffley,  Cxtbley, 
Copley,  Covell — ^Mod.  German  Coppel — French  CoynxB, 
CoPEL.  Cofei,  Copsi,  Domesdof/ — Eng.  Copsey — ^Modern 
German  Kopisoh — French  Coppez.  English  Oubbu>gb, 
CoppooK.    Eng.  Copelin,  Cuffuk. 

OOMPOUND& 

(RaardJ  English  Covert,  Coppabd— French  Coffard, 
OoiFFABD,  Caffobt.  (JBt,  p.  189,  note)  Eng.  Cdbut,  Cupit. 
(Mcun)  Old  Germ.  Coafman,t  9th  cent — English  Coffmak, 

COPEKAK,   CUFMAH. 

*  Job  Cob,  one  of  the  qnaintest  of  luimeB. 

t  "One  of  the  very  few  andent  names,"  FOntemann  remarki,  "that  it 
derived  from  a  tradiuf  orlglB.*  I  take  It,  however,  to  be  bj  no  metai  oertaia  that 
itleia 


THB  WABBIOB  AKD  HIS  ABMB.  249 

Engliah   GoFmri    (ToppiKj  OoYmnr.      Frenoh  Ooms^ 

OOFFINEAU.  ^ 

From  the  Old  Norse  fko^  NortL  Eng.  feeh^ 
Eng-  fidg^U  are  probably  the  following,  but  the 
sense  I  take  to  be  rather  that  of  warlike  ardour 
and  impatience. 

SDCPLB  FOBMBw  Fidk. 

Old  German  Fiocho,  9th  oent.      Figge,  Um/p.  Sdw.  Zrd.  ^v^taan. 
Eng.  FiGO,  Frnox.    Modem  Qerman  Fueob,  Fiox.    Frendi 
FiaxA0. 

DniiUlJTXVJftl 

Eng.  FioKLor,  FioKuva 
00MP0X7in)a 
(Hctri,  wairior)  Eng.  Fioksr— French  Figuikb,  Ficheb. 

From  the  Goth,  driusan^  Ang.-Sax.  dreosan, 
cadere,  mere,  we  may  get  also  a  sense  of 
impetuosity  suitable  for  the  purposa 

SIMPLBFOSM& 

Old  Qemian  Drauso,  DrooE,  DroBa,  Ti-uozi,  6ih  cent    ^^"^^ 
Eng.  Dbocs,  Tbug]^  Tbowsb,  Truss,      French  Trousseau,     ^^^'^"^ 
Tboss,  Dboz. 

niMUV  UTIVJBSL 

Eng.  TsusSELL.     French  Tbousei. 

PHONETIO  ENDING. 

Old  (German  Drosim,  Trason,  11th  cent      Fr.  Taussoir. 

The  Ang.-Sax.  thrist,  bold,  daring,  appears  to 
be  found  in  Thristlingaden,  "  the  valley  of  the    1^^. 
Thristlings,''  Cod.  Dip.  670.     And  to  this,  rather    ^d. 
tiian  to  Fr.  triste,  sad,  I  put  Eng.  TaiST,  Tristeb^ 
perhaps  Tbistbam  {raniy  raven)  though  a  Celtic 
origin  may  be  upheld.* 


BigUnj  of  ChzlstUa  Vfuam,  Sa45 

f2 


250  THE  WABBIOB  AND  HIS  ABXBL 

The  woTd  haid  (GotL  hardus.  Old  High 
GemL  hart,  Anglo-Saxon  heard),  so  common, 
partictdarfy  as  an  miding,  in  men's  names,  may 
be  taken  to  comprise  some  sense  both  oi  fortU 
and  durus,  and  to  betoken  endurance»Tigonr,  and 
couiaga  The  older  deriyation  of  Bernard,  &a, 
from  ard,  art,  kind,  sort^  nature,  is  certainly 
erroneous,  but  it  is  very  possible  that  there  may 
be  an  intermixture  of  hard  or  ard,  not  in  the 
sense  of  fortis  or  durus,  but  as  an  ending  like 
that  in  coward,  drunkard,  and  many  other  words 
both  in  the  Teutonic  and  Bomanic  languages,  as 
noticed  by  Qrimm  (Deutsch.  Oramm^  2.339  J 
saai^woBMB. 
g^^g^^  OldOerm.  Hardo,  Herti,  9th  oenl  Eng.  Hard,  Habdt,  . 
HsBD,  Hart,  Hxajkt,   Habtib,  Hkabtt,  Ohabd,  Grabt. 


Hai^f.    Modem  German  Habdt,  Habt^  Hkbd^  Hestbl      Frendi 
Habdi,  Habdt,  H^bt,  Abtub* 

DnmrDnYBBL 
En^^iah  'ELaxobll — ^Modern  Gkmuui  HABBTBEr— Freacb 
BLabdxu^  AlXTKOm 

PATBORTMIGEL 

Old  Qerm.  Hardmg,  Aiding.  Eng.  Habduto,  AsDnro, 
HABTiKa    Mod.  Genn.  SLabtdto,  HABTUKa* 

00MF0UND6. 

(Oar,  spear)  Old  German  Hariker,  8th  cent.— English 
Habdacbb*  (Hard,  reduplication)  Old  German  Hariart, 
10th  cent—- French  Habtabd.  (iTa^)  Old  Germ.  Arthelm, 
9th  cent. — Eng.  Habdhail  (Hart,  warrior)  Old  (German 
Artheri,  Hardier,  Gharterius,  6th  cent — ^English  Habdieb, 
Habdteab,  Habteb,  Abteb,  Ohabtbb — ^Modern  German 
Habdeb,  H5BDBB — Fr.  Hardtcb,  Abdibb,  Abtub,  Ohabtixb. 

•  The  Bug.  iubm  HAftnxovoB  may  noi  iinprolwlilj  adM  out  of  • 
eeptton  of  Htfhug. 


IHB  WABBIOB  AND  HIS  ABM8.  251 

(Land)  Old  Gennaii  Artaknd,  8th  cent — ^Eng.  HABTLAira 
(If  an)  Old  German  Hartnuu^  Hertmaiiy  8ih  oent— Engliflli 
KiBDKAKy  Hebdxan — Mod.  GemL  HABTMASVy  Ebbmakk — 
French  Habtmahk.  {Mundy  protection)  Old  Geno.  Harto- 
mnnd,  did  cent. — ^Eng.  Hardikent.  {Nagaly  nail)  Old 
Germ.  Hartnagal,  9th  cent — Eng.  Habtkall — ^Hod.  Germ. 
HlRTNAiGXL.  {Nidy  strife)  Old  Germ.  Hartnid,  Hartnit^  9th 
cent. — ^Eng.  Habxhstt.  {RcA^  counsel)  Old  Gtrm.  Hartraty 
6th  cent — ^English  Hartwbight — ^Mod.  (German  Habtbot. 
{Rioty  powerful)  Old  Germ.  Harderich^  Hertrih,  5th  cent. — 
Eng.  Habtbidoe,  Habtby — ^Modern  German  Hebtbich — 
French  f  Hebxbbich.  {Ulf,  wolf)  Old  Germ.  Hardul^  8th 
cent — Eng.  Habooff.  (Wald,  power)  Old  German  Artald, 
9th  cent — Mod.  Germ.  Abtelt — French  Abtaui/t.  (Wig^ 
me^  war)  Old  Germ.  Hardwic,  Hartuih,  8th  cent. — English 
Habdwiok,  Habdwidgs,  Habdawat — Modem  German 
Habdwecse.  (Winey  friend)  Old  QenxL  Hardwin,  Hardoin, 
7th  cent — ^English  Abdoudt — French  Hebdeyik,  Habdoot, 
HABDOXTIKy  AjBDOxnir. 

PHOKETIC  XNDIKO. 

Old  German  Hardinii  Hardin^  8th  cent  Eng.  Habden, 
HABTOEy  Abden.  Mod.  Germ.  Hebdeit.  French  Habdon, 
Ohabiok. 

From  the  Old  High  Germ,  fasti,  Ang.-Sazon 
fcBSt,  firm,  unyielding,  I  take  the  following,  which 
I  think  may  come  in  here. 

bdiplb  fobmb. 
Old  German  Fasta.     Feste,  Hund  RcUb.    English  Fast,     n^i 
Feast,  Fist.     Mod.  Germ.  Fest.      French  Fastgu,  Feste,     'i™- 

Fehtu. 

PHOKETIO  ENDmO. 

Old  Germ.  Fastun,  8th  cent      Eng.  Fastin. 

COMPOUNDfi. 

(Burg,  protection)  Old  German  Fastburg,  8th  cent. — 
French  f  FurrEBEBG.    (Hari^  warrior)  Old  German  Fastheri, 


^52  THB  WABmOB  AKD  HIS  AB1I& 

9th  oent.— Eng.  Fasisb,  Vmnat,  FMAmxB,  FifltBii— Modem 
Ckiman  FlSKBft— Frenah  Fastieb,  VAfftaA,  Fibteb.  {Uffi 
wdf)  Old  Oerman.  Fastul^  8th  cent — Eng.  Fasiaiv. 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  sttdCy  stith,  firm,  steadfeat 
— ^the  latter  also  having  the  meaniBg  of  severus^ 
asper,  we  may  take  the  following.  I  also  include 
the  form  stad^  which  Forstemaon  refors  to  stadt^ 
town,  but  which — ^referring  to  Old  Norse  staddr, 
constitutus,  stedia,  firmare — ^I  take  to  be  only  one 
of  the  forms  of  this  root. 

BIMFLB  POBMS. 

Btid.  Eng.  Srm,  Sttth,  Btbad,  Btsady,  Bneed,  Biatb,  Beahd, 

^     Sekht.    Mod.  Qenn.  Btadb. 

PATB02nrMIG& 

Old  Germ.  Stiding,  Stindiiig,  9th  cent.  Eii|^  SxANBiNGk 
Mod.  Oerm.  SrEDurG. 

OOMFOUNDa 

(Man J  English  Stedhan,  Steedxak — ^Modern  German 
Btedmann.  (in/,  wolf)  Old  German  Stadolf,  8th  cent. — 
Stithuulf,  Lib  F**.— Eng.  Stidolph. 

Probably  in  something  of  a  warlike  sense  is 
to  be  taken  the  following  group,  the  root  of 
which  seems  to  be  the  Sanscrit  kruc,  vociferarit 
whence  a  number  of  words  of  similar  meaning  in 
the  Aiyan  languages.  Then  in  the  Old  Norse 
hroki,  pride,  insolence,  hrdkr^  vir  fortis  et  grandis^ 
also  insolens,  the  sense  seems  to  approach  to  that 
of  defiance,  which  is  suitable  for  proper  namea 

BIMFLB    F0BM& 

Old  German  Roooo,  Bnccho,  Boho,  Boo,  CmeoB,  Oiooos 

Btridera.  ^°^  ^  ^^  Alamamii,  4th  oenl)     En^^iah  Rook,  Rocket, 

BoAKB,  BoAd^  BuoK,  Ruvw,  BJooiK,  Bite,  Obock.    Modem 


THE  WABBIOB  AND  HIS  ASMS.  253 

German  Books,  BitcKE,  Bacoh,  Boooe,  Buhb.  French 
BooQUB,  Boobs,  Bogus,  Booi^  BoosAt;,  Gbooo,  OkuQi 
OboxtL 

BIMXNUnVSB. 

Old  Qenn.  Bocnla^  7tli  oent-^French  Bouoolle.  Old 
GeroL  Booodenafi^  6th  cent. — ^French  BooQinBLnr,  BoocnsLiK. 
Bog.  BoGHBB — French  Boasz,  Boqueb, 

OOUFOXrSDQ. 

(Berty  &moii8)  Old  German  Bocbert,  8th  ceni — ^French 
BoQUSBXBT.  (Ety  p.  189,  note)  EngliBh  Boget,  BocKsiTf 
Obockstt — French  Boost,  Boqxtett^  Cbochst.  (Eard^ 
fortU)  Old  (Jerman  Bnchart,  Hrohhart,  9th  cent. — ^Modern 
German  Bugkebt — ^French  Bochard,  Bohabd,  Cboghabd. 
{B^arif  warrior)  Old  German  Boacheri,  Bnachari,  9th  cent — 
Sng.  BoKEB,  BooKEB,  BucEXB,  Obokeb,  Obocker — Modem 
German  Bijokeb — ^French  Baucotte,  Bocheb,  Botthee. 
(Man)  English  Buoxan.  (  Ulf,  woH)  Old  German  Boccnl^ 
Boh<^  Bool^  8th  cent— Old  Norse  Hrolfr— Eng.  Bolfs— 
Mod.  Germ.  Bohloit.  (Wald,  power)  Old  Germ.  Bochold, 
Bouhold,  8th  cent — French  Booault,  Booauld,  Bohaxtlt. 
(Ward,  guardian)  French  Cboquabt. 

In  a  similar  sense  I  take  the  root  iTnm,  which 
Forstemann  considers  obecurei  and  which  Abel 
takes  to  be  a  contraction  of  irmin.  The  root 
meaning  seems  to  be  noise,  as  in  Old  Norse  ymia, 
stridere.  Hence  Old  Norse  ymr,  clash  of  arms, 
and  ^rtuX'y  battle.  The  name  of  the  giant  Ymir  in 
Northern  mythology  is  from  this  root — the  sense 
being  primarily  that  of  loud  voice,  which  suggests 
that  of  huge  stature. 

SDCPLB  WCfSOSA. 

Old  Qetm.  Immo,  Ymmo^  Emmo,  7th  cent  Old  Ntwse 
YmL     Eng.  YA  f      Modem  German  Imx,  Ibdil      IVench  gt||^««, 

BlOByElCT. 


254  THB  WABBIOB  AKD  Bm  ABMa 

DIMJLMUTIVJBL 

Old  Germ.  Ymiao,  llth  cent— A^pUah  Baieb,  Bnam, 
Sum — ^Modern  Qennan  Imbb — ^Franch  I1CB&  Old  G«niuyi 
Imiooy  8th  cent. — ^Ekig.  Jmaom — Mod.  Genu.  Immigb. 

(Beri,  fiunoos)  Old  OemiAn  Imbert^  7tii  cent. — ^Eoj^ifllL 
Imbibt — French  Ikbebt.  (Bald^  fortia)  French  Imbaultw 
(Hardf  fiirtia)  Old  Germ.  Emehard,  8ih  cenl — Mod.  Germ. 
Ekmbbt— French  Ikabb.  (ffori,  warrior)  Old  German 
Emaher,  Emheri,  10th  cent. — Eng.  Exbeb,  Emery — French 
iMKBf  ExMBBT.  (Bicy  dominion)  Old  German  Emrich,  8th 
oenl — ^Eng.  Emxbicx — ^Modern  German  Emebigh — French 
ExBBio,  Embbioqub. 

PUONBnC  BNDIKO. 

Old  German  IminOy  8th  cent.  Anglo-Saxon  Imminei 
Eng.  EifEEnr.    French  Emx ok. 

Probably  in  something  of  a  warlike  sense 
are  to  be  taken  the  following,  which  seem  to 
be  from  Old  High  Germ,  titan,  Ang.-Sax  ridan, 
English  ride. 

8DCPLBF0BM& 
21^  Eng.  BiDB,  RmET,  WBirr,  Wbtte.      Mod.  Germ.  Rm 

French  BmBAir,  Biddi^  Riettb. 

BDCINUnVBS. 

Eng.  BmDELL— Modem  German  Ruedl — French  RmEL, 
BiBDiiB.  Old  Germ.  Bidelentu,  8th  cent. — ^Eng.  RmLON — 
French  Bibdukg.    Eng.  BmDiOK. 

PATBONTMia 

Eng.  BmuTG,  EmDnro. 

OOMFOUNDa 

{Oer,  spear)  Old  German  Bideger,  10th  cent. — ^English 
BooBE.  (Hard)  Engliah  RmHABD.  {Aud,  prosperitjr) 
French  Ritaus,  Bxdaut — ^Eng.  RtDBOUT,  Bedout.  (JJors 
warrior)  Eng.  Bideb,  Wbiteb,  WBiaHTBB— Mod.  German 
BnTEBy  BiPPEiii    French  BiDiiaiE. 


THB  WABBIOB  AKD  HIS  ABM&  255 

From  the  Goth,  neiths,  Ang.-Saz.  nith,  malice, 
hatred*  strife,  Forstemaim  derives  the  following. 

8IMPLB  roBMa 
Old  Genn.  Nid,  Nitho,  Nitto,  Nizo,  Sth  cent.      Ea^h    ^nth. 
Kritt,  Neate,  Nsed,  NissSy  Nigs  9     Mod.  Qennan  Nikd,    B«rif«. 
Nisni^  NrrzBy  Nizzk     French  Nizbt. 

OOMPOTTND0. 

(Bald,  fortb)  Old  German  Nithbald,  9th  cent— Modem 
German  Nifpoia< — ^French  Nibaxtlt.  {B&H,  fiunooB)  Old 
Germ.  Nidperht,  Sth  cent. — French  Nibabt.  (Bod,  envoy) 
Old  Germ.  Nidaboto,  9th  cent — Eng.  Kebbeit,  Nisbbt  f — 
Mod.  QeniL  Niepoth — ^French  Nebout.  {Go»,  Goth)  Old 
Germ.  Nidgoz,  9th  cent. — ^Eng.  Nbgi7&*  {Hardy  lortis)  Old 
German  Nidhord,  Nihard,  9th  cent. — ^Modern  German 
NiEDHAJKDT,  NiTZEBT — French  Nizabd,  Nisabd,  Niabd. 
(ZTcm,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Nither,  Sth  cenl — ^Mod.  German 
KiEDEB — French  Nii^Bli,  Netteb.  {Hady  war)  Old  Germ. 
Nidhad,  Sth  cent— Ang.-Sax.  Nithhad— French  NrroT. 

The  following  group,  which  are  rather  apt  to 
mix  with  the  preceding,  I  connect  with  a  word 
nodal,  very  common  in  Frankish  names^  and 
which  Weinhold  refers  to  Old  High  German 
nadcday  acus^  in  a  supposed  poetical  allusion  to 
the  snake.  This,  however,  I  think  very  far- 
fetched, and  simply  class  the  word  along  with 
others  of  the  same  sort  already  introduced  in 
this  chapter.  The  root  is  nod,  which,  as  Mr. 
Wedgwood  has  shown,  has  the  sense  of  piercing, 
and  from  which  are  formed  needle  (Old  High 
Germ,  nadala,  Ang.-Sax.  nedT) — ^nettlet  (Ang.- 
Sax.  netl.  Mod.  Germ.  n£ssd) — ^and  as  he  thinks, 

*  Htnoa  th*  name  of  the  h^mnf,  tnm.  lU  Inyeotorp  one  CoIoimI  JUtgOJL 
t  The  JjA.  urMoamaj  bt  from  »  xoot  of  iliiiilar  mMalaff— oif.  ord;  ortf  p.  il7. 


256  THE  WABBIOB  AND  HIS  ABMB. 

the  Ang.-Saxon  nwddre,  Eng.  adder.  I  include 
the  form  nestle  on  the  principle  referred  to  p.  238 
— ^the  Norwegian  naestle,  nettle,  is  a  case  in 
point.  And  for  an  example  of  the  converse  we 
have  Eng.  nesty  Lat.  nidus,  Welsh  nyth, 

SIMPLE  FOBMft. 

Old  Germ.  NacUd,  Nadabs  8Ui  cent  English  Nadall^ 
KmnAy  Nketlb,  Neboxa.  Modem  Gennan  Nadell,  Nxmii^ 
Nbsskl.     French  NmELAT,  Nizollb^  Neotl^ 

Old  Gennan  Nadalina,  Natalinns,  8ih  oent — ^Eni^ish 
NiSTUNa — ^Modern  German  Nidvun,  NuDuna — ^Frenoh 

NEBXUEir. 

OOBCPOTTNDa 

(JIarif  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Natlahar,  8ih  cent.  ^English 
Needles,  Naldeb* — ^Modern  German  Nadleb,  Nessleb — 
French  Nesseleb.  (Bat^  counsel)  Old  Germ.  Nadalrad,  8th 
oent — Eng.  Naldbett — Mod.  Germ.  Nesselbath  ? 

Another  name  which  I  take  also  to  be  icoia 
a  weapon  is  Sneezy.  This,  along  with  an  Old 
German  Snizolf  {vXf,  wolf)  may  be  referred  to 
Ang.-Sax.  snds,  spear. 

And  there  are  a  few  names  overlooked  in 
their  proper  place  in  this  chapter,  which  may  be 
referred  to  Old  High  Germ,  fehd.  Mod.  German 
fehde,  Ang.-Sos:.  fcegth,  faeth,  Eng.  feud. 
simple  fobms 
^  Old  Germ.  Feito,  9th  cent.     Eng.  Faed,  Faith,  Faitht. 

French  Feydeau,  Feytou. 

PHONETIC  ENDOTG. 

Old  Germ.  Fedane,  7th  cent.      Eng.  Feddon. 
I  take  the  above  to  be  from  the  same  root  as 
the  Germ,  fechten,  Ang.-SsiX.  fsohtan,  Eng.  fight. 

*  Either  1^  tnuisposltloii  for  Kadlar,  or  p«rh»iNi  oontalnlng  the  Datch  fofm 


Fend. 


THB  WABRIOB  AKD  HIS  ABH&  207 

The  name  Feohter  seems  to  be  of  German 
origin,  but  FiCATiER  in  the  directory  of  Paris 
looks  like  the  same  name  in  a  more  thoroughly 
French  guisa  Or  we  might  connect  it  with 
Germ,  fickte^  the  pine-tree,  whence  Pott  derives 
the  German  name  Fichtb. 

From  the  Old  Sax.  werod^  Ang.-Saz.  weorod, 
host,  army,  we  niay  take  the  following. 

SnCFLBFOBMS. 

Old  Gennan  Werot,  9th  oent  TemtoSy  Frisiaa  prince  wwod. 
^n  Tadtaa,  1st  cent — ^here  9  EngliBh  Wsbkett,  Yeritt  f  a™7- 
YiBTUB  I  French  Vmor,  Y]£bit4  Ykbtu  f 

From  the  Goth,  slahan,  slohun,  Anglo-Saxon 
slogan,  dean,  Eng.  slay.  Old  English  sle,  slaw, 
occidere,  rather  than  from  the  Old  High  German 
dou.  Mod.  Germ,  schlau,  "Eng.  sly,  as  proposed  by 
Forstemann,  I  take  the  following.  The  name 
Slybody,  found  in  Sussex  in  the  17th  century, 
might  have  been  included  here,  but  as  the  name 
Slytbody  is  found  in  the  same  county  at  an 
earlier  date  (Pat.  Brit.),  we  may  rather  refer  it, 
along  with  our  name  Slight,  to  Anglo-Saxon 
slitta,  contention,  and  explain  Slytbody  as  a 
messenger  of  strife,  or  perhaps  rather  in  the 
higher  sense  as  a  herald  of  war. 

SniPLB  VOBM& 

Old  German  Slaugo,  Slougo,  Sliu,*  8th  cent.  English 
Slaoo,  Slegq,  Slack,  Slay,  Slbwst,  Slow,  Slowet,  Slee, 
Slt.     Mod.  Germ.  Schlauch,  Schlech. 

•  Orimm  (Ffxnunuumtn  amt  bfmmfmj,  dezlTw  tMi  {funato}  name  from  Old 
Hons  «iK  coBlerrapalnitrii   a  fwy  dmiMfnl  inbrnOaa,  MltwwiMto  ma. 

g2 


eOaf. 
glanglitflr. 


258  THE  WABmOB  AND  HIS  ABHS. 

001CPOT7KD& 

(Man)  English  Slewman,  Slowman,  Sltican,  SusEiCAir. 
{Ulfy  wolf)  Old  German  Slougolf;  Sliholf,  8th  cent— English 
Slyofp. 

There  is  a  word  of  yet  more  hateful  sound 
which  appears  to  come  before  us  in  men's  names» 
viz.,  the  Old  High  Grerm.  mort^  Ang.-Sax.  viord 
morthf  Old  Scotch  morthy  murth,  Eng.  murder. 
Old  Eng.  mart,  Lat.  mm^s,  death.  The  meaning 
is  probably  nothing  more  than  that  of  slayer,  so 
commoD  in  the  names  of  this  chapter.  There  are 
but  few  names  in  the  AUdentsches  Namenhnch^ 
and  Fcirstemann  does  not  give  an  opinion  upon 
them.  Pott  suggests  the  above  meaning  in  the 
case  of  the  Germ,  names  Mordt  and  Mordtmann, 
but  the  German  Martyrt  and  the  French 
Mortemart  he  explains,  imsatisfiictorily,  as  I 
think,  as  mors  martyrum, 

SDiPLE  FO&MS. 

Mori  Old  German  Morto.      English  Mort,  Morde,  Mobdat» 

^**^    Mordue,  Murt,  Murta,  Murtha,  Morse.      Mod.  German 

MoRDT,  MoRTZ.      Fr.  Mort,  Mortieu,  Morda,  Mourceau. 

DIMINUTIVES. 

MurdoG,  Domesday — Eng.  Murdock — Modem  German 
Mortzschke — French  Mordaque.  Eng.  Mortal,  Myrtle, 
Morsel^  Mursel — French  Mourzelas  ?    Fr.  Morsaline. 

COMPOUNDS. 

{Hardy  fortis)  Eng.  Murtard — Mod.  Genn.  Martyrt  ? 
— French  Mordret  (for  Mordert?)  (Ram,  raven)  Old 
Germ.  Mordmmnus,*  Maurdrannus  (Abbot  of  Corvey),  8th 
cent — Eng.  Mortram.  (Hari,  warrior)  English  MoRTARt — 
French  Mortier,  Morzi^re.     {Ma/rd,  fi&me)  French  Morte- 

*  Wronglj  pUoed  by  Fttntemann. 
t  Or  the  «rt«nded  f onii»  m  found  In  Eng.  mwrder. 


THE  WABRIOB  AND  HIS  ABMS.  259 

MABD,  MOBTEMABT.*      (Mcm)  MoRTDCAIN,  RM  BoU.  Abb, 

£ng.  MoBSiCAN — Mod.  Germ.  Mobdtmakit. 

In  concluding  this  chapter  we  may  remark 
how  the  one  thought  of  war  seems  to  have  been 
at  the  bottom  of  the  hearts  of  our  forefathers. 
We  have  seen  how  everything  long  and  straight 
seems  to  have  been,  par  excellence^  a  spear — 
everything  broad  and  flat^  par  excellence,  a 
shield.  And  so,  in  proper  names,  a  song  may 
have  been  the  song  of  victory — an  ornament  may 
have  been  the  reward  of  valour.  Thus  there 
may  be  in  reaUty  a  number  of  other  names  at  the 
bottom  of  which  is  a  war  sense,  but  in  which  the 
expression  is  not  sufficiently  prominent  to  warrant 
their  introduction  here. 

*  Might  be  local— there  being  two  plMes  lo  called  in  France.  At  the  tame 
time  I  believe,  aaelMwhere  itated,  that  maajr  namee  of  placet  in  Fxaaoe  are  aimidj 
names  of  men. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

THS  FB0TBCIO&  AND  THK  FBIKNH 

It  ift  a  long  list  of  fierce  and  crod  names  that 


we  have  just  been  oonaiderii^.  These — with 
scaicelj  an  ezoeptioD — must  have  been  given  in 
the  cradle — it  was  a  war  baptJam,  so  to  Bpetik. 
The  innocent  babe  on  his  mother^s  breast  vras 
called  by  a  wariike  name,  in  the  hcipe  that  his 
sword  would  one  day  make  other  babes  oiphan^r 
and  other  w<MMn  lAildhww,  'Et&i  the  gentler 
sex  had  the  same  ungentle  namee^  for  war  was 
the  religion  of  the  day. 

It  is  a  pleasant  change  then  to  turn  to  names 
which  speak  of  peace  and  good-will,  of  love^ 
friendship,  and  affection — even  though  in  some 
cases  we  may  have  to  put  a  certiun  limitation 
upon  the  seDse.  We  can  scarcely  suppose,  for 
instance,  that  frid  or  friths  peace,  so  conmion  in 
ancient  names»  was  used  in  that  sense  of  peace  on 
earth  and  good-will  towards  men,  which  had  no 
place  in  the  fierce  religion  of  our  fore&thers. 
The  idea^  if  applied  to  their  own  tribe,  might  be 
rather  that  of  protection  or  security — ^if  applied 
to  their  enemies,  that  of  conquest  or  subjugation. 
This  root  was  widely  spread  over  all  the  Grerman 
tribes,  but  it  is  by  no  means  so  common  in  French 
and  English  names  as  might  be  expected.  In 
many  cases,  both  as  a  prefix  and  as  a  termination, 
it  changes  intoyrey  or  free. 


THE  FROTBCTOB  AND  THB  FBIBND.  261 


SDfPIJirOB 

Old  Qerm.  Friddo^  Fritto^  9ih  oent.      Sag.  Ebid^  Fbxd,  tdd,  Fktth. 
Friao^  Futh,  Fhskth,  Fbsfht.     Modem  Qermaa  Fruh^    ^**^ 

UlMlNUTlV'ffiL 

Old  German  FritOa^  FridOa,  8th  cent— Angi-Sax.  Ftidk 
— Mod  Germ.  Fbiedel — French  Fbedoillb,  Fritel,  Old 
German  Fridulm,  9th  cent. — ^En^&di  FaxBUNat — French 
Fb^lokY 

cxmFOtniDflw 

{Bad,  war)  Old  German  Fridibad,  Saabkn  Prince^  ffth 
cent — Bug,  FRBEBOtJT— Frendi  Fa^AT.  {Baid,  bold)  Old 
German  Frithubald,  6th  cent. — IVench  FasBAtrLt:  (Bern, 
bear)  Old  German  Fridnbem,  9th  cent — Friebemoaf 
Domesday — ^Eng.  FasEBOsir  f  (Birg,  protectkm)  Old  Germ. 
Fixdabugy  8th  eent. — En^  Fbkbboxouoh  9  FaianBlDGB  Y 
(Bed,  envoy)  Old  Germaa  Frithubodo^  9th  cent. — EngUah 
Fbeebodt.  (Eari,  warrior)  OkL  Germ.  Fridehere,  9th  cent 
— Mod.  German  Fbetteb — French  FaBDlias.  (Datg,  day) 
Old  Germ.  Frittag,  9th  cent — £ng.  Fsidat — ^Mod.  German 
FEEsriA.  (Lmd,  gentle)  Old  Gemum  FtidoHnd,  9th  oenl 
Frelond,  Himd.  Bolls.— Eng.  Fbeelakd  ?  (Liub,  love)  OU 
German  Fridiliuba — Eng.  Freblovb  ?  (Bice,  powerful)  Old 
Germ.  Frithnric,  5th  cent — ^Old  Korse  Fridrcfo  (Icdandio 
biahop) — Eng.  Fjeuederiok — ^Mod.  Germ.  Fbidbbich — Fronoh 
Fbedebick.    (/Sj(an>  stone)  Ang.-Saacon  Frithestan — ^Engliah 

FiCEEBTOVK  t 

Another  word  with  the  meaning  of  peace — ^but 
uxta  which  there  enters  more  <^  the  aens^  of 
friendship  and  rdationship— i»  Anglo-Saxon  sih 
Hence  the  nam^  according  to  Grimm^  of  the 
gioddesB  SiC  wife  of  Thoir  in.  Northern  mythidogy. 

SIKPLK  VOBM& 

(»ikGefantKb)fl^6th0Bttt,8]Ai)8No.     A^^^'Oimm  ^^^ 
Sibba,  buhop  o£  Elmham^    Eag^  Sipp,  SxaTT.    Mod.  ChtBL  Wmoaop. 
SisBB,  Sbppbl      French  Sivx. 


262  THE  FBOTECTOR  AND  THE  FBIENB. 

omDrcnm. 

(M  Genn.  Kbioo,  8th  cent.— Eng.  Sibbick— Mod.  Gcnn. 

SiEiMUMJL      Old  German  Sevilat  7th  cent. — Ekigiiah  SiBn^ 

BiBLET — Mod,  Gennaa  Stbbl — French  Sbtilla  f  StbillbI 

Eng.  SiFTKsr — Mod  German  SiEYEKDia     En^iiah  SiPLora 

French  Sebillob,  Db  Setbldpoeb.* 

PATBoinnac& 

Eng.  Sibsoh.     Eng.  SEPPnrG& 

OOMPOUinML 

{Hari,  warrior)  Ekig.  Sibeet,  Sietieb — French  SiPiisBt 
Ss^VEB.  (Lett,  learned)  Eng.  Sipless  t  (Ricy  power)  Old 
Germ.  Sivracaa,  8th  cent — Eng.  Sivrac,  Shiyeeick — ^French 
Sbybt  f    {S(U,  ooonael)  Eng.  Sietewbight  t 

LOCAL  NAME. 

(Thorp,  Tillage)  Eng.  Sibthobp,  Sifthobp. 
Another  root  of  similar  meaning  may  be  sem, 
sim  (Anglo-Saxon  sernan,  to  mediate,  appease; 
sema,  syma,  a  peace-maker.)  There  is  only  one 
Old  Germ,  name  from  this  root,  which  Forstemann 
does  not  class.  The  word  sam^  p.  75,  is  apt  to 
intermix. 

SIMPLE  POBBa 

Sol  ttm.        ^^^  Germ.  Simo,  Sjme,  9th  cent.     Engliah  Stmb,  Sdcm. 
M«dtotioiL  French  Semey,  Semi^  Sem,  Simus. 

DIMINUnVEa 

Eng.  SiMCO.  English  SiMMUiL— French  Semei^  Semelk, 
SiMiL.     Eng.  SuiKUf — French  Bemighon. 

OOMPOUNDa. 

(Oii,  kii,  hostage)  Eng.  SncKiss.  (Eariy  warrior)  French 
SiMnsB.    (Hard)  French  Suiajeud,  Simabt. 

There  are  a  number  of  words  of  which  the 
meaning  is  friendship  and  affection.     Friend  itself 

*  Thli  looks  u  if  it  wen  fonned  on  the  Mune  prindple  m  the  It«iiAn  naiiMi 
itfemd  to  bj  BalTerte,  originating  in  the  taMoOj  fewli  of  the  middle  acet.  "A 
Bun  did  not  oeU  himMlf  Tibaido  OapuUUi,  or  BaMno  ArmaH,  but  Tibatdo  di 
CtaV«M«i,  Sulvfiio  ikvr  i^moM-one  of  the  Ckimlettl,  one  of  the  Arm atL " 


THE  PROTECTOB  AND  THE  FRIEND.  263 

is  an  ancient  name,  though  not  commoa  We 
find  an  Old  Germ.  Friunt,  8th  cent.,  Eng.  Fbiend, 
Modem  German  Freund,  French  Friand  and 
Friant.  Then  we  have  Friendship,  correspond- 
ing with  an  Old  Germ.  Friuntskap,  9th  cent.,  of 
which  Forstemann  observes  that  it  is  **  a  name 
standing  altogether  by  itself.''  But  we  seem  to 
have  one  or  two  similar  names,  as  probably 
WiNSHiP,  from  ^[}^ne,  friend. 

The  last  word  mne,  is  the  most  common  of 
all  words  with  this  meaning,  occurring  most 
frequently  as  a  termination.  It  frequently, 
and  especially  in  French,  takes  the  prefixes  g  and 
q,  as  noticed  at  p.  47.  It  is  probable  that  Ang.- 
Sax.  win,  strife,  war,  intermixes. 

SIMPLE  FOBMS. 

Old  German  Wino,  Win,  Wina.  Wini,  Winni,  Sth  cent., 
Gnuine,  Sth  cent.,  Quino,  11th  cent.     Ang.-Sax.  Wine,  3rd    wine, 
bishop  of  London.      Eng.  Winn,  Winney,  Wine,  Wheen,    '''*«*^ 
Whenn,  Vine,   Vinet,   Quin,   Quiney,    Queen,   GwynnI 
Mod.  Germ.  Wein,  Winne,  Quin.     French  Vina.y,  Guen^ 
Gueneau,  Guenu,  Quenay,  Queneau,  Quin,  Quineau. 

diminutives. 
Old  Germ.  Yinnilo,  9th  cent. — English  Winlo,  Vinali^ 
QuENNELL — French  Quenelle.  Eng.  Quinlin.  Old  Germ. 
Winicho,  Winika — English  Winch — Mod.  Germ.  Winecke, 
WiNKE — French  Vincke,  Vinche.  Old  German  Winizo, 
Winzo,*  Sth  cent. — ^Ang.-Saxon  Wynsy,  bishop  of  Lichfield 
— Eng.  QuiNOE^  QuiNCEY — French  Vincey,  Quincey. 

PATEONYMICa 

EDg.  WiNSON — French  Vinson,  Quenessen.     Old  Germ 
Wininc,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Winning — Mod.  G«rm.  Winning. 

*  F^yntamaim— leM  rsMonAbly,  u  it  App««n  to  m»— plMM  theio  two  lumuf 
to  tha  root  winid,  wmd  (VandaL ) 


264  XHB  PBOTBCTOB  AND  TEDB  FUKND. 

OOMPOTTNDB. 

{Bald,  bold)  Old  Germaa  Winibald,  8th  o«ni.~Engli8li 
WiKBOLT,  WiMBLB — French  Gudcbal.  (Burg^  protection) 
Old  Germ.  Winebnrg,  8th  cent — ^Eng.  Wdibridgb  1 — ^Mod. 
Qernuui  WsDmBBO — ^Frenoh  Yinboubo.  (Oof,  streniKras) 
▲ng.-Sftz.  Wmco^  Cod.  Dip.  981— Eog.  Wincuf— Modem 
Oeim  Wbikkopf.  {Dntd,  dear)  Old  Germ.  Wimdrad,  8th 
cent. — Eng.  Windaed.  (Oaud,  Goth)  Old  Germ.  Winegaud^ 
8th  cent — Eng.  Wdtoood,  Wdtgate.  (Gar,  spear)  Old  Ger. 
Winiger,  Vinegar,  7th  cent. — Eng.  WiNBaAB,  VrraoAR — 
Mod.  Germ.  Weikoeb.  (Hard)  Old  Germ.  Winihart,  8th 
oent — Mod.  Germ.  Wkixhabdt — Fr.  Quenabd,  Quikabd. 
(Hcuri,  warrior)  Old  Genn.  Winiheri,  Winier,  8th  cent. — ^Eng. 
WunsB,  QuiKEB — Mod.  Germ.  Wikhebb — French  Guikieb, 
QuDTEBT,  QuiNiEB.  (Loio,  plaj)  Old  Germ.  Winleich,  8th 
•ent— TJinilao,  lAh.  Fi^.— English  Wihlock.  (Man)  Old 
Germ.  Winiman,  7th  cent. — ^Ang.-Sax.  Winemen — EngliRh 
WiNEiCAK,  WiNiiEN,  Wjossius — Mod.  German  Wedtmanh. 
(Mar,  famooB)  Old  German  Winimar,  8th  cent. — French* 
QuBNEiosB.  (Rat,  connael)  Old  Genn.  Winirat,  8th  cent. — 
French  Gui^nebat.  (Stan,  stone)  Anglo-Saxon  Wynstan — 
Eng.  WiKSTOK,  (Wold,  power)  Old  German  Winevold, 
GniiuJd,  8th  cent — Modem  German  WBmHOLD— French 

QUENAULTy  QUXITATTLT^  QuXKAULT. 

FHOKETIC  ENBIKa 

Old  Germ.  Yinin,  8th  cent.     Eng.  Ynncir.     Mod.  Germ. 
Wbdiev.    French  Wjsses,  Gctnol 

The  Old  High  Geim  livb,  Ang.-Saxon  ledf^ 
dear»  is  also  very  common  in  proper  names. 
There  are,  however^  other  roots  very  liable  to 
intermix,  as  Goth,  hiifs,  superstes,  and  Old  High 
Germ,  l&p,  praise,  both  found  in  ancient  names. 

SIMPLB  FOBMa 

Lfl>,  lif.         Old  Germ.  liaba,  linf,  Lenpo,  liebas,  6th  cent     Ang.- 
^^J^  8«.  LaoC      Old  None  Uv&l.     English  Lisp,  Lite,  Loup, 


THB  PROTECTOB  AND   THE    FiWEND.  265 

LiFP,  Leap,  Lubt,  Love.  Mod  Germ.  Lies,  Lippe,  Lubbe. 
Fi-ench  lavio,  Leppe,  Lieppe^  Lovy,  Loup,  Louva,  Louveau, 
Lupp^ 

DIMINUTIVES. 

Old  German  Liuvicho,  Libicho,  8th  cent. — Old  Danish 
Livick — Eng.  Liyick,  Loyick,  Lubbock — Modem  Gennan 
LiEBicH,  LiEBia,  Leppoc,  Lubbecke — French  Libec,  Lubac, 
Leppich,  Ley£que  ?  Leyick.  Old  German  Lienikin,  10th 
cent. — Eng.  Loyekin — Fr.  Liefquin.  Old  Germ.  Liubilo, 
8th  cent.  —Eng.  Loyell,  Leyell —  Modern  Grerman  Liebel, 
LiPPEL — French  Louyel.  Old  German  Liebizo,  Luviz, 
Liubisi  (genvt) — Ang. -Saxon  Leofsy,  bishop  of  Worcester — 
Eng.  LiBBis,  LoYETS,  LiYESET,  LoYESET — Modem  German 
Lepsius — French  Liboz,  Lips. 

PATRONYMICS. 

Old  Geiman  Liubing,  8th  cent.  Anglo-Saxon  Living, 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  Lufincns,  Domesday.  English 
Living,  Loving,  Leyinge. 

compounds. 
(Dagy  day)  Old  German  Liopdag,  10th  cent. — Luiedai, 
Domesday — English  Loyeday.  (Frid,  peace)  Old  German 
Liupfrit — Eng.  Lefkoy  ?  (Hard)  Old  German  liubhart. 
Leopard,  7th  cent. — Eng.  Leopabd,  Liberty  ? — Mod.  Germ. 
Liphard,  Lippert,  Liebert — French  Libert,  Lippert. 
(Hari,  warrior)  Old  German  Liubheri,  Libher,  Lipher,  8th 
cent. — Eng.  Lepper,  Lover,  Lever — Mod.  Germ.  Lieber — 
French  Liebherre,  Leyier,  Louvier.  (Lind,  gentle)  Old 
German  Liublind,  8th  cent. — English  Loveland  ?  (Man) 
Old  German  Liubman,  8th  cent — Eng.  Loveman — Modem 
Germ.  Liebmann.  (ifar,«famouB)  Old  German  Leobmar, 
10th  cent. — English  Livemore.  (jRic,  power)  Old  Gennan 
Liubrich,  7th  cent — ^Ang. -Saxon  Leofric — Eng.  Loyeridqe. 
(TrtUf  dear)  Old  Germ.  Lipdrud,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Liptrot — 
Mod.  Germ.  Liebetrut.  (  Wald,  power)  Old  Germ.  LupoaJd, 
7  th  cent. — Ang. -Sax.  Leofweald — French  Libault. 

H  2 


266  THE  PBOTECrOB  AN0   THfi  SBIEbtD. 

Another  word  of  simOar  meaning  is  probably 
minn^  from  Old  High  German  minna,  Ang.-Saz« 
myn,  love,  affection. 

SDCPLE  POBMa 

MioiL  Old  Qennan  Minna^  9th  cent.      En^^iah  Mimk;  MTmr, 

^^'^    MiHirET,  MmHow.    French  Mnms,  Mnri 

DnaNTjmrBSL 
Old  QenxL  Minigo,  9th  cent — ^Eng.  MnrocH,  MnfKS — 
French  Minich.      Old  German  Miniul,  11th  cent — ^French 
MiKEL.     Eng.  MiNcmN — French  Minaghov.    Eng.  MimnSy 

MiKCE. 

COMPOUNDSw 

(IlaU,  hood)  Eng.  Minnett — ^French  Minnette.  {Hard) 
Old  German  Minard,  11th  cent. — English  Mikard — French 
MiNARD,  MmABT.  {E<vr%  warrior)  English  MnrsR — ^French 
MiNiEBy  MiKEUB  9    {R(U^  counsel)  French  Mikebst. 

The  word  sweet,  dulcis,  in  the  various  forms 
of  Old  High  German  suaa.  Mod.  Germ,  siiss.  Old 
Sax.  sdt,  Anglo-Saxon  sw^,  swSs,  appears  to  be 
found  in  some  ancient  and  modem  names.  The 
few  Old  Gterm.  names  which  I  have  ventured  to 
put  here  are  not  explained  by  Forstemann,  and 
the  existence  of  the  word  is  more  clearly  shown 
by  the  names  found  in  our  own  early  records. 
The  Ang.-Sax.  stmth,  vehement,  may  be  liable  to 
intermix,  as  well  as  a  word  swed  found  in  some 
names,  and  referred  by  Forstemann  to  Old  High 
German  sivedan,  cremare.  » 

SIMPLE  FDBMS. 

Old  German  Suoto,  Soto,  Snto,  Suzo,  Swiza,  9th  cent 
Sweet    Q^g^^  ^^  under-tenant  be/ore  Domesday.      English  Sweet, 
j^^    Sweat,  Sutt,  Suett,  Suse,  Sauce.    Modem  German  Saubb, 
Su8&    French  Suasso,  Soussi,  Susse,  Soto,  Suet. 


IHB  PBOXBCrrOB  AND  ntB  nUXND.  267 

PAXBoimaoBL 
Baetdngy  Ikm99day.    Eng.  SwJUHEJUia 

OQHFOUim 

(Jfon)  Aiig.-Saz.  Bw^man,  fUHiM  ^Ma  mtn^tfr  ornmb^f 
fA«  eoim found  ai  Alfirision,  SuffoOk — ^EngUsh  BwKKnUN — 
Hodern  (}eniian  StJBMAHir — ^French  ?  ZouncAV.  (£012^  dear) 
Engliah  Owkbtloy^  Butlut  t  Sxttolut  t 

The  root  of  $weet  is  su,  the  primitiTe  meaning 
of  which  seems  to  be  liqueacere,  and  whence  also 
the  words  suck,  sugar^  &c.  The  particle  su  or 
9ug  is  found  in  several  Old  Celtic  names^  as 
Sncarius^  Sncaria  {Orut^  742.3),  which  Gluck — 
taking  the  Old  Celt  sucar  as  the  equivalent  of 
the  Welsh  hygar — explains  as  amabilia  The 
same  word  comes  before  us  in  some  Old  German 
names ;  I  take  it  to  be  from  Old  High  German 
sugary  Ang.-Sax.  sucan^  Eng.  mck^  and  suppose 
the  meaning  to  be  the  same  as  that  of  the  above 
word  sweet. 

8DCPLB  FOBHB. 

Old  German  2acha    Anglo-Saxon  Bucga^  Bacoa^fovni 

apparmUty  m  Suogangrd/^  Suecanacylf,  CocL  JDip.  HI,  1233. 

Bonoh,  BoU  JBaU.  Abb.    EngUsh  Buoo,  Buck,  Bucblbx;  Suob, 

Bkw,  Sswxt.    Mod.  Germ.  Zugk.    Freaoh  BotJODELkT,  8u&* 

DnoNimvEa. 

Old  German  ZadulOy  Lombard  king,  Gib  cent. — ^Ekigtiah 
BxTCKLST— French  SuohbIi.  BnoKLoro^  D&muda^^-^EB^SA 
BucKuve. 

00MP0Uia>& 

(Atid,  proeperity)  Trench  StrcGAUD,  Buquibt,  Bougit-^ 
Eng.  BuoGErr.  (Hard)  Mod.  Qenn.  ZuoKxair,  Bucxaed— 
French  Bouohakd.  (Man)  Eng.  Buoiaujr.  (Bai,  ooonael) 
French  Boughebas^  BouoHEBEr. 

*  Potfi  loggiiUoii  of  fOfi^^nM^  toooh,  hnOf  UMdi  to  bo 


Dmt. 


268  THB  FBOTBCTOB  AND  THB  FBDSND. 

KXTDTDSD  rOBMsSVO.  mtgO/Ty  OSBM.  WWshtT  f 

Old  Genu.  Soger.*  En^^  Suoab,  Sugkib.  Modem 
Germ.  Zvoembl    Frenoh  Souaiaai  8oughxiib& 

OOMPOUBSa. 

(JTord)  Frenoh  Soughbrabix  (Mar^  fiunoiis)  Eni^ish 
BuoKXBMOBSi    (Man)  Eng.  Suoabiiav  (Sh^.  Sum,) 

Between  dear,  carua,  and  deer,  the  aimnal,  it 
is  impoBsible  to  distmguish  even  in  ancient  namea. 
The  foimer  is  the  preferable  sense,  though  it  is 
probable  that  there  may  be  an  admixture  of  the 
two.  The  laiger  proportion  of  the  ancient  names 
are  those  of  women. 

SIMPLI    FOBIOL 

Old  Genn.  Dioro^  Ditun^  Teor,  8th  cent  An^ioStoDosEL 
Diora.  Old  Norse  DtrL  En^^  Dbab,  Dxabet,  Tbab, 
Teabxt.  Mod.  Gemuui  Dxehb,  Tbise,  Thxusb.  Fmicii 
Tbixy,  ThixbbTi  TmxBB^  TnxAu. 

OOMPOUND& 

(Leo/,  dear)  Ang.-Sax.  Deorla^  bishop  of  the  Magaagtas 
-— Ehig.  BxABLOYE.  (Bertf  £Eunoiu)  Eng.  Deabbibd.  (Man J 
Dereman,  Domesday — Eng.  Deabman.  (Wald,  power)  Old 
Germ.  Deorovald^  Deorold,  7th  cent. — Mod.  Germ.  ]>5bwald 
—French  TmBAui^.  (Wine,  Mend)  Ang.-Saz.  Deorwyn 
(Mas.  (7oMl)— Eng.  Dxbwin — ^French  TmBOunr. 

There  is  a  word  bil,  common  in  ancient  and 
modem  names,  and  which  Grimm  (Deutsche 
Myth.)  explains  to  mean  ^^lenitas^  placiditaa^'t 
BU  was  the  name  of  que  of  the  minor  goddesses 
in  Northern  mythology. 


VOntenuum  oukM  tbto  a  oomptlim  of  8wltii(<r.     Ilien  Mwni,  howww, 
ittnrandfdrtaktacltMttta.    OompAn  the  Oettlo  aunt  Soaului. 
t  TUi  loot  fluiy,  hawuvw,  ■wnttliutg  lAtenniz  frtth  anottMr  tel,  hak,  m 
•IPlUL 


BiL 

pa 


THE  PBOTflCrOB  AND  THK  FBIfiND.  269 

gmPLi  roBMa 
Old  Genu.  Bilo»  Billa^  9th  cent.      Eogliflh  Bill,  Billt, 
Billow,  Pill,  PiLLBTy  Pillow.      Mod.  Qerm.  Billk,  Bila.  o^nttiHiMi 
Dan.  BiLLK     French  Bille,  Billet,  Pille,  Pilley. 

DIMINUTIVE8. 

Old  Oerman  Bilicha,  Pilioho,  9th  cent. — ^Eng.  Bilks — 
Mod.  Qenn.  Bilkb,  Belkb,  Pixlke — French  Biloo,  Belao, 
BxLLoa  Old  Qemu  BiUza,  Piliz%  Peliza,  11th  cent. — ^Eng. 
BiLLiB,  Beluss,  Belbet — French  Billez,  Belaizk,  Belz, 
Pelez,  Pillas.  French  Bilken,  Billequik. 
PATAOimcros. 

Old  Qerm.  Billong,  Billing,  Pilluno,  8th  cent  English 
Billdto,  BiLLDroAT.      Modem  German  Billing.      French 

BlLLUIG. 

COMPOUND& 

(Bold)  French  Bilbaui/t.  (Frid,  peace)  Old  German 
BilMd,  PillMd,  8th  cent— Eng.  Belfbt,  Pilford.  (Gaty 
union  f)  Old  German  Piligat,  9th  cent — French  Pellaoot, 
PsLLBCAT,  Peloot.  (Gctrd,  protection)  Old  Germ.  Beligarda, 
9th  cent — ^Mod.  German  Peleoaabd— French  Belligabd, 
Belicabd.  {QeTy  spear)  Modem  German  Bilqeb — French 
P^UGBL  (Grim,  fierce)  Old  German  Biligrim,  Pilgrim, 
Pilegrin — English  Pilgrim — ^French  Pellbgbin.  (Heit, 
state,  hood)  Old  Germ.  Biliheid,  8th  cent — English  Billet, 
Bellett,  Pellett,  Pilot — French  Bilhet,  Billet,  Belet, 
Pilette,  Pilot,  Pilate.  (Hcvrd)  Eng.  Billiabd,  Bellobd 
— ^Modern  German  Bilhabdt — French  Billabd,  Billiabd, 
Bellabt,  Pslla&d,  Pillabo.  (Harij  warrior)  Eng.  Belleb 
— ^Mod.  Germ.  Billeb — French  BiLLiiBB,  Bellies,  Pellieb. 
(Hdm)  Old  German  Bilihelm,  9th  cent — Eng.  Billham, 
Pelham— ^French  Belhommb.  (Mcm)  English  Billman, 
Belucab,  Bellmain,  PiLUCAir — French  Bellemaih,  Pelman. 
(Mcw^  fiunous)  Old  German  Belimar,  8th  cent — English 
BiLLAKOBB,  Bellmobb — ^Modem  Grerman  Bilmee — French 
Bellema&e.  (Mvmd,  protection)  Old  Germ.  Pilimant,  8th 
cent — English  Bellment — French  Belment.  (Not,  bold) 
Fr.  Bellenot,  Belnot.     (Sind,  via)  Old  Germ.  Belisaendi^ 


270  THS  FROiaCIOB  AND  THB  FKDDID. 


llih  cent— Frendi  BteOBBX.      (WmU,  pow«r)    So^ish 

BBmABBi     (Wms,  Mend)  Froodi  BBJ^vomL    {Wi^,  wi, 
war)  Frandi  Pkltbt. 


Old  (knoL  FilliiL    Bog.  Bnuv,  PiUMr.    Mod*  Chman 
Bmllou    VteoA  Bbjb,  BiLuaVy  PnuD,  Fellol 

The  Ang.-Sax.  ^meft,  mild^  gentle,  is  found  as 
the  name  of  a  priest^  CodL  Dip.  822,  and  we  have 
an  Eng.  Smelt.  I  find  no  other  trace  of  it  as  an 
ancient  name,  and  it  is  pos^ble  that  the  one  in 
question  may  have  been  conferred  on  account  of 
character,  superseding  his  ordinary  name. 

Another  word  of  similar  meaning  may  be 
found  in  Old  High  German  tritt^  Modem  G^man 
traut^  Low  German  dr4d,  dear,  beloved.  But 
the  name  Thrudr,  of  one  of  the  Valkyrjur,  is 
supposed  by  Weinhold  (Deutschen  FrauenJ,  to 
come  in,  which  is  probable,  more  particularly 
when  the  word  is  used  as  a  termination,  in  whidb 
case  it  is  found  only  in  the  names  of  women.* 
And  perhaps  for  this  reason,  though  it  was  very 
common  in  Frankish  names^  we  find  at  present 
only  scanty  traces  of  it  in  FrencL  Another  root 
liable  to  int^mix  is  Gothic  drauM,  Old  Norse 
drdtt,  peopla 

SIMPLE  FOB3C8L 

Dnd,  Tnn.      ^^  GwnL  Drado,  Trudo,  Truto,  Truut,  Trut,  8th  cent 
0Mr.     Eng.  Dbouoht,  Dbowdt,  Tbood,  Tbout,  Tbott.     Modem 
QeruL  DsuDBy  Deutb.     Erenoh  Dbudb^  Trouimb,  Tsunr, 
Thotb^  Tbott& 

*  It  li  ttiU  rsUined  la  torn*  chilitlAii  niuaw  of  womm,  m  Ocrtrndt  «iid 

midNd. 


THE  PBOTBCTOE  AND  THE  FBIEND.  271 

ooMPouinw. 
(ffoMri,  warrior)  Old  Qerm.  Trudhar,  8th  cent — ^English 
TsoTiERf — Modem  German  TrSder — French  TBorriEBt 
(Mem)  Old  German  Trutman,  8th  cent. — ^Troteman,  HurndL 
RcU9 — ^Eng.  Tbottican — ^Modern  Germ.  Tbaxttmait.  {RaAj 
OGiuuel)  French  Tbotrot  9 

PHONETIO  ENDING. 

Old  German   Tmtiny  9th  cent.     English  Tbouohton, 
Tboddbn.    French  T&udon,  Tbutin. 

Another  word  of  similar  meaning  is  tale  (Old 
Norse  teitr.  Old  High  Gterm  %eiz\  which  denotes, 
according  to  Mr.  Kemble,  "  gentleness,  kindness, 
and  tenderness  of  disposition.''  Perhaps  some- 
thing of  cheerfulness  may  enter  into  the  sense,  *• 
the  Old  Norse  teitr  being  expressed  by  "  hilaris.'' 
It  was  not  unfrequent  in  Anglo-Saxon  times,  but 
seems  to  have  been  more  especially  common 
among  the  Northmen*  There  are  rather  an 
unusual  number  of  churchmen  with  this  name  ; 
thus,  out  of  eleven  Northmen  called  Teitr  in  the 
Annales  Islandiae,  there  are  five,  viz.,  one  bishop, 
one  prior,  one  deacon,  and  two  priests.  We 
might  almost  be  disposed  to  think  that  it  was 
sometimes  a  name  of  endearment  bestowed  upon 
a  beloved  pastor,  to  the  superseding  perhaps  of 
his  ordinary  name. 

8IHPLB  FOBM& 

Ang.-Sax.  Tata,  Minister — Tata,  Presbyter — ^Ethelberga,     Tkte. 
^otherwise  called  Tate/'   daughter  of  Ethelbert,  king  of  AmiftUA. 
Kent— Tate  Hatte,  M99,  CoU.     Old  Norse  Teitr.      English 
Tait,  Tatb,  Tato,  That,  Tete.    French  TA'ra,  TatA 

Upon  the  whole  then  it  will  be  seen  that 
Tait  is  a  very  good  name  for  a  bishop.  And 
there  is  a  very  good  bishop  for  the  name. 


272     THE  PBOTECTOB  AND  THE  FBIEND. 

The  following  names  may  perhaps  be  referred 
to  the  Old  High  Germ,  form  zeiz,  corresponding 
with  Old  Norse  teitr. 

SIMPLE  FOBMa 

I  ^f  ^^^  German  Zeizo,  8th  cent — £ng.  SiZB.     Mod.  German 

Zeiz.     French  Siess,  Ciza. 

DiMnnTTHTBa. 
Old  Germ.  Zeizilo,  8th  cent — English  SisleyI — French 
Setbsel,  G^zille.     French  Sisoo,  OicsAa 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Hivrd)  French  G^zabd.  (ffctri,  warrior)  Old  Germ« 
Zeizheri,  9th  cent. — English  Sizeb — Modern  German  Zaiseb 
— French  Giceri  ?  {Lind,  gentle)  Old  Germ.  Zeizlind,  9th 
cent. — English  Sizblaio). 

PHONsnc  ending. 

Old  German  Geizau,  9th  cent.  English  Sizen.  French 
Getsson. 

Another  root  having  the  meaning  of  affection 
or  fondness  may  be  dody  tod,  tot  In  the  former 
edition  I  referred  to  the  Friesic  dod,  a  blockhead, 
and  to  the  two  Old  English  words  doddypate 
and  dodipoly  of  the  same  meaning,  quoted  by 
Halliwell.  Also  to  the  name  of  the  curious  and 
extinct  bird  the  dodo,  which  I  suppose  to  have 
been  so  named  by  the  Dutch  from  its  well- 
known  stupidity.  But  there  is  another  sense,  no 
doubt  allied,  and  perhaps  from  the  same  root, 
which  I  think  more  suitable  for  proper  names — 
that  of  fondness.  We  see  the  connection  in  our 
own  word  **  dote" — ^to  be  foolish  and  to  be  fond. 
Forstemann  speaks  of  the  root  as  obscure,  and 
refers  to  Old  High  German  toto^  patrinus,  tofa, 
admater,  which  may  perhaps  however  only  be 


TH£  PBOTECrOB  AND  THE  FRIEND.  273 

derived  senses — the  root  lying  deeper.      Another 
root  very  apt  to  intermix  is  deot,  people. 

SIMPLE  FORM& 

Old  German  Dodo,  Doddo,  Doda  (wife  of  the  Frankish  jy^  j^^ 
king  Theodebert),  Todo,  Totta,  Tozo,  Tozi,  6th  cent.     Ang.-     Dear, 
Sax.  Dodda,  Dudda,  (bishop  of  Winchester),  Totta,*  (bishop 
of  Leicester).     English  Dodd,  Todd,  Toddt,  Tottet,  Dutt, 
DuDDY,  Dozy.      Modem  German  Dode,  Tode,  Tott,  Todt. 
French  Dodo,  DoDi,  Doth^  Toty. 

DiMnomvEa. 
Old  Germ.  Totilas,  GJoth.  king,  7th  cent. — Eng.  Tottell, 

DOZILL,  DUDDLE.      Eng.    DOTCHIN. 
OOMPOUNDS.t 

(Hard)  French  Dodabd.  (Hart,  warrior)  Old. German 
Dothari,  9th  cent — Eng;  ToziER-^Fr.  Dozi^re.  (Man) 
Old  German  Totman,  9th  cent. — English  Dodman,  Todmak, 
ToTMAN — Modem  German  Todtmakni— French  Dodeman. 
(J?ic,  power)  Old  Germ.  Dotrih,  9th  cent. — English  Dotrt, 

DODDRIDQE,  DOTTBIDOE. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Old  German  Dodlin,  Todin,  8th  cent  English  Totten. 
French  Dodin,  Dotik,  Dozon. 

Along  with  the  above,  and  in  accordance  with 
the  Qlassification  of  Forstemann,  I  bring  in  a 
group  containing  a  dipthong  as  below. 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Old  German  Duodo,   Tuoto,   Touto,  Tooza,   8th   cent     p^,^ 
Eng.  DowD,  Dowdy,  Doody,  Doubt,  Doubty,  Toot,  Dowse.     Dear. 
Fr.  DouDEAU,  Doutey,  Tout,  Toutay,  Dousse,  Touzeau, 
Touz£ 


*  Thli  biflhop  WM  alio  called  Torthelm,  and  Mr.  Kemble  oonsiden  Totta 
nothing  more  than  an  abbreTlation,  which  maj  be  the  case. 

t  The  German  name  Todleben  seemB  to  be  formed  upon  an  Old  German 
Totloib.  I  have  taken  this,  pi  11,  to  be  from  itsb,  dear ;  however,  the  form  is 
tathar  that  of  k»i5,  inpentes. 

I2 


274  THB  FBOTECrOB  AKD  THE    FBIEND. 

DDUNUTIVJEHl 

Old  Germ.  Toutilo — Eng.  Dowdle,  Toodle,  Tootall — 

French  Doudelle,  Touzel.      Old  German  Duodeliu,  1 1th 

cent. — French  Doussoulin,  Toczeuh.     Old  Germ.  Tuoticha 

— Eng.  TooTHAKSB? — French  TousAa     Eng.  Dowbikst. 

PATBoimaca. 

Eng.  DowDorOy  DowsDra 

PHONETIC  EKDIK6. 

English  DowDEN,  Douphey,  Dowsok.     French  Doudah^ 

DOUSSAK,  ToUTANy  TOUZQT. 

From  the  Old  Norse  linr^  Old  High  German 
leni^  mild,  we  may  perhaps  take  the  following. 
The  Old  Norse  Zmm,  snake,  may,  however,  put  in 
a  claim. 

SIlfPLB  FORMS. 

^^^^  Old  German  lino,  9th  cent.     Eng.  Link,  Linney,  Lini;, 

HQd.     LiNET,  Lean.      Mod.  German  Linn,  Leine.     French  Len^ 

LlNN^ 

DiMiNi7ny£a 
French  Lenique.     Eng.  Linnelu 

PATB0NTMIC8. 

Eng.  Leaning,  Lining. 

COMPOUNDS 

{Hmty  "hood")  Old  Germ.  Linheit— Ang.-Sax.  Liniet, 
Mss.  CoU, — Eng.  Linnet — Fr.  Linottr  (Hard)  French 
LiNARD.      {Ger,  spear)  Eng.  Linneoar — French  Len^gre. 

From  the  Goth,  ansts.  Old  High  Germ,  anst^ 
gratia^  Fdrstemann  derives  some  ancient  names. 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

AMt  Old  Germ.  Ansteus  ?*     Eng.  Anstey. 

GiftUa. 

COMPOUNDa 

(Ha/riy  warrior)  Old  German  Anster,  9th  cent. — ^English 
Anster. 

*  Fontenunn  derivw  this  luyne  from  aim,  Mmi-dena,  and  (Mm,  Mmmt 


THE   PBOTEOrOB  AND  THE   FBIEND.  275 

Another  root  of  similar  meaning  may  Be  nad, 
not,  which  Forstemann  refers  to  Old  Norse  ndth, 
gratia.  Old  High  German  gandda.  However  it 
seems  to  me  very  doubtfiil  whether  it  is  not  a 
simpler  form  oinadaly  acus,  p.  256. 

SIMPLE  POEMa  ^^^^ 

Old  Germ.  Natto,  Nado,  8th  cent.      Eng.  Natt.      Mod    ontiA. 
Germ.  Nath.     French  Nattb. 

DIMINUrrVES. 

Eng.  NATKIN&      French  Natibz. 

COMPOUNDS. 

{And,  prosperity)  French  Nadaud.  {Hari,  warrior) 
French  Natieb,  Natter.  ( Wald,  power)  £ng.  Nadauld— - 
French  Nabault. 

Then  theie  are  several  words  with  the  mean- 
ing of  help  or  protection.  Help  itself  was  by  no 
means  uncommon  in  ancient  names,  though  it 
will  be  seen  that  we  have  a  very  scanty  list  at 
present. 

SIMPLE  F0BM& 

Old  Germ.  Helpo,  leader  of  the  Saxons,  10th  cent.     Eng.  j^^j^jm^un. 
Helps.     Mod.  Germ.  Help. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Eari,  warrior)  Eng.  Helper.  (Ric,  power)  Hilpericus, 
Burgundian  king,  5th  cent.,  Frankish  king,  6th  cent., 
Helfrich,  8th  cent. — ^English  Helfrich — Modem  German 
Helkrich. 

A  very  common  word,  particularly  as  a 
termination,  is  Old  High  Germ,  muntj  Ang.-Sax. 
mww(i,  protection.  The  earlier  German  writers 
— ^as  English  writers  still  do  sometimes  at  present 
— ^translated  mund  by  mouth — thus  Rosamund, 
"  rosy  mouth.'' 


276     THE  FBOTECTOB  AND  THB  FRIEND. 

SOfFLB  FORHSL 

Mimd.Mii]it.       ^^d  (German  Mundo,  Munt,  6th  cent. — ^English  Musbt, 

i^rotocttoo.  MuNDAT,  MouND,  MouHT — Modern  German  Motd,  Mukdt, 

MuNTZ — French  Monde,  Mondo,  Mokt^b — Span.  Moktbs. 

BnUH  UTIVKB. 

Old  German  MowSiXas,  Frocopnu,  6th  cent.  Rngliah 
Muin>ELL — French  Mcndei^  Montei* 

PATRONYMICS. 

Old  Germ.  Muntinc.     £ng.  Muntiko.     Modem  Germaa 

MUKDING. 

OOMPOUNDa. 

{Ha/rd)  French  Mondehabd.  (Hari,  warrior)  French 
MoNDi^Ri:,  MoNTiEB.  (Woldy  power)  Old  Germ.  Mondoald 
— French  Montault. 

PHONETIG  ENDING. 

Eng.  MuNDEN,  Mountain.     French  MoNDnr,  Montagni^ 

MONTAGNT. 

As  a  termination,  mund  in  English  becomes 
frequently  meiiL  as  in  Wilmment,  Element* 
Garment,  Habdiment,  Argument,  which  are 
probably  from  the  Old  Germ,  names  Wilhmund, 
Elemund,  Garimund,  Hartomund,  Argemund. 
Another  similar  name  may  be  Monument,  from 
an  Old  German  Munemimd. 

Another  word  having  the  meaning  of  pro- 
tection is  gard,  gart,  with  its  High  Germ,  forms 
card,  cart. 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

'      ^^        Ang.-Sax.    Carda   (found  in  Cardcm'^  htcsw.   Cardan 
Protection.  6tigde,  Cod.  Dip.  427,670J  English  Gard,  Gardib,  Card, 

Cart,   Cartt.      French  Gard,    Gardey,    Gerdy,    Cart, 

Carteau.  

DIMINUTIVES. 

Old  German  Gardilo,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Cartell — French 
Gerdolle.     English  Gerducx. 

*  Oardft'i  {owe  or  monnd  (probablj  a  graTe-moiiiid),  and  C$sda,*»  itjle. 


THE  PROTBCTOR  AND  THE  FRIEND.     277 

COMPOUNDa 

(ffari,  warrior)  Old  German  Cartheri,  Karthar,  Gardar, 
8th  cent. — English  Garter  (16th  cent),  Ca&deb,  Cabteb — 
French  Gard^re,  Cartier,  Carthert.  (Rat,  connsel)  Old 
German  Gardrad,  11th  cent. — Eng,  CARTWRiOHTf — French 
Carteret.  (Etc,  power)  Ang.-Saz.  Gjrdhricg  (fownd  in 
Oyrdhricges  ford.  Cod.  Dip.  369.^  English  Cartridge. 
{Dio,  thew,  servant)  Old  Germ.  Cartdiuhay  8th  cent. — Eng. 
Carthbw.  (Waldy  power)  French  Cartajjlt.  {Wealh, 
stranger)  Eng.  Cardwell  ? 

PHONETIC  EITDIKG. 

Old  Germ.  Gardin,  11th  cent  Eng.  Garden,  Garden, 
Carton.  Mod.  Qerm.  Karthin.  French  Gardin^  Cardon, 
Carton. 

Another  word  of  similar  meaning  is  ward, 
warty  (Ang.-Sax.  weard,  Old  High  German  wart, 
guardian.) 

SDfPIiE  FORMa 

Old  Germ.  Warto,  Wardo,  Ward,  6th  cent.      Ang.-Sax.^^^;^JJ^ 
Wearda  (fourul  in  Weardan*  hyl,  Cod.  Dip.  1101^,  Weard, 
(fowkd  in    Weardesbeorh,  now  WcMrhorough,  Oxf.,  Cod.  Dip, 
S43.^     Eng.  Ward,  Vardy.      Mod.  Germ.  Wart,  Warth. 
French  Yart,  Yerdi& 

DIMINTTTIVEa 

Fng.  Wardell.     French  Verdel. 

COAfPOUNDa 

{Hariy  warrior)  Eng.  Warder,  Warter — Fr.  Yerdier, 
Yerdery.  (Ma/n)  Old  German  Wartman,  9th  cent. — Eng. 
Wardman — Mod.  Germ.  Wartman. 

For  the  word  war^  Forstemann  proposes  no 
fewer  than  five  different  derivations,  viz.,  wari, 
defence,  wdr,  true,  wdroUy  servare,  war,  domi- 
cilium,  and  wer,  man.      To  these  I  add  Anglo- 


4 


*  WeanUI  hill  and  Wmrd'i  terrow— Weardan  and  Weaides,  aa  the  reepeefelTe 
genitlTea  of  Weaida  and  Weard,  following  the  roles  of  Anglo-Saxon  dedeudon. 


278  THB  FBOTECrrOB  AND  THE  FRIEND. 

Saxon  wiBTy  beUum,  aa  a  root  liable  at  any  rate 
to  intermix,  though  I  am  inclined  to  take  as  the 
general  meaning  the  first  of  those  proposed  by 
Forstemann. 

SItfPLE    F0B1C& 

yf^^  Old  German  Wen>,  8th  cent.     English  Wars,  Wabbb, 

War&t,  WEiBy  Weabet,  Quarry.  Mod  German  Wehr. 
French  Yar^  Yarat,  Y^ro,  Yerrt,  Waro,  Warrb, 
War^  Qxjsrrkt. 

DIlLLNUTlVJEa 

Old  Qerm.  Yaracoo,  8th  cent — Eng.  Yarick — Modem 
German  Quaritch — French  Yarachb.  English  Warrell^ 
Yarrell,  Quarrell — French  Yarrall.  Old  German 
Waralenos,  8th  cent. — English  Yerlino — Modem  German 
Wehrlen — French  Yerillon.     French  Yarichok. 

patronymics. 
Old  Germ.  Warinc,  Waringa,  8th  cent.      Eng.  Wariho, 
Warring.     French  Yarengue,  Yiareinoue,  Warenguk 

COMPOUNDS. 

{Bald,  fortis)  Old  Germ.  Warbald,  Warbalt,  8th  cent— 
Eng.  Warbolt.  (Burg,  protection)  Old  German  Warburg, 
8th  cent — Eng.  Warbbick — Mod.  Germ.  Wabbubg — Fren. 
Yebbbugg£.  (Ger,  spear)  Old  Crerman  Warger,  8th  cent — 
Eng.  Wabbakeb,  Wabwickeb— French  Waboquieb.  (Goz, 
Goth)  Old  German  Werigoz,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Yebgoose.* 
(Hctriy  warrior)  Old  German  Weriheri,  Warher,  8th  cent 
— ^English  Wabbieb,  Quarbier — French  Yeri^ire.  (Laic, 
play)  Old  Germ.  Warlaicus,  8th  cent — Warloc  (Hund.  BolU) 
— Eng.  Warlock — Mod.  German  Warlich.  (Man  J  Old 
German  Waraman,  Warman,  8th  cent — English  Warmak, 
QuABMAN — Modem  German  Wehbhann — French  Yermon. 
(Mar,  famous)  Old  German  Werimer,  8th  cent — English 
Wabmeb.  (Lind,  gentle)  Old  German  Waralind,  7th  cent 
— Eng.  Warland.  (yamd,  daring)  Old  German  Werinant^ 
8th  cent — French  Yabinont. 

•Suffolk 


THE  PBOTBCTOB  AND  THE  FBIEND.  279 

PHONEnO  SNDIKO. 

Eng.  Warren.     French  Yarainb. 

Another  word  of  similar  import  in  names 
may  be  hurg^  to  which  Forstemann  gives  the 
meaning  of  condere,  servare.  In  female  names, 
in  which,  as  a  termination,  it  was  most  fi:^uent, 
the  meaning  may  perhaps  be  rather  that  of 
chastity  or  maidenhood.  It  was  most  common 
in  Frankish,  and  is  still  in  French  names. 

SIMPLE  FORM& 

Old  German  Burgio,  9th  cent.,  Purgo,  Buroo,  5th  cent.  Bazg,Biiik. 
Eng.  BuRGE,  Burke.  Mod.  Germ.  Burkel  French  Bbrge,  Pmeetton. 
Beroeau,  Bourg,  Burc,  Burq,  Perjeaux  9 

DIMINUnVBSL 

Old  Germ.  Burgizo,  10th  cent. — Eng.  Buroess — French 
Bouroes.     Eng.  B(jrchell— French  Burgal,  Burokel. 

OOMPOUKDS 

(Hao'd)  Old  German  Burghard,  8th  cent — Burchard, 
Domesday — Eng.  Burchard — Mod.  Germ.  Burckhari/t — 
French  Burgard,  Bourquaro,  Burchard.  (ffari,  warrior) 
Old  Germ.  Burghar,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Burger — Mod.  Germ. 
Burger,  Burger — French  Berger,  Berquier,  Bourgert. 
{RcUf  counsel)  Old  German  Burgarad,  8th  cent — French 
Bergerat.  (Randy  shield)  French  Berguerand.  (  Wold, 
power)  Old  Geim.  Burgoald,  7th  cent — English  Purgold — 
Mod  Germ.  Burghold — French  Berjeault.  (Wine,  friend) 
Eng.  BuRGwm — French  Burvevin. 

The  word  hud,  hut  Forstemann  refers  to  the 
Old  High  Grerman  htUtay  hut,  or  to  hiU,  hide. 
Perhaps,  however,  we  might  rather  take  the  sense 
which  is  at  the  root  of  both  of  the  above,  that  of 
covering,  hiding,  or  protecting,  as  in  Old  High 
German  hitotan,  Mod.  Germ.  hiUen,  Eng.  hide. 


280  THE   PBOTECrOB  AND  THB  FmEND. 

SIMPLE  FOBHB. 

Htid.  Hut        ^^^  Germ.  Hudo,  Hutto,  8th  cent     Eng.  Hudd,  Huddt, 
ProteotioB.  HuTT,  HuTTY.      Modem  G^erman  Hutte.      French  Hudib^ 

HOUDB,  HUTTEAU.  

DIMIMUTiVJU. 

Old  Germ.  Huodilo — English  Huddle — Modem  German 
HitTHEL — French  Uudelo,  Houdaille.     Eng.  Hxn>KiN. 

PATEONYMIC. 

English  HirrTiKa. 

OOMPOUKDB. 

(B&rij  famous)  Old  German  Hudipert,  7th  cent. — French 
HuDiBERT,  Haudibert.  (Burg,  protection)  French  Haudb- 
BOUBG.  (Hard,  fortis)  Eng.  Huddebt — French  Houdabt* 
(ifon)  Old  German  Hutnman,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Huttmah — 
Modem  German  Hudeuanit.  (Mar,  famous)  Old  German 
Hudamar — French  HoaDEiCABE.  (Wine,  friend)  Old  Germ. 
Huuduin,  8th  cent — French  Houdouin.  (WcUd,  power) 
French  Hudaui/t. 

A  somewhat  doubtftd  word  is  hoi,  hid,  which 
Ettmtiller  places  to  Ang.-Sax.  hdl,  dormitorium, 
but  for  which  Forstemann  proposes  Mid.  High 
German  huole,  brother,  friend,  consort.  This 
word,  which  is  evidently  allied  to  the  Old  Eng. 
huUy,  comrade,  seems  to  me  to  be  upon  the  whole 
the  best,  but  there  are  other  derivations  which 
might  be  proposed.  First,  hull,  taurus,  as  a 
symbol  of  strength.  Secondly,  the  root  of  Eng. 
hvUy,  which  is,  first  loud  noise,  then  bluster, 
intimidation,  similar  root-meanings  being  found 
at  pages  252-3.  Thirdly,  the  sense  of  bigness, 
as  foimd  in  hoU,  hulk,  and  other  words  derived 
from  the  sense  of  swelling. 

^^  ^^  SIMPLE  FORMS. 

J^^,        Old  Germ.  Bolo,  Buolo,  BoUo,  Boli,  Puolo,  PoUo,  Poulo, 
'  8ih  cent    Eng.  Bool,  Bowi^  Boullt,  Bull,  Bullet,  Poole, 


THE  PROTECTOR  AND  THE    FRIEND.  281 

PooLST,  Pole,  Pollo,  Pollet,  Pull,  Pulley.  Mod.  QenxL 
BoHL,  Boll,  Buol,  Buhl,  Bull.  Norw.  Bull.  Fr.  Bola, 
BoLLi:,  Boll,  Bollet,  Bouill^  Bouillt,  Boulay,  Boulo, 
BouLu,  BuLLE,  Bulla,  Bully,  Bulleau,  Poulle,  Pol, 
Poly,  Polleau,  Pulle. 

DIMINUTrVEa 

Eng.  Bullock,  Bulck,  Pollock — Mod.  Germ.  Bolickx, 
BoLKE — French  Bollagk,  Bouillac,  Boulloche,  Polac. 
Eng.  BuLLiss — French  Boulas,  Buloz,  Polusse. 

PATEONYMICa 

Eng.  BoLiKO,  BuLUNO,  PuLLma.    Mod.  Germ.  Bohlino. 

COMPOUNDa 

(Gar,  spear)  Old  Germ.  Pulcari,  Pulgar,  9th  cent. — Eng. 
BuLQER,  BuLLAKER — Mod.  Germ.  Polqab.  {Oaud^  Goth) 
French  Bouligaud.  (Hard)  PoUardus,  DomeacUHf — English 
BuLLARD,  PoLLABD — Modem  German  Bollebt,  Pohlebt — 
French  Bouillabd,  Boullard,  Bulard,  Poullard,  Polart. 
{Hari,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Bolheri — Eng.  Buller,  Bowler, 
PuLLi^R — Mod.  Germ.  Buhler,  Pohler — French  Bouillier^ 

BOUJLLERIE,  BOULIER,  BOULLERY,  BOLEB,   BULLIER.        (Mcm) 

Eng.  BoLLMAN,  BuLMAN,  PuLMAN,  PoLEXAK — Mod.  German 

BOLLMANK,  BUHLMANN,  PoHLMANK.        (AfcMT,  fiunous)   Anglo- 

Sax.  Bulemnre  (fvumd  in  BtUenujcres  thcn^  Cod,  Dip,  533.^ 
English  BuLLMORE,  Bulmer — French  Boulmier.  (TTtfM, 
fiiend)  English  Polwin.  ( fTor,  defence)  English  Bulweb 
— French  Polffer  ? 

phonetic  endiko. 
Tlngliah   BoLLiN,   BuLLEN.    BULLION,   PuLLAN.     French 

BOULAN,  BOUILLIEN,  POULIN,  PoULAIN,    PuLIN. 

From  the  Goth.  huUhSy  Old  High  Germ.  hoU, 
Ang.-Sax.  hold.  Old  Norse  hoUr,  faithful,  friendly, 
Forstemann  derives  the  word  huld,  hold,  hul,  ho\ 
found  in  Old  German  names.  To  this  I  put  the 
following,  though  there  may  be  an  admixture  of 
Ang.-Sax.  hoU,  Old  High  Germ,  holz,  wood,  in  the 
sense  of  spear  or  shield. 

J  2 


282  THB  FBOrB0IO&  AND   TSB  WBIBSD. 


Hdid.  Old  Oermaii  HoMa,  9th  cent.    (Old  N<ne  Holhi,  i 

^^^  piobftblj  in  the  other  senae.)  HoDe,  ffmnd.  BoUm.  BD^nh 
Holt,  Hoix^  Hole,  Hoolk,  Hullab.  Mod,  Qerm.  Hulim^ 
HoLDy  Hoi/r,  HoLLB.     Fiendi  Hauio?,  Houl 

PATAOimaaL 
Old  GeriD.  Hulling,    ikig.  HouMva* 

OOMFOUKDS. 

(Ger,  spear)  Eng.  Holkkr — French  Holacbsb.  (ffairi, 
warrior)  Old  Germ.  Hoidear,  11th  cent — ^English  Holdeb, 
Holteb,  Hollbb — ^Mod.  Germ.  Holdsb,  Hollrb — French 
HoLLiEiL  (Lindf  gentle)  Old  Germ.  Holdelinda,  10th  cent 
— Eng.  Holland  I — French  Hollands  t  (Mem)  Old  Ger. 
Holzmanf  9  th  cent — ^Eng.  Holtman,  Holkkan — Modem 
German  Hollmann.  {Rad^  counsel)  Old  Gkrm.  Holdrada, 
10th  cent — Eng  t  Holdbrbibd  (Buff,  Swm.) 

From  the  Gothic  autlis,  Ang.-Sax.  eath^  mild, 
gentle,  Forstemaon  derives  the  stem  etrfA,  with 
which,  however,  and,  ead,  prosperity,  is  very  apt 
to  intermix. 

SDCnJB  FOBMS. 

Batb.  Old  German  Eado^  duke  of  AquUama^  8lh  esfii.,  Hondo, 

Mild,     llth  cent     Eng.  XJdt,  Ybwd,  Youd.     French  Ectdi^  Uni^ 

^"*^    Hbud^ 

jmnmrrrrBB. 

Old  Germ.  Eudila,  6th  cent — Fr.  Heudel.     Old  German 

EatiHna,  8th  cent — French  Eudbune. 

PHONEno  ending. 
Old  German  Eodin,  7th  cent. — Eng.  Yowden — ^French 

Heudin. 

ooupounds. 

(Bert,  &mous)  Old  German  Eutberta^  8th  cent. — French 
Heudebert.  (ffarij  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Euthar,  8th  cent. 
Eng.  Ether  ? — Fr.  Heudier,  (Ric,  dominion)  Eutharicus, 
a  Ooth,  san-wrlaw  to  Theodorich  the  great,  5th  cent — Eng. 
Ethbridoe  1 

*  And  HoLLno,  m  fonnd  in  Holunobwo&tb,  "  HoUings  tana  or  efUte.* 


THB  PBOTESOTOB  AND  THB   FBIEND.  283 

The  Ang.-Sax.  mild,  gentle,  is  found  in  three 
female  names,  Mildthrith,  Mildburh,  and  Mildgith 
in  the  genealogy  of  the  kings  of  Mercia.  And  in 
two  names,  Milta  and  Miltunc,  the  former  of 
which  is  also  that  of  a  woman,  in  the  AUdeutsdheB 
Namenhuch. 

SDCPLEFOBMa 

Old  GUnn.  Milta.     Mod.  Gemu  Mnj>B.     French  Mnj)^ 

DDiUUTlVJCa 

Mildm^,  12th  cent     Eng.  Modmat.* 

OOMPOUKD& 

{Thriihy  woman)  Ang.-Sax.  Mildthrith — Eng.  Mnj>RED, 
MUiDEBT  (fhe/arfMT  alio  a  Christian  name.) 

I  am  rather  inclined  to  think  that  arm^ 
armin,  p.  146,  may  also  have  the  meaning  of 
mild  or  gentle.  The  German  arm,  so  far  back 
as  we  can  trace  it,  seems  to  have  had,  as  at 
present^  the  meamng  of  poor.  But  the  Celtic 
araft  which  I  take  to  be  from  the  same  root,  has 
the  meaning  of  gentle,  and  in  river  names  I  have 
elsewhere  taken  arm  to  be  its  equivalent.  At 
the  same  time,  the  root-meaning  of  arm,  poor, 
may  be  found  in  Sansc.  arv,  to  desolate,  and  thus 
Arminius  may  signify  vastator. 

From  the  Anglo-Saxon  (Bmeta,  emeta,  quies, 
Fdrstemann  derives  the  following  ancient  names. 
The  Old  English  am^Cf  to  calm,  quoted  by 

*  I  before  took  fhla  nomA  to  h6  ftom  Aog.-Saz.  mag,  Old  Eng.  mey,  nudden. 
8Mh  •  iwBie  would  be  la  MeordaaM  with  ndent  pnotloa,  mmI  it  would  be  the 
eqtdralent  of  the  Aiig.-a«z.  Mildthrith.  Bat  I  h*ye  found  no  trace  whaterer  of 
ttiwordlAAaelefttttMMMieDdliig.  I  have  raggeeted,  p.  S6,  oompMiag  tt  with 
Ihe  Friedo  MeUenuK  that  the  d  mej  be  intrailTe.  Howerer,  of  ooiinetheoonTene 
woold  eqnallj  applj-  Pott,  ee  Qsnal,  taUng  it  aufUd  d§  ki  UUn,  makei  it "  mild 
ICax,^  Le.,  bom  at  fbai  aeiaon. 


Mild. 
Mitis. 


284  THE   PBOTBCrOB  AND    THE  FRIEND. 

Halliwell,  indicates  that  that  form  must  also 
have  prevailed  in  Anglo-Saxon,  and  points  to  the 
sense  in  proper  names  as  probably  that  of  peace- 
maker. The  emmet  (contracted  ant),  German 
anieise^  is  probably  hence  derived,  in  reference  to 
its  supposed  rest  during  the  winter. 

SDfPLE  FOEM& 

Old  German  Ammatas,  £mita»  Amizo,  Emez,*  5th  cent. 
Eng.  Amkit,  Emmett,  Amiss,  Einrs.  Mod.  German  Ameis. 
French  Amette,  Amadb,  Ak^^  ?  Ajob. 

COMPOUND. 

(U2/,  wolf)  French  Amabsuf. 
In  the  same  manner  the  stem  foZ,  lul,  referred 
by  Graff  to  Old  Norse  loUa,  segnities,  may  rather 
be  taken  in  the  sense  of  Eng.  "  lull,"  to  calm,  in 
the  sense  probably  of  peace-maker.- 

SniPLE  FOBMa 

Old  Germ.  Lullo,  Lul,  LoUa,  7th  cent.     Ang.-Saz.  Lnia 
LvL      f/ound  in  Lidan  treow,   Cod.  Dip.  18^,  Lull   (fwund  in 
LuUeiheorh,  LuUestoyHh,  Cod.  Dip.  37 4,7 li. J      Eng.  Lxtli^ 
LtJLLT.      Modem  German  Lohlb.      French  Lully,  Lolly, 
Laulhi^  Laull. 

patronymics. 
Ang.-Sax.  Lulling  (fofwnd  in  LuUingea  treow,  Cod.  Dip. 
227.  J    French  Lulino. 

00MP0UN1>S. 

(Hard,  fortis)  Eng.  Lollabb  ?    (Man)  Eng.  Lulmak. 

Perhaps  on  the  whole  most  appropriately  in 

this  chapter  will  be  introduced  the  names  having 

the  meaning  of  liberality  or  munificence.    Though 

it  may  be  imcertain  in  some  cases  whether  the 


*  Henoe  BulngBtoke,  in  Anglo-Saxon  EmbMinga  ttOc,  the  pUoe  of  the 
EmlMstngs,  properlj  Emaiingt. 


THE  PBOTECTOR   AND  THE  FRIEND.  285 

idea  is  not  rather  that  of  the  prince  than  of  the 
friend.  "  Bracelet-giver/'  in  the  sense  of  a 
rewarder  of  valour,  is  an  expression  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  poetry. 

From  the  Old  High  German  gehen.  Modem 
Grerman  geben^  dare,  Forstemann  derives  the 
following  Old  German  names,  which  he  observes 
are  found  both  with  the  root-vowel  as  gab,  and 
with  the  vowel-change  of  the  present  into  gib. 

SIMPLE  FORM& 

Old  German  Gabo,  Gebbo,  Geppo,  Givo,  Jebo,  Kyppo, 
Chippo,  8th  cent     Eng.  Gabb,  Gapp,  Gafp,  Gavey,  Gibbt,  ^^»  ®p* 
GiBB,   GiEYE,   Jebb,  Jeff,  Kibb,    Kibbey,  Kipp,   Chipp. 
Modem  German  Gabe,  Gapp,  Gepp,  Kibe.      French  Gab^ 
Gapy,  Gayeau,  Cab4  Gibou,  Gif,  Jaffa,  Japy,  Chevy  1 

DIMINUTnrES. 

Old  Germ.  Gkibilo,  9th  cent  ^English  Gable,  Gayellb, 
Cable,  Kebel,  Keppel — Mod.  Germ.  Gabel,  Gavel,  Gebel 
— French  Gavelle,  Javel,  Gebel,  Cavel — Span.  Gavila. 
Old  German  Gibilin,  9th  cent — English  Giblek,  KiPLma — 
French  Gibldt.  Old  Germ.  Gebizo,  1 1th  cent — Eng.  Gibbs  f 
Gipps  ?  Gipsy — French  Giboz,  Gibus — Belg.  Geefs. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Old  Geiman  Gebino,  Givin,  8th  cent — English  Gaffin, 
Gibbon,  Given,  Giffin,  Chippen — French  Gabin,  Gibon. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Berty  bright)  Old  German  Gibert,  9th  cent. — English 
GiPPEBT — French  Gibebt — ^Italian  Ghiberti.  (Arriy  erriy 
eagle)  Eng.  Gibebne — French  Givebne,  Givebny,  Gavabhi. 
(Hard)  Old  German  Gebahard,  Givard,  Gi&rd,  9th  cent- 
English  Gebhabd,  Gibbabd,  Giffabd — ^Modern  (German 
Gbbhardt — ^French  Giffabd,  Chippabd.  (ffari,  warrior) 
Old  German  Gebaheri,  9th  cent— Old  Norse  Giafar— 
Eng.   Gafveby,  Chippeb,  Cheeveb — Mod.  Germ.  Oebeb, 


286  THB  FBOTBOTOB  AND  THB  FBIENI). 

KSBBB, — Frencb  Gibort,  Chipieb.  (Sat,  oounsel)  Old 
G«riXL  Ckberat,  8th  cent — French  Gababet.  {Man)  Eng« 
Chipman.  {Wald,  power)  Old  Grf^rman  Gebald,  Givold,  6th 
cent. — Mod  German  Gabold — French  Gabalda,  Gatalda, 
Gatault,  Gibault.  (Wine,  friend)  Old  Germ.  Ghiboin^  7th 
oe&t.^ — French  Giboin. 

From  the  Ang.-Saxon  unna,  dare,  maybe  the 
following^  though  Forstemam:!  takes  the  n^ative 
partide  un  to  mtermiz. 

8IMPLB  fobhbl 
Un.  Old  Germ.  Unno,  Unni,  Una  (/emahj,  9th  cent     Eng. 

»~^    TJinfA. 

OOMPOtrNlM. 

(ITtd,  strife)  Old  German  ITnnid,  8th  cetit— Sag.  Visrt  1 
(Wine,  friend)  Eng.  XJhwin.* 


*  We  do  ftot  And  i&  iadeat  ftcme  t6  oonMpoBd,  but  tkovli  en  Old  OenL 
Uniran,  0th  cent,  ftnd  an  Ang.-Sax.  Unwon*  (8nl  blBhop  of  Laloetter) ;  to  which 
perhaps  may  he  pat  our  UmriH.  The  meaning  of  win  U  not  veij  dear; 
mnlemaan  nig»tata  Q«th.  Wii%  epei)  whl0b  Mtaia  to  Mii  hi  this  oMSk 


CHAPTER  XV. 


ANOESTOB  Ain>  KINSMAN. 


Of  the  names  derived  from  relationship,  some 
have  probably  been  surnames  and  nothing  more. 
Others,  in  tibe  first  instance  surnames,  may  have 
subsequently  been  adopted  as  baptismal,  on  the 
principle  to  which  I  have  already  referred.  In 
one  or  two  cases,  as  in  the  names  signifying 
father,  the  idea  may  have  extended  somewhat 
beyond  mere  relationship.  "*  My  father,''  said  his 
servants  to  the  Syrian  king,  **  if  the  prophet  had 
bid  thee  do  some  great  thing,  wouldest  thou  not 
have  done  it  T  So  also  in  the  case  of  names 
having  the  meaning  of  ancestor  there  is  no  doubt 
present  something  of  that  sense  of  nobility  which 
is  always  attached  to  ancient  descent.  Words 
with  both  of  the  above  meanings  seem  to  run 
through  the  range  of  the  Teutonic  name^system. 
The  most  common  word  with  the  former  meaning 
iBod  ox  at^  which  Forstemann  and  other  writers 
refer  to  Goth,  atta^  Old  Fries,  atha^  etha,  father. 
The  stem  had  or  hath,  war,  p.  167,  is,  however, 
likely  to  intermix,  as  well  as  in  some  cases 
ead,  prosperity. 

SIMPLE  FOSHa 

Old  Germ.  Atto,  Ati,  Adi,  Atha,  Etti,  7tli  cent     Atta» 
Zt6.  Vit     Bng.  Attob,  Atty,  Addt,  Bptt.      Mod.  OeroL    y^^*" 
AdE|  Eits*    Freuob  Aom^  Ajd^  Brafis,  Sckt. 


288  ANCESTOR  AND  KINSMAN. 

DIMLNUT1VJS& 

Old  Qerm.  Atacho,  8th  cent. — English  Atack,  Atket. 
Eug.  Adkin,  Atkin.  English  Addis,  Atts — French  Atts. 
Old  German  Attalus,*  (rex.  Gcrmanorum,  Aurd,  Vict.)  3rd 
cent — ^Ang.-Saxon  Attila — Old  Norse  Aili — Eng.  Attlb^ 
Atley. 

oompoundb. 

{Gi»,  kis,  hostage)  Old  Germ.  Atgis,  8th  cent. — English 
Atkiss.  {Goty  Goth)  Old  Germ.  Adogoto,  8th  cent. — Eng. 
Addicott  (Ha/rd)  Old  Germ.  Adohuxl,  9th  cent — French 
Edard — ItaL  Attardl  {tlari^  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Adohar, 
Adoar,  8th  cent — English  Adieb — French  Adou&  (Ze^ 
superstes)  Old  German  Adlef^  8  th  cent — French  Atloff. 
(Mam)  Old  G^rm.  Adiman,  9th  cent — English  Admaks — 
French  Adkant.  (Jfar,  famous)  Old  German  Adamar,  9th 
cent — Eng.  Atmore  ? — French  Adheicar — Ital.  Adimarl 
(i?tc,  power)  Old  German  Aderich,  6th  cent — Anglo-Saxon 
jffitheric  (found,  in  j^therices  hlype,f  Cod.  Dip.  813,  and  eUe- 
where) — ^Eng.  Attridge,  Etridoe.  {Rid,  ride)  Old  German 
Atharid,  4th  cent — Ang.-Sax.  jEthered  (Jawnd  injEtheredei 
haga^X  Cod  Dip,  595,  and  elsewhere)  —Eng.  Attride.  (  Wid, 
wood)  Old  German  Adhuid,  8th  cent — English  Attwood  ? 
(Wolf)  Old  Germ.  Athaulf,  Goth.  King,  5th  cent— English 
Adolph§ — Mod.  Germ.  Adolf — French  Adolphe. 

There  is  a  root  an,  for  which  Forstemann 
proposes  Old  High  Grerm.  ano,  MoA  Germ,  dhne, 
avus,  but  suggests  also  an  intermixture  of  another 
word  ann,  from  Ang.-Sax.  ann,  favere.  In  the 
female  names  the  latter  seems  the  more  probable 
derivation.  There  may  also  possibly  be  an  inter- 
mixture of  another  word,  Ang.-Sax.  hana,  Germ 
fiahn,  cock,  which  is  not  unsuitable  for  proper 
names. 

*  The  name  of  AttiU,  the  renowned  leader  of  the  Hum,  Orimm  holds  to  be 
Qennan  and  not  Hnnnieh. 

t  JStheiic's  leap,  probablj  in  oonunemomtion  of  eome  feat 

I  JEth«red*i  hedge. 

f  Thla,  aa  a  ■omame,  la,  ai  Mr.  Lower  obitrvea,  of  recent  introdootlon. 


ANCBSTOB  AND   KINSMAN.  289 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Old  Germ.  Anna^  Anno,  Enno,  Hanno,  Henno,  5th  cent. 
Ang.-Sax.  Anna,  king  of  the  East  Angles.       English  Anke,  An, 
Hann,  Hjlnna,  Hanney,  Henk,  Henney.     Modem  German 
Hahitx,   Henke.      French  Akne,  Aim^  Amr^E,  HAmrE, 
HAimo,  Haky,  Henne,  Henno,  Ekne. 

DiMnninyES. 
Old  German  Annioo,  Ennioo,  8th  cent. — English  Enoch, 
Enook,  Hakexy? — Mod.  German  Hannigke,  Hennicex — 
French  Haknigque,  Henique,  Henoo,  Enique.  Old  Germ. 
Analo,  8th  cent. — English  Hannell,  Hennell — French 
Hennel.  Old  Germ.  Hennikin,  11th  cent. — Eng.  Hanein 
— Mod.  Germ.  Hakkeken — French  Hannequin,  Henkequik. 
Old  Grerman  Ennelin,  11th  cent — Eng.  Hahlok.  English 
Ankiss,  Enviss,  Hennis,  Hennessy — Mod.  Grerm.  Hanisok 
— French  Hbnnecy. 

PATBONYMICS. 

Old  Germ.  Anninc,  8th  cent.  Eng.  Annino,  HENKiNa. 
Mod.  Geim.  Hennikg.     French  Hannong,  HENNiNa 

GOMPOUNDS. 

{Bertf  bright)  Old  German  Anibert,  8th  cent. — French 
Hannebert,  Hennebert.  (Fredy  peace)  Old  Germ.  Anafred, 
Enfrid,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Henfrey — French  Anfray,  Enpr^ 
(Gard,  protection)  French  Heknecart.  (Ger,  spear)  Old 
Germ.  Anager,  Eneger,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Hanger,  Hennikeb 
— French  Anicker.  {Grrim,  fierce)  Old  Germ.  Anagiim,  8th 
cent — English  Ancrum.  (Hard)  Old  German  Henhart — 
Mod.  German  Hennert — French  Enard,  Henard.  (ffcMri, 
warrior)  French  Hannier,  Anery.  (Man)  Old  German 
Enman,  9th  cent — Eng.  Hanhan,  Henman — Mod.  Germ 
Hannemann,  Hennemann.  {Mar^  famous)  Eng.  Hanmer. 
{Redy  counsel)  Old  Germ.  Henred,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Hanrott, 
Enright.  {Wald,  power)  Old  German  Anawalt,  Ennolt — 
Eng.  Anhault — Mod.  Germ.  Hanewald,  Hanelt — French 
Enault,  Renault.  {Ulf,  wolf)  Old  Germ.  Anaolf,  Gothic 
UadeTy  5th  cent. — Eng.  Enough — French  Enouf. 

K  2 


Atob. 


Aw,  At. 


290  ANCBSTOB  AKD  KmStfAK, 

There  is  a  root  aw,  av,  which  Forstemann 
thinks  may  be  from  Goth,  avo,  grandmother^  but, 
no  doubt,  like  the  Lat.  avus,  in  the  wider  sense 
of  ancestor.      Graff  refers  to  Old  High  German 

away  river. 

sniPLBfOBiia 
Old  Gtennan  Ato,  Ovo,  Quo,  8th  cent      Engliah  Ovxr. 
French  Avi.  

DDCMUTiVJU. 

Old  Oerman  ArUsk,  6th  cent — ^English  Ayila,  Avilu 
Old  German  Avelina^  llih  cent — ^Eng.  AvKLon^  Aybuho, 
Eyeltv — French  Atelikb. 

OOMPOUNBa 

(Hard)  Eng.  Hayabd — French  Ayabt.  (E(»rs  wairior) 
Eng.  Ayery,  AYERy  Ower — French  Ayare,  Aueb.  (Land) 
Old  Germ.  Anilsnd,  9ih  cent — Eng.  HAYn^Aim.  (Man) 
Old  (German  Ouwaman,  11th  cent — Eng.  Howman  I — Mod. 
Germ.  Ayehank. 

From  the  above  stem  av  comes  apparently  an 
extended  form  aviz,  found  in  the  followmg. 

bimple  forms. 
^"^  Old  Germ.  Aveza,  1 1th  cent     Eng.  Ayis,  Ayiz.     French 

Ayisse,  Ayisseau,  Ayizeau. 

C0HP0UND6 

(Eard,  fortis)  Eng.  Eyezard.  Ft.  Ayizaed,  Ayizabt. 
A  word  of  rather  uncertain  meaning  in 
proper  names  is  6a6,  respecting  which  Forstemann 
observes  that  it  is  **  of  a  very  ancient  stamp,  and 
approaching,  as  it  seems,  the  nature  and  expres- 
sion of  children's  speech  ;  according  to  MtiUer 
(M.H,D.  Wdrterhuch),  the  original  meaning 
seems  to  be  that  of  mother." 


SIMPLE  FORMS. 

"^  Old  Germ.  Babo,  Bavo,  Pabo,  Papo,  7th  cent      Anglo- 

Saxon  Babba   (found  in  Babbanbearh,    Cod   Dip.  623^. 


Parent? 


AKCB8T0B  AND  KINSMAN.  291 

John  Babi,  menAerfor  Bodrmnt  a.d.  1302.  Engliah  Babb, 
Babe,  Babt,  Bauqh,  Pape^  Payet.  Mod.  German  Babe, 
Pape,  Pappk,     French  Babeau^  Bab^  Pape,  Papau,  Papt, 

Pavy. 

dimikutives. 

Old  Germ.  Babilo,  6th  cent. — Ang.-Saz.  Babel  (fawnd 
M»  BdbeUs  bearh,  God  Dip,  618^— Eng.  Babell— French 
Babuleau.  Old  Germ.  Bauika,  10th  cent — Eng.  Babbaqb. 
Old  Germ.  Babolenus,  Papolenus,  6th  cent. — Eng.  Papillon 
—French  BABouiikNE,  Bablik,  Papillon. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Eng.  BABor,  Batin.  French  Babin,  Babonneau,  Papik> 
Payin. 

compounds. 

(Ecird,  fortifl)  Fr.  Bayabd,  Baffert,  Pappebt,  Payabd. 
(Hari,  warrior)  English  Baber,  Payieb — French  Papeb. 
(Wold,  power)  Fr.  Babault,  Papault.  (Wcurd,  guardian) 
French  Babouabd.  (  Ulf,  wolf)  Old  Germ.  Babol^  8th  cent. 
— ^Fr.  BABEur. 

Perhaps  with  something  more  of  certainty 
the  root  tat  may  be  taken  to  mean  "father." 
Diefenbach  quotes  many  ancient  and  Y^idely 
spread  forms  with  this  meaning  (as  EngUsh 
«dad,"&c.) 

SIMPLE  FOBMa 

Old  Qennan  Tatto  (Lombard  kingX  Tado,  Daddo,  Dadi, 
DattOy  Deddo,  Tedo,  Tazo^  6th  cent.      Eng.  Dadd,  Dadbt,  Dad,  tml 
I>AJ>iL,  Date,  Datt,  Daze,  Dazby,  Tadd,  Taddy,  Ted©.  ^•*^«'' 
Mod  Germ.  Date^  DittB)  Tade.     French  Dado^  TAzi. 

DIMINXrnYBSL 

Old  Germ.  Tadilo,  Tatila^  8th  cent.     Ang.-Saxon  Tatel, 
name  of  moncyer  on  a  coin  of  Burgred,  kiTig  of  Mercia^ 
found  cU  Southampton,      English  Tadloo,  Tattle,  Tetlow. 
Mod.  Germ.  Taddel. 

compounds. 
{Ha/rdj  fortis)  Old  German  Tethard,  9th  cent.— French 
Tktabi).      {HaHy  warrior)  Old  German  Tether,  8th  cent. — 


292  ANCESTOR  AND  KINSMAN. 

Eng.  Tedbbr,  Teatheb.  (Man)  Eng.  Dadmuk,  TADXAKy 
Tedxah.  {Lac,  play)  Eng.  Tatlocx.  {Wins^  Mend)  Old 
Germ.  Dadoin,  8ih  cent. — Eng.  Tatudt. 

It  is  probable  that  the  stem  ing^  inc,  though 
its  etymology  is  not  yet  explained,  has  the 
meaning  of  son,  offspring,  and  is  cognate  with 
Eng.  "young."  As  an  ending  in  patronymic 
forms  like  Dtmning  and  Billing,  this  is  of  course 
certain,  but  in  other  cases  it  is  apt  to  m\yr  with 
ang,  p.  212.  Ingo  was  one  of  the  three  sons  of 
Mannus,  the  mythical  founder  of  the  German 
nation,  as  related  by  Tacitus. 

SIMPLE    FOEMa 

Old  Qerm.  Ingo,  Hingo,  Hincho,  Engo,  7th  oent.     Ingi, 
^>  ^>^  King  of  Norway.      Incge  (Beowulf)      English  Ino,  Inooe, 
^Ikch,  Hikob,  Hinch,  Hinchet.     Mod.  Qerm.  Enge,  HnrcK. 
French  Iiro4  Hingue,  Hdtque,  Eng. 

DIMINUTIVEB. 

Old  German  Ingizo,  9th  cent — Eng.  Inches — French 
Ingisch. 

patronymio. 
English  Inksok. 

COMPOXTNDa 

(Baidy  fortis)  Old  Qenn.  Ingobald,  Incbald,  8th  cent — 
Eng.  Inchbald — Fr.  Anjubault.  (Bert,  famous)  Old  Qenn. 
Ingobert,  7th  cent. — Eng.  Ikchboaed — French  Angibekt. 
(Body  envoy)  Old  Germ.  Ingobod,  7th  cent. — Fr.  Angibout. 
(Sard)  Old  German  Inghard,  8th  cent. — Modem  German 
Engebt — ^French  Engxtehabd.  (Sari,  warrior)  Old  Germ. 
Inguheri,  7th  cent. — Eng.  Ikgbey — Mod.  German  Engeb — 
French  Ingeb,  Ingbat.  (Bam,  ran,  raven)  Old  German 
Ingram,  Ingranna,  8th  cent — English  Ikgbah — French 
Ingbain — ^ItaL  Inghibami.  (Leo/,  dear)  Eng.  HmoBUFF, 
Hinghouff.  (Wold,  power)  Old  German  Ingold,  7th  oent 
— Old  Norse  Ingvald — Eng.  Ingold — ^Mod.  Germ.  Engwald 


ANCESTOR  AND  KINSMAN.  293 

— French  Inoold.  (Ward,  gaardian)  French  Akoouabd 
(Wis,  sapiens)  Old  Germ.  Inguis,  9th  cent — Eng.  Ahguish.. 
(  Wolf)  Old  Germ.  Ingulf,  8th  cent— French  Ingouf. 

Then  there  axe  some  other  words  of  similar 
meaning  which  are  foimd  both  in  ancient  and 
modem  names,  but  which  do  not  appear,  like  the 
foregoing,  to  enter  into  the  Teutonic  name- 
system,  Grimm  observes  that  "  in  Old  Saxon 
records  Fadar,  Brothar,  Modar,  Suster,  appear 
not  unfrequently  as  simple  proper  names.** 
Forstemann  has  Fader,  Fater,  &c.,  of  the  8th 
and  following  centuries — Mothar,  Moder,  &c. — 
Brothar,  Broter,  of  the  same  period — Suester, 
Sustar  of  the  9th  cent.  The  origin  of  these 
names  is  not,  however,  always  certain — ^Mothar 
for  instance  is  sometimes  a  man's  name,  and  other 
words  may  intermix — see  pp.  218,  237. 

We  have  Fathbr,  Mother^  Bbotheb,  Stster  ; 
also  Fetteb  and  Fettebman,  apparently  from 
the  Ang.-Sax.  form  feder.  The  Germans  have 
VateRj  Vetter,  Feder  and  Fetter  ;  Mxtddeb 
and  Bruder,  also  the  diminutives  Vetterlein, 
Mctterlein,  BrCderlein.  Pott  has  not  Suestar, 
though  according  to  Outzen  Soster  or  Soster 
is  a  common  name  in  Friesland.  The  French 
have  Sister,  Sester,  and  Sestier — also  Systeb- 
MANN,  which,  however,  seems  to  be  of  German 
origin,  and  which  means  a  sister's  husband. 
We  have  also  Brotherson  and  Sistersok, 
meaning  a  nephew  respectively  by  the  side  of  the 
brother  and  of  the  sister. 


294  Al^CESTOB  AJ!9D  KII9SMAN. 

I  do  not  include  the  name  Uncle  in  this 
place.  It  seems  rather  to  be  the  same  as  an 
Unculus,  8th  cent.,  and  a  Hunchil  in  Domesday  ; 
Forstemann  proposes  unCy  snake. 

I  doubt  also  the  derivation  of  Cousin  from 
consohrinus — ^first,  because  such  a  relationship 
seems  scarcely  sufficient  to  mark  a  name — and 
secondly,  because  it  falls  in  with  a  group  else- 
where. 


CHAPTEK  XVI. 


THE  NATION  AS   THE  NAME-GIVER. 

Names  derived  from  nationality  have  probably 
been  in  many  cases  originally  surnames.  A 
stranger  coming  among  men  to  whom  his  name 
might  have  an  unfamiliar  sound,  would  be  very 
apt  to  be  called  instead  by  the  name  of  his 
nationaUty.  And  such  names,  once  established, 
might  afterwards  come  to  be  used  baptismally. 
But  it  is  also  probable  that  names  of  this  class 
might  be  bestowed  baptismally  in  the  first 
instance  firom  a  feeling  of  national  pride  ;  and  it 
is  not  difficult  to  conceive  how  even  in  the  present 
day,  if  the  choice  of  names  were  open,  many  a 
&ther  might  delight  to  call  his  son  an  English- 
man. Other  causes  have  no  doubt  combined  to 
give  names  of  this  sort — causes  which  though  in 
most  cases  beyond  our  ken,  are  sometimes  open 
at  least  to  a  conjecture.  Thus,  whereas  it  might 
seem  strange  that  the  name  of  the  Picts  should 
be  given  to  Anglo-Saxons,  yet  when  we  find  that 
two  of  the  men  who  bore  it,  Pehthelm  and 
Pehtwine,  were  bishops  in  the  territory  of  the 
Picts,  it  seems  natural  to  suppose  that  the  name 
was  assumed,  perhaps  as  auspicious,  on  the 
occasion.  Once  become  a  name,  it  might  be 
adopted  by  other  men,  as  we  find  afterwards 
Pectuald,  Pectgils,  &c. 


296  THE  NATION  AS  THE  NAME^GIVER. 

In  the  sense  of  advena  we  may  take  the 
following,  which  seem  to  be  from  the  Gotk  and 
Old  High  German  gast,  Ang.-Sax.  gwst,  gest^  gist, 
Eng.*' guest/' 

SIMPLE  FOBHa 

oui,  Qmt       Old  German  Gasio,  Oast,  8ih  cent      Old  Norse  Gestar. 
"Gwrt."  jjj^g  Gabt,  Guest,  Gist,  Keast.    Mod.  Germ.  Gast,  East. 
French  Gast^  Gastt,  Oastt,  Geste. 

DnnNunvES. 
English  Castle,  Cassell,  Oastlet,  Oastello — French 
Oastal,  Oastsl,   Gestelll     English  Guestlikci — French 
Gassbuk. 

pATBoimacs. 
Eng.  Gasting,  Castanq.     French  Oastainq,  Ohastaikg. 

PHONBno  ending. 

Old  Germ.  Gestin,  Kestin,  Castuna^  8th  cent.  English 
Oastik,  Gastinsau,  Gaston,  Ejsstten.  French  Gastin^ 
Geston,  Castan. 

compounds. 

(Eard,  fortis)  Old  Germ.  Gastart — ^Ang.-Sax.  Gisteard 
(found  in  QUteardenoyly  Gad,  Dip.  595 J — French  Gassabt  I 
(Hariy  warrior)  English  Gastee,  Caster — French  Gastieb, 
GuBSTiEB,  Castieb.  {Lindj  gentle  ?)  Old  Germ.  Gestilind — 
French  GaslondeI  (RcU,  counsel)  Old  German  Gastrat, 
Castrat,  8th  cent. — French  Castebat.  (Ric,  power)  Old 
German  Castricus,  6th  cent. — ^French  Castbique.  (Wold, 
power)  Old  German  Castald,  9th  cent. — French  (or  ItaL  9) 
Oastaldl 

From  the  Goth,  quuma,  Ang.-Saxon  cumma^ 
advena^  we  find  some  names,  which  are  however, 
apt  to  mix  with  gum,  man,  p.  59. 

simple  FOBMS. 

Q^agag^g^         Ang.-Saz.  Oamnia»  name  of  a  ser^  Cod.  Dip.  971.     Eng. 
AdTMUk   CoMBB  ?     French  C6me. 


THB  NATION   AS  THB    NAHE-GIVER.  297 

PHONxnc  XMDmo. 
Old  Qennan  Goman,  8ih  cent    £ng.  Oommiit,  Quomxak 
(OoMeftrm.)    French  Oomxuk,  Cumon,  Oommebtt. 

PATBONTMIGB. 

Eng.  CuMMiKa.     French  CumENGB. 

The  above  word  occurs  more  commonly  as  an 
ending,  and  in  some  of  the  names,  particularly 
those  compounded  with  words  of  affection,  we 
may  perhaps  rather  find  a  reference  to  the  "little 
stranger"  for  whom  an  auspicious  journey  through 
life  is  invoked. 

{Eiid^  happineSB)  Old  German  Otoquim,  9th  cent. — 
Eatcume,  lAb.  ViL  (Old  High  Germ.  zU^  Ajig..Saxon  Hd,  ^'°™^ 
time — in  the  sense  of  seasonable  9)  Old  Qerm.  Zitooma^  8th  jj^ 
cent — Tidcume,  Lib.  ViL — Eng.  Titoomb.  (JTew?,  novus  or 
jnyenis)  Nencnm  ('J)omesdayJ — Nequam  ("Gothic  fonn) 
English  monk,  13th  cent. — Eng.  Newcomb.  (Tft^/,  in  the 
sense  of  desire  or  pleasure)  Old  Germ.  Williquema^  8th  cent* 
— TJilcomn,  lAb.  VU. — English  Welcome* — ^Mod.  German 
WniLCOXiL 

In  the  sense  of  advena  we  may  also  take 
English  Newman,  German  Niemann,  French 
Neyman.  We  find  it  in  England  in  the  13th 
cent.,  but  I  take  it  to  be  more  ancient.  But  the 
stem  new  in  general  is  taken  by  Grimm  and 
Weinhold  to  have>  hke  the  Greek  veo9,  the  mean- 
ing of  yoimg,  and  I  have  introduced  it  elsewhere. 

From  the  Old  High  Germ,  walah,  Ang.-Sax. 
weahl,  stranger,  foreigner,  variously  with  and 
without  the  aspirated  A,  as  waUack,  walk,  wall, 
we  may  take  the  following.  But  the  Ang.-Sax. 
wcbI,  strages,  seems  a  very  likely  word  to  intermix. 

*  I  hvw  pat  thla,  p.  128,  but  I  thlak  wnmgljr,  to  gom,  num. 

l2 


298  THE  KATION  AS   THE   NAMB-GIVE& 

SIMPLE  FOBMB. 

waiah.  Old  Germ.  Walah,  Walach,  Waloo,  Walch,  Walo,  Wal, 

stniiger.  Gualo,  7th  cent.     Ang.-Sar.  Wala.     Eng.  Wallace,  Walk, 

Walko,  Walkey,  Wall,  Walk,  Waley,  Quail,  Qualet. 

Mod.  German  Walke,  Wallich,  Wahl,  Walu     French 

Yalci,  Yali^  YALiikE,  OuALLE,  Wal^  Guala. 

DDciKtrnyESL 
Old  GenzL  Walezo,  11th  cent. — Eng.  Walliss,  Wallaci^ 
Walls,  Yallis — French  Yallez,  Yalls,  Walles,  Walz. 
Old  German  Yalahilo,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Yallely,  Walkley. 
Walchelin,  Lib.  Ft«.— Eng.  Walkun. 

PATBONYMICS. 

Old  German  Walunc,  9th  cent.     English  Wallhto. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Andy  life,  spirit)  Old  German  Waland,  Yaland,  8th 
cent. — Eng.  Waland,  Yali ant— French  Yalant.  (Frid, 
peace)  Old  Germ.  Walahfrid,  8th  cent — Eng.  Wallpree — 
French  Yalproy.  (Hcvrd,  fortifi)  Old  German  Walhart,  9th 
cent. — Fr.  %  Walla rt — Mod.  Germ.  Wahlert.  (fftmy 
warrior)  Old  Germ.  Walachar,  Walchar,  Walaheri,  Walhar, 
7th  cent. — Ang.-Sax.  Walchere,  bishop  of  Lindisfiune— 
Eng.  Walliker,  Walker,  Wallower,  Waller,  Yaller — 
Mod.  Germ.  Walcker,  Wahlbr,  Waller — Fr.  Yallery, 
Yallier,  Yalh^rb.  (Had,  war  ?)01d  Germ.  Wallod,  Yalot, 
7th  cent. — ^Eng.  Wallet,  Quallet — Fr.  Yalet.  (Bcwen^ 
ram,  ran,  corbus)  Old  German  Yalerauans.*  (Jomomdn) 
Walarammus,  Walerannus,  8th  cent. — ^Walrafan,  lAb,  VU. — 
Eng.  WjLLLRAYm  (Suff.  Sum^J — French  Yalleran.  (Man) 
Old  Germ.  Walaman,  8th  cent— Eng.  Walkman— Mod, 
Germ.  Wahlman.  (ifflw,  famous)  Old  German  Walahmar, 
(king  of  the  Ostro-GothaJ  Walmar,  6th  cent — Mod.  Germ. 
Wahlmar— French  Yalmer.  (Rand,  shield)  Old  German 
Walerand— Walerandus,  Lib,  VU. — Eng.  Walrond — ^French 
Yalerand,  Yalerant. 

*  This  Gothic  name  (=ValentT»n)  must  be  of  an  older  date  than  the  8th 
cent. 


THE  NATION    AS  THE    NAME-GIVEB.  299 

From  the  Goth,  a^a,  alius,  in  the  sense  of 
peregrinus,  foreigner,  GtbS  and  Grimm  derive 
the  foUowing  stem. 

SIMPLE  FOaM& 

Old  Germ.  Alj,  EUo,  Ella,  7th  cent       Aiig.-Saxon  EUa.    Ai,  kl 
Eng.  Ell,  Ellet,  Ella,  Fawignw. 

DIMD^UTIVES. 

Old  Germ.  AlOdn,  EUkiu,  10th  cent.     English  Allchin, 
Elkdt. 

compounds. 
(Brand,  sword)  Old  German  Aliprand,  9th  cent — French 
ALBRAjm.  (Budf  envoy)  Old  Germ.  Ellebod,  10th  cent. — 
English  Allbutt.  {Gar,  spear)  Old  German  Elger, 
5th  cent — English  Elqab,  Elliker.  (Oavd,  Goth.) 
Old  German  Eligand^  8th  cent — Eng.  Allgood,  Elgood, 
Ellaoott.  (Hardy  Ibrtis)  Old  German  Meard,  10th  cent. 
— English  Ellabd — ^Mod.  German  Ellsbt.  (HoH,  warrior) 
Old  German  Alier,  Elier,  9th  cent — ^Eng.  Ellebt.  (Mar, 
fiimous)  Old  German  Alimer,  9th  cent — Eng.  Elmobe — 
French  Elmibe.  (Ma/n)  Eng.  Elliman.  (Mnnd,  protection) 
Mmund,  DojMsday — ^Eng.  Element.  (Winn,  friend)  Old 
German  Eliwin,  9th  cent— Mwinus,  Lib.  Vit — Eng.  Elwin 
— ^French  Elloudt.  (Wis,  wise)  Eluis,  Lib.  ViL — French 
Elluis.    (Wood)  Elwod,  Lib.  Fit— Eng.  Ellwood, 

From  the  above  root  oZ  or  d,  is  formed,  in  the 
same  meaning  as  I  take  it,  the  extended  form  alis 
or  elts.  So  from  Gr.  iiKw  comes  eKia-a-w,  verso, 
volvo,  a  word  which  may  indeed  have  some 
relationship  to  the  one  in  question.  The  river- 
names  of  Germany,  Use,  Elz,  Alass,  Elison  (now 
the  Lise),  may  compare  with  the  Ilissus  and  the 
Helisson  of  Greece.  Grimm  refers  this  stem  in 
proper  names  to  the  German  tribe  of  the  Elysii 
(Tac.  Germ.)  But  the  tribe  may  derive  from  a 
word  signi^nmg  stranger,  wanderer,  faintly  traced 


300  THE  NATION  AS   THE    NAHE-QIVER. 

in  the  Old  High  Germ,  alis,  Ang.-Sax.  eUes,  Eng. 
dse^  aliter.  The  scriptural  name  Elias  may,  as 
Forstemann  remarks,  be  liable  to  intermix ;  in 
the  Liber  VitcB,  however,  it  seems  invariably  to 
be  recognized  as  distinct. 

SIMPLE  fORMa 

^,.   jg^        Old  Germ.  EUso,  Elis,  Sth  cent    Aluso^  ELeea,  genealogy 

Ptngiinni.  o/  the  kinge  qf  Northumbria.     AUz,  Alia,  Elsi,  Lib.    ViL 

Eng.  Allies,  Alice,  Ellis,  Ellicb^  Else^  Elset — ^French 

AT.f.4yff^  ElUBS, 

COMPOUNDS. 

(OoTy  spear)  Old  Qerman  AJsker,  llth  cent. — ^English 
Alsageb.     (Oaiudy  Qoth.)  Eng.  Elsegood. 

Probably  the  same  meaning  of  stranger  may 
be  fotmd  in  the  following,  which  seem  to  be  from 
Goth,  anihar,  alius,  but  with  which,  in  the  simple 
form,  the  scriptural  Andrew  is  very  apt  to  mix  up. 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Eng.  Heetdeb  9  Mod.  Germ.  Emdeb  t  Frenoli  Aitdbo  f 
AndbtI 

COMPOUinXSL 

(Audy  prosperity)  Old  Qerman  Andriaad,  9tli  cent, — 
Er.  Akdraub.  (Berg,  protection)  Old  Qerm.  Andreberga, 
8th  cent — Mod  Qerman  AjBTDEBBURa.  (Oau,  spear)  Old 
GemL  Andragais^  4th  cent — Fr.  Antbatoues,  Entbagues. 

Names  from  the  points  of  the  compass,  as 
North,  South,  East,  and  West,  may  be  included 
in  this  chapter.  The  ancient  terminations,  a,  t,  o, 
(which  it  will  be  seen  are  in  some  cases  still  pre- 
served), would  give  them  the  force  of  "  one  from 
the  north,''  "  one  from  the  south,"  &c. 
SIMPLE  foemb. 
North.  ^^^  GerxsL  Nordo,  Nordi,  Nord,  9th  cent    Eng.  Kobtr, 

BoTMUfc  NoBTHET,  NoBBiE.     Mod.  Qerman  Nobd,  Nobis.    French 
NoBT,  Naubt. 


THE  NATION    AS  THE    NAMB-GIYEB.  301 

DmUNUTlVJGa 

Old  German  Norlinc,  8th  cent  Engliah  Noblav. 
ooMPOxrin)s. 
{Bertf  fiunona)  Old  Germ.  Nordbeit,  Norbert^  7t1i  cent. 
— ^French  Nobbebt.  (Gaud,  Gfoth.)  Old  Germ.  Northgaud, 
Norgaudy  9tli  cent — "Eng.  NoBTHCXxrr )  Nobqate  ?  Noboott? 
Nabbowooat  f — French  Noubigat.  (Gtut,  guest)  Old  Germ. 
Norigaa,  for  Norigast,  8th  cent — Eng.  Nobquest.  (Hwri, 
warrior)  Old  German  Nordheri,  Nortier,  8th  cent — ^French 
NoBTiEB.  (Man)  Old  Germ.  Nordeman,  Norman,  8th  cent 
— Eng.  NoBMAK — Mod.  Germ.  Ngbdjcabk,  NoBicAinr.  {Mafr^ 
fitmons)  Old  Germ.  Nordmar,  9th  cent — Eng.  Nobthmobb, 
Nobbamobb — ^Mod.  Germ.  Nobdmeteb.  Engliah  Nobfobs 
north-faring  t    Eng.  NoBTHEiiST  % — French  Nobest  % 

From  the  Old  High  Germ,  sund,  sunt,  Ang.- 
Sax.  9iUh,  Eng.  south,  we  may  take  the  following. 
The  Ang.-Sax.  sund,  sea^  is  a  word  that  might 
intermix. 

SIMPLE  FOBMS. 

Old  Germ.  Snndo.  Ang.-Saz.  Sunt  or  Santa  (found  m 
SuMtwQa  gwnof&ro,  the  boundary  of  the  SwUings,  Cod,  Dip, 
445).  Ang.-Sax.  Silth*  (found  apparmUy  in  SiMstwyrth^ 
Cod  Dip,  314).   English  South,  Southet,  Suhdat.    French 

SoUDATy  SOUTT. 

C0MP0UND& 

(Hard,  fortis)  Old  German  Sunthard,  8th  cent-- Engliah 
SouTHABD.t  (ffari,  -warrior)  Old  Geiman  Sunthar,  Sum* 
thahar,  7th  cent — English  Sueteb,  SuMFTEBy  Suthebt — 
French  SounnsB.  (Ulf,  wolf)  Old  Germ.  Snntnlf,  7th  cent. 
— French  Soutif. 

PHONEnO  BNDIKO. 

Suihen,  Lib.  ViL    English  Southov,  Sudden.     French 

SOUDEV. 


*  Thtn  IM  oOmt  Iimm  of  tUi  wwd  m  a  pflnonal  bum  In  Um  Cod.  Di^,— 
for  ImlMioi^  SoufhUac;  found  in  SonthlfaglAh,  Ood.  Dip.  881;  and  oompTing 
villi  A  Mod.  Gomaa  Sinri»Lzv— 8athb«rht»  foond  In  SttthbwrhtlngiilOTd,  Ood. 
Dt|k  1,088. 

t  lUj  be  ft  ootrnptton  of  ftnothor  name  Souikwajux  Afain— Sontbwftid 
BMj  bo  obJ^  ft  BditeluB  ftMompt  to  nett^  Soottuad. 


302  THE  NATION    Afi  THE  NAMS-GlVmL 

VXTKSmED  FOBM  IK  0r 

EngliBh  BouTHSB.      Frencli  Sonpbb. 
ooMPotnn). 
fUl/,  wolf)  Old  Geim.  Sondarolf^  8th  o^t.   Mod.  Genn. 

8ihn>REH0FF. 

Names  derived  from  the  east  were  most 
common  among  the  Franks^  which^  as  Foistemann 
observes^  is  to  be  accoimted  for  hj  their  being 
the  most  west-lying  of  the  Grerman  peoples,  and 
of  course  having,  for  the  most  part,  come  from 
the  east.  Among  the  Saxons,  whose  course  was 
northward,  he  observes  that  these  names  were 
almost  entirely  wanting.  Nevertheless — at  pre- 
sent it  seems  to  me  that  they  are  more  common 
in  English  than  in  French. 

BIMPLB  FOBMB. 

Oil,  KMt        Old  German  Osta.      English  OsT,  Hosts,  Owbt,  Yost, 
OiiMtaite.  East,  'Eamty,  Easio.    Mod.  Germazi  Oflt. 

DmXKUnYBB. 

Old  QeniL  Axwtilo,  Stli  eeiiL^-Eng.  Ostklk^  AobtelIu 

OOMPOVTHDa 

(Man J  Eng.  Eastkan — Mod.  Gemu  OsniABK.  (i^«r, 
&moii8)  English  EAffTMUBE — Daii«  OsnoB.  (Bad,  oounsel) 
Old  Qarman  AiutrMl,  8th  cent. — ^Mod.  Gram.  Obtkkrath^ 
Enneh  Ostakd  {^r  to  hard). 

The  extended  form  oster  or  eccster  is  more 
common  than  the  simple  form  ost  or  etist.  It  ia 
possible  that  in  some  eases  theie  may  be  a  refer- 
ence to  the  goddess  Ostara  or  Eastre,  but  I  think 
in  general  that  it  is  only  the  same  word  as  o^ 
or  east. 

MMFLEWOmiBk 

^^  Old  Oerm.  Oster.    Eng.  Easteb,  Otbtbb.     Mod.  Genn. 

Obbteb.    French  Oubtbia. 


THB  NATION   AS  THB    NAMS-OITICB.  808 

00MPOUKD& 

(Burg,  protection)  Old  German  Ostarptirc,  9tli  cent.— - 
Sng.  Easterbbook.  (Dag,  day)  Eng.  Eastbrday* — Mod. 
Qerm.  OsTEBTAa.  (€h>$y  Gotk)  Old  Qerm.  Atutiigoaa)  wife 
of  the  Lombard  king  Wacho — French  Astobgis.  (Mar^ 
fiimous)  Old  Qerm.  Austrimiry  9th  cent. — Eng.  Ostebmoob 
— Mod.  Qerman  Obtebmbieb.  {Mam)  Old  German  Anstre- 
mooiuBy  6th  cent. — English  OTSTEBMANt — Mod.  German 
Ostebmank.  (Rio^  rule)  Old  German  Anstorioy  10th  cent — 
English  OcrrBiCH. 

Names  derived  from  the  west  seem  to  have 
been  the  least  common  of  all. 

SIMPLE  lOBMS. 

English  West,  Vest,  Vebtt.    French  Vurro  f  ooJaI^ 

nniUNUTiVEs. 
English  Webtall^  Yebtal. 

OOMFOUNDa 

(Man)  English  Westkan.  (Rai,  counsel)  Old  German 
Westrat,  9th  cent. — French  1  Vestbabtb.  Eng.  Wbbtfall 
— Mod.  Germ.  Westphal  »  Westphalian. 

EXTENDED  FOBM. 

English  Westeb.     French  Yestieb. 

OOHPOUNDS. 

(Da^,  day)  English  Westekday,  Testekday.J  (ifan) 
Old  German  Wistremand,  7th  cent. — English  Westebmab, 
Ybstebmas — ^Mod.  Germ.  WBSTBBXAinff. 

We  now  come  to  names  derived  from  those 
of  ancient  German  tribes^  and  of  the  races  which 
bordered  upon  them.  But  here  an  important 
question  suggests  itself  Are  the  names  of  men 
derived  from  those  of  the  nation — or  may  not 

•Hii^tbetappoMd  tobefrom  the  ChzlatUii  f ertlM  bat  It  ntiMr  mmb» 
to  be  the  nme  u  an  Old  Gennan  Ostdag.    Oompue  alao  the  name  Wbrbboat. 

t  A  N«ir  ToEk  name,  but  periiape  oolj  a  coRnptfan  oC  the  Gkmm 
Oatennann. 

X  TMzm>AT  Bright  be  a  ooovptUm  either  of  Baotudat  or  Wwtiboat. 


304  THE   NATION  AS  THE   NAKE-OIYIBB. 

both,  at  least  in  some  cases,  be  from  the  same 
ancient  origin  1  Thus,  if  Jute  signifies  giant — 
if  Friese  (or  Frisian)  signifies  comatus,  curled — 
if  Wend  signifies  wanderer — ^may  not  the  names 
of  men  be  carried  back  to  the  same  ancient 
source,  and  have  the  same  meaning  1  This  is  a 
difficult  question  to  answer,  and  I  think  that  in 
fact  both  ways  do  probably  obtain. 

From  the  ancient  tribe  of  the  Suevi,  Suavi, 
Suebi,  or  Suabi  (whence  the  present  Swabia), 
may  be  the  following.  Zeuss  refers  the  name  to 
Old  High  German  suipan,  ferri.  Mod.  German 
schwehen.  I  also  suggest  Old  Norse  aveipr,  a 
curl  or  lock  of  hair,  because  the  whole  of  the 
Suevi,  who  comprehended  several  tribes,  were 
noted,  according  to  Tacitus,  by  a  peculiar  way  of 
fastening  the  hair  up  into  a  knot. 

SniPLB  FORMS. 

g^^  Old  Q«nnan  Suabo,  Suap,  Suppo,  8th  cent.    Swvsppa, 

BwaidML  Ang.-Sax.  geneaL     Eng.  Swabb^  Swabet,  Swaaf,  Sweebt. 

Mod.  Germ.  Schwabe,  Schweppb,  Buppe  ?      French  SouPi^ 

BoUPiy  SOUPEAU.  

DnaNunvEB. 
Old  German  Snabilo,  Suapilo,  8th  cent. — ^Eng.  Supple — 
Mod  German  SchwJLble — French  Soxtplt,  Supply,  Sobbel. 

OOMPOUNDa 

(Hari,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Suabheti,  9th  cent — ^English 
Soupeb— Fr.  SouPiB.  (Wald,  power)  Old  Germ.  Suapold, 
9th  cent — French  Soupault. 

From  the  Varini,  Werini,  Wami,  or  Wems, 
whose  name  Zeuss  derives  from  Old  High  Germ. 
ivarjan,  to  defend,  may  be  the  following.  Graff 
places  the  names  to  the  above  Old  German  stem, 
but  Forstemann  proposes  also  the  people's  name. 


THB  NATION    AS  THB    NAMS-GIVSR.  305 

SDfPLB  FOBMB. 

Old  Qermaii  Warm,  Ghiarin,  WamOy  Wemo,  Wem,  7th  wuiii, 

oent.    EngliBh  Wabbev,  Waknb,  Ybknet.      Mod  German  Wan. 

Wahbev,  Wkbiol   French  Wajuit,  GuiBOTy  Qubbnb,  Yaiuk,  ^•™* 
Yjlbikat,  Yshnxt,  Ymustay,  Yebmxau. 

DDOKUnYEa 

Old  Germ.  Wemicho — Eng.  Wabnook — ^Mod.  German 
Wabneokx — French  YABAGKiAa  Old  German  Werinela, 
9th  cent. — 'Eng.  Yabkell — French  Wbbnl^  Ykbhsl.  Old 
Gennan  Wemiza^   11th  cent. — ^English  Yabni8H — French 

YXBSAZ. 

OOMFOUNDe. 

(Aud,  proeperitj)  French  Yebnau©.  (Burg,  protection) 
Old  Cterman  Werinbuig^  8th  cent. — English  Wabbebtbubt. 
(OiHtd,  Goth.)  Old  German  Warengand,  7th  cent. — French 
Yabanoot.  {H<vrd)  Old  Germ.  Wemhart,  8th  cent— Mod. 
German  Wkbnbbt — French  Yebhebt.     {Hari,  warrior)  Old  • 

German  Warenher,  Warner,  Werner,  Gnamer,   7th  cent. 

English  Wabbknkb,  Wabneb,  Webneb,  YEBmsB— Modem 
German  Wabneb,  Webneb — French  Ouabnieb,  Wajelinieb, 
Yabnibb,  Yebnieb,  GuEiNiBB.  (Eod,  war)  Old  German 
Wamad,  8th  cent — English  Wabnett— French  Wabnbt, 
Yebnet.  {Red,  counsel)  Old  Germ.  Werinred,  9th  cent- 
French  Yebnebet. 

From  the  tribe  of  the  Jutes  Fdrstemaim  and 
Zeuss  derive  the  following  ancient  namea 

SDfPLE  FOBMBw 

Old  German  Judo,  Juto,  Judda,  Jutta,  Yuto,  8th  oent  j^  ^^ 
English  JuDD,  JooTH,  Yept.      Mod.  German  JitDK,  JifriB.     jute. 
Dutch  Jut.    French  Judeau,  Judb,  Jutbau. 

DDflNUTlVEl 

French  Juttel.     English  Judkin.     French  Jxtdlin. 

PATB0NTHIC& 

Old  German  Judinga^  8th  cent — Ang.-Sazon*  Ytting 
(fcfixnd  m  Tttingea  hldw,  Cod  Dip.  1,IU,  and  eUewhere.J 
Eng.  JuTTiNO.     Eng.  JtmsoN,  Jotson. 

•  Tfc»  Aag.'Ux.  tarm  Yim  IoU»  Jnto. 
M  2 


806  VBE   VAXION   Afi  THE  If AHBH3IVE& 

otmroujiiNiL 
(J7or^  warrior)  Fmidi  Jutibl    (Mmn)  Eng.  TsAfiiAV. 
(Bat^  ooonael)  Old  Qerm.  Joind,  8th  cent— Ftenoh  J<ynAr» 
(Wme,  Mend)  Old  Qerm.  Jodain,  llth  oenl— Eng.  Jmwnr, 
JsuDwiHs-— French  Jonnv. 

From  the  name  of  the  Franks  may  probably 
be  derived  the  following.  Though  common  in  its 
simple  form,  this  does  not  oft^i  occur  in  com* 
pounds,  which  may  perhaps  be  attributed  to  the 
more  recent  origin  of  the  name,  it  having  been 
given  to  a  confederation  of  diflferent  tribes. 

SIMFLB  rOBMS. 

Ch»  Wn»kL  Old  Germ.  Franco,  Frando,  Frenko,  5th  cent  l^nglM^K 
Frajtk,  Franco,  Fbange  f  Fbshch  f  Mod.  Germ.  Fbangkb^ 
JPbjlsk,  French  Fbahg^  FaAKQin^  Franco^  Fraiige% 
Fbakoia,  France^  Francbt,  Franz. 

DDOMUTlVJBi 

Old  Germ.  Francola,  5th  cent. — ^EngUsh  Franddl     Old 
Germ.  Francolin,  8th  cent. — Eng..  Frankun — ^Mod.  Germ. 
Frankun — ^French  Franqxtzlin,  FRANcnjx)N. 
phonetic  xndino. 

Old  German  Franchin,  8th  cent      French  Franquin. 
ItaL  Franconi  f 

OOKFOTmiNl 

(ffard)  Old  Germ.  Francaid,  6th  cent.-— Eng.  Fbancoxtbt 
— IVenchf  Frankaebt. 

I  find  no  ancient  names  to  throw  any  light 
upon  the  following  group,  which  I  think  may 
perhaps  be  derived  from  the  tribe  of  the  Chauci 
or  CaucL*  The  commonness  of  these  names  in 
French  would  be  accounted  for  by  this  being  one 
of  the  tribes  which  formed  the  Francic  confedera- 
tion. However,  I  only  bring  forward  the  subject 
as  one  for  further  enquiry. 

•  Thn*  mN  alM  MKHlMr  tifbs  odM  tiM  GhanloL 


TfiB  KATIOM   AS   THB  NAHE-QIVBR.  307 

ampLi  voBMa. 
Bngliah  Chale,  Chalxxt,  Cauls.     Franoh  OHAXiasYf''^^'^*^'^ 
Chauss^  Oaxtchb^  Cauchy,  Choqu&  "  ^'^ 

PUimUTlVHL  PATBONTiaOB, 

Eng.  Chalxlen.  Eng.  Qalkukq,  GAULKDra 

00MPOXTKD& 

(Hard)  IVench  Cbabsahd,  Gauchabd.  (Sari,  warrior) 
BiigiiA  Ghalkbb,  Ghauobb — Mod.  Germ.  KaTiKKH — ^French 
Chaussixb,  Ghoqub.     (Man)  Eng.  Kalexav. 

From  the  Falii  or  Falians^  (whence  the  name 
of  Westphalia,)  Forstemaim  derives  a  root  fal, 
falah^  in  ancient  German  names. 

SIHPLXrOBMa. 

Old  Qerman  Falho,  FaL  English  Fall^  Faixow,  Faii^  The  FdU, 
FeiiLOW  f  Mod.  Germ.  Fahl.  French  Faullb,  Faulbau,  ^  **»««• 
Fallou,  Faille. 

EXTENDED  F0SM=FALIAN. 

Engliflh  Fallon.    French  Faxtlon. 
From  the  name  of  the  Hessians  is  probably 
the  following  stem,  which  is,  however,  very  di£Bicult 
to  separate  from  another,  haz,  p.  169.    Also  from 
am,  as,  semideus,  p.  119. 

SIMPLE  VOBHa 

Old  Germ.  HasBO,  Asao,  Hessi,  8th  cent.     English  Habs,  Hmi,  h«i. 
Hesse,  Hesset.    Mod.  Germ.  Hass,  Hess.    French  Hassb, 

T^fqiygp  HeSZ. 

EXTENDED  FOBMsENO.    "  HESSDLN." 

Eng.  Hassan,  Hesson,  Hbssion.    French  Hassan. 

There  is  a  stem,  sal,  ad,  rather  common  in 
ancient  names,  for  which  Forstemann  proposes 
scdo,  dark,  (Eng.  ^^salloV),  sal,  hall,  or  Goth. 
sds,  benignus.  I  think  it  probable,  however, 
that  at  least  a  portion  may  be  placed  to  the  name 
of  the  SaUi,  a  tribe  of  Franks  (whence  the  Salic 
law  in  France). 


308  THE  NATION    AS   THE  NAMB-GITER. 

aiMPLB    lOBMB. 

8^  8^         Old  Qennan  Salo,  Sallo,  Salla^  SelK  /jfth  oeat.      8d]a» 

Lib.  VU.    Eng.  Salb,  Sala,  Sell,  Skllet.     Mod.  Qerman 

SAHLy  Skllb,  Sxllo.      French  Salle,  Sall^  Sala,  Saillt, 

Sellb.  

DmiNumnHi 

Old  Gemum  Salaoo,  6th  ooDt. — English  Seluox — ^Mod. 
German  Selke.  Old  Oennon  Saliao,  9th  cent — Enj^iflh 
SALLESy  Sellis — French  Salesse,  GeleehuBp  Gelb. 

PATBONTiaCB. 

Old  Germ.  Salinga,  wi/e  of  the  Lowha/rd  king  Waeho,  6th 
cent    Engliflh  Selling. 

OOMPOUNIM. 

{Bald,  bold)  Old  German  Salabald,  9th  cent— French 

Selabelle.     (Fridf  peace)  Old  German  Salafrid,  9th  cent — 

French  Salfrat.     {F<ut,  firm)  French  Saillofest  t*    {0<4 

Goth.)  Salgot  (Saxo.) — French  Saligot.      (ffariy  warrior) 

Old  German  Salaher,  8th  cent. — English  Sellab,  Sailob — 

Fr.  Sallieb,  Sellier,  Oellier.    (Hard)  French  Saillabd, 

Salabd,  Gellabd.     (Mem)  Old  German  Salaman,  Saleman, 

Seliman,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Salakon  (apparently  not  Jewish)^ 

Salmon,  Saleman,  Sel9can — Modem  German  Sallkank — 

French  Salmon.     (Bam,  rcuiy  raven)  Old  German  Salaram, 

9th  cent. — French  Salleron,  Sellebin,  Gellebin.    (Wig, 

wi,  war)  Old  German  Selwich — English  Sallawat,  Selwat. 

(Dio,  thiuy  servant)  Old  German  Saladio,  8th  cent. — ^French 

Salath£ 

extended  F0BM="SALIAN." 

Ang.-Sazon  Salenn.     English  Sellon.     French  Salin, 

Saliony,  Selzn. 

compound. 

(FaH,  firm)  French  Saillenfest. 
It  is  probable  that  there  are  many  names  from 
the  Gothsy  but  the  root  is  a  very  difficult  one  to 
deal  with,  mixing  up  with  good,  bonus,  and 
perhaps  with  got^  deus.  Goth  itself  (a  Yorkshire 
name),  might  be  supposed  to  be  most  certainly 

*  W«  li*T«  no  rare  iavUaoe  of  tUa  word  m  an  a&dlBff.   Oompvo  AiiovlfliUi 
p.  95. 


THB   NATION    AS   THE  NAMIH^IYER.  309 

from  the  nation.  Tet  Forstemonn  refers  the  Old 
German  names  Gotho  and  Goth,  8th  cent.,  to  the 
other  stem,  while  at  the  same  time — not  quite 
consistently,  as  it  seems  to  me — he  derives  the 
Mod.  Germ,  names  Gothe  and  Goethe  from  the 
nation.  I  will  not  attempt  to  divide  the  two 
stems,  but  I  bring  in  here  the  form  goz^  which 
Grinun»  Graff,  and  Forstemann  concur  in  making 
another  form  oi  gaud,  Goth. 

BIMPUB  FORMS. 

Old  Qerm.  Gozo,  Qaiuo,  Qau^  Gossa,  Jozo,  Con>,  Gauzo,     ^^ 
Sth  cent.      Goza^  Lib.  Vit.     English  Qoss,  Goose,  Goosbt,    goUi. 
GoozE,  Gausb,  Gausby,  Gose,  Gosset,  Gooze.     Mod.  Germ. 
Gause,  Gose,  Gbss;  Koss.    French  Gauzet,  Gobse,  Gousse, 

JOSSE,  JOSSEAU,  JOSSU,  JOZEAU,  JoUSSE,  GOSSE^  GOSS^  GOZB^ 

Gozzi,  GoussT,  Gausse. 

DIMINUTIVES. 

Old  German  Gozekin,  11th  cent — Eng.  Josktk — Mod 
Germ.  Ctoseken,  Goschen — French  GosQunr.  Old  German 
Gauzilin,  Gozlin,  Joscelin,  8th  cent. — Gozelin  (Domeaday) — 
English  GosLiK,  Goslikq,  Joslin — ^Mod.  German  Goslxkg — 
French  Gosselin,  Jousselin,  Josselin.  Old  Germ.  €ku>zaich, 
8th  cent — Eng.  Gossack — French  Gauziqu^  Gozio. 

PUONETIG  ENDIKO. 

Old  German  Gozasuni,  8th  cent.  Gosin  (ffund,  EoHU)' 
Eng.  Gaussen,  Gossov,  Gousin.  French  Gossnr,  Gausseet, 
JozAir,  Gossnr,  Gaubin,  Gousin,  Gouzineau. 

COMPOUNDS. 

{Baidy  bold)  Old  German  Gauzebald,  8th  cent— English 
Gosbell,  €k>SFELL.  {EM,  state,  condition)  Old  German 
Oaosheid,  9th  cent — ^English  Gosset) — French  Gaussadb, 
Gaussat,  Gosset  t  Josset  ?  {Hard)  Old  German  Goshart, 
Gozart,  Gozhart^  8th  cent — ^Eng.  Gozzabd,  Gossabt — ^French 
Gossakd,  Gossabt,  Gauzabd.  {Hari,  warrior)  Old  German 
Ganzer,  Gozhere^  8th  cent — Eng.  €k>ZAB,  Gosieb,  Gauseb — 
French  Goussebt,  Jossibb.     {Helm)  Old  German  Goshelm, 


Th0 
DudnttT 


SIO  THB  NATION    AS  TQB   NAMB-OIVBB. 

JooBEehn^  8th  oant-^-French  Oobsiou,  JoflBB^uxB.  (Baim, 
ran^  rftyen)  Old  G^erm.  Cozram,  Sth  cent — ^Eng.  GtosHEBov— » 
French  Oaussxrajt.  (Leih,  carmen)  Old  Germ.  Gofdeih,  8th 
cent — Eng.  Gosleel  (Lind,  gentle)  Old  German  Ganzlind, 
8ih  cent — ^English  Goslahd,  Jo8Lijn>  (or  from  hmdf  terra). 
(Man J  Eng.  Ooosbmak — ^Siod.  German  GoaaMAir— French 
Cosid^NK  (i^or^  famous)  Old  Germ.  Gosmar,  8th  oent^* 
English  GosxEii — ^Mod  Germ.  Cobxab.  {yw,  young)  Old 
Grerman  Oozniw,  Cozni — French  Cosve,  Oosnuau.  (Raty 
oounsel)  Old  Germ.  Gozzaiat^  9th  cent. — French  Oossebet. 
(Rand,  shield)  French  Joossblaxd,  Joussxbanu  (Wealk, 
stranger)  Old  German  OoBwaIh»  9th  cent — Eng.  Qoswelu 
{Wald,  poirer)  Old  German  Gausoald,  8ih  oent^-Bo^^ 

GkMWOLD. 

Zeuss  refers  the  following  stem  to  the  name 
of  the  Danduti,  in  which  Graff  and  Forstemamx 
also  seem  to  agree. 

SmPUB  BOBMB. 

Old  Germ«n  Dando,  I>endi,  Tando,  Tanto,  9th  cent ; 
DanzOy  Tanao,  8th  cent.  Ang.-Bax.  Daunt  (/ound'perhiapif 
in  Dofunteaboum,  Cod.  Dip.  384).  Dando,  Dandi  (Hutid 
EoUi).  English  Dakp,  Dakoo,  Davdt,  Dshbt,  DAiKTr, 
DAiniT»  TAJra,  Tent,  TA2n)Ty  Davgi^  Daxgst,  Tahbet. 
French  Dasdou,  Daktt,  Dshtv,  Tanpou»  Davsi^  TsBroifL 
ItaL  Dante? 

DDONUTlVJfiB. 

Old  Germ.  Tantulo,  8th  cent. — ^Eng.  Tendall,  Tanbell 
— ^French  Dakzel— ItaL  DakdoIiO.  Old  German  Dantlin, 
Dentlin,  10th  cent. — ^Eng.  Dandelyon — French  Dsnulledt, 

TKNAHiLOH.  

PflOKETIO  BNDINO. 

Ikiglish  TANTDHy  Danson.     French  DANTONy  Tandon, 

Tanton. 

oqmpounm. 
(i7an(  fbrtis)  French  Dansabd,  (£rar%  warrior)  Daontre 
(s,  Danntherl  t)  JMl  BatU  ii&&.— English  Dakgbb  )— French 
Dantieb.     (TTvm^  friend)  Tanduini,  Lib.  Yil. — ^Fr.  Dantot 
TEVBSvnr. 


tHB  NATION   AB   THS  NAMB-GlVmU  311 

Then  there  is  a  stem  dan,  which  FSrstemann 
thinks  may  be,  at  least  in  part,  from  the  name 
of  the  Danes.  It  seems,  probable,  however,  that 
it  is  sometimes  only  a  degenerate  form  of  dand, 
and  in  one  or  two  instances  I  have  so  classed  it. 

BDCPLB  roBica 
Old  Geiman  Dano,  Danno,  Denno,  Tanno,  Texmo,  Sthji^j^,^^^ 
cent.    T)ene^  Lib,  VU,     English  Dakb,  Dana,  Dahk,  "Dmnst^ 
DB2nnr,  Deak,  Takk,  Tsn.     Mod  Qerman  Dakk,  Dehit, 
Tahhs.    French  Dan,  Danne,  Danet,  Tainne. 

DIMlMUTlVJfii. 

Old  Oenn.  Tanucho,  9th  cent. — Eng.  TAKNoCK-^French 
DEiTEOHAn.  Old  Germ.  Danila^  Teuil,  7th  cent. — English 
Dannell,  Denkbli^  Tenrellt — ^French  Dansl^  Dahexxs^ 
Tanlat. 

pataokymicb. 
Old  German  Daning,  Dening — Eng.   Denning.      Eng. 
DEiraoK,*  DsNUOK,  Tenhtsoh — ^French  Tennebon. 

PHONETIO  SNDIKG. 

EDglish  Dannav.    French  Danin,  Dehin. 

OOMPOUNDa 

(And,  life,  spirit)  English  Tennant — ^French  Denant. 
(Bwrg,  protection)  Old  German  Danabnrg,  10th  cent. — 
Frendi  t  Dannebbrg.  {Frid,  peace)  Old  German  Danafrid, 
8th  cent. — English  Danfobd  %  (Omui,  Goth.)  Old  German 
Danegand,  8th  cent, — ^Mod  German  Dankegott  ? — French 
JhsMioELAxnx  (Hard,  fortis)  Old  Germ.  Denihart,  8th  centL 
— Ang.-Sax.  Deneheard  (fwmd  u>  LcBvytikMrdeB  hegercewe,'^ 
Cod.  Dip.  272)— Eng.  Denhabd — ^French  Denabd,  Denebt, 
Tenabb.  {OofT,  spear)  Old  Germ.  Thanger,  9th  cent — ^Bng. 
Dangeb — ^Modern  German  Danneckeb — French  Denbcheb, 
Dencbe,  Denaiqbe,  Tanqbe.  {Hari,  irarrior)  Eng.  Dbnteb, 
Danneb,  Tanner — French  Denieb,  Dennebt,  TaniIxe,  Tan- 

*  I  do  aoi  feal  wan  of  these  names.  Thej  might  be  the  aame  m  Tanton,  Ae., 
hi  the  pNflow  groopk    See  also  Benson*  Bnnsen,  Ao.,  p^  SUL 


312  THE    NATION   AS  THE    NAMB-GIVEB. 

KSUB.  (If an  J  Eng.  Dsnman,  Tehneman.  (Bed,  oooiiBel) 
Old  Germ.  Tennared,  6t1i  cent. — French  Takradb,  Tsnbkt. 
(Ul/,  wolf)  Old  German  Tlianol^  lOth  cent— Ang. -Saxon 
Denewulf— Eng.  Denolf — French  Dekeff,  Denaiffb. 

From  the  tribe  of  the  Ambrones  Zeuss  and 
Forstemann  derive  the  word  aniber  in  proper 
names — the  latter  also  suggesting  that  the  b  may 
be  only  euphonic  and  the  proper  form  amar,  in 
which  case  it  might  be  an  allied  word  to  amal, 
p.  143. 

SIMPLE  F0B3ia 

j^^  Ang.-Saxon  Amber  (fovnd  in  Ambresbyrig,  now  Amet- 

bury,  Ambrededh,  now  Ombersly.)    Eng.  Ambeb,  Haxfeb^ 
Embeb^  I11BE&*    French  Ampaibe,  Empaieb,  Embbt. 
DuaNunyEa. 
Old  German  Ambricho,  Embiicho,  Lnbrico^  ffth  cent. — 
Eng.  AjfBBn>GE  9 

The  Frisian  or  Friese  (Ang.-Saxon  Fiysa^) 
appears  to  give  the  name  to  the  following.  Accord- 
ing to  Richthoven  this  people's  name  is  allied  to 
French  ymcr,  Eng.  frizde,  and  signifies  comaJtus, 
curled — ^the  wearing  of  the  hair  long  or  curled 
being  considered  among  the  German  tribes  as  a 
badge  of  the  freeman  and  the  hero.  According  to 
Zeuss  it  is  derived  firom  Goth,  fraisan,  tentare, 
Ang.-Sax.^4sa,  periculum,  in  the  sense  of  valour 
or  courage.  In  this  case,  and  perhaps  in  any 
case,  we  may  include  the  form  fras. 

SIMPLE  FOBM& 

Fri«M,  Old  Germ.  Friaso,  Friso,  Yras,  8th  cent.     Eng.  Fbeeze, 

^^^'^^    Fbasl      Mod.  German  Friess.      French  Fkise,  Fratsse, 

F&AfiET. 

*  Might  be  referred  to  the  YmbrM  of  the  Tr»Teaer's  Song,  whom  Lappen- 
betg  n&ppoeei  to  be  the  Imben  of  the  Ide  of  Femem.  Thorpe  engfafte  that  tbeee 
Imben  might  be  %  remiumt  of  the  Ambronei. 


TH£  NATION    AS  THE    NAME-OITER.  313 

KJLTKNim)  VOmMsUrO.  FBIUAK.* 

French  FBiaov ,  FsEsaoir. 

Then  there  are  several  names  which  maybe 
derived  firom  peoples  not  themselves  Teutonic, 
yet  who  bordered  upon,  or  might  be  partially 
intermixed  with,  the  German  tribes.  Thus  we 
find  that  the  Anglo-Saxons  had  several  names 
compounded  with  Peht  or  Pict  ;t  I  have  sug- 
gested a  possible  reason  at  p.  295  ;  I  do  not 
think,  with  Mr.  Kemble,  that  an  intermixture  of 
blood  is  necessarily  to  be  assumed. 

From  the  Boii,  a  Celtic  tribe  who  gave  the 
name  to  Boioaria,  now  Bavaria»  Forstemann 
derives  the  stem  hoi  in  proper  names.  There 
appear  to  be  three  forms — first,  the  simple  form 
found  in  the  name  of  the  Boii — ^secondly,  the 
extended  form  found  in  German  Baviar — ^and 
thirdly,  the  further  extended  form  found  in  Eng. 
Bavarian. 

SIMPLE  FOBMa 

Old  G«rmaa  Boio,  Beio,  Peio,  7th  oent.      Ang.-Sazon  The  boil 
Boia.      Eng.  Boy,  Bye,  Pye.     Mod  Genn.  Boys.     Fr^ch 
Boy,  Boy4  Poy,  ForiL 

OOMPOUNDA. 

{Hard,  fortu)  Eng.  Byabd — French  Boyasd,  Poy^bd, 
PoYABT.     (Mom)  Eng.  Boyman,  Pymak. 

EXTE]n>BD  FOBHsOESM.  BAVIAS. 

(Md  Germ.  Baior,  Peior,  9th  cent      Eng.  Boyeb,  Byeb. 
Frenidi  Bovsb,  Boybbau,  Poye& 

OOMPOUNB. 

(ifcm)  English  Beybbm AV. 

*  PoMiUj  another  ateaded  form  maj  be  found  In  Enf .  FmASSE,  F&xczok, 


t  Our  name  Pzotubb  (Begtatemr-OenenJ's  retain}  seenu  rather  probably  to 
be  from  thii  oi)|^  repreeenttng  an  Ang.-Saz.  Peethere  or  Pehtheie. 

N  2 


314  THE   NATION   AS    THE    NAME-GIVER. 

BXTBNDSD  FOBMsBKO.  BAVABIAN. 

Old  OetUL  Beiarin,  8th  cent.  French  Boirok,  Botbok, 
From  the  name  of  the  Huns  Forstemann 
derives  the  following  stem,  observing  however 
that  the  root  un  {unna,  dare,  or  un,  negative),  is 
very  liable  to  intermix.  It  is  further  to  be 
observed  that  if  Hun,  as  Grimm  suggests,  sig- 
nifies giant,  this  may  also  be  the  meaning  in 
proper  names. 

SIMPLE  FORMS 

The  Hnni.  ^^^  German  Huno,  Hani,  Hun|  8th  cent  Hon,  a  king 
of  the  netware  (Trtwdler^s  8ong).  Honey  ("Hwnd.  Bolls  J. 
Eng.  HuNN,  HoNBT.     Mod  Genn.  Huhn,  Hunk, 

DDONUnyES. 

Old  German  Hunico,  10th  cent. — Honoc,  Lib.  VU. — 
English  HuNNEX — Modem  German  Hoxicke,  Honkb — 
French  Hokache.  Old  Geiman  Hunichin,  10th  cent. — 
English  HuNKiNG — Mod.  GeroL  HuNECKEir.  Old  German 
Hunzo,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Hokiss,  Hunks. 

OOMPOUNDS. 

(Bert,  bright)  Old  German  Hunbert,  Humbert,  8th  cent. 
— ^Ang.-Sax.  Hunberht,  bishop  of  Lichfield — Mod.  German 
HuKBEBT — French  Humbert.  (Bald,  bold)  Old  German 
Hunibald,  8th  cent.,  Humbold,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Honeybali^ 
Hunibal — Modern  German  Humboldt — French  Humbuxt. 
(Frid,  peace)  Old  Grerman  Hunfirid,  Homfrid,  8ih  cent. — 
Ang.-Sax.  Hunfrith,  bishop  of  Winchester — Eng.  HuMPmiET 
— French  Honfray.  (Ger,  spear)  Old  Germ.  Hunger,  8th 
cent — English  Hunger — Mod.  German  Hunger — French 
HoNGRE,  HoNACKER.  (GmU,  goz,  Goth.)  Old  Germ.  Hungoz, 
9th  cent — Eng.  Hunqate.  (Hwrd)  Old  Germ.  Hunard,  8th 
cent — ^English  HuKKARD—Mod.  Germ.  Huhnert — French 
HoNKARD.  (Hari,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Honher,  8th  cent. — 
English  HoNiTER — Mod.  German  Honer.  (Man J  Honiman 
(Hund.  BoUsJ. — English  Honetman — Mod.  Germ.  HoKio- 
MANN,  HuNNEMANN.     (B<U,  couuscl)  Old  Germ.  Honrad^  9th 


THE   NATION    AS   THE    NAME-GIVER.  315 

cent. — French  Honobat.  (Waldf  power)  Old  Germ.  Hun- 
wald,  Hunoald,  8th  cent. — Hunewald,  Lib,  VU. — English 
HuNHOLD — Mod.  Germ.  Hunold — French  Hunault 

From  the  name  of  the  Fins  Forstemann 
derives  the  following  stem,  found  in  five  Old 
Grerman  names,  observing  that  as  the  Fins  have 
been  neighbours  of  the  Germans  ever  since  the 
time  of  Tacitus,  it  would  be  surprising  if  no  names 
had  been  derived  from  them.  The  same  remark 
applies  to  the  Northmen,  among  whom  the  name 
was  more  common  than  among  the  Germans. 
The  word  however  requires  fiirther  investigation  ; 
Miss  Yonge  explains  it  as  **  white/'  and  referring 
to  Finn  as  a  title  of  Odin,  thinks  that  it  was  "  an 
idea  borrowed  from  the  Gael  by  the  Norsemen." 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Old  Germ.  Fina.  Finn,  ancestor  of  Woden,  Ang.-Sax. 
geneal.  Fin,  a  prince  of  the  North  Frisians  (Beowulf).  Old 
Norse  Finnr,  Finni.     Eng.  Finn,  Finney. 

COMPOUNDa 

{Bert,  bright)  French  Finbert.  (Bog,  bow)  Old  Norse 
Finbogi — Eng.  Finbow.  (Gctr,  spear)  Old  Norse  Finngeir — 
Ang.-Sax.  Finger  (found  in  Fmgringahb*  Cod,  Dip.  685) — 
Eng.  Finger.     {Ma/r,  &mous)  Eng.  Finnimore  ? 

From  the  Venedi,  Veneti,  Winidae,  or  Wends 
may  be  the  following.  According  to  Grimm 
(Gesch,  d.  Deutsch.  Spr.J  this  people's  name,  as 
well  as  that  of  the  Vandals,  is  to  be  referred  to 
Germ,  wenden,  Eng.  wend,  wander,  &c. 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Old  Germ.  Winid,  Windo,  Wenda,  Wento,  Wenso,  9thTheWcnd8 
cent      Winta,  son  of  Woden,  in  the  genealogy  of  the  kings 

*  Th«  mound  ol^the  Fingntngt,  "deso«ndenU  of  Finger,"  now  Flngrlnghoc 


316  THE   NATION   AS   THE    NAME-GtVER. 

of  the  LindiBfarL  English  Wind,  Window,  Wsht,  Wiht, 
Vent,  Vint,  Quiht.  Mod.  Oerman  Wind,  Wbnd,  Wbtt, 
French  Vinit,  Vibnt,  Vintz,  Quintt. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Old  Qerm.  Vinidin,  9th  cent.      Eng.  Wbndon,  Vindim, 
QuiNTnr.     French  Vintin,  Qubntin. 
compounds. 

(ffari,  warrior)  Old  Oerman  Winidhari,  Winidhar, 
Winithar,  5th  cent. — Eng.  Windeb,  Wintbr,*  Vinteii — 
Mod.  Qerm.  Windeb,  Winter — French  Ventbe,  Guindbe. 
(Bam,  ran^  raven)  Old  Germ.  Winidram,  Winedrannna,  8Ul 
cent. — Eng.  WmDBAii — French  Vendbin. 

Then  there  is  a  form  tuand,  which  may  he,  at 
least  in  some  cases,  the  same  as  the  preceding. 

SIMPLE  FOBMa 

Wand,  (Md  Germ.  Wandoj  Wandi,  Wanzo,  8th  cent.      Engliah 

wendf    Wand,  Want,  Vant,  Vandy,  Wansey,   Vance.      Mod. 
Germ.  Wande,  Wandt.     French  Vancy. 

DIMINUnTES. 

Old  Germ.  Wendico,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Quantook — Mod. 
Germ.  Wandtke. 

PATEONYMICa 

Old  Germ,  Wanding,  8th  cent. — "Eng,  Wandino. 
phonetic  ending. 
Old  Germ.  Wanzina    Eng.  Wanton,  Vension.    French 
Vanden,  Quantik. 

compounds. 
(Sariy  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Wanther,  8th  cent— Snglish 
Wander — French  Vantisr,  Quantiisu      (Man)  English 
Wantman. 

Then  there  is  a  third  form  from  the  same 
root,  which  may  probably  be  referred  to  the 
name  of  the  Vandals. 


Might  also  be  from  Another  origin— see  p.  141 


Tlia 


THE  NATION    AB  THE    NAME-OIVEE.  317 

smPLE  roBMa 

Old  German  Wandilo,  Wandil,  Wendil,  Wyndele,  6th 

cent.       Ang.-Sftzon   Windel    (fownd  in    Windleaora,   now 

Windsor,    Ae.J.      English    Windle,    Whttle.      Modem 

Qerman  Wandel,  Wekpiel^    French  Yaitdale,  Vahutellb^ 

QUAMPELLB. 

DIMINUTIVBa. 

Old  €krman  Wandalin  (bishop  of  Ghartres),  Wantelin, 
Wendelin,  6th  cent. — ^Modern  German  Wendldto— French 
YAHTHiBLSir.     Eng.  Wendelken. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Hairdf  fortis)  French  Vantillamd.  (HaH,  warrior) 
Old  Qerm.  Wandalarias,  6th  cent,  Bai/6aA.a/>4oc,  Prooopius 
— Eng.  YAHDSLSUBy  WiNPELERy  Yanzlleb — Mod.  G^muuL 
Wendeleb. 

Though  we  cannot  doubt  that  the  very 
common  name  of  Soott  has  been  in  most  cases 
a  surname  derived  from  nationality,  yet  we  find 
it  also  in  ancient  use  as  a  single  or  baptismal 
name.  Whether  in  this  case  also  it  may,  like 
other  names  of  the  same  sort,  be  derived  from 
the  nation,  or  whether,  as  appears  to  be  the  case 
in  the  name  Scottsmith,  we  may  think  of  Old 
Norse  skot^  dart,  spear,  there  are  scarcely  sufficient 
grounds  for  deciding. 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Old  Qerm.  Scot,  9th  cent.  Ang.-Saz.  Scott  (fifwnd  in     scoi 

&coUu  healh,  Cod.  Dip.  1,218.)  Seott^  Lib.  Vii. 

DnamjnvB.  patboktmio. 

English  ScoTTocK.  English  Scottino. 

OOMPOUNDS.* 

(Bald,  fortis)  Eng.  Shotbolt  f  (Land J  Scotland,  Lib, 
Vit — Scotland,  a  Norman  in  ihe  Acta  Sanctorum — English 
Scotland.  {I£ar  famous)  Old  Germ.  Ecotmar  (for  Scotmar, 
according  to  Fbntemann) — Eng.  Scotchmeb. 

*  BmMm  th«  names  here  quoted,  Soothud  oocnn  twiee  m  ft  Frftnkdth  name 
iathePoLInL 


318  THE  NATION    AS  THE   NAME-GIVEB. 

I  do  not  think  that  Spain  is  from  the  country ; 
it  seems  rather  to  be  the  same  name  as  Spegen 
which  occurs  two  or  three  times  in  the  liber 
VitsB,  and  which  is  probably  from  Ang.-Saxon 
spanan,  allicere.  So  also  Sweden,  which  com- 
pares with  an  Old  German  Swedin,  referred  by 
Forstemann  to  Old  High  GeruL  $wedan,  to  bum. 

Sweetsur  evidently  means  a  Sweitser  or 
Swiss.  But  I  do  not  think  that  Pickard,  p.  178, 
means  a  native  of  Picardy.  And  though  Jane- 
way  may  be,  as  Mr.  Lower  suggests,  from  an  old 
word  for  a  Genoese,  yet  I  should  rather  take  it 
to  be  the  same  as  Gannaway,  from  the  stem 
gan,  elsewhere  noticed.  English  and  Inglis 
may  be  the  same  as  the  Ang.-Saxon  name  Ingils 
(for  Ingisil).  Ireland  may  be,  like  the  Old 
Germ,  names  Erland,  Airland,  &c.,  the  same  as 
Harland,  p.  232.  BoMAN  also  may  be  from 
Rodman,  as  Robert,  Roger,  and  Roland,  from 
Rodbert,  Rodger,  and  Rodland. 

Lastly,  there  are  one  or  two  names  which 
seem  to  refer  to  a  mixture  of  race.  Such  is  an 
Old  Germ.  Halbthuring,  9th  cent.,  which  seems 
to  mean  a  Thuringian  on  one  side.  Also  an  Old 
Germ.  Halbwalah,  8th  cent.,  which  may  mean 
half  foreigner  or  half  Welsh.  So  likewise  the 
Danish  Halfdane,  whence  the  Scottish  Haldane. 
But  I  doubt  very  much  whether  Mr.  Kemble  is 
right  in  thinking  that  the  Anglo-Saxon  name 
MAI  signifies  half-breed ;  Miss  Yonge  at  any  rate 
is  certainly  wrong  in  thinking  that  Ceadwalha^ 


THE   NATION    AS  THE    NAME-GIVER.  319 

his  brother,had  a  Cymbric  name ;  for,  as  elsewhere 
shown,  it  is  clearly  Teutonic.  At  the  same  time 
it  is  very  probable  that  the  similarity  of  the 
name  to  the  Celtic  Cadwallader  might  be  the 
cause  of  a  mutual  concision  of  the  two  names. 


CHAPTER  XVIL 


THE   SEA  AND   THE   SEA   LIFE. 

While  the  Gothic  tribes  were  wanderers  in 
the  great  Northern  Forests,  they  took  their 
names  from  the  objects  that  were  familiar  to 
them  there.  The  nobler  of  the  savage  brutes — 
the  bear,  the  wol^  the  boar — ^were  among  the 
Teuton's  favourite  types ; — the  war-game  that 
he^loved,  and  the  sword  that  "^  was  to  him  as  a 
daughter.'^ 

But  it  was  a  new  life  when  they  came  to  the 
water's  edge.  A  new  horizon  opened  to  their 
view — new  visions  stirred  their  minds — their 
destiny  took  them  by  the  hand — ^and  the  bold 
hunter  became  the  daring  viking.  Short  flights 
of  piracy  trained  their  wings — and  the  narrow 
British  sea  was  bridged ; — a  thousand  years  to 
gather  head — ^for  it  was  the  wide  Atlantic  that 
came  next. 

On  all  the  German  sea-board  there  were  fierce 
pirates  and  bold  seamen — but  the  Northmen 
were  the  fiercest  and  the  boldest.  They  harried 
all  shores,  and  crossed  swords  with  all  races. 
They  brought  back  the  gold  of  Caliphs,  and  the 
dark-eyed  daughters  of  Italy.  They  laimched 
forth  into  the  frozen  deep,  and  saw  the  whale  at 
his  solemn  gambols,  and  met  the  sea-bear — ^hoary 


THE   SEA   AND    THE   SEA   LIFE.  321 

€tnd  grim — drifting  on  his  solitary  raft  of  ice,  like 
an  ancient  warrior  on  his  way  to  Odin's  Hall. 
And — ere  yet  the  fxillness  of  time  was  come — 
they  lifted  up  a  comer  of  the  veil,  and  peeped 
into  the  grand  New  World. 

Even  in  death  the  Viking  loved  to  have  his 
grave  overlooking  the  sea,  that  his  spirit  might 
listen  to  its  old  familiar  voice.  Sometimes  he 
was  even  buried  sitting  inside  his  trusty  ship, 
with  his  good  sword  by  his  side.  More  frequently  , 
his  barrow  was  made  in  the  shape  of  a  ship 
turned  upside  down.  And  sometimes — with  a 
feeling  of  poetry  not  always  found  in  the  pro- 
ductions of  Scalds — that  the  old  sea-rover  might 
sleep  the  sounder,  they  made  his  bed  of  the  salt 
sea-weed.* 

From  the  Goth.  saivSy  Old  Sax.  and  Old  High 
Germ.  sSo,  Ang.-Sax.  sae^  Eng.  **  sea,"  Forstemann 
derives  the  following  stem,  which  is  however 
liable  to  intermix  with  sig,  victory,  p.  1 72.  It 
is  as  might  Be  expected,  a  stem  especially  Saxon. 

OOMPOUNDB. 

{Ber^  bear)  Sibar,  Xt6.  Vif. — Eng.  Seabeb,  Shebeare —  Sm,  Sew. 
Fr.  Seebeb,  Sebire.  (Bern,  bear)  Old  Germ.  Sebem,  9th  cent.     ^^*'^- 
— Old  Norse  Snbiom — Sbeme,  Domesday — Eng.  Seabobk, 
Setburn,  Sporne — French  Sebron.   {Berty  bright)  Old  Germ. 
Sebert,  11th  cent. — Ang.-Sax.  Snberht — Eng.  Seabright — 
Mod.  German  Sebert — French  Sibert.     (Burg,  protection) 

*  Oraves  of  this  aort— evideatly  T6atonl<>— h*ve  been  dlsoorered  in  the 
Crimea.  See  the  "  Antiqnitiee  of  Kertch  and  Reeearchei  in  the  Cimmerian  Bos- 
phorua,"  hj  Dr.  Duncan  MThenon.  In  the  ooone  of  a  dlscuuion  on  the  subject 
at  a  meeting  of  the  Archseological  Institnte,  Mr.  Kemble  remarked  "Thelajer 
of  sea^weed  in  the  tomb  is  a  remarkable  fact ;  a  similar  nsage  has  been  noticed  in 
interments  on  the  shores  of  the  Baltic,  and  it  roight  have  originated  in  some  tradi- 
tion of  water- worship,  of  wliich  traces  occur  in  the  saperstitions  of  Scandinavia." 

O  2 


322  THB  SSA  AND  THE  SSA  UFB. 

Old  German  Seborg,  Seopuro,  9th  cent — Seakmrchi  LA, 
VU, — English  Seaburt,  Sbabbook — Mod.  Genn.  Skkbubo — 
French  Sibourg  (Fugd,  fowl)  Ang.-Sax.  Ssfugel — Engliah 
Sefowl.  (Man)  Old  German  Seman,  9th  oentu — Kngliah 
Seaman — ^Mod  German  Hebmann.  (RU,  ride)  Old  Gterm. 
Seuerit,  9th  cent — Engliah  Bbaright — French  Seuriot. 
(Wold,  power)  Old  Germ.  Sewald,  11th  cent— Em;.  Sea- 
WALL)  SswsLL  9 — Mod.  Germ.  Sebwald— French  Soualle  f 
(Ward,  guardian)  Old  Germ.  Seward,  6th  cent — Ang.-Saz. 
SflBward — Eng.  Seaward,  Seward,  Saw abd— French  Suard. 

Another  stem  of  similar  meaning  may  be  und^ 
which  Foretemann  refers  to  Old  High  German 
unda,  fluctus,  unda.  Hence  Old  German  Undo, 
8th  cent.,  and  Eng.  Undey,  though  hund,  dog, 
is  liable  to  intermix. 

The  only  ancient  name  from  ship,  navis, 
seems  to  be  a  Gothic  Scipuar  of  the  6th  cent, 
in  Procopius,  and  which  answers  to  our  Skipper 
and  Shipman. 

The  Ang.-Saxon  ceol,  appears  to  be  found  in 
the  names  of  several  Anglo-Saxons,  but  it  is 
not  easy  to  say  whether  it  is  intended  for  that 
word  or  for  coi,  helmet,  p.  226.  The  only  name 
from  this  source  among. the  continental  Germans 
seems  to  be  a  CheHng  (Goldast,  rerum  Alamanr 
nicarum  scriptores). 

SIMPLBfORMB. 

^f-  Ang.-Saxon  Oeol,  royal  line  of  Weesez.     English  Ebbe^ 

Keblt.     Mod.  Qerm.  Kiehl.     French  Chelt  ? 

PATRONYMIOS. 

Old  German  Cheling.     English  Keeukg. 
We  find  in  Anglo-Saxon  several  poetical  or 
periphrastic  expressioDS  for  a  ship,  some  of  which 
seem  to  occur  in  English  names.     Thus  we  have 


TELA   SBA   AND   THS   SEA   UFB.  323 

Sbamabk,  which  appears  to  be  from  Ang.-Saxon 
samtearhy  a  sea-horse,  a  ship.  And  the  name 
Seahorse  itself  of  English  origin,  occurs,  as  Mr. 
Lower  informs  us,  in  New  Bnmswick.  Another 
Anglo-Saxon  expression  for  a  ship  was  scBumdu, 
**  sea-wood,"'  whence  seems  to  be  the  name  Sea- 
wood,  found  in  New  York. 

From  the  Old  Norse  fara^  Ang.-Sax.  faran, 
to  fare,  sail,  travel ;  Old  Norse /aW,  Ang.-Saxon 
fara^  voyager,  we  may  take  the  following,  which 
are  however  rather  apt  in  some  cases  to  intermix 
with  fair^  pulcher.  A  large  proportion  of  the 
ancient  names  are  Frankish. 

SIMPLE  FOBM& 

Old  Germ.  Fara^  Faro,  Pharo,  7th  cent  Engliflh  Faib, 
Phajb,  Fairey,  Fa&ra,  Pharaoh,  Fa&bow,  Fsrrt.  Mod. 
Gknn.  Fahb,  Fbha.      French  Fab^  Fabt,  Fabau,  Fsrat, 

FXBBT. 

DiMnamyBa 
English  Fa&bxli^  Fkrrell — French  Fa&al.  Old  Germ. 
Farleniu,  8th  cent. — Ang.-Sax.  Ferling  (fownd  in  FwJxng- 
amere^  Cod.  Dip.  73)— English  Faiblait,  Fublong — Mod. 
Germ.  Fbhblen.  Old  German  Farago,  9th  cent — ^English 
Faboo— Modem  German  Fbbbach.     French  Fabachok — 

TBnglia>i  FiBKIN  f 

PATB0NYH10& 

French  FABENa    English  Fnuva  f 

phonetic  endino. 
Old  Germ.  Farana^  8th  cent     English  Fabbszt,  Fbabon. 
French  Fabbak,  Fabine,  Febon. 

ooMPOvJsms. 

(Andf  life,  spirit)  Old  Germ.  Ferrand,  11th  cent — ^Eng. 

Fabbahj>,   Febband — French  Febbakd,   Febaiit.       (Ber% 

fiunons)  Old  G^rm.  Farabert^  8th  cent — Eng.  Fatbkeabd  t 

(Foa,  pedes)  Eng.  Faibfoot— Fr.  F£bafiat.  (Oa/ud,  Goth.) 


Fan. 
TnveL 


324  THE   SEA    AND    THE   SEA   LIFE. 

Old  Qerm.  Faregand,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Farragat,  Fobokt — 
French  Fa&aouvt,  Faboot,  Fbraout,  Foboet.  (&w,  hostage! 
companion  1)  Old  Germ.  Ferigis,  9th  cent — French  Fabcib, 
(ffairi,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Feriher,  9th  cent — Eng.  FAiuuEBy 
Farbeb,  FERRiEn — French  Ferrieb,  Ferrer.  (Lind^  gentle) 
Old  Germ.  Ferlind,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Forland.  (Mem)  Old 
German  Faraman,  9th  cent. — Fareman,  ffund.  RdU — Eng. 
Fairman,  Ferrimaw — Modem  German  Fehrmakn — Frendi 
FiRMiN?  (Mundf  protection)  Old  Germ.  Faramund,  Frankdah 
king,  5th  cent — Engliah  Farrixohd,  Farmont — French 
Fermond,  Ferment.  (Ward,  guardian)  Old  Germ.  Faroard, 
8th  cent — English  Forward.  ( Weal,  peregrinns)  English 
Farewell — French  Ferouelle. 

From  the  above  stem  far,  as  an  extended 
form  comes  fam ;  the  Goth,  faimi,  Ang.-Saxon 
Jirn,  old,  might  be  suggested,  but  I  should  rather 
prefer  to  keep  to  the  same  sense  as  found  in  the 
previous  group,  and  which  is  found  in  the  Mod. 
German  fern, 

simple  forms. 

Fath. 

xnT«L  ^^'^  Germ.  Famus,  7th  cent    Fome,  {Domuday),    Eng. 

'   Fairkte,  Fern,  Fernie;,  Forney.      French  Farke,  FBRKnt, 

iORNET,  FOURNY. 

DIMINUTIVES. 

Old  German  Femncns,  8th  cent. — French  Ferniquk 
French  Forkachon.  Eng.  Farnell,  Furnell,  Fernilow— 
French  Fernil,  Fournel. 

FATRONTMICS. 

Ang.-Saxon  Feaming  (fownd  in  Feaminga  brde,  Cod. 
Dip.  4^6).     French  Fernino. 

COMPOUNDB. 

(ffari,  warrior)  Eng.  Feriner,  Ferner — French  Fernier. 
(Ul/,  wolf)  Old  GeiTD.  Farnulf,  9th  cent. — Eng.  FerntouohI 
( Waldf  power)  Eng.  Fernald.  (ffeit,  state,  condition)  Mod. 
Germ.  Farenhett? 


THE    8BA    AND   THE    SEA   LIFE.  325 

As  another  extended  form  from  the  same 
root  far  we  may  take  fardy  which  corresponds 
with  Old  Norse  faerd.  Old  High  German  farty 
Old  Saxon  yar*A,  voyage,  expedition. 

SIMPUB  FORMS.  ^^^ 

Old  G«rm.  Forti     Englisli  Fabdo,  Faibday/  Fabadat,    Tt««L 
FoBD,  FoBT,  FoBTT.     French  Febt,  Febt^  Fort,  Fobtbau. 

BDdNUTiVJBI. 
TCngliaK  FABDEUit — French  FOBTEL. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Faidan  (Dameaday).  Eng.  Fabden,  Fobtin,  Fobtune  1 
French  Fobtin,  Fobtune  ?  FoBTUNt  f 

PATBONnaCBL 

Old  Qenn.  Ferting,  8th  cent.     English  Fabthing. 

ooMPouNna 

(ffariy  wmrrior)  Ang.-Sax.  Forthere,  biahop  of  Sherborne 

— Engliah  Fobdeb — French  Fobtier.     (Man  J  Old  German 

Fartmann,   8th   cent. — English  Fobtyman — Mod.   German 

FoBTMANN — French  Febdman.      (I^cmd,  daring)  Old  Genn.  ^  ! 

Ferdinand,  king  of  Gastile,  11th  cent. — Eng.  Febdinand — 
French  Febdinand — ItaL  Febdinandi — Spanish  FebnandO} 
Fbbnandez.:^     (Bed,  counsel)  Forthred,  Lib.   ViL — English 

FOBDBED. 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  worian,  vagari,  Forste- 
mann  derives  the  following  stem. 

SIMPLE  FOBMa  Wor. 

Old  German  Woro.     English  Wobbow,  Wobby,  Wubb.    ▼•«««. 
French  Voiby,  Vauby. 

DIMINUTlVESw 

English  WoBBELL,  Whoblow — ^Mod.  (German  Woble —  i 

French  WeblI 

compounds. 

{Wald,  power)  Old  German  Worald,  8th  cent.— EngHsh 

WOBLD. 

*  La.sFalidmj.  OtlMrwlM  Faikdat,  Fa&u>at  may  be  from  th«  ttna 
far,  with  the  ndBx  dag,  daj.  I 

t  Might  b«fhnnth«  Old  GermuiiwBM  Fwthllt  (MM;  wv ). 

t  The  endlnff  m.  In  Spanlih  Mid  Portacii«w  f unilj  nuam,  Is  *  patronjndc 
form,  and  la  rappoaed  by  BohmeUer  fu^lbfr  die  mdnmg  m,  8pani$ehtr  and  Portu- 
9i4$iseh$r  /amtUmtiMmmJf  to  ba  of  Gothlo  orlgliL 


326  THE  SEA    AND  THE   SEA   LUE. 

I  have  before  observed  that  no  animal  was 
held  in  such  high  reverence  among  the  Scan- 
dinavian races  as  the  bear.  And  when  the 
Norsemen,  penetrating  into  the  depths  of  the  icy 
sea^  foimd  him  there  before  them,  in  a  solitude 
sublimer  than  that  of  the  forest— yet*  grimmer 
and  hardier  than  before^  and  a  sailor  too  like 
themselves — ^all  their  old  reverence  would  come 
on  them  with  increased  force.  Hence  we  find 
as  Scandinavian  names  Sadbiom  (sea-bear),  and 
Snaebiom  (snow-bear).  The  former  I  have  already 
referred  to— the  latter  I  do  not  find  in  English, 
though  the  Germans  have  both  Schnebern  and 
SoHNAUBEB.  But  we  have  the  name  Isbork, 
which,  as  I  take  it,  has  just  the  same  meaning, 
viz.,  "  ice-bear,**  and  which  corresponds  with  the 
names  Isebum  and  Isjbur  id  the  liber  YiLao. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

THE  RULER  AND  THE  PRINCE. 

There  are  several  words  having  the  meaning 
of  birth,  race,  &mily»  &c.,  in  which  is  contained 
the  sense  of  nobility.  A  manner  of  expression 
precisely  similar  we  still  use  when  we  speak  of  a 
man  of  birth  or  a  man  of  family. 

A  word  of  the  above  character  is  Old  High 
German  chunni,  Ang.-Saxon  cyn^i^  race,  lineage. 
Hence,  in  the  sense  of  nobility,  is  formed  Old 
High  German  chuning^  Ang.-Saxon  cyning,  con- 
tracted cyng,  English  "  king."'  A  word  liable  to 
intermix  in  the  following  group  is  Old  High 
Grerman  chuoniy  kuoni^  Ang.-Saxon  cSne,  English 
"  keen,'*  in  the  sense  of  boldness. 

iSIMPLE  FORMS.  Chun,  Cn». 

OH  Germ.  Ohuno,  Guno,  Cono,  Oonno,  Ounni,  8th  cent  q^^  ^j^ 
Cyni,  Lib.  VU,      Eng.  Chunk,  Cunio,  Oonne,  Ooke,  Connt, 
Kenka,  Kbnny,  Kine,  Kinney,  Chine.     Modem  Oerman 
OuNO,  EoNE,  KuHN.      French  Chon,  Chonneauz,  Cunt, 
CouNB,  Conneau,  Cinna. 

DUflNTTTTYEa 

Old  Genn.  Chunulo,  9th  cent  —Eng.  Connell,  Cunnell, 
CuNLEY,  KiNNELL,  Eennell — Modem  Gemian  K0HNI4B, 
KrHNEL — French  Conil,  Conillbau.  Old  Germ.  Cinelin, 
llth  cent — Eng.  Conlan.  Old  German  Chanico — English 
KiNKEE,  KmcH,  Kench — Mod.  Germ.  Eunioke,  Kuhnke, 
KoNiCKB.  Old  Germ.  Chunzo,  Cuniza,  llth  cent.  —  Ang.-Saz. 
Cynsy,  Archbishop  of  York — Eng.  Kinsey,  Kinns,  Eenibh 
— French  Chonbz,  Conn^  Cynicin,  Lib.  ViL — ^English 
KnroHur-^French  Cinquin,  Gonghait. 


328  THE  BULEB  AND  THE  PBINCE. 

OOXPOUKIM. 

(Bald,  bold)  Aiig.-Sax.  Cynebald,  royal  line  of  Wessex— 
Engliflh  Ejnipple  f  (Ber,  bear)  English  GoNTBKABt  (Bm% 
bright)  Old  German  Chnniberfc,  7th  cent. — Anglo-Saxon 
Cynebert,  bishop  of  Winchester — Fr.  Kenkkbbbt.  (Burg^ 
protection)  Old  Germ.  Ohnnibnirga,  11th  cent — Ang.-Sax. 
Cyneberga^  royal  line  of  Northnmbria — Eng.  Kiumiuuboh. 
Probably  the  same  as  the  last  is  Old  German  Chunibmeh-* 
Eng.  KiNNEBBOOK.  {Drud,  thryth,  woman  t)  Old  German 
Ghonidrud,  7th  cent — Ang.-Sax.  Cynethryth  or  Cynedryd, 
wife  of  Offis  king  of  Mercia — Eng.  Kindred — Fr.  Goihdbbt. 
(G^r,  spear)  Old  German  Chnneger— Eng.  Cokgeb,  Conxxb. 
(Ge9$y  hospes)  Old  Grerman  Cunigast,  Conigastns,  6th  cent — 
Eng.  CovQUEST  t  (Hard)  Old  German  Ohonihard,  8th  cent. 
— ^Anglo-Saxon  Cyneheard,  bishop  of  Winchester — ^English 
KiKHAiBD,  Kennabd,  Ounabd — Modcm  German  Kohnebt, 
Kuhnhabdt,  Kuhnebt — French  Ookabd,  Ookobd,  Coeobt. 
(Bart,  warrior)  Old  German  Ghunihari^  8th  cent — English 
GoxTEB,  Gokkeby,  Kdtkeab,  Kikker,  Ghinkxbt — ^Modern 
German  Koneb,  KuKte — French  Goenieb.  (Man)  English 
KiKMAK — Mod.  Germ.  Konemahe — French!  KnuEirAiiK. 
(Laf,  superstes)  Ang.-Sax.  Gynl&f  (fcAtmd  ff»  Cyfd6ft%  Mn^ 
Cod.  Dip.  714) — English  Ounliffe.  (Mwnd,  protection)  Old 
Germ.  Ohunimnnd,  king  of  the  Gepid»,  6th  cent. — ^Ang.- 
Sax.  Gynemund,  bishop  of  the  Magesietas — Eng.  Kinmonth 
— Modem  German  Kunemund.  (Lac,  play)  Old  German 
Ohunileihc,  9th  cent — Eng.  Sonloch,  Kivolake  f  (^«o, 
young)  Old  Germ.  Gunnia^  8th  cent — Eng.  Gunnew.  (Rad^ 
counsel)  Old  Grerman  Chunrad,  Ounrad,  Oonrad,  8th  cent 
Goenred,  Lib,  VU, — Eng.  Ookbath — Mod.  Germ.  Conbad — 
French  Oonvebat,  Oonbad,  Kunbath.  (Ric,  power)  Ang.- 
Sax.  Oynric,  son  of  Gerdic — ^English  Keitbiok — Mod.  Germ. 
KiHBEiOH.  (Wold,  power)  Old  Germ.  Kuniald,  Gonald,  8th 
cent — Ang.-Sax.  Gynewald,  bishop  of  Worcester — ^English 
GuNKOLD — ^Modern  German  Kuhkhold — French  Oukault. 
(Wvif)  Old  Germ.  Ohonulf;  7th  cent.— Ang. -Saxon  Gyne- 
wulf;  king  of  Wessex — ^English  Oonoff,  Guniffe.  (Ward, 
guardian)  Ang.-Saxon  Gyneward,  bishop  of  Wells — ^English 


THB  BT7LER  AND   THE   PRINCE.  329 

KsNWABD.      fWig,   war)   Eenewi,   Eund.    R6U$ — English 
Eennawat. 

From  the  above  root  churiy  cun,  con,  cyn,  is 
formed  variously  the  Old  High  Grerman  chuning. 
Old  Sax.  cuning.  Old  Fries,  kenmg,  Ang.-Saxon 
cyningy  king.  Whether  our  Cunnings,  Kjsnning, 
Chenning,  and  the  French  Coninx  have  this 
meaning,  or  whether  they  are  the  simple  patro- 
nymic is  uncertain.  In  the  contracted  form  we 
find  an  Old  Grerm.  Kung,  9th  cent.,  Eng.  King 
and  Ching,  French  Congs  and  Congy.  The 
commonness  of  the  Eng.  King  is  not  accounted 
for  by  anything  we  find  in  Old  German  names. 
It  is  probable  that  a  Celtic  word  may  intermix, 
viz.,  the  Irish  cing,  ctngeadh,  fortis,  Gael,  cingeadh, 
fortitude.  Hence  Old  Celtic  names  Cingius  and 
Cingetius.  Also  the  Cingetorix  and  Vercingetorix 
"  most  valiant  ruler"  of  Caesar.* 

A  similar  sense  of  nobility  to  that  found  in 
the  above  word  signifying  "  race''  is  probably  con- 
tained in  the  oUowing,  which  Stark  derives  from 
Old  Norse  burdr,  Ang.-Sax.  byrde,  "  birth.''  A 
word  hable  to  intermix  is  bert,  bright,  illustrious. 

SIMPLE  F0BM8. 

Old  Germ.  Burdp.     English  Burd,  Bibd.      Mod  Germ.     ^"^ 

BiJKDE,  BUBTH.      Fr.    BURDEy  BOURDEAU,    BURTHE,    BUBTH^ 
DIMINUTIVES. 

English  Burdock.    English  Burdell — French  Bouedel. 
French  Bouedelon. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Old  German  Burdin,  11th  cent     Eng.  Burden.    French 

BurDIN,  BOURDIN. 

•  Glnck,  Die  bel  C.  Julltis  Cesar  rorkommenden  Keltischen  namen. 

P  2 


Birth. 


330  THE  BULrai  AND  THS  FSIKCBl 

€OMPOimD& 

{Heiti  state,  oonditioo)  Eng.  Bubdbit* — French  BuaDST, 
BouBDET.  (Hart,  warrior)  Eng.  Bubdbr — French  Bourdieii. 
{Land)  French  Bourdelande. 

It  is  rather  jDrobable  that  the  sense  of  nobiUty 
may  be  contained  also  in  the  words  signifying 
**  people/'  such  as  ledd^  ihedd,  folc.  Bosworth 
renders  ledd  as  "countryman,  man,  prince.**  But 
in  compounds  the  ordinary  sense  of  "people** 
may,  at  least  in  some  cases,  obtain.  Thus,  for 
instance,  in  the  compounds  with  mund,  ward^ 
and  gard^  the  idea  may  be  that  of  "  protector  of 
the  people."  StiU,  the  sense  being  akin  to  that 
of  sovereignty,  the  names  would  be  introduced 
appropriately  here.  The  Ang.-Sax.  hdd.  Old 
High  German  Ziirf,  was  a  very  common  word  in 
ancient  names.  It  is  apt  to  mix  with  some 
others,  as  laith^  p.  194. 

SIMPLE  FOBMS 

x^^  Old  Germ.  Liudo,  Lint^  Lutto,  Luith,  4th  cent.   English 

People.    Leutt,  Lutto,  Lyde,  Ltth,  Leddt,  Litt.      Mod.  German 

LuDE,  LuTH.     French  Liot,  Luyt,  Luthe,  Litteau. 

DIMmCTIYES. 

Old  Germ.  Liudila,  8th  oent^Eoglish  Lu>dblow.  Old 
Germ.  Leodechin,  Ludechin,  8th  cent. — English  Ludkjk — 
Mod.  Germ.  LiJDECKiNO. 

PHONETIC  ENDINQ. 

Old  German  Liudin,  Lin  tin,  7  th  cent.  English  Lttdek, 
Luton.     French  Ludon,  Luton. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Burfff  protection)  Old  Germ.  Luitbarc,  9th  cent, — Eng. 
LuPBBOOK.  {Ger,  spear)  Old  German  Lindiger,  Leodegar, 
Ludger,  Luger,  6th  cent. — Eng.  Ltdekkeb,  Ledger,  Luoab, 

*  Tha  tnuliuilioii  H  waaj,  m  tUted  at  i>.  188,  be  Tarioiulj  derived,  but  tlie 
above  name  leemi  to  be  lUv  tbe  Old  G«niuui  Adelheld,  or  Adelbelt.  Xb^ldi 
Adelaide,  "aobUbood.* 


THE  BULEE  AND  THB  PRINCE.  331 

LucAB,  LucBX — Mod.  Germ.  Leutiosr— French  t  Ludoeb. 
{Oardf  protection)  Old  German  liudgard,  Liucard — £np;li8h 
Ledoaeu)— French  Lucard.  {Ooz,  Goth.)  Old  German 
Luitgoz,  Luikoz,  8th  cent. — Lucas,  lAb.  VU, — Eng.  Lucas* — 
Mod.  Germ.  Luttkus — French  Lucas.  (Hard)  Old  Germ. 
Luidhardy  Leotard^  6th  cent — £ng.  Liddabd— Mod.  Germ. 
Luthabdt — French  Liotabd,  Leotard,  Leutert.  (Hctri, 
warrior)  Old  German  Liuthari,  prince  of  the  Alamanni,  6th 
cent.,  Leuthar — English  Luthsb — Mod.  German  Luther — 
French  Liottier.  (Beit,  state,  condition)  Old  Germ.  Liut- 
heit,  8th  cent. — English  Lethead — French  Liottet,  Luj>et. 
(Hrddy  gloiy)  Old  German  Liutrod,  8th  cent — French 
LuTTEBOTH.  (Man)  Old  Germ.  Liudman,  8th  cent — Eng. 
LuTMAN,  Ltteman — Modem  German  Ludtmann.  {Waa-d, 
guardian)  Old  Germ.  Liudward,  8th  cent — Eng.  Ledward. 
{Wig^  wicy  war)  Old  German  Liudwig,  Liutwic,  6tb  cent — 
Eng.  LuTWiDOE,  LuTWYCHB — Mod.  Germ.  Ludwiq — French 
LuBovic,  LuDWio,t  Louis — ItaL  Luigi.  (171/^  wolf)  Old 
Qerm.  Liudul^  Litul^  6th  cent — English  Litolff— Mod. 
Genn.  Ludolf.  ( WaUd^  power)  Old  German  Liutolt,  7th 
oent — Mod. 'Germ.  Lsuthold — French  Lieutaut.  {Witi^ 
wood)  Old  Germ.  Leudoidia,  9th  cent — Eng.  Ledwith. 

As  a  High  German  form  of  the  above,  the 
following  may  come  in  here. 

SIMPLE  Fo&na. 
Old  Germ.  Liuxo,  Liuz,  Liutso,  Liuce,  Liuzi,  10th  cent    y^ 
Luse,  Lucy  (Rdl  BaU,  Abb, J,    English  Luce,  Loose,  Luct. 
Mod.  Germ.  Leuze,  Lutz,  Luz.   French  Luce,  Luct,  Lubby, 

LUEZ,  LUTZ. 

DnuNurn^EB. 
Old  Germ.  Liuzik,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Loosely.      French 
LusQunr. 

C0XF0UND& 

(iTors  warrior)  French  Luzier.     (i/ior,  famous)  English 
LooesMORE. 

*  HtthArto.oonitdand  to  bo  *  CItMk  or  Latin  form  of  Liiko. 

t  "  Lndniff  dSt  Loiiia"->p«rhafi  m^j  b«  «  G«nuo,  from  the  Altai. 


People. 


People. 


332  THE   RULER   AND   THE   PRINCE. 

A  stUl  more  common  word  in  ancient  names 
was  Goth,  thiuda,  Ang.-Sax.  iMod,  Low  German 
deoty  people.  Several  names  compounded  with 
it  occur  in  the  genealogy  of  thB  Kings  of  North- 
umbria.  Its  forms  are  widely  spread,  and  it  is 
therefore  liable  to  intermix  with  some  other 
words,  as  dody  p.  273. 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Theod,  Old  Gerai.  Theudes,  king  of  the  West  Goths,  6th  cent., 

^^^     Teuto,  Tutto,  Thiedo,  Tito,  Tjdi,  Diedo,  Dido,  Dudo,  Deot. 
Ang.-Sax.  Dudda,  Tudda.     l^di,  Lib,  VU.     English  Tuita, 

TUTT,    TUTTY,   TiTE,   TlDD,    TiDY,    ThODY,    ThEED,    DuDDY, 

DuTT,  DuTHiE,  Deed,  Deedy,  Dyte,  Dyett.  Mod.  German 
Thiedt,  Tiede,  Tiedt,  Diede,  Ditt.  French  ThiSot,  Thibdy, 
Tudey,  Dute,  Duthy,  Diette,  Ditte,  DmA. 

DIMINUTIVES. 

Old  German  Theudila,  Tutilo,  Dudel,  6th  cent. — English 
TuTTLE,  DuDDLE — Modem  German  Tutel,  Titel — French 
DuTiL,  TiTTEL,  DmELLE.  Old  Germ.  Dudecho,  8th  cent — 
Modem  German  Duttke — French  Dotaoq.  Old  German 
Dudechin,  11th  cent. — Eng.  Tutcmikg,  Titchkn — ^Modern 
Germ,  Didtchen — French  Thi^oon.  Old  Germ.  Teodisaus 
8th  cent. — Fries.  Diudesma — French  Doussabby. 

PHONETIC  ending. 

Old  Germ.  Theodan,  Thiotuni,  Dudan,  Tutan,  7th  cent 
Eng.  Thoden,  Dudin,  Teuten.    French  Thiodon,  Tutuny. 

PATRONYMICS. 

Old  German  Teuding,  Dieting,  8th  cent  Eng.  TuTiNO. 
French  Detunco,  Detang. 

COMPOUNDS. 

{Bald,  bold)  Old  German  Theudobald,  Frankish  king,  6th 
cent,  1  heobald,  Dietbold,  Dibald— Ang.-Sax.  Theodbald— 
Tidbald,  Lib.  VU,—Eng.  Theobald,  TmsALir— Mod.  Germ. 
Theobald,  Diebold— Fr.  Thibault,  Thibadt,  Thi^blot^ 
Diebolt.  (Bert,  bright)  Old  Germ.  Theudobert,  Frankish 
king,  6th  cent,  Theobert — French  Thibert.  (Berg,  pro- 
tection) Old  Germ.  Theutberg,  Teuberga,  8th  cent. — French 


THE  RULER  AND  THE  PRINCE*       333 

ThibSroe.  {Oard,  protection)  Old  German  TeutgardiB,  8th 
cent. — French  Dieuteqabd.  (Gaud,  Goth)  Old  German 
Teodgoty  8th  cent. — French  Tttgat,  Debgot.  {Ha/rd)  Old 
Germ.  Theodhard,  Diethart,  Dithai-d,  8th  cent. — Mod  Germ. 
DiETEBT — French  Didabd,  Dxttabd,  Titard.  {HaH^  warrior) 
Old  German  Theodahar,  Tudhari,  5th  cent — Ang.-Saxon 
Theodhere — Eng.  TheodobE)  Tudob — Mod.  Germ.  Dieteb — 
French  Theodob,  Tudob,  Didieb — ^Ital.  Teojdobl  {Ramj 
r€m,  raven)  Old  Germ.  Dietrammiis^  TeutrannuB^  7th  cent. — 
Eng.  Teuthobn — French  Didbon,  Dedbon.  (MaaiJ  Old 
German  Tiddman,  Dietman,  8th  centi — English  Tiddemak, 
TmMAN,  DiBTUAN,  DifiTMAN,  Dedman — ^Modem  German 
TiEDEMAi^K,  Detmann.  (JfoT,  famouB)  Old  Germ.  Thiudemer, 
king  of  the  East  Goths,  5th  cent,  king  of  the  Snevi  in  Spain, 
6th  cent.,  Dietmar,  Ditmar,  8th  cent. — ^English  Dettmeb, 
TmEMOBE — Modem  German  Dettmeb,  DrmiEB — French) 
DiTTMEB.  (Bic,  power)  Old  Germ.  Theodoricmi,  a  Sigamher, 
Ist  cent,  king  of  the  East  Gotha,  5th  cent,  Deoderich, 
Diderich,  Dietrich — Ang.-Saxon  Theodric — ^English  Todbio, 
DoDDBiDGE,  DoTTBiDOE,  Dedebick,  Dedbidge — Mod  Germ. 
Dedebich, Deitbich — French  Dietbich,  Di^bickb)  (Wtdf) 
Old  Germ.  Theudul^  Diudolf,  7th  cent — Frendi  Dedouye  1 

A  third  wjrd  having  the  meaning  of  "  people'* 
\b  folk  or  falky  in  which  may  be  contained  the 
same  sense  as  in  the  preceding. 

SIMPLE  FOBMB. 

Old  German   Folco,  Fulco,  Volko,  9th  cent      Fuloo, '^^"^ '^' 

PwplA. 

Dome9da/y.  English  Folk,  Fulke^  Fouke,  Yoak.  Mod 
Gerpi.  FoLKE,  Volk.  French  Fouque,  Fouche,  Fouch^, 
FoucHT,  Fauque,  Fauche. 

DiMDnrnTEai 
Old  Germ.  Folchili,  9th  cent — ^Mod  Carman  Folkel — 
French  Fauchille,  Faucille.    French  FauoUiLon.    English 
Fowkbs — French  Fouchez. 

OOMPOtTNDS. 

{Bwij  fiunons)  Folcberaht,  8th  cent — Eng.  Fallbbight — 
French   Faubeet.      {Haid,  state,  condition)  Old  (Jerman 


J 


334  TH£  RULEB  AND  THB  FRINCS. 

Folchaid,  8th  cent — Zkiglish  FouuTT^Freach  Vouqpwt, 
FouoHET.  (Hardy  fortis)  Old  Genu.  Folcfaard,  8Ui  cent— ^ 
Fulcardus,  DwMsday — Engliah  Folkabd — Modem  G^rnum 
YoucHABDr — French  Fovcabt.  {Hmri^  varrior)  Old  GeraoL 
Fulohar,  Foloheri,  6th  cent— Ang.-&ax.  Folobare— Engliah 
Toi&BR,  FuLCHSR— Mod.  Qorm.  Yolkbe — French  Fouquikb, 
Fou<)U£r4  Fouchbb.  {Man)  Old  German  Folkman,  8th 
cent — £ng.  Yolckmait* — ^^Mod.  Germ.  YouLMAinr — Freneh 
Falcimaiqvb.  (Ram^  ran,  raven)  Old  German  Fulcranoa, 
7th  cent — French  i'uLCRfN,  Fulchibon,  FotrcnoN.  (Bad, 
counsel)  Old  German  Folcrat,  8th  cent. — French  Fauobot. 
(Wald^  power)  Old  German  Fttlcuald,  7th  cent — French 

FOUCAULT. 

Perhaps  a  similar  sense  may  be  found  in  the 
word  odal,  udal,  which  Forstemann  refers  to  Old 
High  German  uodol,  patria.  It  was  a  very 
common  word  in  ancient  names,  but  I  can  only 
trace  very  few  at  present. 

SIMPLE  POKMS. 

OdaL  Old  G^erman  Odilo,  doke  in  BaTaria^  8th  cent.,  Odilo, 

^•*^    romamed  the  Holy,  Abbot  of  Clugnj,   10th  cent,  Odal, 

XTdal»  4oL     English  On«Li»  Udajuu     Mod.  G^rm.  Ositbl. 

French  Odoul. 

DIMINUTIVES. 

Old  Germ.  Odelina,  Odeling,  9th  cent  Oddin,  Lib.  TU, 
Otelinufl,  Domesday,  Bnglish  Odlin,  Oduvo.  French 
Odkun,  Houdeliv,  Odilon  (Babbot). 

OOXPOUNDa 

(Hofrdy  fortia)  Odalhard,  7th  cent — French  ODiLLiBP. 
(Hdmy  helmet)  Old  Germ.  Odilelm,  8th.  cent — Eng.  Odlam  t 

Upon  the  whole  I  think  that  the  words  sig- 
nifying "  land,"  **  country  *  will  also  be  introduced 
most  appropriately  here.      The  idea  seems  to  be 
'    something  akin  to  sovereignty.  The  most  common 


rmS  mXTLBE  and  the  PRtKCS.  335 

word  with  this  meaning  is  Ang  -Sax  land.  Old 
High  German  tant,  terra ;  which  is  found  as 
early  as  the  5th  cent.,  and  seems  to  have  been 
especially  common  in  the  7th.  Most  of  the  forma 
in  Ian,  and  some  of  those  in  lam  probably  belong 
to  this  stem. 

SMPLB  POBMBL  

Old  German  Landoi  Landa,  Lanto,  Loot,  LanDO,  LanSD,    ^enm. 
Lenzi,  8th  cent.    Eng.  Land,  Landt,  Lant,  Lanob,  Lancet. 
Mod  Qerm.  Land,  Landt,  Lanz.      French  Landa,  Lanti^ 
Lantt,  Lanne,  Lannbau,  Lance,  Lanzl 
DiiciNTrTrns& 

Eng.  Landell — French  Landblle,  Lancel^  Old  Germ. 
Lancelin,  11th  cent. — French  Lanoelin.  French  Lantiez, 
Laniesse.  Old  Grerm.  Lanzioo,  10th  cent. — French  LANZAa 
Old  Germ.  Landechina,  11th  cent — Eng.  Lankut. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Old  Germ.  Landina,  8th  cent.  Eng.  Landen,  Landon. 
French  Lakdon,  Lantin. 

PATBONTMIOft 

Old  Germ.  Landing,  8th  oent.      Bn^tth  LAVNma 

OOMPOTTNDS. 

(Bert,  bright)  Old  German  Landbert»  Lambert,  7th  oent* 
— Ang.-Sa^  Lambert,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  A.D.  764 — 
Eng.  Lambert — Mod  Germ.  Lahbbrt — French  Lambert, 
Lambret.  {Burg,  protection)  Old  German  Landbuig,  8th 
cent. — English  Lambrook — ^Mod.  Genn.  Lambebo — French 
Lanzberg.  (Frid,  peace)  Old  Germ.  Landfrid,  Lanfrid,  8th 
oent. — ^Lanfrei,  Lib,  VU. — Eng.  Lahdfeab,  Lanfear — Mod. 
Gefm.  Lanfried— French  Lanfrat.  {Hard)  Old  German 
Landohard.  8th  oent. — French  Landaro^  Lanbard.  {HaH, 
warrior)  Old  German  Lanthar,  Landar,  6th  cent — Engliah 
Lander^  Lender — Mod.  Germ.  LANDHERB^French  LANDnea, 
Lantibb,  Lanisb.  {Htkn)  Old  Germ.  Lanthelm,  9th  cent — 
French  Lanthbaumbl  {Hadt  war)  Old  Germ.  Lanthad,  9tli 
cent — ^French  Lamtat.  {Baim^  rrn^  lavea)  Old  Gennaii 
LMtnftBii%  8  A  otnU—- Franflk  Lammow;     (Mcvr^  ftnuMu) 


336  THE  RULEB  AND  THE  PRINCE. 

Old  Germ,  Lamdamar,  8th  oent. — ^French  Lasoeicab. 
power)  Old  GeroL  Landerioh,  Lantrih,  7th  ceut. — Landric, 
DamMday  Tork§ — ^English  Lavdbidob — French  Lanbby, 
Lakzabick.  {Winey  friend)  Old  Qerman  Lantwin,  7th 
ceut. — French  Laitvin.  {Wig^  %ioiy  war)  Old  Germ.  Lantwih, 
9th  cent. — ^Eng.  Lavaway— Mod.  Germ.  Laitdwig.  {War^ 
defence)  Old  Germ.  Landoar,  8th  cent. — English  Lanwbr — 
Mod.  German  LA]n>WEHB.  {Wcvrd^  guardian)  Old  German 
Landward,  8th  cent — ^English  Landlobd  f 

Another  stem  of  similar  meaning  is  gow  (Old 
High  German  gawi^  Mod.  German  gaUy  country, 
district). 

HrMPT.TB  FOBMB. 

^^^^^'  Old  Germ.  Gawo,  Cawo,  8th  cent  Caua,  Lib.  ViL  Eng, 
Gow,  GowA,  Cow,  CowiB,  Gob,  Cob.  Mod.  German  Gau. 
French  Gouat,  Gou^  Gout,  Coui.  To  this  stem  Forste- 
mann  also  places  the  Old  German  names  Greio,  Keio,  Keyo, 
8th  cent,  and  hence  might  come  in  English  Gti^  Gut,  Got, 
Kat,  Kbt — Mod.  Germ.  Gbu,  Gbt— French  Gut,  Got. 

DDOMUTIVAS. 

Old  Germ.  Canwila,  9th  cent — Eng.  Cowbll — French 
Goubl,  GounxT,  French  GouBLLAnr,  Gounj<oK.  Old  G^erm. 
Gawiso,  8th  cent. — ^Eng.  Coish. 

PHONBTIO  ENDIKO. 

Old  Germ.  Gawin,  8th  oent  English  Gowak,  Cowah — 
French  Gounr,  Gotok,  Guyon,  Couenhb. 

PATBONYMIO. 

Engliish  GowiNG^  Goma^  Cownra. 

OOMPOXTNSS. 

{BMi  fortis)  Old  German  GawipaJd,  8th  cent — Fiench 
GoiBAXTLT.  {Berty  bright)  Old  Germ.  Qawibert^  Gaipert,  8th 
oent — ^Mod.  Germ.  EIaupebt — French  Guybebt,  Coubabt. 
{Hard)  Eng.  Gowabd,  Cowabd — French  Guyabd,  Goyabd, 
CouABD,  CouABDEAU.  (J^,  p.  189)  Eng.  GiTYATT — French 
QouBT,  GoYKT.  {Hivriy  warrior)  English  Goweb,  Guyeb — 
French  Gouhueb,  Qoueebb,  Goybb.  (Ixmd)  Eng.  Gowlanb, 
OowLANB.      (Man)  Old  Germ.  Gkwiman,  8th  oent — ^Eng. 


THB  BUUBB  AND  THE  PRINCB.  337 

CkmiUi^— Modem  German  GoDCiinr,  Kavuasv — French 
GomCAnTy  Oouxov.  (Bie,  power)  Old  German  Gawixioh, 
Goerioh,  7tli  oent — Eng.  CouBBiDQi^  Goubaok 

One  of  the  most  widelynspread  stems  in  ancient 
names  was  athd^  add,  ethd,  edd,  noble.  It  is 
angular  tliat  though  it  was  common  both  among 
the  Franks  and  the  Anglo-Saxons,  it  is  uncommon 
at  present  both  in  French  and  English.  Forste- 
mann  and  other  German  writers  suppose  a 
frequent  contraction  in  Modem  German  names 
of  adal  into  al — ^thus  Albert  for  Adalbert,  Allard 
for  Adelhard,  AUmer  for  Adalmer,  &c.  But  this 
seems  too  uncertain  a  rule  to  follow,  otherwise 
many  names  might  be  added  to  the  list. 

SDffPLB  FOBM& 

Old  Germ.  Athala,  Athal,  Adilo,  Ethil,  Edilo,  5th  cent. 

TBngHip'h   TCnpT.T.^  EiDLOW,  EhnBOSU      Mod.  Germ.  Ahat^  "Rmef^     V^fithi 

French  Adoui^  Edei^  HADOLi 

DnaNtrnviEa 
Old  German  Adilin,  Edelen,  7th  cent    EngUah  Adlav. 
Aenoh  Adxloh,  Adkluxe,  Edbldt. 

PATBONTMIOB. 

Old  Germ.  Adalon^  Ediling,  8th  cent  Mod.  (German 
Aj>xluh€^  Eoiuzra    French  EnuKa. 

OOlCFOnNDS. 

{Ger,  spear)  Old  Germ.  Adalger,  8th  cent — ^ItaL  An- 
QHDEBL*  (Hard)  Old  German  Adalhard,  8th  cent — ^Ang.- 
Sazon  Ethelhard,  king  of  Wesaex — Adelardua,  Domesday — 
Eng.  Ai>LARi>— Mod.  Germ.  Adelhabt.  (Sdm)  Old  Germ. 
Adalhalm,  8th  cent. — ^Ang.-Sax.  Ethelhelm — ^Eng.  Ablam, 
HKADLAif  ?  (Raid,  state,  condition)  Old  German  Adalhaid, 
9th  cent— English  Adducedbad  (and  the  Christian  name 
Adelaids).    (ffariy  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Adalhar,  8th  cent. 

*  TIm  lumiA  of  th«  poet  la  to  d«ilTed  bj  Dl«i ;  time  were,  howerer,  ebo 
Old  Genua  lumee  AJe^er  end  AUger.  Hla  other  name  Dente  ii  %  oontiwtion  of 
I>iinate^  P^  197,  wfaioh  Z  oofht  to  hftte  wimembewd  At  p^  SLO. 

Q  2 


338  THS  EtTLEB  AKD  THE  PBIKG& 

— Eehimeri,  lAb.  TO.— Eng.  Ediabt— Mod.  Germ.  Ableb^ 
Epkt.kb.  (Funa^  Jua^  eager)  Old  Germ.  Adalfdns,  Adalfb% 
8th  oent— Eng.  Adolfhub* — French  Alphoksb — Spanish 
Alphokso.  {Stan^  stone)  Old  Germ.  Adelstein,  9th  oent.^- 
Ang.-Saz.  Athelstan — ^^gli^  EDELffTEir,  EDUssTEir. 

From  the  above  word  ethd^  signifying  nobIe» 
was  derived  the  title  of  Etheling»  given  in  Anglo* 
Saxon  times  to  the  son  of  the  king.  Next  to  him 
in  rank  was  the  Ealdorman^  who  had  the  highest 
title  that  could  be  given  to  a  subject.  And  our 
name  Alderman,  found  in  Domesday  as  Aldre- 
man,  may  not  improbably  be  referable  to  this 
more  ancient  and  higher  sense. 

A  rank  of  nobUity  below  the  Ealdormen  were 
the  ThaneSy  who  were  divided  into  two  classes, 
simple  Thanes  and  King's  Thanes — ^a  main  quali- 
fication being  the  possession  of  land.  This  word 
is  found  in  many  ancient  names,  but  as  the 
Ang.-Sax.  thegen  is  contracted  into  thane,  so  the 
Old  High  German  form  degan  being  contracted 
into  dane,  is  apt  to  mix  with  another  stem,  p.  311. 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

"^^^^  Old  Qerman  Thegan,  Thahan,  Tegeno,  Degan,  8th  cent. 
English  Teggin,  Thain,  Thane,  Deiohen,  Dboak,  Dank 
Mod.  Germ.  Degen,  Dein,  Teoek,  Theot.  French  Dagdt, 
Dagneau,  Teighe,  Teigny,  Tainne. 

DDflNTTTITEa. 

Old  Germ.  Theginzo,  10th  oenti^Eng.  Danes — ^French 
TADr&     English  Dagnall. 

COMPOTTKDS. 

{Dioy  servant)  French  Thenadbt.  {Oer^  spear)  Old  Germ. 
Theganger,  9th  cent.  ^English  Danger — French  Denaigri^ 
Dencrb.     (Ha/rd)  Old  Germ.  Theganhard,  8th  cent — Mod. 
*  Or,  M  genenUsr  lappoMd,  the  Lfttin  fonn  of  Adolpli. 


TlUUM. 


THE  RX7LEB  AND  THE  PBINCK  839 

Qerm.  THSiinBRi>— Frendbt  Th^ntard.  {Hturi^  warrior)  Old 
Q«nn.  Tbeganher,  8th  cent. — Mod.  Germ.  Theineb — French 
Thxhueb. 

The  Anglo-Saxon  heretog  or  heretoch  was  the  Hweto*, 
leader  of  an  army,  and  the  word  corresponds  with  ^^ 
the  High  Germ,  herzog.     I  find  Hertocks  as  an 
English  name  of  the  17th  cent. ;    the  Germans 
have  Herzog  ;  and  Herczegy,  apparently  French, 
occurs  in  the  du-ectory  of  Paria 

A  word  of  similar  meaning  is  Old  High  Germ. 
heroti.  Old  Norse  herradr,  leader,  general,  which 
is  found  in  some  ancient  names,  though  another 
word  harudy  referred  by  Zeuss  to  the  tribe  of  the 
Harudes,  is  difficult  to  separate. 

SDCPLB  FOBM& 

fleroi 

Old  German  Harad,  Herido,  8th  cent.,  Charietto  ?  4th  q^osc^ 
cent,  Cariatto  1  a  Frank,  6th  cent      Eng.  Habbod,  Hebod, 
Habritt,  Chabbott,  Chabitt  f  Cabbitt.     French  Hebodt, 
HiBOT,  Ghabot,  Cabbette. 

PHONBnO  BNDING 

Old  Germ.  Araduni,  9th  cent.  (yM,  variaiiana).      Ebg. 

HaBADOK,  HABBn>AN. 

There  is  a  stem  erZ,  found  in  many  ancient 
names,  which  is  referred  by  Grimm,  Grafl^  and 
Forstemann  to  Old  Norse  jarl,  Ang.-Sax.  eorl, 
Ang.-Sax.  erl,  English  earl.  I  may  also  mention, 
however,  the  Old  Norse  erZa,  assidue  laborare, 
whence  Haldorsen  derives  the  Scandinavian  name 
Erlingr. 

8IMFUS  FOBMS. 

EarL 

Old  Germ.  Erlo,  9th  cent.  English  Eabl,  Eablt,  Able. 
Mod.  Germ.  Eblb,  HsbLp     French  Ible. 


340  THB  BI7LEB  AND  THS  FBINCBL 


Dl 
Old  Germ.  Erlioho,  8th  cent  — Engliih  Hubuxs — ^Mod. 
Qerm.  EiRLBoke — French  HoBUAa    TCngliaK  Amjnfi     Modi 
Qerm.  Harlebs — ^Frenoh  Hablbz. 

PATBONYMIGB. 

Old  Germ.  Erlunc,  8ih  cent  Old  Norse  Erlingr.  Eng. 
TJbling.     Mod.  Germ.  Oblino. 

OOlCPOXJNDe. 

(Bad,  war)  Old  German  Eiiebad,  9th  cent— En^^iah 
HuBLBAT.  (Berty  &mous)  Old  Germ.  Erlebert,  8th  cent. — 
English  HuBLBUBT.  (Ha/ri,  warrior)  Old  German  Erleher, 
Herler,  8th  cent. — ^English  Hublbb — ^Mod.  Germ.  Eblbb — 
French  Houblieb.  (fTtiM,  friend)  Old  German  Eriiwin^ 
bishop  of  Constance,  8th  cent — English  Ublwiv — ^French 
Ablouik. 

From  the  Old  High  Germ,  hSh,  Mod  GeniL 
hodi,  high,  in  the  sense  of  ''  exalted,''  Forstemann 
derives  a  stem  hoh,  hoc,  in  proper  namea  To 
this  I  place  the  following,  including  one  or  two 
names  in  which  the  Ang.-Sax.  form  AIA>  English 
«higV  seems  to  be  found.  The  Old  Frankish 
ch  for  h  occurs  in  some  of  the  French  names.  A 
word  very  liable  to  intermix  is  hig,  hog,  Anglo* 
Saxon  hyge,  hog,  prudent,  thoughtful 

BDIPLB  fOBMB. 

^^  Old  Qermu  Hocoa,  9th  cent    Hooe  (Betnmdf).    SbgMA 

HooKET,  HoBT,  Hob,  Hiok.    Mod.  German  HooK^  HoOB. 
French  Hocq,  Hoohb,  Ohoque. 

onaNunvxs. 
Old  German  Hohilo,  Hoilo,  8th  cent      EngUsh  HoTUL 
Mod.  Germ.  Hockel. 

PHONBnO  bkdino. 
English  HooKEV.      French  Hooquight,  Ghoohov. 

PATEONTMIO. 

ESnglish  Hookutg. 


High. 


THB  BtTLBft  AND  THB  FBINCOB.  341 

ooiiponimL 
(Swri,  brii^t)  Old  Germ.  Hochbert,  Hoberfc,  8th  oent— 
En^^luh  HoBASV — ^Mod.  Qenn.  Hobbbght.  (Dctg,  day)  Old 
Germ.  Hodag,  9th  cent — Eng.  Hookadat — ^Frenoh  Hockd^ 
HoGD&  (Hard)  French  Hocaat,  Hoohabd,  Hoohabt, 
Ohooast.  (Hart,  warrior)  Mod  Qerman  H5ckea — French 
HooHBBy  Cboquikb.  (Heid,  state,  condition)  Eng.  Hookbtt, 
HioHATT — French  Hooguxr,  Kocbxid,  Chocqubt.  (Mam,) 
Old  German  Homan,  9th  cent. — English  HocKMAKy  Homak, 
Oman — ^Mod.  German  Hohmann,  Hoxank.  (i^a^>  fibmona) 
Old  Germ.  Hiemar  % — English  Hiohxobb.  {R%c  power)  Old 
German'  Hohrich,  Horich,  11th  cent. — English  H0BBOCK89 
Obboce;  Obbidgk  {y9'<»rd^  guardian)  Old  Germ.  Hohowart, 
8th  cent — Old  Norse  H&yardr — ^Engliflh  Howa&d— French 
HocxiUABr,  HouASD,  Ohoquabx. 

From  the  Ang.-Sazon  math^  honor,  rererenoeb 
Forstemann  derives  a  stem  rMxd^  mat,  math,  wiAcii 
also  appears  in  an  Old  Frankish  form  as  mec?* 
In  the  names  of  women  the  sense  might  be  that 
^f  tKe  Anglo-Saxon  m^csth,  a  maiden,  mMhte, 
modest.  A  word  very  liable  to  intermix  is  Old 
High  German  m>aht,  might.  Also  in  some  of  the 
simple  forms  the  scriptural  name  Matthew  is 
difficult  to  separate. 

BIMFLB  VOBM8. 

Old  Germ«  Matto,  Ifato,  Math,  8th  cent.  Ei^.  ^^^^^^1 '^^[Jj^ 
MATTms,  MSDD,  Mbab,  Metteb.  Mod.  German  Mxan,  sm^ 
MxTXo.    French  Matte,  Matt,  Madt,  Math^  Mathi^ 

MaTHEY,  Ml^AT. 

DTMCDSfXmtWk 

Old  Oeiman  Madacho,  9i^  cent. — Englidi  Maddook, 
Mattook — ^Modern  German  Madicbx,  Mattxck^  Metkb — 
French  Metge.  Old  Germ.  Matuas,  8th  cent — ^Eog.  Matti^ 
Mbtz — French  MATms,  Matisbe,  Mats.  English  MA«nr, 
Matghdt — ^Mod.  Germ.  Midohev.  Old  German  KatheKn» 
11th  cent-^Franch  MATHiiOr,  Mattelain. 


342  TBB  BITLEE  AND  THE  PBINOE. 

PHONEnO  BKDLMG. 

Old  Gl6rm.  Medana,  9th  cent.     Eng.  Maddket,  Meddot, 
MaedeeT)  Meadbn.    Fr.  Madut,  Maton,  Mathak,  Mettoh. 

OOMPOUITDB. 

{Hard)  Old  Germ.  Medard,  6th  cent. — ^French  M^aeDt 
{Hariy  warrior)  Old  Carman  Mather,  9th  cent. — English 
Mather,  Madeb,  Meadeb,  Medabt — Mod.  G^rm.  Madebi 
MlTHEB,  Mebder — French  Matre,  Mattab,  Medeb.  {Orimf 
fierce)  Old  Germ.  Mathgrim,  9th  cent. — French  Matagbin. 
(Hdm)  Old  German  Madelm,  8th  cent. — English  Mabdax, 
Mathams,  Mattam,  Mettail  (Lac,  play)  Old  (Jeiman 
Mathlec,  9th  cent — Eng.  Medlook.  (La/nd)  Old  German 
Madoland,  7th  cent. — Eng.  Matlakd,  Medlakd.  (Man) 
Old  Germ.  Medeman,  9th  cent — Eng.  Maidmak,  Meddimait, 
MsniAK,  Meatman,  Matthewman  ?— Swiss  Mattmank — 
French  Madaxok,  Meticak.  (J?^;,  power)  Old  German 
Madericus,  Matrih,  4th  cent — French  Matey,  Methorul 
{RoA^  counsel)  French  Mattbat.  {Rii^  ride)  Old  German 
Medarid,  6th  cent — French  Mathebet.  (ffrod,  glory) 
French  Matbod,  Matbaud.  (Ran,  raven)  French  MadboKi 
Mathebok,  Matubin.  (Wold,  power)  Old  Germ.  Meduald, 
Madolt,  7th  cent — English  Methold.  (Wine,  friend) 
English  Medwin,  Methuin.  (Wig,  toi,  war)  Old  German 
MedoveuS)  6th  cent — Eng.  Meadway — Mod.  Dan.  MABVia 

UNCEBTAnr  NAMES. 

English  Maddebn.  French  Matebnk 
The  names  Matam  and  Matemi  (both  of  coarse  masculine) 
appear  in  the  book  of  the  brotherhood  of  St  Peter  at  Salz- 
burg in  the  8th  cent  Fdrstemann  seems  to  doubt  whether 
ihey  are  German':  tliey  might,  however,  be  from  am,  eagle^ 
found  as  a  termination  in  some  other  names. 

In  this  chapter  will  be  introduced  most  appro- 
priately the  words  having  the  meaning  of  power, 
rule,  and  authority.  The  most  common  word 
with  this  meaning  is  rick,  rich,  ridge,  Ang.-Sax. 
rtce,  power,  rule,  dominion,  or  the  adjective  rtce. 


reOL  BtJLEft  AKD  TfiB  PRIKCS.  843 

Old  High  Grerm.  richi,  rihi,  powerftd.  This  is  a 
very  ancient  word  in  proper  names,  being  found 
in  the  1st  cent,  in  the  names  of  Cruptorix^  a 
[Frisian  in  Tacitus  ;  Baitorix,  a  Sigamber  in 
Strabo  ;  and  Theudoricus,  also  a  Sigamber.  The 
ending  War,  in  many  Old  Celtic  names,  contains  a 
corresponding  and  equivalent  word. 

SIMPLE  FOBMS. 

Old  Germ.  Rico,  Ricco,  Richo,  Riho,  8th  cent     English  ^^«"»- 
Rich,  Ridoe,  Riekie,  Ritchie,  Rte.      Mod.  GeniL  Reich, 
Rick,  Rieck.  French  Ricque,  Riche,  Richt,  Rich4  Rioci. 

DIMINXTTlVEa 

Old  Germ.  Rioilas,  prince  of  the  Suevi,  ffth  cent.,  Ricill% 
Richilo— Eng.  Richlet,  Riogall — Mod.  German  Riegel-* 
French  Rioal.  Old  German  Richizo,  Rikizo,  10th  cent. — 
EDgUsh  Riches,  Ridoes,  Ricks — French  Richez,  Riquibz. 
Old  Germ.  Richinzo — English  Ritching& 
phonetic  ending. 

Old  Germ.  Richini,  Riohin,  8th  cent.  English  Riohan. 
Mod.  Germ.  Reichen.     French  Richin. 

COMPOUNDS. 

{Baldy  bold)  Old  German  Richbold,  Rihbold,  8th  cent— 
Eng.  RiCHBELL,  Rtbauld.  {Bertf  bright)  Old  Germ*  Rich- 
bert,  Rigobert,  Rihbert,  Rihbret,  7th  cent. — Eng.  Ribbsad, 
17th  cent — French  Riqaubeet.  (Berg^  protection)  Old 
Germ.  Rigaberga^  Richbirg,  8th  cent — French  Richeboubg. 
{Ocvrd,  protection)  Old  Germ.  Richgarda,  8th  cent — Eng. 
Ridgyabd.  {Heidi  state,  condition)  Old  Germ.  Richeit,  8th 
cent — Eng.  Rickett — French  Riquet.  {Hard)  Old  Germ. 
Ricohard,  Frankish  prince,  6th  cent,  Riccard,  Richard — 
Eng.  RicHABD,  Rickabd,  Rbcobd— Mod.  Germ.  Reichabdt, 
RiCHABO,  RicKEBT — French  Riohabd,  Ricabd.  {Hari^ 
warrior)  Old  Germ.  Richari,  prince  of  the  Suevi,  5th  cent. 
Richer,  Riker — Richerus,  Domesday — Eng.  RiCHEB^Mod. 
German  Rickheb — French  Richeb,  Richieb,  Ricquibb. 
{Hdm)  Old  Germ.  Richelm,  8th  cent — Mod.  Germ.  Reioh« 
HXLM-^French  RiCHiME^  Righommb  t     {Leos^  people  f)  Old 


844  THB  BtrUEE  AND  THE  VBHSfOK 


Germin  Biohlo^  lOdi  omt— I^ai^ 
RBaLU&  (Man)  Old  German  Bicmaiif  Bichmaiiy  Bilimaa, 
9th  oent — ^Eng.  Riokican,  Bichicav,  Rticah— Mod.  Germ. 
RKCHMAiiKy  BiCKMAK,  BxDCANN.  (MoT,  &m(ra8)  Old  Germ. 
Biomar,  Beoomu;  Bilimar,  4th  oent.— Eng.  Btxsb — ^Mod. 
German  BmuA— Frenoh  Bboamueb.  (Mtmd,  profceotion) 
Old  Germ.  Bihmnnd,  Biehmond,  7th  oent. — EDgliah  Bioa* 
KOMD— Frenoh  BiCHmcoirr.  (Rai,  oonnael)  Old  German 
Beooaxed,  West  Gothic  king^  6th  oent — French  Bbou&at. 
{Wold,  power)  Old  German  Biooald^  Biohold,  Bigald,  7th 
cent — ^Eoj^iiah  Bighold— Mod.  German  Bibkxlt — French 
BiGHAULT,  BiGAUiA*.  (WecUh,  stranger)  Old  Germ.  Bicwal, 
9th  cent — ^English  BmawBUU  (Wig,  toi,  war)  Old  German 
Bihwih,  Biowif  9th  cent— En^^  Bidobwat. 

Another  very  oommon  word  with  this  meanmg 
is  wold ;  Qoth.  waldan,  Ang.-Saxon  wealdan,  to 
rule,  govern,  command,  Ang.-Sax.  wecUd,  power, 
"wecdda^  a  ruler.  This  is  also  a  very  ancient 
stem,  being  found  in  the  1st  oent.  in  the  names  of 
Gariovalda,  a  prince  of  the  Batavi,  and  Gatoalda, 
a  prinoe  of  the  Cattl  It  is  yeiy  liable^  par- 
ticularly as  a  prefix,  to  mix  with  the  stem  wai^ 
p.  298. 

7^  O^  German  Waldo,  Waldi,  Welto,  Gnelto^  6th  cent 

▲ng.-Saxon  Wald  (Jimnd  in  Wakhi  weg,  Cod.  Dip.  1,077  J. 
Old  Norse  YaldL  Ebg.  Wacdo,  Waldie,  Waub^  Weld, 
GwiLT  t  Mod.  German  Wald,  Wbldi^  Welik  French 
Yald,  Vaudb,  Vautb,  Wkld. 

DIMUIUTIVES. 

Old  German  Waldiko,  8th  oent— Eng.  Walduok.  Old 
Germ.  Waldila,  Weltila,  8th  oent— fVench  Wbloill.  Old 
German  Waldelin,  7th  oent— Eng.  YAUDSUir. 

PHOKBnC  BNDINO. 

Old  German  Waldin,  8th  oent  Anglo-Saxon  Wealdea 
{/mni  Ml  W€aUme$  weg.  (ML  Dip.  M17X     Waldinii% 


THB  Et7LEE  AND  THE  FRINCE.  345 

Domesday.    Engliah  WALDnf,  Wildon,  Wkltoh — ^Modem 
OemL  WKLDBr,  Wsltkst — Fr.  Yaldht,  Yaltov,  Yaudut, 

WSLDOV. 

PATBONTMICB. 

Old  G«niL  Waldiug,  Welting,  8th  cent    Eng.  Wsidinq. 

OOMPOUNDS. 

(ffartf  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Waldhar,  Lombard  king  6th 
cent.,  Walter,  Gualter,  Qualter — Ang.-Saxon  Wealdhere — 
Old  Norse  Yalthar — Engliah  Walteb,  Wbldeb,  Yalder^ 
GwAi/TKB,  QuiLTERf — Modem  German  Walthis — French 
Waldkb,  Walter,  Wauthikr,  Yauthieb,  Yaultieb,  Yel- 
TER.  (Had,  war)  Old  German  Walthad,  8th  cent. — French 
Yaltat.  (M<m)  Old  Germ.  Waldman,  8th  cent— Engliah 
Waldkav — ^Mod.  German  Waldmank — French  Ybltmajt. 
(Ram^  r€M,  raven)  Old  German  Walderannua,  7th  cent — 
Walteraniia,  Damesday^Eug.  Waldbon — Fr.  Yaldeirgit, 
Yaudroh  (or  from  an  Old  Germ.  Waldruu,  1 1th  cent.,  run, 
companion).  fEca,  counsel)  Old  Germ.  Waltrat,  7th  cent — 
French  Yautrot.  (Rio,  power)  Old  German  Waldirih,  7th 
cent — French  Yaxtdrt.  (Band,  shield)  French  Yaudrakd. 
(Sehalky  servant)  French  Yaudesgal.  CWine,  friend)  Old 
Germ.  Walduin,  8th  cent — 'Eng.  Waldwik  (christian  name). 

A  third  word  of  similar  meaning  is  star,  stur, 
Ang.-Sax.  and  Old  Norse  stdr,  Old  High  Germ. 
stiuri,  great. 

aiMPLE  FORMS. 

Old  Germ.  Star,  9th  cent     Old  Norse  St6ri  (surname). 

Stori,  Domesday  Tarki.      English  Storr,  Store,   Stort,  ®*^^;^* 

Storah,  Storrow.  

DnnKXTrrvBa 

Old  Germ.  Sturilio,  7th  cent — French  Storslli.      (Old 

Norse  Sturla,  Eng.  Sturla,  Haldorsen  derives  from  sturla, 

aagere,  in  the  sense  of  terrens).    English  Sturrock.   English 

SiORRS — French  Storez,  Stourza 

OOMPOUNDa 

(Bald,  bold)  French  8turra.ut.  (HaH,  warrior)  Eng. 
Storxr — French  Stohber. 

PBONETIC  ENDING. 

Bag.  Storrok. 
R  2 


346  TH<  RULER  AND  THE  FRINGE. 

Some  other  names  having  the  meaning  of 
great,  as  Grose,  Mickle,  &g.>  must  be  understood 
rather  in  the  sense  of  large  stature. 

There  is  a  word  scdv,  found  in  some  ancient 
names,  for  which  Forstemann  proposes  Old  High 
Germ,  scdo,  dark,  or  the  Latin  sahms.  And  there 
is  another  word  gdb,  sdf,  for  which  he  proposes 
Old  High  Germ,  selbo,  self,  ipse.  I  am  inclined 
to  refer  both  these  words,  and  with  more  certainty 
the  former,  to  Old  High  Germ,  salba,  Ang.-Sax 
salfy  sidf,  salve,  Ang.-Sazon  secdvian^  to  anointw 
The  sense  might  be  either  that  of  healing,  or  it 
might  be  that  of  conferring  regal  dignity,  of 
which  anointing  has  been  from  the  most  ancient 
times  the  symbol  In  the  latter  sense  I  include 
them  in  this  chapter. 

SIMPLBfOBMB. 

Mt^  Betf.      Qij  Q^fgj^  Selbo,  Selpo,  8th  cent.    English  Salvb,  Belt, 
^  *"*      Selves,  Selyet,  SavB,  SUiVA.   French  Salvt,  Sarr,  Silva, 

SlLYE. 

PATRONYMia 

French  SALTAmo. 

COHPOirNDfi. 

(Ha/rd)  Old  Qerm.  Salvard,  Selphard,  9th  cent— Franoh 
Salyebte,  Stlyert. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Old  Qerm.  Salvan,  9th  cent  English  Saltik.  French 
Saltan. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 


WISDOM  AND  KNOWLEDGE. 

Names  derived  from  wisdom  or  learniDg  in 
the  abstract  we  might  fairly  presume  not  to  be 
of  the  highest  antiquity.  And  there  is  to  a 
certain  extent  an  evidence  in  the  names  them- 
selves that  they  are  not.  The  oldest  sense  in 
which  any  word  of  this  class  was  used  was  pro- 
bably that  of  counsel  in  war.  And  yeit  even  this 
carries  us  forward  to  a  time  when  contact  with 
powerfrd  neighbours  had  taught  the  rude  Grerman 
tribes  that  something  more  than  brute  force  and 
a  headlong  rush  were  necessary  to  contend  against 
disciplined  troops. 

The  most  common  stem  with  this  meaning  is 
rud,  rat,  red.  Old  High  German  7^(it,  Ang.-Saxon 
rSd,  Mod.  Grerm.  rath,  counsel,  which  occirns,  as 
a  prefix  and  termination,  since  the  5  th  cent.  A 
word  which  might  intermix  is  rod,  rasth,  swift, 
eager — also  Ang.-Sax.  read,  red. 

SIMPLE  FOBMS. 

Old  Germ.  Rado,  Radi,  Rada>  Rato,  6th  cent.      English  K^  «»*. 
Rat,  Ratty,  Reed,  RsmY,  Ready.      Mod  German  Rade,    ^^^ 
Rath,  Ratti,  Reddb,  Reeds.    French  Rad^  Radi,  Rattb, 
Rat,  Ratkau,  Rathbau,  Rati^,  Rbad,  Rbty. 
DiMnnrrrvEs. 

Old  Germ.  Radacho,  Rathago,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Raddick 
— ^Mod.  German  Radicke — French  Radigue.  Old  German 
Ratilo,  Radila^  8th  cent — English  Rattle,  Raddall,  Red- 


848  WISDOM  AND  KNOWLEDGE. 

DALL — ^MocL  Gearm.  Radel,  Bidbl — ^French  Radel»  Ratbl. 
Eng.  Reddish,  Radish — Erench  Radez,  Ratisseau.  Eng. 
Reddeleik,  Redline. 

PHONEnc  ending. 
Old  Qerman  Raduni,  Ratin,  Redan,  8tb  cent.      English 
Badden,  Ratton,  Redden.     Mod.  Qenn.  Rathev,  Rbden. 
French  Radannb,  Raton,  Redon. 

PATBONTMICa. 

Old  Oerman  Rading,  Reding,  8th  cent — ^Eng.  RxDDiNOy 
Reading — Mod.  Qerm.  Ratting. 

OOllPOUNDS. 

(Bald,  bold)  Old  Oerman  Ratbold,  8th  cent— French 
Rataboul.  ("Brand,  sword)  Old  German  Radbrand,  8th 
cent — Eng  Rbdband  f  (Geil,  elatus)  Old  Genn.  Ratgeil, 
8th  cent — English  Redgell^  Rattioal.  {Gwud,  Goth)  Old 
Germ.  Ratgand,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Rbtoatb  %  {Hart,  wairior) 
Old  Germ.  Rathere,  Rateri,  Rater,  Rethere,  6th  cent — Eng. 
Ratter,  Rather,  Rattray,  Reader,  Redtear — Modem 
Germ.  Rader,  Ratter,  Reder — French  Rathert,  Rathier, 
Rattier,  Ratter,  Redier,  Reder.  (Heid,  state  condition) 
Old  Germ.  Radheit,  Ratheid,  8th  cent — Eng.  Redhead — 
French  Radet,  Ratott,  Redet.  (Hdm)  Old  Germ.  Rat- 
helm,  8th  cent— Eng.  Ratthail  (LM,  U\f,  superstes)  Old 
Germ.  Ratleib,  8th  cent ~  English  Ratliffe,  RadguffeI — 
Modem  German  Radleff.  (Man)  Old  German  Radman, 
Redman,  9th  cent — ^Eng.  Redman,  Redhayne,  Readman — 
Mod.  German  Radehann,  Redmann.  {Ma/r,  famous)  Old 
German  Radmar,  Redmer,  8th  cent — English  Radmorb, 
Rbdhore — Mod.  Germ.  Redher — French  Redicer.  {Mund, 
protection)  Old  German  Radmund,  Redemnnd,  7th  cent — 
Eng.  Radmond,  Redmond.  (Ram,  ran,  raven)  Old  Gennan 
Ratramnus,  8th  cent — English  Ratheram.  (Wdd,  power) 
Old  Germ.  Radoald,  8th  cent — French  Radoult.  (War, 
defence)  Old  German  Ratwar,  8th  cent— English  Redwab. 
(Wig,  wi,  war)  Old  German  Ratwig,  Ratwih,  Redwi,  9th 
cent — English  Radwat,  Beddawat.  (Wine,  friend)  Old 
Germ.  Radowin,  Redoin,  Retwin,  8th  cent — ^Eng.  Readwdt 


WISDOM  AND  KNOWLBDaV.  349 

— Frenoh  Ratouiv,  Badottait.  fWu,  wiae)  Old  G«niiaa 
Batwisy  RaduiB,  8tb  cent — French  Ratouu.  (Ulf,  wolf) 
Old  G^nnaii  Badul^  Thuringian  duke,  7th  cent. — French 
Rabvlphe.  (Wid,  wood)  Old  Qerm.  RadoidiB,  9th  cent. — 
English  Rbdwooix 

Another  common  stem  with  this  meaning  is 
ragin  (GotL  ragin,  counsel),  which,  in  accordance 
with  the  principle  referred  to,  p.  48,  frequently 
becomes  rain.  A  word  which  might  intermix 
with  the  latter  form  is  Old  Norse  hreinn^  rein 
deer,  whence,  according  to  Haldorsen,  the  Scan- 
dinavian name  Hreinn. 

SniPLB  rOBMB. 

Old  Oerman  Ragan,  Ragno,  Regin,  Raino^  8th  cent.    Bacia, 
Eng.  Raoin,  Ragov,  Rboan,  Radt,  Rsur,  RAnrar.     Mod.3Btf<»*^ 
Germ.  Raur,  Rktitb.     French  Ragan,  Ragoh,  Ragohnkau, 
Ragnbau,  Rsgni^  Radtb,  Redis,  Ratva. 
dhonxttitsb. 

Old  Germ.  Reinoo»  11th  cent — ^Mod.  Germ.  Runoks — 
French  RAnroo.  Old  German  Reginzo,  Reinao,  9th  cent — 
Eng.  Rboans,  Rains — Mod.  Gkrm.  Rsnz,  Eng.  RiOKNBiXy 
Rktnal — French  Rainau 

OOMPOUNSSL 

{Bwi,  bright)  Old  Germ.  Raganbert,  Reinbert,  7th  cent.— 
Eng.  RAoraiRD.  {Bald^  fortis)  Old  Germ.  Raganbold,  Rain- 
bald,  8th  cent — English  RAranoLD — ^French  Ratxbault. 
{Fridy  frith,  peace)  Old  German  Raganftid,  Rainfiid,  7th 
cent. — English  Rainfobd,  Rainfobth — French  Rainfrat. 
(&0r,  spear)  Old  German  Ragingar,  Raingar,  Reginker,  8th 
cent. — ^English  Ranges,  Ranakbr* — ^Mod.  Germ.  RsmoBB. 
{Hard)  Old  German  Raginhart^  Regnard,  Raynhard,  8th 
cent — English  Rbgnabt,  Renard,  Retnard — ^Mod.  German 
RlONHARD,  Reinhart— French  Regnard,  Rbgnabt,  Rat- 
VAB2>,  Renabd,  Reinert.  {HoHy  warrior)  Old  German 
Raganhar,  Franldsh  king,  6th  cent,  Rainher,  Rainer — Old 

*  Or  to  r«MS  i»pla«t  p^  ISO. 


850  WISDOM  AND  KNOWLBDO& 

None  Bagnaiv— Eni^iik  Batvib—- Mod. 
BianEB^Fr.  BacariEBy  Rbqnei,  Ratbkr,  Bjethool  (Hmi, 
war)  Old  G^erman  Beginhad,  Rainhad,  8ih  cent. — l^ngKA 
Bevaub— French  Bainaud,  Bainot.  (Hdm)  Old  German 
Baganhelm,  Bainelm,  8tb  cent — Eng.  Batvham — French 
Bkvbaumb^  Behox.  (Man)  Old  Qerm.  Bajmnan,  9th  cent. 
— Eng.  Beinmak — Mod.  Germ.  Bsinmank.  ( fTtfoA/yStranger) 
Old  Germ.  Bainnwalo — Eng.  Beikwell — French  Bbthetal. 
{WaUL,  power)  Old  Ger.  Raginald,  Beginold,  Bainold,  Benald, 
6th  cent — Eng.  Rignault,  Betmolds  (and  the  christian  name 
Bboikald) — Modem  German  Beinhou),  Bbtkold — French 
Bbonauld,  Beonault,  Benauld,  Benault — ^ItaL  Benaldl 
(W<»rd,  guardian)  Old  German  Baginward,  Bainoard,  8th 
oentb — French  Benouasd.  {Ulf^  wolf)  Old  QeroL  Baginolf, 
Bainnl^  8th  cent — ^French  Benouf. 

In  an  age  when  experienoe  was  Hie  only 
teacher,  the  man  who  lived  the  longest  might 
generally  be  presumed  to  know  the  most.  And 
thus  we  find  that  the  Aog.-Saxon  frdd  signified 
both  **  advanced  in  years^''  and  olso  "  wise,  pru- 
dent." This  was  a  common  word  in  ancient 
names,  but  is  rather  scarce  at  present. 

simple  FORBia 

j^^  Old  Germ.  Frodo,  Frada»  Fnioto,  8th  cent     Ang.-Sax. 

wiM.     Frdda.    Old  Norse  FrddL    Frodo,  Domesday.     Eng.  Fsoob^ 

Froude,  F&owd,  Fbudd.      French  Fbioud,  Fbou>,  Fbot, 

Fruit.  

DunNimvE. 

Old  Qennan  Frutilo,  8th  cent — English  (or  Qerm.  t) 

Fbxuteu 

phonetio  ending. 

Old  Germ.  Frodin,  Fruatin,  8th  cent. — ^French  FBOTTEir. 

COMPOUNDS. 

{Gar J  spear)  Old  German  Frodger,  Froger,  8th  cent. — 
Eng.  FnoGES — French  Frogeb.  {Harij  warrior)  Old  Germ. 
Frothar,  Frotar,  Fnither,  8th  cent— Fr.  Fbotteb,  Fruitier, 
Froidube.  (  Wealh,  stranger)  Old  German  Frudawalh,  9th 
cent — French  Froideyal. 


WISDOM  AND  KNOWLBDOa  851 

From  the  Ang.-Saxon  tuts,  wise,  wtsa,  a  wise 
man,  leader,  vdsian^  to  instruct,  lead,  govern,  are 
probably  the  following. 

The  Old  High  Germ,  wiz.  Mod.  Germ,  weiss, 
white,  might  intermix. 

SIHPLB  FORKS. 

Old  German  Wiso,  Wis,  Wizo,  Vizo,  7th  cent.     English  J^ 
W18B,  W188,  VizB,  Vysb,  Vicjb.      Modem  German  Weisb. 
French  Weiss^,  Vissb. 

DIMINXTTIVEa. 

Old  Germ.  Wiaili,  Wiala^  8th  cent— Eng.  WrasruBf— 
Mod.  Germ.  Wibsel.  Old  Germ.  Wiziko^  10th  cent. — Eng. 
VisiCK — French  Wissooq,  Vissao;  Old  German  Wizikin, 
10th  cent — English  Whiskd^. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Old  German  Wisnn,  9th  cent      French  Yisonhbaxt. 

CX)MPOUNDa. 

{Otvrdy  protection)  Old  German  Wisigard,  wife  of  the 
Frankish  king  Theodebert,  6th  cent,  Wisncart — English 
y  I8CX)RD,  Whiskered  %  {Mam)  Old  German  Wisman,  8th 
cent — English  Wiseman — ^Mod.  Germ.  Wissman — French  f 
WiZEMANN.  (Hard)  Eng.  Vizard.  (Hari,  warrior)  Eng. 
YizER — French  Vissbr,  Visier,  Vissier.  (Wdd,  power) 
English  WisEwouLD — Mod.  German  Weiswald.  Here  also 
Eng.  Wisdom,  a  name  of  an  uncommon  class,  like  Friend- 
ship, p.  263. 

Another  word  of  the  same  meaning  may  be 
dis,  tis,  for  which  Forstemann  proposes  Goth. 
deis^  wise.  It  is  not,  certain,  however,  that  the 
Old  Norse  dts,  Ang.-Sax.  ides,  woman,  goddess» 
may  not  come  in  for  part. 

SIMPLE  FORM& 

Old  Germ.  Diso,  Disso,  Dis%  Tiso,  Tisi,  8th  cent  Eng. 
Dtce,  DicBT,  Diss,  Dias,  Ttas,  Tisob.  Modem  German 
Thixb.    French  Diz^  Dizt,  ThiS|  Thisbe. 


Dli. 
WiM. 


352  WISDOM  AND  XNOWLSDGB. 

DnUKUTIVSB. 

Eogliflh  Ttback.    Fiendi  TiflscLnr. 

PHOmnC  SNDDTO. 

English  Dtsov,  Ttsoh.     Frenoh  DiZAor,  Tnov. 

OOMPOUKDa. 

(And^  life,  ipirit)  French  Duand,  Dibavt.  (Eard) 
En^ieh  TiZABD^Frenoh  Dissabix  {HaH^  warrior)  Eog^iah 
Ttoeb — French  Tiasm,  Tisbaibb.  (J/or,  famous)  English 
DiSMOBX.    {Ra/nd^  shield)  French  Tisserahd. 

Another  word  with  the  meaning  of  wisdom 
or  prudence  is  Old  High  Germ,  glau^  dau,  Ang.- 
Saxon  gledw,  which  takes  the  guttural  in  the 
Gothic  glaggvus.  Old  Norse  lldh%  Danish  and 
Swedish  Jdog,  Mod.  German  Jdug,  Dutch  Uoek. 
Forstemann  has  only  three  ancient  names,  which 
are  all  in  the  Old  High  German  form  gla%  and 
none  of  which  correspond  with  the  following. 

SIMPLBFOBH& 

^^''!^^^'  Ol^Qy  Ihmetday  Lmc  English  Oloao,  Olock,  Glbio, 
Olxw,  Clogo,  Oloak,  Clow,  Clack,  Clbqo  !  Clat  t  Mod. 
QermML  Kluob,  Kluck,  Klooks.      Frenoh  Oluok,  Olouz, 

.QLBOHf  CLATXt 

OOliPOUNDa. 

{Hriif  state,  condition)  English  CLAOOvrr,  Clbgort, 
Cliwstt — French  Glochkt,  Cloquet,  Clouet,  Clateitk. 
(Fori,  warrior)  English  Gluer,  Clueb.  {Man)  Mod.  Germ. 
Klookxanh — French  Cloqueiok. 

From  the  Old  High  Germ.  Uzan,  Mod.  Germ. 
leaen^  to  read,  Grothic  leisan.  Old  Norse  fewt,  to 
study.  Old  Norse  hBS,  lesinn,  learned,  I  derive  a 
stem  laa^  ks,  lis,  in  proper  namea  The  above  is, 
however,  only  a  derived  or  secondary  meaning, 
the  original  sense  being  that  of  pursuing  or  col- 
lecting, which  may  be  in  part  that  which  is  found 
in  the  following  names. 


LMned. 


WISDOH  AJND  KKOWLEDQS.  353 

SUftPLBfOBMa 

Old  Oerman  Lemo,  8th  oent.      Laoj,  Boll  BatL  Abb.  ^^  ^ 
Lean,  Domuday  Lmo.     English  Lact,  Lbbst,  Lts.     Mod. 
Garman  Lb88S.      French  Leys,  Lbz^  Lazb,  Lassat^  Las, 

LlSBl^  TfXy^A^  LlS^ 

DIMUIUTIVKa 

Frenoh  Lbaoq,  Lkbabo,  Lasbqus.  English  Layzsll, 
Labsbl — Frenoh  Labbalu^  Lotsxl. 

FHOKBTIO  XNDINO. 

Old  Germ,  Lisinia,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Leason,  Lisimr — 
French  Lassinat,  Labnb,  lasKSKEy  LEffiiB,  Lizok. 

PATB0NTMIC8. 

Leising,  Lib,  ViL      Modem  German  Lbssiko.      Frenoh 

LAfltANHS. 

C01fK>Uim8. 

{Ha/rd)  Old  German  Lisiard,  11th  oent. — Eng.  Lezabd, 
Lazabd— Fr.  Lbzabd,  Lazabd,  Letsabd.  {HaH^  warrior) 
Lessere,  lAb.  F«&— Eng.  Lstsbb,  Lbbskb,  Leabubb — Frenoh 
T.Aaangttj  Lassbbat,  Lbzbb,  Lizbbay.  {Man)  Frenoh  Lassi- 
KOKNB.  {Ma/r^  fionous)  English  Lisbimobb.  {Ral^  counsel) 
Frenoh  Lahhabat,  Lbzebbt.  (mf,  wolf)  Old  Germ.  Lisolf—- 
Eng.  Lb  Soubf— Frenoh  Lassblyb.  {War^  defence)  English 
Lbbswabb — Frenoh  LASsuiBS. 

Ab  a  termination  his  occurs  in  five  German 
names  of  the  8th  cent.,  and  Forstemann  proposes, 
though  doubtingly,  the  above  derivation.  These 
names  are  Bertleis  (&erf,  illustrious),  Guntleis 
{gund^  war),  Hildeleis  {Jtild,  war),  Witleis  {wit, 
wisdom),  Vulfleis  {wulf,  wolf).  We  have  a  list 
of  names  in  English  with  a  similar  termination 
which  I  think  tend  to  confirm  this  derivation 
These  are  Lawless,  Legless,  Eegeless,  Shabp- 
LESS^  BooEiiESS)  Fairless,  Loveless,  Barlass, 
Landless^  and  Unglbss.  Of  these.  Lawless 
has  been  explained  as  **  regardless  of  la  V — Beck- 
less  as  "  void  of  prudence" — Legless  as  "wanting 

s  2 


354  WISDOM  AKD  KNOWLEDO& 

legs"— and  Booklbss  as  •'destitute  of  books* 
A  much  better  and  more  natural  meaning  is 
given  to  almost  all  of  these  bj  the  derivation 
proposed  above.  Lawless^  then,  I  take  it^  tneain^ 
**  learned  in  the  law  f  and  liKOLiss  has  nothing 
to  do  with  Miss  Biflin,  but  is  only  anoUier  form 
of  the  same.  Fairless^  as  •'travel-learned," 
expresses  a  most  natural  idea»  for  so  much  ^iras 
trave]  regarded  as  the  best  means  of  getting 
knowledge^  that  in  the  idiom  of  the  German  and 
Danish  languages,  •'travelled''  has  become  synonj*^ 
mous  with  *•  experienced.**  Landless  may  have 
the  same  meaning  as  S'airless,  or  it  may,  though 
less  probably,  be  restricted  to  a  knowledge  of 
one's  own  country.  Reckless^*  from  Ang.-Saz» 
reccaUj  to  explain,  interpret;  and  Saarplbsi^ 
from  Ang.-Sax.  scearp,  sharp,  quick,  skilful,  are 
also  most  natural  compounds.  Bookless  is  not 
so  called  from  the  scantiness  of  his  library,  but 
from  the  good  use  made  of  what  he  had  The 
Old  Norse  has  the  very  word^  hdklas,  •'book- 
learned,"  also  "  able  to  read,"  a  much  more  notable 
circumstance  in  his  day  than  that  of  being  without 
books.  Loveless,  alias  Lovelace,  is  not  quite 
so  obvious.  We  know  that  in  the  Romance  days 
the  lore  of  love  became  so  intricate  as  to  require 
a  specnal  court  for  its  adjustment,  but  this  seems 
to  involve  rather  too  modem  a  sentiment.  Lastly, 
Barlas  and  Ungless,!  (ber,  bear,  and  ung  or 

*  Another  derivation  ia  Alao  propoeed  for  BaoKLBsa^  at  p.  844.    tet  w« 
hare  alio  Ejlolxm,  whloh  seeme  to  eome  In  here. 

t  With  UiroLMS  we  ma^  perhape  put  Unolm. 


VnSDOU  AND  KNOWLEJDUift.  355 

time,  serpeot),  refemng  to  the  two  animals  most 
noted  in  anciant  times  for  their  wisdom,  and  the 
former  being  synonymous  with  Babwisb,  have 
as  natural  a  meaning  as  could  be  desired.  I  do 
not  include  with  the  above  Wanless,  for  it  seems 
to  be  from  Ang.-Saxon  w(»n^  a  blemish,  with  the 
negative  termination,  which  would  make  it  the 
same  aa  another  name  Faultless.  Some  of 
the  other  names  may  be  open  to  doubt,  indeed 
I  bring  forward  the  subject  rather  as  a  question 
f pr  enquiry. 

Suoh  names  then  as  the  above,  which  seem  to 
have  more  of  a  direct  meaning  than  is  usually 
found,  are  among  those  to  which  I  referred  at  the 
beginning  of  this  chapter  aa  indicative  of  a  more 
recent  originl 

From  the  above  word  lis  is  formed  Ang.-Sax., 
Old  Norse,  and  Old  High  Germ,  list,  art,  science, 
from  whicih  are  derived  the  following  name& 

9IMFUB10BM8. 

Old  Germ.  Lista^  9th  cent.      English  List,  Lbsty,  Last.     Utt. 
Mod.  Qem.  Um.  **««^ 

DIHINnnVES. 

Old  GemuoL  Listillo,  8th  cent     French  Lestelle. 

PUONBTIO  Bin>iNa 

Old  Germ.  Listin.     Eng.  Liston.     French  Lestienkb. 

PATBONTiaCB. 

Mod*  German  {jernrp.     Frendi  Lestoxko, 

OOMPOUNDS. 

(ffari,  warrior)  CHd  German  Listhar,  8th  cent.— English 
LuTTEB,  Lesteb — Frenoh  Luteb,  Lbsteub,  Lastbtbia  (Bad, 
rai,  oouiisel)  Frepch  LESTRADBy  Lastbbt. 

From  the  Old  Norse  laira,  Ang.-Saxon  l^ratif 
to  teach,  to  know  ;  Old  High  Germ,  lera,  Ang.- 


35  (>  WISDOM  AND  KNOWLEDGE 

Sax.  Idr,  Uer,  Eng.  ''  lore,"  leaming ;  Aiig.-Saxoii 
lareow.  Old  Norse  loBrari^  teacher,  I  derive  the 
following.  It  will  be  observed  that  there  are 
very  few  ancient  names  from  this  root,  though  it 
is  common  at  present ;  and  this  may  perhaps  be 
taken  as  an  additional  illustration  of  the  remark 
which  I  made  at  the  beginning  of  this  chapter  as 
to  the  comparatively  recent  origin  of  this  class  of 
namea 

SIlfPLB  fOBMB. 

^^^-  Old  Germ.  Liia^  Loria,  8th  cent    Engliah  Lasa,  Labbt, 

T.fft-niff.  j^^uQ^^^  Lbab,  Lsart,  Lkbba,  Lobit,  Laurdl      IVencib 

LaBBA,  Labb4  LsBB4  Lib4  LaUB,  LaxTBBT,  LaITBBAU,  LOBAf 

LOB^  L0BT9   LOBBAU. 

DIMlNUTiVBa 

Engliflh  Laubbl — ^French  Lobbax^  LobbiIiL&  Ebgliah 
Lbbioo— French  Laboqui^  Lobiquk  Eng.  Labkiv,  Lobkui 
— French  Lobiohob.  French  Lobbz^  Lobba,  Labs.      French 

LOBSXT. 

001CPOXTND& 
Eng.  Labouz,  Lxbew — ^French  Labbixu,  Labui^  Lbbbuz 
s=  Ang.-Sax.  lareaw,  a  teacher  f  (ffard)  EngliRh  Lababd. 
(Man J  English  Labxah,  Lobbimak.  (Mary  fionoas)  Lori- 
marinsy  Dame$day — ^Eng.  Labmbb,  Lobdibb — ^French  LoBi* 
xiEB,  LoBXiXBy  LABMTTnt  (MfOh,  coursge)  Eng.  Labxuth» 
Leabxoitth.  (WeM,  stranger)  English  LabwUiL — ^French 
Labubllb.  (Wig^  wi,  war)  English  Lebway — ^French  Lab- 
BOUTy  Labitat. 

From  the  Ang.-Saac  scearp.  Old  High  Germ. 
scarf y  Mod.  German  scharfy  ^arp,  quick,  acute, 
there  are  a  few  names.  Forstemann  finds  seven 
firom  this  root  in  the  8th  and  9th  cents.,  but  only 
one  corresponding  with  oura 


SIMPLB  FOBMS. 


^^"^^         English  Shabp,  Shabpbt,  Sbabfus,  Scabiv,  Sghabb, 


Modem   Qerman   Schabpff,   Sghabf.       French  Ohabft, 
Ohabfb. 


WI8D0M  AKD  KNOWLBDGB.  357 

DDIUiUTlVK. 

Engliah  Shabplkt. 

PfiOKSnC  INDINa. 

Old  Genn.  Soherfixi,  9th  cent  Eng.  Shabpht.  French 
Chabpih. 

OOMPOimD. 

('LeU,  learned)  Eng.  Shabpubsb,  Subpuct  t 
A  oommon  word  is  hig,  hog^  hug,  from  Ang.* 
Sax.  hyge.  Old  High  Germ,  hugu,  mind,  thought^ 
Anglo-Saxon  hygian,  hogian,  to  study,  meditate. 
The  Saxon  form,  it  will  be  seen,  is  common  in 
English  but  not  in  French.  A  root  very  liable 
to  intermix  is  hoh,  hoch,  high,  p.  340. 

SDCPLB  FOBMBl 

Old  Qerman  Hugo,  Hug,  Hue,  Hnga^  Hnghi,  Hogo, 
Ghngo,  8ih  cent  Eng.  Hugo,  Huo,  Hugh,  Huib,  Huok, 
Hogo,  Hodgi^  Hiox,  Ohiok,  Ohkbk,  Ohuok.  Mod.  Oerm. 
HuGB,  Hugo,  Huoxs,  Hoox.  French  Hugo,  Hug^  Hug, 
Hup,  Hux,  Hu,  HuA. 

BDULMUTiVJfil 

Old  Germ.  Hngila,  Hnkili,  9th  cent. — English  Hugall, 
HuGKXii^  Whxwell^  Higlet,  Hioklkt — Modem  Qerman 
HifGXL — French  Hugla,  Hukl^  HiiTgwrJi.  Old  Qerman 
Hngizo,  lOih  cent — Eng.  Hughes,  Hewish,  Huoxs,  Hioks, 
HoDGXB — French  Hugues.  Hogoin,  Zift.  VU. — English 
HoDGxnr.  Hngelinns,  Domesday — ^Hneline,  Lib.  VU. — 
Eng.  HuxuNSy  HioxLXK,  Hickuhg — ^Fr.  Huouxux,  Higuk. 

PHONETIO  EKDnm. 

Hjgine,  Lib.  ViL  English  Hugouk,  Huoxxn,  Hogak, 
HiGGix,  Chicken.     French  Hugon,  Hogax,  Huan,  Honr, 

HnonnL 

ooiipouxne. 
[  (Bcdd,  bold)  Old  Qerman  Hngibald,  Hubald,  8th  cent— 
Eng.  Hubble  f — French  Hubaui/t — ^ItaL  XJBALDa  (Beri, 
br%ht)  Old  Qerman  Hngnbert^  Hubert,  7th  cent. — ^English 
HuBEBT — Mod.  Qerm.  Hubbbt — ^French  Hubebt.  (Hard) 
Old  Qerm.  Hngiharty  Hngard,  9th  cent. — ^Eng.  Huggard, 
Hbwabi>— French    Hugabd,   Huchabd,   Huaxd,   Huabt, 


358  WISDOM  AHD  XVOWLSDO& 

Ohigabi».  (Eari,  warrior)  Sng.  Hbwbb,  Hewbt,  OHBQUEBf 
— ^French  Hughsbt.  {Lae,  plaj)  Old  Germ.  Hugikih,  8th 
o^t — Old  Norse  Hn^eikr — Aiig.-Sexon  HygelAo — Engliah 
Hillock  f  Hullock  t  Ullook  1 — French  Uiosk  t  fLind, 
mild)  Old  German  HagOind,  8th  cent  ^Engliah  Hswlaitd. 
(Man)  Ang'-Sax.  Hiooeinann  (fofimi  fti  Eyoomfm/nauidn^ 
Cod,  Dip.  643)^  English  Hu&iUK,  Huohman,  Humak, 
HoDOXAN,  HiOMAir,  Hickman — Freneh  Humakv,  Hibck- 
i£AMir.  {OUf  bU^  hostage)  Eng.  H(»>0KI8&  (Ma^  oourage) 
Old  Germ,  ^ugimot,  9th  eent — ^E!n|^  UiCKVprr.  (Mar^ 
ftmous)  Old  Ger.  Hugimar,  10th  oeut. — Eng.  Hoqmibi^  Hioh- 
XOBJL  (ilTo^  bold)  French  Huokot,*  Hognet.  (  WcUd,  pawer) 
Old  Germ.  Hugold,  9th  oent— French  Hu^ult.  {BeU,  state, 
oondition)  Haet%  Domudof^ — Rngliah  HnoosTT,  Huckxtt, 
Hbwjt— French  HuooTy  Hubt,  HucnxTn,  Chiquet. 

Another  stem  <;)f  ^imilw  meaning  J  tadce  to  \h> 
mun.  Old  Norse  muni,  the  mind»  Goth,  munan, 
to  think.  Grimm,  howerer,  refers  to  Old  Norse 
munr,  pleasure.  The  names  of  Odin's  two  ravens^ 
Hugin  and  Munin,  whose  office  it  was  to  bring 
him  intelligence  of  all  that  passed  in  the  w<Mrld, 
are  derived  respectivelj  from  this  and  the  former 
root.  Mr.  Blackwell,  in  the  edition  of  Mallet's 
Nort^iem  Antiquities  edited  hj  him,  has  an 
amusing  speculation  upon  our  two  comio  iur- 
separables  Huggins  and  Muggins,  which  he  sug- 
gests may  possibly  be  alliteratively  corrupted 
from  the  names  of  Odin's  two  ravens.  This  root 
is  liable  to  intermix  with  man,  men,  p.  57,  and 
with  mundy  p.  ?76.  Also  with  Moon,  which  I 
think  may  be  from  a  mythological  origin. 

*  Hanee  the  luune  of  the  Hngnenoti,  the  oriclB  of  whloh  !•  not  yet  eettiedr 
Theahove  oameHuoxo*  Isevldeiitij  not  from  the  mqI^  but  the  taol  night  veiT 
BitanHy  teiTe,  m  indeed  most  eeete  hsie  done,  fhNB  the  neme  of  *  auuL  The 
oalj  ether  deriretiOB  I  ham  wma  is  ft  lame  one. 


WISDOM  AKi)  fun^TttttMl.  9b9 

Old  QwmBh  Miliioy  Moliio,  8th  oeht    Eng^  Hvmr,     j^ 
MoKXT.    French  MomOE,  Muki£ 

PATBOHTMICi. 

Old  Germ.  Miming,  8th  o«&t»    Eng.  MmffHiscM; 

OOMFOUNIXL 

(Here,  army)  Old  G^emuui  Munihari,  6th  cent.— -French 
M  tiriXB,  MbinoBB*  (Nem,  jroong)  ^ng,  Mtmniw.  (Mund, 
IxroteddoD}    Old  German   Munimiind,   7th  eentb-^Engliah 

MONUXEMT. 

From  the  Old  High  German  dankfan,  Aug.* 
Sax.  thencauy  to  thinks  may  be  the  following. 
Or  it  may  be  fix>m  the  derived  sense  of  German 
danken,  English  thank. 


Old  German  Thanoo,  Danoo,  Thenka,  Tenca»  6th  cent 
English  Danks,  Dknoh,  Taitk,  Txmob.  Mod.  Germ.  DAVXt 
Dink.    l*renoh  Takc 

DIMINUTIVEB. 

Old  Geirman  l^andla,  a  Goth,  5th  6eiii,  Dandiilo — Mod. 
Germ.  Dangkil — French  Danola,  DaMLA.    Eng.  TAirSLtK. 

OD1CPO0FD& 

(iTord)  Old  Germ.  Tkmchard,  9th  eenk— Eng.  Tahkabd 
— ^Modern  German  Dakkebt — Froioh  Dakoocat.  (ffa/ir% 
warrior)  Old  Genn.  Thancheri,  9th  cent. — English  Tamksb, 
tjonquzBLAY^  Thaoksbay — ^Mod.  Gena  Dehckul  (JRat, 
red,  counsel)  Old  Genn.  Thanoharat,  Tancrad,  8th  cent. — 
Old  Noree  Thaokrftdr— Eng.  Takobbd.  (Wealh,  stranger) 
Old  Germ.  Thangwil,  9th  Cent. — Eng.  Thackwbui— French 
Dangouelia.  {Wine,  friend)  Old  Germ.  Tanquin,  8th  cent 
— French  Dakquik,  DANOonnL  (Wis,  sapiens)  French 
Dahquis. 

Another  word  having  the  meaning  of  thought 
or  meditation  may  be  ch%idy  ckut,  which  Forste- 
mann  refers,  though  doubtingly,  to  Old  High 
German  chiUim^  meditarl  It  might  only  be 
another  form  of  hud  or  hvi. 


860  WISDOM  AMD  KNOWLBDGK. 


cfanL  (Md  Gem.  Ohndo^  8th  oent    ]bi|^  0HOOf%  Ohoix. 

>"•**«*•  Franoh  Ohorbau. 

00MP0UHD8L 

(Haird)  French  Ohoitabdi     (iJor^  inniar)  Ai^^uh 

OsUTBBy  OUUITUL 

From  the  Old  High  Germ.,  Mod.  Germ.,  Old 
Norse  hanst^  Mod.  German  kust^  art^  scienoe,  may 
be  the  following.  Perhaps  the  German  gunst^ 
&yor,  may  intermix. 

^ , ,  anCPLB  fOBlOL 

Bug.  Oomrr,  Cost,  Oubt.     Mod.  Qerm.  Koer.     French 

Qo&S%  OOBIA^  OoflTET,  OOUBRFBAU,  GofftBAU. 
DIMiNUTIVJU. 

Old  Germ.  Oostila^  6th  cent. — ^Bngliah  Oostello,  Ooer- 

hOWf   OoffTALL,   OOffTLT,   G08TBLOW— Fr.    OOffTILUi^    Ck>0TEL. 

Bngluh  GoflTUHa.  Mod.  GenoAn  Oosm — ^Frandi  CkMRTACi 
Oosna  Old  German  OuBtans)^  9th  cent— Oastanca^  Lib, 
ViL — ^English  OuRnrcB. 

OOMPOUMBa 

(OeTy  spear)  Eng.  Oostkksb.  (ffmrd)  Old  Germ.  Costard, 
9ih  oent^-EogliBh  Oubtard,  Gubtabd — ^French  Oostabd, 
OousTASD.  (Hart,  warrior)  EngUah  OoenR  t  (Ulf,  wolf) 
Old  Germ.  Ousted^  9th  cent. — Eng.  Ooffmrr. 

From  the  Old  Norse  akUia^  to  understand^ 
discriminate,  apprehend,  I  take  to  be  the  follow- 
ing. An  intermixttire  with  shiddy  p.  227,  is  easy, 
but  I  think  there  is  a  separate  stem,  though  only 
one  ancient  name  comes  before  us. 


afctn. 


BDCPUBFOBIOL 

ICng1iiy)i  SKiLiii    Mod.  Germ.  SchUiL. 

PATBOKTMIOB. 

Aiig.-8azon  Sdlling,  a  poet  in  the  So6p  or  Baid*B  Bong. 
Eng.  SmuiDra.    Mod.  Germ.  Sghouho. 


WISDOM   AND   KNOWLEDGE.  361 

OOMPOUNUEL 

(B0rt  bear)  EngUah  Shillibkkb  f  {HeU,  state,  condition) 
Eng.  Skillstt  %  SHtLLiTO  %  {Ha/riy  warrior)  Eng.  Skxllbb — 
Mod.  Qenn.  Sohiluer — ^French  Scelldeb. 

From  the  Goth.  iimM^  concio,  sermo  ;  Aug.- 
Sax.  maihdian^  to  discourse,  harangue,  are  pro- 
bably the  following.  The  stem  math^  p.  341,  is 
however  liable  in  some  cases  to  intermix. 

SIMPLE    FOBMa 

Old  Qerm.  Madalo,  9th  cent.    M«dle,  Lib.  VU.     English   jjf|^ 
MadTiW,  MkpaTj,  Medley,  Methley.     Mod.  G^m.  Madel.    dimoqim 

DIlflNUnVES. 

Eng.  Madlik,  Medlbn.     French  Mathlin,  Methlin. 

COMPOUNDB. 

(Haiid,  state  condition)  Old  Qerm.  Madalhaid,  8th  cent. 
— ^French  Madoulaud.  (HaH^  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Madal- 
har,  8th  cent.— English  Medlas — Modem  German  Madleb 
Mmrgp-     (Gaud,  Goth)  Old  Germ.  Madalgaud,  8th  cent — 

TCngliali  MeDLICOTT. 

In  accordance  with  the  principle  of  optimism 
which  prevails  in  proper  names,  we  may  presimie 
that  names  derived  from  the  various  members  of 
the  body  are  to  be  invested  with  the  highest 
qualities  which  pertain  to  these  members.  Thus 
the  hand  may  be  taken  to  mean  dexterity,  and 
the  foot  activity.  In  like  manner  tongue  may 
be  taken  to  have  the  meaning  of  eloquence, 
wisdom,  or  persuasion.  There  is  only  one  Old 
German  name  in  which  it  appears,  but  it  enters 
into  some  Old  Norse  names,  as  Tungu-Kari, 
Tungu-Oddr,  &c.  Here,  though  a  prefix,  it  is  of 
the  nature  of  a  surname,  as  in  our  Apple-John. 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Old  German  Tungo.     English  Tokgtte,  Tonoe,  Tungay,    Tongue. 

DUNGBY.  '     "»««»• 

T  2 


362  WISDOM  AND  KNOWLKDOS. 

OOKPOUFUL 

(Mim^)  Ibiglkh  Tonoiuv.       (Namd^  danug)  Fraick 

In  this  chapter  may  be  included  the  names 
having  the  meaning  of  vigilance  or  watchfulness. 
From  the  Ang.-Sazon  wmcan^  ivcBccan,  to  watch. 
Old  High  German  wok,  vigil,  are  probably  the 
following.  A  word  liable  to  intermix  is  wag,  way, 
which  I  think  has  the  meaning  of  waving  or 
brandishing, 

W«lu.  BIMPLB  fOBMS. 

WatehfuL  Old  German  Yaoo,  Lombard  king,  6th  oent.,  Wadio, 
Waooo.  Uach,  Lib.  VU,  Eng.  Wakb,  Wage.  Mod.  Germ. 
Waoh.     Frendi  Ouaoh^  Vachy. 

DimHUTlVJU. 

Old  Oerman  Wachilo,  8th  oent. — ^English  Waxlkt, 
Weaklbt,  Weekly.  Old  Germ.  Wakis,  6th  cent. — Eng. 
Weeks — French  Yaquez.  Eng.  Wakelii^ ,  Wbaklik.  Old 
Germ.  Wakimua,  Gothic  leader,  6th  cent. — Eng.  Waxek. 

OOMPO0NDa. 

(Mem)  OldGemu  Wachmnn,  8th  cent — Eng.  Waxb- 

MAK,  WaOEMAIT. 

extended  fobmsANO.-sax.  waoor,  watchful. 
Old  C^erm.  Wacar,  Waocar,  7th  cent.     English  Waxeb. 
Mod.  Germ.  Wackeb.     French  Yaquieb. 

As  a  simple  form  of  the  stem  ragin,  p.  349, 
I  bring  in  here  the  stem  rag. 

SIMPLE  F0BM& 

^^'      .     Old  Germ.  Ragio,  Raoco,  d^,  8th  cent.     English  Racks 
Rack,  Rat.     Mod.  Germ.  Rach,  Rlcx.     French  Rat. 

DIMINUTiVBi 

Old  German  Ragilo,  Regilo,  7th  cent  English  Reoau 
Mod.  Germ.  Rbgel.     French  Raole. 

OOMPOUNDS. 

(Bold,  audax)  Old  German  Ragibald,  9th  cent— English 
Ratbauld— French  Ratbaud.  {Ha/rd^  fortis)  Old  German 
Reguhart,  Rehhart,  11th  cent — Mod.  German  Rahabdt-*^ 


WISDOM   AND   ivxNvy»»x.j.^v>^.  363 

French  Raocubt,  Rayabd.  (Hari,  warrior)  Old  German 
Baghar,  Racheri,  6th  cent — English  Rabet—MocI.  German 
RsTGEB,  Rethxr— French  Raoeb,  Raoabie,  Raybb.  (Had^ 
war  t)  Old  German  Rachot^  8th  cent — Eng.  Racket,  Rao- 
obtif — ^French  Raoot.  (Hdm)  Old  German  Rachelm,  8th 
cent — English  Rackhail  {Mwnd,  protection)  Old  German 
Ragimnndy  Raimund,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Raymond,  Raymbbt 
— Mod.  Germ.  Raimukd — French  Raymond.  f^lTwM,  friend) 
Old  GemL  Racoin,  8th  cent: — French  Ragoin.  {Ulf,  wolf) 
Old  Germ.  RagoL^  Raholf,  Raulf,  8th  cent.— Eng.  Ralph,* 
Relph — Mod.  Germ.  Ralfs. 

In  this  chapter  may  be  included  the  words 
in  which  is  contained  the  meaning  of  law  or  judg- 
ment. It  is  rather  remarkable  that  the  principal 
word  with  this  meaning  occurs  more  especially 
in  the  names  of  women,  and  we  can  hardly  help 
thinking  of  that  ancient  state  of  society  when 
&tidical  women,  like  Deborah  among  the  Jews, 
and  Albruna  among  the  Germans,  seem  to  have 
been  the  real  law-givers  and  judges  of  the  nation. 
The  word  in  question  is  the  Old  High  German 
tuom,  thuom^  thum,^  Ang.-Sax.  d6m.  Old  English 
dooniy  judgment. 

SIMPLB  F0BM&  ^ 

Old  Germ.  Tumo.  Tummi,  apparewSy  a  Dane^  %n  Saoso,  j^^^g^gg^^^ 
Ang.-Saxon  Dioma^  biahop  of  Merciab  Ang.-Saxon  Toma, 
/otrnd  perhaps  in  Tamanwarthigy  now  Tamworth^  Cad,  Dip, 
141,  dsc  Tomnus  Lib.  VU.  Tomj,  BoR  BcUL  Abb.  Eng. 
ToxxT,  Tomb,  Thukm,  Dumb,  Tom  ?  Mod.  Germ.  Thoma, 
DuMM,  DoHM.    Fr.  Tbow^  Tombs,  Thom,  Domb,  Dommbt, 

DOMBET,  DUHOMMl^  DuMAT. 

*  Deitvad  bj  Pott,  Lower,  and  oth«n  from  Badnlph.  But  nnlen  a  reuon; 
of  ft  different  aort  can  be  giren,  the  natural  e^mological  deriratlon  la  fron  Bagolf. 

t  Maj  not  thia  be  the  origin  of  the  name  of  Thnmelieoa,  aon  of  Arminiua, 
lat  cent.,  for  which  Grimm  propooea  Old  Norse  thumhmifr,  thumb  ?  The  seoonA 
part  of  the  name  might  alao  be  from  a  word  of  similar  meaning,  viz.,  lag,  law. 


364  WISDOM  AND  KNOWLEDGE. 

DDaMUTiVBi 

Old  QeruL  Duomelo,  Tomila,  Tiiiiiila»  9tli  oeni. — ^Eogliflh 
DmooELow,  DuMBELL^  ToMMKLL — Modem  Qeimaa  Dummel, 
TtTMMSL — ^French  Dommel,  Thomel,  Tombel.  Old  Gennaa 
Domlin,  7th  cent. — Eng.  Tomlin,  Dukuk,  Dumflqt — ^Mod. 
German  Daumlxn,  Ddmldig — French  Dumoldt,  Dumoulik  I 
Anglo-Saxon  Domec,  (found  perhaps  in  Domeooedge^  now 
Dauntsey^  Cod,  Dip,  271,  <l&e.^— Modem  German  DdiaoH — 
French  Domectq,  DouMia  £b:i£^d8h  ToMKnr — Mod.  German 
DiTMicHEH.      Eng.  ToMBSYy  Tombs — ^French  Dojoz,  DuiCBi^ 

Dumas? 

compounds. 

(GxB^  hostage  9  companion  ?)  Old  GemL  Domi}^  Tomi- 
chis,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Tomkies.  fOual,  same  as  git)  Old 
Ckrman  DomigisU,  6th  cent — French  Domicile  f  (ffeid, 
state,  condition)  Old  German  Tomaheid,  9th  cent — ^English 
DoMMETT — French  Doumet,  Thomet.  .  (Hard,  fortis)  Old 
Genn.  Domard,  6th  cent. — Eng.  Dummebit — Fr.  Domard, 
DoMABT.  {HaHj  warrior)  Old  German  Domaiins,  7th  cent. 
— Old  Norse  Domar — Domheri,  Lib,  VU. — ^Eng:  Dummeb, 
Toomeb — Mod  Germ.  Dohmeteb— Fr.  Domeb,  Dumaibe, 
DuMEBT.  (Eii,  ride)  Old  GemL  Diunerit^  6th  cent. — French 
Thommebet.  (Rtin,  wisdom,  mjsteiy)  Old  Genn.  Dommo- 
runa,*  7  th  cent. — French  Domaibok. 

Varying  forms  of  the  same  stem  I  take  to  be 
the  following,  as  foimd  in  Anglo-Saxon  dcBma, 
dSma,  a  judge.  Hence  the  "  dempsters,'^  judges 
of  the  Isle  of  Maa 

SIMPLE  FOBMS. 

judgnMnt  ^^^  Germ.  Tammo,  Temmo,  Dimo,  Diemo^  Timo,  Temo, 
8th  cent.  Tymmo,  a  Dane  or  Northman  in  Saxo.  Demma, 
Lib,  VU.  English  Damm,  Tame,  Tim.  Mod.  Germ.  Damm, 
Demme,  Thamm,  Temm,  Dieme,  TmifM,  Timm.  Fr.  Dami^ 
Damm,  Dam^  Damay,  Demat,  Demey,  DiMi,  Dimet,  Tami, 
Tama. 

*  Th«  t«niiiMtloii  nm  in  f flmale  luaam  1  hftw  gtm&nOj  tektn  to  ba^  M. 
OilauB  makes  it»  mmIa,  amiea.  Bat  In  tnoh  a  nama  as  tbe  aborv  it  mom  to  bo 
that  it  Bhoiild  xathar  have  the  meaning  of  mytteiiona,  perha|M  cabaUatle  koow- 
ledge.    8o  in  the  eiM  of  tho  wise  woman  of  the  Old  Gonnana,  Albnma.  p.  1S6. 


WISDOM  AND  KNOWLEDGE.  365 

DUdNUTIVES. 

Old  Qerm.  Tiemich,  11th  oent. — Eng.  DnociCK,  Dik- 
VOCK,  Tamkagb — Mod  G^rm.  Thiemke—  French  Demoquil 
French  Damel,  Demolle,  Thihel,  Timel.  Eng.  Taklth, 
Tamplin,  Tivlik— French  Damelok,  Demolxn,  DEMELmf, 
Dkmoulin  (quan  De  Moulin).  English  Dames,  Dbmpsey, 
Dimes,  Times,  Tims — French  Damez,  Damas,  Damazy, 
Demoist. 

oompounbs. 

(Hard)  Old  German  Taxnard,  9th  cent. — Mod  Qennan 
Dammert — French  Demart.  (Heid,  state,  condition)  Eng. 
Tamtrt,  Dimmeti — Fi'.  Damet,  Damotte,  Demotte.  (Hari, 
warrior)  Eng.  Dameb,  Damoby — Mod  Germ.  Dammeb — ^Fr. 
Dameb,  Damoub  (qwui  "  d'amour"),  Demab,  Demieb, 
Demory,  Dimieb.  (Eun,  wisdom)  English  Timperok,  Tam- 
BOBDaE  ? — French  Dameboh. 

Another  word  of  similar  meaning  may  be  stow^ 
which  Forstemann  refers  to  the  Gothic  staua^  a 
judge.  There  are  only  two  ancient  names  in 
which  it  is  foimd. 

simple  form.  DIMDnmVE. 

stow 

English  Stow.  English  Stowell.  j,-^ 

OOMPOXJNDS. 

(JTort,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Stauher,  8th  cent. — English 
Stoweb.     (Wald,  power)  English  Stovold, 

The  Ang.-Sax.  Uzg,  lah,  leak,  law,  is  found  in 
a  few  ancient  names,  and  in  a  still  greater  num- 
ber of  modem  ones.  There  are  however  some 
other  words  liable  to  intermix  :  as  lakcy  Anglo- 
Saxon  lacan^  to  play  ;  laug^  Old  Norse  laug^ 
lavacrum ;  perhaps  also  Ang.-Sax.  leg^  flame. 

SIMPLE  FOBMa 

Old  Germ.  Lago,  Lacoo,  Leggi,*  9th  cent      Eng.  Lack,     j^ 
Lacelet,  Lagkat,  Law,  Lay,  Lahee,  Leah,  Lego,  Lbggt, 

*  FOntanuum  thlnki  ihia  dmm  maj  pwbaiM  be  »  miitek*  for  SeggL  I  do 
not  Me  any  leeson  for  (he  sappoaltion,  and  bring  It  tn  here. 


366  WISDOM  AND  KNOWLEDGE. 

Lbl      Mod.  Gemma  Lass.      French  Laous,  Lac,  Laok, 
LsGi,  Lboat.  

DDUMUTIVA. 

Old  Gemum  Liigile,  llth  cent — Eng.  Lawlbt,  Lowlt 
— Erench  Lkoal^  LBasLBT.  French  Lachklqi.  Old  Germ. 
Lagozy  9ih  cent. — Eng.  Lawbs — French  Laobsbb. 

PHONXnC  BNDQTO. 

English  Laqgok,  Lani.  Mod.  German  Lehh.  French 
Lagnt,  Laoneau,  Lado^  Laike. 

comfouniml 

(Hard)  English  Layabix  {Hari^  warrior)  Old  German 
Lager,  8th  cent. — l^gli«»h  Lawteb — Mod.  Germ.  Lfffmm — 
French  Laqdeb,  Lagusrei^  LfaiEB.  (Or  the  above  may  all 
be  amply  the  same  aa  English  ''  lawyer" ;  perhapa,  however, 
in  an  old  meaning  of  judge).  {Ei^  p.  189)  En^iah  Lbsstt — 
Fr.  Laost,  Laoquet,  Lboat.  (Zmj^  learned,  experienced) 
Eng.  Lawless,  Lowlbss,  Lbglbss.  {Man)*  Eng.  Lackxan, 
Lawxah,  LowMAir,  LATicAir^Mod.  Germ.  Laohxait — ^Fr. 
Laujcaik,  Lehman.    {WM,  power)  French  Lbqault. 

As  a  termination  lag  is  difficult  to  separate 
from  other  words.  The  name  Wihtlseg  in  the 
genealogy  of  the  Mercian  kings  from  Wo  I'en,  Eng. 
Whitblegg,  Whitelaw,  seems  to  belong  to  it. 

The  followiDg  stem  seems  to  be  from  Gothic 
aiv3,  Old  High  German  Sv^a^  Anglo-Saxon  j4y 
lex,  statutum. 

SIMPLE  FOBMB. 

^  Old  Germ,  Euo,  Jo,  Bvo,  9th  cent     English  Yeo,  Yea^ 

Stotatnm.  EwE,  Eye.     Mod  Geim.  Iw&     French  Eye,  Yvk 

DDCIMUTlVlflS. 

Old  German  Ewuli,  9tii  cent. — Engliah  Ewell,  Evill  t 
Old  Germ.  Eveoo,  llth  cent. — ^Mod.  Geam.  Ewioh— French 
Eveque)  Old  German  Evizo,  10th  cent. — English  Eaybb. 
French  Ytose, 

PATB0NYHIC& 

Euing  (Domesday),     English  Ewinq. 

*  Ajic.-8«x.  lahmam,  juige. 


WISDOM  AND  KNOWLEDGE.  367 

COMPOUNDS. 

ffftmi,  fortifl)  Engiiah  Ewabt — Mod.  German  Ewsbt — 
French  Tvxrt.  {ffari,  warrior)  Old  Q«nn.  Euhar,  9th  cent. 
— Eng.  EwBB — French  AmsB.  (If an  J  Old  QemL  Eoman« 
Joman,  9th  cent — Eng.  Tbokak,  Yeamait.  (Bie,  ppwer) 
Old  Qenn.  Eoarix  (West  Qothio  king,  5th  cent.),  Eoriciu — 
Eng.  ToBicK.  (W^eMf  power)  Old  Genn.  Ewald,  8th  cent — 
TCnglwli  EwALD — ^Mod.  Qerman  Ewaldt — ^French  Joualt. 
{Ward^  guardian)  Old  German  Euvart,  6th  cent — ^English 
Tbowabd.  (Ul/y  wolf)  Old  Germ.  Eol(  8th  cent— Bng. 
Yealfb — French  Yoxtv. 

The  followiDg  stem  may  be  referred  to  Old 
Norse  thingcLy  to  deliberate.  Old  High  Oerman 
dingon,  to  judge.  The  Old  Norse  thingy  corres- 
ponding with  the  Ang.-Sax.  gerndt,  was  a  council 
both  judicial  and  deliberative. 

SUfPLI  FOBMB.  Things 

English  DnrOy  Dinqt,  Txnoet,  Tink.     French  Tinqat.      Fonun, 

DDUKumrEa 
Anglo-Saxon  Dengel,  Cod,  Dip,  981. — Tgnglifth  Ddtglk, 
DoraiAY,  ToraLB.     Engliah  TiNKLnro. 

COMFOUNDa 

{Hfjvriy  warrior)  Old  Qerm.  Thincheri,  8th  cent — ^English 
TmKBB — ^Mod  Qerm.  DnroEB.  (Man)  EngUsh  Dingmak. 
{Wealhy  stranger)  Bng.  DnrawxLL — French  DnrouBL. 


CHAPTER  XX. 


THE  TBUHPET  OF  FAKB. 


One  of  the  most  ancient  stems  in  Teutonic 
names  is  mar]  (Old  High  German  mdri,  iUus- 
trious),  which  is  found  in  five  names  of  the  1st 
cent.,  two  of  the  2nd,  one  of  the  3rd,  and  nine  of 
the  4th.  Hence  it  was  widely  spread,  as  Forste- 
mann  remarks,  over  all  the  German  tribes.  It 
does  not  seem,  however,  to  be  found  in  Old  Norse 
names,  or  to  have  been  common  among  the  Anglo- 
Saxons.  It  is  most  frequent  as  a  termination, 
and  in  English  names  generally  takes  the  Saxon 
form  more.  As  a  prefix  there  are  other  words 
liable  to  intermix,  as  Anglo-Saxon  nuere,  horse, 
p.  79.  Grimm  also  refers  (Deutsch.  Gramm.)  to 
mxiri^  the  sea. 

■Max,  Mtt.  SIMPLE  FOKMS. 

Old  Germ.  Maro,  Mar,  Mer,  Merio,  9th  cent.  Ang.-Sax. 
Mar,  {God.  Dip.  981).  Engliah  Mabb,  Marbt,  Mabbow, 
Mebby.  Mod.  GeroL  Mattp^  MapHj  Mbeb.  French  Mj^eau, 
M£ea,  Mebet. 

DDCINUTIVKS. 

Old  Oerman  Maricus,  Merioa,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Mabioa, 
Mebbiok — Mod.  Germ.  Miebokb,  Mibioh — French  M^biq. 
Old  Germ  MerUa,  6th  cent — Eng.  Mebbell^  Meble — Mod. 
Germ.  Mxret.Ti^  MuHRr.E — French  MiSbkt.lk,  Meblt,  Mabl^, 
MAimT.T.A^  MARntTJ.E,  •  Old  German  Merling,  9th  cent. — 
English  Mabling,  Mablin — French  Mabldt.  Old  Cterman 
Mariza,  Meriasa,  9th  cent — Eng.  Mabis,  Mabbs^  Mebcy  I — 
French  Mabis,  Mabizt. 


1?HE  TRUMPET  OF   FAME.  369 

00MP0T7XD& 

{Bod,  eiivoj)  Old  Greiman  Maroboduus,  prinoe  of  the 
Macoomanni,  Ist  cent. — Mod  German  Meerbott — French 
Maiubot.  (Gc^,  spear)  French  Marooeb,  Mergeb.  (Gaud^ 
GoZy  Goth)  Old  German  Merigoz,  9th  cent — Merigeat,  Lib, 
ViU — Eng.  Margot — French  M^rigout,  Misioor,  Margot, 
Marigot.  {Gild,  companion  ?)  Old  German  Margildus^  8th 
cent — Eng.  Marigold.  (Hard)  Old  Germ.  Merhart,  9th 
cent — French  Merard.  {Lind,  gentle)  Old  Grerm.  Merlind, 
9th  cent — French  Marland,  Merland.  (Man)  English 
Marman,  Merrikan — French  Merman,  Mirahok.  (Mund, 
protection)  English  Marmont,  Merryment  ?  ( Wold,  power) 
Old  German  Maroald,  Merolt,  6th  cent — Modern  German 
Mehrwald — French  Merault.  (Wig,  war)  Old  German 
Merovecufl,  Maroreus,  5th  cent — Eng.  Marwick,  Marvy — 
French  Marvy.  (Wine,  friend)  Old  German  Marnin,  9th 
cent. — Mervinus,  Lib,  Vii. — English  Mjryin — Mod.  Germ. 
Meerwein. 

phonetic  ending. 

English  Marriaht,  Marine,  Merrin^ — French  Marin, 
Marion,  Marini^  Marne. 

phonetic  intrusion  op  n,  p.  20. 

(Baid,  bold)  French  Mirahbaut.  (ffari,  warrior)  Old 
Gkrm.  Mamehar,  7th  cent. — English  Mariner,  Marner — 
French  Marinier,  Marnier.    (Ulf,  wolf)  French  Marneuf. 

A  still  more  common  word  is  bert,  pert,  bright, 
illustrious,  corresponding  with  the  Latin  darus. 
It  is  derived  from  the  Gothic  bairhts.  Old  High 
German  peraht,  Anglo-Saxon  beort,  briht.  It 
was  scarce  among  the  Old  Saxons,  but  common 
among  the  Anglo-Saxons,  Lombards,  Franks,  and 
Bavarians.  It  is  not  of  the  same  antiquity  as 
the  former  word,  not  making  its  appearance  in 
names  before  the  6th  century.  The  form  brikt 
is  common  in  Anglo-Saxon  names,  as  bright  in 
English. 

u  2 


370  THE  TRUMPET  OF  FAME. 

Btft^Brigfai  SDIFLK  VOBMB. 

GUnii.  Old  C^ermAn  Berto,  Perhto^  7th  oent     Bertha  or  Berbttf, 

daughter  of  the  Frankish  king  Charibert,  and  wife  of  Ethel- 
bert,  king  of  Kent.  Ang.-Sazon  Berht  or  Beort,  7th  cent, 
English  BiBT,  Burt,  Bebtie,  Bright,  Briohtt,  Pert,  PcrRt« 
Mod.  Germ.  Bert,  Berth,  Brecht.  French  BEBTSy  Bebtbt, 
Beeteau,  Berta,  BuRTy  Burtt,  Breht. 

DIMINUTIVES. 

Old  Germ.  Bertilo,  Pertilo,  dth  cent. — English  Bibtle, 
Brightly,  Purtell — ^Mod.  German  Brbchtel,  Preohteii — 
French  Bertel,  Bertall.  Old  Germ.  Bertelin,  7th  cent — 
French  Bertelok,  Berthelin.  Anglo-Saxon  Byrtde,  Cod. 
Dip.  981— English  Birdsete  % 

phonetic  ekdino. 

Old  German  Bertin,  7th  cent.    English  Bertin,  Pebtok. 
Mod.  Cterm.  Bertin.     French  Bertin. 
patronybucs. 

Old  Germ.  Berting,  8th  cent.  Eng.  Brighting.  Mod. 
Germ.  Bertong. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Hard)  Old  Germ.  Berthart,  8th  cent — French  Burtard. 
(Edm)  Old  Germ.  Berthelm,  8th  cent — English  Bertham 
.  — French  Bertheaume.  (ffcm,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Berht- 
hari,  Berther,  Berter,  7th  cent — French  Berthier,  Bertieb. 
(Bam,  ran,  raven)  Old  Germ.  Berahtram,  Bertram,  Bertran, 
6th  cent — Eng.  Bertram — Mod.  Germ.  Bertram — French 
Bertron.  (La/nd,  terra)  Old  Germ.  Bertland,  8th  cent — 
Eng.  Brightland.  (Rod,  war)  Old  German  Berthad,  8th 
cent — French  Pertat.  (ifon)  English  Brightman.  {Mar^ 
fiunous)  Old  Gei*m.  Bertemar — ^Ang.-Sax.  Brihtmar,  bishop 
of  Lichfield — Eng.  Brightmore,  Birdmore — French  Bert- 
OMIER.  (Z6t9,  learned)  Old  Germ.  Bertleis,  8th  cent — Eng. 
BiRTLES.  (Lac,  play)  Old  Germ.  Bertlaicus — Eng.  Birdlock. 
{Ramd,  shield)  Old  Germ.  Bertrand,  9th  cent — Eng.  Bert- 
rand — Mod.  German  Bertrand — French  Bertrand,  Bert- 
bant.  {Ric  power)  Old  Germ.  Perhtrick,  Pertrih,  8th  cent 
— ^Partriche,  fftmd.  RoUa — Eng.  Pabtrick  ?  Partridge  % 
Peartree? — French  Bertbay.  (fTa^,  power)  Old  Germ. 
Berahtold,  7th  cent — French  Bertault. 


THB  TRUMPET   OF  FAME.  371 

A  third  stem  of  similar  meaning  is  hram, 
hrem,  (Anglo-Saxon  brSme^  renowned,  Suio-Goth. 
hram,  splendor). 

SIMPLE  FORlia  ~^„  ^ 

Old  Germ.  Brimo,  11th  cent.      Bram,  a  Dane  or  North-  Benown. 
man  in  Saxa      Eng.  Brame,  Bbahah,  Bbeem,  Brim,  Pram, 
Prime.      Modem  Qerman  Brehm,  Preim.      French  Brame, 
Bramma,  Premt. 

DIMINUnVEa 

Eng.  Brammsll,  Bramble^  Bramlet,  Brimiley,  Brime- 
Low,  Brimble. 

OOMFOUNDB. 

(Hofrd)  French  Bremard,  Primard.  {JBLofriy  warrior) 
Eng.  Bramer,  Bremer,  Primmer — Mod.  German  Brimbb — 
Swed.  Bremer — ^French  Brimeur,  Premier  f  {Mvmdy  pro- 
tection) English  Bremond — French  Beemokd,  Bremont, 
Brimont.  {Bicy  power)  English  Bremridgb.  {Waldy  power) 
French  Pbimault. 

A  very  common  stem  is  rod,  rot,  which 
appears  since  the  5th  cent.  It  was  very  frequent 
among  the  Hessians,  Alamanni,  and  Bavarians^ 
but  not  so  much  so  among  the  Saxons.  Forste- 
mann  refers  it  to  Old  Norse  hrddhr,  glory,  and 
a  supposed  corresponding  Gothic  hrdtJis.  The 
aspirated  h  in  some  cases  forms  a  c,  as  noticed  at 
p.  46.  It  is  probable  that  r6d,  rdt,  red,  also 
intermixes. 

BIMPLEfORMa 

Bod,  Rol 

Old  German  Hrodo,  Eoado,  Ohrodo,  Eodi,  Rudda^  Bot,  q]^^ 
Both,  Ruth,  8th  cent  Rudda,  Lib.  VU,  English  Rood, 
Roth,  Wroth,  Rout,  Routh,  Root,  Rooth,  Rudd,  Rurr, 
RuTTT,  Ruth,  Oroad,  Crottt,  Growdt.  Modem  German 
Rhode^  Rodde,  Roth,  Rott,  Rutte,  Ruth.  French  Rode, 
BoDDB,  Rota,  Roth,  Rotta,  Rott]^  Rom,  Rude,  Rudbau^ 
RuTBAU,  Grott^ 


372  THE  TRUMPET  OF  FAME. 

DDtmUTIVEa 

Old  German  Hmodicho,  8th  cent. — English  Rodick, 
B.UDDICK — Mod.  German  Rodeck.  Old  German  Rutechin, 
11th  cent. — Ebg.  Rudkin — French  Rouchon.  Old  Germ. 
Hrodelus,  Rodil,  ChrodHa^  8th  cent. — English  Ruddell, 
RouTLEY,  RuTLEY— Mod.  German  Rodel^  Rudel — French 
RoDEL,  RouDiL,  RuDELXE,  Cboutelle.  Old  GeruL  Rodelin 
— French  Roudillok,  Roullik,  Rollin.  English  Roddis, 
Rhodes,  Roots,  Rootsey — Fr.  Rodiez,  Cbouts,  Gboutsch. 
Old  Germ.  Krodemia^  9th  cent. — Eng.  Roddak. 

phonetic  ending. 
Old  Germ.  Hrodin,  Ruathin,  Chrodin,  6th  oenl     Eng. 
Roden,  Rothon,  Rotton,  CaoTONy  Oeowden.      Mod.  Germ. 
RiJDON.     French  Rodin,  Rutten. 

PATBONYiaCB. 

Old  Germ.  Rodinga,  8th  cent.  English  Ruddino.  Mod. 
G^erm.  Rodino. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Bald,  bold)  Old  German  Hrodbald,  Robald,  7th  cent- 
French  RouBAUD.  (Ber,  bear)  Old  Germ.  Hroadbero,  9th 
cent. — English  Rodber.  (Birin,  hem,  bear)  Old  German 
Rondbim,  8th  cent. — Old  Norse  Kr5thbiom— English  Roi>- 
BOUEK.  (BeHy  bright)  Old  German  Hrodebert,  Duke  of  the 
AJamanni,  7th  cent.,  Rodbert,  Robert,  8th  cent — English 
Robert — Modem  German  Robert,  Rupprbcht — French 
Robert.  (Berg,  protection)  Old  Germ.  Hrotberga,  Rodbirg, 
6th  cent — French  Robebge.  (Gar,  spear)  Old  Gennan 
Hrodgar,  Crodegcr,  7th  cent. — Anglo-Saxon  Hr6thgar  (Beo- 
vxulf) — Old  Norse  Hr6thgeir — Roeger,  Lib,  VU. — Bqger, 
Domesday — English  Rodger,  Ceoaoer — Modem  German 
Rodger,  Roger — French  Roger.  {Gardy  protection)  Old 
Germ.  Hrodgart,  Rutgard,  8th  cent — English  RodqajBD^ 
Rudgard.  {Hfvrd)  Old  G^rm.  Hrodhard,  Rohard,  7th  oenl 
— Englidh  RoDYARD — Modern  German  Rothabdt — French 
Rohard,  Rohart.  (HaH,  warrior)  Old  German  Hrodhari, 
Lombard  king,  7th  cent,  Rotheri,  Crother,  Rudher — Eng. 
Rothery,  Rudder,   Rixteb,  Crotheks — Modern  German 


THE  TRUMPET  OF  FAME.  373 

RODKB,  BUDBB — Fr.    BODIEB,    BOUDI^BE,    RUBDEB,    BUTTEB. 

(Land,  terra)  Old  Oerman  Bodland,  Holland,  Sib  cent — 
Rolond,  Lib.  VU, — Eng.  Rolland — Mod.  G«rm,  Rolland 
— French  Roland.  (Laicy  play)  Old  German  Ruodleich, 
Rutleich,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Rutledqb,  Routledgr  {Ram, 
raven)  Old  Geim.  Rothram,  Rodrannus,  8th  cent. — English 
RormBRAM — French  Rodron.  (Mem)  Old  Grerman  Hrod- 
man,  Ruodman,  8th  cent. — English  Rodman,  Ruddihan, 
RuDMAir — Modem  German  Rodemann.  {Mar^  &mou8)  Old 
Qerm.  Ruadmar,  7th  cent. — Old  Norse  Hr6thmar — French 
RuDEMABE.  {Niw,  joung)  Old  Qerm.  Hrodni,  8th  cent. — 
Old  Norse  Hrddnj— Eng.  Rodnet,  RormrET.  {Rio,  power) 
Old  Gernoan  Hrodric,  last  of  the  West  Gothic  Kings^  8th 
cent — English  Rodbick — Mod.  Grerman  Rudrioh — Spanish 
RoDBiGO.  {Wedlh,  stranger)  Old  German  Ruadwalah,  8th 
cent. — English  Rodwell,  Rothwell,  Cbutwell — French 
RonvAL.  {WcUd,  power)  Old  G^rm.  Hrodowald,  Lombard 
king,  7th  cent — ^Mod.  Germ.  Rodwald — French  Roualt. 
{Wa/rd,  guardian)  Old  Germ.  Hrodowai-d,  8th  cent. — French 
RoDUWABT.  {Wig,  wi,  war)  Old  Germ.  Hrodwig,  Ruodwih, 
8th  cent — English  Rudwick,  Rodawat,  Rodwat — Mod. 
Germ.  Rodewig.  (Ulf,  wolf)  Old  Germ.  Hrodulf,  king  of 
the  Heruli,  5th  cent ;  king  of  Buigondy,  9th  cent — Ang.- 
Sax  Hr6thwulf-— Eng.  Rudolph — Mod.  German  Rudolph, 
RuDBLOFF— French  Rodolphe. 

A  fifth  stem  of  similar  meaning  is  rom,  rum^ 
which  Forstemann  refers  to  hrdm,  hruam,  glory. 
The  aspirated  h  forms  c  in  a  few  English  names. 

smPLE  Fosica 

Old  German  Hruam^  Roomo,  Rumo,  8th  cent     Rum,    qxotj. 

name  of  a  female  serf,  Cod  Dip.  981.     Eng.  Rome,  Rooic, 

Run,  RuMMBT,  Gbome,  Cbomet^  Cboom,  Cbum.*    Modem 

German  Rohm,    Rohm,   Rom.       French  Rommt,   Rom^, 

ROMIEU. 

*  This  might  be  from  «n  Old  Noxm  luune  Krumr,  which  leemi  to  bo  from 
Bml  hmm,  brat  or  crooked. 


374  THE  TRUMPET  OF  FAME: 

PDILNUTIVJW. 

Old  Qerman  RumalL  English  Bomillt,  ILukley,  Bum- 
BKLOW,  Cbomlet.  Mo<L  Germ.  BoiocBLy  Aummel.  French 
Rommel,  Roumuxy,  Rummeu 

OOMPOUNDe. 

(Bald  hold)  Old  German  Rumbold,  10th  cent  ^English 
RuMBOLD.  (HaH^  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Hmmheri,  Rumhar^ 
6th  oent.— Eng.  Rombb,  Rummer — Mod.  German  Raumeb, 
RsA^UMUBy  RoMEB — ^French  Roumieb.  (C^  wolf)  Old  Germ. 
Romulf,  6th  oent. — French  Romeuf. 

The  following  stem,  found  in  three  ancient 
names,  all  in  German  form%  Forstemann  refers- 
to  Lat.  dams,  Mid  High  Germ,  ddr,  illustriotis. 
Some  of  the  following  are  certainly  of  German 
origin,  but  others  may  be  doubtiiiL 

SIMPLE  FOBM& 

^^^^       English  Clabb,  Olabt,  Cleab,  Cleabt.     French  Olaib^ 
Glabet,  Oleb,  Olebt. 

DDCIMUTIVEB. 

Eng.  OLABnx}&     Eng.  Glabis — ^French  Ol^risbe. 

PATEONTMia 

French  CLABENa 

OOMPOUNDB. 

(Bt,  p.  189)  English  Glabet — French  Glabl^t,  Glebet. 
{Mwndy  protection)  Old  Germ.  Glarmunt,  9th  cent^ — English 
Olabemomt — French  Glebmont  (or  local  9).  (Fw,  wise)  Eng, 
Glabyis,  Glabtise. 

PHONETIC  EMDHf  O. 

French  Glaibin,  Gl^bik. 

PHOKETIO  INTBUBION  OF  fk 

{BM,  Md)  Old  German  Glarembald,  11th  cent.— I^. 
Olabieobold,  Glabingbull— French  Gu^rambault.  {Burg, 
protection)  French  Gleramboubo. 

There  is  a  stem  dal,  tal,  which  Forstemann 
refers  to  Ang.-Sax.  deal,  illustrioua  Another 
stem  dale  he  separates  doubtingly,  mentioning 
the  Goth,  dails,  Ang.-Sax.  dad,  part  (better  the 


THE  TRUMPET  OF  FAME.  375 

verb  (Many  to  dispense,  distribute).  A  third 
word  which  wotdd  suit  very  well  for  the  sense  of 
some  of  the  compounds  is  Old  Norse  tola,  Ang.- 
Sax.  taHan^  to  relate,  recount.  However,  I  will 
not  attempt  the  separation,  but  introduce  the 
whole  group  here. 

BIMFLB  FOKMS.  jj.   jj^ 

Old  Germ.  TaUo,  Dal,  Tello,  Telo,  Sth  cent,  Daila,  Deil,  mmitrioiu. 
Tail,  5th  cent.   Tella^  Lib.  VU.   Delee,  RcU  BaU.  Ahb.    Eng. 
Tall,  Dallt,  Dallow,  Deli^  Dellow,  Dale,  Delay,  Teals. 
Modem  German  Dahl,  Thal,  Tell.     Swiss  Tell.     French 
Dall:^  Dallt,  Tallb,  Tel,  Delle,  Delay,  Deleau. 
DiMnamvEa 

Eng.  Dallas,  Talliss — French  Dalloz,  Delesse.    Eng. 
Tallack — French  Dellac.     Fries.  Tlilma — Fr.  Talma. 

PHONETIC  EKDINO. 

Old  Germ.  Thailina,  11th  cent      Eng.  Dallen,  Tallon. 
French  Dalok,  Delan,  Delanneau,  Tallon. 

PATJEU)NYMIGS. 

English  Dallikg,  Telldtg,  TEEuna.     Modem  German 
Dablino.     French  Delinoe. 

coMPOUin>& 
{Berty  bright)  Old  GJerman  Dalbert>  Sth  cent — ^Talberct, 
Lib.  VU. — ^English  1*albert — French  Dalbeet,  Talbert. 
(Bot,  envoy)  English  Talbot — French  Talabot,  Talbot, 
Delabaxtd  ?  {Ban,  slayer)  Eng.  TsLBiN^-French  Dalibon. 
(Dio,  servant)  Eng.  Daldy  I  (Fer,  travel)  Old  Germ.  Dal- 
feri* — Eng.  Telfer — Fr.  Tailfeb,  Taillefeb,  Deloffre. 
(Fcird,  travel)  English  Talfoubd  9  Telford  9  (Ger,  spear) 
Eng.  Talker  9 — Fr.  Dalger,  Deloqer,  Delocre.  (ffaH, 
warrior)  Old  German  Dealher,  Delheri,  9th  cent. — English 
Dallor,  Delhier,  Deller,  Teller— Mod.  Germ.  Thaler, 
D5LEH,  TiELER— Fr.  Dallery,  Delaire,  Delery,  Tellibr. 
(Hcbrd)  Fr.  Dalliard,  Tallard,  Teillart.      (Man)  Old 

*  Thlf  ■ftmeFOntemftim  doM  not  teem  to  beoertain  about ;  IHdfeil,  Daofeil, 
and  Ddferi  occur  nearly  together,  and  he  appean  to  think  that  one  maj  be  pat  for 
the  other.  Of  oonrse  I  do  not  pat  oat  of  qneitlon  the  oidinaty  deriTation  of 
TaUlefer,  "Iron-deaTer." 


376  THE  TRUMPET  OF  FAME. 

Ckmian  Dalman,  8ih  oent. — ^English  Dalmak,  Taujcan — 
Mod.  Germ.  Dahlmann,  Thalmank — ^French  Domotx,  Dal- 
LEKAGNE  f  Tallemah.  (Mot,  famous)  English  Dallimobe, 
DsLLAMORE,  Delkar — ^Mod.  G«rm.  Thalmeieb,  Thalham- 
ICER  1 — French  Delamabhe,  Delemeb,  DetiTMTKh,  Delmeb. 
(Mag,  mae,  might)  Eng.  Tallemach?  Talmaqe)  (Jfo«, 
courage)  Old  Qerm.  Talan^ot,  8th  cent — French  DELAMOTTBy 
Delmotte,  Delamothb.  {Rioj  power)  Old  Genn.  Delricus, 
9th  oent. — French  Dalbbac,  Delrogq.  {Ramd^  shield)  Fr. 
TalletbandI  (TTorc^  guardian)  French  Delouabd.  {Wig^ 
toii  war)  Daliwej,  ffuaul  RcUa — Eng.  Dallowat — French 
Dalyl 

There  is  a  stem  hlady  hlat,  which  Forstemann, 
supposing  a  metathesis,  places  to  the  root  haldy 
p.  240,  but  which  Stark,  as  I  think,  more  judi- 
ciously, refers  to  Anglo-Saxon  hlcBdj  glory.  The 
Ang.-Saxon  hlcedy  a  blade,  lea^  metaphorically  a 
sword  (as  in  English),  seems  however  equally 
probable.  A  name  Blatspiel,  apparently  German, 
in  the  London  directory,  seems  more  naturally 
referable  to  the  latter,  in  the  sen^e  of  "  sword- 
play." 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Qiorj.  English  Bi^ADE,  Blatb,  Platt.     French  Blab,  Blatte, 

Bled,  Blet,  Platte,  Plateau,  Plait,  Plet. 

DIMINTTnTES. 

French  Plattel,  Platel,  Bletbl. 

PHOMSnc  ENDINO. 

Old  (}erm.  Bladin,  8th  cent.  Engliflh  Platok,  Plattek. 
French  Blatdt,  Bleton. 

COMPOUNDa 

(Ea^d)  Old  Germ.  Bkdard,  7th  cent — French  Platabd. 
(Hiuri,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Blathar— Eng.  Plater — French 
Bladier,  Blatter,  Bletert,  Plaideur?  (Rat,  counsel) 
French  Platret. 


THE  TRUMPET  OF  FAHK  377 

In  this  place  may  come  in  the  stem  load^  lote, 
laud,  -wldch  Forstemami  refers  to  Old  High  Germ, 
MiU,  loud,  which,  as  in  the  Greek,  had  also  the 
flense  of  illustrious.  In  support  of  the  latter 
derivation  Abel  quotes  a  line  from  Ermold  Nigel 
in  his  poem  in  praise  of  Saint  Louis. 

^'Nempe  Bonat  Hluto  pnacUrum,  Wicgch  quoque  Man  est." 

Forstemann  observes  that  there  is  no  more 
diflGlcult  root  than  this  in  the  compass  of  German 
names,  from  its  liability  to  mbc  with  livd,  liut^ 
people.  The  initial  h  forms  c  in  many  names  of 
the  Merovingian  period,  as  also  in  several  French 
and  English. 

fiOQIPLE  FORMS. 

Old  Gorm.  (Bdodio,  Frankiflh  king,  5th  cent ;  Ohludiua,  ^,^^^, 
Lotta  Ikigliflh  Laud,  Loat,  Lots,  Lott,  Clode,  Cloud, 
Olout.  Mod.  German  Lojde,  Loth,  Lott,  EIlodb^  Kloth. 
French  Laude,  Laudy,  Lodd^  Clauds. 

DnflNUTIVEB. 

CNd  Qerman  Luotheoo,  11th  cent. — ^Eng.  Lotcho.  Eng. 
Lowdbll-— French  Claudbl. 

PHONXnC  ENDING. 

Engliah  LoadeNj  Loton,  Loudon,  Clutton.  French 
Laudov,  Loudun,  Lautten,  Clauddt. 

PATBONYMia 

English  Clowting. 

OOMPOUND6. 

(Ha/rif  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Hlodhar,  Clothar,  6th  cent — 
Lothere,  King  of  Kent^  a.i>.  673,  called  also  Clotherins,  Cod. 
JMp,  981 — ^Ekig.  LoADEB,  LowDBBy  Clothieb — ^Mod.  German 
L0THEB,  LoREB — ^Fr.  LoEDEB,  Laudxeb,  Lautosb.  (Hild, 
w«r)  Old  German  GhlotLclulda  or  Clothilda,  daughter  of  the 
Boi^gandian  king,  Chilperic,  5th  cent. — French  Clotilde 
(ehrifltian  name),  (Mar,  fiimous)  Old  German  Chlodomir, 
son  of  Chlodwig  lat,  6th  cent. — French  Clodomib.     (Mtm) 

v2 


Walder. 


378  THE  TRUMPET  Of  FAME. 

English  LoADMAN,  Cloudmak,  Oloutman — French  f  Lautb- 
MANK.  (Wigy  wi,  war)  Old  Grerman  Lodewig,  Ohlodowichi 
dodoTeuSy  OloyiB,  5th  cent. — French  OLOYia. 

Another  word  having  the  meaning  of  gloiy  is 
Ang.-Sax.  and  Old  High  German  wuTdar.  Tlxisy 
in  its  simple  form,  is  apt  to  intermix  with  Walter, 
p.  345. 

SIMPLE    FORMS. 

Q)arj'         English  WoLTEB.     French  Yoltdsb,   Woi/tbb.     Or  all 
the  above  may  perhaps  only  be  the  same  as  Walter. 

OOMFOUNDS. 

Old  German  Uuldeiich,  Ynlderich,  8th  cent.      "Rnglial* 
WooLDBmoE. 

In  this  chapter  may  be  included  the  names 
having  the  meaning  of  crown,  bracelet,  or  orna- 
ment, in  the  probable  sense  of  a  badge  or  dis- 
tinction, as  the  reward  of  valoin:.  There,  is  a  stem 
howh,  b(mch,  which  I  take  to  be  from  GotL  haicgs. 
Old  High  Germ,  haicc,  bracelet.  And  the  forms 
biig,  huckj  I  also  take  to  be  most  probably  from 
the  same,  on  account  of  the  constant  tendency  to 
change  the  more  ancient  form  ou  into  the  simpler 
u.  A  third  form  is  found  in  the  Ang.-Sax.  hedg, 
bedhy  hSh,  whence  I  take  to  be  the  Eng.  "  badge/' 
A  word  very  liable  to  intermix  is  hog,  bow,  axcus, 
p.  224,  from  the  same  general  root  signifying  to 
bend. 

^^  SIMPLE  POEMS. 

S0Q^  Old  German  Banco,  Faugo,  6th  cent.      Bucoo,  Bnggo, 

Bnoeiet  Fucco,  8th  cent.  Ang.-Saxon  Bucge,  Buga,  Beaga  Bnge, 
{Domesday  NoUa.).  Eng.  Bough,  Bouchet,  Beuoo,  Buqo, 
Bew,  Buck,  Buckie,  Badge,  Bee,  (the  two  latter  the  Ang.- 
Saxon  form).  Mod.  Germ.  Bauch,  Baucke,  Pauck,  Buck, 
BuooE,  PucHE.     French  Bouch^  Poucha. 


THE  TRUMPET   OF   FAME.  379 

DiMDnrnvEs. 

Old  Germ.  Buooelis,  General  of  the  Alamanni,  6th  cent. 

— Eng.  BucKLiK,  BuGGELN — ^French  Bouquillon,  Bouglon. 

English   Buckset — French   Boucasse,   Bouchez.      English 

Buglea,  Bewly,  Buckley,  Buckle,  Pucklb — Fr.  Boucly, 

BUCKD^  BUCAILLE,  BoUGLI 

phonetic  ending. 
Old  G^rm.  Buchinus,  7th  cent.    Eng.  Bucsney,  Buggik, 
PuGiN.      French  Bouoon,  Bouchon,  Boucheny,  Bouqok, 

POUQIH,  POUGKY. 

COMFOUNDa 

(Hard)  French  Boucabd,  Boucabt,  Bouohabd,  Pou- 
CHABD.  {Hari^  warrior)  Old  German  HavKopis  (Procop) — 
English  BowKEBy  Bougheb — French  Boucher,  Bouchebie, 
Buckeb,  Bouhieb.  (Et,  p.  189)  Eng.  Bowkett,  Bucket, 
PucKBT — ^Fr.  Bouquet,  Bouchet,  Pouchet.  {Ra;t^  counsel) 
Old  German  Bougrat,  10th  cent — English  Bouchebett* — 
French  Bouguebet,  Bouquebot,  Bouchebot.  {Ron^  raven) 
French  Bouobain,  Bouchebon.  (jRie,  power)  Eng.  Buck- 
BiDOE,  PucKBiDGE — French  Boucby.  (Wald,  power)  Old 
Germ.  Budowald,  6th  cent. — French  Bouoault,  Pouoeault 
(Ulf,  wolf)  Old  German  Baugulf,  8th  cent— Anglo-Saxon 
Beownlf  9— English  Balfe? 

From  the  Gothic  mizdo,  Anglo-Saxon  mSd, 
Old  High  German  mi^ay  reward,  Eng.  "  meed,'' 
Forstemann  derives  a  stem  mid,  miz,  which  may 
come  in  here. 

simple  F0BM&  * 

Old  German  Mieto,  Mizo,  8th  cent.  Mede,  Lib.  Vit, 
English  MsAi>,t  Mustte.    French  Mmi,  Miette. 

DIUIMUTlVJa). 

Old  Germ.  Mitola^  7th  cent — Eng.  Mu>dle,  Mtttell — 
French  MmoL.     French  Midooq. 

*  Of  French  oilglii. 
t  Or  to  th«  Item  nuUh,  nud,  p.  841. 


MMd. 


380  THB  TBUMFBT  OF  FAME. 

PHOmnO  XNDIKO. 

Ed£^  Hmov,  Misov.    Frenck  Miton,  Mstiov. 

PATBONTMia 

Eogliah  Mi80iKa 

OaMPOT7ND& 

(iTofti)  French  MisABD.  (ffari^  warrior)  French  Mf pti^hi^ 

MI88ISB,  MlZERY. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 


WEALTH  AND  PROSPBRITT. 

Among  the  words  having  the  meaning  of 
wealth,  prosperity,  success,  the  most  common 
root  is  Old  Norse  aud/r^  Ang.-Saxon  eddy  whence 
the  Gothic  avdctgSy  Ang.-Saxon  eddtg,  eadg.  Old 
Norse  avdgr,  wealthy  or  prosperous.  Forste- 
mann  extends  this  root  rather  widely,  taking  in 
all  the  forms  in  od  and  of,  for  which  I  think  that 
two  other  derivations  may  perhaps  in  certain 
cases  be  proposed,  see  pp.  194,  217.  Most  of  the 
English  names,  it  will  be  seen,  are  in  the  Saxon 
form  edy  and  most  of  the  French  in  the  Gothic 
form  aud. 

SIMPLE  FOBMS. 

Old  German  Audo,  Oudo,  Outo,  7th  cent.      Old  Norae^"^^ 
Audr.   Aiig.-Sax.  Edda,  Eddi,  Ekta.    Auti,  Outi,  Damesdatf. 
Eng.  Aught,  Auqhtxe,  Ought,  Auth,  Eade,  Eadie,  Eddy, 
Eat.    Modem  German  Ott.    French  Aude,  Audt,  Auti^ 

OXTTI,  OdBL 

DIMINUTIVES. 

Old  Germ.  Audila,  6th  cent. — Eng.  Outlaw  » — French 
AuDiLLE.     Old  Germ.  Audac,  6th  cent. — French  AuDiQUxr 
(double  dnmin,).    English  EnKma    English  Eddis — French 
AuDis.     Old  German  Odemia,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Odam. 
FHONsnc  ENDma 
Old  Germ.  Andin,  7th  cent.     English  Auton,  Ouorton, 
Eadok.    French  AuDor,  Autin,  Oudin. 
patbontmics. 
Old  German  Anding,  8th  cent    Eoj^h  Ournra 

OOMPOUNDa 

{Bert^  bright)  Old  German  Andebert,  7th  cent — Modem 
German  Odsbbecht — French  Audibert.      (Brand,  sword) 


382  WEALTH  AND   PBOSPERITY. 

Old  German  Autprand,  9th  oent. — ^French  AuBBBBAHDb 
(Bwrg,  protection)  Old  German  Antbuig,  8th  cent. — ^Anglo- 
Saxon  E&dbnrh— Eng.  Edbbook  ?  (Am,  Om,  eagle  f)  Old 
German  Autom,  8th  cent. — Odiema,  Lib.  ViL — ^Hodiema, 
temp,  WiUiam  the  Conqueror — Eng.  Odiebve,  (Fred,  peace) 
Old  Germ.  Autfrid,  8th  oent. — French  Audiffbed,  Audif- 
FBET.  {Gatiy  magic)  Old  German  Andiganus,  9th  cent — 
French  Audioanne.  (Ger,  spear)  Old  German  Audagar, 
Augar,  8th  cent. — ^Ang.-Sax.  Edgar — Eng.  EnaAH^  I^tctw^ 
Auosa — French  Audiguieb,  Odioier,  Auokb.  (Hard)  Old 
German  Authard,  7th  oent. — French  Oudabd.  (HoH, 
warrior)  Old  German  Autharis,  Lombard  king,  6th  cent., 
Anthar — Eng.  Auther — French  Authieb,  Autier,  Audieb* 
(Ram,  ran,  raven)  Old  German  Audram,  Antranniu^  7th 
cent. — ^Eng.  Autbam,  Outbam — French  Audbak,  Autran. 
(Land)  Old  Germ.  Aotlund,  8th  cent — ^Franch  Authxland. 
(Mad,  9ned,  reverence)  Old  German  Automad,  8th  cent. — 
Eng.  Edmead,  Edmett.  (Man J  Old  German  Autman,  8th 
cent. — ^English  Edmahb — Modem  German  Odemahit.  (Mar, 
&mous)  Old  Germ.  Audomar,  7th  cent — ^French  Audekaba. 
(Mwnd,  protection)  Old  Germ.  Audemnnd,  7th  oent — ^Ang.- 
Saz.  E4dmund — English  Edmond— French  Edmond.  (Bad, 
red,  connsel)  Old  Germ.  Auderat,  Antrad,  8th  oent — ^Ang.- 
Sax.  E&dred,  XJhtred — Eng.  Audbitt,  Outbed.  (Ric,  power) 
Old  German  Andricus,  Autricns,  7th  cent — ^Ajiglo-Saxon 
E^rio — English  Outeidoe,  Edbidgb — French  Autbiqub, 
AuTEBOCHE.  (Weahl,  stranger)  Otuel,  Lib.  VU, — English 
Edwell,  Eatwell,  Ottiwell.  (Ward,  guardian)  Old  Germ. 
Andoard,  8th  cent — Ang.-Saz.  Eidweard — Eng.  Edwabd— 
French  Audevabd,  Audouabd,  Edouabd.  (Wig,  war)  Ang.- 
Sax.  E4dwig — English  Edwick — French  Audout.  (Wine, 
friend)  Old  Germ.  Audowin,  Audoin,  6th  oent — ^Ang.-Sax. 
]B4d^^e — English  Edwin — French  Audoin.  (WuLf)  Ang.- 
Sax.  Eadwnlf,  E^ulf— Eng.  Edolph. 

A  word  of  similar  meaning  is  Anglo-Saxon 
wda,  weola,  weal,  wealth,  prosperity.  Forste- 
mann  separates  this  stem  from  another,  which  he 


ft 


WEALTH  AND   PBOSPERITY.  383 

derives  from  M?eZ,  bene,  but  I  think  the  distinc- 
tion is  scarcely  to  be  made,  and  class  them 
together. 

SIMPLE  FORMS.  ^ 

01dQ«nnaii  Wialo,  Weala,  Welo,  8th  cent.      English    "^^  ^ 

Wealb,  Wellow,  Vbalb,  Wheeley.    Mod.  Germ.  Wiehl.  ^"^p^*^- 
French  Weil,  Wbl,  Veii^  Vibl,  Vblly,  Viollbau.  • 

DIMIMUTIVKB. 

Old  Qerman  Weliga.     English  Wheelock,  Whellogk,  ^ 

Wellock.     French  Yelic. 

phonetic  ekdino. 
English  Wheelan.      French  Yeillon. 

PATBONTMIC& 

Old  (German  Wellunc,  9th  cent.       English  WELLma,  * 

Whbelino.     Mod.  G^rm.  Wehuno.     French  Welling. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(ffard)  English  Wellabd — ^Modern  Qerman  Weilebt — 
French  Ouellabd,  Yellakd,  Yeillard,  Yiolabd.  (ffcMri, 
warrior)  Old  Germ.  Wielher,  8th  cent. — English  Wheelbb, 
Welleb — ^Mod.  Germ.  Weilleb — Fr.    Veilleb,  Yiolueb, 

(Land)  Old  Germ.  Wiolant,  Weland,*  8th  cent.— Ang.-Sax.  % 

Weland — Old  Norse  Yolundr — Eng.  Waylahd,  Weland, 
Wblland— Mod.  Germ.  Weyland,  Wieland.  (Man)  Old 
Grerm.  Weliman,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Wellman — Mod.  German 

Wellmann.     (Eat,  counsel)  Old  Germ.  Wiebrat,  8th  cent. —  ^ 

Eng.  Whbblwbight  ?  (Ulf,  wolf)  Old  German  Weololf— 
French?  Wblhopp? 

From  a  similar  root  is  wol,  which  Forstemann 
refers  to  Old  High  German  wolo,  wolay  fortuna^ 
bene.  As  a  prefix  it  may  in  some  cases  be  formed 
by  syncope  from  wolf. 

SIMPLE  fobms.  •^oH, 

Old  German  Wolo,  Wol%  9th  cent      English  Woli,  proqwltj. 
WoLLEY,  Wholet.     Mod.  German  Womi,  Woll.     French 
Yol,  Yolu^ 

*  Orimm  thinks  that  the  Weland  of  Northern  niTthologj  mMj  p«rh*pe 
derive  his  nune  from  Old  Norse  vOa,  to  deoeive,  a  derivation  whioh  would  aooord 
with  the  stoiy  of  which  he  is  the  hero. 


384  WEALTH  AND  PBOaPSBTTY. 

DnaNunm. 
Eng.  WoLEDOB.     French  Woillez.     Frenoh  YoiLQUnr. 

PHONXnC  ENDIKG. 

EngUflh  WoLLEN.     FreDLoh  Yoilik. 

OOMPOUinMI. 

(JSifP,  189)  Eng.  Wolultt,  Yollsi — Frenxik  YohuSE. 
(Hart,  warrior)  Eng.  Yolleb— French  Yolldeb.  (Hdm) 
Eng.  YoLLAic,  YoLLUM — French  WoiLLAUioSy  YuiLLAUifS. 
(Frid,  pecce)  Old  ^German  Wola&id,  9th  oant.— Frondi 
YunxEFAOY.  (Ma/r^  fiunons)  Old  German  Wolomary  8th 
cent — Mod.  Germ.  Wollmsb — French  Yoxlleioeb.  (Mu^ 
coarage)  Old  German  Wolamot^  8th  cent — French  Yuillb- 
MOT.  (Mufndy  protection)  Old  Gam.  Wolamnnt,  9th  cent. 
—French  Yoillbmoiit.  (RiCi  power)  Old  Gezm.  Wolarih, 
8th  cent. — Eng.  Wolbiob.      (Work^  opua)*  Eng.  Wkoub- 

WOBKf 

From  the  Goth.  ufj6,  abuadance^  Forstemaxm 
thinks  may  perhaps  be  derived  the  root  uf^  of^ 
remarking,  however,  that  the  root  «&,  (Old  Norse 
vhhiy  fierce)  is  liable  to  intermix.  There  is,  more- 
over, another  derivation  suggested  by  the  name 
of  the  Mercian  king  Ofiist  or  UflGsL  His  ancestor 
of  the  same  name,  who  ruled  over  the  continental 
Angehi,  ^  was  blind  till  his  seventh,  and  dumb 
till  his  thirteenth  year  ;  and  though  excelling  in 
bodily  strength,  was  so  simple  and  pusillanimous 
that  all  hope  that  he  would  ever  prove  himself 
worthy  of  his  station  was  abandoned.^  (Thorpe.) 
This  description  naturally  suggests  to  us  as  the 
etymon  of  his  name,  the  Anglo-Saxon  uuf,  owl, 
English  "^  oaC^'  blockhead.  It  does  not,  however, 
seem  to  me  necessary  to  assume  with  Mr.  Thorpe 
that  it  was  any  resemblance  to  his  Anglian 

*  Tblt  to  found  m  (he  (vrmliiAUoB  of  aomt  anolMit  nmam. 


WEALTH  AND  PEOSPERITY.  385 

anoestor  that  gave  the  name  to  the  Merciaa 
Offit ;  I  should  rather  suppose  that  the  ignoble 
origin  (if  such  it  were)  of  the  name  had  paased 
out  of  mind,  and  that  it  was  assumed  in  accord- 
ance with  the  common  principle  of  taking  the 
name  of  an  ancestor. 

SIMFLB  FORMS.  ^  ^^ 

Old  Germ.  Uflfo,  Offo,  Sth  cent     Ang.-Saxon  OfCa,  kingj^j^^i^oe. 
of  Mercia.    EngUah  Offet,  Ouqh.     Mod  Germ.  Off. 

DIMDJUTIVJBdL 

Old  Oerman  Qfilo,  7th  cent.  English  OffOiL,  XJffbll^ 
Offlow,  Offlbt.     Mod.  Qerm.  Obffelb. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Old  Oerman  Oftuni,  8th  cent.     English  Offen.     French 

Ofin,  Offnt. 

compounds. 
(Hcurd)  English  Offobd.     (Sari,  warrior)  Eng.  Offer. 
(Man)  French  Offman. 

For  the  following  stem,  on  which  Forste- 
mann  remarks  as  very  obscure,  he  suggests  Ang.- 
Sax,  toss,  acervus,  congeries  frugum. 

simple  FOBICS. 

Old  German  Taso,  Lcmbard  king,  6th  cent,y  Tasso,  Dasso. 
Eng.  Dasst.  Mod.  Germ.  Dasse.  French  Dasst,  Tassy. 
ItaL  TASSof 

DIMINIJnVES. 

Old  German  Tassilo,  Bavarian  king,  6th  cent.,  Dassilo, 
Dessilo— Eng.  Tassell — Mod.  Grerm.  Dassel — Fr.  Tassel^ 
TassHiT,  Desolle.     French  Tasselin. 

<X)MP0UNDa 

(Andy  life,  spirit)  English  Dasent? — French  Dessakt) 
Desaint  1  (M,  p.  IS9J  English  Dassett — French  Dasset, 
Tassot.  (Hard,  fortis)  English  Dessert— French  Tassebt, 
Desert,  (ffwri,  warrior)  French  Dassier.  (ManJ  English 
Tabman — Mod.  Germ.  Debsmann,  Tessman.  (RcU,  counsel) 
Old  Germ.  Tasrad,  9th  cent — French  Desrat.  (Ger,  spear) 
English  I'asbiker  )  Tasker  ?— French  Tascbeb  ? 

W   2 


Tms. 
Aoeinu. 


386  WSALTH  AND  PBOaPSRlTy. 

The  idea  of  inheritaiice  seems  to  be  found  in 
the  root  arb,  arp,  which  Fdrstemaim  refero  to 
Gothic  curbjay  Old  Norae  a/rfiy  heir»  Gothic  a/rbip, 
Old  Norae  arfr^  Ang.-Sax.  er/e^  hereditaek  I  do 
not  feel  aure,  however,  that  we  ought  not  to  take 
the  most  ancient  meaning  of  the  root^  aA  found 
in  Sansc.  arv,  to  destroy,  to  desolate.  Zeuss  and 
Grimm  mention  also  Gothic  airpSy  Anglo-Saxon 
eorpy  fuscus.  (In  Ang.-Saxon  and  Old  Norse  this 
word  had  also  the  meaning  of  wolC  a  auitable 
sense  for  proper  names.) 

Art.  Arp  SIMPLE  FORMS. 

inheritonoo.  ^^'^  German  Arbo,  Arpo,  Erbo,  Erpo,  Herbo,  Herpoj 
Herfo,  8th  cent.  Arpua,  a  prince  of  the  Catti  in  Tacitus, 
1st  cant.,  probably  comes  in  here.  Old  None  Erpr.  Bng. 
Harp,  Herp.  Modem  German  Aryi^  Erb,  Erpf,  Harpb. 
French  Arbbau,  Arbby. 

DIMINUnVBS. 

Old  Germ.  Erfilo — ^Mod.  G^rm.  Erpel — ^Fren<^  Hxrbkl, 
Harblt.  French  Hrrbelih.  French  Hbbbso^  Frencb 
Harbez. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Old  German  Erbona,  Arbun,  8th  cent*— English  Arbov, 
Arpin^  French  Arpin,  Herbin,  Hbrpin. 

COMPOUNBa 

{Oast,  gaest)  Arbogastes,  a  Prankish  general  tinder  the 
Emperor  Gratian,  4th  cent. — French  Arbogast.  (Sard) 
Old  German  Arphert,  9th  cent — French  Arfost.  (Sairi, 
warrior)  Old  German  Erphari,  8th  cent. — English  Arber, 
Arbery,  Herper,  Harper  f — Modem  German  Herpfbr  t — 
French  Arbre,  Aryier,  Heryier.  (Mund,  protection)  Old 
German  Erpmnnd,  10th  cent. — French  Arbomont.  (Uf/i 
wolf)  Old  Germ.  Erpulf,  8th  cent — French  Arybuf. 

Another  stem  of  similar  meaning  may  be  laib, 
Imv,  which  Forstemann  refers  to  Gothic  laifs. 


WIALTH  AND  PBOSPEMTY.  387 

superstes.  The  meaning,  however,  may  be,  as 
Forstemann  suggests,  simply  that  of  soa  A 
root  liable  to  intermix  is  Hub,  leojl  {x  264. 

Old  Genxk  Lei&.    Englidi  L^vsr,  I^by^  I^vst.    Mad.  siip«ntM 
CkiacL  Lbfk     IVonch  luLot,  Labim,  Ijgbbt,  Lehbau^  Levd, 
Lbvxau. 

DIMINUTlVSa 
iBngHA    IjLTKLL,    LlfiTlSLL — IVeilch    LAfiSLLIB,    IaYJOXE, 

LxTAtLBT,  LsBiBL.  SVeiich  Labicrs,  Lxbocq.  French 
Lbflon.     English  Layis,  Levis — Frendb  TiKWUZ. 

PfiONETIC  ENDING. 

Old  German  Leibin,  Laifin,  9th  cent. — English  Lavin, 
liEVur — Mod.  Germ.  Lsbin — Fr.  Layenat,  Lafon,  Lebak. 

OOMPOUKDB. 

fJBm,  eagle)  English  Labesn— French  Layebne.  CBi, 
p,  189)  English  Leyett — French  Labitte,  Lafitte,  Leyite. 
(Hard)  Modem  German  Lepert — French  Leyabd.  (Bart, 
warrior)  Old  Germ.  Leibher,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Layeb,  Labob 
—Mod.  Germ.  Laibeb — French  Layieb,  Laboub,  Labobie. 
(Sam,  ran,  raven)  Eng.  Labbam — French  Layibok.  (£0$, 
counsel)  Old  Germ.  Leibrat,  8th  cent. — English  Leyebet — 
French  Leybat,  Lebeet.  (EiCy  power)  English  Layebick, 
Leyebidqe — Fr.  Labbic,  Lebbeck.  (WcUd,  power)  French 
Layault,  Lebbault.  (Ulf,  wolf)  Old  German  Laibul^  8th 
cent. — French  Lebuffe,  Lebceuf. 

The  sense  of  acquisitiveness  may  perhaps  be 
found  in  the  root  arg,  arc,  ere,  which  Graff  refers 
to  Old  High  German  arc,  arac,  avarus^  though 
Forstemann  thinks  that  some  older  meaning  may 
lie  at  the  bottom  of  it. 

SIMPLE  FOBMa 

Old  Germ.  Aigo,  Archo,  Araho,  Ercho,  9th  cent     Eng.  ^^^J^j^^ 
Abch,  TJbch,  Aboue.     Mod.  Germ.  Ebche,  Ebck.     French 
Aboy,  Abago. 

DIMINXTTIYBa 

Old  Germ.  Argil%  7th  cent.  English  Abkell,  Abculus 
(Birm.J 


J 


388  WEALTH   AND   PROSPERITY. 

OOMPOUMDB. 

(Andf  life,  spirit)  Old  Qenn.  Argant,  lltk  oeni. — Eng: 
Abgent — ^French  Aboahd.  (BcUdy  bold)  Eng.  Abghbocd, 
Abchbell.  C^udy  enToj)  Old  Germ.  Axgebud,  7th  oent. — 
Eng.  Abchbdtt.  (Ha/rdJ  Old  Germ.  Ardhard,  lOtih  oent. 
— ^Eng.  ABOHABDy  Obchabd,  Ubquhabt.  (Hariy  warrior) 
Old  German  Argar^  Erckear,  8th  oent. — ^Arohere,  EoR  BaU. 
Abb. — ^Eng.  Abchee — Mod.  Germ.  EsKisa — French  Abohb- 
BBAU.  (Bat,  counsel)  Old  Germ.  Archarat,  8ih  cent. — ^Eng. 
Abxwbioht  f  (Mund,  protection)  Old  German  Argemund^ 
7th  c«it. — English  Abqvkest, 


CHAPTEE  XXIL 


THE  0X7TEB  MAN. 

Names  derived  from  personal  characteristics, 
such  as  stature,  complexion,  kc.,  must  no  doubt 
have  in  many  cases  been  originally  surnames- 
Bede,  in  his  Ecclesiastical  History,  gives  us  one 
of  the  earliest  instances  of  surnames  of  this  sort. 
There  were  two  Hewalds,  both  missionaries  to 
the  Old  Saxons,  one  of  whom  was  called  for  the 
sake  of  distinction  black  Hewald,  and  the  other 
white  Hewald,  from  the  different  colour  of  their 
hair.  This  brings  us  back  to  the  year  692.  But 
such  names  appear  also  to  have  been  often  given 
baptismally,  and  though  in  some  cases  we  may 
suppose  that  they  were  an  actual  description  of 
the  in&nt^  yet  in  the  majority  of  cases  I  conceive 
that  they  were  simply  adopted  as  being  names 
in  use. 

The  sense  of  personal  beauty  enters  into  a 
considerable  number  of  names.  From  the  Old 
High  G^m.  sc&ni.  Mod.  Germ,  schan,  Ang.-Sax- 
sceane,  scSne,  are  the  following. 

SDCPLB  FOKMB. 

Old  Qerman  Soonea,  9th  cent.     English  Skoni^  SHom^ 
SxEEN,  SsDnr,  Shekn,  SHnnc,  Shuqi.    Mod.  C^rm.  Sohon.  BtavtitaL 
French  Schone. 

OOMPOUNDB. 

(Burg,  protection)  Old  Germ.  Sconiboxga,  Soonborg,  10th 
cent — French  Shobnbebo.  (Hari,  warrior)  Old  Qerm.  Scon- 
hari,  8th  cent. — English  Shokeb,  SmNEB,  SHnrmB— Mod. 
Germ.  ScHaNEB — French  9  Schensb.  f^i/on^  Eng.  SHsmyAir. 


390  THE  OUTER  MAN. 

The  sense  of  personal  beauty  is  in  some 
instances  closdy  aiiied  to  tlmt  of  brightness. 
Thus  the  above  root  is  related  to  Eng.  "shine'" 
and  ''sheen/'  And  tbe  Old  Norse  dcsgilegr^ 
pulcher^  is  probably  connected  mth  da^  day, 
dagian^  to  shine.  Again^  the  sense  of  bright- 
ness is  used  metaphorically  to  express  glory  ot 
£sun^  as  in  the  root  bert,  bright^  p.  d69.  But 
though  these  two  seoftes  are  natui«J^f  Jiabfe  to 
intwmiZ)  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  the  BkOte 
general  meaning  is  that  of  |)ersonal  beautj;.  In 
the  former  editijon  I  took  the  root  ^io^  day»  to 
be  derived  from  the  personifioation  of  Nor^^^efca 
mythokigy.  But  Grimm  {Deut$ek.  Oramnn.) 
suggests  whether  its  meania^  may  not  be  i^at 
of  brightness  or  beauty.  The  laitter  sense  I  take 
%A  the  most  suitable^  and  iii^oduDe  the  groiq^  la 
thisplaca 

SIMPLE  FOBMB. 

Die;  T^,       <M  GtnnttfiL  Dag,  Dago,  Da|[t^  1)«»6,  Tftcoo,  fHQk  (^ent 
M*''*^^^  Engliflh  Dago,  Dack,  Dbck,  Day,  Taog,  Tbgo,  Tat.     HoL 
^^^'  Oenxum  Dajlkb,  JXkax^  Becjk,  Tao^  Iaqk.     EiwiGh  Daqa, 
Ta^uo,  Decq,  DaoAT. 

BIMUninVBH. 

Old  dennUL  Dftgalo,  TacHo,  7tl^  cent.— !Ekigliish  t>kaLtty 
DauiT,  Tackle,  TACESjrr,  TrfflosLii-^Mtsl  6«fitKtti  IMmuc, 
Taoel — Fr.  Degalle,  DmolA|  Dbcle,  Dechillt,  Deola, 
DinXY.  Old  G«niou  Dacotontm,  7tli  cent. — ^SVentsh  l>At?LiK, 
DiBCLfi^  IDmlaite.  Bn^Bdi  Daykik.  Bug.  l^ATtti,  IDask, 
Daisy — French  Dages,  Daces. 

GOaCPOUNDS. 

(in4  l^e,  spirit)  Old  Germ.  Dachanti,  Sth  cent. — French 
Dagand.  {BM,  bold)  Old  Oei*man  Ta^^^d,  Dacbold,  -Sth 
cent. — Daegbald,  Z$&  VU, — Ibglish  Daysbll — Mod.  Germ. 


TH£  OUTSB  HAN.  391 

Iabow  {Bem,  bear)  Old  Qanoaik  Ti^p^^em,  9«h  otnK-^ 
English  TiLTBUBN*  (iSer^  blight)  Old  G«nniui  Pagabortt 
FrankiBh  king,  7th  cent— *Mod.  Qermau  Dabbebt — French 
Dacbebt,  Degobebt.  (Bing,  protection)  Old  German  Taga- 
biiga^  9th  cent — Eng.  Taokababry.  ("Oest,  hospeB)  French 
Daobst.  f€Mm,  fierce)  Old  German  Dagrim,  9th  cent — 
French  DAGBiKy  Dagbon.*  (ffari,  warrior)  Old  German 
Daiher,  9th  cent — Dacher,  Lib.  Vii. — EngEsh  Daggeb, 
DACKEBy  Dateb,  Dairy — Modem  German  Taoeb — French 
Dagxtebbe,  Dagouby,  Dacbsby,  1>bgory,  DECKEBy  Decobl 
(Hard)  English  Tagabt,  Tbgabv — Mod.  German  Deckebt — 
French  Tacbabd,  D^crabd.  fJIehnJ  Old  Germ.  Dachelm^ 
9th  cent — English  Dacombb — French  Deghaume.  fMed^ 
rererence)  French  Dagqh^.  (M(va)  Eog.  Taokvan,  Day- 
man— ^Mod.  German  Tagmank.  (ifund,  protection)  Old 
C^erman  Dagamund,  9th  cent — English  Daymont,  (Ram4^ 
shield)  French  Degbanb,  Decband.  {Roity  counsel)  Old  Germ. 
DtboamA,  6th  Q«Qt--->Fr9i»Qh  l>Eciwr,  {Wun^  fiiend)  Old 
Germ.  Dagoin,  8tb  oent^Frencb  PagoxiSi  Dacquin,  (U^^ 
wolf)  Old  Qemuui  Dagaolf,  Tburingiaa  duke,  6tb  cent-<^ 
Mod.  Germ.  DauIiF — French  Degof,  Decuye. 

p^0NEnc  n^TBuaioN  of  n. 
{Hdurd)  Old  Germ.  Tagenard,  9th  cent     Fr.  Taqniabd. 

I  take  the  3tem  glas^  gUs,\  also  to  bare  tba 
mea^iDg  of  shiiung»  smoothuesa^  and  henGo  of  per« 
soual  beauty.  In  the  former  edition  I  referred 
our  name  Glass  to  glass,  vitrum^  but  I  now 
think  it  necessary  to  look  deeper,  and  to  take  the 
root  from  which  that  word  is  derived.  The  sense 
contained  is  that  of  brightness^  smoothness,  and 
polish,  and  the  root  is  found  in  Old  High  Germr 

*  Or  thete  two  naniM,  and  espeeUJly  the  Utter,  may  be  the  lame  m  the 
Dsoghrefa  of  Beown]f««r|^  rsvan,  beliig  in  Fnndh  namea  fiv^pMntly  oontraeted 
intonm. 

t  Perhapa  to  the  iame  item  may  be  pnt  Kn^IJsh  Gums,  Qtosi^  French 
Clossi,  CiiOBS,  English  Clobib,  French  Glosiui,  Ac 


392  THE   OUTER  MAN. 

gltzan,  Mod.  Germaii  gleiszen,  to  ahine,  Old  Norse 
gkssa^  to  polish.  Old  High  German  glas,  glis, 
brightness,  Engh'sh  glaze,  gloss,  glistea 

Qlam,  GUm.  simple  FOBMa 

BdiiitiiMi       Old  German  Glk,  lOih  cent,    English  Glass,  Glasset, 
Btfttttjr.   Olaze,  Class.    Mod.  Genn.  Glass^  Gleiss,  Klabs.    French 
Glas,  Glaise,  Glaze. 

DlMINUTrVE. 

English  Glaskzn. 

FHONBnO  ENDING. 

English  Glasbon,  Glissan,  Olasson.  French  Glabson^ 
Classen. 

OOmPOUNDS. 

(Hard J  Eng.  Glazabix  (Eari,  warrior)  Old  German 
Glifiiier,  81^  cent — Eng.  Glazieb,  Glaisher — Mod  German 
GlIseb — ^French  Glaeseb.    (Widd,  power)  Bng.  Cussqld. 

Again,  the  sense  of  brightness  sometimes 
merges  into  that  of  whiteness.  Thus  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  blanc.  Old  High  Germ,  blanch^  white,  seem 
to  have  their  root  in  Old  Norse  blanka,  to  shina 
And  the  Ang.-Sax.  bide,  pale,  is  derived  from  the 
verb  bltcan,  to  shine.  Hence,  as  the  Eng.  *'fair^ 
means  both  light-complexioned  and  also  beautiful, 
so  I  think  in  the  above  two  roots  there  may  be 
something  more  contained  than  the  mere  sense  of 
white  or  pala  ^ 

Blank.  SIICPLB  fOElfB. 

wbito^         Old  Germ.  Blanca,  lOtii  cent.    English  Blank,  Blanch, 
B«»*>'»^'  Blenkt,  Bunco,  Plank,  Planch^,  Plincke.    Mod.  Germ. 
Blank,  Blano,  Blenk,  Planck.     French  Blanc,  Blanque, 
Blanca,  Blanche,  Blangt,  Planque,  Planchb. 

FHONEnC  ending. 

English  BlIbnkin.*    French  Blanchin. 

*  H«nM  Blshkiksop  m  it  loo«l  name,  "BtonUn't  hope,"  (A]iff.-Su.  hSp, 
i). 


THE  OUTEE  MAN.  393 

COMPOUNDB. 

(Si^  p.  189)  EngliBh  Blakohett— French  BLAVQUETy 
Blahghbt,  Plakquet.  (Hard)  Old  Germ.  Blancaid,  Blan- 
tdiard,  11th  cent. — English  Blanchard — Modem  German 
BtAiTCKAJUyT — French  Blanoabd,  Blanchabd,  Blakgbard, 
Plakchabdl  fffarij  warrior)  English  Blanoker — French 
BLAJTQUiBBy  PlanxiB)  PLAHcaBR.  (Man)  Eng.  Blavxmak. 
(Bonf  tBUven)  Eng.  Blbnkiboh,  Blinckhobm — French  Blak* 
OHEBOK.     {Ward,  guardian)  French  Blanquart. 

From  the  Anglo-Saxon  bltcan^  to  shine.  Old 
High  Germ,  hleih,  Ang.-Sax.  bide,  pale,  I  derive 
the  following  stem,  which  is  cognate  with  the 
laftt^  losing  the  nasal.  There  are  several  Old 
German  names,  but  only  one  corresponding  with 
ours. 

SIMPLE  FORMS.  Bl»ke,Bliok. 

Eng.  BiildK,  Bleak,  Bleach,  Blake,  Blaket,  Blaoow,     pak, 
BuGH.     French  Blboh.  fiMuttfoit 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Hwriy  warrior)  Old  German  Blicker,  8th  cent. — English 
BLAKftR,  Bleacher — Mod.  G^rm.  Blecher — French  Bl:^ 
KPSrXBL,    {Mwn)  Blaecmon,  Lib.  VU. — Eng.  Blakemak. 

Of  a  similar  meaning  maybe  the  word  Jlad, 
Jkst,  for  which  Grimm  supposes  a  Gothic  ^hs. 
Old  High  Germ,  fidt,  in  the  sense  of  brightness, 
cleannesa  Traces  of  these  two  senses  are  found 
respectively  in  the  Mid.  High  German  vlaetec^ 
shining,  and  Mod.  German  unjlath,  filth.  As  a 
termination  it  is  peculiar  to  the  names  of  women, 
and  in  Ang^-Sax.  takes  the  iormjled,  as  in  Adel- 
fleda,  Wynfleda,  Ac.  The  Old  Norse  flidd,  a 
beautiftJ  or  elegant  woman,  may  be  cognate. 

SIMFLEFORM& 

Bng^  FtATT,  Flew,  FLAtAU.     Mod.  German  Flathe.     p^f**^ 
fVench  Flad,  Flaud. 

X2 


394  THE  OXTTBB  MAK. 

DIMiNUTlVX.  FHOlf SnO  WSTDISQ. 

Eng.  Flattklt.        Eng.  Flition.     French  Flaioh. 

OOMFOUNDfi. 

(Hart,  wanior)  English  Flatteb,  Flaitert.  {Mcui^ 
En^^  Flatkan.  {Bod^  gloiy)  Old  Qennan  FUdradiSy  8th 
oenl — ^French  Flatraud. 

Another  word  having  the  meanmg  of  beauty 
may  be  wan^  wen.  Forstemann  suggests  Gothic 
v4n$,  opes,  or  Old  High  Germ,  wdn^  spes,  opinio. 
Graff  also  refers  to  Old  High  Germ,  wan^  deficiens^ 
imperfectum,  and  wdniy  poverty.  The  most  suit- 
able root,  as  it  seems  to  me,  in  most  cases^  is  Old 
Norse  vcmn^  formosus,  elegans,  to  which  I  here 
place  it. 

iir^  Wen.  StMPLS  VOBMB. 

BaratifoL        Old  Germ.  Wan,  Wano,  Yano,  Wenni,  8th  oent.     Eng. 
WAins,  Wenv,  Yahi^  Yahn,  Ybmk.    Ft.  Yakbt,  Gui^hxav. 

DIMIMUTlVJfll 

Old  Germ.  Wanilo,  Yenilo,  8th  oent. — ^Eng.  Wahhel^ 
YsznrELL— French  Yanelli,  Yemsllbl  Old  Germ.  Wanioho, 
Wenniko,  9th  cent— Eng.  YAKinfiCK — ^Mod.  Germ.  WAjmncK 
— French  Yaxtbgux.  Old  German  Wannida,  Wanito,  9ih 
oent — Eng.  Wahhod— Frendi  Yanbtti. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Old  Germ.  Wanini,  8th  oent     French  Yanik,  Yanoni. 

PATK0NYHI03. 

Old  Germ.  Waning,  Wening,  7th  oent  Eng.  Wennino, 
Yenniko.     Mod.  Germ.  WENura, 

COMfOUNDB. 

(And,  life,  spirit)  Old  Germ.  Weniant^  9th  cent. — French 
Yenant.  (Bald,  bold)  Old  German  Wanbald,  9th  cent- 
French  GutN]iiBAULT.  fOer,  spear)  Old  German  Wanegar, 
8ih  cent — French  YANAOKkaE — ^Mod.  German  Wenigeb. 
(Hari,  warrior)  Eng.  YAinnEB,  Yenner — French  Wanneb^ 
Yannieb.  (kard)  French  Yanabd,  Yenabd,  Guenabd. 
{Lofug,  laTaomm  t)  Old  Germ.  Wanlog,  8th  cent — Engiiwh 
Wenlook.  {Mam)  English  Wenhan,  Wainman?  {MtUh, 
courage)  English  Wenmoth.      (RiU,  counsel)  Old  German 


THE  OUTER  MAN.  395 

Waniafc,  0th  cent — Eng.  WAunmiGHTt — Freach  GmbnouT. 
(Waldt  power)  Frenoh  YtaxAuur,  Guskault. 

The  names  derived  from  complexion  or  colour 
of  the  hair  are  liable  to  some  uncertainty  on 
account  of  the  curious  manner  in  which  certain 
of  the  words  denoting  colour  intermix  in  their 
roots.  To  call  black  white  has  passed  into  a 
proverb,  yet,  as  Mr.  Wedgwood  has  shown,  it  is 
probable  that  the  original  meaning  of  black  was 
white  or  pale.  Again,  the  two  colours,  blue  and 
yeUow,  which  have  stood  in  hostile  array  on  so 
many  hustings,  can  scarcely  be  separated  in  their 
roots.  The  Old  Norse  bldr  Haldorsen  renders 
both  as  flavus  and  csBruleus  ;  the  Italian  hiavo, 
blue,  is  explained  by  florian  as  pale  straw- 
coloured  ;  the  Dutch  blond  is  applied  to  the  livid 
hue  of  a  bruise,  as  well  as  to  the  yellowish  colour 
of  the  hair ;  and  the  Old  French  hid  is  explained 
by  Boquefort  as  blond,  jaune,  bleu,  et  blanc. 
Hence,  as  Mr.  Wedgwood  observes,  it  becomes 
difficult  to  separate  Mid.  Lat.  blavt^,  blue,  from 
Latin  ^in^,  yellow. 

So  far  then  as  the  root  bktck  appears  to  be 
baptismal,  we  cannot  be  sure  that  it  does  not 
intermix  with  the  two  previous  roots  blank  and 
hlake. 

fOMFLEVOiaa. 

Blache,  Blac,  DometdcM/.  Eng.  Black,  Blackik  Erench 
Blaqux. 

oompoukdgl 

(Hari,  warrior)  Eng.  Blacksb — ^Fr.  Blaghdeb,  Blaoheb. 
(if on)  BlsBoman,  genealogy  of  the  kings  of  Northumbiia — 
Blacheman,  Domeaday — Eng.  Blackmait. 


Klgwt 


396  THB  0UT9R  MAK. 

Betwoea  blue  and  yellow  we  have  aoareely  a 
choice,  if  we  take  a  positive  colour  at  all.  In  the 
few  Old  GernL  names  in  which  it  oocure  Fdrste- 
mami  proposes  the  latter  sense  as  the  more  natural 
But  there  is  a  wider  sense  which  might  perhapa 
be  taken.  The  Anglo-Saxon  bleOf  blue,  signifies 
also  bloom,  beauty,  and  the  root  appears  to  be 
found  in  the  Old  High  Germ.  Uuen,  Ang.-SaxQu 
blewan,  blowan,  to  blow,  bloom,  flourish.  A, 
similar  sense  is  found  in  many  other  names. 

Bl«e,  Blow.  SIMFLX  FOBMB. 

Bloom!         Old  Germ.  Blawa^  Bloa»  8th  centw    Eng.  BuEW,  Bx«RiT, 
Blow.     French  Bleu,  BLotr,  BlkL 

OOMPOUNDa 

(Hcuri,  warrior)  Bngliih  Blewkb,  Blowsb. 

There  is  a  word  hleon,  found  in  several  Old 
German  names,  which  Grimm  takes  to  be  related 
to,  and  have  the  same  meaning  as  Ang.-Sax.  6foo, 
bloom,  colour.    To  this  may  belong  the  following. 

Blain.  SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Bloom?         Old  Qerm.  Bleon,  Fleon,  8th  cent  Eng.  Blowv,  B^AQI» 
Blanet,  Pladt.  French  Bladt,  Bleik,  Bluy,  Pi^adt,  Pi^jrvf. 
compounds. 
(Harij  warrior)    English   Plaitnee — French   Blenseb, 
Plakssr,  Planeb.     (RiMy  powerful)  French  Plaxey. 

It  is  probable  that  the  word  hlandy  hio^, 
which  is  found  in  some  German  forms  both  in 
ancient  and  modem  names,  has  the  same  meaning 
as  the  ItaL  biondo^  French  bhnd,  fair  or  flaxen. 
Diez  suggests  that  this  may  be  a  nasalised  fond 
of  Old  Norse  blattdr,  Danish  blod,  soft,  weak,  in 
the  sense  of  a  soft  tint.  Mr.  Wedgwood  conneots 
it  with  Pol.  blady,  pale,  Ital.  biado,  biava^  palc^ 


TKE  OUTSB  MAK.  397 

straw-colouredL  Forstemaon  referB  m  the  follow- 
ing names  to  the  Aog.-Sax.  Uanden-feax,  which 
he  raDders  flayi-<K>mua  But  Bosworth  renders 
it  only  grey-haired,  from  blanden,  to  mix  {i.e.  black 
and  white).  There  may  be  an  intermixture  of 
these  two  meanings,  but  the  former  seems  the 
more  probable, 

SIMPLE  FOSMa 

Old  Qerman  Bland,  10th  cent.      English  Bland,  Plant.    ^'"^ 
French  Blond,  Blondeau,  Blondi^  Blanzy,  Plantt. 

DDONUnVEa 

Old  Qeno,  Blandila  (with  the  yariation  Brandila).     Eng. 
Blxndeli^  Blondell.     French  Blonpel. 

PHONEUC  ENDING. 

Eng.  Blandhn.    Fraieh  Blandin,  Blondxn,  PLANrnr. 

cx)]fFonNDa 
(HardJ  French  Plantabd.      {Han,  warrior)  French 
Plantieb. 

From  the  Ang.-Saz.  deorc,  dark,  in  the  sense 
of  oomplezion,  I  take  to  be  the  following.  H^ice 
the  name  of  the  Maid  of  Orleans,  commonly  called 
Joan  D'ArOj  but  properly  Joan  Dare.  There  are 
some  ancient  names,  but  not  any  correspondiog 
with  oura 

aiMPLS  FOBMS.  j^l^ 

Eng.  Dabx,  Dabch.    French  Dabquj^  Dabohe,  Debche. 
DiMiNirnvB. 
French  Dabclon. 

PHONETIC  ending. 

Eng.  Dabkot,  Daboak  9     Frendi  Dsbquennk 

OOlOPOUNDa 

(Eari,  wanior)  English  DABKSBr--*Frencb  DAsquiSB, 
(Man J  English  Da 


Of  a  similar  meaning  may  be  the  word  darrif 
tarn,  which  Forstemann  refers  to  Ang.-Sax  deme, 


398  THE  OUTEB  MAN. 

oocultus,  Old  High  German  tamjan,  dissimulare^ 
&c.»  supposmg  as  the  most  ancient  meaning  that 
of  dark  complexion.  Here  again  there  are  no 
ancient  names  to  correspond  with  ours. 

Tun.  SnCPLB  POBMa 

nuk  Eog.  DsBV,  Tabk.      French  Dabhat,  Debsi. 

DDONITTiySS. 

Eng.  DABJsnsLLf  Dabvlet.     French  Dabnul 

COMFOUND8. 

(Aud,  prosperitj)  French  Tabnaub.      (^arif  warrior) 
Enj^iflh  Tabvsb. 

The  stem  white  is  very  difficult  to  separate 
from  other  stoma  In  Ang.-Sazon  there  are  names 
b^pnning  with  whit  or  hwU,  as  if  from  white» 
albuSy  and  others  beginning  with  wiht^  as  if  from 
wiht,  a  man.  These  sometimes  seem  to  inter- 
change ;  thus  the  nephew  of  Cerdic  is  called  both 
Whitgar  and  Wihtgar.  The  corresponding  Old 
Germ,  form  is  generally  wid  or  wit,  as  in  Witgar 
and  Widgar»  and  the  probability  seems  to  be  that 
all  these  names  are  the  same.  Forstemann  refers 
to  vnt,  wide,  and  wid,  wood.  The  conmionness  of 
our  name  White  is  I  apprehend  owing  to  its 
being  in  most  cases  a  surname  derived  from  com* 
plexion. 

So  Bbown  we  can  scarcely  doubt  to  have 
been  in  most  cases  a  sumama  Tet  it  was  by  no 
means  uncommon  as  a  baptismal  name,  and  it  is 
not  quite  certain  as  to  its  meaning.  Forstemann 
thinks  that  there  may  be  an  intermixture  of  brUn^ 
brown,  and  of  Old  High  German  brunno,  Anglo- 
Saxon  brunn,  bum,  Scott.  **  bum,"  brook,  (in  the 


THE  OTJTEB  HAN.  399 

86D86  of  impetuosity  \)      I  also  think,  see  p.  127, 
of  Old  Norse  brUn,  the  eyebrow. 

But  even  taking  the  sense  of  "*  brown/'  there 
may  be  something  more  to  be  said  The  sense  in 
proper  names  is  in  so  many  cases  the  deepest- 
lying  one,  that  I  am  led  to  enquire  what  is  the 
root  of  brown.  Clearly,  as  it  seems  to  me,  that 
suggested  by  Mr.  Wedgwood,  **  the  colour  of 
things  burnt,  from  Gothic  brinnan,  German 
brennan,  to  bum.''  The  sense  of  burning  seems 
to  be  that  in  the  Ang.-Sax.  brUtn-ecg,  an  appella- 
tion of  a  sword.  This  is  rendered  by  Bosworth 
**  brown-edged,"  but  should  it  not  be  rather 
**  bright  or  burnished  edge  ?"  So  the  Mod.  Germ, 
has  hruntreny  to  burnish.  The  Ang.-Saz.  brand, 
English  brand,  a  sword,  shews  a  similar  sense 
from  the  same  root.  Our  name  then,  Bbown- 
SWOBD,  I  take  to  have  the  meaning  of  ''  bright- 
sword."  And  a  similar  sense,  or  perhaps  rather 
that  of  fiery  or  impetuoTis,  may  at  any  rate  inter- 
mix in  the  following  names. 

SDiPLE  F0B1C& 

Old  Qerm.  Bran,  Bruno,  Bmni,  8th  cent.  Ang.-Saxon 
Brtln.*  Br6n,  Lib.  VU.  Old  Norse  BrtaiL  Eng.  Browit, 
Bbukb.  ^od.  German  Braun,  Beunn,  BBihro.  Fr.  BsuK, 
Bbttvo,  BBxnnEAV,  Bbunt. 

DDOMUTIVJEH. 

Old  Genu.  Bnmioho,  8ih  oent. — ^Mod.  Oerm.  BBUirGK— 
Frendh  Bbuhachb.     Eng.  Bbownbll^  Bbowhlow — ^Frenoh 

BbUNEL^  PBUinELb 

*  Brftn,  bgndd.  In  »  diutor  of  mannmtwlon,  CSmI  IMp.  No.  1868L  BMwn,  th* 
b«idl«p  "whftt  ft  nlttatMBlh  ovntnij  loiiiid  V  ICr.  Turner  oddly  enoui^  traiuUlOT 
it  "ttM  brown  bwkU*." 


Wvammt 


400  THE  OUTER  MAN. 

PH0NB1S0  ENDUrO. 

Old  QemL  BnuiizL     Eng.  Bbuvnen, 
PATfioimacB. 
Old  Geimaii  Broniiig^  8ih  oent      Bmningiu^  lAb.  F«L 
Eng.  Buowinva 

OOMPOUNDa. 

{AnA^  Hfe,  qpirit)  fVenoh  BscHiiini  {B%  p.  1S9)  BngUah 
BBOWsiTT^French  Bsmnsr^  FltuKirr.  {Emri)  Old  GemuoL 
Bronliard,  9tih  cent — ^Modem  Qennan  BBummT'— Fraooh 
Bbunabd.  (fhr^  spear)  Old  German  Bmnger,  8ih  cent — 
Bngliflh  BBtTNKEB.  {Hcuri,  warrior)  Old  German  Bninlieri, 
Branher,  9tb  oent.*-»l*r.  Bbukkb,  BBumneB,  BBCNKABnTB, 
PltUHiBB.  {Eia,  power)  Old  German  Bninrio,  9tli  oenl— 
Sng.  BaowiTBiGa  9 

The  stem  dun  may  be  either  referred  to  Aug.- 
Sax.  dunn^  brown^  or  to  Old  Norse  duna^  thunder^ 
The  latter  seems  to  me  the  more  probable,  as 
there  are  other  names  with  the  same  meaningi 
elsewhere  referred  to. 

It  is  probable  that  Grey,  like  Brown  and 
White,  has  been  in  most  cases  a  surname.  But 
it  is  also  found  in  many  baptismal  names,  and 
there  is  another  sense,  which  seems  to  be  closely 
allied,  and  which  may  perhaps  intermix  The 
Old  Norse  grdr,  grey,  signifies  also  malignus  ; 
and  the  Germ,  grauen^  to  turn  grey,  signifies  also 
to  detest,  and  to  be  afraid  o£  So  also  the  Old 
High  Germ,  gris^  grey>  seems  to  contain  the  root 
of  Ang.-Sax.  grisUc,  Eng.  grisley.  The  particle 
gr  seems  to  be  formed  fi-om  a  natural  expression 
of  horror  or  aversion.  There  may  then  be  con- 
tained in  some  of  the  names  from  this  root  a 
similar  sense  to  that  referred  to  at  p.  192. 
Nevertheless,  judging  from  the  ancient  names. 


Gtij. 


THB  OUTER  1£AN.  401 

the  meaukig  in  some  cases  is  certamly  nothing 
more  than  grey.  The  following  may  be  referred 
to  the  Ang.-Saz.  gr4g.  Old  Fries,  gre.  Old  High 
German  graw. 

SDIPLS  roBMa 
Old  GernL  Grao,  Grawa     Gray,  RoU  BatL  Abb.    Eng. 
Ojubqo,  Gbet,   Gbbw,  Grat,  Obxw.    Mod.  Gennan  Gbau. 
French  GBifoT,  Grau. 

DDilNUTlVEBi 

English  GsATLora     French  GiiEELnn}. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Ber,  bear)  Sng.  Gbttebeb  ?  (Man)  Old  Germ.  Graman, 
8th  cent — Eng.  Gbumican — ^Mod.  Germ.  Gramanv — French 
Gbaxaiv.  {Wcddf  power)  Old  German  Graolt-^French 
Qraxwt. 

Another  word  of  the  same  meaning  is  Old 
High  Germ,  grisy  Lat.  griseus,  French  gris.  The 
Old  Norse  gris,  porcellus,  whence  apparently  the 
name  Gris  of  several  Northmen  in  the  Land- 
namabok,  might  intermix 

gnfPT.n  FOBMB. 

Old  German  GrisuSy  CriBso,  8th  cent     Greasy,  Greasy,     ch^. 
Gracj  t  BoU  BaU.  Abb.     English  Gbicb^  Gbacb  f  Gbagbt  f 
Obsbst.    French  Gbiess,  Gbbsy,  Gb^st. 
DiMiNimvEa 

English  Gbissell,  Gbeslet,  Gbbssall— French  Gbisoi^ 
QsMSLty  Gbaeblb.    French  Gbiselin,  Gbeslov. 

PHONETIC  ENDIKO. 

French  Gbdsssen,  Gbison,  Gbessok: 

OOMPOUmM. 

(JTicmQ  French  Gbisabd.  (JETort,  warrior)  French  GBisnsBy 
Gbbsszkb.  {LcMdj  French  GBB8LAin>.  {WM,  power)  Eng. 
GbisoZiD^  Gbeswold. 

A  st^m  which  may  perhaps  come  in  here  is 
more  or  moor,  respecting  which  Forstemann 
remarks — **  a   not    imcommon   but    an    uncer- 

Y  2 


Gfli^ 


402  THE   OUTSB  MAN. 

tain  stem,  for  which  I  scarcely  dare  yenture  to 
think  of  the  Old  High  German  vi6r,  iEthiope." 
Yet  if  there  were  names  derived  £rom  ihe  Huns, 
I  do  not  quite  see  why  not  fix>m  the  Moors^  whose 
name  must  have  been  familiar  to  most  of  the 
German  peoples.  At  the  same  time,  it  will 
perhaps  be  safer  to  take  the  more  general  sense 
of  dark  or  swarthy  complexion.  Though  I  do 
not  feel  quite. sure  that  it  may  not  be  in  some 
cases  a  degenerate  form  of  mord,  p.  258,  aa  we 
find  in  the  Diplomata  of  Pardessus  a  person 
variously  called  Mora  and  Morta.  On  the  wholes 
however,  I  feel  inclined  to  bring  in  the  stem  hera 

Mor,  Moor  BIlfPLB  FOBMS. 

Dwk.  Old  German  Maur,  Mauri,  Mor,  Moio,  Mora^  Moor,  6th 

cent.  £ng.  Mobb,  Moret,  Maubt,  Mobrow,  Moobk  Mod. 
GeroL  MoHB.     French  Maub,  Maubet,  Mobi^  Mobeau. 

DmiNUTIYBB. 

Old  Germ.  Maarilo,  8th  oent. — ^English  Mobell — Mod. 
GernL  Mohble — French  Maubel^  Mobel.  Old  German 
Mauroleno,  Morlennay  7th  cent. — English  Mobung — French 
MoBOJiOK,  MouBU)N.  Old  German  Manremia*  9th  cent — 
French  MoeiamiI 

PfiONETIO  ENDINQ. 

Old  German  Morino,  8th  cent  Morin,  Ettnd  BdU, 
English  MoBAN,  Moobhek.  Mod.  G^rm.  Mohbik.  French 
Maxtbiv. 

PATBONTMICB. 

Old  German  Mauring,  8th  cent     Mod.  Germ.  Mobino. 

French  Maubenque. 

GOMPauNna. 
{Bwty  fiunous)  Old  Germ.  Maurbert,  Morbraht,  8th  cent. 
— Ebig.  MoBEBBEAD  f  (Hardy  fortis)  Old  German  M<M:hard, 
8th  cent — Mddem  German  Mohbhabd — French  Mobabik 
(Hari,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Manrhar^  8th  oent — ^Mod.  Qetm, 
Maubeb— French  Maubieb.  (Lac,  play)  Old  Germ.  Maur- 
lachy   8th  cent — English  Moblock — French  Moitblaquk. 


THE  OUTER  UJlS.  403 

(Hdm)  French  MosmALM.      (Man)  Engliah  Mobxmak, 
MooBKAN — ^Modem  Qerman  Mobbmaxs.     (WcvrdJ  English 

MOBWASD. 

Snow  is  I  think  more  probably  from  a  mytho- 
logical origin  than  from  anything  relating  to  com- 
plexion. It  was  the  name  of  a  mythical  king  of 
Denmark,  one  of  whose  daughters  was  also  called 
Mioll,  which  signifies  freshly  fallen  snow.  The 
latter  was  a  common  female  name  among  the 
Northmen,  and  hence  may  perhaps  be  our  Mtatj^, 
Mttstt.^  Meat.t^  In  addition  to  the  two  Old 
German  names,  Sneoburg  and  Sneward,  cited  by 
Forstemann  as  compounded  with  meo,  snow,  I 
adduce  two  others,  Snahard  and  Snsedisa^  from 
the  liber  Vitse.  The  latter  signifies  "  snow- 
nymph''  or  "  snow-woman,''  and  may  be  compared 
with  our  Snowman  (Suff.  Sum.) 

There  are  several  names  which  seem  to  be 
derived  from  the  curling  of  the  hair,  and  at  the 
bottom  of  some  of  which  may  lie  a  heroic  sense. 
For  among  the  ancient  German  tribes  the  wear- 
ing of  the  hair  long  or  curled  was  considered  a 
badge  of  the  noble  or  the  hero.  In  Anglo-Saxon 
hcc-bora  signified  "a  hair-bearer,  a  noble,"  and 
locC'ho7'e  **  one  entitled  by  her  rank  to  wear  long 
hair,  a  lady,"  (BosworthJ.  The  tribe  of  the  Suevi 
was  noted,  according  to  Tacitus,  for  wearing  their 
hair  fastened  up  into  a  peculiar  curl  or  knot. 
This  peculiarity  I  have  suggested,  p.  304,  as  the 
origin  of  their  name.  A  similar  origin  is  sug- 
gested by  Grimm  and  Eichthoven  for  the  name 


J 


404  THE  0T7TBR  MAK. 

of  the  Frisiaiis  (or  Frieses),  viz.,  the  Old  Frieaic 
frisle^  a  curl,  of  which  the  simple  form  is  found 
in  English  friza^  to  curl,  frieze^  a  rough  woollen 
cloth,  and  the  French  f  riser.  The  latter  is  pro- 
bably of  German  origin,  as  it  is  not  found  in  the 
Italian  language.  Other  derivations  have  however 
been  proposed  for  this  people's  name,  as  that  by 
Zeuss  referred  to  at  p.  312. 

From  the  Old  Norse  hrusa,  to  curl,  may 
perhaps  be  the  following.  The  NortL  English 
word  cruse  or  crowse,  which  has  the  meaning  of 
forward  or  **  bumptious^*'  may  possibly  be  from 
this  origin,  preserving  a  trace  of  the  heroic  sense. 
A  word  liable  to  intermix  is  ffratise,  elsewhere 
noticed  in  this  chapter. 

^jyg^  aiMPLB  fOBUa 

CniM.  Engliflh  Ceusx,  Obubo.  German  Kbuss.  DaiL  Ebusb. 
French  Obuiob,  Obeusb,  Cbeuz^  Obeuot,  Oboubsb,  Obovsi, 
Ohuz,  Obubst. 

DIMIKnnTBB. 

English  Crusssll.     French  Obvzel. 

OOMPOUND& 

(Ewrd)  French  Obeusabd.  {Ewi\  warrior)  French 
Obvbsiebel 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  crisp^  curled,  may  be  the 
following.  But  the  Latin  ompt^  may  have 
an  equal  claim,  for  there  is  nothing  in  any  of 
these  forms  essentially  German. 

BIMPLB  FOBM& 

^^  English  Obisp,  Cbipps  I 

DnaNunvBB. 
English  Cbbsfel.     French  Cbbspel. 

PHONETIC  XNDIKO. 

Orispina,  dandier  of  Rollo,  duke  of  Normandy,  10th 
cent.     Eng.  Obispik,  GBSSPiir.     French  Gbispin,  Obispin. 


Cintod. 


THE  OUTER  MAN.  405 

From  the  Danish  hroUe,  Old  English  "'crull,'' 
English  "  curl,''  may  be  the  following. 

BIKPLBFOBM& 

Ourlj,  B6U  BaU.  Alb.    Englkh  Cboll^  Oboly,  Oubu.. 
Hod.  Genn.  Kboli^  Kbuui. 

PATBONYHia 
TBtiglit^h   OUBLIKO. 

Under  this  head  may  in  some  cases  be  included 
the  name  Habding.  As  a  general  rule  the  stem 
hard  is  to  be  referred  to  Ang.-Sax.  heard,  English 
hardy.  But  the  Hardings  (in  Ang.-Sax.  Heard- 
ingas)  are  celebrated  in  ancient  poems  as  a  heroic 
race^  and  Grimm  has  observed  (Deutsch  Myth. 
317,  321)  that  there  was  a  Gothic  hero  race  called 
Azdingi,  and  an  Old  Norse  Haddingjar.  He 
remarks  that  the  Gothic  zd,  the  Ang.-Saxon  rd, 
and  the  Old  Norse  dd  interchange,  so  that 
Heardingas^  Azdingi,  and  Haddingjar  may  all 
be  different  forms  of  the  same  word.  And  the 
root  may  be  found  in  the  Old  Norse  haddr^  a 
lock  or  curl,  giving  the  sense  of  "  crinitus,  capil- 
latus,  dncinnatuEf,''  which,  as  before  observed,  was 
the  attribute  of  the  hero. 

From  the  German  grass^  great,  in  the  sense 
of  large  stature,  and  from  an  extra  High  German 
form  grausB,  as  noticed  at  p.  49,  may  be  the 
following.  Forstemann  however  refers  this  stem 
to  Anglo-Saxon  greosan,  horrere,  in  the  sense  of 
metuendtu. 


OML 


Old  Oenn.  Oroeo,  Ghsoso,  QroBy  Oxofl,  6th  cent  EngHsh 
Qbobe,  Gbousb,  Obo6&  Mod.  Genn.  Obo6&  Erench  OBom^ 
Gbusss,  Obossb,  Obozb. 


406  THE  OUTEB  MAN. 

«^  DIMmUTlVJEa 

Freaoh  Gbosbill^  Gbusellb.     French  GBOsasLm. 
ooMPomnw. 
(Hardy  fortds)  Eng,  OBOflBRT — ^French  QbobbasDj  Gbos- 
BABD.      (ffwi,  warrior)  Engliah  Oeobeb,  Obobxb — ^French 
GBOSBDEBy  Gbozieb.     (Man J  Eng.  GBOflSMAir,  GBOSSicAir. 

Another  word  havmg  the  meaning  of  great  is 
probably  mic  or  muc,  which  Forstemann  takes  to 
be  the  simple  form  of  Gothic  mikilo,  Sco.  mickle 
and  mticJde. 
muk  miwl  simple  fobms. 

GxMt  Old  Germ.  Miooa,  3rd  cent     Maoca,  Lib.  ViL     Engliab 

MiOBiB,  MicOy  Much.  Mod.  Germ.  MucKSy  Muoco.  French 
MiCHTy  MiCH^,  Moug£ 

OOMPOUITDB. 

(Hardy  fortis)  Old  Germ.  Michard,  llih  cent — ^Modern 
Germ.  MiroKRRT — ^French  Micabd.  (Wold,  power)  Bn^^iah 
MucKSUF — French  MiCAXwr,  Michault.  (Wmef  friend) 
French  Micounr. 

igi..H^^  XXTENDBD  FOBM  MICKLB,  HUCKLK 

Mnokit.         Eng.  MiCKiJ^  MvcEXB.     Mod.  Germ.  Mugkbl.     French 

Q«at      MiCOL. 

OOMPOUND& 

(Hard,  fortis)  French  Mioquelabo.  (Hari,  warrior) 
French  Micollieb.  (Mijm)  Mod.  German  Michelkann — 
French  Mukleuan.  (Jfor,  famoos)  Engliah  Michblmobx  t 
(Ealy  counsel)  English  Migklewbight  9  Mugklbwbath  f 
(MawikM^r  ) 

From  the  Ang.-Saxon  thic.  Old  Norse  ihydor^ 
digr.  Mod.  Germ,  dick,  stout>  tldck,  may  be  the 
following. 

SIMPLE  FOBM& 

nek,  Thick.       Old  Germ.  Thicho.  Old  Norse  Thyckr,  Digr  CsunuMmeaJ. 
sumt    English  TmcK,  Dick,  Diceie,  Tiog,  Tick.     Mod.  German 
Dick,  Tibok. 

DIMnniTIVES. 

Ang.-Sax.  Dicoel  (fmund  m  DiccelingaSy  now  DUMing^ 
Cod,  Dip.  3U) — ^Eng.  Dioole,  Tickix 


THS  OUTER  ICAN.  407 

PHOHETIG  BNDINO. 

Old  Qerm.  Tichhan^  9tb  cent.      Eng.  DiCKiN. 

OOMPOUHINS. 

(Ety  p.  189^  English  TmoKxr.  (Hard)  Mod.  German 
DiCKEBT — French  Diohabd,  Diqabd.  {HaHy  warrior)  Eng. 
Dicker,  Digoby — French  Diohabbt.     (M<m)  Eng.  Dick- 

MAN,  DlGlCAN,  DiTCHMAN — ^Mod.  Germ.  DiKMANK. 

Of  a  siinilar  meaning  I  take  to  be  the  stem 
husSy  as  shewn  in  Old  Norse  h'Assa,  a  stout  woman, 
hAsaa^  a  broad  ship,  &tm,  a  short,  broad  knife. 

SmFLB  FOBMSl 

Old  Gennan  Bnaao,  Puaso,  8th  cent      Siyard  Bnaa,  a    g^^. 
Northman  f  (Domesday  Line,  J    Eng,  Buss,  Busset;     Mod« 
Germ.  Boos,  Buss.     French  Bubsb,  Busst,  Pusst. 

DIMINUTlVEa. 

Old  German  Buailo^  8th  cent  English  Bubsbll.  Mod. 
GenoiL  BdSBii. 

PATBONTMia 

English  Bussoro. 

OOKPOUNDa 

(HardJ  English  Bubzabd — French  Bussabd.  (ffari^ 
warrior)  fVench  Busseb,  Bussi^bb.  (J/on)  Engk  Bussman — 
Mod.  Germ.  BussMAmr — French  BuiSMAir. 

I  take  the  stem  boss  (for  which  Forstemann 
finds  no  other  derivation  than  the  Old  High 
German  bdsiy  Mod.  Germ,  base,  wicked,  which  he 
admits  to  be  an  unsatisfactory  one)  to  be  the 
same  as  btiss.  But  it  suggests  as  possible  a  rather 
different  meaning,  though  from  a  common  origin, 
viz.,  the  Dutch  bossCy  busse^  a  boss  or  knob  of  a 
buckler,  French  bosse^  a  bunch,  hump,  or  knob. 
Again,  as  Mr.  Wedgwood  observes,  the  words 
signifying  a  lump  or  protuberance  have  commonly 
also  the  sense  of  striking,  knocking,  of  which  he 
gives  many  examples.      And  we  have   Dutch 


408  THE  OUTER  MAK. 

bossen,  ItaL  btisMre,  FroDch  bausser,  to  knocks 
Bav.  hossen,  to  strike  so  as  to  give  a  dull  sound. 
Either  this,  or  the  sense  of  the  boss  of  a  buckler, 
are  meanings  which  might  obtain,  along  with 
that  first  mentioned. 

Boh  8IMPLS  FOBMB. 

B"^>         Old  Qermaii  Bobo,  Bosbo,  Pobo>  6ih  cent    Engliah  Boas, 
BossEY.     Mod.  Oerman  Bo8%  Pose.     Frendli  Bos,  Boess^ 

BOB8T9  POBSO. 

BDUlflUTlVJBl 

Old  Oerman  Boaioo,  9th  cent. — French  PossAa  Old 
Germ.  Poaailoy  8ih  cent — ^Eng.  Boslbt — ^French  Bosblll 
French  Pobsebbe,  Posez. 

cuMPOirNDa 

{Hari,  wiarrior)  Old  German  Bozhar,  8th  cent — English 
BosHKE — ^French  Boussdebe^  Bossubot.  (Hard)  En^^iah 
BossABD— French  Bossabd,  Poussabix  (Hdm)  Old  Germ. 
Boehelm,  11th  cent — ^Eng.  BossoiL  {Man)  Eng.  Bosxav. 
(Wold,  power)  Old  Germ.  Bozolt^  8th  cent — ^Mod.  German 
Bo88Ei/r— French  Posselt.  {Ulf,  wolf)  Old  Germ.  PoeBol^ 
8th  cent — ^French  PoussiF  f 

I  take  the  stem  host,  bust,  to  have  the  same 
meaning  as  hosa  and  Imss,  viz.,  that  most  probably 
of  bulkiness  or  burliness.  This  is  shewn  in  our 
word  ^^bust,"  the  original  meaning  of  which,  Mr. 
Wedgwood  observes,  was  the  trunk  or  body  of  a 
man ;  also  in  the  Old  Norse  biHstinn,  burly.* 
There  are  only  two  ancient  names  in  which  it  is 
found,  viz.,  Boster  and  Postfi:^  both  9th  cent. 
Both  these  names  Forstemami  thinks  may  be  cor- 
ruptions, but  the  evident  occurrence  of  the  word 
in  the  following  names  makes  it  probable  that 
this  is  not  the  case. 

*  Mr.  Lownr,  on  th*  aanie  Bum,  glTM  Uie  nine  maaoSiiff,  nf Mrlng  to  (Im 
Scoteh  b«li^  thick  Hid  fion. 


THE  OUTEB  MAN.  409 

SIMPLB  FOBM8.  ^^  ^^ 

Eng.  Boast,  Bitbst,  BmsT,  Post.    Franch  Bost.  bqxIj. 

DDIU^UTIVlfii 

Kog.  BosTEi^  PosTLE — French  Postel^    Eng.  Bostook. 

PflONEnO  BNDINO. 

English  Busmr,  Postok. 

OOMPOUKD& 

(Sard)  English  Bustabd,  Pustabd.  (Rie,  power)  Eng. 
BosTfiiDOS.     {Wdd,  power)  French  Bustault. 

From  the  Old  Norse  hortr.  Old  Fries,  hort^ 
kurt,  short,  and  the  corresponding  High  Oerman 
form  kurz,  may  be  the  following.  The  Latin 
curtiis,  French  courte,  may  intermix. 

8IMPLB  FOBMB.  (jort,  Cchml 

Oid  German  Corso,  8th  cent      English  Cobsb,  Ooubsb,    short. 
OuBTZE,  Oobt,  Coubt,  Oubt.  French  Gouwe,  Goubsy,  Cobta, 
Ooubt,  Ooubty,  Ooubteau,  Oubtt. 

DDONUTiVES. 

English  Ooubgellb. — French  Goubsel^  Gobtel.     French 

GUBTEUN. 

PHONETIO  BNBmO. 

Gorson,  Gnrtenay,  BoU  Batt.  Abb,  Eng.  Gobsan,  Gubson, 
OuBTAnr,  GouBTEBTAT.  Modem  German  Kohbssek.  French 
GoBSAnr,  Goubson,  Goubtebt. 

OOMPOXTVDSl 

(Hari,  warrior)  English  Gobsab,  Goubseb,  Goxtbtieb — 
French  GoBnEB,  GouBTnosu  (Band,  shield)  French  Goubsse- 
baet.    (Bat,  counsel)  English  Goubtwbioht. 

There  are  many  words  containing  the  meaning 
of  physical  strength,  though  in  some  cases  it  is 
not  easy  to  separate  this  meaning  from  that  of 
courage,  valour,  or  fiercenesa 

From  the  Gothic  magan,  posse,  I  take  to  be 
derived  the  following  stem,  with  which,  however, 
the  Gothic  mehi,  sword,  may,  as  suggested  by 
Forstemann,  intermix. 

z  2 


via,  Bobor. 


410  THE  OUTER  MAK. 

8DIPLI IQBIIS. 

Old  Oerauun  Mago,  Maooo^  Mabo^  Mmod,  Megi,  6tli  oent. 
Eng.  Magot,  Mat^  Mato,  Mbgot,  Mm^  Mathew  1  Mod. 
OeniL  Maoi^  Mstx.    French  Mat,  Maohu  t  Mj^hiu  f 

VTMnrOTPfWM. 

Old  German  MegUo,  Meilq,  8ih  oent—Enj^isli  Matali^ 
Mali — French  Maillkt.  BDg.  Matlot — ^French  Matlzh. 
Old  OernL  M^guBO,  10th  cent — ^Eng.  Maxo^  Maibit. 

OOMPOUNM. 

(Bart,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Megiher,  Magher,  8th  cent — 
l&igliBh  Maqeb,  Matkb — ^Modern  GennaB  Maosb — ^Frenoh 
Mahder,  Matxb.  (Ead,  war  f)  Old  Oerman  Magodiii%  11th 
oenl^-Magot,  Lib.  Til.— Ebgliah  Maggot.  ("ManJ  Sng. 
Matmah.  (Ron,  isTen)  Old  Gemum  Megixan,  8th  oeni— 
Eoig.  MxaRiH — ^French  Magbov,  Maobok,  Matrah.  (Waldf 
power)  Old  Oermaa  Magoeld,  8th  oent-*Modem  German 
Maohold,  MATWALD^Frenoh  Mahauuf.  fWme,  fnend) 
Old  Germ.  Magwin,  Macwin,  7th  cent. — French  Maoquot. 
{Ward,  gnaidian)  French  Maoquaw,  Maoquabt. 

From  the  above  root  mag  is  formed  Ang.-Sax. 
mcBgin,  Engliflh  main,  via^  robur,  from  which  we 
may  take  the  following. 

BIlfPLB  POBm 

Old  German  Magan,  Main,  8th  cent.     ESngliah  MAnm 
Mod.  Germ.  MlCHSv,  MnHm    French  MAGNii,  Maghkt. 
ooMPOiriaMk 

(Bald,  fortis)  Old  Gem.  Meginbold,  8th  cenl— Franch 
Maonabal.  (Burg,  protection)  Old  Geim.  Meginboig,  8th 
cent — French  MAjmouBO^  (Frtd,  peace)  Old  Germ.  Magin- 
frid,  8th  cent— French  MAorTBOT.  (Oald)  Old  German 
Megingald,  10th  cent. — French  Maihgault.  (Chr,  spear) 
Old  Germ.  Meginger,  9th  cent — ^Bnglish  Makgbb.  (Gaud, 
Goth)  Old  Germ.  Megingand,  8th  cent  ^French  Maikgov. 
(ffard,  fortia,  doros)  Old  Gennan  Maginh^rd,  Mainazd,  7th 
cent — English  Matfabd — ^Mod.  German  MsiKBBT-^French 
Maokabd,  Matkabd.  (Htm,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Mag»wihar, 
Mayner,  7th  cent — Mod.  Germ.  MsnnER — French  Magnier^ 
Matnibb. 


THB  OUTER  MAN.  411 

From  the  root  mag  is  also  formed  Old  High 
Qennan  maht.  Mod.  Germ,  macht^  Anglo-Saxon 
mUU^  Engliflh  might. 

(Hd  Oenn.  Maht,  9th  oent    Bogliah  Mioar.  Mifbt 

OOHFOUNDe. 

{Hari^  wnnkir)  Old  Germ.  Mahiheriy  Maother,  8ih  oent. 
— ^Engliih  MiOHTBB— French  Maoxdeb.  {EUd,  war)  Old 
Qennan  Mahthildii^  8ih  cent — Engliah  Matilda  (chrisUan 
name). 

Among  the  words  having  the  meaning  of 
nimbleness  or  activity  must  be  included  several 
which  are  derivedfrom  simple  roots  signifying  to 
fly,  to  run,  to  move,  to  go.  From  the  Ang.-Sax. 
Jligan,  flogan.  Old  Norse  fliug,  to  fly,  may  be 
the  following.  Or  we  may  perhaps  take  the 
active  sense,  to  put  to  flight.  Or  again,  the 
meaning  of  dart  or  arrow,  as  found  in  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  y{^,  French  ^cAe,  both  from  this  root,  may 
intermix. 

SDCFLB  FOBlia  lUg,  Fleg. 

Old  Oerman  Flacco,  Flecco,*  (ancestor  of  the  Neaaelrode    To  fij- 
fiunily).     Ang. -Saxon  Flagg,  f/ai^nd  in  FUggea  gdncm^  Cod, 
Dip.  578).     English  Flaoo,  Flack,  Flboo,  Flick,  Fluck, 
Flock,  Flt,  Flea.    Fr.  Fluc^  Fleck,  Fuck,  Fucht,  YuL 

DnflMUTiVJBBi 

Mod.  Qerm.  Fl5obl,  Fluoel.    French  Flechelle. 

OOllPOXTNIW. 

(Ei^  p.  189)  Eng.  Flewitt — French  Flachat,  Fuquet, 
Floqvet.  {Hard)  Fr.  Flicoubt,  Flocabd.  (RaH,  warrior) 
Eng.  Fltqee,  Flteb,  Flush.  (Man)  English  Fleeman — 
Modem  Gferman  Flueiiakn. 

*  The  Old  None  jUdbr,  Old  High  Gwm.  JUccq,  Old  EngUih  flack,  •  murk  or 
■pot,  nuj  Inteimlx.  It  would  not  be  vanfttiinl  for  «  ehlld  to  dwlte  lt«  nune  ftrom 
MBM  pMOliar  Buurk  with  whieh  tt  adght  hftpptn  to  behom. 


412  THE  OUTER  MAN. 

From  the  Anglo-Saucon  wivge.  Mod.  Germaa 
schtvinge,  English  wing,  in  the  sense  of  swiftness^ 
may  be  the  following. 

WtofeWink.  SnCPLB  FOEMB. 

Ain.  Old  German  Wine,  Yinoo,  9th  cent.     Old  None  Vingi, 

(messenger  of  Atli  or  Attila  in  the  Yolsongaaaga).  Ikiglish 
Wing,  Wikch,  Vc^oob,  Vink.  Modern  Qennan  Wingk, 
ScHWiNGB.     French  YmoQ,  Wenk. 

OOMPOUNDSL 

(Hivriy  warrior)  Wingere,  lAb.  VU. — ^Eng.  WniGSB. 

Of  a  similar  meaning  may  be  the  word  Jlass, 
Old  Norse  flos,  plumula  vestium,  whence  Jlosi, 
plumatus,  also  volans,  from  which  Haldorsen 
derives  the  Old  Norse  name  FlosL  There  is  only 
one  Old  German  name,  Flozzolf,  in  which  it 
appears^  and  Forstemann  gives  no  opinion  on  it. 

Flooi.  SIMPLE  FOBMB. 

PinniAiiu.         Old  Norse  FlosL     English  Floss.     French  1  Flobl 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  wadan.  Old  High  Germ. 
watan,  to  go,  probably  in  the  sense  of  celerity, 
Forstemann  derives  the  stem  wad,  wot.  The 
Anglo-Saxon  hwcBt,  keen,  bold,  might  intermix, 
though  there  does  not  seem  any  trace  of  it  in  the 
ancient  names.  Grimm  derives  the  name  of 
the  mythical  hero  Wada  or  Wato,  from  his 
having,  as  elsewhere  referred  to,  waded  over  the 
Grcenasund. 

SMFLR  FOEMB. 

Wad,  Wat       Old  Germ.  Wado,  Waddo,  Watto,  Yato^  6th  cent.  Ang.- 
v«d«w.   gj^x.  Wada.  Old  Norse  Yadi  Eng.  Wade,  Wadbt,  Wadd, 
Waddt,  Watt,  Wedd.     Modem  German  Wai>t,  Wehde. 
French  Yad^  Watteau,  Ybdt. 

DIMINnTIVEa 

Old  Germ.  Wadila,  Watil,  Yatili,  7th  cent— Ang.-Sax. 
Weatlar—Engliflh  Waddle,  Wattle,  Watlby,  Weddell — 


THE  0X7TEB  MAN.  413 

Mod.  Oerm.  WsDXUr— French  Watel,  Y  atkl,  Y  sdsl.  Old 
Qerm.  Yadiko,  Yeduoo,  3rd  cent— Eng.  Wadgs  ?  Wkdgs  ? 
Old  Qerm.  Waddolenns,  Watlin^  7ih  cent — Eng.  Wadujuq, 
Watleng — French  Waixlin,  .  English  Wadkdt^  Watkin. 
English  Watts — Pries.  Watse. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

'    Old  Germ.  Yatdn,  9th  cent    Eng.  Wadden^  Wathsn — 
French  Watdst,  Yatton. 

OOHPOUNDa 

(Giif  hostage)  Old  Qerman  Watgis,  8th  cent — ^English 
'WATKI8&  (Gar,  spear)  Old  German  Wadegar,  8th  cent — 
English  Waddioab,  Watker.  (Hard)  Old  Germ.  Wadard, 
8th  cent — French  Yatabd.  (Hart,  warrior)  French  Yatdeb. 
fZeof,  dear)  Eng.  Waddiloye.  fJIfar,  &mous)  Old  Geiman 
Yadomarius,  Prince  of  the  Alamanni,  4th  cent — ^English 
Wapm oBSy  Watmobb,  Whatmobb — ^Fr.  Yattemabb.  (Man) 
English  WadmaNi  Whatican^  Wetman.  (yew,  yonng)  Old 
Germ.  Yettani,  Wattnj,  8th  cent— English  Watnet.  (Bio, 
power)  Old  Germ.  Wadirih,  9th  cent — French  Yatbt. 

From  the  Goth,  thragjan,  Ang.-Sax.  ^regjan, 
to  run,  Forstemann  derives  the  following  stem, 
the  sense  of  which,  in  the  Ang.-Sax.  thrcBc,  merges 
in  that  of  bravery  or  strength.  A  cognate  Celtic 
word  seems  to  be  the  Obs.  Irish  traig,  foot. 

SIMPLE  FOBMa  ^^ 

Old  Germ.  Trago,  8th  cent  Eng.  Dbagb,  Dbaks,  I>»^t,^j^^ 

Tbat.    Mod.  Germ.  Dbet.    French  Dbacq,  Dbaoh,  Db^b, 

Db^.  

DiMmunvEB. 

Old  German  Dregi],  9th  cent.     English  Tbail     French 

Tb^oolle. 

phonetic  endino. 
Eng.  Dbaoon,  Dbaik,  Tbaik.     French  Tbaoiv,  Tbajot, 

Dbaik. 

compounds. 
(And,  life,  spirit)  Old  Germ.  Tragant%  8th  cent — French 
Tb^gont.    (Hwtd)  French  TBiHABD.    {flari,  warrior)  Eng. 
Tbahab,  Tbaeb— Mod.  German  Tbeteb— French  Tbaoeb, 
Tbateb.     (FiiM,  foot)  French  DbeYfus  f  Tbbifous  f 


414  THE  0T7TER  MAN. 

From  the  Old  Noise  hif,  motu6»  Old  Saxon 
bivon,  Ang.-Sax  bijian.  Old  High  German  btben, 
tremere»  Forstemami  derives  the  foUowing  stem. 
The  sense  may  probably  be  that  of  nimbleness  or 
activity*  as  in  the  Old  Norse  pipr,  veloz,  from 
the  same  root. 


Pip.  Old  Qonnftn  Bibo^  Bobo,  Ben^  Fippi,  Pipis  8th  cmU 

Aottvo.    Aiig.-8ax.  Bebba»  Fyrbba    Bbg,  Bibb,  Bibbt»  Bsbb»  ¥a% 
Tim.    Mod.  GeniL  Pipm    nreneh  Braoi^  Burs. 

l>lMlJiUTiVnL 

An^^-Baz.  Pipile  (^raxid  in  tbe  name  of  his  giave^  Piplea 
beorh,  Cod.  Dip.  774).  Engliah  BmuB,  Bxtille,  Pkplok-- 
Fremdh  Bibal. 

pHomnc  MKPSXfo, 
Old  G«rm.  Bibbin,  BivinuB^  Pippin,  7th  oent  Ang.«SaJL 
Hppenf;^mfui«nP^9MMf/«MM,Cbd2>^.  1,860).   Bn^^ 
Bkfah,  Beffiv,  PEPOTy  Pippin.    Eranoh  Pipnr. 

ooMPoxmns. 
(Hwrd)  EngliBh  Bxffobd,  Peppabd— Modem  German 
BipPABTi  PippJE&T'^]Prenbh  Bebebt,  B^fobt,  Bibbbt,  BiVBUTy 
PiPABD,  PiTBBT.    {WoUy  power)  Franoh  Pipfauia*,  Bibaut, 
BirPAUT. 


Ole?tar. 


I  think  that  English  Cleveb^  Oleaveb,  and 
Adhni.  YxeosSti  CiJVBB  may  be  the  same  as  our  word 
""  clever/'  though  more  probably  in  its  original 
senses  which,  I  take  it,  was  that  of  personal 
activity.  We  may  trace  this  in  the  Old  English 
word  clever^  to  climb  (still  retained  in  Cumber- 
land), from  the  Old  Norse  Uifra^  Dutch  Idaveren^ 
Meveren^  to  clamber.*  Something  of  the  transition 
sense  seems  to  be  found  in  the  expression  of  a 

*  I  un  giftd  to  find  this  •tymologx,  whleb  I  ragfMtod  tn  tlM  pretiou 
•dltUm,  oonflnwMl  hj  the  tuthoiUy  of  Mr.  Wa^T^ood. 


AMf. 


THB  OUTEB  MAN.  415 

horse  being  "*  dever  at  his  fences.'"  The  Kngliah 
Clevsblt  might  be  a  diminutive^  but  seems  more 
probably  a  disused  adjective  form. 

Prom  the  Old  Norse  klifa,  to  cKmb  (of  which '^'^• 
the  above  word  klifra  is  a  frequentative),  may  be 
the  Eng.  Cuve,  Cuff,  and  Clbvsley.  Perhaps 
CiJFT  may  be  added  to  this  group ;  the  Cumber- 
land dialect  has  cUfty,  activa 

There  are  several  words  in  which  the  sense  of 
activity  or  sprightliness  is  allied  to  that  of  bud- 
ding or  sprouting.  Again,  the  sense  of  a  sprout 
or  shoot  frequently  merges  into  that  of  spear  or 
dart,  as  mentioned  at  p.  207.  Thus  the  Gothic 
spraiito,  active,  Eng.  sprtice  and  sprightly,  Aug.* 
Saxon  spreoty  sprout,  shoot,  also  spear,  pike.  Old 
High  German  sprivzan,  English  sprout,  are  all 
from  the  same  root.  In  the  former  sense  I  take 
the  following. 

SIMPLSFOBM&  BimiMi 

Old  Germ.  Spratbo,  8ih  cent.    English  Sprout,  Spratt,  spdfiiilf . 
Bpboat,  Spbitt,  Spbuci^  Spucb.    Mod.  Germ.  Spuorm 

Again,  the  Old  Norse  spr^ehr  and  sprahUffr, 
Prov.  Eng.  spragg,  sprack,  spry^  smart,  active, 
are  allied  to  Ang.-Sax.  spree,  a  shoot. 

gnCPLBFOBMB.  Qpiadi, 

Spraga,  Lib.  VU.   Eng.  SfbajQG,  Spbaok,  Spabk,  Bpsbok,  Bpri^tif. 
Spbiqo,  Spbat,  Spst. 

DDLLNUTIVKHl 

SpraolingoB,  Zt&.  Vii.    English  Spraokuh. 

Here  also,  probably  from  Old  Norse  sprcskUgr, 
come  in  Sprakal^,  brother  of  Sweyn,  King  of 
Denmark,  Eng.  Sprecklet.     Also  perhaps  Eng. 


416  THE  OI7TEB  MAN. 

Spxtbge  and  Spubgeon,  the  nearest  form  to  which 
seems  to  be  the  Sansc.  spurjy  to  spout^  not  a  bad 
etymon,  by  the  way,  for  the  name  of  the  well- 
known  preacher. 

Another  word  in  which  we  may  perhaps  take 
the  bursting  forth  of  water  as  an  emblem  of  live- 
liness and  activity  is  huUy  for  which  Forstemann 
,finds  no  suitable  etymon,  and  for  which  I  suggest 
the  Old  Norse  hunay  scaturire. 

8IMPLB  FOBMSw 

lb  bant         ^^^  German  Banno^  Btuuii,  Btm,  8th  oent     Bi]xi%  LOk 
fortiu     ViL    English  Bunk,  BxTionnr.    French  BouinsAir. 

PflONETIO  ENBINO. 

Old  Qenn.  Punin,  8th  cent.  English  Buktak.  French 
BuzroK. 

PATBoimao. 
English  BuNiONG.    Modem  German  Bifmmraw 

OOMFOUKDa 

{Etj  p.  189)  English  Bumnsir,  Vxsvnsnsn — French  BcnnET, 
PuFDET.  (Hcu\  warrior)  English  BnimaL  {W<M^  power) 
En^^ifih  PuNXEA?. 

iVom  the  Old  High  German  tZan,  festinare, 
Forstemann  derives  the  following  stem.  Hence, 
I  take  it^  the  name  Tlbod,  quoted  by  Mr.  Lower, 
from  the  records  of  Lewes  Priory,  in  the  sense  of 
a  speedy  messenger. 

SIMPLE  FOSM& 

Ha.  Old  Germ.  Bo.    Ylla»  lAb,  VU,    Eng.  Ilet,  Eel,  Elst. 

OOMPOT7in)6. 

{Hcm^  warrior)  Old  German  mehere^  8th  cent. — English 
Ihleb.    {Ma/n)  English  Illxan, 

From  the  Old  High  German  fendo^  foot,  are 
the  following. 


THE  OtJTEB  MAN.  417 

SIMPLE  F0&M8.  FtaiA,  Wn% 

Old  Oerman  Fanto,  Fendio,  8th  cent.     Modem  German    ^^^ 
Fkndv. 

DIMINUTIYJSa. 

Old  German  Fandila,  7th  cent. — Eng.  Fendall.  Eng. 
Feitdick. 

PHONETIO  ENDING. 

English  Fenton,     Frenoh  Fantov. 

0OMPOUND6. 

(Hard)  French  Fandabb.  (Htirif  warrior)  Eng,  Fendeb. 
(H^kn)  Eng.  Fantom^  Fentuv.     (M<m)  Eng.  Fentdian. 

As  foot  in  proper  names  has  the  meaning  of 
nimbleness,  so  hand  we  may  presume  to  have  the 
meaning  of  dexterity  or  skilfnlness.  The  English 
word  handy  is  in  fact  formed  on  just  the  same 
principle.  A  word  very  liable  to  intermix  is  and^ 
life,  spirit. 

SIMPLE  FORMa  H»nd,HMil 

Old  German  Hanto,  9th  cent.     English  Hand,  Handet,    mm»ul 
Hendy,  Hentt.     Mod.  Germ.  Handt.     French  Handus. 

DIMINUnVES. 

English  Handel,  Handley.  Modem  German  Handel 
French  Hendl4 

PHONETIC  ENDINa 

Old  Germ.  Hantuni,  8th  cent  Eng.  Hanton,  Hendsn, 
Hxnton. 

It  is  difficult  to  say  in  what  sense  the  follow- 
ing are  derived.  The  word  seems  evidently  to 
be,  as  Forstemann  suggests,  the  Old  Bigh  Germ, 
and  Old  Sax.  wamba,  Ang.-Sax.  wamby  the  belly. 
Was  it  by  accident  that  Scott,  in  the  grand  story 
of  Ivanhoe,  gave  a  name  like  this  to  the  jester  .1 

SIMPLE  F0B3C&  Waml). 

Old  German  Wamha,  king  of  the  West  Goths  7th  cent,     ^^- 
English  Wambbt. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Odd  Germ.  Wambanis  {Oemtim).     Eng.  Wampen. 
A  3 


Old. 


418  THE  OUTER  MAN. 

Most  of  the  other  names  apparently  derived 
from  parts  of  the  body,  as  Neck,  Chin,  Arm, 
Thumm,  Mouth,  Shin,  &c.,  axe  to  be  otherwise 
derived. 

There  are  no  inconsiderable  number  of  names 
which  are  derived  from  the  period  of  life.  From 
the  Ang.-Sax.  eddy  ield,  Old  High  Germ,  oft,  old, 
Eng.  old,  are  the  following. 

SIMPLE  FOBMa 

^^        Old  Germ.  Aldo,  Alto,  7th  cent     Alda,  Lib  ViL     Eng. 
Alldat,  Allt,  Allty,  £lt,  Old,  Yeld.    Mod.  Germ.  Aur. 

DDcnrcrnvES. 
Aldhjsi,  Haldisa,  Lib.  VU.     Eng.  Aldis,  Oldib. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Old  German  AlHini^  Altun,  6th  cent.     English  Aldsn, 
Alton,  Elden,  Elton.  Mod.  Germ.  Alten.  French  AlLDon. 

PATBONYMIC& 

Old  German  Aiding,  8th  cent     Eng.  OLDiNa     French 

Oldino. 

compounds 
{Bert,  bnght)  Old  Germ.  Aldebert,  Oldebert,  Olbert,  8th 
cent — Eng.  Aldebert — French  Aldebert,  Olbert.  (Brand, 
sword)  Old  German  Altbrand,  8th  cent. — French  Albranb. 
(Oan,  magic)  Old  German  Alliganus,  9th  cent. — French 
Alecan,  Alkan.  fGar,  spear)  Old  German  Aldegar,  7th 
cent. — Eng.  Old  acre — French  Olacher.  (ffari,  warrior) 
Old  German  Althar,  9th  cent. — Aldheri,  Lib,  Fit. —English 
Alder — Mod.  Germ.  Alder,  Alter.  (Helm)  Old  German 
Althelm,  8th  cent. — Ang.-Sax.  Aldhelm — English  Aldham, 
Eltham.  (Roc)  Old  German  Altroch,  9th  cent. — French 
Altaroche.  (Man)  Old  Germ.  .Aldman,  Altman,  8th  cent* 
AFdmon,  Lib,  Vit.—  Eng.  Altman,  Oldman — Mod.  German 
Althann.  (Rod,  counsel)  Old  German  Aldrad,  8bh  cent — 
English  Aldred,  Eldred.  (Rity  ride)  Old  Germ.  Aldarit-— 
English  Aldritt — French  Alteriet.  (RiCy  power)  Old 
Germ.  Alderioh,  Olderich,  Altrih,  6th  cent — ^Eng.  Aldbich, 


THE  OUTER  MAN.  419 

ALDBmoB,  Eldbidge,  Oldridoe,  Altbee,  Oldrt — ^French 
ALTAiRAa  {Thius,  servant)  Old  Germ.  Aldadeus^  8th  cent 
— English  Aldebdice  f 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  gamol.  Old  Norse  ganial. 
Old  High  German  kamol,  old,  are  th§  following, 
Forstemann  has  twelve  names  from  this  root,  but 
only  one  corresponding  with  ours. 

simple  FORMa  

English  Gamble,  Gemtlr,  Gemmux,  Cammell.      French   ^q^l 
ChamelI  

DIMINUTIVES. 

English  Gambling,  Gamun.    French  Gajcbelon.    ItaL 
Oambalukoa. 

coMPouin>& 

(Hcvriy  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Kamalhere,  8th  cent. — Eng. 
Gambleb,  Camalaby  (BosUni) — Mod.  Germ.  Kamler 

A  not  uncommon  name  among  the  Northmen 
was  Eyllfr,  which  seems  to  be  from  Old  Norse 
eyltfr^  ever-living*  It  was  imdoubtedly  bap- 
tismal, for  one  of  the  men  in  the  Landnamabok 
is  sumamed  "  the  young."  Hence  may  be  English 
Ayliffe,  perhaps  French  Eloffe.  A  similar 
name  seems  to  be  the  Langlif  in  the  Liber  Vitas. 

From  the  Old  High  GermaiXijung.junc^  Ang.- 
Sax.  jong^  Jung,  gung,  ging,  English  young,  are 
the  following. 

simple  FOBMS.  Yonag, 

Old  Germ.  Jungo,  Junggi,  10th  cent.     English  Touno.     Jwag 
Mod.  Germ.  Jung,  Junke.     French  Juno,  YuNa  JuTtnU. 

DIMINUnVEa 

English  GnroELL.    French  Juncal,  Gunckel. 

CX>MPOUNI)& 

(Aud,  prosperity)  French  Ginaud.  (Hart,  warrior)  Eng. 
Younger,  Ginger — Mod.  Germ.  Jungher — Fr.  Jonchebt, 

*  Anothw  d0riTfttioD  perhAjM  mlg^t  howeTer  be  wigertcd   tee  p.  &0t 


JWL 


420  THE  OUTER  MAN. 

(or  all  these  same  as  English  yonnker  9)  (Man)  Old  Qfowu 
YuDgman,  9th  cent — English  YouNaxAN— Modem  G^ennan 
JuNOMANK.  Old  Germ.  Jungericus,  Gothic  king,  4th  cent. — 
Mod.  Germ.  Jungebich. 

There  is  a  stem  jun,  which  Forstemann  thmks 
may  perhaps  be  the  older  form  ofjung,  supposing 
a  contraction  ofjuvan  (Latin  juvenis), 

SIMPLE  FOKBfB. 

Old  Germ.  Juno,  Junno,  8th  cent     Eng.  JuNi^  Juno.* 

Toragr    Frei^oh  JUNY^  JOUITNEAUZ. 

COMPOUliDa. 

(Hard)  Old  Germ.  Joonard,  1 1th  oent.«*Erench  Johvabd, 
JoNNABT.  (Hari^  warrior)  Eng.  Juknbb — Frenoh  JoiniB& 
(Wold,  power)  French  Joukault. 

There  is  a  stem  new^  ny^  which  Grimm  and 
Weinhold  take  to  be  from  the  Old  High  German 
naw,  niwi,  Ang.-Saxon  new,  Dan.  and  Swed.  ny, 
Sanscrit  nava,  new.  The  meaning  they  take  to 
be  that  of  "  young,'"  as  in  the  Greek  ;  and  in  the 
names  of  women,  to  which  as  a  termination,  this 
root  is  confined,  Grimm  supposes  a  Goth,  nivi^  in 
the  sense  of  virgin.  Forstemann  considers  that 
the  form  ny  is  more  particularly  a  Bavarian,  and 
perhaps  also  a  Lombard  form.  It  is,  however, 
also  Scandinavian. 

SIMPLE  FORMa 

»lv  New         ^^^  German  Niwo,  Nivo,  Nivi,  Nevo,  Nibo,  7th  cent. 

Ky.      English  New,  Newet,  Nay,  Neve,  Niavi.     Mod.  German 

Young.    i^BUE,  Ney.  French  Neu,  Ney,  N^  NivE,  Naep,  Naveau, 

Niveau. 

DiMnrunvB& 
English  Newick.     English  Newlikg — French  Nouuk. 

PHonxnc  BNonro. 
Engliah  Newen,  Nevin,  Navin. 
— — — -  '■ 


THE  OUTEB  MAN.  421 

ooMPomrDa 
{Cum,  qufum,  gaest,  stranger)  Neucum  (Domesday) — Eng* 
Nbwoome,  NswooMa  (Ger,  spear)  French  Newioeb,  N^ore  I 
{Hard)  Old  G^rm.  Niviard,  Nivard,  6th  cent. — Mod.  Germ. 
Neuwert — French  Niyabd^  Nivbrt,  Nibart,  Niaud.  {HaH, 
"warrior)  French  NnriifBE,  Navier.  {Leof,  dear)  English 
NBinx>yB.*  {Man)  Eng.  Newmak— Mod.  Germ.  Niemann 
— French  Neyman.  {Rait,  counsel)  Old  Germ.  Niwirat,  9th 
oent — Old  Norse  Nydlthr — Mod.  Germ.  Neurath — French 
Netret.  {Reidy  ride)  Old  Norse  Nereidr — English  Nerod. 
{Ricj  power)  Old  Germ.  Niwerich — French  Neybby,  Natbt. 
{WcUd,  power)  French  Nibaui/p,  Navault. 

There  is  a  stem  bob,  bov,  bop,  &c.,  which 
Forstemann  refers  to  Germ,  bube,  Dutch  boef, 
boeve,  boy.  The  word  bithe  is  not  found  in  the 
German  language  prior  to  the  13th  cent.,  but 
there  is  no  doubt  about  the  antiquity  of  the  root, 
which  is  cognate  with  Lat.  pupus,  pupiUus,  &c. 
Mr.  Wedgwood  observes  that  **  the  origin  seems 
the  root  bob,  bub,  pop,  pup,  in  the  sense  of  some- 
thing protuberant,  stumpy,  thick,  and  short."  If 
this,  however,  be  the  case,  it  suggests  that  the 
meaning  in  proper  names  might  be  akin  to  boss^ 
buss,  &c.,  p.  408. 

SMPLBIWEMS.  •     ^^^ 

Old  German  Bobo,  Bobbo,  Boppo,  Poppo,  Bubo,  Pupo,     Boj. 
Poupo,  Poapo,  Popi,  BoYO,  Bova,  Boffo,  6th  oent      Anglo- 
Saxon  Bubba.     Bofia,  Lib.    ViL     English  Boyet,  Boyat, 

BOFF,    BOFFET,    BUBB,    BuBA,    PoPE,    PoPPT,    PoYEY,    PUPP. 

Mod.  German  Bobbe,  Bopp,  Bube,  Popp,  Puppe.     French 

BOB^E,  B(EUF. 

DIMINXmVBa 

Old  Gkrman  Bobilo,  BoyUo,  Popila,  Popili,  8th  oent — 
Eng;  BoYiLUB,  Pople,  Poflei; — ^Mod.  Germ.  Bobbl^  PopsIi 

*  N«w,  in  tiM  MEM  of  TOTUif,  gi^M  »  rafflol«DU7  •xprmdf  meuilBg  to  tUi 
BABM,  wlthoai  fappoifaig  •  gaj  Lotturio  la  th«  obm. 


422  THE  OUTER  MAN. 

— French  Bouvillb,  Povel,  Pupil,  Populus.  Mod.  Q«niL 
PuPKE — French  Bubegk.  £nglish  Bobkin,  Popkin — Mod. 
German  Popken.      Old  German  Bobolin,  6th  cent. — French 

POPELIN.      Eng.  POPLETT,  PuPLET — Fr.  BOBLET,  BoUVELET. 
PUOKETIC  EXDINO. 

Old  German  Bobin,  6th  cent.  Engliah  Bobbik,  BuffiVi 
PoupiN.     French  Bobin,  Boffin,  Bouvin,  Buffok,  Popoh. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(And,  life,  spirit)  French  Bobant.  (Et,  pi  189)  Pobbidi, 
Lib,  Ft<.— English  Bobbitt^ French  Bobot,  Buffet,  Popbt. 
(Hard)  Buffard,  Roll  BaU.  il66.— Eng.  Bobabt,  Poupard, 
PouPABT — Mod.  Germ.  Bobardt— Fr.  Bouyabd,  Popabik 
(HaH,  warrior)  Eng.  Bouvier,  Bouverie,  Buffrby—  French 
BoBii^RE,  Bouvier,  Bouvry,  Buffier,  Pupieb.  (Ulf,  wolf) 
English  ?  PoPOFF — French  Bobceuf.     (Wold,  power)  French 

BUFFAULT. 

From  the  Ang.-Saxon  cnapa,  German  knabe, 
boy,  may  be  the  following.  The  suggestion  of 
Mr.  Wedgwood  (see  last  page)  that  the  origin  of 
Old  Germ,  hube,  Eng.  boy,  is  ''  the  sense  of  some- 
thing protuberant,  stumpy,  thick,  and  short,''  is 
strongly  confirmed  by  this  root,  which  is  cognate 
with  English  knob,  a  lump.  And  therefore,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  laat  root,  the  meaning  might  pos- 
sibly be  like  that  of  boss,  see  p.  408. 

simple  FORMa 

KiMb,Ki»ik       Old  German  Hnabi,  8th  cent     English  E:hafp,  Nabb^ 
^^'     Kkopb.     Mod.  German  Kkabb,  EInapp.      French  NabaI 

KaefI 

duonutivb.  PATRomnaa 

Engliflh  Napkih.  English  KHAPFiHa 

OOMPOUKD. 

(Man)  English  Ekapmav. 
From  the  Goth.,  Old  High  Germ.,  Old  Norse 
bam,  Anglo-Saxon  beam,  child,  may  be  the  fol* 
lowing. 


THE  OTJTEB  MAN.  423 

SnCPLB  FOBMS. 

Englisb  BABinsT.     French  Babkat.  ^*^ 

DIMINUnVB, 

French  Barnich. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Hard)  Old  QeroL  Barnard,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Barnard — 
Mod.  Germ.  Barnhard.  {Et,  p.  189)  English  Barnett — 
French  Barhet.  (Bari,  warrior)  French  Barkier.  (TTtfM, 
friend)  Old  Germ.  Barnuin,  9th  cent. — Fi-ench  Barnouyin. 

There  is  a  stem  kim,  chirriy  which  Forstemann 
refers  to  Old  High  German  kim,  chi7n,  germen. 
None  of  the  ancient  names  correspond  with  oiirs. 

SmPLB  FORMS.  Kim,  Ghlm. 

Engluh  EuoL     French  Chikat.  Oman. 

DmiMUTlVJfiB. 

French  Ghimel.     English  CmMLEBr. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(yew,  ny,  young)  English  Ohihnet — French  GHndbnE. 
(Hart,  warrior)  French  Ghemert. 

Another  stem  of  somewhat  similar  meaning 
may  be  saby  sap,  saf,  sav.  Forstemann  refers  to 
a  supposed  Goth,  safjarty  adduced  by  Grimm,  in 
the  sense  of  the  Lat.  sapere.  It  is  not,  however, 
easy  to  see  any  suitable  meaning  for  proper  names 
in  that  root,  and  I  would  rather,  in  the  absence 
of  any  better  explanation,  take  the  Ang.-Sax.  sap. 
Old  High  Germ,  saf,  Eng.  "  sap,''  in  tlie  sense  of 
youth,  growth,  viridity. 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Sabas,  a  Goth,  4th  cent      Saba,*  also  called  Saebeorht,  Sftb,  s*t, 
an  Anglo-Saxon  prince  {Bede's  Ecc  Hist )    English  Sabet,      ^^ 
Sapp,  Safe.     French  Sapy»  Sapia,  Savt,  Sauve  I  Sauv^  ?  ^j^. 
Sauvey? 


424  THE   OUTER  MAN. 

DDfnruTzm. 
Old  Qerman  Sftbulo,  Sayalo,  7di  oent — ^English  Sablb, 
Saffell,  Satell,  Sayealii — Fr.  Sautel.      Eng.  Sabbaob^ 
Sayidge,   Sayaoe — French  Sapicha,  Saxjpique^   Sauyaqk 
Eng.  Sapldt— French  Sablok,  Sayelon. 

PHOmiTlO  ENDIKG. 

Eng.  SAfiiNEy  Saphut .  French  Sabbini,  Sapot,  Bayiowt, 
Sayiv. 

OOMPOUND& 

(Aud,  proeperitj)  Old  Germ.  Sapandus,  9th  oenl — ^Fr. 
Babaud.  Perhaps  also  to  this  Old  German  Sapato— French 
Sabot,  Sayit.  (Hard J  Engluh  Sapford — ^Mod.  €^muui 
Sayebt — Fr.  Sabart,  Sayard,  Sayaet.  (Hari,  warrior) 
Eng.  Sapper — Mod.  Germ.  Saphir  (see  p.  4) — Fr.  Sauphab^ 
Sauyier,  Sauyeur?  (Bon,  rayen)  Eng.  Safrak — French 
Sabran,  Sayarik,  Souyerain  )  (Rie,  power)  Old  German 
Sabaricus,  Sayarich,  Safrach  (Gothic  leader,  4th  cent),  Saf- 
£mus — Sayari,  Lib,  VU. — Eng.  Sayeeick,  Sayory,  Saffert 
— French  Say  art,  Saffray,  Savffrot. 

Probably  to  the  above  group  may  be  placed 
Eng.  Saptb,  which  shews  the  Old  Norse,  Danish, 
and  Mod.  Germ,  form  safl^  taking  a  t 

The  folloYYing  stem  may  be  referred  to  the 
Mod.  Germ,  grab,  Dan.  grov,  coarse,  clumsy.  But 
I  think  that  the  original  meaning  may  probably 
have  only  been  that  of  large  stature.  Compare 
English  gross,  in  a  similarly  changed  sense — also 
Eng.  plump,  which  in  German  and  Danish  means 
coarse.  Forstemann  has  only  one  Old  German 
name  Griubinc,  which  he  does  not  explain. 

«n*.  Qrof.  SIMPLE  FORBC& 

gtoQir         Anglo-Saxon  Qrobb,  /found  in  Qrobbea  den,  Cod.  Dip. 
1066).     £ng.  Grobb,  Groyb,  Grubb,  Grubt,  Oropp  9    Mod. 

*lir.  K«mbl«eoiiildBnBia»tob«<ml7ftteinl]l«r  or  abbml^  focmtC 


THE  OUTER  MAN.  425 

Gernuui  Ob&be,  Gbobr.      French  Gbub,  Gbubt,  Obobet, 

OBOPFit 

DDOinTTrVES. 

Mod.  Germ.  Gbobel.     French  Gbouyblle. 

OOlfPOITNDfl. 

(Hari,  warrior)  Eng.  Gboyeb,  Cboppeb  9     (Man)  Eng. 
GBonvAir. 


b3 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 


THB  INN£R  MAV. 

As  the  baptismal  name  was  conferred  b^  the 
fond  parent,  and  the  surname  by  the  impartial 
world — ^so  there  is  more  truth  in  the  latter  than 
in  the  former.  They  represent  the  honest  opinion 
which  a  man's  neighbour  had  of  him,  and  are 
complimentary  or  otherwise,  as  the  case  may  be. 
There  are  forty-two  men  in  the  Landnamabok 
of  Iceland  having  Helgi  (holy),  as  a  baptismal 
name,  but  only  three  that  had  acquired  it  as  a 
surname.  And  of  the  former  there  was  one  who 
had  the  surname  of  Gudlaus — ^"Holy  the  Godlesa'* 
What  a  bitter  satire  1 

Seeing  then,  as  will  be  manifest  from  the 
following,  how  great  is  the  preponderance  of 
baptismal  names,  we  cannot  in  any  degree  admit 
the  evidence  of  proper  names  as  a  test  even  of  the 
accredited  virtue  of  ancient  times. 

Beginning  with  the  name  of  "  Hoi/'  already 
referred  to — so  easy  to  assume  and  so  difficult  to 
deserve — we  have  the  following.  This  word 
however  is  liable  to  intermix  with  two  others, 
Ang.-Sax.  hM,  sound,  hale,  and  haUy  hero. 

SIMPLE  FOBMS. 

^^  Old  German  Halicho,  Halec,  8th  cent.     Bng.  Hollick, 

H0I7.     H ALLEY.     Mod.  Germ.  Hallich,  Heh^ig.     French  Haiuo, 
Hallet,  Hallu,  H^lt. 

DIBCINUTIVB. 

English  Hallilby,  Hollalet.     French  Alslt. 


TU£  INKfiR  MAN.  427 

OOMPOUKD0. 

{Berif  bright)  Old  OemL  Halacbeii,  Helibpret,  8th  cent. 
— ^Halgeberot,  Lib.  ViL — Eng.  Hallowbread,  HalbebtI 
(Dag,  day)  Old  €^niL  Halegdag,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Halliday, 
HoLUDAT.  (Ger,  spear)  Old  Germ.  Heligher,  9th  cent. — 
Eng.  HoLKBR — French  Holaoheb.  (Mem)  Eng.  Holetxan, 
HoLUXAN — Mod.  Germ.  H!eilighann.  (Hat,  red,  counsel) 
Old  Germ.Halegred«  9th  cent. — French  Aligrot.  (Wig,  tffiy 
war)  Old  Germ.  Heilagwih,  9th  cent — English  Hallowat, 
HoLLOWAT — French  Halett. 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  dugan^  Old  High  Grerm. 
tugan^  to  be  virtuous,  good,  honourable  ;  Anglo- 
Saxon  theaWy  Old  High  German  dau^  morals, 
behaviour,  are  probably  the  following. 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Old  Germ.  Tugus,  Tukko,  Dooca,  Toooa,  Dauo,  8th  cent  '^^^ 
Old  Norse  Toni  Ang.-Sax.  Tnk,  tf»  a  grani  to  the  numoHery 
ofCroyUmd,  A,D.  1,051.  Tocca^  Lib.  VU.  English  Tuogt, 
TuoKi  Tnxi^  TuoKET,  I>ugk,  Dose,  Dock,  Duke,  Tow,  Toe, 
Dow,  DowET,  DoE»  Dew,  Dbwet.  Modem  German  Tock, 
TuoH,  DucKE,  Dau,  DEWBi  Frendli  Toons,  Doche,  Due, 
Doui^,  DuEU. 

DIMINUTIVES. 

Old  German  Dauwila,  Dewila,  9th  cent. — ^Eng.  Dowell, 
Dewell,  Duly,  Towell — Fr.  Ducel,  Duoelat,  Douelle, 
DouiLLT.  Old  Germ.  Dugilin,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Duckunq, 
DowuKG— French  Dulono.    Eng.  Dewick — French  Duick. 

FHOmsnC  ENDINQ. 

Old  Germ.  Dawin,  8th  cent  Eng.  DuooiN,  Dubgeoe, 
Dewen.     French  Duqennb,  Duquut. 

PATEOITTMIOB. 

English  Docking,  Dewing.    French  Duconro. 

00HP0UND& 

(£t,  p.  189 J  English  Duckxtt,  Doggett— Fr.  Duquet, 
DouET,  TuGOT.  (Hard)  Eng.  Dugabd,  Towabt,  Tewart — 
French  Dugabd,  Tougabt,  Toucabt.  (Eart,  warrior)  Eng. 
Duckeb,  Dockbb,  Tuckbb,  Tokeb,  Dower,  Dbwab,  Toweb 
— Mod.  German  Dctkhbb,  Tucher — Fr.  Ducher,  Duoorot, 


428  THE   INKER  MAN. 

DouABE.  (Land)  Eng.  Dowland— Fr.  Duoland.  (Mem) 
Old  Germ.  Dagiman,  Tugeman,  9th  cent. — ^Eng.  Tuomah, 
DucKUAK — French  Dewahin,  Dumain.  (Jfor,  fjeunons)  Old 
German  Daumerus,  6th  cent. — Eng.  Duqhore.  {Ulf^  wolf) 
Old  Genn.  Tugolf,  Touwolf;  Daulf,  7th  cent.— Fr.  Dewulp. 
{Wald,  power)  Eng.  Dugald — French  Tugault,  Douault. 
{WeaLhy  stranger)  Eng.  Duo  well,  Tugwbll,  Tuck  well. 

DOUBTFUL  NAMEa 

Eng.  DuGOODy  TooGOOD,  TowGOOD.     Periiaps  fix)m  Ang.- 
Sax.  duguthj  virtuouB,  honourable. 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  dafariy  Gothic  gadabattj 
convenire,  Ang.-Sax.  dSfCy  fit,  proper,  Forstemann 
derives  the  stem  dab,  daf,  dap^  to  which  also  I 
place  daVy  referred  by  him  to  the  preceding  root. 
The  scriptural  name  David  may  probably  inter- 
mix in  some  of  the  following. 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

'^L^*  Old  Germ.  Davo,  9th  cent  Eng.  Dabb,  Dapp,  Dapty, 
Tapp,  Tappt,  Davy,  Devey.  Fr.  Dabeau,  Dab^  Dappe, 
Dapy,  Daffy,  Davy,  Devy,  Devay,  Taveau. 

DIMTNUnVES. 

Old  German  Dafila,  Davila,  7th  cent.— English  Davall, 
Deffell — French  Daval,  Deville,  Tavel.     Eng.  Taplih, 
Devlin — French  Dablin.     Old  Germ.  Tabuke,  11th  cent 
Eng.  Davock,  Davidge,  Device — Fr.  Davach,  Devioqub. 
phonetic  ending. 

English  Daven,  Devon,  Tappin.     Fr.  Davin,  Devenne^ 

Taffin,  Tapin. 

compounds. 
(Hard)  Eng,  Daffobd — Fr.  Dabbrt,  Dbvert,  Tavabo. 
(Ram,  rem,  raven)  Eng.  Tabram,  Daviron — French  Dabrih, 
Daveron.  (Ric,  power)  Old  GernL  Daperich,  10th  cent — 
French  Dafrique.  (Wald,  power)  Old  Germ.  Tavold,  10th 
cent — French  Da  vault. 

From  the  Gothic  triggws.  Old  Norse  iriggr, 
Ang.-Sax.  treowe.  Old  High  German  driuy  Mod. 


Seemlj. 


THE  INNEB  MAN.  429 

Germ,  treuy  Eng.  "true"  may  be  the  following. 
But  this  stem  is  very  apt  to  intermix  with  driuqan^ 
militari,  p.  195. 

SIMPLE  FOBM&  -.      „^ 

Trigg,  T17. 

Old  Qenn.  DriwsL    Old  Norse  Tryggo,  King  of  Norway,     thm. 
English  Trioo,  Tbicket,  Tbee,  Troy,  Try,  Dry.      Frenoh 
Trich)^  Triau,  Try,  Driou. 

OOMFOUNDa 

{Bertf  bright)  French  Triebkrt,  Trubert.  {Et^  p.  189) 
Eng.  TRIC5KETT,  Drbwett— French  Triquet,  Tricot.  (Eard) 
French  Tricard.  {ffarif  warrior)  Eng.  Trigoer,  Tricker, 
Dryer — French  Triger,  Drier.  CLeof,  dear)  Eng.  True- 
love.     (Wald,  power)  French  Druault. 

DOUBTFUL  NAMEa 

English  Truefitt.  French  Triefus,  Dreyfus  Perhaps 
from.  Ang,-QstJL /6t,  Old  High  QeTm,JuaZt  Mod.  GernuJfiWf 
English  foot. 

There  is  a  word  jiist,  found  in  some  Grerman 
compounds,  which  Forstemann  seems  to  think 
may  be  from  the  Latin.  However,  tho^  French 
jouste,  tilt,  tournament,  of  which  the  Old  Flemish 
justy  impetus  (whence  also  Eng.  "jostle'*),  seems 
to  be  the  origin,  may  be  mentioned.  None  of  the 
ancient  names  correspond  with  the  following. 

simple  FOBJia 

English  Just,  Justey.    French  Juste,  Jost. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Aftmd,  protection)  English  Justamond  (wrang^  1750). 
(Waldy  power)  French  Justault. 

There  is  a  stem^,  which  Forstemann  thinks, 
unless  the  few  ancient  names  be  corruptions  either 
of /rid,  peace,  or  of /aid,  hostility,  may  be  from 
the  Latin  Jidus,  faithful.      The  following  names 


Jiui 


430  THE  INNrai  MAN. 

go  to  shew  that  there  is  Buch  a  stem,  but  the 
Ang.-Sazon  Jktan^  to  coDg.  also  to  diipiste»  might 
also  be  proposed. 
^g^  smpoFosin. 

FaiiiifiiL        Old  German  Fidia,  11th  oent     Eni^uh  FnoNETy  Fidob^ 
Fur.    Freach  Fimt^  Fitt. 

DIMINUTIVB& 

Old  Qenn.  Fidolus^  6th  cent — Eng.  Fidell — Mod  Germ. 
FiDALL — French  Fidele  ?    Eng.  Fitkin. 

COMPOUNDS. 

fSariy  WBmar)  Eng.  Fitter — French  Fudebt.  (Man) 
BngHflh  FiDDAKAK,  FiTMAK.      (Mtmd,  protection)  EbgMi 

FiBDAMEIIT. 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  s6th,  true,  Eng.  "  sooth," 
of  which  the  Gothic  form  would  be  smiths^  and 
the  Old  High  Qermaa  sand,  {though  neither  of 
these  are  preserved,)  Forstemann  derives  the  stem 
sa/nd,  scmts.  The  Anglo-Saxon  sand,  messenger, 
seems  a  word  which  might  intermix,  and  which 
indeed  iq^  some  cases  I  have  taken  in  preference. 
Forstemann  includes  also  sod  as  a  Saxon,  and  sad 
as  a  West  Frankish  and  Lombard  form. 

^^  Old  Qerman  Sando,  Sadi,  8th  cent.     Engliah  Sanbob, 

Sandt,  Saiit,  Santt,  Sadd,  Bono,  Soddt.    Mod.  German 
Saed,  Sanht.     French  Saebeau,  Sahti. 
DmnnTTTVES. 
Old  Grerman   Sanaso,  9th  cent. — English  Sans,   Saebb, 
Saedts — Mod.  Germ.  Saetz — Frendb  Saecb,  Saedoz.  Bng. 
Saebbll^  Saetlet — French  Saezel.     French  Saedelioe. 

COXPOUNDe. 

(ffari,  wsRior)  Old  German  Sandheri,  Bonther,  8ih  cent. 
— 'Eikg.  Saedbb,*  Saeteb — ^Mod.  Germ.  Saedbb,  Saetba — 
French  Saedb^   Saetebbb.       (M<m)  English    Saedicak. 

*  l£o«t  of  th«  EDgUah  wiltan,  and  ■omo  of  th«  Gonauii,  m  Pott,  mako 
fltadAr  %  oontnetton  of  Aloxaadtr 


THE  INNER  MAN.  431 


{Big,  power)  Old  Oerm.  Sandrili,  9th  oenL-^Freni^  Baktrt. 
(War,  dfifenee)  EngUah  Sanpweb.  (Uff^  volf)  Old  Qennaxi 
Sandolf— Mod.  Germ.  Sahdhoff. 

FHONBTIG  BNmNO. 

Eng.  Sajidbn,  Sookii.    Mod.  Oem.  SdOnwr. 
PHomETio  nffntusioN  op  r. 
(Harif  warrior)  Old  Qerm.  Sandrehar,  8th  cent — French 
Sandbdeb. 

From  the  Ang.-Saz.  sidu.  Old  High  German 
situ.  Mod.  German  sitte,  maimers,  morals,  may  be 
the  following.  The  sense,  according  to  the  usual 
rule  in  proper  names,  must  be  that  of  good 
manners  or  morals. 

SIKPLE  VOBMS.  Sid,  Bit 

Old  German  Sito,  Sita,  9th  cent.  Sido,  king  of  Suevia 
in  Tacitus.  English  Sms,  SmsY,  Oitt.  Modem  German 
SrrrB.    Datoh  Sbtdb.    IVanch  Sm. 

DixiNxrrnnttL 
Old  German  Situli,  8th  cent— Ang.-Sax.  Sidel  f/cfund 
in  SideUskam,  God,  Dip,  464^ — Eng.  SmDELL — Mod.  Germ. 
Betdel — French  Smou,  Sittell,  SedUiLB.      Old  German 
Bitilin,  8th  cent. — French  Ssdillok.     English  BmDomk 

PHONETIC  KNPINO. 

Eng.  Su>DEN,  SiTroK»  Sidney.     French  Bu>net. 

coupouirD. 
(QtTy  spear)  English  fliiMiEAil. 

Of  somewhat  similar  meaning  may  be  the 
following,  which  Forstemann  refers  to  Old  Norse 
skicka,  ordinare,  and  the  noun  S(^icky  used  in 
many  Low  German  dialects  in  the  sense  of  order. 

BDCPUB  FOBM& 

Old  Germ.  Scih,  11th  cent  English  Shiok»  Skt.  Mod. 
Germ.  ScmoK. 

DIMUIUTIVE. 

English  Shioxus. 


Older, 


432  THE  INNER  HAN. 

From  the  Old  High  Grerm.  ercan,  Ang.-Sax. 
eorcen*  genuine,  pure,  Forstemann  derives  the 
following  stem. 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Pan.  Old  German  Ercan,  10th  oeut.     Mod  Qerman  Houoar. 

French  AitQunr. 

OOMFOUNDS. 

(Bald^  bold)  Old  G^erm.  Ercanbald,  Aroambald,  Archam- 
bald,  8th  cent — ^Eng.  Abcham^aud — ^French  AncHAMBAUiff 
— ^ItaL  Abcimboldi  (of  Milan).  (Hard)  Old  Germ.  Eroan- 
hart,  8th  cent — ^French  Abohinabd.  (Heid,  state,  condition) 
Old  Germ.  Ercanheid,  9th  cent. — "Eng,  Habkneit.  (iTor^ 
warrior)  Old  German  Erkanher,  8th  cent. — Mod.  German 
Hebkher — ^French  Ebgkenisb. 

There  axe  several  words  having  the  meaning 
of  life,  zeal,  spirit,  though  the  sense  is  often  difficult 
to  separate  from  that  of  bodily  activity.  From 
the  Old  High  Grerm.  ando,  zelus,  Forstemann 
derives  the  following  stem,  which  is,  however, 
very  liable  to  intermix  with  two  others^  hand, 
manus,  and  Ang.-Sax.  ent,  giant. 

8IMPLBF0BMB. 

m^ML  ^^^  German  Ando,  Anto,  7th  cent.  Ang.-Saxon  Anta, 
(found  in  Anton  Udw,  Cod.  Dip.  150).  Eng.  Ain>,  Andox. 
Mod.  Geim.  Ende.     French  Aimr. 

.  DIMINUTIVES. 

Old  German  Anteoho,  10th  cent — ^French  Airnq.  Old 
German  Andala,  5th  cent — ^English  Astill,  Ajxtust.      Old 

Germ.  Andolenus,  8th  cent — English  Autdlak. 
ooMPouin>s. 
(Hdm)  English  Anthem — French  Antheaumb.  C^ari, 
warrior)  Old  German  Antheii,  Anter,  9th  cent — French 
Antieb.  (Rod,  counsel)  Old  German  Andrad,  8th  cent — 
Eng.  Andbade,  Handbight.  (Ric,  dominion)  Old  German 
Andarich,  5th  cent — En^^ish  Antbidge — ^Mod.  German 
Entbicel 

*  Perii»iw  the  etem  ore,  p.  887,  may  be  a  ilmple  f onn  of  (he  aborv. 


ZmL 


TH£  IKNSB  MAN.  433 

From  the  Old  High  German  zila,  English 
zeal^  are  the  following. 

SDCPLB  fOBMB. 

Old  German  ZSlo,  Zello,  Stb  cent.    Eng.  Zeall,  Zbalet. 
Mod.  QenoL  Zishlb.     French  f  Zellb. 
ooMPOinn)& 

(&er,  spear)  Old  German  Oilger,  10th  cent — French 
Zelobb.  {Harif  warrior)  French  ZBnxBB,  Zelleb.  (Man) 
Old  G^erman  Ciliman,  8th  cent — ^Ebgliah  Siuoman  f— Mod. 
Carman  Zillmakv. 

From  the  Old  High  German  gem,  eager,  are 
probably  the  following. 

Old  German  GhexBo,  Kerne.    Gnmay,  Sdl  BaU.  Abb.^^^^^ 
English  GuBHET,  Ohibhet,  Oubno,  Oobnet.    Mod.  German 
Gebn,  Ejebjt.     French  Joubn^  Oobnat. 
nnaMUTivjB. 

English  GuBiTELi^  Oobitbll — French  Gobnblt,  Oobnii.- 
UBAv.  Eng.  OuBinoB;,  Oobkiok.  French  OoauriOHOzr.  Mod. 
Qena,  Gxbiojun — French  Cobvuxok. 

PATBONYMIOB. 

English  OoBNnro.  Mod.  Qerm.  GEBNiNa 
ooMPoinrDa 
(Bwi,  &mona)  French  Oobhibebu  {Hatrd,  Ibrtis)  Eng. 
GuBNABD— Mod.  Germ.  GBBSBABDTi.  (HoH,  warrior)  Eng. 
GuBNEB,  EoBNEBy  OoBaiSBr^Mod.  GemL  Gebkeb,  Kobneb — 
French  OuBimEa  (Mcmi  Old  Germ.  Gememan,  9th  cent. 
— Eng.  GoBinuN^Mod.  Germ.  KBBNicAiar.  (ITo^  power) 
Old  Germ.  Gemolt^  9th  cent — French  JouBtf  AUi/r. 

There  are  several  words  which  have  the  mean- 
ing of  joy,  mirth,  cheerfulness.  From  the  Old 
High  G^rm.  rMUodym,  gaudere>  m&adi,  gaudiimi, 
Forstemann  derives  the  following  stem.  As  a 
termination  it  is  very  liable  to  intermix  with 
man,  homa  The  form  mcmce,  mence,  seems  to 
be  High  German. 

c  3 


434  THE  INNER  MAN.. 

BIMnjBfOBM& 

Old  German  Manto,  Manzo,  Manso,  8th  oent.      English 
J07-     Maitt,  Maxdy,  Mendat,  Manhsb,  Mkngb.    Mod.  German 
Makdt,  Mbndb^  Maitz,  Mensb.    Fr.  Mantbau^  MAirciAUy 

Maksst. 

DDLLNUTlVEl 

Mantel,  Dometday — Mauntel,  Manoel,  Hwnd.  ScXU. — 
Eng.  Maudlb,  Mantlb — Mod.  Germ.  MentzeLi  Menzel — 
— Fr.  Mahdell,  Mentel^  Makcel.  Eng.  Mendbb — French 
Mandouge,  Mkhdez,  Mahboz — Spanish  Mendez,  MjamozA. 

PHONETIC  ENBmO. 

Old  Germ.  Mantoni  {g&Mtwe),  9th  cent  Eng.  Mastoit. 
French  Makdon,  Mantion,  MENnoK,  Mansoe  f  Mahbigh  f 

OOMPOUNDB. 

'     {Hard)  French  Makbabd.  (iTort^  warrior)  Eng.  Makbeb^ 
Manceb,  Mensee. 

The  word  apil  is  not  quite  certaiiL  Forste- 
mann  gives  it  the  meaning  of  joy  (which  it  had 
in  Old  Norse),  in  preference  to  that  of  play,  as  in 
the  German  spiden.  The  Gothic  spillon.  Old 
Norse  spicUa,  to  relate,  discourse,  is  also  suitable. 

SIMPLE  POBMB. 

j^^  Eng.  Spill.    Mod.  Ghrm.  Spiel.    French  9  Spill. 

PATBONYiaa 

English  Spilliko. 

COMPOUNDB. 

(ffard)  Old  Germ.  Spilihard,  Spilhard,  8th  cent — Eng. 
Spillabd.  {Hari,  warrior)  Eng.  Spilleb,  Spellab — ^Mod. 
Germ.  Spieleb — French  9  Spilleb.  (Man J  Eng.  SpoucAir, 
Speucan— Mod.  Germ.  Spieucabit. 

The  stem  glad  also  seems  to  me  rather  un- 
certain. It  might  be  fix)m  glad,  tetus,  or  it 
might  be  from  Old  Norse  gledia^  to  polish.  Mod. 
German  glatt,  Danish  gkU,  Dutch  glad,  smooth, 
polished.     In  that  case  the  sense  might  probably 


THE  INNEB  MAN.  435 

be  that  of  personal  beauty,  as   referred  to  in 
chapter  22. 

8IMFLB  FORMS. 

Old  Germ.  Cletto,  8th  cent     Eng.  Glad,  Clad,  Glide,     <»^ 
Gleed.     Mod.  German  Glad& 

DnaNTTTivBa 

English  Gladdeli^  Gleadall.  Eng.  Gladdish — ^Mod 
German  Gladisgh. 

PHONBnO  SNDINO. 

Engliah  Gladden,  Gliddon.     French  Glatiokt. 

PATBONTMJGB. 

Engliah  Gladdikq.     French  Gladuno,  Claduno. 

OOMPOUKDe. 

(Sard)  French  Glatabd.  (ManJ  Engliah  Gladkak. 
(Wine,  Mend)  Gladewinns,  DomeMbi^— English  Gladwik. 
(Wii,  sapiens)  Gledewis,  Lib.   VU. — Eng.  Gladwibh  ? 

There  is  a  stem  fag,  which  Forstemann  takes 

to  be  the  simple  form  of  Ang.-Sax.  fcBgen,  Eng. 

fiedn,  as  shewn  in  Goth.  fahSds,  jojfulness. 

simple  fOBna 
Old  German  Faooo,  9th  cent     Feg,  Fech,  Dome$day.    /*f\ 
Fag,  ffund.  Bolls.       English  Fago,  Fake,  Fay,  Fahet. 
Mod.  German  Face,  Fbgke.     French  Faoe,  FioE,  FicHB, 
Fate,  Faht. 

DDiiNUTlVEa. 

Old  German  Fachilo,  Fagala,  11th  cent.  English  Fail. 
French  Faoel,  Fatollb,  Faille. 

OOMPOUNDa 

(Et,  p.  189)  Eng.  Fagoots*— French  Faget,  Faquet, 
Fatbt.  (Hard)  French  Fagard,  Fatard.  (Hart,  warrior) 
Old  Germ.  Fagher — Eng.  Faker — French  Faguer. 

extbkded  formsEng.  fain. 
Eng.  Fagan,  Fachi^t,  Fehon.     French  Fajon,  Fa^^.        ^J^ 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Hard J  French  Feinert.     (Hart,  warrior)  French  Fag- 

KIER,  FeGHNER,    FEINEa 

•Maj  ponlblj  repnMiit  ttw  Qothlo /oMdi,  jojiaJami  ' 


JoyfoL 


FidBL 


436  THE  INKBR  MAN. 

From  the  Ang.-Saxon  gamUtn^  to  play,  w^rt, 
English  '*  game,"  may  be  the  following.  Or  the 
meaning  may  rather  be  that  of  jojrfiilneRS,  as  in 
Old  High  German  gaman,  Anglo-Saxon  gamen^ 
gaiidium. 

SnCFLB  rOBHB. 

GMdirar  O^^  German  Oammo,  Oammo,  7th  cent.  Gam,  Game^ 
{DcmMday),  English  Game,  Camm.  Mod.  German  Gamm, 
Kajhc.    fVench  Gakb,  Gaihe,  Gam,  Jam,  Jamb,  Jambau. 

DliaNTTTrVEB. 

Eng.  Gammaob,  Gammeoh — French  Gamachb.  French 
Gamichos. 

OOMPOUNDa 

{Hard)  Old  German  Gamard,  7th  cent — ^Mod.  German 
Gammebt — French  Gamabd,  Gaimabd,  Camabd.  (Hofri, 
warrior)  Old  German  G«mer,  9th  cent — ^Eng.  Gambb  (17th 
cent.) — ^Mod.  Germ.  Kammeb— French  Camibil  {BU^  ride) 
Old  Germ.  Gamarit,  8th  cent— French  Oamabbt.  (WmH 
power)  French  Jamault. 

EXTENDED  FOBMsA]fO.-8AX.  GAMBB. 

QftBIML 

Gftudium.       ^^^  Germain  Gaman.    EngUah  Gammob;    Mod.  Gennan 
Gamabk.    French  GImbb,  Jamin,  Oamib. 

From  the  Old  Norse  gaila^  exhilirare.  Old 
High  German  geU^  elatus,  Anglo-Saxon  gcdom,  to 
sing,*  may  be  the  following. 

aOCFLB    fOBM& 

^  Old  German  Gailo,  Gdo,  Geli,  Oailo,  8tfa  cent.      Gala, 

Calle,  Hwnd.  BoHU.  English  Gale,  Galet,  Gall,  Gallt, 
Gallow,  Cale,  Oalet,  Callow,  Gblx^  Jell,  Jellet,  Keli^ 
Kellt,  Kbllow.  Modem  German  Gatl,  Gsm.,  Keel. 
French  Gallb^  Gall^,  Gallt,  Gblle,  Gell^  Jal,  Jalet, 
Caillx^  Oailleau. 

•  fQntemAiui  MpAntM  tiie  two  itamB,  yob  tad  0all»  wUok,  homm;  m 
b«liic.  I  take  It,  from  tho  aMM  not,  and  nonoTeir  In  modam  uamm  ImpoariMi  to 
Mpanta,  I  pot  togitlMr. 


THE  INNER  MAN.  437 

Old  Germ.  Geliko,  Jeliko,  10th  oent^^fiiigliah  Jeluoob, 
Kellook — ^MocL  Qerm.  Okojob.  Engliah  Jsllis,  JEAU>uii^ 
Gallows  1  Kxlsst— Eranoh  Galissb,  Gkllbz,  Oaillibz. 
TBng-  ciAtMVK — Vreneti  Qalumom.  Ea^  Galojei — Rraiieh 
Oaillelau — Ital.  Galileo  9 

PHOITETIO  BNBIKO. 

Old  OernL  Gdlin,  dfch  cent.     GftLun,  Bund.  RoOb.    Eng. 

GALLOVy  GeLLAV.      Ft.  GaLOTO,  GaLOV,  JAILLOir,  GAILbOVy 

Oallok. 

patbonymigb. 
French  Gelltkgk — ^ItaL  Gallenoa. 
ooHPomnM. 
(And,  life,  apirit)  Galaimt,  Sund.  iZoSt.— Eng.  Gaixahj), 
Gallaitt,  Kelland — French  Galaep,  Galaet,  Jajllanti 
Caillakt.  {Beri,  bri^)  French  Gaxajhebi;  Jalubebt. 
(Bot.  envoy)  Eng,  Galbov — French  Gailbabaui),  Oaillb- 
botte,  Gallebaut.  (Burg,  protection)  Old  Genu*  Cheilpnrc^ 
9th  cent — French  GALLiBOtnty  Galxboubg.  (Drud,  dear) 
Old  Germ.  E[aaldmd,  61^  cent — French  Gaildbaud.  (Fred, 
peace)  Old  Germ.  Gakfired,  0th  cent — Ang.-Saxon  GalMd, 
Gaufiid — English  Geoffbt — ^French  Galoffbe,  Jwowfboy, 
Gaulofbet.  (Ger,  spear)  EngHsh  Gallaqeb — Mod  Germ. 
Gallxgeb — ^French  Galicheb.  (Hard)  Gallaidy  Eund. 
R6U$. — English  Gatleabd,  Qkvlaxd,  Gellabd^  Kellobo — 
Mod.  Germ.  Kahlebt — French  Gauxabd,  Jaillabd^  Cail- 
LABD.  (Hariy  warrior)  Eng.  Gatleb,  Gallebt,  Gelleb — 
Mod.  Ckrm.  KsHLBB-^French  Calldeb,  OAiLLEBy  Cailueb, 
Oallebt.  (Lmd,  mild)  Old  German  Geilindis,  8th  cent — 
Eng.GALiNDO.  (Saty  counsel)  Old  Germ.  Gkulrat,  Kejlrat^ 
8th  cent — Fr.  Jallebat,  Calabet.  (Sind,  via)  Old  Germ. 
Geilsind,  8th  cent — French  Gallissant.  (Wold,  power) 
French  Caillault.  (Wig,  taiy  war)  Old  German  G^wih, 
Keilwih,  8th  cent — Galewej,  Galaway,  HuiuL  BoUi. — ^Eng. 
Galloway,  Oallawat,  Keuuawat — Fr.  Jalvt,  Gaillou]^ 

From  the  Ang.-Saxon  singan,  to  sing,  sang, 
sane,  song,  may  be  the  foDowing.  F^-stemann 
mentions  also  Ang.-Sax«  sine;  treasure. 


438  THE  INNER  MAN. 

Suf,  Slnf .  SDIFLB  fOBMB. 

OutaitL         Old  QerBL  Suioho,  8th  oent      English  Sajtg,  Sahket, 
Shaitk  t  Shakkst  f    Mod  Qerm.  Basoke,  8ksk& 
DiMiKunvifia 
Eng.  SnroLB — French  BsiraxL,  SnroLT.     Fr.  SANcmBE, 


CMd. 
OuiUm 


ooMPOtrNDa. 
(Hart,  warrior)  Old  German  Singar,  8th  oenti — Tgnglia^i 
81NOBB,  SiKKEB — ^Fr.  SmoEBy  SxNGXBT.      (Ward,  guardian) 
French  Sangouabd.    (Wine,  friend)  Eng.  Sakgwut — ^French 
Sangouih. 

Another  stem  of  similar  meaning  seems  to  be 
gid,  Ang.-Saz.  gidd,  a  poem,  giddian,  to  sing. 

SIMPLE  FORMa 

Old  OernL  Giddo,  9th  oent  Oyda^  Lib.  VU,  English 
GmDT^  Kiddy,  Kidd,  EIitt,  Kittt,  Kuto,  Cmrrr  t     Fr. 

GiDEy  GiTBAlJ. 

DDONUnYES. 

Old  Genn.  Ghitell  ? — English  Gidlet,  Gmu>w,  Eoddle, 
KiTTUB,  OHmELL  ?  Chittle  ? — French  Gidxl.  English 
Ghtttock. 

phonetic  ending. 
Eng.  Gidden,  Kidney.    French  Gitton. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Get,  spear)  English  Kidgeb.  {Hard)  French  GnTABix 
{Man)  Eng.  Gidman,  Kidman.  (VTtfM,  friend)  Old  German 
Gydoin,  11th  cent — French  GiDonr.     {Ward^  guardian)  Fr. 

GiDOUABT. 

There  is  a  word  nun,  non,  found  in  several 
ancient  names,  on  which  Forstemann  gives  no 
opinion,  and  for  which  I  think  of  Old  Norse 
nunna,  to  sing,  or  perhaps  rather,  to  hum.  I 
take  it  that  both  this,  and  the  preceding  stems 
have  something  of  the  meaning  of  the  Scotch 
lilt,  which,  as  rendered  by  Jamieson,  is  ^'to  sing 
cheerfully."     More  particularly,  I  think,  to  sing 


THE  INNER  MAN.  439 

without  words,  an  especial  mark  of  gaiety  and 
light-heartedness.  So  in  the  fine  Old  Scotch 
ballad  of  "The  Flowers  of  the  Forest/'  the  sense 
of  the  desolation  that  had  come  upon  the  land  is 
expressed  by  a  contrast  not  easily  surpassed  in 
its  simple  pathos. 

"  IVe  heard  a  lilting  at  our  ewe  milking — 
Laaaee  a'  lilting  before  tiie  break  of  day, 
Bnt  now  there's  a  moaning  in  ilka  green  loaning, 
For  onr  braw  foresters  are  a'  wed  awa." 

It  would  be  difficult  in  the  compass  of  a  line 
to  bring  out  a  more  perfect  picture  of  rural  happi- 
ness and  content  than  the  ''  lasses  d  lilting/'  and 
before  the  break  of  day  too,  when  man  is 
generally  more  disposed  to  go  about  his  work 
in  grim  silence. 

SIMPLE  rOBMS.  KiUL 

Old  German  Nunno,  Nonno,  Nunni,  7th  cent.     Nun,  Ointaiank 
kinsman  of  Ina,  king  of  Wessez.      English  Nunk,  NuHNETy 
NooH.     Mod.  C^erm.  Nonkb.     French  Nont. 
DiMnnrrrvKB. 
Old  Q«rman  NunniL      English  NuiaJET. 

PATBONTMia  COMPOITND. 

Eng.  Nooning,  {flariy  warrior)  Eng.  Nunnbrt. 
From  the  Ang.-Sax.  pUgan^  to  play,  appear  to  ?* 
be  formed  a  number  of  names  in  our  own  early 
annals.  There  was  a  Plegmund,  19th  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  and  in  the  Liher  Vtt(e  are  a  Plecga^ 
Plegheri,  Plegheard,  Pleghelm,  Plegbrecht,  and 
PleguinL  This  stem  in  the  AUdeutsches  Namerir 
huch  mixes  up  with  another,  6foc,  which  Grimm 
and  Forstemann  refer  to  hlic^  ftdmen.  But 
whatever  might  be  the  original  meaning  of  the 
stem,  I  think  it  is  clear  that  the  Anglo-Saxons  in 


BiTflML 


440  TH£  INNER  MAN. 

their  names  thou^t  of  it  in  the  above  sense. 
Corresponding  with  the  two  first  names  in  the 
hher  Vita  are  our  Plat  and  Platjbk.  Possibly, 
however,  the  sense  may  be  taken  to  be  that  of 
the  play  of  battle^  so  often  dwelt  on  by  the  Ang.- 
Saxon  poet& 

From  the  Old  High  Germ,  hlide,  Ang.-Saz. 
hHiht^  Eng.  blytbe,  Forstemann  derives  a  number 
of  name&  But  another  root^  Uod^  Uat»  p.  876,  is 
Hable  to  intermix. 

UMPLB  fOBlCBL 

Old  Qenn.  Bledaa,  BlidA,  Flid%  5ih  mqI  Bog.  Bltth, 
BuoHTy  Blsdt.  Mod*  (leniian  Blbdi^  Blbdow.  Fruich 
Bled  f  Blet  t 

PIMINlfriVEBL 

Old  Qerm.  Blidilo,  IHih  oent     Eng.  Plhtdul.     French 

BuSTELf 

FHOITBTIO  ENDIHISk 

Old  GemL  Blidiius  8th  o«ai.  Eng.  BurrHn,  Puudee. 
French  Bletoh. 

OOMPOUNDa 

{fhiud^  Goth)  Old  Oerman  Blidgand,  8th  cent— Engilish 
Bloodgood.  (fi'ar,  spear)  Old  Germ.  Blidegari  Plidger,  7th 
oent — Eng.  Pledgsb.  (J^wr^  famouB)  Old  Qerm.  Blidnuyr, 
Blimmar,  8th  oent — ^Eng.  Plimiieb. 

From  the  Anglo-Saxon  Hm^  joy»  llissianj  to 
xejoice,  exult^  may  be  the  gtem  &jis«,  with  which 
we  may  also  put  &2e^  But  the  Ang.-SasL  &2be» 
a  blaae,  is  a  word  liable  to  iatenmx. 

aOIPLB  FOBMa. 

Bleaio,  apparently  Oerman,  fonnd  on  an  andent  inaorip- 
^^^     tion  in  the  Netherlands.      English  Bli8&      French  Bless, 

BLEBBEA.U. 

DIMINUTIVE  PATBONTHIC. 

E^.  BunsiiBT.     Mod.  Germ.  Plbssikq. — Fr.  Blessutq. 


THE  IKNEB  MAN.  441 

OOMPOUNM." 

(1%,  p.  189)  Engliflh  Blisset,  Blessed.  (Hard)  English 
BuzzABD.     (Hariy  warrior)  French  Blesseb,  Plessieb. 

Of  an  opposite  meaning  may  be  the  following, 
which  seem  to  be  from  Gothic  saurga,  saurja, 
Ang.-Saxon  sorg^  sorh,  Dutch  zorg,  Eng.  sorrow. 
Though  possibly  the  original  sense  may  have  been 
rather  that  of  anger. 

SIMPLE  FORMa 

English  StTBOET,  Soubk,  Scab,  Soub.  Mod.  Qerm.  Sobq. 
French  Soxtbo,  Sibouet,  Zoboo,  Sobeau,  Soubt. 

OOMPOtrNDB. 

(Ety  p.  189)  Eng.  SuBOETT^  Sibkett,  CrBcuir.  (HaH^ 
warrior)  French  Zibcheb,  Zubcheb.  (Ulf^  wolf)  Old  Germ. 
Sergul^  10th  cent — French  Subcouf. 

From  the  Old  Norse  driiUpr,  Mod.  Germ,  trilbe, 
sorrowful,  may  be  the  following.  But  as  the  root- 
meaning  seems  to  be  that  rather  of  "  overcast/' 
possibly  the  sense  in  proper  names  might  be  that 
of  dark  complexion.  Forstemann  gives  no  opinion 
upon  it. 

SIMPLE  FOBICB. 

Old  Genu.  Truba  Eng.  Tbuby,  Tboup,  Dboop.  Mod 
Oerm.  Tbaub,  Tbubb.  French  Tbaub^,  Tboupeau,  Tbouyi^, 
Tbuft,  Dbubat,  Dbuyeau. 

DIMINTTTITEa 

French  Tbouble,  Tbupel.  French  Tboupldj,  Tboplono. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Eari,  warrior)  French  Tboupieb,  Tbuffieb 

Then  there  are  a  few  names  which  seem  to  be 
derived  from  joke  or  facetiousness.  From  the 
Old  Norse  skop.  Old  High  German  scopf,  jocus, 
English  scoff,  Forstemann  derives  the  following. 

d3 


Sorrow  ? 


1 


442  THE  INNER  ICAK. 

Soop,  Scof.  sniPUE  fOBllS. 

JocuB.  Old  German  Soopo,  Sooppo,  9ih  oent     Scapi,  Lib.  VU. 

Scope,  Lard  Mcuyoir  of  London,  A.D.  1403.      Eng.  S&opp» 
Shoppee,  Soobib.     Mod  Germ.  Sghoppe,  8ch5pf. 
DiMnnjnvBs. 
Old  Germ.  Scopiliua.      Engliah  Soobkll,  Shotsll. 

OOMPOUNDa 

{Har%  warrior)  English  Shoyer,  Shoppebie* — French 

SCOFFIER. 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  kusc^  hues,  irony,  "  chafl^'' 
whence  probably  English  hoax,  I  take  to  be  the 
following  names,  with  which  I  find  nothing  to 
correspond  in  the  AUdevisches  Namenbuch. 

HUM.  SIMPLE  FOBMB. 

iroDj.  Engliah  Husk,  Hux.     Mod.  German  Hoske.     French  t 

HuBCH,  Hux. 

PATBONTMICS 

English  HosKiKQ.     English  Huskisson. 

PHONETIC  ENDmO. 

English  HosKur,  HuxEir.      French  HusQunr. 

OOMPOUND& 

{ffarij  warrior)  English  Husheb,  Usheb. 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  gilp,  strepitus,  jactantia» 
may  be  the  following. 

Otlp.  simple  F0BM& 

jftctantia  Eng.  GiLBT,  KiLBT.     French  Gilb^  Gelpy,  Kilb& 

DIMINUnVBa. 

Mod.  Germ.  Gelpke.     French  Gu<BLADr. 

PHONETIC  ENDING. 

English  Gilpin,  Kilpin. 

soimpb.         From  the  Old  High  German  sdmph,  jocus, 

joeoi.    Forstemann  derives   the    name    Scemphio,    8th 

cent.     Hence  may  be  English  Scamp,  quoted  by 

Lower.     May  not  the  above  be  the  origin  of  our 

word  scamp  ? 

There  is  a  word  salt,  saJz,  of  which  I  find  no 

*  A  Boston  inmame— EBfUfh  r 


THE   INNER  MAN.  443 

trace  in  ancient  names,  but  to  which  Pott,  in  the 
Modern  German  name  Salz,  gives  the  meaning  of 
salaz.  I  also  think  of  Old  Norse  sak,  the  sea,  as 
a  possible  word. 

SIMPLE  FORMS.  g^^  g,^ 

Eng.  Salt,  Sault,  Soltau.    Mod.  Qerm.  Salz.     French    g^]|^ 
Sault,  Soult,  Salzb. 

DIMINUTIVEa 

French  Salsac,  Salzac 

COMPOUND& 

{Ho/rd)  Frenofa  Salzard.     {Haai^  warrior)  Eng.  Salter 
— French  Seltier,  Selzer.  (Mom)  Mod.  Germ.  Saltzmakk. 

Perhaps  of  a  similar  meaning  may  be  the  root 

hrass^  Old  Norse  brass,  salax ;  unless,  as  seems 

to  be  the  case  in  some  instances,  it  is  to  be  referred 

to  the  metal 

SIMPLB  FORMS.  btbm. 

English  Brass,  Brasset.      French  Brasa,  Brazt.  SiOazr 

diminutives. 
French  BRASSAa     English  Brassell,  Brazill? 
oompounus. 
{Hoard)  French  Brassart.  {Hcvriy  warrior)  Eng.  Brasise, 
BRAmEEr— French  Brassieb,  Brasserie. 

From  the  Old  Norse  ginna,  to  seduce,  gan, 
magic,  are  ptobably  the  following.  A  large  pro- 
portion of  the  ancient  names  from  ihia  root  seem 
to  have  been  those  of  women,  and  the  general 
flense  is  probably  only  that  of  seductiveness  or 
fascination.  But  in  one  case,  where  we  find  Ganna 
as  the  name  of  a  fortune-teller  or  witch,  we  must 
take  the  direct  sense  of  magic.^  A  stem  liable 
to  intermix  is  gagan,  gain,  p.  1 75. . 

*  PerhApi  to  this  stem  we  maj  put  tha  fratul*  name  G«noTefift,  6fh  o«ni. 
Mid  th«  pnae&t  GhilatUn  name  QwopnU  in  Qwmaaxj  and  Qk^MUm  In  FranMi 
If  the  name  be  Oennan,  it  might  mean  "  weaTer  of  ipeUa."  Miss  Yonge,  howerer, 
•igaes  for  a  Ctltio  origin,  as  also  do  Lao  and  Mono.  Bat  Oilnun  (Oeidk.  d, 
Dwitth.  Spr. )  aanunes  the  Oennanhood  of  the  name,  which  eompara  with  otheim 
having  the  same  tenninatioa. 


444  THE   INNER  MAN. 

Gan.  8IMFLK  FOBMB. 

^^H^  Old  G«rm.  Ganna,  1st  oent.      Ganio,  Lib.  VU.      Engliah 

'Gank,  Gannow,  Gakn,  CxNineY,  GEsn^A,  Gink,  GmsBAU. 
French  Ganne,  Ganneau,  Gaiti^  Jan,  Jakitt,  Gek,  Gknt^ 
Geneau,  Gin. 

DIMINUTITSB. 

Eng.  Oannel — French  Ganil,  Genellb,  Canal.  Eng. 
Jenkin — Mod.  Germ.  Jenichen — French  Janquin,  Gehve- 
QUiN,  Jennequin.    French  G^ique,  Janaa    French  Janun. 

phonetic  ending. 
Old  Germ.  Ginnana,  8th  cent     Eng.  Gannon,  Cannon. 
French  Genin,  Janin,  Canon. 

PATB0NTMIG8. 

Old  Germ.  Gening,  8th  cent  Eng.  Janninos,  Jennings, 
Canning. 

COMPOUNDflL 

{Bert,  famous)  Old  German  Gimbert,  8th  cent — English 
GiMBEBT — French  Gimbert.  f^Bod,  bot,  messenger)  Old 
Germ.  Genobaud,  Frankish  prince,  3rd  cent — Fr.  Jeanpot. 
(Had,  war)  Old  German  Genad,  8th  cent — Eng.  Jennott — 
Mod.  Germ.  Genet — French  Genette.  (Sard)  Old  Germ. 
Ganhart,  Genard,  7th  cent. — French  Ganard,  Gbnabd, 
Canabd.  (Hart,  warrior)  Old  German  Genear,  Ginheri,  8th 
cent — Eng.  Gennee,  Jenner,  Jennebt,  Cannab,  Canabt — 
Modem  German  Geneb — French  Ganieb,  Jannaib,  Gotieb, 
Canieb.  (Man)  English  Ginhan.  (Bid,  ride)  Old  German 
Generid,  8th  cent — English  Jeannebet — French  G^ni^bat. 
(Bio,  power)  English  Jenbick — Mod.  German  Gennerxoh — 
French  Jeanbay.  (Wig,  wi,  war)  Eng.  Gannawat,  Jaha- 
WAT,  Gintey,  Jenvey — French  GeneyeI  (Wdd,  power) 
French  Canault. 

Of  a  similar  meaning  is  probably  the  word 
span,  spen,  &c.,  Anglo-Saxan  spanan,  spenan,  to 
allure,  spdn,  allured,  spdnere^  enticer,  allurer.  As 
in  the  former  case,  the  Old  German  names  (of 
which  one  only  corresponds  with  ours)  seem  to 
be  all  or  mostly  those  of  women. 


THE  INNER  MAN.  445 

smPLS  FOBMS.  Spu,  Spon. 

Speinn,  Sp^en,  lAb.  Vit.    Eng.  Spain,  Spon,  SpiNinET  f  Anionv. 
Mod.  OeruL  Spohn.     French  Sponi^  Spink  9 

DDOKUnYEa 

Old  Germ.  Spenneol  i  9th  cent. — ^Eng.  Spaniel  9 

GOMPOUNDa 

(Hart,  warrior)  Eng.  Spooneb* — Mod.  Oerm.  Spanish  1 
— French  Spenneb?  (Leo/,  dear)  Eng.  Spenloye,  Spendlove. 

From  the  Ang.-Sax*  masc,  max.  Mod.  Germ. 
masch,  Engliflh  *'  mesh/'  a  noose,  may  be  the  fol- 
lowing, perhaps  in  something  of  a  similar  sense 
to  the  foregoing. 

BIMPLB  F0BM8.  Ifaih,  iff«, 

Old  Germ.  Masca,  8th  cent,  Maza%  9th  cent.     English  AOicmt 
Mabh,  Mazse,  Mazet,  Mozey.    Modem  German  Maske, 
Masgh,  Mesee. 

DIMINUTIVE. 
PHONETIC  ENDING. 

Engliflh  MAcmNEy  Maxon^  Mozon. 

OOMPOUNDa 

(Hari,  warrior)  Eng.  Mesheb — ^French  Mascab.  (Man) 
English  Mabhman. 

There  is  a  stem  gog,  cog,  coc,  which  may 
perhaps,  though  very  uncertainly,  come  in  here. 
The  sense  may  be  that  of  English  cog,  Spanish 
cocar,  to  cajole,  Danish  kogU,  Dutch  hokden,  to 
juggle.  The  root  of  this  seems  to  be  found  in 
German  hv^ely  Dutch  hogel,  a  ball,  the  simple 
form  of  which  is  seen  in  North.  English  cog,  a 
roundish  lump.  But  there  are  several  other 
derivations  which  might  be  proposed,  as — 1^, 
cock,  the  bird — 2nd,  the  cuckoo,  in  Persian  kohi, 
Indian  huka,  Welsh  cog.  Old  High  Grerm.  gang, 

*  Or  from  Anflo-Baioii  JipdtMre,  mfciotr,  Mdaotr. 


446  THE  INNSB  UAS. 

Swed.  gok,  and  that  there  are  names  irom  the 
cuckoo  is  shewn  at  p.  105 — 3rd,  the  Ang.-Saxon 
gedc,  courage,  p.  244. 

SDCPLS  FOftHa. 

T^«S  Old  Germ.  Gogo,  Cogo,  Oooo,  6tli  cent  Cuga,  Lib.  ViL 
Gaogy,  RM  BaU.  Ahb,  Eng.  Gooat,  €k>CK.  Hod.  German 
KooB.    French  Oo^  Coqiteau,  Goohs. 

DnOMUTlVJIB. 

En&  CocKLE|  CooHniL — Mod.  G^rm.  Gooel,  Gogkel — 
French  Gochel^  CoQcniLE.  Eng.  OoGuir,  Oocklin— Mod. 
German  KdcBUir — ^Frwch  Qoolxs,  CoquBLor,  CocaoELUf. 
Eng.  GoGOB,  Cocks — French  Cogez,  Oogcoz. 

RATficmnacB. 
Enf^ab  OocKiso.      Mod.  Germ.  OdCKniOK. 

COMPOimDB. 

{Ety  p.  189)  Eng.  CocKETT— French  Coquet.  (HotyI) 
Mod.  G^rm.  K5ckert — French  Cooabd,  Cochabd.  (iJoK, 
warrior)  Eng.  Coooeb,  Cockeb — ^Mod.  German  K5cheb — 
French  Cochebt.    {MarC)  Eng.  Cockxak,  Coaghmait  % 

PHONEHG  ENDING. 
Eng.  GOGOUT}  COGGIN,  COGKIN.     FrOBCh  CoQUIKj  COCHDT, 
COGKY. 

PHONETIC  ZNTBUSION  OF  n.* 

(Hard)  Old  Germ.  Guginhait,  11th  cent    Fr.  Cognabiv 

COCHXNABT. 

From  the  Old  Norse  locka,  to  seduce,  beguile, 
may  be  the  following.  Hence  seems  to  be  the 
name  of  Loki,  the  mischief-maker  among  the  gods 
in  Northern  mythology.  The  Ang.-Sax.  locc,  a 
curl,  might  also  be  proposed  in  the  sense  referred 
to  at  p.  403. 

Look.  SIMPLE  FORMS. 

TotMgnUftr      Loodhi,  Lib.  ViL    Eng.  Lock,  Logxie.    Fronoh  LooQCi^ 

LOGBB. 

•  Po«riM7limot«]Mlh«8wl«G«M|MMU.(foraiif|eatNadr) 


THE  INNER  MAN.  447 

OOHPOUKBCL 

(Ha/rd)  Old  Q«rm.  Lokard,  Lochard,  9tli  cent. — Eng. 
LocKHABT — Ft.  Locabd,  Loohart.  {HaHy  warrior)  Ang.- 
Saz.  Locar,  God.  Dip.  819— English  Looker.  {Et,  p.  189) 
English  LocKErr — French  Looqttbt.  {Raty  ooonsel)  French 
LooBET.    (Mem)  Eng.  Loceman — Mod.  Germ.  Loghmann. 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  pir&ty  proud,  may  be  the 
following.  But  in  Old  Norse  pr&dr  seems  rather 
to  have  meant  courteous  or  polite,  which  is  pro- 
bably a  preferable  sense  for  men's  names. 

SIMPLE  FOSBIB.  PzotuL 

Tom,  Bomamed  Frada,  a  Northman  at  the  Court  of  roUtof 
Canute.     English  Prudat,  Fboud,  Pbout,  Fbowbe.    Mod* 
Germ.  Pbutz  1    French  Pbuede,  Pbout,  Pbouteau,  Pbugbl 

PATBOKYHia 

English  PBOunira. 

UNOEBTAIN  NAME& 

English     Pbudenoel 
There  was  an  Ang.-Sax.  priest  called  Prudens,  Cod,  Dip. 
971.     This  name  seems  most  probably  Latin. 
Eng.  Pboitdfoot. 
Finding  another  name  Puddefoot,  I  think  the  r  may  be 
only  intrusive.      Puddefoot  seems  to  be  fix>m  hud^  a  mes* 
senger. 

From  the  Ang.-Saxon,  Old  High  Germ.  WW, 
ferus,  silvaticus,  are  probably  the  following.  The 
stem,  however,  is  very  apt  to  mix  up  with  wcdd 
and  wUl. 

simple  forms.  Yfi^ 

Old  German  Wilto,  9th  centw       English  Wilt,  Wild,    Fons. 
WiLDEY,  WiLDAY,  GwiLT.     Modem  German  Wild,  Wildt. 
French  Y  ild^ 

DIMINTJnVE.  PATBONYJOO. 

Eng.  WiLDisH.  Eng.  Wilding. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Hard)  French  Yiltard,  Villetard.  (Hariy  warrior) 
Old  Germ.  Wildehar,  8th  cent — English  Wilder,  Quilteb. 
(Man)  Eng.  Wildmak. 


448  THE  INNER  MAN. 

From  the  Ang.-Saz.  haest,  hot,  hafity,  Forste- 
mann  derives  the  following  stem,  which  is  however 
liable  to  intermix  with  dsty  p.  216. 

-     OlfPLB  FOBMB. 

^*^'  Eog.  Hast,  Hastie.      French  Hesteau. 

DIMIKUnVE. 

English  Hastilow. 

OOMFOUNDS. 

{Harif  warrior)  French  Hasheb — ^Eng.  Hsstbb.  {Rie^ 
power)  Eng.  Hastriok.  {Wold,  power)  Old  Germ.  Heistald 
— ^French  Haibtault. 

From  the  Old  High  Germ,  rasti,  Mod.  Germ. 
rast,  Anglo-Saxon  resty  English  rest,  reqnies, 
Forstemann  derives  the  stem  rast,  rest.  I  am  also 
inclined  to  add  the  forms  rost  and  ruM,  found  in 
Fries,  rost,  Dutch  and  Low  German  rust.  Mod. 
Germ.  rUst,  English  roost.  Though  for  the  form 
ntst  the  German  riisten,  to  arm,  may  also  be 
proposed.  Forstemann  has  only  the  three  fol- 
lowing names.  In  the  Liber  ViUs  I  find  also  a 
Bestoldus. 

BMt  SIMPLE  FOBMH. 

Bnni«>-         Old  German  Busto,  Bust,  9th  cent.     Eng.  Bosr,  Bust. 
Mod.  Germ.  Bosr,  Bust.     French  Bost,  Bobtt,  Bobteau. 

DIMINUTIVKS. 

Eng.  Bastall,  Bbbtell — ^Mod.  Germ.  B58TEL.  English 
BusnoH.     French  Bostolan. 

PHONETIC  EKDIKO. 

Eng.  BusTOK.     French  Bebtok,  Bostan. 
patbonymios. 
Old  German  Besting,  8th  cent — Mod.  Germ.  Bustdto. 
French  Bostajtq. 

COMPOUNDa 

(Bie,  power)  Eng.  Bastbick,  Bbstobick. 
From  the  Ang.-Saxon  fersc,  Jresc,  Old  High 
German  yrwc,  Mod.  German  ^rwcA,  we  may  take 


THE  INNER  MAN.  449 

the  following.  But  whether  in  the  sense  of 
innocence  or  purity,  or  in  the  sense  of  spirit  and 
liveliness,  or  thirdly,  in  the  sense  of  novtis  or 
juvenis,  I  must  leave  undetermined.  The  stem 
does  not  appear  in  the  AUdeutsches  Namenhuch, 
and  curiously  enough,  it  is  in  the  name  of  the 
Italian  family  of  the  Frescobaldi  that  it  appears 
most  distinctly  in  a  German  form.  I  find,  how- 
ever, that  Mr,  Taylor  has  got  Freshings  in  his 
table  of  Teutonic  settlements  in  France  and 
England. 

BIMPLB  FOEMS.  FnM. 

Ferae,*  Dameadai/.      Engliah  Fresh,  Fbiskst,  Fubzb.    vtmh. 
Mod.  Germ.  Fbisch.     French  Frbboo. 

DIlOKUTrVlK. 

French  Fbbscal.  Modem  (German  Fbisceojh — French 
Fbbsloh. 

00MP0UND8. 

{Bald,  forfciB)  ItaL  Frescobaldi.  (Htm^  warrior)  Old 
German  Friskaer,t  9th  cent. — Tgngliah  Fbesheb,  Furzer. 
(Hard)  French  FresAard,  Froissakd. 

From  the  Old  Norse  tdja,  to  labour,  Fdrste- 
mann  derives  the  following  stem. 

SIMPLE  FORMS. 

Old  Germ.  Ido,  Ito,  Hiddo,  Hitto,  8th  cent     Ang.-Sax.  ^  ^^' 
Ida»  king  of  Bemicia      Eng.  Hidi^  Hut.      Mod.  German 

IDE.  

DIMDilUTiVJ&S. 

Old  German  Idala^  8th  cent. — ^Engliah  Idle.  French 
Itaque.  French  Itabse,  Ytasse  (or  to  idia,  Uia,  nymph, 
woman  9) 

PHONETIC  Ein)ING. 

Old  German  Idinus,  8th  cent.  Tgngligli  Iden,  Hiddev. 
French  Iteney. 

*  The  Axig.-Sax  foim  ftne.  I  am  not  9ai%  howerar,  tlut  tlii%  •■  well  ee 
BngUih  Fdbzs  and  Fubzsb,  should  not  be  pat  to  Frieee,  ik  81S. 

t  FOntenuim  makes  this  Fxls-kaer,  pladng  It  to  Frtsee,  p.  ni  AoconUog 
to  toj  plaoliif ,  It  wonld  be  Frisk-aersBFriskhar. 

£  3 


450  THE  INNER  MAN. 

00MP0Uin3S. 

(J7ari»  warrior)  Old  German  Ithar,  Iter,  Hither,  7th  oent. 
Eng.  HiDEB.     Mod.  Oerm.  Ittbb.    French  Hitieb,  Ytibb. 

In  this  chapter  may  be  included  the  stem  ccct^ 
which  Forstemann  refers  to  Old  High  Qerman 
ahtdn,  Old  Norse  aktay  to  think.  But  I  should 
rather  take  the  sense  to  esteem^  respect,  which 
this  root  also  has. 

Act  Eoi.  BIMPLIB  fOBM& 

To  Mtaon.        ^^  German  Hecto,  9th  cent     Mod.  Germ.  Hbcht. 


OOMPOUKDfi. 

(Hari,  warrior)  Old  German  Aecther,  7th  cent — ^Ecther, 
Lib.  VU, — English  Hbctob — French  EEbctob.  {BtCy  power) 
Old  German  Huctrich,  king  of  the  Alamanni— Engliah 
TJTTRmasf 

From  the  Gothic  9vSrs,  honoratus,  Old  High 
Germ,  sudrty  gravis,  Forstemann  derives  a  stem 
found  in  a  few  ancient  namea^  The  connection 
between  the  two  senses  is  found  in  our  own 
expression,  "  a  man  of  weight.* 

8IMPLB  FORMS. 

Honomtaf  Bug.  SWBABS,  SWIBE,  SQtTABB^  SqUABST. 

PATBOMTiaca 

Old  Germ.  Snaring,  8th  cent    English  SwsABnra 

OOlfPOlTNDB. 

(Hcmf  warrior)  English  SwBABEsf 

•  On«  of  tliMe  Is  Swaniagal  (heav7  nail) «  nuae  f oond  la  tlie  8tb  ouil  la  Am 
Ferbrfl<lmM||«(«dt  fw»;91  Peter  MSaIi5«f0.  TUi  saomi  to  miggeit  ui  oUflr  oiIcIb 
lor  tiM  ouiou  da*  of  dmbm  «t  p.  SM  Hbaxi  I  htkf  Umm  fopfOMd. 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 


THE    STATION    IN     LIPB. 

Though  a  larger  proportion  of  the  names  in 
this  chapter  have  been  originally  surnames  than 
in  any  of  the  preceding,  yet  even  in  this  depart- 
ment of  the  subject  there  are  not  a  few  that  are 
baptismal 

The  first  place  is  naturally  due  to  the  most 
ancient  of  all  occupations,  that  of  the  tiller  of  the 
soiL  There  is  an  Old  German  word  sass.  Mod. 
German  sasz,  signifying  settler,  inhabitant,  from 
which,  in  the  opinion  of  Adelung,  the  Saxons 
derive  their  name.  Hence  may  be  the  following, 
but  of  course  the  stem  sax,  p.  200,  may  intermix. 
A  Saxon  or  Low  Germ,  form  may  be  scU. 

BIUPLE    FORMS. 

Old  Germ.  Saaso,  Sasso,  9th  cent      Engliah  Sass,  Satow.  ®^  ^^ 
Mod.  Germ.  Sass.     French  Sasse,  Sasst. 

COMPOtTNDa 

(Hari,  warrior)  Eng.  Satteb* — French  Sassieb,  Sass^be, 
Sbzerob,  Satoby.  (Rai,  counsel)  Eng.  Setrioht — French 
Bazkbat.     (Ric,  power)  French  Sazebac, 

From  the  Old  High  German  buur,  bouer, 
pawer.  Mod.  Germ,  bauer,  Ang.-Sax.  bure,  Dutch 
buur,  boer,  fiowti^er,. English  "boor,"  countryman, 
seem  to  be  the  following.  But  the  stem  burg, 
p.  279,  is  liable  to  intermix. 

*  Or  from  Ang.-Sai.  tctien,  Mdttc«r,  wh«noe  Scetar,  the  god  who  gave  the  lutm* 
toflfttopdftj. 


452  THE  STATION   IN   LIFE. 

Boirar.  SIMPLI WOBMB. 

Power,  BcU  BaU.  Abb.  English  fiooBB,  BowEB^  PooBi^ 
PowEB.      Modem  German  Baueb.      Frenoh  Boub,  Boubj^ 

BOUBSAU,  POUBE,  POUBREAU. 

DIMIKUnVES. 

English  BuBBELL — French  Boubbel^  Boubla.       IgngHfh 
BuBUKG — Frenoh  Boubbillon. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(H<»rd)  French  Bourabd.  (Man)  English  Boobxav, 
BowEBXAK,  PooBiCAK — ^Mod.  German  Bauebmaiiv. 

Of  the  ancient  occupation  of  the  hunter  we 

find  considerable  trace  in  baptismal  names.   From 

the  Old  High  Germ,  yagron,  Mod.  German  yogren. 

Old  Norse  and  Swedish  jaga^  to  hunt,  I  take 

to  be  the  following  names,  many  of  which  have 

variously  been  derived  by  English  and  German 

writers  from  the  scriptural  names  John,  Jacob, 

and  Joachim.    Can  our  word  **  jockey^'  be  derived 

firom  this  root  1 

,     ,  ^  bibiple  fobmb. 

g^^  Old  Germ.  Jaooo,  1 1th  cent,  Joco,  9th  cent.     Eng.  Jack, 

jAoa     Modem  German  Jock.     French  Jaoque,  Jaoqui^ 

Jacqueau.    . 

DIMINUTIVKS. 

Jachelinus,  Jagelinus  (Dameaday) — Eng.  Jagkiin — ^Mod. 
Germ.  Jecklik — Fr.  Jaoquelik.  Eng.  Jagkall,  Jekyll — 
Mod.  Germ.  Jacket  Jeckel — Fr.  Jekel.  Eng.  Jookisch» 
Jacbb,  Jax — French  Jacoaz,  Jaoqz. 

PUONETIG  ENDING. 

French  Jaquin,  Jbgon.  Mod.  Germ.  Jochen.  French 
Jaquin,  Jokik. 

compounds. 

(Hard)  English  Jagoabd— French  Jaoquart.  (Eari^ 
warrior)  Old  Germ.  Jager,  Jahheri,  9th  cent — Eog.  Jaggbb 
~  Mod.  Germ.  Jaeoer,  Jqcher — French  Jaoer,  Jaoquibb, 
Jaquiebt,  Jahteb,  Jatb.     fJSty  p.  189)  Engliah  Jaobubit, 


'rmfi  STATION  IK   LIFE.  453 

Jaooxd^  Jaget.  (Man)  English  Jackxak — Mod.  Qermaii 
Jaobicaiik — Fr.  Jaoquemain,  Jaoquemin.  {McuTy  fEunoas) 
Frenoh  Jacquemab,  Jaoquemieb.  {Wdd^  power)  French 
Jaoquaui/t. 

From  the  Old  Dutch  perssen,  to  hunt,  Mr. 
Talbot  derives  the  name  Percival.  The  root 
may  also  mean  to  constrain,  compel,  being  the 
same  as  English  '^  press/'  Hence  it  is  liable  to 
intermix  with  the  stem  hrisy  p.  186.  There  is 
only  one  Old  Germ,  name,  on  which  Forstemann 
gives  no  opinioa 

SIMPLE  FOBM& 

Old  German  Purso,  8th  cent.     English  Fbabse^  Fbbot,  j^^i, 
PuBSB,  PuBSET,  Pbess  9  Pbessey  1    French  Pbbs. 

DIMINUTIVES. 

Percelay  (Roll  BaU,  -466.)— English  Puboell.  Pubslow, 
Pabcell^  Pabslet — French  Pebsil.  Eng.  PEBSAa  French 
Pbbsoz. 

COMPOXTNBa 

(Hard)  Eng.  Pubssobd.  (Sari,  warrior)  Eng.  Pubseb. 
(Leo/,  dear)  "Eng.  Pubseloye,  and  probably  as  a  corruption, 
PuBSEGLOYE.  (I^ew,  joung)  English  Pbessnet — Fr.  Pbesnx. 
(Wealh,  stranger)  English  PeboiyalI  PBESSWEixf — ^French 
Pabseyal  f  Pebseyal  9  (or  local  from  vUle,  towfkj 

One  of  the  most  common  stems  is  bod,  bud, 
pot,  put,  which  I  take  to  be  from  Ang.-Sax.  boda. 
Old  Norse  bodi.  Mod.  German  bode,  Danish  bud, 
envoy  or  messenger.  The  older  Grerman  writers 
gave  it  the  meaning  of  ruler  or  leader,  and  Forste- 
mann doubts  whether  it  is  to  be  explained  in  the  * 
sense  of  prsebere,  offerre,  or  of  jubere,  as  both  are 
to  be  found  in  the  root  from  which  it  is  derived. 
I  am  inclined  to  think,  from  the  nature  of  the 


454  THE  STATION  JI9   UFB. 

oompounds  in  which  it  is  fotmdy  that  its  general 
sense  is  that  which  I  have  mentioned.  It  ia 
rather  apt  in  some  cases  to  mix  up  with  bald, 
fortia 

SmPLX  f09M/L 

Bod.  Bud,  Old  0«rman  Bodi,  Boddo^  Botto,  Budo,  Buddo,  Butta» 
-^^  Poto,  PotJio,  8th  cent  AIbo  probably  Baudo,  Bouduv 
BoatOB^  4ih  cent  Ang.-Saz.  Putta.  Eng.  Bodda,  Body, 
BoTT,  Boot,  Booty,  Booth,  Budd,  Bubdo,  Butt,  Pubdy, 
Ptttt,  Pott,  Potto,  (Alderman  qf  Oambridffe,  I7tk  omL} 
Mod.  GetBL  BoDB,  Botiv  Both,  Booth,  Btrm^  Poir,  Potb* 
Danish  Buddie.      French  Bodo,  Bodeau,  Bom,  Botbsy, 

BOUDEAU,  BOUTHBY,  BOUTY,  BoUT,  BUTTI,  BuTHEAU,  POTEAU, 
POTEY,  POTH^  PUTEAU. 

DIMJLMUTIVES. 

Old  Germ.  Bodilo,  Potilo,  Pedal,  Patilo,  Tth  oent— OM 
Norse  BudU— Ang.-Sax.  Pottel  (fownd  m  FottOeitre&w,  Cod. 
Dip.  441) — ^En^^ish  Bodble^   Bodley,  Bodu.y,  Boadklla, 

BOXTLE,  BOTLY,  BUDDLE,  BOODLB,   BUTTEL,   POTTUS,  POODZ* 

— Modem  Qerman  Buddel — French  Boutel,  Poteu  Old 
Germ.  Poticho,  Putioo,  8th  cent— -Ang.-Sax.  Puttoc — Eng. 
PuDDiOK,  PuTTiGK,  BuDGB — Mod.  Germ.  Bodecx,  Budigh, 
Budsb,  Budob — French  Potaoe  9  Old  Gemip  Bodekin,  Uth 
cent — ^Eng.  Bodkik — Fr.  Bodichon.  Old  G^rm.  Bodolenufl, 
Butilin,  Budelin,  Bodalung,  6th  cent — English  Bdtun, 
BuTLiNO,  BuDLovG-^-Modem  Gennan  Bohtunok — French 
BoTTEUN,  BouTELON,  BuDiLLON.     French  Bodabsb,  Buttes, 

PHOITBTIO  ENDIKO. 

Old  Germ.  Baudin,  6th  cent     Ang.-Saz.  Potten  (fimnd 

in  PattenHreoWy  Cod.  Dip,  1,283).     Boden,  EoR  Batt  Abb. 

.    English  Boden,  Botten,  Budden,  Button,  Potten.     Mod. 

German  Boden.     French  Bodin,  Bottin,  Budin,  Bumv, 

POTIN. 

patbonymigb. 
Old  German  Poting.      Anglo-SflKon  Buttingc  (/owndin 
DuUingo  ffrdf,  Cod  Dip,  126,  &c.     Pudding,  Lib.  Vii.    Eng. 
BoTTiNO,  BuDDiNO,  PuDDmow  Mod.  Gom.  Boding,  Burriira 
French  Boutuno. 


THE  STATION  IN   LIFE.  455 

OOMPOnND& 

fOum,  guest,  stranger)  Eng.  Buddigombb^  Puddioombb — 
French  f  Buddiooil  (Fer,  travel)  Eng.  Pudditeb,  Potiphjsb, 
BosTEFEnB* — French  Potefeb.  ('Foot,  pedes)  Eng.  Pudds- 
FOOT,  Proubfoot  f  (Ger,  spear)  Old  Germ.  Bandachar,  7th 
oent — ^£kig.  Bodickeb,  Bodgsr,  Podgsb,  Potioabt  t — Mod. 
Genn.  Botiobb.  (Hard J  Old  Oerman  Podard,  5th  cent- 
French    BoDABDy    BODABT,    BoTTDABD,    BOUTABD,    PoTABO* 

(ffari,  warrior)  Old  German  Botthar,  7th  cent. — Boteros, 
Dameadw^ — English  Butteb,  Buttebt,  Potteb,  Pottieb — 
Modem  €(erman  Budeb,  Butter,  Puiteb — ^FVench  Bodeb, 
Bodibb,  Boubieb,  Bottieb,  BormBB,  Pothieb,  Potieb, 
PoTEBiE.  (Gi8,  hostage)  Old  Germ.  Boutgis,  Boggis,  Duke 
of  Aquitania,  6th  oent. — English  Bogois.     (Mem)  English 

BODMAlf,   BUTIHAK,  BEATJTYMAir,   PomCAV,   PUTKAK — Mod. 

G«rm.  BoDEMAinf,  Puttmaiih  .  {Me^^  fiunous)  Old  German 
Baudomir,  7th  cent — Eng.  Bodioeb,  Budkobe,  Buttemeb, 
PoDMOBE — Modern  German  BoTHioBBy  Bodemeteb — French 
Bottemeb.  {Mimd^  protection)  Old  Germ.  Baudemund,  7th 
cent. — French  Potemont.  (Rady  counsel)  Old  German 
Boderad,  9th  cent. — French  Poitbat.  (New,  young)  Old 
(German  Baudonivia,  7th  cent. — English  Pudney — ^French 
PoTONi^  (RiCy  power)  Old  German  Buttericus,  Bauderich, 
Poterichy  7th  cent. — ^English  Buttebiok,  Buddrich — Mod 
German  Bodbioh — ^French  BouTABia  (Rid,  rit,  ride)  Old 
German  Bodirid,  Buotrit,  7th  cent.— English  Botwbight, 
Boatwriqht)  (Wald,  power)  Old  German  Baudowald — 
French  Boudault.  (Rtm,  companion)  Old  Germ.  Baude- 
runa,  7th  cent-— French  Boutbon,  Potboh.  (Wine,  friend) 
Old  (German  Butwin,  8th  cent — ^English  Potwine — French 

BoDEYHr,  BOUDBVIN,  PoDEVIN,  PoTEVIH,  POTVIH. 
UKCEBTAIN  KAMSa 

English  BpTTBESS^  Pewtbess.     French  Boutbais. 

There  is  a  stem  rw,  for  which  Fdrst^nann  suggests  Old 

Norse  rdeck,  to  ruui  Eng.  "  race."      This,  though  not  found 

as  the  termination  of  any  ancient  names,  seems  likely  to 

obtain  in  the  above.     And  an  Old  German  Hraspod,  9th 

*  Alio  BOVTFLOWXR  ttUl  BUTTSBIXT  M  OOmipttOIIlt 


456  THE  STATION  IN  LIFIL 

cent,  XDBj  be  the  oonyen&  Pomdbly  Huhtrbss  (FoOsa  of 
ShiMs)  may  be  fix)m  tJie  same  ending,  with  hfwnd^  dog,  or 
hufUa^  hunter. 

Of  a  similar  meaning  may  be  the  root  siifid, 
sifdy  which  Forstemann  refers  to  Old  High  Germ. 
sindy  way,  observing  that  the  sense  may  rather 
be  that  of  the  derivative  gisindi,  comitatus, 
sateUitea  This  stem  is  apt  to  mix  up  with  Old 
High  Germ,  smnd,  Ang.-Sax.  stvi^,  vehement^ 
but  I  think  that  it  is  too  strongly  defined  to  be 
entirely  merged. 

8DCFLI  FOBVa 

ibiw^       Old  German  Sindo,  Senda,  8th  cent     Bindi,  Dcmeiday* 
Eng.  SxMT.     Mod  Qerm.  Suit.     French  Gsrt. 

DIMINX7TIVE8b 

Old  Qerman  Sindioo,  8th  cent — French  STKDia  Old 
Germ.  Sindila,  6th  cent — Eng.  Sendall.  Old  Germ.  Sinzo, 
11th  cent — ^Mod.  Germ.  Snrz — French  Snra. 

PHONXnC  ENDIKO. 

Old  Germ.  Sinduni,  8th  cent     Eng.  Sno>BN,  SniTOV. 
coMPoxrNDa 

(Bert^  bright)  Old  Germ.  Sindbert,  Simpert,  8th  cent — 
Eng.  SiMBEBD.  {Hard)  Old  German  Sindard^  7th  cent — 
French  Suvtard.  {Bergj  protection)  Old  Germ.  Sindebeiga^ 
7th  cent — French  Sentubebt.  {Haai^  warrior)  Old  Germ. 
Sinthar,  Sintar^  7th  cent — ^Eng.  Sn^DBET,  SonoEB,  Gxntbb — 
French  Cendbe.  {RaJt^  oounsel)  Old  German  Sindarat^  7th 
cent — French  CnrrBAT. 

From  the  Old  High  German  scalc^  servant^ 
seem  to  be  the  following.  This  stem  was  most 
common  among  the  Alamanni  and  Bavarians,  less 
so  among  the  Franks  and  Saxons. 

gl,^^  simple  FOBMa 

jteTMii  Old  German  Scalco,  Sca]h,  8th  cent.  English  Shawket, 
Shallow,  Shallet.  Modem  German  Sohalk,  Sohelck. 
French  1  Sohall. 


THE  STATION  IN  UWE.  457 

ooMPOuin)& 
(Man)  Old  Qerm.  Soalooman — Eng.  Bhawxah  1 

And  from  the  Old  High  Germ.  scuUa,  servant* 

may  be. 

amPLs  VOB1I& 
Old  Germaix  Sculd,  9th  cent.     EngUah  Shoult,  Sholto. 
Mod.  Germ.  Sghxtldt. 

00MP0UKD8. 

(Hariy  warrior)  Eng.  Shothjueb  9 — French  1  Scholdeb  t 

Another  stem  of  the  same  meaning,  more 
common  as  a  termination,  is  GotL  thiiLS,  Anglo- 
Saxon  theow.  Old  High  GeroL  dio,  whence  may 
be  the  following. 

Old  GeniL  Dio,  9th  cent.    Ikig.  Dn»  Dn;  Ttas,  TBxw.  Bwnak 
Mod.  Germ.  Tms.    French  Dm,  Dii^  Daioa 

DIMlMUTlVn. 

Eng.  DiAOK.     French  Diaohe,  THiAa 

OOMPOUlfBa 

{ff(»rd)  French  Diasd.  (Ear%  warrior)  fingliah  Dtxb, 
Thter.  {Lohy  grorve)  Old  German  Thioloh,  9th  cent — ^Eog. 
DiALoouB.  (Madf  met,  reverence)  Old  Germ.  Deomad,  9th 
cent. — English  DsiCAn) — French  Dbhait,  Dhoicet.  (M<m) 
Old  Germ.  Dioman— Eng.  Dekov — ^Mod.  Germ.  DiEMAim 
— French  DsMAinnB.  {Hfcmd,  daring)  French  Dianahb. 
{Mund,  protection)  Old  Germ.  Thiomonty  9th  cent.**Eng. 
DtAMOHD — ^Frendi  Demaxtcb, 

From  the  Old  High  German  gisal,^  hostage^ 
are  probably  the  following,  though  the  Old  Norse 
gisli,  dart.,  may  intermix.  I  do  not  feel  sure, 
however,  that  the  sense  of  the  Mod.  Germ,  gesell, 
companion,  is  not  the  prevailing  one.    In  modern 

*  In  Anglo-flazon  luanes  It  frequently  Appean  tn  the  form  <p:u,  and  hence  I 
into  t»  be  the  oluUtUii  nuae  OUee,  moet  oddlj,  ecoordlng  to  my  view,  deriTed 
ftom  JSgldlna,  reipecting  which  Mlaa  Tonge  Meme  to  be  the  flrrt  to  hint »  donbt 
Pott'i  Alt«infttlT«  fnggeftion  of  the  Latin  Jnllni  ia  not  much  better. 

f3 


458  THE  STATION  IN  UFB. 

names  it  is  generally  contracted  into  gil,  as  we 
find  also  to  have  been  sometimes  the  case  in 
ancient  names. 

8IMPLB  FORM& 

^;^  Old  Germ.  Giaal,  Kiaal,  7th  cent,  Gfflo,  Gilla,  10th  cent. 
Eng.  KiBSELL,  Chisel,  Gill,  Gilley,  Gillow,  EIili^  Killet. 
Mod.  Germ.  Geisel^  Kissel,  Gill,  Eillb.  French  Gesel, 
Gills,  Gillt. 

DnnNTJTIVBB. 

Old  Germ.  Gislin,  7th  cent — French  Ghisladt,  Gebldt. 
Eng.  GiLLOCH,  EnxiCK.    French  Gilquin. 

PHONsno  EKDnra. 
Old  Germ.  Gillin,  9th  cent     Eng.  Gillek.     Mod.  Germ* 
KiLLDff.     French  Gilan. 

PATBOKTMIOBw 

(Md  Germ.  Gisolong,  9ih  cent  Anglo-Saxon  Gyselmgy 
fj<mnd  in  GyiMngham,  now  Oidmgham^  Sf/^oOLJ  Eng. 
GiLUNO.    Mod.  Germ.  ElissLuro. 

COMPOUNDa 

(Bald,  bold)  Old  German  Gisalbald,  8th  cent— French 
GiLBAULT.  (Berif  bright)  Old  German  Gisalbert,  7th  cent, 
Gilbert,  8th  cent. — ^English  GiLBEBr — ^Mod.  German  Gissel- 
BBBCHT,  GnAERT — ^French  Gilbebt.  (Bod,  envoy)  English 
GiLBODT.  (Brand,  sword)  Old  Germ.  Gislebrand,  8th  cent— 
Eng.  GiLLiBBAin).  (Fred,  x>eaoe)  Old  German  Gisalfirid,  9th 
cent — Eng.  Gilfobo,  Gilfbed  (christian  ncme).  (ffitrd) 
Old  Germ.  Giselhard,  8th  cent — Eng.  Gillaed — ^French 
GiLLABD— Italian  Gilabdi.  (Hari,  warrior)  Old  German 
Gisilhar,  Eisalheri,  8th  cent — Eng.  Gilleb,  Eilleb — ^Mod. 
German  Gessleb,  Eessleb  —  French  Gieseleb,  Gillieb. 
(Had,  war)  Old  German  Gislehad,  Eisalot,  9th  cent — 
English  Chislett,  Gillett — French  Gmmer.  (Hdm)  Old 
German  Gisalhelm,  8th  cent — English  Gillihok,  Gilliax. 
(Ban,  rayen)  Old  Germ.  Gislaran,  8th  cent — Fr.  Gillebon. 
(Mem)  Old  German  Gisleman,  9th  cent — ^English  Gillxan^ 
Ktllmaw.  (Mar,  famoxa)  Gisalmar,  7th  cent,  Gilmar,  8th 
cent — ^English  Gilxobh — Mod.  German  Eillmeb— French 

GiLMEB. 


THE   STATION   IN  UFR  459 

Then  there  is  a  stem  gi$y  which  Forstemann 
takes  to  be  the  simple  form  of  the  above  word 
gisal.  Besides  the  High  German  form  his^  there 
is  also  a  Lombard  form  chis. 

BIMPLB  P0BM8.  ^^  ^^ 

Old  German  Giao,  Gizo,  Kiso,  Cisao,  7th  cent      Perhaps  jjogtuge^ 
Geeso,  6th  oent.     Anglo-Saxon  Giss%  King  of  the  South 
SaxonBy  6th  cent    Chese,  Hvaid.  BoUa.    Eng.  Kiss,  OheesbI 
Mod.  Germ.  Geiss,  Gibse^  Kiss,  Tsjisse  {Friedo).      French 
Ghts,  Gies4  Guizot  9  Chess^  )  Chiezb  9 

DIMJLNUTlVKa 

Gtesecg,  genealogy  of  the  kings  of  the  East  Saxone — Eng. 
ElissiCK. — ^Mod.  Germ.  Gisbckb.  Old  German  Gisoma^  9th 
cent — Eng.  Jbssmat. 

PHONinO  Ein>INO. 

English  CHESSEir,  Oheshet.  French  Gissnor,  Ohbsnet^ 
Ghesnbau. 

PATBONTMICa 

Old  German  Gising.  English  Gissiko.  Mod.  German 
GiEsiNa 

OOMPOUKBS. 

Old  German  Gisbert,  8th  cent — Mod.  Germ.  Gisbbecht 
— French  Gesbbbt,  Gisbebt.  {Helm)  French  Gessiaulmb, 
Gessiommb — ^Eng.  Chisholm?  (Man)  Old  Germ.  Guesmanf 
8th  oent — English  OmsKAK,  Ohebman,  Cheesemak  \ — Mod. 
Germ.  Giesemaitn. 

Names  derived  from  trade  were  naturally  of 
rare  occurrence  in  ancient  times.  There  is  an  Old 
German  Coufman,  9th  cent.,  which  may  be  from 
Old  High  German  koufman^  Modem  German 
haujmann^  merchant.  I  do  not  think,  however, 
(see  p.  248)  that  this  is  altogether  certain,  though 
it  is  in  its  favour  that  the  corresponding  Anglo- 
Saxon  cedpman  and  cdpeman  are  also  I'epresented 
by  English  Chapman  and  Copbman,  the  latter 
corresponding  with  a  Copaman  in  the  Liber  Vit(e^ 


460    .  THE  STATION  IN  LIFE. 

In  the  name  of  a  grave  (CMpan  JUdwX  we 
find  an  Ang.-Saz.  Cee^ia^  which  seems  to  be  from 
cedpa,  a  merchant^  and  with  which  corresponds 
Eng.  Cheafb. 

Names  derived  from  handicraft,  as  a  general 
rule,  are  of  more  recent  origin,  and  have  been 
well  explained  by  Mr.  Lower,  to  whose  work  the 
reader  may  be  referred  for  further  information 
respecting  them.  At  the  same  time  I  hold  to 
the  opinion  that  a  great  number  of  the  names 
apparently  so  derived  are  nothing  more  than  aoci* 
dental  coincidencea  Such  are  many  ending  in  er, 
such  as  Angleb^  Gabteb,  Collier,  Clothieb, 
Harper,  Mariner,  Marker,  Binger,  Slateb» 
Stoker^  Tasker,  Turner,  Walker,  &c.,  most 
of  which  are  referred  to  elsewhere.  Nevertheless, 
I  will  not  dispute  that  in  some  cases  two  different 
origins  may  obtain  for  the  same  name.  Thus 
it  is  very  probable  that  the  common  name  of 
Walker  is  sometimes  from  Ang.*Sax.  weaiceref 
aftdler. 

So  also  I  take  it  that  many  of  the  names  end- 
ing in  wrighty  as  Arkwright,  Allwbight,  Boat- 
WRiGHT,  Cartwright,  Chbesewright,  Qood- 
WRiGHT,  Habtwright,  Sievbwbight,  Wain- 
WBiGHT,  Woolwbioht,  are  compounds  either  of 
rat,  counsel,  or  of  n<,  ride,  both  common  as 
ancient  terminations.  In  some  of  these  cases 
again  two  different  origins  may  obtain,  but  we 
must  be  guided  very  much  by  the  probabilities 
of  the  case.      Thus  Boatwbight,  Cartwright, 


THE  STATIOK  IN  UFB.  461 

and  Waikwbigbt  would  be  natural  enough  as 
names  derived  from  trade.  But  the  term 
"  wrighf  would  I  think  hardly  be  properly 
applied  to  makers  of  cheeses^  or  manu&cturers 
of  wooL  Again^  Akkwriqht  has  been  explained 
as  a  maker  of  meal  chests.  But  it  would  not  be 
reasonable  to  suppose  that  a  division  of  labour 
such  as  does  not  even  obtain  at  present,  prevailed 
in  the  more  primitive  days  of  old,  so  that  any  one 
man  was  exclusively  employed  in  making  chesta 

So  also  many  of  the  names  ending  in  ttmu^  aa 

AliEMAN,  BSLLMAN,  ClOUTMAN,  CoLEHAN,  GiK- 

MAN,  Habtkan,  Henman,  Honeyman,  Potman, 
Saleman,  &c.,  I  do  not  conceive  to  be  derived 
from  trade  or  occupation. 

The  commonness  of  the  name  of 'Smith  is  to 
be  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  anciently  the 
term  was  not  confined  to  iron  work,  but  was 
applied  to  everything  which  required  "  smiting/' 
Thus  the  poet  was  a  "  verse-smith,"  though  he 
had  only  to  ""  cudgel  his  brains/'  Though  no 
doubt  generally  a  surname,  it  may  be  in  some 
few  cases  baptismal  There  was  an  Old  German 
Smido,  9th  cent.,  and  we  have  the  names  Smithy 
and  Smytha — here  we  seem  to  have  the  three 
endings  a,  i,  and  o,  the  characteristics  of  bap- 
tismal namea  Perhaps  £ng.  Smitheb^  Smiteb, 
French  SMYTTiRE,  Mod.  Germ.  Sohmiedeb,  may 
be  a  compound,  hari^  warrior.  The  names  of 
Germany  shew  some  further  signs  of  connection 
with  an  ancient  name-stem   in   the  diminutives 


462  THE  STATION   IN   LIFE. 

Sghmiedbckb,  ScfHMiEDBL^  and  Sghmidlin,  and 
in  the  apparently  patronymic  form  Schmedpino. 
In  the  case  of  these  names  the  meaniDg  may 
simply  be  that  of  smitiDg,  and  most  probably  in 
a  warlike  sense. 

Our  name  Bbownsmtth^  is,  I  take  it,  the 
opposite  to  blacksmith,  and  signifies  the  smith 
who  did  the  bright  or  burnished  work.  Shear- 
smith  might  have  the  same  meaning,  from  Aug.- 
Saxon  sctr^  bright^  but  is  more  probably  the 
same  as  the  German  Sghaabschmidt  (Anglo- 
Saxon  seer,  plough-share).  Soottsmith  I  have 
referred  to  at  p.  317  as  similar  to  Abbowbmith. 
Gbossmith  I  should  be  inclined  to  explain  as  the 
opposite  to  the  German  Ueinsckvudt,  **  small 
smith,''  Le.,  maker  of  locks,  &o.  Our  Wildshith 
seems  to  be  the  same  as  the  German  Wald- 
SCHMIDT,  which  appears  to  be  from  toald,  forests 
For  other  Smiths,  English  and  German,  see  Lower 
and  Pott. 

As  Aldebman,  p.  338,  is  most  probably  to 
be  explained  in  its  ancient  and  higher  sense,  so 
also  Constable,  if  we  refer  it  to  an  office  at  all, 
must  be  looked  upon  (see  Lower)  in  a  similar 
light.  But,  as  I  have  elsewhere  shewn,  it  may 
also  be  derived  from  a  name  of  christian  import 
not  uncommon  among  the  early  Frankish  converts. 

*  Bo  alao  Bbowksword,  p.  899.  But  what  the  meaning  of  Grkkksmith  ii, 
alio  of  GunyswoRD  and  of  Grithrxbbk  (green  iron),  the  latter  name,  I  take  it,  of 
German  origin,  I  do  not  knew.  .  Dr.  Doran  ("Names  and  NlcknameB"  in  the 
Univenal  Beriew)  mentloni  an  Irlah  chieftain  called  Eoohod  '*  of  the  sharp  green. 


THE  STATION   IN  LIFE.  463 

Bishop  is  a  name  about  the  origin  of  which 
there  is  some  difficulty.  We  first  find  it  in  the 
name  of  a  heathen  (Biscop)  in  the  genealogy  of 
the  kings  of  the  Lindisfari,  and  I  have  suggested 
a  possible  explanation  at  p.  182.  It  occurs  more 
commonly  among  the  Anglo-Saxons  in  christian 
times,  and  oddly  enough,  all  the  men  so  called  in 
the  Liber  Vitts  are  ecclesiastica  Possibly,  for  a 
young  man  intended  for  the  chtux^h,  it  might  be 
thought  to  be  rather  an  auspicious  name.  It  is 
possible  then  that  Bishop  may  have  been  a 
heathen  name,  continued  in  christian  times,  but 
doubtless  in  a  changed  sense. 


CHAPTER  XXV. 


ALL  FLESH  IS  AS  GRASS. 

Something  akin  to  the  above  sentinient  lies 
at  the  root  of  a  number  of  our  names.  Grass 
itself  (Old  High  Qerm.  gras^  eras,  Ang.-Sax.  grisSy 
by  transposition  gofrs,)  is  adduoed  by  Forstemann 
as  the  root  of  several  ancient  names.  He  sug- 
gests however  as  probable  a  lost  verb  grasan, 
virere,  crescere. 

Qiaaf,  Qm.  SIMFLE  F0BM8. 

Oiui«n.  Old  Gernum  Oareiay  Sth  cent  Engliflh  Gbass,  Gbassie. 
Mod.  German  Grabssb.  French  Gbass,  Gkabsi,  GbassOi 
Qabce,  Gabcbau,  Gabcia« 

ddhnutivjegl 
Eng.  Grassick.    French  Gbassal. 

OOMPOUNDft. 

(J^  p.  189)  English  Grassbt— French  Grasskt.  (Hard) 
French  Gbabsabt.  (Man)  English  Gbaseman— Mod.  Germ. 
Grassmanv. 

Of  a  similar  meaning  I  take  to  be  the  stem 
green,  which,  though  in  most  English  names  it  is 
probably  local,  is  undoubtedly  in  some  cases 
baptismal  The  various  forms  of  the  annexed 
are  found  in  Old  High  Germ,  gruon,  Ang.-Saxon 
groen,  gr&n,  Eng.  "green."  The  Grerman  kron^ 
English  "crown,"  might  intermix,  though  this 
does  not  seem  to  be  the  case  as  far  as  the  ancient 
names  are  concerned. 


ALL   tliESfi  IS   AS   GBA8S.  465 

8IMPLK  FORMS.  Oroiie, 

Old  Germaa  Gran,  Grana,  Craan,  Ghron%  (dcvaghter  of   <*»~"- 
the  Bwrgundujm  king  CkUperich,  5th  cent.  J  Greno,  Domeschy,  ™"'™™*« 
English  Gbonow,  Gbeek^  Gbeeitt,  Cbbak,  OBOJXBrr,  Crown  f 
Mod.  German  Grohn,  Gruv,  Grun,  Kr6n.     French  Gruke> 
Grbikn,  Cron,  Gronbau. 

DDCINUnVBa. 

Eng.  Grenell — French  Grunrlle.  Grensy,  RoU  BatL 
Abb. — Eng.  Greenish,  Greenhouse — French  Grenuz. 

PATRONTiaGB. 

Grenesnne  (Dameaday). — English  Greenson.  English 
GRSENXNGy  Gruning — Mod.  Germ.  Gronino,  Gruning. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Hard)  Old  Germ.  Cronhart,  Cruanhart,  9th  cent. — Mod. 
German  Grohnert,  Grttnert,  Grunert — French  Grenard. 
(Hari,  wamor)  English  Greener,  Gruner — Mod.  German 
Gruner,  Groner,  EIroner — French  Gronier,  Gronisr, 
Grenier,  Orenier.     (Man J  Eng.  Greenman. 

From  the  Old  High  German  bl6ma.  Modem 
German  hlume,  flower,  Forstemann  derives  the 
following  stem ;  though  we  may  perhaps  take 
the  wider  sense  of  blooming  or  flourishing. 

SIMPLE  FORMS.  Bloom, 

Old  Grerman  Pluoma.  English  Bloom,  Bloomy,  Plumx^  piuma. 
Plxtm.  Mod.  German  Blume;,  Blum.  Mod.  Danish  Blom.  fioww. 
French  Blomb,  Blum. 

DDONUnyESu 

Eng.  Blomelet,  Plumlet — Mod.  Germ.  Blumel. 

OOMPOUNDa 

(JETorcQ  Mod.  Germ.  Blumhabdt — Dutch  Blommaert — 
French  Blomard,  Plumartin  (Dimin.  f)  (JIariy  warrior) 
English  Bloomer,  Plumer,  Plomer — Mod.  Germ.  Blumer — 
French  Plumber,  Plumerat.     fBic,  power)  English  Plum- 

RmOE?  PLUMBRmOE? 

From  the  Ang.-Sax.  hhsm^  blossom  or  flower, 
is  our  name  Blossom.     The  root-meaning,  as  re- 

G  3 


466  ALL   FLESH   18    AA   GRABa 

marked  by  Mr.  Wedgwood,  is  to  shine,  to  glow, 
as  shewn  in  Old  Norse  blassd,  to  flame,  &c.  Hence 
Eng.  Bloss  and  Blossbtt. 

The  Latin  Jlos,  floris,  French  Jleur,  appears, 
like  some  other  Bomanic  words,  to  have  been 
adopted  to  a  certain  extent  into  the  TeutcHiic 
name-sjstem,  particularly  among  the  Franks. 
Whether  our  name  Flowbrday  may  be  referred 
to  such  origin  and  derived  firom  the  common 
ending  dag,  day,  brightness,  beauty,  I  should  not 
like  to  assume  in  the  absence  of  any  correspond- 
ing ancient  name. 

Grimm,  in  his  Frauennaraev  arts  blumen,  read 
before  the  Academy  at  Berlin,  discourses  with 
his  usual  ftdness  of  learning  on  the  names  derived 
from  flowers  and  plants  among  various  nations. 
The  Hebrews,  whose  national  career  gave  a  cast 
of  sternness  and  gloom  to  their  sentiment,  exhibit 
only  two — Tamar,  signifying  a  palm-tree,  and 
Susannah,  signifying  a  lily.  The  hieroglyphics 
of  ancient  Egypt  reveal  to  us  three — the  lotus 
as  a  man's  name,  the  ivy  and  the  palm  as  names 
of  women.  The  nomenclature  of  the  Romans 
was  somewhat  wanting  in  names  of  this  class, 
while  that  of  the  fanciful  and  elegant-minded 
Greeks  was  richer  than  any  other. 

The  ancient  German  tribes,  AiU  of  rude  and 
fierce  energy,  despised  the  gentle  associations  of 
trees  and  flowers.  If  they  thought  of  the  lime- 
tree  or  the  ash,  it  was  not  of  their  beauty  or  their 
pleasant  shade,  but  of  the  spear  and  the  shield 


ALL    FLSBH    IS  AS   GRASB.  467 

which  their  wood  was  good  to  make.  Their  idea 
of  woman  was  not  as  the  angel  to  smooth  the 
stem  side  of  hfe,  hut  as  the  muustering  spirit  of 
the  war-god  to  incite  the  warrior  on  his  course. 
Hence  the  objects  of  comparison  which  seem  to 
us  so  natural*— the  ivy  and  the  clematis  as  the 
emblems  of  endearing  dependance — the  violet 
**  half  hidden  to  the  eye"  as  the  emblem  of  modest 
sweetness — ^had  no  place  in  their  imaginations* 
And  as  a  general  rule,  the  names  of  women  were 
as  fierce  and  ungentle  as  those  of  men. 

But  with  the  Minnesingers  of  the  middle  ages 
a  softer  feeling  arose,  and  names  derived  firom 
flowers  began  to  be  in  use.  It  is  probably  from 
this  period  that  names  such  as  the  following, 
more  common  in  German  than  in  English,  date 
their  origin.  Eng.  Boseblade,  German  Bosen- 
BLATT  and  BosENBLCT  (rosc-leaf) — ^Eng.  Bosin- 
bloom  (rose-flower) — Germ.  Bosenqarten  (rose- 
garden),  BosENBAGEN  (rose-hedge),  Bobenzweio 
(rose-branch),  Bosenstiel,  Bosenstock,  Bosen- 
81'EKGEL  (rose-stem),  Bosenkranz  (rose-croWn), 
Bosenwebeb  (weaver  of  rosea,  i.  e.,  into  garlands). 
Perhaps  also  such  as  English  Bosethorn,  Bos- 
TERNE ;  English  Hawthorn,  Hagdorn,  Germ. 
Hagedorm  ;  Eng.  Prjmerosb,  English  Sweet- 
apple,  German  Goldenapfel,  Ac.  But  such  as 
the  English  Pepfebcx)RN,  Mod.  Germ.  Pfeffer- 
KORN,  and  German  Haberkorn,  ElDvekorn, 
&c.,  must  be  from  some  different  origin,  perhapa 
feudal  tenure  or  custom. 


468  ALL    FLESH  IS    AS  GRASa 

From  the  Romanic  tongues,  probably  about 
the  period  of  the  middle  ages,  come  such  names 
as  French  Hyacinthe;  Eng.  Violbtt,  Modem 
Germ.  Violet,  French  Violete  ;  Eng.  Blanch- 
flower,  &c.  A  pretty  poem  of  the  middle  ages 
celebrates  the  loves  of  two  children  called  Bose 
and  Blanchefleur,  who,  dying,  were  buried  in  one 
grave,  from  which  sprimg  the  mingled  lily  and 
sweet-briar. 

There  are,  however,  a  few  names  of  the  earlier 
period  which  seem  to  be  derived  from  trees  or 
plants.  In  some  cases,  as  that  of  the  ash  and  the 
lime-tree,  a  particular  reason  may  obtain,  apart 
from  any  sylvan  associations.  In  other  cases  it 
is  not  so  easy  to  see  the  reason  why.  Thus  the 
Old  Norse  name  Humbl,  whence  probably  Eng- 
Humble,^  and  perhaps  French  Hummel,  seems 
to  be  from  humaUy  the  hop-plant,  though  as  to 
the  reason  for  its  adoption  we  are  quite  in  the 
dark.  It  is  not  difficult  to  accoimt  for  such  a 
name  as  Thorne,  which  seems  to  be  ancient.  As 
an  Anglo-Saxon  name  it  occurs  in  the  name  of  a 
place — ^Thominga  byra,  "the  hillock  of  the  Thom- 
ings,''  i.  e.,  descendants  of  Thorn.  As  a  Scan- 
dinavian name  Thorny  occurs  in  Saxo.t  The 
sense  might  be  that  of  spear,  as  in  many  other 
names  of  the  same  class  aJready  referred  to. 

Thystell,  which  occurs  as  the  surname  of  a 

•  Might,  howeTW,  alio  be  from  UoxillMld,  HumlMad,  p.  S14. 

t  The  f enuJe  BAme  Thorny  in  the  TAndnamaholr  li  not,  m  I  before  thought, 
from  ikom,  bnt  more  probably  a  oomponnd  of  Thor  and  my,  young,  whieh  as  a  tei^ 
mination  leeme  ezdnilTely  feminine. 


ALL   FLESH  IB    AS    GRASS.  469 

Northman  in  the  Landnamabok,  may  prohahly 
be  explained  on  something  of  the  same  principle 
as  that  of  the  Scotch  motto  "  NoU  me  tangere/' 
Thistle  is  an  English  name,  though  not  common. 

To  the  other  words  signifying  shoot  or  branch 
— ^in  most  cases  probably  in  the  sense  of  spear — 
may  be  added  the  root  stoffy  stufy  stiihy  from  Old  • 
Norse  stufr,  stuhhry  Anglo-Saxon  styhy  branch  or 
shoot.  We  have  the  word  stove  in  this  sense  in 
Cumberland  ;  Leicestershire  has  stovin.  Forste- 
mann  has  no  trace  of  this  stem. 

SIMPLE  FOKMS.  Stof,  Btnf, 

Aiig.-Saz.  Stuf,  nephew  of  Cerdic.     Old  None  Stufr,  a     ^*°^' 
poet  in  the  Lazd»la-8ag&     English  Btubbe,  Stobus,  Stobo, 
Stop,  Stiff.     Mod.  German  Stofp,  Stuvk.     French  Stouf, 
Stoffe,  Sruvi,  Stuppy. 

dimikutiybs. 

Eng.  Stotel,  Stoffbll,  Btiffel.  Mod.  Qerm.  Stibbel. 
French  Stoffeli^  Stiyal. 

PATJsomrMics. 

Ang.-Saz.  Stopping,  f/onnd  in  StoppingoB,  Cod.  Dip.  83  J 
Eng.  SruBBiNa,  STEBBma. 

OOHPOUNDe. 

{Hard)  Eng.  Stobabt,  Stubbebt,  Stupabt,  Stibbabd — 
French  Stevabt.  {H<m%  warrior)  English  Stubeb,  Stubber, 
Stopher,  Stoveb — Mod.  Genn.  SriJBEB — French  Stoffbb. 

extended  F0RM=AN0.-BAX.  STOVN,  LEICE8T.  STOVIUf. 

English  Stoyin,  Stiffin.  French  Stobik,  Steuben, 
Steffek. 

Another  word  having  the  meaning  of  shoot 
or  branch — and  in  this  case  probably  in  nothing 
more  than  its  simple  sense — is  quiMy  which 
Professor  Leo,  in  a  communication  to  Notes  and 
QuerieSy  refers  to  Swed.  quisty  branch.      The  Old 


470  ALL  FLBSH   18   AS   ORASa 

Koroe  quistr,  and  the  Dutdi  qtta^  have  also  the 
same  seDse  ;  the  Mod.  Gennau  qua^e  ineaim  tuft 
or  tassel     Henoe  Eoghsh  Hasselquist,  Iokd-  < 

QUiST,  and  Zsttsbquist.  signifying  respeetivelj 
"  hazel-branch,"    "  lime-branch,"    and    "  aspen- 
branch."    It  seems  probable  that  these  names  do  j 
.   not  date  beyond  the  middle  agea                                          1 

Then  there  are  some  other  names  which  seem^  i 

to  say  the  leasty  doubtful     As  for  instance  the  ) 

Old  German  Balsimia — English  Balsam,  French  | 

Balsem(ine) — which  Grimm  takes  to  be  from  • 

tlie  balsam-plant.  But  Forstemann,  in  his  work 
published  subsequently,  plaoes  in  appo8iti(»i  the 
names  Baldisma  and  Baltisma,  and  it  seems  pro- 
bable that  the  whole  are  only  diminutives  from 
the  root  baldy  fortis. 

Another  doubtftd  name  is  Lily.  There  is  an 
Old  German  Liula,  8th  cent.,  and  a  later  Liela, 
which  Grimm  takes  to  be  from  the  vitis  cdba  or 
clematis.  Then  there  is  also  an  Ang.-Sax.  T.illfl^ 
but  while  the  Old  German  names  are  those  of 
women,  the  Anglo-Saxon  is  that  of  a  man.  The 
question  then  is  in  the  first  place  whether  these 
various  names  are  the  same  ;   and  in  the  second  ^ 

place  whether  in  any  case  the  above  is  the  right 
meaning.  Or  might  the  Ang.-Sax.  lili€,  English 
*'  lily,"  obtain  in  any  of  these  names  ^  , 

T.m  anCPLB  FQBHa 

LUj  f  Old  German  Liula,  Liela^  8th  cent.     Anglo-Saxon  Lilla. 

Eng.  Lxll,  LiLiiO,  Lily,  Lsly.  French  Liixo,  Lellt,  Lelt. 

GOMPOITNDS. 
Englivh  LXLLTMAK,    LiLLlKAK, 


JLLL  FLESH    IS    JLS    QBASS.  471 

The  English  Olivb,  Cuff,  and  the  French 
Olive,  Oliva,  Ouffe,  might  be  from  the  olive 
tree.  The  names  Oiiva  and  Olefia  occur  in  the 
"  Polytyque  de  YAhh6  Irminon''  in  the  8th  cent 
But  the  Scandinavian  name  Olaf,  borne  by  several 
kings  of  Denmark,  Norway,  and  Sweden,  and 
with  whiah  corre^)ond  Old  German  names  Ola^ 
Ole^  and  Olof,  8th  c^at,  might  intermix.  The 
word  also  appears  in  some  German  compounds^ 
as  Olevildif^  9th  cent,  {hild^  war).  To  these 
might  be  put  the  Olifard  in  the  BoU  Bolt.  Abb. 
and  in  the  Liber  VUcb^  preseait  French  Oltvbet, 
It  is  hard  to  say  whether  all  or  any  of  these 
latter  names  are  from  the  olive. 

Doubtfiil  also  are  English  Oake,  Oakey, 
AiKiN,  AiXMAN.  There  are  Old  German  names 
Aiko,  Oiko,  Occo,  Eckan,  and  Eckeman,  for  which 
Graff  and  Forstemann  propose  akiy  disciplina, 
ekka,  edge,  Ac,  see  p.  209.  Nevertheless,  the  oak, 
as  the  emblem  of  stability  and  strength,  would 
be  very  natural  for  men's  names^  and  it  does  not 
seem  to  me  at  aJl  certain  that  the  above  ax^  not 
so  derived 

I  do  not  think  that  Maple  is  from  the  tree ; 
neither  does  the  derivation  from  ma  beUe  seem  a 
sufficient  one.  The  names  Mabilia  and  Mabic  in 
the  Lib.  Vit  appear  to  be  diminutives,  and  the 
stem-name  is  also  foimd  there  as  Map.  Hence 
English  Mabb,  Mabbutt,  &c.,  and  the  French 
Mabillon,  another  diminutive.  As  to  the  etymo- 
logy, I  can  give  no  opinion.     If  the  name  Mabilia 


472  ALL   FLESH  18   AS   GRASS. 

may  be  disseyered  from  the  others,  I  should  be 
indined  to  refer  it  to  the  Latin  amabilia 

Our  name  Bowntbee  (the  mountain  ash)  is 
probably  derived  from  some  of  the  superstitions 
connected  with  that  tree.  RoiNTRtr  is  also 
a  French  name,  derived,  it  may  be,  from  some 
of  the  many  Scotch  settlers  who  have  left 
traces  of  their  nationality  in  the  names  of  that 
coimtry.  Whether  our  Rowen  is  from  the  same 
origin  or  from  a  Saxon  Eodwin,  (whence  in  the 
female  form  Bowena),  may  be  uncertain*  Miss 
Yonge  is  surely  in  error  in  saying  that  there  is 
"  nothing  Teutonic"'  about  Bowena :  it  would  be 
derived  from  Bodwina  as  naturally  as  Bobert 
aod  Boland  from  Bodbert  and  Bodland.  The 
female  form  Bodwina  does  not,  however,  occur  in 
the  AUdeutsches  Namenhuch,  though  the  man's 
name  Bodwin  is  common. 

Ivy,  Mr.  Lower  thinks,  may  be  derived  from 
the  old  hoHday  games,  in  which  Ivy  was  a  female 
character.  Ivymey,  which  may  be  "ivy-maiden," 
may  perhaps  be  from  this  source,  as  also  Ivyle^f. 
But  Ivy  itself,  along  with  Ive  and  Ifb,  and  a 
Mod.  Germ.  Ive,  seems  to  be  from  an  Old  Grerm. 
Ivo,  Ang-Sax.  IflS,  the  probable  etymon  of  which 
if  it  be  not  from  the  root  oft,  p.  60,  is  Old  Norse 
^,  to  rage.  Indeed,  Ivymey  itself  may  be  taken 
to  be  a  diminutive  form  from  this  stem,  corres- 
ponding with  an  Old  Germ.  Ivamus,  11th  cent. 

Our  name  Jessamine  seems  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  another  name,  Jessiman,  which  again  may 


THE  STATION  IN   LIFE.  473 

be  the  same  as  an  Old  Germ.  Gezzeman,  the  root 
of  which  is  doubtfiil.  Our  name  Nxjtt  I  take  to 
be  the  same  as  Enut,  which  we  incorrectly  make 
a  dissyllable  in  Canute.  So  Almond,  "Filbisrt, 
Medlae^  Pofft,  Gabuck,  &c.,  I  take  to  be 
ancient  names.  I  even  doubt  the  old  song  which 
says 

'*  Johnny  Figg  was  a  grooer,  white  and  red," 

80  &r  as  it  may  be  adduced  for  the  explanation 
of  our  name,  which  I  refer,  as  at  p.  249,  to  an 
ancient  stem. 


H3 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 


THE  STUFF  A  MAN   IS  MADE  OF. 

Though  the  gentle  associations  of  trees  and 
flowers  seem  to  have  been  but  little  in  favour 
among  our  fierce  ancestors,  yet  there  is  another 
class  of  names  derived  from  metals,  which,  as 
more  in  accordance  with  the  character  of  their 
ideas,  hold  a  larger  place  in  their  nomenclature. 
Among  these  iron,  as  the  symbol  of  hardness  and 
strength,  was  naturally  the  most  common,  and 
probably  the  most  ancient.  There  are  three 
forms,  1st,  the  Gothic  eisarn^  Old  High  German 
isarn^  Anglo-Saxon  isem.  This  is  the  original 
form  from  which  are  derived  respectively  the 
later  forms  isan  and  iren  in  Old  High  German 
and  Anglo-Saxon.  The  first  in  some  names  might 
also  be  the  adjective.  Old  High  German  isem^ 
Mod.  Germ,  eisem,  ferreus.  So  in  the  Chron.  of 
Limhurch  there  is  a  Heinrich  der  Isem,  Henry 
the  Iron. 

I«,n,  Urn.  8»^"»  ^^^^ 

Iron.  Old  German  Ismus^  8th  cent,  Isam,  10th  oent,  Isama, 

one  of  the  Anses  in  Jomandes.      English  laoir,  Izok,  Iboh, 

IsEBH.     Mod.  Germ.  Eisen.     French  Eysen. 

COMFOUNDa. 

(Bert,  bright)  Old  German  Isanbert,  Isambert,  8th  cent. 
Mod.  German  Isanbabt — ^French  Izambbbt.  {Bwrg,  pro- 
tection) Old  German  iBanbnrg,  Irinbriq,  8th  cent — English 
iBOKBRmaB — ^Mod.  Genn.  Isbnbebo.  (Hard)  Old  German 
Isanhard,  Isnard,  6th  cent — ^English  Isvard— Mod.  German 


THE  STUFF  A  MAN   IS  MADE  OF.  475 

EinDrHABDT — French  Isnabd.  (Mem)  Old  Germ.  Isanman, 
9th  cent. — Engliflh  Ibonhan.  {Wold,  power)  Old  German 
lainolt,  9th  cent— French  Esnault.  (Ulf,  wolf)  French 
Ebnouf.* 

BUBNAMK 

Ironside  was  the  mimame  both  of  our  own  Edmund  and 
also  of  Bjom,  king  of  Sweden.  Ibokside  is  a  present  English 
name. 

Then  there  is  another  form  is,  which  if  we  take 
it  to  be,  on  the  principle  which  I  have  assumed 
throughout  this  work,  the  older  form  of  isam 
and  ison,  must  represent  the  Sansc.  ayas,  Gothic 
aizy  which  at  first  probably  meant  copper,  but 
on  the  discovery  of  iron  was  transferred  to  that 
metal.t  But  in  a  few  names,  as  Isbobn,  p.  326, 
is,  glacies,  may  probably  intermix. 

8IMPLB  FORSiS.  Iio- 

Old  Germ.  Iso,  Isi,  8th  cent     Eng.  Eyes,  Icb.  ^"^^ 

DIHINUTrVES. 

Old  Germ.  Islo,  Isula,  8th  cent. — English  Icely — Mod. 
Germ.  Eisele — French  Eis£l£  Eng.  Iselik — Mod  Germ, 
EiSELN — French  Iselik,  Ysldt. 

OOMPOUNOa 

{Bert,  bright)  Old  German  Isabert,  Isbert,  7th  cent. — 
French  Isbert.  (Burg,  protection)  Old  German  Hisburg — 
Eng.  IsBUEG.  {Hard)  English  Isard,  Izard — ^Mod.  Germ. 
Isert — French  Izard,  Yzard.  (H<vr%,  warrior)  Old  Germ. 
Isheri,  Iser,  8th  cent — Eng.  ?  Heiser — ^Mod.  Germ.  Eiser — 
French  Isar.  {Mem)  Old  German  Isman — Ang.-Sax.  Hyse- 
man  (fownd  m  Eyaemannea  thorn,  God,  Dip.  714)— En^ish 
Heasman? — Mod.  Germ.  Eisehakn.  iMcvr,  famous)  Old 
Germ.  Ismar,  9th  cent— Eng.  Ismer.  {Odd,  dart)  Old  None 
Isodd — Eng.  Izod.  {Ward,  goardian)  Old  German  Iseyard, 
Isoard,  10th  cent — French  Isoard. 

*  Ft^tanuum  hM  only  the  f ona  Imlf .  The  fonn  Isamnnlf  ooenn  in  the 
liber  Vitoi 

t  Max  MQller,  Lectures  on  the  Science  of  Langnage.    Second  wtIm. 


476  THE  STUFF  A  MAN  IS  MADE  OF. 

From  the  Old  High  German  ^taAa2»  Modem 
German  stoM,  Ang.-Sax.  ^^2,  English  "*  steel,"  are 
the  following. 

8IMPLB  FOBMB. 

^^'  Old  Gennan  Stahal,  Stal,  8th  cent  Old  None  StiOi, 
(somame).  English  Steel,  Steal,  Stalet.  Mod.  German 
Stahl.     French  Stau 

OOlfPplTKDB. 

{Hard)  Old  Germ.  Stahelhart,  Stalkrd,  8th  cent— Eng. 
Stallabd.  (ManJ  Eng.  Steblxan,  Stalmak — ^Mod.  Germ. 
Stahljcakn. 

phonetic  ending. 

English  SrEALm,  Stalok,  Staluon.  Modem  German 
StXhelin.     French  Staldt. 

DOUBTFUL  NAME& 

English  Steelfox,  Stelfoz.  Most  probably  a  oorraption 
of  Steelfaz,  from  the  colour  of  the  hair.  The  traces  of  Fox 
as  an  ancient  name-stem  are  not  such  as  to  warrant  us  in 
thinking  of  a  compound  like  the  Old  Germ.  Stahalolf  (steel 
wolf). 

Brass  and  Copper  seem  both  somewhat 
doubtful.  The  former,  as  at  p.  443,  might  be 
referred  to  Old  Norse  br<i8S,  salax ;  the  latter 
might  be  a  corruption  of  Cowper,  (Old  Norse 
kaupariy  North.  English  "  couper,"  dealer)  ;  or  a 
compound  from  the  stem  cop,  p.  248.  The  cor- 
respondence of  a  Mod.  Germ.  Kxjpfer  is  however 
so  far  in  favour  of  the  metal 

As  iron  and  steel  seem  to  have  been  synonyms 
of  hardiness  and  strength,  so  gold  may  probably 
have  been  a  sjmonym  of  affection.  Thus  in  an 
Old  Friesic  song  quoted  by  Halbertsma,  a  lover 
addresses  his  mistress  as  **  goime  Swobke," 
"golden  Swobke."     Thus  babies  are  said  to  be 


THE   STUFF  A   MAN   IS   MADE  OP.  477 

••as  good  as  gold."  A  similar  expresaion  occurs 
in  a  Modem  Greek  lullaby  (Fauriel,  "*  Chants 
poptdaires  de  la  Grice  Modeme'')^  where  a  child 
is  addressed  as  **  a  golden  little  boy.''  There  was 
an  Alfgar,  or  Wulfgar,  bishop  of  Lichfield,  sur- 
named  se  gyldenay  "the  golden'' — ^perhaps^  Mr. 
Kemble  suggests,  fix>m  his  munificence,  or  as  I 
think  equally  probable,  from  his  goodnesa  Old 
High  German  forms  of  gold,  as  found  in  the 
annexed,  are  goU,  hold,  koU. 

BUIFIJS  FOBMa 

Ang.-Sax.  Golde  (woman's  name).  Eng.  Gold,  Ooldub, 
Gould,  Goult,  Goulty,  Gold,  Oour,     French  Gattut. 

PHONETIG  XNDING. 

Old  G^mum  Coldin,  9th  cent      English  Goldkn  (or  an 

adjective  9) 

PATBONTiaoa. 

English  Golddto,  Gk>LDiiroAT. 

00MP0UND8. 

{Birin,  pirin,  bear)  Old  German  Goldpirin,  9th  cent. — 
English  €k>LDBonBir.  (Ber,  bear)  French  Goldber.  (Kard) 
English  OoLTHABD.  (Hari,  wanrior)  English  Goldxb, 
Oolteb — French  GAimriBa.  (Man)  Eng.  Goldicak,  Oold- 
MAK,  CoLTXAK-^Mod.  Germ.  GfoLDMAmr.  (iTey,  young)  Old 
(^ennan  Gobii  f  10th  cent — Eng.  Goldkst.  (Red,  counsel) 
Old  German  Goltered,  10th  cent. — Eng.  Ooitlthbed.  fBie 
power)  Old  Germ.  Goldericus,  9th  cent — English  Goldrigk^ 
GoLDBmoE,  Goldbick.  (Bun,  companion)  Old  German 
Goldrun,  Goldran,  10th  cent — Goldron,  Lib.  Fi^— English 
Galdxbok — French  Caudbon — Span.  Galdebok.  (Wine, 
friend)  English  GoLDwm. 

To  the  same  stem  Forstemann  places  the 
following,  suggesting,  however,  the  Old  High 
German  geUan,  reddere,  valere.  Whether  of  the 
two  is  the  root-meaning  is  difiGicult  to  decide,  but 
it  is  not  improbable  that  there  may  be  a  mixture. 


Gold.  . 
AnnuB. 


0«L 
Odd. 


478  THE  STUFF  A  HAN   IS  MADE  OF. 

fimPLBfOBMa 
Old  Gennan  Gildo,  Come$  Afiriook,  5ih  cent — GUdia,  a 
OoA,  6ih  oent— Qeldifl,  9th  cent       Ulf  Oilt^  DameBday. 
Engliflh  Guild,  Gilt,  Kildat,  Kn.T,  Kilto,  Kiltt.     Span. 
GiLoa* 

PATBONTMTG8. 

Old  German  Gelding,  Gilting,  8tk  cent.  I^  Oildiko, 
Gelddto,  Ksltiho. 

OOXPOUNDS. 

{Hard,  forfda)  Old  Genn.  Gildaid,  Ghelthaxd,  6ih  cent— 
Eng.  GiLDEBT,  Geldebt.  {Hari,  warrior)  Old  Germ.  Gelther 
— English  Gilder,  KiLDEBBT.t  {Man)  Mod.  Germ.  Giltb- 
MASH.  {Ulff  wolf)  Old  Germ.  Geldul^  Keltolf;  7ih  cent.— 
Eng.  EliLDUVF.t     {WtQy  war)  Old  German  Geltwi — ^English 

GiLDAWIEL 

From  the  Old  Norse  form  guU^  gold,  may 
perhaps  be  the  following.  The  Old  Norse  gvU, 
gold,  is  sometimes  prefixed  to  Scandinavian 
names,  as  in  Gull-Thorir,  Gull-Haraldr,  "Gold- 
Thorir,''**  Gold-Harold.''  I  thought  before,  that— 
Ivar  being  a  Scandinavian  name— our  Gulliver 
might  be  Gull-Ivar,  "Gold  Ivar/'  a  name  like 
these.  But  as  the  name  does  not  stand  alone  in 
that  form,  I  now  think  the  above  scarcely  pro- 
bable. 

fiIMPLBrOBM& 

Eng.  Gull,  Gully,  Ouu^  Cullbt.  Mod.  Germ.  G&ll. 
French  Goulat. 

DIMIMUTIVEB. 

English  GuLLiGK.      Mod.  Germ.  Gulich. 

PHONETIO  ENDnrO. 

Engliah  Gullen,  Oullebt. 

*  TIm  SpuilAidi  li*T«  tlio  HaBmNsoiLDo,  txwn.  the  Old  a«muB  iuuim 
HenniiiigOd,  fooi&d  In  th*  Mh  eent  In  th«  umim  of  a  son  of  tht  Watt-Oothlo  Idnff 
LtaTlgUd,  of  »  blflhop  of  Oriedo  In  tha  9th  oenl,  *  Spuilah  abbot  In  the  lOtb. 
The  prefix  ie  Arrnln  or  Ekinin,  p.  IM. 

t  KiLBUBT  and  EliLDtnnr  are  Boitoo  nunamea.  and  leem  to  be  EDgliBb. 
Ther  may  oome  in  here,  though  they  hare  rather  a  CUtle  tonnd, 


THE  STUFF  A  MAN   IS  MADE  OF.  479 

00MPOUND& 

(Bert,  bright)  English  Gulbbbt.  {Et,  p.  189}  Engliah 
Gullet — French  Goulette.  {Fred,  peace)  Gulfered,  Gnlfer^ 
Damesdc^ — Eng.  Gulliford,  Guluteb. 

We  do  not  find  any  trace  of  silver  in  ancient 
names.  There  is  an  Old  Germ.  Selphar  8th  cent., 
and  an  Old  Norse  Solvar,  but  perhaps  these, 
along  with  English  Silver^  Mod.  Germ.  Silbeb^ 
may  be  placed  to  the  stem  salv,  self,  p.  346. 
Another  derivation  may  however  be  traced  in  the 
Silebnhr  in  the  Liber  VtUe,  which  points  to  a 
stem  sil,  referred  to,  but  not  explained  by  Forste- 
mann.  At  the  same  time,  the  present  German 
names  Silbbrabd,  Silbekman,  &c.,  rather  seem 
to  point  to  an  ancient  name-stem. 

From  the  Old  High  German  stain.  Old  Korse 
steinn,  Ang.-Sax.  ««(Jn,  Dutch  ^een,  Eng.  **  stone,'' 
in  the  sense  of  hardness  and  firmness,  are  the  fol- 
lowing. The  stem  is  more  common  in  Old  Norse 
names  than  in  Old  German. 

SIMPLE  F0B1I&  1^^ 

Old  Germ.  Steina^  IQih  cent     Old  Norse  Steinn,  SteinL     gtona 
English  Stain,  Steeet,  Stone,  Stont,  Stonah,  Stannah — 
French  Stedt. 

DIMlNUTlVESb 

English  Stenbcx — ^Mod.  German  Steinboks,  English 
Stennell,  Stonel. 

PATBONTHIGa 

Old  Germ.  Steining,  10th  cent.     Eng.  SrENNnra. 

001iP0UND& 

{Biom,  bear)  Old  Norse  Steinbiom — English  Stainbubn. 
(Burg,  protection)  Old  (German  Sfcemburga,  for  Steinborga — 
English  Steaicbubo,  SrEMBBmoB,  Stonebbu)o&  (G&r,  spear) 
Old  Germ.  Staniger,  9th  cent. — French  Steinacher.  (Sard) 
Old    German    Stainhard,    Sianard,    8th    cent— Stannard, 


480  THE  STUFF   A   MAN    IS   MADS  OF. 

Dametdojf—EDg,  BtAKNASD,  Sfohabd,  SranHXAsr — ^ModL 
Qenn.  Stbohabt.  {Hari^  WBirior)  Old  G«nn.  Steinker,  Sth 
cent — Old  None  SteinliAr^Eng.  Stainkb,  BronB,  SfiomsB 
— ^Mod.  Qeim  Stbihsb.  (Man)  Eng.  Stonekan — ^Mod.  Genu. 
SxmmiAni.  (Wold,  power)  Old  Germ.  Stainold,  8th  oeat. 
— EngUflh  Stohhold. 

Mifis  YoDge,  who  considers  the  names  deriyed 
from  iron,  steel,  stone,  Ac,  as  weapon  names,  takes 
in  also  the  following  Old  Norse  names  as  derived 
from  haUr,  stona  But  the  Old  Norse  hair,  yir 
liber  et  liberalis,  may  perhi^  intenniz. 

SIMPLBIOBMB. 

Old  Germ.  Halo,  8th  cant     Old  None  HjJlr.     Ihgliah 

Haii^  Hallbt.   Mod.  GeniL  Hahi^  HAUk   French  HauJ^ 

Hallkt. 

ooMFOtnn)e. 

(Burg,  protection)  Old  Norse  Hallbiorg — English  Hall- 

Bowia— French  Hallkbiw.     (Orim,  fierce)  Old  Norse  Hall- 

grimr— Eng.  HALLOSSDr— French  HATiLiflRAfii.     (SUmn, 

stone)  Old  Norse  HaUsteinn — ^Eng.  HAmBaovB. 

From  the  Old  High  Germ,  proz,  gemma,  may 
be  the  following. 

BIMPIJB  FOBUB. 

Old  Germ.  Broeo,  9th  cent  Eng.  Bbos.  Mod.  German 
Bbossl    French  Bbobsb. 

DDOinTnVRB. 

Old  Gennan  ProEila,  9th  cent.— Mod.  German  Bbosel — 
French  Bbosskl. 

CX)MP0Tn!nM. 

(Hard J  French  Bbossabd.  (Hart,  warrior)  Bngliah 
Pbossek— French  Bbossdeb. 

Wood  can  hardly  be  included  among  names 
of  this  class.  K  the  meaning  be  not,  as  I  have 
previously  suggested,  in  some  cases  that  of  spear, 
the  sense  of  sylva  is  more  suitable  than  that  of 
liffnum. 


THE   STUFF  A  MAN   IS  MADE  OF.  481 

In  what  sense  Cork,  which  appears  in  several 
English  names,  as  Cokking,  Cobkunq,  Corkeb, 
CoRKERY,  CoRKMAN,  &c.,  all  seemingly  in  Teu- 
tonic forms,  is  to  be  taken  I  cannot  say,  nor  can 
I  find  any  other  etymon,  if  the  stem  be  German, 
as  it  seems,  than  English  cork.  Unless  possibly 
we  may  take  it  to  be  the  same  as  Cark  and 
Karker  (Carker,  Lib.  Vit.)^  and  think  of  Ang.- 
Sax,  cearciwi,  to  chirp,  in  a  sense  similar  to  that 
of  many  names  in  chapter  23.  Core  was  an  Old 
Celtic  name,  but  such  an  origin  would  not  account 
for  the  above  forma 

Though  Iron,  Steel,  Gold,  Stone,  &c.,  seem 
natural  for  the  names  of  men,  as  indicating,  in  a 
sense  more  or  less  metaphorical,  the  stuff  they 
were  made  of,  yet  even  the  proverbial  partiality 
of  a  shoemaker  would  hardly  accoimt  in  this  way 
for  the  name  of  Leather.  And  at  p.  195  I  have 
indicated  another  origin  for  this  name ;  while  the 
names  Leatherbt,  Leathsrhead,  Leather- 
dale,  Leatherbarrow,  are  local,  derived  as  I 
think  from  the  personal  name.  The  last  name, 
Leatherbarrow,  is  probably  from  a  hill  so  called 
on  the  banks  of  Windermere. 


t  3 


CHAPTER    XXVII. 

THE  CHRISTIAN  ERA. 

I  do  not  propose  here  to  referto  that  large  class 
of  names  taken  from  the  holy  men  of  Scripture  or 
from  the  saints  of  the  church,  which  followed  on 
the  introduction  of  Christianity,  forther  than  so 
far  aa  in  the  case  of  some  of  them  a  differeDt 
origin  may,  more  or  less  strongly,  be  suggested 

Thus  such  names  as  Boa2,  Enoch,  Lot, 
might  be  referred  to  the  Old  German  names 
Boezzo,  Enneco,  Lotto,  from  roots  referred  to 
respectively  at  pages  408,  289,  377.  And  the 
names  Eve,  ECagab,  and  Ruth,  to  the  Old 
Germ,  names  Ivo,  Hahger,  and  Buth,  all  names 
of  men.  So  Judb,  Make,  Saul,  Job,  are  capable, 
as  elsewhere  noticed,  of  a  different  interpretatioa 
Something  depends  on  the  character  of  the  name, 
and  the  probability  of  its  adoption.  For  instance 
— such  names  as  BoAZ,  Saul,  Lot,  scarcely  seem 
to  have  any  particular  claim  on  the  sympathies 
of  a  convert. 

But  the  doubt  becomes  much  stronger  in  the 
case  of  names  upon  which  a  Christian  would 
naturally  be  disposed  to  look  with  horror  or 
contempt.  Who — for  instance — ^would  be  called 
Herod,  after  the  child-slayer  —  or  Phabaoh, 
after  the  stiff-necked  king — or  Judas,  after  the 
arch  apostate — or  Cain,  after  the  first  murderer 
— or  Ogg,  after  the  king  of  Basan — or  Balaam, 


THE  CHRISTIAN  ERA.  483 

after  the  temporizing  prophet  ?  Esau,  the  reck- 
less yet  open-hearted,  may  excite  our  sympathy* 
but  scarcely  our  admiration.  The  name  of 
Pilate  recalls  the  most  melancholy  story  in  the 
history  of  a  man.  And  scarcely  even  the  strong 
patriotism  of  a  Saxon  mother  would  seek  for  its 
type  in  the  impitying  Jael.  While  other  names 
there  are,  such  as  Potiphar,  which  have  nothing 
to  kindle  reverence,  and  nothing  to  excite  aversion^ 

Yet  the  whole  of  the  above  are  family  names 
in  England  or  in  France.  And  I  have  elsewhere 
suggested  a  different  origin  for  all  of  them  except 
Esau,  Judas,  and  JaeL  The  first  corresponds 
with  an  Old  German  Eso,  firom  the  root  ans,  as, 
divus>  p.  119,  the  second,  a  French  name,  may 
perhaps^  along  with  Jupice  and  JuDissfi,  be  a 
diminutive  from  the  stem  Jud,  p.  305 — the  last 
may  be  the  same  as  Gale,  p.  436. 

But  though  such  names  might  not  be  volun- 
tarily assumed — ^yet  there  are  no  doubt  cases — 
though  I  hold  them  to  be  rare — ^in  which  a  name 
has  been  thrust  upon  a  man  against. his  will. 
And  there  is  in  Paris  a  J.  Iscariot  (the  first 
name  for  aught  I  know  may  be  Judas),  which 
can  scarcely  be  derived  otherwise  than  from  the 
traitor.* 

*  Coiionfllj  enough— while  theie  ihaeta  are  pMdng  through  the  prew  an 
Mrttde  In  the  Athensnm  offen  a  probable  explanation  of  thie  name.  "Th* 
MarqneM  (Michael  Impeilale  of  Genoa)  wrote  a  book  to  prove  that  Jndaa  had  been 
▼err  uBf alrlj  dealt  with  bj  hla  oontemporariei  and  poeterltj ;  and  dying,  Imperlale 
kft  a  sun  to  be  expended  In  maaies  for  the  benefit  of  the  lonl  of  Iicariol  Thoao- 
who  ilded  with  him  named  their  boji  Michael,  and  aome  wonld  have  called  theirs 
br  the  name  of  the  traitor,  had  not  the  Church  anthoritlee  stepped  In  and  stopped 
the  seandaL"  So  then  the  name  after  all  does  seem  to  have  been  vohmtarUj 
aanmed,  and  all  that  we  can  saj  Is  that  "there  Is  no  aoooontlng  for  tastes." 


484  THE  CHB18T1AN   ERA. 

Though  it  ifi  certain  that  we  have  as  fiunily 
names  the  Scriptural  John,  Thomas,  Benjamin, 
Daniel,  Simon,  &c.,  I  strongly  doubt  Jack,  Tom, 
Ben»  Syme»  or  Simm  being,  at  least  in  all  cases^ 
the  corresponding  diminutives.  I  include  also 
in  my  objection  the  supposed  diminutives  of 
Teutonic  names,  as  Bjll^  Bobby,  Dick,  ELabbt, 
&c.  And  I  not  only  doubt  the  supposed  diminu- 
tives of  female  Scriptural  names^  as  Nannt, 
Bettt,  Sallt,  and  Moll  ;  but  in  some  instances 
the  names  themselves. 

It  does  not  seem  at  all  probable  that  we 
should  have  names  taken  from  the  three  sacred 
persons  of  the  Trinity.  There  are  indeed  English 
names  God  and  Godhead,  the  former  that  of  a 
writer  about  the  17th  century.  But  these  belong 
to  an  ancient  root,  whether  god,  deus,  or  good, 
bonus,  is  not  altogether  certain,  but  at  any  rate 
anterior  to  Christianity.  In  like  manner,  and 
not  originally  in  a  Christian  sense  (though  a 
Christian  sense  might  afterwards  come  to  be 
attached  to  them),  I  take  Eng.  Lovbgod,  Lovb- 
OOOD,  Mod.  German  Libbegott,  Gottlier  So 
also  the  French  names  DiBU  and  Lbdieu  I  explain 
differently  pp.  427,  194. 

The  name  Chbist,  which  is  English,  French^ 
and  German,  might,  according  to  the  opinion  of 
Forstemaon,  be  from  the  second  person  of  the 
Trinity.  However,  I  have  made  a  suggestion 
respecting  it^  p.  133.  The  Gothic  h'iustan,  to 
gnash,  may  also  be  suggested.     But,  whatever 


THE  CHBI811AN  ISBJL.  485 

might  be  the  original  meaning  of  the  word,  I 
cannot  but  admit  that  the  Frankish  converts 
must  have  looked  upon  it  as  referring  to  Christ. 
In  the  London  Directory  for  1832,  I  find  the 
name  Messiah,  which,  along  with  a  French 
Mbzia,  I  place  to  a  root  of  uncertain  meaning 
quoted  elsewhere. 

The  following  names  apparently  must  be  re- 
ferred to  the  Ang.-Saxon  lob,  Jove,  bat  whether 
in  a  heathen  or  a  Christian  sense  I  cannot  say. 
Forstemann  gives  no  explanation  of  the  ancient 
names. 

SniFLB  FORMS.  Job. 

Old  German  Joppo,  9th  cent.     English  JoB^  Jove,  Jopp,     Jo?«. 
JuBB.     Mod.  Qerman  Juppel      French  Job,  Jobb^  Jouys, 
JuBk.  

DDilNUTlVKU. 

Old  Oerman  JoTila,  7th  cent. — French  Joykl,  JuvniLiL 
English  JoBLDTG,  JoPLiNG — French  Jubblin,  Jublih. 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Hard)  French  Jovart.      {Hariy  warrior)  Eng.  Jobber, 

JUBBER. 

There  was  an  Ang.-Sax.  priest  called  Spiritus, 
Cod.  Dip.  762,  which  I  before  took  to  be  from 
the  third  person  of  the  Trinity,  and  to  be  perhaps 
the  origin  of  Eng.  Spirit.  But  I  now  take  the 
Saxon  Spiritus  to  be  only  a  slight  corruption  of 
a  Gothic  Spirithius.  We  find  the  name  in  the 
corresponding  Old  High  Germ,  form  of  Spiridio 
{dio,  ihius,  servant).  So  also  an  Anglo-Saxon 
Electus,  Cod.  Dip.  98»  which  I  before  took  to  be 
from  the  Latin,  and  to  signify  ''  elect''  as  a  name 
of  Christian  impoi't,  may  only  be  the  same  as  a 
Goth.  Electeus,  and  an  Old  High  Germ.  Electee, 


486  TH£  CHRISTIAN   KBJL. 

from  the  stem  referred  to  at  p.  142.  But  it  is  very 
possible  in  both  these  cases  also  that  the  heathen 
idea  may  have  been  superseded  by  a  Christiaa 
one.  There  is  a  present  German  name  Hbilio- 
GBIST^  but  I  am  much  inclined  to  think  that  it  is 
only  a  corruption  of  some  ancient  name  ending  in 
gast  (hospes),  as  perhaps  Haldegast(ee),  which 
we  find  in  the  3rd  cent. 

In  this  place,  and  as  a  name  of  Christian 
import,  I  think  that  we  may  in  many,  if  not 
in  most  cases,  class  Constable.  In  the  two 
Frankish  registers  whose  titles  I  have  elsewhere 
quoted,  the  names  Constabulus,  Constabulis,  Con- 
stabula,  Constabila^  occur  rather  frequently  both 
among  men  and  women.  I  take  the  word  to  be 
derived  from  the  Latin  constahitlire,  and,  like 
another  name  Firmatus  found  along  with  them, 
to  signify  "established  in  the  faith.*' 

In  the  Traditiones  Corbejenses  occurs  in  the 
9th  cent,  the  Old  Saxon  name  HoroboUa,  which 
Grimm  (Gesch.  d.  Deutsch.  Sprach.)  conjectures 
to  have  the  meaning  of  "  earthen  vesseV  in  refer- 
ence to  a  common  Christian  simile.  Whatever 
may  be  the  meaning  of  the  name  (which  Forste- 
mann  takes  to  be  that  of  a  woman,  though  this 
is  not  certain),  it  may  possibly  be  suggested  as  the 
origin  of  our  Ababella,  for  which  no  sufficient 
etymon  has  as  yet  been  proposed — Miss  Tonge's 
suggestion  of  a  corruption  of  the  Old  Norse  female 
name  Amhildur  not  having  even  the  ordinary 
recommendation  of  verbal  resemblance. 


THE   CHBI8TIAN   ERA.  487 

Names  probably  dating  from  crusading  times 
are  French  Jekubalem  and  Nazabbth.  More 
uncertain  are  Eng.  and  French  Sabasin,  Germ. 
Sabbazin  ;  the  name  Sarzinus  occurs  in  the 
Pol.  Kk,  Saladin,  Mr.  Lower  observes,  was  an 
English  surname  temp.  Ed.  1st.  It  is  not  an 
uncommon  name  in  France  at  present.  Perhaps 
English  TuBK,  French  Tubc,  Germ.  Tcbk,  may 
be  a  name  of  the  same  clasa  It  would  rather 
seem,  however,  from  names  of  places  in  the  Cod. 
Dip.,  that  Turca  was  an  Ang.-Saxon  name.  Mr. 
Lower  conjectures  Turk  to  be  an  abbreviation  of 
Turketil,  which  derives  some  confirmation  from 
the  name  Turk'  {sic)  in  the  liber  Vitse. 

While  the  Eng.  Christmas  and  Pentecost, 
and  the  French  Noel  are  probably  derived  irom 
nothing  more  than  persons  having  been  bom  at 
the  time  of  these  Christian  festivals^  the  names 
Pask,  Pash,  &c.,  seem,  at  least  in  some  cases,  to 
have  a  deeper  root.  The  word  occurs  in  German 
compoimds  in  some  names  of  the  8th  and  9th 
cents.  ;  Forstemann  refers  it  to  the  Hebrew 
pascha,  and  indeed  I  do  not  know  of  anything 
else  from  which  it  can  be  derived.  At  the  same 
time,  seeing  the  remote  origia  of  names^  any 
argument  based  on  this  groimd  is  necessarily  in- 
conclusive. 

BIMPLB  VOBMB.  Pi^j^ 

Old  Oenn.  Pasoa     Eng.  Pabooe,  Pask,  Pash.     French  Paoom. 
Paschs. 

OOMPOUNDa 

{Hofrd)  French  Pasoabd.       (Mem)  English  Paxhan  ? 
{Wtdd,  power)  French  Pascault. 


488  THE  CHRISTIAN   ERA. 

Our  namee  Tiffin  and  Tiffany,  French 
TiEFFiN  and  Tifhaine,  corresponding  with  a 
Tephonia  in  the  lib.  Vit,  seem  to  be  from  the 
Old  French  ti^haine,  the  feast  of  the  Epiphanj, 
{Pott,  699). 

Though  the  English  Devoll  is  I  think  to  be 
otherwise  accounted  for,  yet  the  Germans  have 
both  Teufel  itself,  and  also  many  names  formed 
fifom  it,  as  Teufelskind  (Devil^s  chQd) ;  Teufel- 
SKOPF  (Devil's  head) ;  Schlagenteufel  (Fight- 
ing devil)  ;  Jagenteufel  (Hunting  devil)  ;  and 
the  most  curious  of  all,  Dusendteufel  (Thousand 
devils). 

The  French  have  DieudonnI,  Dieuiafait, 
DiEULByEUT,  and  Dieutegarde.  The  last  would 
seenr  to  bring  before  us  a  pious  mother,  watching^ 
over  her  new-bom  babe,  and  looking  forward, 
perhaps  in  a  troublous  time,  to  the  dangers  and 
trials  of  the  days  to  coma  So  at  first  I  took  it, 
till  I  was  compelled  to  yield  the  pleasing  theory 
to  the  claims  of  an  Old  Frankish  name  Teut- 
gaTd(is). 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 


THEY  CALL   THEIB  LANDS   AFTER  THEIR  OWN 
NAMES. 

A  large  proportion  of  the  names  of  persons 
are  derived  from  the  names  of  places.  Again — a 
large  proportion  of  the  names  of  places  are  derived 
from  the  names  of  persons — Dodd  acquires  a 
property,  and  it  is  called  "  Dodd's  worth  " — Grim 
builds  a  village,  and  it  is  called  "Grim's  by." 
Then  Doddsworth  and  Grimsby  give  surnames 
to  other  men  in  after  times — ^it  may  be  to  the 
very  descendants  of  the  original  owners. 

So  that  the  nomenclature  to  some  extent  runs 
in  a  circle,  and  we  have  names,  such  as  Mont- 
gomery, in  which  we  are  able  to  trace  at  least 
four  distinct  revolutions  of  the  wheel  First — 
Gomerie,*  the  man,  fixes  his  dwelling  on  the  hill, 
and  the  place  is  called  after  him  Mont-Gomerie. 
Secondly — Mont-Gomerie,  the  place,  gives  name 
to  Roger  de  Montgomery  the  man.  Thirdly — 
Montgomery  the  man,  following  the  fortimes  of 
the  Conqueror,  founds  and  calls  after  his  own 
name,  Montgomery,  in  Wales.  Fourthly — ^Mont- 
gomery the  place,  again  in  its  turn  gives  sur- 
names to  men.  And  if  we  could  suppose  that 
some  of  the  places  called  Montgomery,  in  America^ 
are  named  aflier  a  man  and  not  after  a  town,  we 
should  be  able  to  add  a  fifth. 

*  The  Old  German  Gomerih,  p.  50 

j3 


490  THEY  CALL  THEIB  LANDS 

In  many  instanoes  we  find  the  original  name 
still  hovering  round  the  locality  called  after  it. 
Thus,  when  I  find  that  Winder  is  not  an  un- 
common name  in  Westmorlcmd,  it  confirms  me 
in  the  opinion  that  Windermere  may  be  the  lake 
or  '^mere*'  of  a  man  called  Winder.  Walking 
through  Handsworth,  in  Staffordshire,  and  seeing 
the  name  of  Hand  upon  the  shops,  I  ssdd  to 
myself  ''  Handsworth  is  the  toorth  or  estate  of  a 
man  called  Hand,  and  these  may  be  the  descen- 
dants of  that  man.'' 

It  is  a  very  characteristic  nomenclature — 
that  of  the  Teutonic  settler.  Thoroughly  matter- 
of-fact — he  plants  his  dwelling  in  the  cleft  of  the 
moimtain,  with  the  towering  peak  above,  and  the 
rushing  torrent  below,  and  he  calls  it — **  Eagle's 
nest  r — not  a  bit  of  it — "  Brown's  seat,"  or 
"  Dobb's  cot."  It  is  characteristic  of  individuality 
and  independence — individuality  of  right — in- 
dependence of  charaxjter.  The  map  of  Englaiid, 
dotted  over  with  the  possessive  case,  is  a  standing 
protest  against  communism.  And  there  are  many 
names  of  places,  formed  fi'om  a  single  name,  which 
show  where  one  man  has  held  his  own  in  solitary 
eelf-rehance  among  the  lonely  valleys  and  dreary 
mountains. 

The  chapter  of  local  surnames  must  always 
be  a  large  one,  though  the  tendency  of  my  theories 
is  very  considerably  to  reduce  it. 

In  the  first  place,  there  are  many  simple 
names,  such  as  Bank,  Beck,  Bower,  Cross, 


aitsr  thbir  own  names.  491 

Daub;  Fbith,  Gill,  Hsdqe;  Hill^  Iko,  Moss, 
Orchakd,  Pitt,  Pool^  Bidge,  Slade,  Streibt, 
Wall^  &c.,  which  I  take,  more  or  less  certainly, 
to  be  from  ancient  baptismal  names  of  altogether 
different  meaning. 

In  the  second  place,  there  are  no  small  number 
of  names  which,  though  their  apparent  meaning 
is  the  real  one,  are  yet  from  ancient  baptismal 
names,  and  whatever  may  have  been  the  original 
sense,  are  certainly  not  from  locality.  Such  is 
House,  of  which  the  meaning  can  hardly  be 
anything  else  than  house,  domua  Some  of  thd 
ancient  compoiinds,  as  Huseburg,  Husimimt, 
Husward,  aU  signifying  "  protection  (or  pro- 
tector) of  the  house,'^  are  intelligible  enough, 
though  it  is  not  very  clear  as  to  the  sense  of  the 
simple  form. 

SIMPLE  FOSMS. 

Old  Germ.  HtuB,  Hnsi,  Huozo,  8tb  cent  Eng.  HouSE^ 
HussET  ?    Mod.  GemL  Hause.     French  Housss,  Houbeau, 

HOUZB,  HOUZEAU. 

DiMmui'ivja. 
Old  Germ.  Hnsicho^  Wx  cent — Eng.  HusfflfiK,  Housmkx 
Eng.  HussELL — French  Houbel.      French  Hoitibez.      OkL 
Genn.  Htusito,  8th  cent — French  Houbbet. 

PATEONTMIGS. 

Old  Qerm.  HnsinC;  8th  cent.     Mod.  Germ.  HuBtmo. 

OOMPOUKBS. 

(Bur^,  protection)  Old  Germ.  Hoseburg — French  Ht»- 
BttOOQ.  (Hard)  Eng.  HouflSABfr— French  Hoitbabd.  (Mem) 
(M  Genttv  Huozman,  11th  cent — Eng.  HotreBtfAN — Mod. 
Germ.  Haubbxank — French  Houbbemaihe. 

A  similar  word  appears  to  be  inn,  which 
Forstemann  refers  to  Ang.-Sax.  inn,  domua   But 


492  THBY   CALL  THSIR   LANDS 

the  verb  innian,  to  entertain,  may  be  suggested. 
To  the  ancient  names  in  the  AUdeutsch/es  Namen- 
bicch  may  be  added  an  Inuald  in  the  Liber  ViUe. 

Inn.  aiMPLB  FOSlia 

'^^^^  Old  Qerman  Inno,  9th  cent      An^o-Saxon  Ina^  king  of 

Weflsex.  Hjni,  Lib.  ViL  Eng.  Hine  ?  Mod  Oerm.  Imr. 
French  VLoxt  9 

COMPOUNDS. 

(Frid,  peace)  Old  Oerm.  iDfrid,  9th  cent— Infrith,  Lib. 
VU, — French  Ikfboit.  {Man)  Eng.  Inxak,  HnmAK.  {Mar, 
fiunoos)  French  Insmer.     (Ward,  guardian)  Eng.  LsrvABD. 

The  Gothic  haims,  Ang.-Saxon  hdm,  English 
**  home/'  is  found  in  a  number  of  ancient  names, 
but  it  is  difficult  to  separate  from  another  stem 
Jiam,  which  seems  to  be  of  a  different  meaning, 
though  perhaps  related. 

SIMPLE  FOBMB. 

Old  Oerm.  Haimo,  Aymo,  7th  oentw  Ang.-Sax.  H&ma. 
English  Home,  Amet  1  Mod.  Qenn.  Heim.  French  Haim, 
Amey  ?  AlMjg  ) 

DIMINUTIVES. 

Old  Germ.  Heimezo,  11th  cent. — Eng.  Hatmes,  Ames — 
French  Atmes.  Old  Germ.  Haimelin,  lOih  cent — ^English 
Hamlin — French  Hamelin. 

OOMFOUNDS. 

{Gar,  spear)  Old  German  Heimger,  9th  cent. — French 
Hamger.  {Hard,  fortis)  Old  Germ.  Heimard,  Aimard^  Sth 
cent. — French  Aimard.  {ffari,  warrior)  Old  Noise  Heimir  t 
— English  Hameb,  Homeb,  Omeb— French  H^ifAHj  Atmeb, 
Omeb.  {Mtmd,  protection)  Old  German  Haimund,  Hem- 
mund,  8th  cent — Eng.  Hemmsnt — French  Aymont,  Omonb. 
{Bad,  counsel)  Old  Ckrman  Haimrad,  8th  cent — French 
Amubat.  (Bie,  power)  Old  German  Haimirich,  Heinrich, 
Heinrih,  8th  cent — Eng.  Henhy — Mod.  Germ.  Hbinrich — 


Hooul 


AFTER  l^HEIR  OWN   NAMES.  493 

French  Henbl  (Ward,  gaaxdian)  Old  Qennan  Heimwart, 
9th  cent. — English  Hohxwasd.  (Wid,  wood)  Old  German 
Haimoidis,  10th  cent — Eng.  Homewood  f  (Helm)  French 
Amiaume. 

There  are  also  several  ancient  names  derived 
from  wood,  perhaps  in  the  sense  of  a  sacred  grove. 
Though  as  before  suggested,  the  sense  of  spear 
may  in  some  cases  obtain.  The  following  seem 
to  be  from  Goth,  vidus.  Old  High  German  witu, 
Ang.-Sax.  urudu,  English  "  wood."  But  Old  High 
German  vrit,  amplus^  is  liable  to  intermix ;  also 
Anglo-Saxon  vrikt,  a  man,  hwit,  white,  and  vnt, 
knowledge,  understanding. 

aOIPLB  FOBMS.  Wld,  Wood. 

Old  German  Wido,  Wieda,  Witto,  Guido,  Quido,  6th  ^'^ 
cent.  Ang.-Sax.  Wudda,  A.D.  688.  Gwido,  Lib.  VU.  Eng. 
Wmow,  Weed,  Vn)Y,  Wrrar,  With,  Wrprr,  Woodey, 
Wood.  Modem  German  Webde,  With,  Witte.  French 
ViDBAu,  Ymty  ViTKAu,  Vm^  Vittb,  Vnru,  Vrous  (OotkicX), 
Gnm^  Gumou.    ItaL  Guido,  Guidl 

DDCLNLITIVES.  • 

Old  German  Widucho,  Wituch,  Widego,  8th  cent — 
XJiduc,  Lib.  Fit— Eng.  Whttock,  Wedge,  Vetch— Mod. 
German  Wittich— French  Vidooq.  Old  German  Widilo, 
Witili,  Wital,  8th  cent —English  Whtteli^  WnrPLEY, 
WooDALL — Mod.  German  Wetoel — French  Videi^  Vitel. 
Old  German  Widulin,  Witalinc,  8th  cent — Eng.  Whitlino, 
WooDLiN — Modem  German  Wittung — French  VmALON, 
ViDALENa  Old  Germ.  Widomi%  9th  cent — Eng.  Whiticee. 
Old  German  Witiza,  West  Gothic  king,  8th  cent — English 
Whitsey — French  Vimz,  Guipez. 

phonetic  ending. 

Old  Germ.  Widen,  Wittin,  6th  cent  English  Witton, 
Weedin,  Wooden.  Mod.  Germ.  Witten.  French  Vidon, 
Viton,  Guidon,  Guitton. 


494  THKT  CALL  THEI&  LAND0 

Old  Oerm.  WiBdiog*    Eng.  Wksdoo,  WHrmro,  Woop- 
uia    Mod.  0«rm.  Wkddjmo^  Wuxisq. 

OOMPOUinML 

(fiock,  p.  27)  Eng.  Woodoock— Frenoh  Yroooq.  (Bert, 
bright)  Old  German  Witbert,  Witpietr— TVitbied  (Eundi 
JMUy-Eng.  Whitbbkad  t  (Bern,  bear)  Old  Germ.  Wita- 
bern^  9th  cent. — ^Eng.  WHiTBOiur.  (Gar,  sp^U')  Old  Germaa 
Witgar,  Widger,  Witker,  9th  oent— Ajig.-Sazon  WihftgHr, 
Nephew  of  Cerdio — ^Engliah  Widcueb,  WooDOXBy  Whttbcab, 
Whittakbb  9  (HaU,  '*  hood")  Old  German  Withaidia,  9th 
cent — Eng.  Whitehead,  Whitbheat,  Woodhead.  (ffard, 
fortis)  Old  Germ.  Withard,  Witard,  8th  cent— Eng.  Whitb- 
HABT,  WooDABD — FreDoh  YmABD,  GuiTABD.  (Bon^  imwexk) 
Old  Germ.  Widrannus,  8th  cent. — ^Eog.  WiXHEBoar,  Whedb- 
HOBK  9 — ^Mod  Germ.  Wisthobn — French  Yidbok.  (Eari, 
warrior)  Old  German  Withar,  Witar,  8th  cent.— Wither 
(Domesday) — Eng.  Whiter^  Whiteab,  Witheb,  Gwttheb, 
WooPTEB,  Woodeb(80n) — Mod  German  Witteb — French 
YrmEB,  WiTiER,  GuiTTEB.  (Bing,  combat)  Old  German 
Witering,  8th  cent. —  Engliah  WiTTEBmG,  WESTSWBOiia 
(Haue,  house)  Old  Germ.  Withaus,  8th  cent — Eng.  White- 
house  f  WiDEHosE  9  WooDHOusE  9 — Mod  Germ.  Witthaus. 
(Lag,  law)  Old  Germ.  Witlaglus,  Witleg,  9th  cent. — Ang.- 
Saxon  Wihtlaeg — Eng.  Whitelego,  Whitlaw.  (Laicy  pby) 
Old  Germ.  Widolaio,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Wedlake,  Wedlock, 
Whitelock  f — Mod  German  Wedlich — IVench  I  Witlich. 
(Lei$,  learned)  Old  German  Witleis,  8th  cent — French 
YiTALUL*  (Man  J  Old  German  Widiman,  Witman,  9th 
cent — Eng.  Wideman,  Whiteman,  Woodmak — Mod  Germ. 
WiDMANN,  Wefthakk — French  t  Widbmak.  (Mctr,  fianona) 
Widiomar  (Gothic  king,  4th  cent),  Widmar,  Witmar — 
TJitmer,  Lib.  Ft^.— Eng.  Whitmobb— Mod  Germ.  Widmkb 
— ^French  1  Widxeb.  (Bai,  counsel)  Old  German  Widerad, 
Witerati  6th  cent — English  Withbbbd,  Whitethbead, 
Whitebod,    WHirEWEiGHT.      (Bic,   power)  Old    German 

*  Tlili  ■Mnu  mort  nstanUy  fromipM.  viadon. 


OroT*. 


AFTER  THEIR  OWN   NAMES.  495 

Witirieh  (OoUi.  king,  4th  cent)  Witirih — Eng.  Withbbigk, 
Whitbu)ob— Modem  German  Wittbich— French  Vitrao, 

VlTBT,  GUTTBY. 

The  Old  Norse  lundr,  grove,  seems  to  enter   o^ 
into  some  ancient  names.     Hence  may  be  Eng. 
Lund,  Lundy,  Lound,  Ltjnt,  and  French  Luond, 
LuNDY,  perhaps  Luneteatj.     But  there  is  but 
small  evidence  in  these  of  a  baptismal  origin. 

Another  word  also  found  in  some  ancient  ^^ff^' 
names  is  Old  Norse  skdgr,  Dan.  skov.  North  Eng. 
«•  shaw,"  a  wood.  From  this  appear  to  be  Eng. 
Soow,  Shaw,  and  Shoe,  as  simple  forms — Skog- 
GIN  and  Scawen  as  an  extended  form — and  per- 
haps Shoobert  and  Shoobrick  as  compounds. 

In  the  third  place,  the  coincidence  or  the 
resemblance  between  some  of  the  endings  of 
ancient  names  and  local  terminations  must  be 
reckoned  in  diminution  of  the  names  apparently 
derived  from  places.  Thus  the  ending  hurg, 
bury,  brook,  brick,  may  be  sometimes  from  btrg, 
birc,  protection,  very  common  as  the  termination 
of  ancient  names,  and  not  from  the  local  bury  or 
borough.  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  bridge,  in 
a  few  names  such  as  Drawbridge,  Ironbridge, 
Brassbridgb,  is  also  from  the  same  origin. 
Though  the  name  Woodbridge  would  be  de- 
rived naturally  enough  from  a  locality,  yet  there 
were  no  iron  bridges  in  the  days  when  surnames 
were  given,  and  I  doubt  whether  a  brass  bridge 
exists  even  in  the  brain  of  Dr.  Fairbairn. 

So  bum  is  sometimes  from  bem,  a  bear,  and 


496 


TH£Y  CALL  THEIB  LANDS 


not  from  burn,  a  brook.  Head  is  sometiined 
from  haid,  state,  condition,  and  not  fix>m  the  local 
word.  Ing  I  take  as  a  general  rule  to  be  the 
patronymic,  and  not  fix>m  ing,  a  meadow.  So 
gate,  gill,  house,  cot,  lake,  land,  more,  waU,  wick, 
with,  wood,  in  certain  cases  I  have  throughout 
these  pages  taken  to  be  fit)m  ancient  terminations. 

In  like  manner  I  take  it  that  present  German 
names  ending  in  hof  are  in  some  cases  from  the 
ancient  endings  elf,  vlf,  wol^  and  not  always  from 
the  local  hof,  court.  That  this  is  so,  will  I  think 
be  clear  from  the  following  comparative  Hst  of 
ancient  German  and  present  German  names,  all 
of  which  latter  are  classed  by  Pott  as  local  But 
it  must  be  remembered  that  Pott's  work  was 
written  before  the  Altdeutsches  Namenbuch  had 
brought  many  of  these  ancient  names  to  hght. 


(MQwm. 

Mod.Chrm. 

OdOtrm. 

Mod.  Germ. 

Botolf 

Fottnon 

Jungolf 

Junghoff 

Baigolf 

Berghoff 

Lindolf 

Lindhof 

Duomolf 

Dumhoff 

Moiolf 

Aiorlioi 

Kklnilf 

Eckhoff 

Sandolf 

Sandlioff 

Eadolf 

Uhthoff 

Steinolf 

Steinhoff 

Ksodf 

FLaohhof 

Sundarolf 

Sundrahof 

Geldnlf 

Kalthoff 

Thiholf 

Teiohhof 

Oraaolf 

Grashoff 

In  the  fourth  place,  a  very  considerable 
number  of  the  names  of  places  are  simply  the 
names  of  men,  unqualified  by  any  geographical 
term  whatever.  Mr.  Kemble  {Saxons  in  England) 
was  the  first  in  this  country  to  point  out  that 


AFTEE  THSIB  OWN   NAMES.  497 

manj  names  of  places^  as  HaUing  aad  Cooling  in 
Kent,  Patching  in  Surrey,  Brightling  in  Sussex, 
were  in  Anglo-Saxon  a  nominative  plural — Hael- 
Imgae,  CHilbgaa,  Peaocbgaa,  Byrhtli^ 
ing  respectively,  "  the  Hallings,''  "  the  Coolings,*' 
**  the  Packings/'  "  the  Brightlings/'  These  then 
are  the  names  of  family  commiuiities,  being,  as 
Latham  observes,  ''  political  or  social,  rather  than 
geographical  terma'' 

In  the  names  of  places  in  Germany,  especially 
in  Bavaria^  the  nominative  phiral  in  ingajs  is  com- 
paratively rare,  and  we  have  most  commonly  a 
form  in  ingen  or  ingwniy  which,  according  to 
Forstemann,  is  a  dative  plural,  but  according  to 
Max  Mtliller,*  an  old  genitive  plural.  Hence 
Gottingen,  Tubingen,  Leiningen,  Grilningen,  Har- 
lingen,  from  the  femilies  of  the  Gottings,  Ttibings, 
Leinings,  Grtlnings,  and  Harlings.  Also  very 
commonly  a  form  in  inga  or  inge^  which  may  be 
either  a  dative  singular  or  a  genitive  plural ;  in 
the  opinion  of  Forstemann  sometimes  the  one  and 
sometimes  the  other.  In  Anglo-Saxon  names  of 
places  the  form  ingum  also  occurs,  though  not 
frequently.  Thus  Godalming  in  Surrey  was 
anciently  Godelmingum,  a  settlement  of  the  sons 
or  descendants  of  Godhelm.  Sometimes  the  same 
place  in  various  charters  appears  in  both  the 
forms  ingas  and  ingwm.  Thus  Mailing  in  Kent 
was  in  Anglo-Saxon  variously  Meallingas  and 

*  Lictuw  on  thf  SolMMe  oi  Lanciuce.    EtoooMd  Striw. 
K  3 


498  THEY  GAIX  THEIB  LANDB 

Mallingum.  Mr.  Taylor,  in  **  Words  and  Places,'^ 
has  carried  this  subject  still  further,  and  instituted 
a  comparison,  of  the  highest  interest  and  import- 
ance, between  the  Teutonic  settlements  as  indi- 
cated by  these  forms  in  England,  Germany,  and 
France. 

In  the  last-named  country  there  appears  to 
be  found  a  different — perhaps  a  later  fonn.  We 
have  Les  Henrys,  Les  Bernards^  Les  Boberts, 
Les  Guillets,  L^  Guillemottes,  Les  Girards^  Les 
Amaudsy  &c.,  all  of  which,  like  the  forgoing, 
seem  to  contain  the  names  of  fSunily  conununities. 

But  I  go  Airther  than  this,  and  take  the 
ground  that  many  names  of  places,  both  in  France 
and  England,  are  nothing  more  than  the  name  of 
a  single  man.  When  we  find  in  France  some- 
thing like  6,000  places  called  after  saints,  without 
any  geograpliical  term  whatever,  as  St.  Omer, 
St.  Leonard,  &c.,  it  natinraJly  occurs  to  us  that 
just  on  the  same  principle  places  might  be  called 
after  men  who  were  not  saints.  No  one  I  think 
would  doubt  that  the  places  called  Fitz  James, 
Robinson,  David,  Taillefer,  are  simply  from  the 
names  of  men.  And  as  certainly  do  I  take  to 
be  from  the  same  origin  Angelard,  Audembert, 
Amoult,  Audiracq,  Bertric,  Bertrand,  Blanchard, 
Brunembert,  Folcarde,  Folckling,  Francillon,  Fer- 
ando,  Gandolphe,  Guillaume,  Guiscard,  Godisson» 
Girouard,  Godinand,  Jacque,  Jacquelin,  Josse, 
Josselin,  Jossenard,   Uimibert,  Lambert,  M^ro- 


APTER  THEIB  OWN   NAMES.  499 

bert,  Willeman.  These,  which  I  have  selected 
from  DucW  "*  Dictionnaire  gSnSrcd  des  villes, 
hourgs,  villages^  hameaux  etferTnes  de  la  France," 
{ire  all  simply  Teutonic  names  of  men.  In  some 
cases  there  is  a  2e  or  2a  prefixed,  as  Le  Frank,  Le 
Guidault,  Le  Bernard,  Le  Guildo,  La  Godefroy, 
La  Caroline.  There  is  one  place  caUed  FiQe- 
Gu6c61ard,  while  we  have  also  Gu6c61ard  by 
itself.  Some  names,  however,  as  Les  Allemands, 
Les  Juife,  Les  Innocents,  Les  Boutilliers,  Les 
deux  freres,  Le  Bras-de-fer,  Le  Grenadier,  may 
perhaps  only  be  derived  from  the  signs  of  taverns. 

So  also  in  England,  many  names  of  parishes 
and  places,  such  as  Landulph  in  Cornwall,  Bid- 
dulph  in  Staffordshire,  Goodrich  in  Hereford- 
shire, Haytor  in  Devon,  Hicks  in  Gloucestershire, 
Bumard,  Guthrie,  Jellybrands,  Lockhart,  Osbum, 
Sibbald,  and  Thorbrand  in  Scotland,  I  take  to  be 
simply  from  the  names  of  men.  In  some  cases 
as  that  of  Coldred  in  Kent,  and  Catmere  in  Berks^ 
we  can  perceive  one  of  the  principles  upon  which 
such  names  have  arisen.  Thus  the  former  place 
was  in  Anglo-Saxon  Colredinga  gema^re,  "the 
boundary  of  the  descendants  of  Cobed,"  and  the 
latter  was  Catm6res  gemaere,  **  Catmere's  bound- 
ary." The  inconvenient  length  of  these  titles  has 
caused  the  whole  to  be  dropped  except  the  name 
of  the  individual.  Thus  then,  even  if  our  names 
Catomore  and  Catmore  are  directly  from  the 
place,  yet  the  place  itself  is  simply  the  name  of 
an  Anglo-Saxon.      And  as  such,  it  furnishes  the 


500  THET  CAUi  THEIB  LANI>S 

link  between  our  names  and  the  Gatumerus  of 
Tacitus. 

Many  of  the  local  terminations,  such  as  ton, 
ham,  bury,  kc.,  speak  for  themselyes — ^I  subjoin 
a  list  of  those  most  commonly  occurring  which 
seem  to  require  an  explanation. 

Bj.  Dan.  by,  a  Tillage  or  small  collection  of  lioaaea^  This 
is  the  word  which,  more  than  any  other,  distingiushes 
the  Danish  settlements  fiom  the  Baxon. 

Den.     Ang.-Saz.  den,  a  Tslley.    Leo  thinks  the  wofrd  adoptoi 

from  the  Celtic. 
Foica  Old  None  /ar$,  a  waterfi^L      Hence  WuLBsaromaE, 

probahlj  from  the  name  Williber  or  Williberg,  ihe 

latter  andentl j  rathmr  oommcm. 

Qarth.  Ang.-Baxon  geard,  Old  Korse  gardr,  a  plaoe  guarded 
bj  a  fence,  a  fann-stead.  liable  to  intennix  with 
gard  as  an  andent  ending  of  peraonal  names. 

Gate.  In  the  South  of  England  an  opening,  Ang.-fiax.  g^ 
but  in  the  North  also  a  road  or  waj,  Old  Nonie  ^o^ 
liable  to  intermix  with  an  ancient  termination  go^ 
or  gat,  which  Forstemann  takes  to  mean  Qoth. 

GilL  Old  Norse  gU,  a  small  ravine,  not  necessarily,  as  some' 
times  stated,  containing  water.  Liable  to  intermix 
with  an  ancient  termination  gtt,  which  is  probably  a 
contraotion  of  giicd,  hostage. 

Holt  Ang.-Sax.  and  Old  Norse  hoU,  a  groye.  Though  ito 
word  is  sometimes  found  in  ancient  names,  see  p.  281« 
yet  as  a  termination  there  is  no  reason  to  think  it  ia 
any  case  other  than  looaL 

Hope,  Op.  Anglo-Saxon  hopu,  a  mound.  Or  sometimes  in 
the  Danish  districts  probably  from  Old  Norse  hSp,  & 


How.    Old  Norse  haugr,  a  mound,  in  particular  a  grare- 
mound. 


AFTfiB  TfiEIB   OWN   NAMSB.  501 

BmxbL  Aa^o-Gtaxm  h^$t»  4  grove. 

Oms.    An^^D-Sanm  i/er,  afaorey  border. 

ShttW.  Old  Norse  jM^,  DMiiflh  skov,  a  wood.  Henoe 
Bbadiha.WsBboadwooik  Though  ihis  word  is 
found  in  a  few  fincient  personal  namea^  yet  as  a 
termination  we  may  take  it  to  be  in  all  cases  locaL 

Sted.  Ang.-Sax.  atede,  Danish  tUd,  a  fixed  place^  a  ^'  fsffm- 
stead,"  a  <' house^rtead." 

Stow.   Ang.-Saz.  stoto,  a  place. 

Ster.  Old  Norse  stadr,  same  as  sted  above,  confined  to  the 
Norwegian  districts  of  the  North  of  Scotland. 

Thorp.  Anglo-Saxon  and  Old  Norse  Morp,  OetmBSidar/,  a 
I  village.    Frequently,  both  in  England,  Germany,  and 

Denmaxk,  corrupted  into  drttp  or  $rtip, 

Thwaite.     Norwegian  thoeU,  Dan.  tved,  a  dearing  in  a  forest, 
i  Ang.-Sax.  thunUm,  to  out.    Most  common  in  Oumber- 

\  land  and  Westmorland. 

TofL    Ang.-Sax.  iqft^  Old  Norse  t6/L      Its  present  meaning 
i  seems  to  be  a  small  home  fidd.      But  the  original 

I  sense  appears  to  have  been  that  of  a  spot  where  a 

I  decayed  messuage  has  stood,   ''area  domus  vacua," 

Haldorsen  has  it.     The  Norwegian  and  Swedish  form 
I  0mi,  ^sMi  idmr,  empty,  seems  to  point  to  this. 

Wick.  Ang.-Sax.  u^,  a  dwelling-place.      Also  a  bay,  which 
^  is  the  usual,  if  not  the  invariable  Scandinavian  sense. 

Apt  to  intermix  with  wig,  wic,  war,  a  oonunon  ending 
of  ancient  names. 

With.  Old  Norse  vidr^  a  wood.  It  is  confined  to  the 
Danish  part  of  England,  and  corresponds  with  wood 
in  the  Saxon.  Sometimes  confounded  with  vxyrth, 
an  altogether  different  word.  WUh  or  foood  is  also  a 
conmioQ  termination  of  ancient  personal  names. 

Worth,  Worthy.  Ang.-Sax.  worthy  warthig,  an  estate,  farm, 
field. 


502  THEY  CALL  THEIR  LAKI>S 

The  names  of  France  do  not  appear,  as  far  as 
I  can  judge,  to  contain  such  a  variety  of  locaj 
terminations  as  those  of  England.  The  most 
common  are  vtUe  and  cour — also  iSre,  the  etymo- 
logy of  which  I  cannot  explain.  It  is  very  fie- 
quently  formed  from  a  personal  name.  Thus  from 
Robert,  Bernard,  Josserand,  we  have  as  names  of 
places  Roberti6re,  Bemardi6re,  Josserandi^re. 

As  a  prefix  hois  and  mont  are  very  common, 
and  very  fi^uently  combined  with  a  personal 
name.  Thus  in  the  Anniuitre  de  Paris  we 
have   BoiSGARNiEB,   Boisgaultier,   Boisgelin, 

BoiSGONTIEBj    BOISGUILBERT,    BoiSGUYON,   BoiS- 

renaud  ;  and  in  the  same  volume  we  have 
Garnieb,  Gaultieb,  Gelin,  Gontier^  Gxnir 
BERT,  GuYON,  Renaud,  from  which  the  above 
local  names  have  been  formed.  So  we  have  Mont- 

GERARD,  MONTGOLFIER,  MONTGOBERT,  MoNTAU- 
FRAY,    MONTANGERAND,    MONTMORENCY,    MONT- 

AURIOL,  MoNTALEMBEBT — and  the  corresponding 
Gebard,  Golfier,  Gobebt,  Aufbay,  Angebanp, 
MoBENZO,  AuBiOL,  and  Elambebt,  most,  if  not 
all,  of  which,  as  well  as  the  foregoing,  are  of 
Teutonic  origin. 

There  are  some  names,  such  as  Eng.  Water- 
fall, German  Wassebfall,  which  it  is  difficult 
to  know  whether  to  ascribe  to  a  local  origin  or 
not.  They  might  belong  to  a  class  of  nnmes  like 
the  Eng  Drinkwateb,  Dbawwatbb  (both  of 
which  Mr.  Lower  finds  in  the  Hundred  Bolls), 
and  the  Germ.  EIaltwasseb^  Gutwasseb,  Spab- 


AFTER  THBIB  OWN   NAMBS.  503 

WASSEB  (Coldwater,  Goodwater,  Savewater).  But 
another  German  name  Stobwasser  (Dustwater), 
reminding  us  of  the  Staubbach,  seems  to  point 
more  to  a  local  name. 

The  number  of  English  names  derived  from 
places  has  in  my  opinion  been  greatly  overrated. 
As  an  approximation,  I  should  be  disposed  to 
estimate  them  at  about  one  third  of  the  whole. 


CHAPTER    XXIX. 


OLD  BAXOKS  AlTD  ANaLO-aAJLONa 

It  may  seem  a  curious  &ct  that  we  have 
more  of  Old  Saxon  than  we  have  of  Ang.-Saxon 
names.      I  use  the  word  Old  Saxon  in  its  wide 
sense,  and  I  mean  to  say  that  we  have  at  the 
present  day  more  of  those  names  such  as  the  early 
invaders — Angles,  Saxons,  Jutes,  or  Frisians- 
brought  over  with  them  to  this  country,  than  we 
have  of  those  regular  compound  names  which 
were  current  in  the  height  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
power.      And  fiirther — ^that  if  we  txim  to  the 
ancient  seats  from  which  those  early  settlers 
came,  we  shall  find  that  still  the  same  names  are 
current  there.     There  is  a  people— or  rather  a 
remnant  of  a  people — who  once  owned  a  large 
portion  of  the  German  sea-board — ^now  much 
broken  up  and  intermixed,  but  still  in  some  in- 
sulated places  holding  their  nationality  with  little 
change — ^very  near  relatives  of  ours — ^thou^h  fe^ 
know  more  of  them  than  the  name.     Of  all  th« 
ancient  dialects  none  has  a  more  close  connection 
with  the  Anglo-Saxon  than  the  Old  Friesic— of 
all  the  modem  dialects  perhaps  none  has  such 
strong  points  of  resemblance  to  the  English  as 
the  New  Friesic.     On  all  the  wide  continent  of 
Europe  they  alone  use  the  word  "  woman"  like 


OIJ>  SAXONS  AND  ANGLO-SAXONS.  505 

ourselves.  '^  It  is  generally/'  observes  Mr.  Latham, 
''  the  first  instance  given  of  the  peculiarity  of  the 
Frisian  language.  *  Why  can't  they  speak  pro- 
perly, and  say  kone  f  qbjb  the  Dane.  *  Wetb  is 
the  right  word,'  says  the  German.  *  Who  ever 
says  woman  ?  cry  both."  (Ethnology  of  the  Bf'Uish 
Islands.) 

Mr.  Halbertsma»  in  the  article  written  by  him 
in  Bosworth's  "*  Origin  of  the  English  and  Oer* 
manic  languages,"  observes  that  there  are  few  of 
the  early  Saxon  names  which  are  not  in  use 
among  the  present  Frisians,  though  by  time  a 
little  corrupted  or  abbreviated.  The  same  writer 
remarks  upon  the  connection  between  Friesic 
names^  and  those  in  use  in  England,  quoting  a 
few  examples,  which  might  be  greatly  increased 
by  a  reference  to  Outzen's  Glossary,  and  to  Was- 
senberg's  ''  Eigennaamen  der  Friesen." 

How  then  is  the  fact  to  be  accounted  for  that 
while  we  have  so  many  of  these  names  which 
were  common  to  all  the  Germanic  races^  and 
which  are  still  found  so  numerously  on  the  shores 
£rom  which  our  early  settlers  came,  we  have  com- 
paratively very  few  of  the  regular  Anglo-Saxon 
compound  names,  such  as  Athelstan,  Atbelhard, 
EthelbaJd,  Ethelred,  &c.'i  It  occurs  to  me  as 
rather  probable  that  the  pure  Ang.-Saxon  system 
of  compound  names  might  be  somewhat  of  a 
fashion,  confined  for  the  most  part  to  the  nobler 
classes  (whose  names  of  course  it  is  that  appear 

*  8110I1  M  WaUt,  JUtM,  HodB«,  OiblM,  *« 
L  3 


506  OLD  aAXONS  AND  ANGLO-SAXOMS. 

chiefly  before  us  in  history),  and  not  pervading 
the  mass  of  the  people,  who  still  held  on  mairJy 
to  the  old  names  to  which  they  had  been  accus- 
tomed Hence,  the  Saxon  nobiUty  being  in  part 
extinguished,  and  in  part  Normanized  at  the 
Conquest,  a  reason  may  be  found  for  the  scanti- 
ness of  names  of  this  class  at  the  present  day. 

But  in  fact  we  find,  all  through  Anglo-Saxon 
times^  many  names  which  were  German  but  not 
Anglo-Saxon,  and  Mr.  Kemble,  in  his  valuable 
treatise  on  ""The  Names,  Surnames,  and  Nio- 
names  of  the  Anglo-Saxons^^  has,  I  think,  dealt 
with  them  from  rather  too  exclusive  a  point  of 
view.  Some  of  these  names  he  thinks  caOn  only 
be  explained  by  reference  to  Cymric  or  Picti^ 
roots — such,  for  instance,  as  Puch,  Fadda^  Uel- 
hisc,  Theabul,  Pechthelm,  and  Pehthat.  The  two 
former  are  only  variations  of  German  forms, 
pp.  378,  166 — the  third  compares  with  a  Willis- 
cus,  p.  123 — the  fourth  seems  only  a  corruption 
of  Theobald — ^and  the  two  last^  though  probably 
from  the  name  of  the  Picts»  are  yet  formed  on  a 
common  Teutonic  principle  as  noticed  in  chap.  16. 

Others,  such  as  Podda,  Dudda^  Bubba,  Tudda^ 
Odda»  Obei,  OSbl,  Ibe,  Beda^  Becca,  Beonna,  Acca, 
Hecca»  Lulla^  he  thinks  were  probably  nicnames. 
But,  as  I  have  shewn  throughout  these  pages, 
names  of  this  class  pervade  the  whole  system  of 
Teutonic  nomenclature,  and  they  are  just  the  sort 
that  are  especially  common  in  Friesland  at  the 
present  day.      The  remarks  of  Mr.  Haig  upon 


OLD   SAXONS  AND  ANGLO-SAXONS.  507 

this  subject  are  so  much  in  accordance  with  my 
own  views  that  I  re-prodace  them  here.  "I 
believe  that  these  simple  names  are  the  most 
ancient,  that  they  belong  originally  to  periods 
beyond  the  reach  of  history.  They  prevail  in  the 
dawn  of  our  annals,  as  the  compounds  do  in  their 
noon  ;  and  it  seems  to  me  quite  as  probable  that 
many  of  them  were  given  from  motives  of  associa- 
tion with  the  memory  of  persons  who  had  gone 
before,  as  that  they  were  given  on  account  of 
personal  peculiarities.  Thus  in  the  8th  century^ 
when  almost  all  the  sovereigns  in  the  Heptarchy 
bore  compounded  names»  one  of  these  simple 
names  appears  almost  alone,  and  that  belonging 
to  the  most  illustrious  prince  of  his  time,  Offa. 
His  name  had  been  originally  Winifrid,  but  he 
received  that  of  08k,  in  memory  of  one  who  had 
ruled  over  the  Angles,  his  ancestors,  before  their 
coming  into  Britain  ;  a  name  which  had  already 
been  borne  by  a  King  of  the  East  Saxons,  and 
perhaps  for  a  similar  reason,  for  he  also  coimted 
an  Offa  among  his  ancestors.^^ 

It  occurs  to  me,  then,  as  possible,  in  the  case 
of  some  of  these  personages  who  appear  before 
us  with  a  regular  compound  name  and  also  with 
a  simple  name — the  latter  being  in  Mr.  Kemble's 
opinion  a  nicname — that  it  may  have  been  in 
&ct  the  real  original  name,  and  the  former  only 
assumed  in  accordance  with  the  prevailing  fiushion. 
Instances  of  these  double  names  are  Athelwold, 
also  called  Mol,  king  of  Northiunbria  ;  Aldwine^ 


508  OLD  SAXONS  AND  ANOLO-SAXONS. 

also  called  Wor,  bishop  of  Mercia ;  Hrotbwaru. 
also  called  Bucge  ;  and  Addberga^  also  callad 
Tata. 

There  is  another  class  of  names  to  which 
someihing  of  a  similar  principle  may  apply.  Wa 
find  an  archbishop  of  Canterbury  whose  name 
was  Eadsige,  but  who  was  also  called  Mth  ^^ 
signs  by  that  name.  So  there  was  a  bishop  of 
Selsey  who  was  generally  called  SicggSL,  bat 
whose  name  seems  to  have  been  properly  Sige- 
firith.  And  there  was  an  i£li^!nne»  bishop  of 
Lichfield,  who  was  also  called  MUe — ^a  Torht^ 
helm,  bishop  of  Leicester,  who  is  called  by  nearly 
every  contemporary  authority  Totta — ^an  Ead- 
wine,  duke  of  the  Northumbrians,  who  abo 
appears  as  Eda.  Mr.  Kemble  considers  all  these 
short  names  to  be  merely  contractions,  answering 
in  feet  to  our  Tom,  Bob,  Bill  I  do  not  doubt 
that  this  may  in  some  instances  have  been  the 
case,  but  seeing  that  these  short  names  are  in 
reality  older  Teutonic  names  than  the  others,  I 
would  just  suggest  the  possibility  of  a  simple 
name  being  in  some  cases — a3  for  instance,  when 
a  man  had  received  an  accession  of  dignity^ 
lengthened  out  to  correepond  with  his  increased 
importance.  The  folloinng  remarks  by  Dr.  Doran 
bear  upon  this  point.  "  Lengthy  too,  is  suppos^ 
to  have  added  dignity  to  a  name.  Diocles,  ^^ 
man,  expanded  into  Diocletian,  the  emperor ;  & 
parvenu,  on  acquiring  wealth,  developed  ^^ 

*  **  KofeM  OB  VtvaoM  and  mcBunes."   UnlTWsal  Berlew,  llftj,  18^ 


OLD   SAXONS  AND  ANGLO*SAXONS.  509 

Simon  into  Simonides ;  and  when  the  lady,  whose 
name  signified  Brown  (Bnina),  became  Queen  of 
France,  she  added  a  train  to  that  cognomen  as 
ladies  at  court  do  to  their  dresses^  and  thenceforth 
swept  loftily  across  records  and  registers  as  Queen 
Brunehault/'  In  such  a  maimer  might  perhaps 
Sicgga  become  Sigefirith,  and  £ada  Eadwine. 
This  is  a  theory^  however,  that  must  be  stated 
with  caution  and'reserve. 


CHAPTER  XXX. 


THE  SCANDINAVIAN  VIKINQS. 

It  must  already  have  been  made  apparent  to 
the  reader,  of  how  high  importance,  in  the  ex- 
planation of  TefUtonic  names^  are  the  languages  of 
the  Scandinavian  NortL     We  find  manj  names, 
borne  by  Germans,  which  cannot  be  explained  by 
a  reference  to  any  Grerman  dialect,  and  of  which 
we  find  the  etymons  in  the  Old  Norse,     The 
reason  of  this  is  two-fold.      In  the  first  place,  it 
cannot  fail  to  be  the  case  that  any  ancient  lan- 
guage, with  a  scanty  literature,  must  have  had 
many  words  which  have  not  come  down  to  modem 
timea      This  is  the  case  with  all  the  ancient 
German  dialects  ;    and  the  Old  Norse,   which 
amid  the  stem  and  desolate  rocks  of  Iceland  h^ 
preserved  a  treasure  of  ancient  lore  more  abundant 
than  the  rest,  being  a  language  closely  cognate, 
then  comes  in  to  their  assistance. 

In  the  second  place,  foUowing  out  iihe  theory 
which  I  have  already  laid  down,  that  anciently 
names  were  bestowed,  at  least  to  a  considerable 
extent,  not  with  any  reference  to  their  meaning* 
but  simply  as  having  been  borne  by  men  who 
had  gone  before,  it  follows  that  in  many  cases 
they  have  survived  dialects,  and  may  often  be 
carried  back  to  a  time  when  the  two  great 
branches  of  the  German  and  the  Scandinavian 
were  as  yet  imsevered. 


THB   SCANDINAVIAN   VIKINQS.  511 

In  any  case  it  will  be  apparent  that  etymo- 
logy alone  would  cause  us  vastly  to  over-rate  the 
amount  of  the  Scandinavian  element  in  our  nomen- 
clature, and  that  we  must  take  other  circum- 
stances into  consideration  in  attempting  to  form 
even  an  approximate  estimate. 

In  the  year  787,  according  to  the  Ang.-Saxon 
Chronicle,  the  first  three  ships  of  the  Northmen 
visited  our  shores.  And  the  reeve  of  the  shire, 
little  knowing  what  manner  of  men  they  were, 
rode  over  to  take  them,  and  there  they  slew  him. 
**  These  were  the  first  ships  of  Danish  men  which 
sought  the  land  of  the  English  nation.'^  But  the 
Icelandic  records  take  notice  of  earlier  Scandina- 
vian invasions  of  Britain,  and  the  opinion  of  some 
of  our  ablest  ethnologists  is  in  favour  of  this 
belief  Mr.  Latham,  referring  to  the  statements 
of  the  Ang.-Saxon  Chronicle,  makes  the  following 
remarks: — "For  the  fact  of  Danes  having  wintered 
in  England  a.d.  787,  they  are  unexceptionable. 
For  the  fact  of  their  never  having  done  so  before, 
they  only  supply  the  imsatisfactory  assertion  of  a 

negative The  present  writer  believes 

that  there  were  Norsemen  in  Britain  anterior  to 
787,  and  also  that  these  Norsemen  may  have 
beien  the  Picta^' 

The  extent  of  the  Scandinavian  colonization 
of  England,  and  the  characteristic  features  which 
distinguish  it,  have  been  described  by  Mr.  Wor- 
saa*  in  his  work  on  the  Danes  and  Norwegians 
in  England.      Its  head-quarters  were  in  Lincoln- 


612  1HS  aCANDnfATIAN  TIKINCNl 

shire,  and  that  part  of  Yarkshire  round  the  estuary 
of  the  Humber.  It  extended  across  the  island  to 
CSxester,  and  as  far  north  as  Comberland^  where 
it  might  probably  be  met  by  a  more  porelj  Nor- 
wegian stream  from  the  Irie  of  Man — Oomberland 
and  Westmorland  being  more  Soandinayian  ihm 
Northumberland  and  Durham.  The  Watiing 
Street  f(»med  a  boundary  to  the  south-west, 
which  it  rarely  passed.  To  some — ^though,  as  it 
seems  to  me^  not  to  any  very  marked  extent— 
names  of  Scandinavian  origin  are  more  prevalent 
in  this  district  than  in  the  rest  of  England. 

There  are  two  classes  of  names  which  we  may 
ikirly  ascribe  to  the  influence  of  the  Northem  in- 
vasions. The  fiiBt  class  conaistBofnames  which  are 
in  themselves  Scandinavian  rather  than  German 
— ^that  IB,  names  which  we  find  to  have  been 
borne  by  Northmen  and  not  by  Qermana.  The 
second  class  consists  of  names  which  though  in 
themselves  as  much  German  as  Scandinavian, 
yet  do  in  point  of  fiict  appear  to  have  been  intro- 
duced into  this  countiy  by  the  Northmen.  Neither 
of  these  two  dasses  are  numerous,  and  there 
remains  a  much  larger  class  in  which  we  cannot 
attempt  to  draw  any  distincticm. 

In  the  first  class  are  to  be  included  many  of 
the  compounds  of  Thor,  as  noticed  at  p.  128. 
Also  KeteU  and  its  compounds,  as  EngTish  Thitb- 
KETTLE  and  AsHKBTTLE,  and  French  TubqxtetiI' 
and  Anqxjbtil.  Likewise  English  Tdbkle  ftid 
BosRELL,  from  the   Old   Norse   Thorkell  and 


THB  SCANDINAVIAN  VIKING&  513 

Hrofiflkel,  oontracticmfi,  as  Grimm  thinks,  of  Tlxor- 
ketell  and  HrossketeL  And  Kngliflh  Blxtnkhli^ 
which  seems  to  be  a  similar  contraction  of  the 
Old  Norse  BlundketelL  XJlph  and  Obme»  as 
contrasted  with  Wolf  and  WoBic,  exhibit  the 
Scandinavian  form  as  compared  with  the  German. 
Thongh  the  elision  of  t<^  in  the  final  syllable  of 
names  was  common  in  some  German  dialects^  it 
was  not  so  at  the  b^inning.  The  well-known 
Danish  name  Swqni  (English  Swain  and  Swain« 
80n)»  is  one  not  found  among  the  Germans. 
Among  other  names  which  may  be  ascribed 
to  the  Northmen  are  English  Otteb^  Oliff, 
ELaoon,  Gunnbb^  Bbothsb»  Haveloce;  Dol^ 
FmN»  Stubla,  Schooisy,*  all  of  which  appear 
in  our  early  history. 

In  the  second  dass  of  names  are  such  aa 
Haikold,  which,  though  in  itself  as  much  German 
as  Scandinavian^yety  as  Mr.  Kemble  has  observed, 
does  not  make  its  appearance  in  our  annals  until 
introduced  by  the  Northmen.  I  include  also 
HowAKD,  which  also  then  first  makes  its  appear- 
anoe.  So  that  there  may  be  a  foundation  of  strict 
truth  for  Lord  Dufferin's  remark  in  a  lecture  on 
the  Northmen,  that  ^  some  sturdy  Haayard,  the 
proprietor  of  a  sixty-acre  &rm,  but  sprung  fix)m 
that  stock  the  nobility  of  whose  blood  has  become 
proverbial,  may  be  successfully  opposing  a  trifling 
tax  at  Drontheim,  while  an  illustrious  kinsman 
of  his  house  is  the  representation  of  England's 
majesty  at  Dublin." 

•  Th«  OU  Foiw  MrtH,  htm  thfta,  to  protoot 
M  3 


514  THK   SCANDINAVIAN  VIKINGS. 

Among  OUT  Irish  names  are  also  to  be  fonnd 
some  trace  of  the  Scandinavian  colonizatioiL 
We  have  McAuliffe  (Olaf),  McGart  (Gerri), 
McOsGAB  (Asgeir),  McVicab  (Vikar),  Ma 
SwiNEY  (Sweyn),  Mo.Caskill  (Askell).  •*  Even 
to  the  present  day/'  observes  Mr.  Worsaae,  *^  we 
can  follow,  particularly  in  Leinstar,  the  last  traces 
of  the  Ostmen  through  a  similar  series  of  peculiar 
&mily  names^  which  are  by  no  means  Irish,  but 
clearly  original  Norwegian  names ;  for  instance, 
Mac  HmEBic  or  SmTERio  (son  of  Sigtryg), 
O'Bbuadaib  (son  of  Broder),  Mac  Kagnaix 
(son  of  Bagnvald),  Boaill  (Bolf)  *  Auijxf 
(Olaf),  Manub  (Magnus),  and  others.  It  is  even 
asserted  that  among  the  &milies  of  the  Dublin 
merchants  are  still  to  be  found  descendants  of  the 
old  Norwegian  merchants  formerly  so  numerous 
in  that  city.  The  names  of  families  adduced  in 
confirmation  of  this,  as  Habbold  (Harald),  Iveb 
(Ivar),  CkXTTEB  or  Mac  Otter  (Ottar),  and  others 
which  are  genuine  Norwegian  names,  corroborate 
the  assertion.'^ 

It  does  not  seem  probable  that  we  have  many 
Scandinavian  names  derived  indirectly  through 
the  Normans.  For  even  in  Normandy  names  of 
Scandinavian  origin  seem  to  be  much  less  common 
than  they  are  with  U8»  though  it  may  be  owing 
in  part  to  the  greater  tendency  of  the  language 
to  disguise  or  corrupt  them.  A  notable  instance 
is  the  name  of  the  first  duke  of  Normandy, 
changed  firom  Hrolf  into  BoUo. 

*  B»tii«  HroaMr 


THE  SGANDINAVIAK  VIKINOa  515 

In  Norway  and  Denmark  at  the  present  day 
the  ancient  names  are  more  commonly  used  as 
christian  than  as  surnames.  They  have  Oluf, 
Haruld,  Enud,  Iyeb^  Steen,  Eskild,  Eias, 
Abnold,  Gundb,  TTn.TiK,  Tekkei^  and  Tobben, 
some  of  which  are  more  corrupted  from  their 
original  forms  than  th^  are  with  us. 


CHAPTER    XXXI. 


A   CHAFTEB  OF  FEAGMENTS. 

There  are  several  groups  which  I  have  found 
it  difficult  to  biiug  in  under  any  of  the  heads 
into  which  I  have  divided  this  work.  And  there 
are  some  others,  overlooked  in  their  proper  places, 
which,  along  with  the  first-named,  will  be  intro- 
duced here. 

There  is  a  class  of  words  which  seem  to  have 
the  force  of  an  intensitive,  such  as  oZZ,  omnis, 
which  is  common  as  a  prefix.  But  though  we 
can  account  for  such  names  as  compounds,  there 
is  an  evident  difficulty  with  regard  to  the  simple 
forms,  and  unless  we  can  suppose  the  word  to 
have  had  the  sense  of  the  Celtic  aU^  magnua, 
celsus,  eximius,  we  must,  I  think,  assume  such 
forms  in  the  first  instance  to  have  been  con- 
tractions of  compoimd  names. 

jjl  SIMPLE  FOBM& 

Onuiii.  Old  German  Alio,  Alia,  5th  cent.     English  Allo,  A]X)e, 

Alle7,  Awl.     Mod  Germ.  Alle.     French  AlA,  Allzi^. 

COMPOtrNDS. 

(Bert,  illnsfcrioiifl)  Old  Germ.  Alabert,  9th  cent — ^Anglo- 
Saxon  Aluberht — Eng.  Albebt,  Allbsight — ^Mod.  German 
Albbecht — French  Alabeet,  Albebt.  {Frid,  peace)  Old 
German  AlaMd,  8th  cent. — English  Allfbet.  (&0r,  spear) 
Old  German  Alager,  10th  cent.;->Ang.-Sax.  Algar — English 
Aloeb — Modem  German  Alkeb — French  Alqieb,  Al&gbb. 
(H<»rd,  fortis)  Ang.-Saz.  Ealhard — English  Allabi>— Mod. 
German  Alebt — French  Allabd— Ital  ALABDa  (Hari, 
warrior)  Old  German  Alaher,  8th  cent. — Ang.-Saz.  Ealhere 


A  CHAPlfiB  OF  FBAGMENTS.  517 

— French  ALLATBit.  {Mag,  might*)  Eng.  Allmack.  (Man J 
Old  Genn.  Alaman,  11th  cent. — Eng.  Allmak — Mod.  Qenn. 
AHLMAim.  (Mar,  famous)  Old  Germ.  Alamar,  9th  cent. — 
Eng.  Almab — Mod.  Germ.  Allmeb.  (Moth,  moz,  courage) 
Old  Germ.  Alamoth^  6th  cent. — French  Allbmoz.  (Mtmd, 
protection)  Old  Germ.  Alamunt — English  Almond.  (NoQ^, 
bold)  Ang.-Sax.  .ZEUnoth — Eng.  Allkutt — French  Alinot. 
(Bid,  power)  Old  German  Alaric  (Gothic  king,  5th  cent), 
Alarih — French  AlbioQ)  Allert.  (Rwh,  companion)  Old 
German  Alanin,  8th  cent. — French  Allebon.  (Woff^ 
guardian)  Old  Gkrm.  Aloard,  8th  cent. — Eng.  Allwab]>— - 
Mod  Germ,  Ahlwabdt— French  Allouabd.  (ITm^  wood) 
Old  German  Aluid,  9th  cent. — Eng.  Allwoob.  {Wig^  war) 
Old  Germ.  Alawig,  Alawih,  8th  cent. — Ang.-Saz.  Alewih — 
Eng.  Allaway,  Allyet — French  Alleyt.  (Wina,  Mend) 
Old  German  Allowin,  7th  cent — English  Alwik — French 
Alayoine. 

Of  the  same  meaning  I  take  to  heJU,  which 
Forstemann  calls  '*  a  yet  tmexplained  root,  in 
which  we  can  scarcely  venture  to  think  of  JUu 
(multus)/*t  There  does  not  appear  to  me  to  be 
any  difficulty  other  than  that  which  exists  in  the 
previous  case.  The  Saxon  form  fvl  intermixes 
in  a  few  instances. 

SIMPLE  FOBMS. 

Old  Germ.  Filla,  8th  cent     English  Fill,  Filley,  File,   "» ™- 
Full.     Mod.  Germ.  Full.    French  Phily,  Flala,  Feuille. 

DIMINUnYE9u 

Eng.  Fulleck — French  Filocque.     Eng.  Filkin. 

PATBONYMICS. 

Old  German  Filing.     English  FiLLiirG. 

*  We  onlj  find  one  Old  Germ,  luune  In  which  thla  appean  m  %  tennlnatloB. 
Of  eoone  there  iomj  be  othen,  which  hsve  not  come  down  to  xu,  end  of  which  the 
aboye  eeeme  -nacj  probebly  to  be  one.    See  elao  Tallxmaoh,  p.  870. 

t  In  the  name  Feologild,  of  the  leth  archUihop  of  Oentertnur,  it  appean  ec 
if  from /eolo,  reUow,  and  it  is  Teiy  probable  tliat  the  Anglo-Sazons  did  take  it  in 
^%\  fffnitf 


518  ▲  GHAFTKB  OF  F&^QMKNTa 

OOMPOUBDeL 

(Bimd,  hU,  poi,  menenger)  Old  GemMn  FbiKbmd,  7«h 
oent-^-Bng.  Yjufoi^ — French  PeiLiPFOTy  IteLiFPOfxicx 
(B&ri,  illofltrioas)  Old  Qermaii  Fmbert^  7th  oeat.— &i{^ 
Fhabbt — ^Mod.  Qetm.  Filbkbt — ^French  Pheubkbt.  (ffttrd, 
fiyrtu)  Eng.  Fuujeb]>— French  Fxlaxd,  FroiiiLABa  (Han, 
warrior)  Eng.  Fuss,  Fillabt — Fr.  Fbiliby.  (Limb,  dear) 
Old  Qenn.  Filulinb,  9th  cent— Eng.  Fullalotx.  (Man)  Old 
Genn.  Flliman,  9(h  cent — ^Eogiiah  FiuacAN — ^Mod.  Gennia 
Fixucakn — French  Filldoh.  (Mar^  fiunoiu)  Old  Gennan 
FUonuuTi  6ih  oenl — Iki^  VauoMt  FAuimobii^  FuLumt— 
Mod  Germ.  Filuoul  (JHo,  tkauf,  ikm$,  seryant)  Old  Genu 
Feletheofl,  king  of  the  Rngii,  5th  cent — ^Enj^iah  Fi£LDIW, 
Fbiaoi^  FiiiTirs,  FKurHOunf  FoLDHOusBt  COiar,  apm) 
English  FuLLAOAB. 

Perhaps  of  a  similar  meaning  may  be  gans, 
(German  ganz^  totuB,  integer.)  Or  it  may  be^  as 
Forstemann  thinks  not  improbable,  only  another 
form  of  gand,  p.  74.  The  name  of  the  Vandal 
king  Oenserich,  Grimm  derives  from  gibiserich, 
a  gander.  It  may,  however,  only  be  from  this 
stem,  with  the  common  termination  no,  power. 
There  is,  however,  uncertainty  about  the  correct 
form,  see  p.  204. 

8IMFLX  rOBMB. 

TdtaA  Old  Germ.  Genza     Mod.  Germ.  Gentz^  Gabs.    French 

Oabcb,  Oabct. 

DDLLNUTIVBH. 

Old  German  Ganaalin— Mod.  German  Gikzlbb— IVenck 
Oaboalob. 

C01CP0UNI)& 

(Hari,  warrior)  Old  German  Gentear,  9th  cent— Frenoh 
GABTzisB.     ('Man J  English  Gabsmaw. 

•G«iimUja«iiiiMdtolMftdiiiii]nittT«of  PUUp-^wfalflfa  may  be  tte  ctf»- 
Um  rnaeh  havtiif  Mniml  dmllMr  foniii»  m  Bobbbtkt  Mid  Bwnaqvma^ 


A  GHAPTBB  OF  FBAGMBNTS.  519 

Possibly  to  the  above  may  belong  the  Cauncy 
or  Chauncy  in  the  Boll  of  Battle  Abbey,  Engliah 
Caxtnoe,  Chaxcb»  Chanoby,  French  Ghanceau. 

I  have  referred,  p.  66,  to  the  ending  heit, 
English  Jiood^  as  in  Adalheid,  &c.  This,  as  an 
ending,  may  be  reasonably  explained,  but  when 
we  find  apparently  the  same  word  as  a  prefix 
and  even  as  a  simple  form,  it  becomes  dijBS.cult  to 
say  in  what  manner  we  should  interpret  it.  Wein- 
hold  (Deutschen  Frauen)  refers  to  Old  High 
Germ,  haitar,  serenua 

BIMPLB  FOBMfiL 

Old  Germ.  Haito^  Haido,  Haida,  Eid,  8th  cent.  "Wngl^iih  Bait 
HmoHT,  Hatdat,  Ade,  Adie.  Mod.  Genn.  Haid,  Hsnyr.  ^^*^' 
l!reiich  Aide, 

DDHNUnVEB. 

Old  Germ.  Heidilo,  AitJa,  8th  cent — Engliah  Hatblt — 
Mod.  Oermu  HEmEL — ^French  OhItel.  Engliah  Hatdook. 
PHONBno  Bin>ma. 

Old  Qerm.  Heidin,  9th  oeut  English  Hatdon.  Mod. 
Germ.  Hsysen,  Hatdv.     French  Addt. 

0OMPOUND8. 

(ffari,  warrior)  Old  German  Haitar,  9th  oent« — Engliwh 
Hattbb — ^Mod.  German  Hetteb — French  Heidsb.  (Bad, 
counael)  Old  Germ.  Aitraday  9th  cent. — ^Eng.  Hatbxd.* 

What  the  meaning  of  ham  is  in  men's  names 
seems  very  doubtfiiL  If  firom  horn,  comu,  there 
are  two  senses  of  which  we  might  think — ^first^ 
that  of  a  sharp  point,  like  so  many  of  the  names 
in  chapter  13 — secondly,  that  of  those  feats  of  the 
drinking-horn  on  which  the  Northmen  especially 
so  much  prided  themselves.  But  Forstemann,  in 
the  name  Homung,  (he  has  not  the  simple  form 

«  If  U  be  iwoDoanoed  UIm  oiit  word  hatrtd. 


520  A  OBAPIKB  OF  SBAOICXNTa 

Honi»)  refers  to  ADg.-Sax.  hcrwung^  spmiitf^  filius 
oatmalifiL  I  am  incUned  to  think,  however,  that 
Honrang  is  nothing  more  than  the  -psAxcfapsan 
of  Horn ;  the  form  in  which  it  is  found  in  A^lo- 
Sax.  names  of  places,  as  Homingaden  and  Horo- 
ingamseie^  ''the  valley  of  the  Homings*"  and  ''the 
boundaiy  of  the  Homings^"  seems  inconsistent 
with  any  other  supposition.  Unless^  therefoie, 
Horn  itself  may  be  taken  to  mean  illegitunate^ 
that  meaning  ought  not  to  be  given  to  the  patro- 
nymic Homing.  Horn  was  the  hero  of  oiie  of 
the  most  popular  of  the  early  romances. 

BtHPLK  VOSM& 

flan.  Angto-SfeODit  Vxmk^  fofwnd  fi»  HvnmAwtk^  CM  Dif» 

OnmmT    1309.    Aldwin  Horn,  a  UfnaaA  befire  Domesde^.    IB^ijoA 
HoBHT.    Mod  OemL  Hobn;  French  Hobnb. 

DDliNUTiVJUL 

Bngtish  HomnDGS— Hod.  German  Hobhbck;  HoBSia 
MocL  Germ.  HdBNLEnr. 

PATB0KT1CK& 

Old  Geiman  Hormmg,  Sdi  oent.  A2ig.-Sazi(iii  Honusfr 
fiwnd  in  ffamingeahaih,  now  Hamingtheaih  in  SuuesG, 
Kn^isb  HoBHora.    Mod.  <}erm.  HoBznrKro. 

COMFOtTNSB. 

("Bard J  Hod.  Germ.  Hchohakix  (Baf%  wanior)  Bng^ 
HoiiKEBt    (Jfa»JEQg.HoBiiiiAH,HoB]incA»---M]od.aenD* 

SOBJOMAJSOL 

If  the  word  horn  may  be  taken  to  have  tlie 
»M»i>wig  of  illegitimate^  there  is  another  woid^ 
beUs,  afaso  ocouiring  in  men's  names^  which  woootir 
ing  to  Grinmi^  has  the  opposite  meaning.  It  is 
found  in  the  name  of  Belisariua^  Ute  Qotbic 
general  under  the  emperor  Justmian,  and  thera 

*  The  nniaai  HManr  ii  b«B  ft  rialte  odgU  (DHL  ^K  vllliffe). 


A  CHAPTER  OF  FBAGMENTa  521 

are  eight  other  instances  of  the  same  name,  with 
some  unimportant  variations,  in  the  Altdeutsches 
Namenbuch.  Grimm  (Gesch.  d.  Deutsc.  apr.) 
refers  to  Gothic  valis,  legitimate,  and  makes 
Belisar«=a  Gothic  Valishar  {Jiari,  warrior).  The 
following  modem  names  are  with  some  diffidence 
introduced  here. 

SIMFLB  FOBMfl. 

English  Beluss,*  Bellies,  Bellows,  Pallacb.  Mod. 
Germ.  Pallas.     French  Pelossb,  Pausse. 

OOMPOUNDa 

(iTort,  warrior)  Old  German  Belesar,  6th  cent.  English 
Beijeteb,  Palliseb.  French  Bellisgsb,  Belseub,  Pelissieb. 
ItaL  Belisabio. 

I  doubt  very  much  the  explanation  of  our 
name  Lovechild  as  meaning  an  illegitimate 
person.  Luuecild  is  an  eaxly  name  in  the  Liber 
Vit(B — ^it  seems  to  be  more  probably  an  epithet 
of  affection. 

The  Eng.  Twiss,  Twice,  corresponding  with 
an  Old  Germ.  Zuizo,  9th  cent.,  (High  Germ.  »« 
Ang.-Sax.  t,)  appears  to  have  the  meaning  of 
geminus,  twin.  So  also  English  Tway,  Twinb, 
whence  the  patronymic  TwiNma.  Perhaps  also 
TwiGfG,  with  which  appears  to  correspond  an 
Anglo-Saxon  Tuica^  found  in  Tuicanham,  now 
Twickenham.  Or  the  last  may  have  the  sense 
of  spear,  like  many  other  words  of  the  same  class 
elsewhere  referred  to.  Twyman,  however,  I 
should  rather  compare  with  the  Old  Norse  tweg- 
gtamald,  a  double  man,  Le.,  of  twice  the  ordinary 
size  or  strength. 

*  Bm  alio  p.  869. 
N  3 


Bella. 


522  A   CHAFTinEt  OF  FBAQinSKTa 

Our  name  Lammas  might  be  supposed  to  be 
derived  from  the  season,  like  GnaiSTMLAs,  'Son, 
Ac.  But  Lammasse  occurs  in  the  Hundred  Bolls 
without  prefix  ;  Lamas  is  also  a  French  name ; 
and  there  was  a  king  of  Lombardj  in  the  5th 
cent,  called  Lamisso  or  Lamissio— -the  name, 
according  to  the  old  chroniclers,  being  dmred 
from  lama,  water,  on  account  of  his  having  in 
childhood  been  rescued  from  a  pond. 

The  following  stem  seems  somewhat  obscure 
— Forstemann  refers  to  Old  High  German  m^ 
modus,  or  maz,  cibus. 

SnCFLIFOBMS. 

Old  OenxL  Masszo,  Maaso,  8th  cent     Ang.-Saz.  MeflBB) 
found  m  Mceasami/fffih,  Cod.  Dip.  721.      English  Massib, 
MsfisiAH.   Mod.  Qena.  Mass,  Me8&   Fra&oh  Mabsk,  Habs^ 
Masseau.  

DDCmUTlVKS. 

Old  Oerm.  Maasila^  father  oflfaldra  or  Masdra,  1^^ 
the  Suevi,  5th  cent,  Mezli,  9th  oent— MassUift,  lib.  Ft^- 
English  Massall,  Measket— Mod.  Ckrm.  Massl,  Mxssfi^ 
Old  Germ.  Mazelin,  bishop  of  Wnrzbuig,  llthceut—EDg^ 
Maslin — French  Massilloh,  Mazeldt. 

FHONEnO  JSftiDJLNO. 

Old  Oerm.  Massana,  wife  oftheLombard  king  CM>  ^^ 
cent.  English  Massuta,  Mbsseena,  Masson.  Mod.  Oerm- 
Massxn.     French  MAS8ENA,t  Masson. 

PATRONTiaOB. 

Old  Qerm.  Messine.    Eng.  Msssnra.    French  HssK^ 

OOMPOUNDa. 

(Hard)  French  Massabt.  (Hart,  warrior)  Eng.  Mas- 
sure,  Measure — Mod.  German  Messer — French  Ma^o^ 

*  And  MnasizigB,  found  In  m«»— iy>g%ti  ^w*  ^  now  Mftii!rfwghiv*w 
t  **Mr.  DlsneU  (Ooningibr,  8,  203}  Baiys  that  MMseuk  ••  ipbD  a*^^ 
French  nwnhaJa,  wu  a  Hebrew,  and  that  his  real  name  was  Mannsiwh     He  «*" 
natlre  of  Nice.     Now  in  the  Piedmqnteae  dialect,  maamet  rignlfles  a  ctafld-  '' 
Is  there  anj  foundation  for  Mr.  DTnaeli's  statements   B.  O,  B.  in  V^  ^ 
querin.    Vol.  10,  p.  147. 


A  CHAPTEB  OF  FRAQMBKTS.  528 

MiWffiTTCB,  MwgfftaiK.    (Man)  Engliah  Mabhman — Mod.  Germ. 
Massman<— French  MAflSEinv. 

PHONxno  nrrBusioN  of  n. 
(B$fij  famous)  Eng.  Massikgbebd — French  Masihbebt.* 

The  stem  wag,  way,  is  difficult  to  separate 
from  the  stem  wa^,  p.  362.  But  it  seems  to  me 
that  there  is  a  separate  word,  probably  having 
the  meaniDg  of  waving  or  brandishing,  as  in  the 
WsBgbrand  (Wave-sword)  in  the  genealogy  of 
the  kings  of  Northumbria. 

SIMPLE  F0B3C&  ^      ^^ 

Old  Germ.  Wago,  Waggo,  9th  cent.    Waga,  second  &om    wato, 
Woden  in  the  genealogy  of  the  Merdan  kings.      Wege  bnndidL 
{Domesday),     English  Wago,  Wego,  Yaoue,  Wat.     Mod. 
GemL  Wage,  Weob.    French  VAom,  V^i6,  Vei^,  Wet. 

jyatjsTJTrrBA. 
Engliah  Watleht.    French  WEGELnr. 

PHONEno  Ein>ni'a. 
Old  Germ.  Yagan,  8th  cent   Old  Norse  Yagen.   English 
Wajk.    French  Yagnet,  Yaoanat,  Wetmt. 

00MP0Uin)s. 
(Oaud,  Ooth)  English  Watgood.  (Hari,  warrior)  Old 
Oerm.  Wagher,  8th  cent^English  Wagsb — Mod.  Qerman 
Wageb,  Wbgeb.  (Jfon)  English  Wagmak,  Wathan — 
Mod.  Oerm.  Wetmaiot — French  1  Wbgman.  (Beriy  famous) 
Old  Germ.  Wagpraht,  9th  cent. — English  Wetbbet. 

Bespecting  the  root  aus,  aur,  I  quote  the 
following  remarks  of  Forstemann.  "We  must 
assume  such  a  German  root  with  the  meaning  of 
light,  brightness ;  and  see  it  in  the  German  form 
of  the  Sanscrit  root  usch,  as  we  also  find  it  in  the 
Latin  aurv/m,  aurora^  uro ;  in  the  Greek  i/if,  and 

*  There  U  an  Old  FxtnUah  name  llHembold,  8th  cent,  dmllarly  formed 
from  this  Item. 


Am,  Aur. 


524  A  GHAFTEB  OF  FBAGMENTa 

in  the  Ang.-Saz.  edrendel,  a  star.  Here  appears 
the  simple  form  of  the  root,  of  which  we  have  an 
extension  in  atist,  aiister  (oriens)/' 

BDfPLB  FOSMB. 

Englisli  Obb,  Ouskt.  French  Aubxau,  Attrat,  Ausr, 
OuBT,  Obt,  Ai78st,  TJsssl 

DmiNunvES. 
Old  Germ.  AasUaa^  €th  oent. — ^English  AuBiot^  Oriel— 
French  Auzollb,  AuBina^  Obiolle.    Old  German  OivKh 
10th  cent — ^English  Obbi8& 

PHONETio  ENDnra. 
Old  Qerman  Oreuii  11th  cent    English  Obbdt.    French 

AUZQET. 

OOMPOirNDS. 

(Beri,  fiunous)  Old  German  Auripert,  7th  cent— Freach 
AuSBEBT.  fGcmy  magic)  Englinh  Oboak — French  Aube<2A5. 
(Qcbr,  spear)  English  Obgeb — French  Aubioeb.  (Sarh 
■warrior)  Old  German  Ansari,  9th  cent. — French  Aus8ii3» 
(Wald,  power)  Old  German  Ansvold,  Ansold,  9thceat- 
English  Household  t 

In  the  Haupts  zeitschrifi  of  Weinhold  he 
refers  to  the  name  Ochon,  of  a  king  of  the  Heroli, 
6th  cent.,  deriving  it  from  the  Goth,  auhns,  oven, 
in  the  older  meaning  of  fire.  Should  this  deriva- 
tion obtain,  the  English  Oven,  as  well  as  the 
Modem  German  Oken,  and  the  French  OcHiN, 
may  be  similarly  explained. 

A  stem  of  uncertain  meaning  is  gad^  which 
Forstemann  refers  to  a  lost  verb  gadan^  in  the 
sense  of  uniting.  But  various  other  words  are 
so  liable  to  intermix  that  I  will  not  attempt  to 
give  any  general  meaning  to  the  group. 

*  HtBOt,  I  pnram^  the  Mod.  Gtnn.  goKcis  to  unlta,  folk,  qpoiiM»  *& 


A  GHAFTEB  OF  FBAOMENTS.  525 

Probably  the  form  cat  would  come  in  more 
properly  here  than  as  introduced  at  p.  168. 

eOlCPLB  FOBHB.  CM. 

Old  OeniL  Gaddo,  Gatto,  Geddo,  Getto,  7th  oent.  Eng. 
Oadd,  Gaity,  Gsdd,  Gst,  Gettt,  Caddt.  Mod.  Gexnian 
Gape,  Gede,  Kapk  French  Gadt^  Gad^  Gateau,  Gatbd^ 
GEiTBy  Oadbau. 

DDlLMUTiVJWL 

English  Caddick— Modem  German  Gasdckb.  Engliah 
Oadell.     French  Gatillon,  Cadilhon. 

OOMFOTTNnS. 

{H<uriy  warrior)  Engliah  Gbiteb — ^French  Oabieb.  {Leof^ 
dear)  English  Gatxjffb,  Getlttel  (Jfon)  Anglo-Saxon 
Gflsdmon — ^English  Cadxak,  Gettmak.  (Niw,  young)  Old 
Germ.  Gatani,  8th  oent — ^Eng.  Gedhet.  (Watah^  stranger) 
Old  German  Eladnwalah,  Oadnalns,  8th  cent. — Oeadwalha^* 
king  of  Wflssez — ^En^^iish  Oadwell. 

PHONBnO  INTRUSION  OF  ^f 

{Ha/rty  warrior)  Old  Gezman  Gadelher^  11th  cent— Mod. 
QenxL  "KjBPnxR — ^French  Gatellieb. 

•  Oofht^  perittn  nChtt  to  bo  toonght  in  h«rt  than  tloog  with  haXh^  wir, 

t  Ai  wdl  aa  the  f om  gadA,  than  is  alao  a  f  ocm  gadttt  which  mig^t  aooooni 
for  iooh  namfli  aa  Sni^iih  Oaxsbbooop^  (in  the  Uth  oani  found  aa  Gadzagod}. 


CHAPTER  XXXn. 


00KCLU8I0N. 


I  might— ere  taking  leave  of  the  subject- 
amuse  the  reader  by  many  instances  of  the  curious 
relation  in  which  names  sometimes  stand  to 
avocations.  Thus  of  nine  Mash's  in  the  London 
directory,  five  are  dealers  in  potatoes.  Fobce, 
CuLBET,  and  Oeuimpagne  are  wine-merchants  in 
Paris,  Yebjus  is  a  doctor,  and  Viboius  keq)s  ibe 
hotd  Byron.  On  the  other  hand  CjjOVTS  and 
Odin  axe  taolors,  Salabin  is  a  hair-dresser, 
MxLOBD  is  a  grocer,  and  Minebvb  sells  lemonade. 
Madame  Thais  watches  over  the  morals  of  a 
religious  order ;  Madame  Mizbby  keeps  an  hotel, 
and  I  dare  say  makes  people  very  comfortable. 

Again — as  I  have  throughout  these  pages 
advocated  the  opinion  that  many  curious-soimdiBg 
names  are  only  corruptions  of  ancient  names,  so 
I  may  give  a  few  instances  of  others  which  we 
might  have  had.  We  have  many  which  seem 
to  be  fi*om  beverages — ^we  might  also  have  had 
ICE-Ain>-CBEAM — ^the  Old  Germ.  Isancrim  (Iron- 
fierce.)  We  have  Goodbnough,  and  I  have  taken 
it  to  be  from  an  Old  Frankish  name  Goderndf— 
so  we  might  have  had  Badenough,  fi*om  an  Old 
German  Badanulf.  The  termination  wif,  woman, 
common  in  ancient  female  names,   might  have 


CONCLUSION.  527 

given  us,  withotit  any  corruption,  Eochwirai, 
Angel-wepb,  SiLLY-wrPB,  and  Cold-wtpk  The 
Old  Germ,  names  Austrigosa  and  Wisegoz  (Ostro- 
goth and  Visigoth)  would  naturally  have  become 
Easteh-gooss  and  Wissgoose. 

Many  other  examples  I  might  introduce,  but 
I  prefer  to  close  the  subject  with  a  more  serious 
tram  of  thought.  My  aim  has  been  to  vindicate 
the  antiquity,  and  to  assert  the  nobility,  of  our 
common  English  names.  I  have  endeavoured  to 
show  that  very  many  of  those  which  seem  the 
meanest  and  the  most  vulgar,  are  in  reality  the 
most  ancient — ^that^  philologically  speaking,  the 
Norman  territorial  seigneurs  are  the  parvenus— 
the  Babbs  and  the  Bubbs  and  the  Dadds,  the 
Raggs,  the  Ruggs,  and  the  Wiggs,  the  Potts,  the 
Juggs,  and  the  Tubbs,  the  grand  old  nobility. 
And  in  the  names  of  our  great  rivals  by  sea  and 
land,  I  have  sought  to  trace  the  forgotten  rela- 
tionship of  two  thousand  years. 

An  eminent  modem  scholar,  the  late  Dr. 
Donaldson,  has  remarked  of  English  names^  that 
"  though  generally  very  much  corrupted  in  ortho- 
graphy and  pronunciation,  they  often  preserve 
forms  of  words  which  have  been  lost  in  the  ver- 
nacular language  of  the  country,  and  so  constitute 
a  sort  of  living  glossary/'  This  is  true,  but  it  is 
not  the  whole  trutL  They  contain  words  which 
have  been  lost  in  the  whole  cycle  of  Teutonic 
languages — they  contain  senses  which  have 
perished,  though  the  words  are  still  extant — 


528  ODNGLUSIOK. 

they  contain  aU  forms  of  andeat  dialects,  and  all 
forms  of  transition  between  one  dialect  and 
another. 

Nor  is  their  value  less  as  a  record  of  past 
modes  of  thought.  There  is  not  one  of  them  but 
had  a  meaning  once — they  are  a  reflex  of  a  l^e- 
gone  age— a  commentary  on  the  life  of  our  foie- 
fiithera 


ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS. 


P.  14.  The  ending  ma  in  Ftim.0  names,  wftioh  I  have 
taken  to  be  a  diminutiye,  is  oonitdei^  by  Pott  and 
Bupteoht  to  be  the  same  w  mofk  In  that  cftse  it 
would  not  be  the  same  as  the  ending  ma,  fnia,  ico,, 
in  Old  Frankisb  namee  with  which  I  haTe  compared 
itj  as  many  of  thteee  names  are  feminina 

P.  26.  The  name  Erasmos  I  have  taken  to  be  a  latinized 
f(Nrm  of  a  Frieaio  Erasma.  But  in  de&olt  of  finding 
it  in  any  case  in  the  latter  form^  the  derivation  of 
Pott  from  the  Greek  Eraanuoa  must  perhaps  be  pre- 
ferred. 

P.  105.  HouLET,  MvLBFr,  fte.|  might  also  be  the  same  as  a 
Hugolot  in  the  liber  Yitaa^  a  diminutire  or  com* 
pound  of  hug,  pw  357. 

P.  125.  I  have  to  apologise  lor  the  name  CioMSOir.  I 
found  it  in  Mr.  Bowditch's  index^  and  concluded 
that  there  was  such  a  nam&  Subsequently,  refer- 
ring to  the  text,  I  found  that  it  ran — "  we  hare  no 
Crimson  r* 

P.  135.  The  name  Albruna,  of  the  wise  woman  of  the  old 
Germans,  (from  a{/^  §1/,  and  rUn,  wisdom  or  mystery, 
p.  364)  was  probably  derived  £com  her  supposed 
character  of  soothsayer.  From  the  same  origin 
comes  Oberon,  the  name  of  the  fidiy  king.  We 
have  AtTBEROK  as  a  Christian  name,  but  I  do  not 
know  it  as  a  &mily  name. 

P.  151.  Nefflen  is,  I  think,  a  German,  not  an  English 
name. 

P.  256.  Nestle,  Nestlino,  dnx  Grimm,  (Oeach.  d.  Deuisch^ 
Sprach,)  refers,  in  the  case  of  an  Old  German  name 
Nestica,  to  neH,  torques,  neaHla,  fibula. 

P.  261.  FfiiDAY  might  also  be  derived  from  an  Ang.-Sazon 
Frigedseg,  (found  in  Frigedsges  trtow,  Cod.  Dip. 
1221).  So  Fbsbout,  also  Freebody,  might  be  the 
o  3 


530  ADDITIONS  AND  OOBBECmONa 

same  as  an  Old  Qennan  FriobaadeSy  6th  oentw,  from 
JH,  liber.  Henoe  alao  Friab  and  Fbiakt,  Modem 
German  Fbehb,  from  an  Old  German  Friliery  8tii 
cent  And  Fbebkah,  oonresponding  with  a  Frimikoa 
in  the  liber  Y itn. 

P.  262.  SfETEWBiGHT  would  be  better  jJaoed  akmg  with 
Sbabioht,  to  an  Old  German  Seaerit,  p.  322,  frtim 
GotL  MMW,  Ang.-Sax.  mm,  mare. 

P.  263.  The  introdaction  of  the  name  Gwnm  here  maj  be 
liable  to  miaoonstraction.  I  merely  mean  to  aak 
the  question  whether — comparing  it  with  an  Old 
German  Gonine— a  Tentonic  name  can  in  any  case 
be  mixed  ap  with  the  Celtia 

P.  310.  Dandelton.  The  frmily  of  this  name  became 
extinct  in  tJie  reign  of  Edward  lY. 

P.  313.  The  name  Pictube  might  be  from  Pictor  as  a 
latinization  of  painter. 

P.  317.  The  most  certain  instance  of  Soot  as  a  baptismal, 
and  not  as  a  descriptiye  name,  is  a  Scot  Agomdea- 
sone  (for  Agemimdessune  ?)  in  the  liber  Yitn. 

P.  349.  Our  name  Rbcknell  is  more  probably  the  same  as 
the  German  Reckkagel,  p.  221. 

P.  382.  The  Ang.-Sax.  XJhtred  ought  not,  I  think,  to  come 
in  here ;  the  stem  ctcty  p.  450,  is  more  suitable. 

P.  397.  The  authority  for  the  statement  that  the  name  of 
the  Maid  of  Orleans  was  properly  Daro^  not  lyAro^ 
is  her  latest  French  biographer,  whose  name  I  do 
not  at  present  remember,  and  whose  information 
was  derived  from  an  examination  of  ancient  docu- 
ments. 

P.  425.  Pott  has  Gboye  and  Gboyekank  as  Low  German 
namea 

P.  464.  Our  name  Grassiok  corresponds  with  a  Gbraic  in 
the  Liber  Yitie,  Ang.-Saxon  gcersy  another  form  of 
grms. 


INDEX  OF  FRENCH  NAMEa 


AlMolt,  61 
AbftTid,61 
Abbadie,  61 
Abb^60 
Abbette,61 
Abert,61 
Abit,61 
Aoar,  210 
Acaii,S210 
Aooanlt,  210 
Adooque,  210 
Adde,  287 
Ad^,  287 
Adeline,  337 
Adelo]i,337 
AdhemAT,  288 
Adm,519 
Admant.  288 
Adolpbe,  72,  288 
Adoiil,d37 
Adour,  288 
Aeaohimann,  217 
A«aue,193 
Agenet,  210 
Agii,ld3 
Agmand.  210 
Agon,  211 
Agoalt,210 
Agn]n,210 
Agron,  210 
AM6,619 
Aigle,94 
Aigoin,  210 
AigailU,H  154 
AifiaTd,164 
Amerei,154 
AiUy,  154 


Aim6, 

154 

» 

,516 
AlAgre,516 
Alayoine,  617 
Albaiet,135 
Albenque,  135 
Albert,  516 
Albin,134 
Albo,  134 
Albiand,  299,  418 
Alby,  134 
Aldebert,  418 
Aldon,  418 
A1^516 

,418 


Alel7,426 
Alfred,  135 
Algier,  516 
Al^ot,  427 
Alinot,  517 
Aliz,142 
Alkan,418 


A]lard,516 
Allaire,  517 
Allaii^300 
Allaume,  38 
Alleaume,  38 
Allemojs,  517 
Allengi7,239 
Aileron,  517 
AUery,  517 
Allevy,  517 
Ami,516 
Amen,238 
Allonier,  239 
AUouard,  517 
AlphonM,  338 
Alquier,  142 
Alnoq,517 
AItairao,419 
Altaroohe,  418 
Alteriet,  418 
Amade,  284 
Amadeof,  284 
Amblard,  143 
Aniail,143 
Am^dte,  284 
Amelin,  143 
Ameling,  143 
Amette,  284 
Amey,  492 
AmiB,284 
Amianme,  493 
Amor^,  130 
Ampaire,  312 
Amurat,  492 
Anoeau,  119 
Anoeaume,  119 
Anoel,  119 
Anoelin,  119 
Ancement,  120 
Andraud,  300 
Andro,  300 
Andry,  300 
Anery,  289 
Anfray,  289 
Ang6.  212 
Angel,  213 
Angelier,  213 


Angeraadf  502 
Angevin,  212 
Angibert,  292 
Angiboui,  292 
Anglement,  213 
Anglade,  213 
Ang]ard,213 
Angonard,  293 
* — ly,  212 


Anjnbanli,  292 
Anne,  289 
Ann6,  289 
Ann6e,289 
AnquetiL  52,  512 
Anflart,119 
Annelin,  119 
AnBehne,  119 

Anain^Ttn^  120 

Anamant,  120 
Anael,  119 
Antheaume,  432 
Antier,  432 
Antiq,  432 
Antraygue^  300 
Anty,  432 
Appay,  60 
Appert,  61 
Aran,  95 
Arago,  387 
Arbogaat,  50,  386 
Arbeau,^ 
Axbey,  386 
Arbomont,  386 
ATbre,386 

Arcbambaolt,  12,  432 
Arohereau,  388 
Arohinard,  432 
Ardier,  250 
Ardouin,  251 
Arfort,386 
Aigand,388 
Aiiy,  387 
Ar^li,95 
Arlomn.  340 
Armandeaa,  147 
Armandet,  147 
Armengaud,  50  146 
Armenia,  147 
Armeny,  146 
Armet,  147 
Armez,  147 
Arnault,  95 
Arnold,  95 
Amou,  95 


532 


INDSX  OF  FRENCH   NAMEa 


iLiiioiild,M 
▲rondfll,  168 
Arpm,386 
Arqain,  432 
An»uH,96 
Amnger,  96 
Aniy«ts,96 
ArrondeaiL  96 
Artaiat.2ffl 
ArteO,260 
Artua,250 
Arveuf,  380 
ArTier,3d6 
AmoU,  216 
Aiperti,119 
ABtel,216 
ABtier,  216 
AitorgiB,303 
Aftnio,  216 
Aiae,  89, 119 
Auegond,  119 
Aiaeliii,  119 
Abm11,119 
AMueruB,  120 
Atloff,  288 
AtyB,288 
Anbard,  135 
Aub6,134 
Aab€l,134 
Aubery,  135 
Aabez,134 
Aubier,  135 
Anbigny,  134 
Aubin,  134 
Aubineau,  134 
Aubouer,  135 
Aubouin,  135 
Aubriet,  136 
Aabnui.135 
AnohArd,  142 
Aude,  381 
Audeorand,  382 
Andeman,  382 
Aadevard,  62,  282 
Andibert,  62,  381 
Audier,  382 
AudifEred,  382 
Andiffret,  382 
Aadiganne,  382 
Aadjgaier,  62,  382 
Andififi,381 
Aiidin,381 
AadiB,381 
Aadiquei,  381 
Audouard,  52,  382 
Audoin,  382 
Audoain,  62 
Audouy,  382 
Audnn,  382 
Andy,  381 
Auer,  290 
Attfray,  502 
Auger,  382 


Auny,  624 

Annan,  624 
AarttraiL6a4 

AiirdlK624 
Aoriger,  624 
Ausbert,  524 
Atundre,  624 
Auapert,  119 
Autenxdie,  388 
Aathelandl  382 
Aathier,  382 
Aati6,  381 
Antin,  381 
Aatier,  382 
Autraii,382 
Autrique,  382 
Aiuolle,  524 
Aiuson,  524 
Avare,  290 
ATart,290 
Ayeline,  290 
Avi,290 
Avisaeaa,  290 
Avisse,  290 
Ayuard,290 
Avizart,  290 
Avizeau,  290 
Aycard,  210 
Aye],  154 
Aymer,  210,  492 
AymoB,  492 
Aymont,  210,  492 
Ayxault,  95 
A2anl,169 
Azan,  169 
A2e,169 
Azema,  169 
Az^mar,  169 
Azibert,  169 
AziUe,  169 
Azimon,  169 

Babault,  291 
Bab6,291 
Babeau,  291 
Babeuf,  291 
Babin,  291 
Bablui,291 
Babonneau,  291 
Babouard,  291 
Babouldne,  291 
Babaleau,  291 
Bao,172 
Baocaud,  172 
Bach,  172 
Bacfaiment,  172 
Bacqua,  172 
Booquart,  172 
Bacque,  172 
Bacquet,  172 
Badel,  IGO 
Bader,  166 
Badier,  166 


Bftdoii,166 
Bady,  166 

Bagard,l72 
Bagaiy,  172 
Bagier,  172 
Baglan,l72 
Bague,  172 
Ban,l92 
^^192 
Bailliard,  198 
Bailiire,192 
BaiUiea,192 
BaiUy,  172,  192 
BaiiuB,  181 
Balay,  192 
Balooq,  27 
Bald^241 
Baldeveek,  242 
Baleiy,  192 
Baldi,  241 
Ballard,  192 
BaUe,192 
Ballerei,  192 
Balloobe,  198 
Bally,  192 
Ballii,192 
BalBaii,242 
BalBemiva,  241 
Baltar,  131,  241 
Baltard,241 
Baltazard,  241 
Balzac,  241 
Banc,  182 


Banoelin,  235 
Bani6,  175 
BannieUe,  175 
Bannier,  175 
Banonard,  175 
Bangy,  182 
Bansard,  236 
Baiaban,70 
Barault,61 
Baraohin,  61 
Bard,  222! 
Bard6,  2^ 
Bardeau,  222 
Bardelle,  222 
Bardillon,  222 
Bardon,222 
Bardonneaii,  282 
Bardy,  222 
Bai«&e,61 
Bamay,  423 
Baniet,423 
Bamich,  423 
Baniier,  423 
Bamoavin,  423 
Baroin,62 
Barratte,62 
Barre,  61 
Ban^61 


IltPBX  09  FBBKCH  N^JOS. 


538 


Bureui,^ 

Beluse&t,270        . 

BeiTet,02 

Bellamy,  24,  m 

Bum,  61 

Bellart,260 

Berteaii.222 
Bertel,222 

BellaToine,  270 
Bellean,l92 

Bairy,  61 

BeUee,192 

BeMaget,m 

BeUemar^m 

Basse,  181 

Bellemain,  280 
BellemanLS^ 
5ellenot,2aO 

Ba8Be6,181 
BaMo,18| 

Baata,183 

Belletre,  219 

Bartard,W 

Bellhommek  Wi 

Baster,183 

Belli,  102 

Bartie,183 

Bellioard.  260 

Baetler,  133 

Bemer,260 

BataiUe,iaft 

Belligaid,  260 

Batard,167 

BelliMer,6aft 

Bataolt,  167 

BelU)o,260 

Batel,166 

BeUii,192 

BathSS^]^ 
Batt6,166 

Belment,260 

Belnoi,269 

BelBeiir.621 

BaUo,  166 

Bel<,260 

Baud,  241 
Baudeao,  241 

Baudenf  ,  2U 

Bena,176 
Benazd,177 
Bence,  177,  23& 
Benedi,  176 

Baadier,  241 

Benecke,  176 
Benda,236 

Baudm,243 

Bender,  296 

Baudouin,  249 

Bengel,182 

Baadrand,241 
Baudzii,241 

Benier,  177 
Benz,  177,  7» 

Baadn>,242 

Ber,68 

Baiidron,241 
Baudi7,24X 

Beniid,60 
Beral,60 

Bauduer,  241 
Bavaid,2»l 

Beianger,  70 
Bennlt,60 

BebeiVtt4 
Beo,  WZ 
Bicbade,222 

Beroher.  69 
Beer,  68 
Beige,  270 

Beohman,  292 

Bergeaii,270 
Berger,  60,270 
Bergeiat,270 

Becker,  222. 

Beokl6,222 
Beoquemiej^22l( 
Beoquet,  222 

Bezgaeian4  270 
Berheaome,  60 

Bench,  60 

Beoqney,  222 

BeiiUe,60 

Bedard,167 

Berillon,  60 

Bed6, 166 

Beringer,  70 

Bedeaii,166 
Bedel,166 

sr^*-^' 

Bedier,  167 

Berl7,60 

Bedmar,  167 
Bedneo,166 

Bermard.  60 
Bennond,60 

Bedouin,  167 
Bedn,l26 

Bennont,60 

Bernard,  26,  71 
Bemardeft,26 

B6fort,414 

Belac,269 

Beinardm,26 

Belaue,260 
Beleft,^ 
Belhomme,  ase 

Bemanlt,71 
Berne.  70 
Bern3le,70 

Be]in,270 

Benie7,70 

Bemier,  71 
BerDt,60 
Berqnier,  2r0 
Berqmn,  60 
Benyer.  60 

370 
370 

It,  370 
Berte»370 
Bertean.  370 
Bertel,370 
Bertey,  370 
Beriheaiune,  OfO 
Berthdin,  370 
Berthier^O 
Berfder,  370 
Bertin,370 
Bertomier,  370 
Bertrand,  370 
Bertrant,370 
Berferay,  3f^ 
Bertron,  370 
Betianl^l83 
Bert,  183 
Berte],183 
Befliard,181 
Beoay,  181 
BeBBe,181 
Beelay,  181 
Benon,  181 
Befliona,181 
Beason 


Bethery,  167 

Beton,166 

Bette,166 

Bevaire,01 

Bibal,414 

Bibant,  414 

Biber,Ol 

Bibert,414 

Bilyas,414 

Bioa],177 

Bichard,  170 

Bioheron,  170 

Bidanlt,  W 

Bled,  166 

Bi6ro,68 

Biff  ant,  414 

Biffe,414 

Big6,177 

Bigeard,178 

Bigey,  177 

Bigle,177 

Bigot,  178 

Bim,178 

^fii^200 

Billanlt,  270 

Bilbaiilt,200 

Bileo,  260 

Bilhet,260 

Bilken,260 

BillejlOO 


534 


ENDBX  OF  FRENCH  KAMEa 


BiU0qiu%9e9 

BUlei^aOd 

BiDuid,260 

Bim6n,269 

BUi]iig,260 

Billion,  270 

Baiatea%219 

Biiusl76 

Bi]uuit,177 

BiiiMd,177 

BuidA»23S 

Binder,  236 

Binmn,176 

Bin67, 176 

JT,  177 

Binneoher:  177 

BinoQhfl76 

Bi]u,177 

Biron,70 

Biau9,181 

BiicM,181 

Bi«a7,181 

BiflMn«181 

Bitoher,  178 

BiTert,414 

Blaolier,396 

BlMddar,  386 

Bkd.376 

Sadler.  376   * 

BlAin,396 

BlAiye,184 

BUno,a92 

BlAnca,392 

BIenoud,393 

BLmohazd,  393 

B]Anehe,392 

Bbncheron,  383 

Bluiehet,393 

Blannhin,  392 

Blendin,397 


BLangy, ; 
Blenqnert,  383 
Blenque,392 
Blanqnet,  393 
Blanquiw,393 
Blancy,  397 
Bleqne,386 
nftan,376 
BUtte,376 
Blatter,  376 
Blavier,  184 
Blavin,184 
Bleoh,393 
Bled,  376,  440 
Ble6,396 
Blem,396 
Blenner,  396 


»«ri^»3 


.440 

BtoMer,441 

BleMinff.440 

Blet,3r6.440 

Bletel,  ^6,  440 

Bleteiy,  376 

Bleton,376.440 

B14qmer,  393 

Bleu,  396 

BleTanui,184 

BldTe,184 

Blin,396 

Bloc,  214 

Blooaille,216 

Bloinaid,466 

Home,  466 

Blond,  397 

Blond4,  397 

Blondeaiv887 

BlondeI,397 

Blondin,397 

Bloquel,  215 

Bloqniire,  215 

Blon,  386 

Bliim,465 

Bobant,422 

Bob4e,421 

Boblet,422 

Bobi4re,422 

BolnB,422 

BobcBoff,  422 

Bobot,422 

Booh,  224 

Boohard,  225 

Booliin,225 

Bochmer,  225 

Bodard,465 

Boclart,456 

BodaMe,464 

Bodeau,454 

Boder,455 

Bodeyin,465 

Bodiohon,  454 

Bodler,455 

Bodin,454 

Bodo,454 

BoiBn,422 

Boeuf,  421 

Bognard,225 

Bognier,  225 

Bohard,  225 

Bohn6,225 

Boimer,  225 

Boin,225 

Boiron,  314 

Boiflganiier,  502 

Boi^gaoltier,  502 

Boiflgelin^  502 

BoiBgontier,  602 

Boii^uilbert,  602 

Boingoyon,  502 


BoMmaiftdg  808 
Bola,281 
Boler,  281 
Bol],2Sl 
BoUadk,281 
Bo]1^281 
BoUqr,  281 
Bompart,  176 
Bon,  175 
Bonnaf oofl,  176 
Bonald,176 
Bonamy,  24, 177 
Bonaparte,  66,  176 
Bonacdi,  176 

175 


Bondy,  1.. 
BonfiIsl76 
Bonhear,  176 
Boniehon,  175 
Boni£Me,  176 
Bonier,  176 
Bonine,  175 
Bonnaire,  176 
Bonnaid,  176 
Bonnardet,  176 
Bonnand,  175 
Bonnay,  175 
Bonne,  175 
Bonnean,  175 
Bonnef one,  176 
Bonnell,175 
Bonnelare,  176 
P^"«**»"",  176 
Bonnement,  176 
Bonnety,  176 
Bonni,  1/5 
Bonningne,  175 
Bonniaaeni  176 
Bonno,  175 
Bonny,  175 
Bonnyaod,  176 
Bonom4,  177 
Bonpard,  176 
Bont6,^ 
Bonya,  175 
Bona6, 175,  236 
Borda,229 
Borde,229 
Boideiy,  229 
Bordier,  229 
Bordmum,  229 
Boa,  408 
Boaelli,408 
BoBiaid,408 
Bo(Me,408 
BoasuroT,  406 
Boaay,  408 
Bo8t,409 
Bottelin,454 
Bottemer,  455 
Bothey .  454 
Botti,454 


INDEX  OF   FRENCH   NAMEa 


535 


Bottiflr,4S6 
Bottm,454 
Boucard,  379 
Boaoart,379 
BouoaMML379 
Booohard,  379 
Bouohi,  378 
Boaehen7j^9 
Boucher.  379 
Bonehene,  379 
Boaoheron,  379 
Bouoherot,  379 
Bonohet,  379 
Boaohes,  379 
Bouohoii^9 
Boady,  379 
Bonoon,  379 
Bouory,  379 
Boadurd,  456 
Boadaolt,  466 
Boudeao,  454 
Boudeyin,  456 
Boadier,  456 
BoTigault,  379 
Bougie,  379 
Bonglon,  379 
BongooL  379 
Bougnin,  379 
Bo\ifimt,279 
Boobier,  379 
BonillAO,  281 
BoaillArd,  281 
BomU6,  281 
BoniUerie,  281 
Bonillien,  281 
Boiiil]i0r,281 
Baoilly,  281 
Boiilui,281 
Boiilas,281 
Boulay,  281 
Boii]igaadL281 
Boulier,  281 
BouUiizd,281 
BonUerr,  281 
BonUoohe,  281 
Bonlmier,  281 
Bonlo,281 
Boiila,281 
Boonean,  416 
Bonqaerot|379 
Bonquei,  379 
Bouqnillon,  379 
Boor,  452 
Boiirard,4^ 
Bouidean 


Bonrdelande,  330 

Bmudelon,  329 

Boiiidet,330 

Boadier,  330 

Boiudiii,329 

BoiuM62 

BoiirMa,452 


Bonrg,  279 
Boiizgef,279 
Bouigeiy,  279 
BoiirIa,452 
BoiirreL452 
BoorrOIon,  452 
Boiirqiurd,  279 
Bounere,  408 
Bout,  464 
Boatud,466 
Bontario,465 
Boatel,454 
Bontelon,  464 
Boathey,  454 
Boutier,  456 
Boutnda,  466 
Boatron,  456 
Bontmig,  454 
BontyTiM 
BoQyajrd,422 
BoaYelet,422 
Boadier,  422 
Bouyme,422 
BoQTiii,422 
BouTry,  422 
Boy,  313 
Boyard,313 
Boy^dl3 
Boyer,  313 
Boyreao,  313 
Boyron,  314 
Braohard,  186 
Branher,  186 
Brack,  186 
Braoq,  184 
Bnw,  130 
BraEy,  184 
Braiime,  186 
Bzaine,371 
Bramma,  371 
Brand,  198 
Brandao,  198 
Brandan,  198 
Biandely,  198 
Brandd«,199 
Brandy.  198 
Braqnelonne,  186 
Braqaemin.  186 
Braaa,443 
BnuMac,443 
BraaHurt,  443 
Braaaeiie,  443 
Branier,  443 
Brand,  218 
Branltl86 
Bray,  184 
Brayer,  186 
Brayoud,  185 
Bia&er,  53 
Braiy,443 
Br6ard,186 
Bi«an,184 
Bi«oluurd,  186 


Bredhflniln,  185 
Breek,184 
Br^l84 
Bregand,  186 
Br6geard,186 
Br^ere,186 
Br^evin,  186 
Breht,  370 
Bremard.  371 
Bremond,  371 
Bremont,  371 
BreBiUon,186 
Brefliand,186 
Breaae,186 
Breaaean,  186 
Breaael,186 
Breaaer,  186 
Breaay.  186 
Bret,  186 
Bretar,  186 
Breteaa,186 
Bretel,186 
Bretooq,  185 
Brenoq,  193 
Breyer,  185 
Br^raae,186 
Breiol,186 
Briant,186 
Briard,  186 
Bricaiie,186 
Brioard,  186 
Briohaid,186 
Bricon,185 
Bride,  186 
Bridean,  186 
Brigand,  186 
Brimenr,  371 
Brimont^  371 
Brionde,  185 
Briqne,  184 
Briaao,186 
Briae,186 
Bria8ard,186 
Briaaand,186 
Briaay.186 
Briaard,186 
Broc,193 
Broca,  90 


218 
Brodn,  218 
Broet.  218 
Brondel,  198 
Bronder.  199 
Broaaard,480 
Broaae,480 
BroBaei,480 
Broader,  480 
Brot,218 

186 


Bmoy,  xov 
Brueitor,  186 


ft3« 


INDBX  OF  FRBKCH  NAMBa. 


Bnm,  dw 
Braiiaohe,M 

BkrvnArd,  400 


Brunei,; 
Bnuker,  40Q 
Bonnet,  4d0 
BkvniMriaV^OO 
Bnmnar^iOO 
Bnino,  999 
Bninj,  999 
Bnuelin,  100 
Babeok,42a 
BiiMme,379 
Booker,  379 
BadkU,379 
Badd]«nn,45ft 
BiidiIlaD,4M 
Biidi]i,4M 
BiifEMat,49t 
Buffet,  422 
Baffler,  422 
Biiffoii,422 
-  ,40^ 


BnUe,! 
Biine,281 


Burner.  281 
Biil]j,281 
Biiloe,281 
~        ,416 
,416 


BaroL  279 

BorokeL^d 

BQrde,329 

Biirdet,39Q 

Biirdiii9  329 

Biiisal,279 

BaigMrd,279 

Barq,  279 

BnridrO 

Bartard,370 

Barth6,  329 

Biirai0,S29 

Borty,  870 

BtUTerin,  279 

Biueiid,407 

Bum,  407 


r,40r 

BaMUre,40f 

Bnaij,  407_ 

BiuUiUt,^ 

Ba«heMi,4M 

Battel,  464 

Battl,404 

Battiii,464 


Oeb4,286 
CftdeMi,^l 
Oedier,  5w 
Oadilhoii,  526 
Oeffort,248 
Oi«iii,l74 
Gitfiierd,  174 
OaKen,l74 
CUIl»nt,437 
CbUlenl,43r 
CMlUalt,437 
OuUe,436 
Oa]Ueaa,496 
CUUebotte,  487 
Ca]UeUa,4S7 
OaiUer,437 
OuIHer,  437 
Oeimes,437 
Caillon,  437_ 
Camoaee,43f 
Gain,  174 
CWM«t,437_ 
OaUebMit,48f 
Gallery,  437 
GeUier,437 
Gallon,  437 
Galyo,83 
Gam,  486 
Gainaid,436 
Gamaret,486 
Gamier,  436 
Gamin,  430 
Gampy,  171 
Gana],444 
Ganard,  101,  444 
Gananlt,444 
Ganoalon,  616 
Ganoe,  618 
GanoY,  618 
GandA,74 
Ganddle,74 
Gandre,  74 
Gandy,  74 
Ganier,  444 
Ganivet,  201 
GanneyiL  201 
GaQon,444 
Gantel,74 
Gantier,  74 
Gantillon,  74 


Gaidon,  i 

GareaxL  202 

Gaiel,2(» 

Garey,  202 

Garlm,2Q2 

Garment,  203 

Gamot,203 

G^rDd,203 

Gaiol,69 

Ganas,202 

GaiT«,202 

GaRette,339 


Gbzn6ra,906 

Gart,276 

GartMilt,2r7 

Oarteaa,276 

Outeret,Srr 

Garthery,  377 

Garfeier,  ^trr 

Oarton,277 

Gaiqoin,  209 

GMitaing,a96 

Gaeteld^296 

Ga>tan,296 

Gastel,296 

GMterat,290 

Gtatier,  296 

Gaatriqae,  296 

Gkety,^ 

Gat,  168 

Gatal,168 

Gatala,168 

Gataa,168 

GatOlAn,  168 

Gatty,  168 

Gata,168 

Gaiiohai:dj367 

Oaache,307 

Gauehy,  30? 

GandroiLjIKTf 

Ganain,309 

GaoBoade,  309 

GaaMat,809 

Gaane,309 

Gannid,309 

Gaudqae,  309 

Gayel,286 

Gaadong,  908 

Gase,2» 

Gani,205 

Ge]lard,306 

Gellerin,306 

Gellier,  306 

Gel6flM,306 

Gala,  308 

Gendre,466 

Gent,  466 

G6r6monie,  280 

OeMO,272 

GeyMon,  272 

Gesaid,272 

Ge&lle,272 

GhAbault,  168 

Ghabot,168 

Ohabrand,  199 

Ghadinet,l68 

Ghadirao,168 

Ghaft,219 

Ghamel,419 

Ghampagtte,  598 

Ghampean,  171 

Ghamplon,  171 

Ghampy,  171 

G]ianoean,5l9 

Ghandel,74 


INDEX   OF   FRENCH   NAMES. 


537 


Chanteau,  74 
Cbanterao,  76 
Ohantier,  74 
Chanirot,  74 
Chapt,  219 
Chatayay,  233 
Charey,  231 
Chaif 6,356 
Charier,  232 
Chario,  231 
Charle,  59 
Charmond,  50,  233 
Charmont,  50.  233 
Channotte,  233 
Charoin,  233 
Charot,339 
Charpin,  357 
Charpy,  356 
Chartder,  250 
Chartoii,251 
Charae,231 
Charvey,  233 
Charym,233 
Chanard,  307 
Chastamg,  296 
CMtel,  519 
Chatelin,  168 
Chaumer,  60 
Chaun^e,307 
Chaussier,  307 
Chauasy,  307 
Chefter,  219 
Chely,  322 
Chemery,  423 
Cheneveau,  201 
Cherean.  223 
Cheri,223 
Cheaneau,  459 
Chesney,  459 
Chess^,  459 
Chevy,  285 
Chicard,  358 
Chi^ze,  459 
Chilman,  163 
Chimay,  423 
Chimel,  423 
Chimdne,  423 
Chipier,  286 
Chippard,286 
Chiauet,  358 
Chobillon,  227 
Chocart,341 
Chochon,  340 
Chocquet,  341 
Chomeau,  69 
Chon,  327 
Chonez,  327 
Chonneanx,  327 
Ohopard,  227 
Choqier,  307 
Choquart,  341 
Choque,  307,  340 
Choquet,  341 


Choqaier.  341 
Chorey,  223 
Chottard,  360 
ChotteavLdOO 
Chonpe,  227 
Christ,  133,  484 
Chriatel,  133 
Christy,  133 
Cioeri,  272 
Cinna,  327 
Cinquin,  327 
Cintntt,466 
CuBa,272 
Clabaut,  183 
Clabbeeok,  183 
Cladung,  435 
Clareno,  374 
Claret,  526 
Clarey,  374 
Clair,  374 
Clairin,  374 
Clapar6de,  183 
ClapeyroD.  183 
Clapier,  183 
Clapisson,  183 
Clariat,  374 
Classen,  392 
Claude,  377 
Claudel,  377 
Claudin,  377 
CUt6,  183 
Claveaa,  183 
Clavel,  183 
Claverie,  183 
Clavey^  183 
Clavier,  183 
Clavrot,  183 
Claye,  352 
Chiyette,  352 
Cleoh,  352 
Clenchard,  199 
Cler,  374 
C16rambault,  374 
Clerambourg,  374 
Cleret,  374 
Clerin,  374 
C16risse,  374 
Clermont,  374 
Clery,  374 
Cliver,  414 
Clodomir,  46,  50,  377 
Cloquemin,  352 
Cloquet,  352 
Clottlde,  46,  377 
Clouet,  352 
Clovis.  46,  378,  626 
Cocard,  446 
Coooos,  446 
Cochard,  446 
Coche,  446 
Cochelin,  446 
Cochery,  446 
Cochin,  446 

P  3 


Cochinart,  446 
Cootin,  446 
Coderet,  116 
Codmi,116 
Codron,  116 
Coffard,  248 
Coffin,  249 
Coffineau,  249 
Coffy,  248 
Coges,  446 
Cognard,  446 
Cogny,  446 
Coiffard,  248 
Coindret,  328 
Colbert,  226 
Colore,  226 
Coli,226 
Colinard,  226 
Collange,  226 
Collud,226 
Colle,  226 
Colleau,  226 
CoUery,  226 
Collichon,  226 
Collier,  53,  226 
CoUman,  226 
Colombert,  226 
Com,  59 
Cdme,  296 
Comont,  60 
Commeny,  297 
Commun,  297 
Conard,  328 
Conchan,  327 
Congs,  329 
Congy,  329 
Conil,327 
Conillean,  327 
Coninz,  329 
Conneau,  327 
Connerat,  328 
Conn£s,  327 
Connier,  328 
Conord,  328 
Conort,  328 
Conrad,  328 
Conseil,  163 
Cont^,  163 
Conti,  163 
Conter,  164 
Continant,  164 
Contour,  164 
Copeau,  248 
Copel,  248 
Coppes,  248 
Coq,  446 
Coqueau,  446 
Coquelin,  446 
Coquet,  446 
Coquille,  446 
Coquin,  446 
Cora,  202 
Coralli,  202 


538 


UiDXX  OF  FBBMCH  NAIUB. 


Gorioli,2(» 
CornftT,  433 
GomelT,  433 
Cornichon,  483 
Gornibert,  433 
Cornillflau,  433 
Common,  433 

"     '  ,4oe 


,409 
Cortier,  400 
Oora,2Q2 
CkMmdne,  310 
Come,  310 
Cooiiiaa,  310 
Gosqnin,  309 
C(Mae,309 
Gosi6,300 
CoMerei.  310 
Gouin,309 
Costa,  360 
Coetard,3G0 
CostaB,360 
Coite,360 
Costel,360 
CotteB,360 
Co«tey,  360 
Coitme,360 
Cot6,  116 
Coteau,  116 
Cotel,  116 
Coteret,  116 
Cotlutme,  116 
Cotta,  116 
Cottanoe,  116 
Cottard,  116 
Cotte,  116 
Coitej,  116 
Conard,  336 
Couardeau,  336 
Coabart,336 
Couder,  116 
Coudert,  116 
Coadoin,  117 
Coudy,  116 
Coa6,  336 
Couenne,  336 
CoumoivSS? 
Coune,  327 
Course.  409 
Course!,  409 
Courson,  409 
Coursserant)  409 
Coursy,  409 
Court,  409 
Courteau,  409 
Courtier,  409 
Courtiii,400 
Courty,  409 
Cousin,  309 
Coussy,  309 
Coustard,360 
Cou8teau,360 


Coutanoe,  115 
Coutanseau,  115 
Coutatd,116 
Couteau,  61 115 
Coutain,  116 
Coutier,  116 
Coutin,  117 
Cotttray,  116 
Coutioi,  116 
Gouty,  116 
Gouts,  116 
Goucineau,  100 
CoviUe,  248 
Cose,  309 
Cosio,309 
GosEi,309 
Gnoam,  97 
Grenier,  465 
Grep6, 188 
Grepeau,  188 
Crepelle,  188 
Crepy,  188 
Grespin,404 
Crespel,404 
Cresson,  401 
Creuoy,  404 
Greuaard,404 
Ci«use,404 
Greus6,404 
Cria,170 
Crihier,  188 
Crispin,  404 
Crooo,  263 
Crobey,  426 
Groofaard,  268     • 
Crochet,  263 
Cron,466 
Croneau,  466 
Gronier,  466 
CToppi,426 
Croquart,  363 
Grossard,406 
Crosse,  405 
Grott6,371 
Crou6,  263 
Crousse,  404 
Crousi,  404 
Groutelle,  372 
Grouts,  372 
Croutsch,  372 
Groae,406 
Crosier,  4M 
Cmice,  404 
Cruq,  263 
Grussi^re,  404 
Grassy,  404 
Grus,404 
Cnuel,404 
Gucii,105 
Cudey,  115 
Gufay,  248 
Cuit,  116 
Cumenge,  297 


OiiBKm,297 


Ouny,  i 
Cuqn,105 
Cnniier,  433 
Gnrteliii,  409 
Oarty,400 

Dabeaii,^8 
t>ab^428 
Dab6rt,428 
0aUili,4aO 
Dabrin,  420 
Dacbert,  00^  » 
DaeeB,300 
Dmohery.SOl 
Daolin,  390 
Daoqu—  *^^ 


Daffy,  428 

l>a£nque,428 

Daga,380 

Dagaod^390 

Dages,390 

Dagesi,301 

Dsg]n,338 


Dagoin,  381 
Dagomet,  301 
Dagoury.  301 
Dagziii,391 
I>agron,391 


Dalbert,075 
Dalerao,  375 
Dalgar,  376 
DaHbon,d75 
Dall6,376 
Dallemagne,  87B 
DaUary.  375 
Ds]liar<L375 
Dallos,  375 
Dally,  376 
Dalon,376 
DalTi,376 
Damas,365 
Damay,  364 
Damasy,  360 
Dame,  364 
Dam6,d64 
Danid,365 
Damelon,  366 
Darner,  366 
Dameron,  966 
Da]net,365 
Dames,  366 
Damm,  364 
Damotte,365 
Damour,  365 
Dan,  311 
Daaooilie,  380 
Danoourt,  300 


IKDEX  OF  FRENCH   NAMES. 


539 


DMMlft,859 

Daiidoii,810 

DtneLdU 

Dftiiey,  311 
Dsn^SQO 
DugoneUe,  a09 
DangiUL  369 

DaimeLdll 
Dumeberg,  311 
Duiqii]n,369 
DtiUMrd,  310 
Duifle,310 
Bantiflr,  310 
Banton,  310 
Dan^,  310 
]>anVixi,310 
Duisq1,310 
I>ftpp6,428 
Dftpj,428 
Durohe,  397 
Dardon,  307 
I>aTd,200 
Dard«iui0,  2Q0 
DudtoTsOO 
Dudi«r.209 
Diuniid,206 
DazvenM.  206 

Dariar,d06 

Damay,  386 

Daniet,lM)6 

Dani]a,388 

Darqii6,387 

Darquier,  307 

DaRalde.a06 

Dami,206 

Darte,209 

Dar7,a06 

I>aaMt,365 

Dairiar,  385 

Dav7.386 

DavMh,428 

Davaolt,  4S8 

DaTal,228 

Daveron,  428 

DaTui,428 

Dav.428 

D6ohard,391 

Deohamna.  301 

Dookar,  301 

Deda,390 

DeQle,300 

Dedine,  390 

Deoori,301 

I>eoq,390 

Deonnd^l 

I>eerei,391 

Deoave,d91 

Dedroii,339 


I>egan«,300 
Degay,  390 
Deg]ane,300 
Degoberk,  50,  391 
Degof,  381 
DegoU,390 
Degory,  391 
l>wrand,301 
Delabaad,  375 
De]aire,375 
Delamothe,  376 
Delamotte,  S76 
Ddamarre,  376 
Ddan,  376 
Ddanneau.  375 
Delay,  375 
Deleau,  375 
Delemer,  376 
Delery,  375 
I>elflMe,375 
Delimier,  376 
Delinge,  375 
Dellao,375 
DeUe,  375 
Delmer,  376 
Delmon,  376 
DelmoHe,  376 
Deloffre,  375 
Delocre,  375 
Deloger,  375 
Delouanl,  376 
Delrooq,  376 
Demait,  457 
Demanne,  457 
Demar,  366 
Deinart,365 
Demante,  457 
DemaT,  364 
Demeiiui.  365 
Demey,  364 
Dernier,  365 
Demo]in,365 
Demolle,  365 
Demoisy,  365 
Demoque,  365 
Demotta,  365 
Demoiy.  365 
Demoimn,  365 
Denaigre,  311,  338 
Deiiaiffe,312 
Denani,  311 
Deiiard,311 
Denechan,  311 
Den6chaa<L  311 
Deneoher,  311 
Denore,  311,  338 
Deneff,  312 
Denert^Sll 
Denier,  311 
Denin,  311 
Dennery,  311 
Denta.  310 
Denvlleixi,  310 


Derdhe,397 

Demi,  398 
Derquenne,  397 
Deaai]it,385 
DeMri,385 
Deirat,385 
Denani,  385 
DeaBoUe,386 
Detang,  332 
Detoncg.  332 
Devay,  ^ 
Deyenne,  428 
Devert,428 
Devicque,  428 
DeviUe,428 
DeTy,  428 
De¥ 


Dhioa,457 
Dhomet,  467 
Diaehe,457 
Dianand,  457 
Diard,  457 
Diohaid,407 
XHchaziy,  407 
Dida,3^ 
I>idard,333 
DideUe,332 
Didier,  333 
Didron,333 
Di6,457 
Dieboli,332 
Diegot,333 
Di^rickii,  333 
Dieach,  229 
Dietrich.  333 
Diette,  332 
Diea,427 
Dieudonn^,  488 
Dieulaf ait,  488 
DieuleTent,  488 
Dieutegard,  333 
Dieat^arde,  488 
Diey,  W 
Dinrd,407 
DiBia€,189 
1)016,189 
Dillery,  189 
Dillet,  189 
Dillon,  190 
DiUy,  189 
Dim6,  364 
Dimey,  364 
Dimier.365 
Dingnel,  367 
DiBand,352 
Diiant,352 
Diaery,  229 
Disnrd,352 
Ditte,332 
Dittmer.333 
Dicain.  352 
Dili,  351 


540 


INDEX   OF   FRENCH    NAMES. 


Dixy,  351 
Dobb6,  103 
Dobel,103 
DobeUn,103 
Doohe,  427 
Dodard,  273 
Dod6,  273 
Dodeman,  273 
Dodin,  273 
Dodo,  273 
Doermer,  208 
DomAiron.  364 
Domard,  364 
Domart,  364 
Dombey,  363 
Dome,  363 
Domeoq,  364 
Domer,  364 
Domez,  364 
Dommel,  364 
Dommey,  363 
Domioile,  364 
Donay,  129 
Doncker,  130 
Donne,  129 
Donn6,  129 
Donnellan,  130 
Dor,  208 
Dorchies,  208 
Dor6,  208 
Doreau,  208 
Dorel,  208 
Dorin,  208 
Dorvault,  208 
Dory,  208 
Dothde,  273 
Dotin,  273 
DoTiare,  428 
Doaaalt,428 
Donbey,  103 
Doudau,  274 
Doudeau,  273 
DoudeUe,  274 
Dou6,  427 
Douet,  427 
Douelle,  427 
DouiUy,  427 
Douoiet,  364 
Doumio,  364 
Doumel,  190 
Doussamy,  26 
Douaaan,  274 
DouBsarnr,  332 
DouBse,  273 
DooMOulin,  274 
Doutey,  273 
Doridre,  273 
DoEon,  273 
Drach,  413 
Drache,  100 
Dracq,  100,  413 
Drain,  413 
Drdge,  413 


Di«o,413 
Dreyn,242 
Drevault,  196 
Dreyf  lu,  413,  429 
Drier,  429 
Drion,  429 
Dromery,  243 
Droa,  195 
Drouard,  196 
Dronen,  1&6 
Droulin,  195 
Drouyn,  196 
Droz,  249 
Druault,  429 
Dnibay,  441 
Draoquer,  196 
Dnide,  270 
Druey,  195 
Dnigeon,  196 
Drumond  (note),  243 
Dniveau,  441 
Dubeau,  103 
Due,  427 
Ducel,427 
Ducber,  427 
Ducoing,  427 
Ducoroy,  427 
Dugard,427 
Dugelay,  427 
Dugenne,  427 
Dugland,  428 
Duhomme,  363 
Duick,  427 
Dulong,  427 
Dumain,  428 
Dumaire,  364 
Dumas,  364 
Dumay,  363 
Dumery,  364 
Dumes,  364 
Dumolin,364 
Dumoulin,  364 
Duquet,  427 
Duquin,  427 
Durand,  197 
Duiandard,  197 
Durandeau,  197 
Durant,  197 
Duroau,  208 
Durel,  208 
Durey,  208 
Durney,  190 
Durr,  208 
Duru,  208 
Dutaeq,  332 
Dutard,  333 
Dut6,  332 
Duthy,  332 
Dutil,332 
Duveau,  103 

Eberli,  76 
Eberlin,  76 


Ebert,61 
Ebrard,76 
Eehanbwd,211 
Ecbemeni,  210 
Echinatd,  211 
Ecbiyaid,  210 
£dard,288 
Edel,337 
£delin,337 
£dmond,382 
Edouaid,  382 
E^lui,209 
^alon,  154 
EgaaM,  193 
Egaae,  193 
Egle,154 
Egly,  154 
Egon,  211 
Egrot,210 
^le,  475 
Elambert,  239.  SOS 
Elck6, 142 
£UieB,300 
Elmerick,  143 
Eamire,  299 
EUouin,  299 
EUuia,  299 
Eloffe,  419 
Embry,  312 
Erne,  253 
Emelin,  143 
Emerifx,  254 
Emerioque,  254 
Emmel,  143 
Emmery,  254 
Emmon,  254 
Empaire,  312 
Emy,  253 
EDault,289 
Enard,289 
Enoehdn,  213 
Enfr6,  289 
Eng,  292 
Engel,  213 
Enguehard,  292 
Enique.  *"*" 


Ettouf  ,  289 
Enilen,  119 
Entntgaea,  300 
Erambert,95 
Erard,95 
Erokener,  432 
Ernie,  95 
Emouf  ,  a5 
EmouIt,95 
Erouard,  95 
Erouaii,  95 
Eecatin,  216 
£0car6,217 
EBoayrac,  217 
Esnault,  475 
Esnouf,  475 


INDEX   OF   FRENCH   NAMES. 


'<-^.,4s. 


541 


BMuille,  216 
Buer,  U9 
EMiqae,  119 
EBtavard,  216 
Este,  216 
EateUe,  216 
Estooq,  216 
Et6y,287 
Eth66,287 
Ettling,  337 
Eude.282 
Eudeline,  282 
Eve,  366 
Eveq^ue,  366 
Evenokz,  76 
EvTard,76 
Evratt,  76 
Eychenne,  211 
Eymond,  210 
Eynud,  210 
^Beii,474 

Fagard,435 
Fage,436 
Fagel,  435 
Paget,  436 
Fagider,  435 
Faguer,  435 
FaLy,  435 
Fain,  435 
FaUle,  307,  435 
FaioB,435 
FaloiiDaigne,  334 
FaUoii,307 
Fandard,417 
Faa6,234 
Fannidre,  234 
Fannon,  234 
Fano,  234 
Fanton,  417 
Faquet,  435 
Faraohon,  323 
Faragaet,324 
Fara^aS 
Farau,  323 
Farou,324 
Faroot,324 
Far«,323 
Fareno,  323 
Farme,323 
Fame,  324 
Fana]i,323 
Fary,  323 
Fastier,  252 
Fastott,  251 
Fastr6,  252 
Fath,  62 
Faab6rt,333 
Fauohe,  333 
Fauchille,  333 
FaadUe,  333 
Faucillon,  333 
Fauleau,  307 


FaiiUe,d07 
Faiiloii,307 
Fauque,  333 
Fayard,  435 
Faye,  435 
Fayet,  435 
Fayolle,  435 
Feche,  435 
Fechner,  435 
Fdffe,  435 
Feiner,  435 
Feinert,  435 
Fenaille,  234 
Fenelon,  234 
F6rafiat,323 
Feragut,324 
F6rant,323 
Feray,  323 
Ferdinand,  325 
Ferdman,  325 
Fennent,50,324 
Fermeiy,  215 
Fennin,  215 
Fermond,  50,  324 
Fernie,  324 
Fernier,  324 
Fernil,324 
Feraing,  324 
Fernique,  324 
Feion,  323 
Ferouelle,  324 
Ferrand,  323 
Ferrer,  324 
Fenier,  324 
Ferry,  323 
Fert,  325 
Fert6,325 
Feflaard,247 
Feasy,  246 
Festo,251 
Fester,  252 
Festii,251 
Feuillard,  518 
Feuille,  517 
Feydeao,  256 
Feytou,  266 
Fiala,517 
Fioatier,  267 
Ficher,  249 
Fidele,430 
Fidery.  430 
FiefloM,247 
Figeau,  249 
Figuier,  249 
Filard,518 
Fillemiu,  518 
Filooque,  517 
Finbert,  315 
Fink,  104 
Firmin,324 
FiBsart,  247 
Fisteberg,  251 
Fi8q,247 


Fitte,490 
Fity,  430 
Fix,  247 
Fixon,  247 
Fizary,  247 
Ficeaa,246 
Fi2el,247 
Flad,393 
ilaohat,4U 
Flambert,  220 
Flammgar,  220 
Flan,  220 
Flannean,  220 
F]aton,394 
Flatraa(Ld94 
FUud,  m 
F16,  411 
FleoheUe,  411 
Fleck,  4U 
FIeig,411 
Fli^y,  411 
Flick,  4U 
FUoourt,411 
Fliqaet,411 
Flocaid,411 
Flohn,220 
Floquet,  411 
Floo,412 
FodUon,93 
FoiMao,246 
Foin^,  246 
Fonmer,  246 
Foiget,324 
Forme,  215 
Fomaohon,  324 
Forney,  324 
Fort,  325 
Forteau,325 
Fortel,325 
Fortier,  325 
Fortin,  325 
Fortune,  325 
Fortune,  325 
FoMard,246 
FoMe,246 
FoMier,  246 
FoBsy,  246 
Foacajrt,334 
Fouoanlt.  334 
Fouehe,  333 
Foach6,  333 
Foucher,  334 
Foaohet,  334 
Fouchez,  333 
Fouchy,  333 
Foucron,  334 
Foaorot,  334 
Fonlley,  93 
Fouque,  333 
Fouquerfi,  334 
Fouquet,  334 
Fouqnier,  334 
Foamel,324 


542 


IMDKX  OF  IBKNCB  NAUKS. 


FaiMMid,M6 
FoiiMe,94S 
FoDMi^  Stf 
FhombMlt,  SU 
Fmia»306 

Fnaoej,  306 

¥nadmf906 

FniMi]M»S06 

F^ruMO,  306 

FkankMrkW 

Fhoiqiu,  306 

FrMiqiidiM.3Q6 

nrAaqnin,  906 

Fimni,  306 

Fniejr,  31S 

Fh«Mr,313(iuilt) 

FnTMe,312 

Fi«bralt,261 

Freoia,449 

FhM»iilt,UI    . 

Frooh,132 

FMtoML26I 

SM«riiok,26l 

Fk«di^2ai 

Fredoi]]0,a61 

VMkm,961 

Fraiiumooii]vSI6 

FranMAiizJaA 

n«mM7,  SOB 

Franiar,  216 

Frendn,  216 

FreminaMi,  216 

FMmoni,  216 

Fkenraiunr;  216 

Fr6my,  216 

FreiMk^261 

Ft«Md,449 

FrMoo,449 

Frener,  313  (nota) 

FrMloii,446 

FnMiad,446 

F^«Mon,313 

F^eM,261 

Fr0iMii,261 

Fiund,263 

FriAnl263 

FtiMaiiLl38 


Fri^e,  261 
Friker,  132 
Frioad,  360 
FHMr3l2 
Fiuoii,313 
Fritel,261 
FttM«r,360 
]^d,360 
Fhxidare,  360 
SMdeviJ,  360 

F^nudn,  206 


FhMiMnti'SlA 

F^0Blfll0IL,2U 

F^ommi,  96 

fmT^ 

Ftoit«r,360 

VMtiii,360 

FMLSeO 

Fniitiflr,  360 

Fiikhiioii,3M 

Fnkmi.  334 

FluehfW 

Fiia«r,246 

Fiufl,246 

Fii«7,346 

0«lMadA,286 

QwhtmL  286 

Gab6,Sfi6 

Oabin,  266 

G«d6,626 

Oflul7,626 

Cki^  174 

Gk«iiMd,174 

Gi«ii«»m 

Gi«ii4,174 

GiigneM,  174 

Qtiner,  174 

QmgDocj,  174 

GagnBie,174 

GMny,  174 

Giude,206 

GMffiiAad,174 

ChdOiAlMtad,  497 

G«ldniid,4Sr 

Gai]]junL437 

Gftuiutfd,496 

Gume,436 

Gmii,174 

GuziAnL  174 

Gtax«l,202 

GidaMid.206 

Quite,  aw 

QfJab6rt,487 

Gft]Mid,437 

Gft]M>t,437 

GaUe,4d6 

QaU6,436 

GaUibour,4Sr 

GidiboiuY,  437 

GflJioher,  437 

Gttliohon,  437 

OaliBO,437 

OallimntJUF 

G«]iMe,437 

Gttloffn.  437 

G«lon,437 

G«l]7,436 

GftmaehA,  436 

Gainard,436 

Gambelon,  416 

Qune,436 

G4]nen,436 

Gftiniohoii,  436 


G«iid,74 

G«idfll],74 

OMidmoii.r6 

G«idiflr,74 

OttdolplM,  ?i;  79 

G«idaiB,76 


Ottii4,444 

GMii«r,444 

G«iiil,444 

GttiiTeL  201 

QwiM»44i 

G«ii]ieML444 

QMiter,74 

GAxmnd,  208 

QtfuiltJfM 

Gm«t,  202 

G«M,464 

G«oeuL,464 

G«ou,464 

G«id,276 

Gard^,  276 

GttnUre,  277 

GArdiii,277 

GftreMi,209 

QMcil]%2Q2 

Gun^T,  202 

G«ri3bl,20S 

G«iel.att 

G«in,204 

GMlm,a03 

Guniflr,  602 

Gfnot.206 

Gmi4,202 

Giai^203 

Gurelon,  208 

Gtmer,203 

Gwvin,204 

Gunnd,2M 

G«o,206 

298 

GMMrt,r 

Gmm1xil298 

GMtal,l06 

GMt4,296 

GMtier,206 

GMtiiie,296 

Gm^%296 

Gftt«tM,636 

Gftteehair,  206 

GftteUier,  626 

G«ti]lon,626 

G«ti^MB6 

G«ttobo]i,206 

GaudeiuiMi.  20. 117 

Gftadibeii,  116 

GMidiv««»U6 

GsudiiohoQ,  lU 

GftiilofreL4S7 

GftQlt,477 


UN  DSX   OF  FRENCH   NAJCfiS. 


543 


GMatLar,  477,  008 
Gttiuieii,  900 
GMunnik,  aiO 
QMtrotrilO 
GMiieir,000 

<HTaiilt,286 
Omni,  29$ 
GftTeMi,806 
CkTeL285 
GftVf^280 

GMei,200 

GaMUnit206 

Gebel,^ 

Oelin,  603 

Ge]]«,486 

QeU^4a6 

Gelles,43r 

G«U7nok,437 

G«lp7.l3,44S 

Oen,444 

Q«iiwdl,444 

Gendroi,  74 

Oendiy,  76 

Genean,  444 

Geiieae,444 

G4n6rat,  444 

Geiietto,444 

Geneye^  444 

Geniii,  414 

O^nique,  444 

Qeinequin,  444 

Geiiie.74 

Gen1^74 

GeatOloD.  74 

Genty,  74 

Geny,  444 

G«r«nde,203 

Gmrd,  M.  208»  602 

G6ranlt.204 

Geny,  202 

Gerbaiid,203 

GerbMdt,  30,  203 

Gerbaut,203 

Gerbei,203 

G6rbert,203 

Gerdolle,276 

Gerdy,  276 

Gereiite,203 

G4ies,202 

GenDAin,  208 

German,  208 

Germond,  208 

Gerrier,  208 

Gery,  202 

Gervaiie,20« 

G«ibert,460 

GeMl,468 

Gediii,468 

GeHuvlme,  460 

Genioinme,  460 


G6rte,21 

Geiidli, 


206 
200 


Gette,] 

Gheerbrant,  100, 1 

GhiUet,460 

Ghk]aan,468 

GhyB,466 

Gibaiilt,286 

Gibert,286 

Gib]iii,286 

Giboi]i,280 

Giboii,286 

Gibory,  286 

Gibou,  286 

Giboi,286 

Gibiia,286 

Gide,438 

Gid^438 

Gidoiii,438 

Gidouut,  488 

Giet6.468 

OieMler,  468 

Gif,  286 

Giflaid,286 

Gi]a]i,468 

GUbault,  468 

Gilb4,442 

Gilb«rt,468 

GilUain,  442 

Gmaid,46B 

GiUe,468 

Gia6roii,468 

GilUer,  468 

Gmy,468 

Gilmer,  468 

Gaqaiii,468 

Gimbert,444 

Gin,  444 

Ginand,  410 

Ginier.  444 

Girard,203 

Girardin,  26,  208 

Giraiild,204 

Gizbal,203 

Girier,  203 

Girod,203 

Giroa,202 

Girouard,  204 


Gisbert,46e 
Givien,  460 
Giteaii,438 
Gittard,438 
Gitton,438 
Giveme,  286 
Givemy,  286 
Gladong,  435 
GlaeMr,  63»  802 


Glai,; 
Glanon,  382 
G1atard,436 


Glatigny,488 
Glaae, »« 
Gloohet.362 
Gloax,  362 
Gluok,  362 
Gobert,602 
Goohel,446 
Godde,115 
Godean,  116 
Godefroid,  116 
Godefroy,  116 
GodeL  U6 
God^er,  28. 117 
Godfrin,  116 
GodiUon^  115 
Godin,U7 
Godinean,  117 
Godqnin,  116 
Godry,  116 
G«er,  202 
Goibaolt,  336 
Goldber,  477 
Goiaer,  602 
Gom,  60 
Gomant,  60 
Gombaolt,  60^  161 
Gombiiohj  60 
Gomer,  60 
Gomme,  60 
Gon,163 
Gonda],163 
Gonde,163 
Gondhard,164 
Gondolo,  163 
Gondonin,  164 
Gondret,  164 
Gone]le,163 
GoDMe,  163 
Gontard,164 
Gonthier,  164 
Gontier,  164^  808 
Goraad.203 
Gores,  202 
Gorre,  202 
Gorrine,2Q2 
GoMard,300 
Oo««u^.  300 
GoflM,300 
Goesdin.  100,800 
GoeMV300 
Goflain,300 
Gowiome,  310 
Goeteaii,360 
Gottnng.  llff 
Gouay,  336 
Gmida],116 
Goudard,116 
Goadohaa,  115 
Goodean,  nff 
GoademUkiK  116 
Goodoin,  117 


Gavel,  388 


544 


INDEX   OF   FRENCH   NAME8. 


CkmeUuiijJde 
Goaem,  396 
Goaet,396 
Oonlder,  396 
GouiUon,  336 
Qooilly,  336 
Goiiiii,336 
QooUt,  478 
Qouletto,  479 
Qoumain,  337 
GoaMe,99,  309 
Gounerr,  309 
Gout,  116 
Goat6, 116 
Oonihierre,  116 
Goutmaim,  116 
Gout,  336 
Goy,  336 
Goyard,  336 
Goyer,  336 
Goyet,336 
Goyoii,336 
GnMwl6,401 
Gramain,  401 
Grua,464 
GnuMal,464 
GnBnrt,464 
Gnuet,  464 
Gra8si,464 
Grauo,  464 
Gnu,  401 
GTanlt,401 
GTeel,196 
Grallier,  196 
Grtcr.  401 
Grahier,  170 
Greiling,  401 
Greinn,  465 
Gi«m6,  125 
Gremean,  125 
Grenard,465 
Grenier,  465 
Grenua,  465 
Gresland,  401 
GresI6,  401 
Gredon,  401 
GroBider,  401 
Greay,  401 
Gr^,  401 
Gridre,  170 
GrieM,401 
Griessen,  401 
Griganit,  170 
Grui,170 
Grifi,196 
GriUy,  196 
Glim,  125 
Grimal,  125 
Grimar,  125 
Grimault,  50,  125 
Grimbert,  126 
Grimblot.  125 
Grimoard,  125 


Grimoin,  125 
Grimont^  125 
Griaard,  77,  401 
Griaeliii,  401 
Griner,  401 
Giuol,  77,  401 
Griaon,  401 
Gronier,  465 
Gronaitl,406 
Grosae.  405 
GroBaelin,  406 
Groseille,  406 
Grossier,  406 
Grouvelle,  425 
Grub,  425 
Gruby,  425 
Gmmay,  59 
Grune,  465 
Gninelle,  465 
GniBse,  405 
GruaeUe,  406 
Giiala,298 
Gude,  115 
Gudin,  117 
Guenard,  :394 
Guenaalt,  264,  395 
Gueneau,  263 
Ga6neau,  394 
Gu6n6bault,  394 
Guen6e,  263 
Gu^nerat,  264,  396 
Guenu,  263 
Guenln,  264 
Gu6rand,  203 
Gu6rard,  203 
Guerbet,  203 
Guerico,  202 
Guerin,  204 
Gu^rin,  305 
Guerineau,  204 
Guermont,  203 
Gueme,  305 
Guemet,  203 
Guemier,  305 
Gueroult,  204 
Guerre,  202 
Guenier,  203 
Guerry,  202 
Guersani,  204 
GuBBBard,  244 
Guestier,  296 
Gueurel,  202 
Guiard,  166 
Guibald,  165 
Guibaud,  165 
Guibert,  165 
Guichard,  165 
Guiche,  164 
Guichot,  166 
Guid£,  493 
Guidex,  493 
Guidon,  493 
Guidou,  493 


Gaiet,  166 
Guieu,  164 
Guilaine,  123 
Guilbaut,  123 
Gmlbert,  123,  602 
GoUer,  124 
Guilet,124 
Guilhem,  124 
Guilhenny,  124 
Guilheiy,  124 
Guillard,124 
Guillamne,  124 
GuiUe,  123 
Guillemain,  124 
GuiUemaDt,  124 
GaiUemont,  124 
Guillemot,  124 
GuiUeB,123 
Guimd,123 
GuiUoohin,  123 
GuillonTlZS 
Guillot,  26 
GuiUotiii,26 
Guimbal,264 
Guindre,  316 
Guinery,  264 
Guiuier,  264 
Guitard,  494 
Guitter,  494 
Guitton,  493 
Guitry,  494 
Guizot,  47,  459 
GunckeL  419 
Gutel,  116 
Gutman,  116 
Guttin,  117 
Gutron,  116 
Guy,  336 
Guyard,336 
Guybert336 
Guyon,  936»  502 

Habay,  60 
Habert,  61 
Habdey,  61 
Habez,  61 
Habich,  60 
Habit,  61 
Haby,  60 
Hache,209 
Haoq,  209 
Hacquart,210 
Hacquin,  211 
Hadamar,  168 
Hadingue,  168 
Hadol,  168,  337 
Hadrot,  168 
Hagard,  210 
Hage,  209 
Hagene,  211 
Haguenoer,  211 
Uailig,  426 
Haim,  492 


INDEX  OF  FBBNOU  NANSS. 


64$ 


Hun,  211 
Hainfray,  211 

HaiBtanlt,  448 
HalevT,  427 
HaUnboorg,  289 
HaUberg,  480 
HaU6,  ^ 
HaUegrain,  480 
HaUe7,l^,  480 
HaUa,426 
Hamger,  492 
Hamfllin,  4S9 
Hamoir,  190 
Handuf,  417 
Haime.289 
Hanneberi,  289 
Hannequiii,  289 


Hamiier, 
Hanno,  289 
Hannong,  289 
Hanna,  119 
Haiifl,119 
Hany,  289 
Happe,  60 
Happert,61 

Happioh,  60 
Harand,232 
Harang,  232 
Harbei,386 
HarblY,  386 
Haidel6,  260 
Hardi,250 
Hardier,  250 
Hardoin,  251 
Hardon,  251 
Hardoum,  251 
Hard7v260 
Hai^231 
Hariel,  231 
Harlay,  231 
Harl6,231 
Harlet,232 
HarleE,340 
Harmaiid,  232 
Harmani,  232 
Harmier,  2Si 
Hamault,  95 
Hazt>,231 
Hart,  260 
Hartaid,250 
Hartmann,  251 
Han7,231 
HaaBaxi,d07 
Hafl0e,3O7 
Hastier,  448 
Hatt6,168 
Handebonrg,  280 
Haadibert.  289 
Haiilt,2^ 
Ha7e,209 
Hanid,169 


Hebeirt,61 
Heckl6,  209 
Hector,  460 
Hedelin,  168 
Hedoo,  168 
Hedouin,  169 
HeUion,  238 
H6I7,  426 
H^mar,  492 
Heiiard,289 
Hexuiult,  289 
Hendle,  417 
Henique,  289 
Henne,  289 
Hennebert,  289 
Hennecart,  289 
Hennecy,  289 
Hennel,  289 
Hennequin,  289 
Hennixig,  289 
Henno,  289 
Henoo,289 
Henrequet,  518  (note) 
Henri,  493 
Henriot,  26 
Henriquet,  26 
Herard,232 
Herbault,  39,  232 
Herbeoq,  386 
Herbel,  386 
Herbelin,  386 
Herber,232 
Herbert,  232 
Herbette,  232 
Herbin,  386 
Herbut,  232 
Heroe,  79 
Herosegy,  339 
Herdevin,  251 
H6reau,  231 
HereL231 
H6rioh6,  231 
Heriez,231 
Herincq,  232 
Hering,  232 
Herlan,  231 
Hermagia,  147 
Hermun,  232 
Herman,  232 
Hermand,  232 
Herm6.  147 
Hermel,  147 
Hermeline,  147 
Hermea,  147 
Hermet,  233 
Hermier,  147,  232 
Hermy,  147 
Hemy,  95 
Herody,  339 
Herold,  233 
H6rot,339 
Heron,  231 
Heronard,233 

Q3 


Heronin,  233 
Heroalt,233 
Herpin,386 
Herr,  231 
Herrincq,  232 
Herrias^,  231 
Herry,  231 
HerBe,79 
Hersent,  233 
Herteriob,  251     • 
Hervier,  386 
Hervien,  233 
Hervy,233 
Hes8e,307 
Heatean,  216,  448 
Hesa,  307 
Hetier,  619 
Heud6,  282 
Headebert,  282 
Heudel,  282 
Heudier,  282 
Heudin,  282 
Henr^,  83 
Hevre,76 
Heymen,  210 
Hibert.61 
Hickell,  367 
Hieokmaim.  368 
Hienne,  367 
Higlin,367 
Hilaire,  162 
Hilber,  162 
Hildebrand,  162, 199 
Hilger,  162 
Hillairet,  163 
HiUer,  162 
Hilpert,162 
Himely,  140 
Hine,  492 
Hingne,  292 
Hinqne,  292 
Hitier,  460 
Hipp,  60 
Hiver,  76 
Hocart,341 
Hood^,  341 
HoGed6,  341 
Hochard,  341 
Hoohart,341 
Hoche,340 
Hocher,  341 
Hooheid,  341 
Hooq,  340 
Hocqnart,  341 
Hodlquet,  341 
Hocquigny,  340 
Hogan,36r 
Hognet,  368 
Horn,  367 
Holacber,  282,  427 
Hole,  282 
HoUande,  282 
HoUier,  282 


546 


INDEX  OF  FRfiNCH  NAMBa 


BoDMlie,  314 
fionfimy,  314 
HoDgre,314 
Honaoker,  314 
HoimArd,314 
Honont,  315 
Hontong,  84 
Hordequin,  217 
Horli%D,340 
Home,  620 
Horteloap,  218 
Hortiu.  217 
HooMd,  341 
Hoabe,  227 
HoadaiUe,  280 
Houdtft.  280 
Hoade,  280 
Hoaddin,  334 
HoudemanL^O 
Houdonin,  z80 
Houellear,  63 
HoalAid^ioe 
Houlet,  105 
HouU6, 106 
Hoollier,  106 
Hoaplon,  227 
Houppe,  227 
Hour.  83 
Hoorlier,  340 
HoQMund,  491 
HoQMaa,  491 
Housel,  491 
HouMe,  491 
HouBsemaine,  491 
Houaaet,  491 
HouMes,  491 
Hoiue,  491 
Hoiueau,  491 
Hosdei,  217 
Hu,367 
Hiia,367 
HuAn,  367 
HaArd,357 
HoArt,  367 
Huault,  358 
Hubao,227 
Hubud,  227 
HubAolt,  367 
Habel,227 
Hnbeit,367 
Hablin,  227 
Huo.357 
Haohard,367 
Huohery,  368 
Hnohette,  368 
Hadault,  280 
Had6,2»0 
Hadelo,  280 
Hndibert,280 
Hue,  367 
Hiiel,367 
Haet,368 
Hug,  367 


Hnnrd,  357 
Hag6,357 
Hugelixi.  367 
Hugla,367 
Hugiiot,368 
Hugo,  387 
Hugon,  367 
Httgot,  358 
Huguelin,  357 
Huguee,  357 
Hun»eri,  105 
Hulek,358 
Huloi,  106 
Hunuuin,  358 
Humbert,  314 
Humbloi,  314 
Hummel,  468 
HunaulV315 

Uunuxl,  o9 
Hunult,  83 
Hureau,83 
Hur6,  83 
Hural,83 
Hurey,  83 
HureK,  83 
Hurier,  83 
Huibrocq,  491 
HuBcb,442 
HuBquin,  412 
Hutteau,280 
Hux,442 
Hyadnthe,  468 

Ibert,61 
IgnArd,211 
Igouf  ,  210 
Imard,  264 
Imbault,  264 
Imbert,264 
Imba,254 
Imer,  264 
Inemer,  492 
Infroii,  492 
Ingil,292 
Ingei,213 
Inger,  292 
Inghelbrecht,  213 
Ingisoh,  292 
Ingold,293 
Ingouf  ,  293 
Ingrain,  292 
Ingray,  292 
Irle,  339 
Iaambert,60 
Isar,  476 
Isbert,  475 
Isoariot,  483 
Iselin,  476 
Iniai^475 
Iaoard,476 
Itaque,  449 
Itaase,  449 


It6iie7,449 
Ivorel,  76 
Ivry,  76 
Inmbert,  474 
Inrd,475 

Jaooas,452 
Jacquart,  452 
Jaequault,  453 
Jaoque,  452 
Jacqute,  452 
Jaoqueau,  462 
Jaoquelin,  45S 
Jaoquemain,  453 
Jacquemar,  4fi3 
Jacquemier,  453 
Jaoquemin,  453 
Jaoquier,  452 
Jaoqx,  452 
Jaffa,  285 
Jager,  452 
Jabjer,  452 
Jafllant,437 
Jaillard,  437 
JaiUon,437 
Jal,436 
Jaley,436 
Janeiat,437 
JaUiberi,437 
Jalvy,437 
Jam,  436 
Jamault,  436 
Jame,  436 
Jameau,  436 
Jamin,  436 
Jan,  444 
Janao,444 
Jaoin,  444 
Jaalin,  444 
Jumair,  444 
Janny,  444 
Janquin,  444 
Janus,  143 
Japy,  286 
Jaquieiy,  452 
Jaquin,  462 
Jtidiimd,203 
Jarrier,  203 
Jairy,  202 
Jauge,244 
Jaugeard,245 
Jaugey,  244 
Javel,285 
Jayr,  202,  452 
JaB6raud,206 
Jeanpot,444 
Jeaniay,  444 
Jegon,452 
jSel,452 
Jennequin,  444 
Jeoff ry,  437 
Jenualem,  487 
Jdie,205 


INDEX   OF   FBENCH   NAMES. 


547 


Job,  485 

JobU,485 

Jokm,452 

Jonohery,  419 

Jom6i«,420 

JozuutfO,  420 

Joniuurt,  420 

Jordenr,  139 

Jordy,  139 

Joflae,  309 

JoMeaii,d09 

JoMeaume,  310 

Jo8Mliii,309 

JoMerand,  310 

JoMet,309 

Joflder,  309 

Jo8ra,309 

Jotrat,  306 

Joualt.367 

Joaard,245 

JouAult,  245 

Joiibert.245 

Jouet,Z46 

Jongand,  245 

Joiih*u(L245 

Joiiiise»244 

Joumar,  245 

Joonault,  420 

Jouimeaax,  420 

Jourdan,  140 

Jouide,139 

Jourdier,  130 

Jouidy,  139 

JouinaolL  438 

Joiiin6,433 

JoiiMe.309 

JouMlin,  309 

Jounerand,  310 

J<mye,485 

Joavin,d06 

JoTaii,485 

Joyel,485 

Joan,  309 

JojEeau,  309 

JaM.485 

Jabdin,485 

JiiUin,485 

JudeTsOS 

Jadean,  305 

Jadioe,483 

JadiM6,483 

Jud]im305 

Jae,244 

Jii6,244 

Ju^,245 

Jiige,244 

Jii8ier,245 

Jiicla,244 

Jur244 

Jiiigii6,245 

Jiiin,245 

Julia,  244 

Jv]ifla],419 


Jung,  419 
Jimy,  420 
Jnqiuii,245 
Justaolt,  429 
Jujrte,  429 
Jateam305 
Jutier,  306 
Juttel,306 
JaTiUe,485 

Kennebert,  328 
Kilb6,442 
Kleber,  183 
Erier,  53, 170 
Eanemann,  328 
Kunrath,328 
KnntzU,  163 
Kunai,  163 

Lab6,387 
Labelle,  387 
Labiohe,  387 
Labie,  387 
Lafaitte,387 
Laborie,387 
Labour,  387 
•  •  •    387 


^366 

Lack,  366 
Lacquel  366 
Lade,  196 
Ladret,196 
Ladmon,  196 
Laedeiiob,  195 
Lafitte,387 
Lafon,387 
Lage8M,366 
La«ei,366 
La«;ier,366 
LagneaQ,366 
La«ny,366 
Lagae,366 
LagueiTe,366 
Laine,366 
Lam6,366 
Laiti^,  194 
Laity,  194 
Lamart,  26 
Lamartine,  26 
l4auballe,86 
Lambelin,  86 
Lambert,  335 
Lambie,  86 
Lambla,86 
Lamblin,  86 
Lambret,335 
Lamfroy,  86 
Ijunpy,  86 
Lamquin,  86 
Lamy,  86 
Lance,  335 
Laiioel,335 


885 


Laxidard,835 
LandeUe,  335 


liBuuvjuuhr,  oao 

Landier,  335 
Landon,  335 
Landron,  335 
Landry,  336 
Lanfray,  335 
Lanier,  335 
Lanie8ae,335 
Lanne,335 
Lanneao,  335 
LanBanl,3S5 
Lantat,335 
Lant4,335 
Lantheanme,  835 
Luitier,  335 
Lantiec,335 
Lantin,  335 
Lanty,  335 
Lanyin,336 
TflHiaifr  335 
TAniauick,  336 
Lansbexg,  835 
Lanai,  335 
Lariyay,  366 
Lazmier,  366 
Laroque,  366 
Laroay,866 
Lana,366 
Lan^356 
Laziien,  866 
Lara,  366 
Lame,  366 
Laraeile,866 
Laa,368 
LaMqae,d58 
Laane,353 
Laasaigne,  868 
Lflualle,353 
LaMaiat,35S 


Lasaav,  353 
Lauelve,358 
Laiaenay,  358 
Laaaeray,853 
'  •,358 


Laaiimonne,  3K 
Laaaadre,363 
Laateyrie,  365 
Lastret,d65 
Latard,195 
Laterrade,  195 
Latonr,  U5 
Latry,  195 
Latte,195 
Laade,377 
Laudier,  377 
LaodoD,  377 
Landy,  877 
Laiilb«,284 
LaiiU,284 


548 


INDBX  OF  FRBNOH  NAMES. 


fjWTnain,  906 
Lanr,  36d 
LMireau,  366 
Laorey,  356 
lAutenunn,  378 
lAutier,  377 
Lantten,  377 
lATaUe,387 
LavaUey,  387 
Lavault,387 
Layenay,  387 
Laveme,  387 
Lavier,  387 
Laviioii,  387 
Laaid,3S3 
Lase,353 
Leban,387 
Lebeaii,387 
Lebeaiai,387 
Lebel,387 
Lebey,  387 
Lebies,  387 
Lebooq.387 
LeboBtif  ,  387 
Lebreck,  387 
Lebret,387 
Lebuffe,387 
Ledagre,ld6 
Led6,  194 
Ledier,  196 
Ledieu,  194,  484 
Ledo,194 
Ledoax,194 
Ledao,194 
Leflon,  387 
Legal,  366 
Legai,366 
Legaiilt,366 
Legay,366 
Leg6,366 
Iiegeley,366 
Legier,  366 
Lehman,  366 
LeUy,  470 
Lely,  470 
Lender,  110 
Lendormi,  100, 110 
Len6,  274 
Lendgre,  874 
Lenique,  274 
LenM,  110 
Leo,  87 
Leonard,  87 
Leotard.  331 
Leppe,a66 
Leppich,  266 
Lereiu,366 
Lenir366 
Lenoq,  363 
LflBaeo^  353 
Lesenne,  363 
Lesne,363 
Leeide,  366 


leitear,  366 
Lestienne,  366 
Lestoing,  366 
Lestrade,369 
Letao,194 
LetaiUe,  194 
L6taUe,  194 
Letang,  194 
Le^ii«,196 
Letho,  194 
Letooq,194 
Leioile,194 
Letteron,  196 
Lettii,194 
Leatorfe,  831 
Levard,  387 
Levi,  387 
liereao,  387 
LeTteue,266 


LeTier,  266 
Levite,  387 
Levnt,387 
Lewy,  87 
Leyi,363 
Leyiard,363 
Lezard,363 
Lert,  363 
Lexer,  353 
Leaeiei,d63 
Libault.  266 
Libec,266 
Libert,  266 
LLboa,266 
liebherre,  266 
liefqain,  266 
lieppe,  266 
lieutaut,  331 
LiUo,  470 
Linard,  274 
Lindemann,  HO 
Linder,  110 
Linet,104 
Linge,  109 
Lmg6,109 
Linget,  109 
link,  9! 
Linnie,  274 
Linotte,  104^  274 
lion,  8/ 
Iionti,87 
liot,  330 
Liotard,331 
Loittet,  331 
Loittier^SSl 
Lionlt,  87 

Lu«,366 
Li88e,363 
LUter,366 
Litteao,  330 
LiTio,966 


IiaK363 
Lia6,363 
linray,  383 
Iiaon,363 
Looaid.  446 
LoQh,m 
Loohart,i46 
Loehe,446 
Looque,  131,  446 
Looqaet,4d 
Locrat,446 
Lodd^377 
Loeder,  377 
LoUy,284 
Loque,  131 
LQra,366 
Lor«,366 
Loi«al,366 
Lorean,356 
Loreil]e,356 
Loreniy,  366 
Lores,  366 
Loriohon,  356 
Lorimier,  366 
Loriqua,  366 
Lomuer,  366 
LorM,356 
Lory,  366 
Loiiaald#87 
Lou6,87 
Loudon,  377 
Looin,  87 
Louis,  331 
Loup,  265 
Louya,265 
LouveaUj^265 
Louve],  266 
Louyier,  266 
Levy,  266 
LoyseL385 
Lubae,965 
LuMrd,  331 
Luoaa,33i 
Luce,  331 
Luoy,  331 
Ludet,331 
Ludger,  331 
Ludon,330 
LudoYic,  331 
Ludwig,  331 
Lues,  331 
Luling,  284 
Lully,284 
Lunardi,  139 
Lunaud,  139 
Lundy,  495 
Lunean,130 
Lunel,l2» 
Luneteau,  496 
Luona»  496 
Lupp6,265 
Luiquin,  331 
LoMqr,  331 


INDEX   OF   FRENCH   NAJtfES. 


549 


Lathe,  330 
Luton,  330 
Lutteroth,  331 
Luts,331 
Luyt,  330 
Luxier,  331 

MabiUon,  471 
Macho,  410 
Mftcquard,  410 
MftcquArt,410 
Maoqoin,  410 
ICaoron,  410 
Maotier,  411 
Madamon,  342 
Madin,  341 
Madoolaud,  361 
Madron,  342 
Mad7,341 
Magnabal,  410 
Magnard,  410 
Magn6,  410 
Magney,  410 
Magnier,  410 
Magion,410 
Mahault,410 
Maheo,  410 
Mahier,  410 
MaiUey,  410 
liainboorg,  410 
Mainfroy,  410 
Maingault,  410 
Maingot,  410 
Malamy,  179 
Malapert,  179 
Malaquin,  178 
Malaret,  179 
Malbot,  179 
Maleoo,  178 
Malingne,  178 
Mallao,178 
Mallard,  179 
Malle,178 
Mall6, 178 
Malo,  178 
Malory,  179 
Malralt,179 
Malaang,  180 
Maltaire,180 
Malteauz,180 
Malzao,180 
Malcar,  180 
Manalt,68 
Manoeaii,4d4 
Mancel,434 
MandeU,  434 
Mandon,  434 
Mandouoe,  434 
.58 


Manean,  58 
lfaneo,58 
Manftay,  68 
Man|(al,58 


Manley,  68 
Mann,  68 
Mannier,  58 
Mansard,  434 
Manaey,  434 
ManAon,434 
MaoBon,  434 
Mansoz,  434 
Manteaa,434 
Mantion,434 
Many,  68 
Marbot,369 
Marc,  80 
March6,  80 
Marchire,  80 
Maroillon.  80 
Marcol,  80 
Marioot,369 
Maicq,80 
Marcuard,  80 
Marcus,  80 
Maivot,  369 
MarieUe,  368 
Marin,  369 
Marini6,  369 
Maiinier,  369 
Marion,  369 
Maris,  368 
Maricy,  368 
Marland,369 
Marl6,368 
Marlin,368 
Mame,  369 
Mameuf,  369 
Marnier,  369 
Maroger,  369 
Marolla,  368 
Marquery,  80 
Mara,  143 
Mairy,  369 
Masoar,  448 
Miuimbert,  48,  523 
MaaBart,622 
Masse,  622 
MaB86,  622 
Maaseau,  i 


Massena,  i 
Maasillon,  622 
Masson,  622 
Matagrin,  342 
Mateme,  342 
Mathan,342 
M*th6,  341 
Matheret,  342 
Matheron,342 
Mathey,  341 
Mathil,  341 
Mathis,341 
Mathlin,  341,  361 
Matisse,  341 
Maton,342 
Matraud,342 


Matre,342 
M*trod,342 
Matry,342 
Mats,  341 
Mattar,  342 
Matte,  341 
Mattelain,  341 
Mattr»tr342 
Maturin,342 
Maty,  341 
Maubert,  180 
Maudemain,  181 
Mauduit,  181 
Mauger,  181 
Maulde,  180 
Maull,178 
Maur,  402 
Maurel,  402 
Maurenque,  402 
Maurey,  402 
Maurier,  402 
Maurin,  402 
May,  410 
MAyer,  410 
MAy]in,410 
Mftynard,  410 
Maynier,  410 
Mayran,  410 
Maselin,  622 
Mader,  622 
MMiurd,342 
Meder,  342 
Melaye,  179 
MeUck,  179 
MeUer,  180 
M^lique,  179 
Melll,  179 
Menault,  68 
Mendei,  434 
Meneau,  68 
Menel,68 
Menier,  68 
Menne,  68 
Mentd,434 
Mention.  434 
Meny,  68 
M6ra,368 
Menurd,369 
Merault,309 
M6reau,368 
M«ielle,368 
Merey,  368 
Merger,  369 
M6r^t,309 
M6iigout,  369 
M6riq,368 
Merland,  309 
Merly,368 
Merman,  369 
Meeenge)  SSO 


M6tay,  341 
Metge,341 


550 


INDEX  OF  FBENGH  NAHE& 


IfrtUiii,  381 

Meihoii6,342 

MetiuMi,342 

lUtUm,342 

Meaa,486 

If  ea^  623 

Mu)ud,406 

MioMdt406 

MiobAiilt,  406 

Miohr,  406 
l[iodL406 
imodlier,  406 
MioquelMd,  406 
Ifiooiiiii,  406 

MidiTsrs 

Midi6ra,380 

Midooq,379 

MidQl,379 

Mi«toB,380 

Ifiette,  379 

Mad6,283 

Miley,  179 

Biilhomme,  179 

l[mMh,179 

lfiill,179 

HilLm£e,179 

MiUMd,179 

Mi]]Aiiz,179 

Milleri79 

MiUer,  53, 180 

MiUeiy,  180 

MiUy,  179 

Milord,  180, 626 

Milaeni,  180 

Ifiinaohon,  266 

lfiiuurd,266 

BCinart.  266 

Mm6,266 

Mmei,266 

Minerve,  143»  144,  626 

Mmeret,266 

Hmenr,  266 

lCimeh,266 

Mimer,  266 

MiB]ie,266 

Mixmette,  266 

MinunbMit.  369 

Minmoii,360 

Biuard,»M) 

HiBiier,  380 

llit<m,380 

Muenr,  380,  626 

Modefonde,  237 

MoUy,  178 

Moiti6,237 

Moitier,  237 

Moitry,  237 

ICole,  92, 178 

MoUque,  178 

Moll,  92, 178 

MoUard,  179 

lCo]U,178 


llaii«id,68 
Monde,  276 
Moiideluu!d2276 
Monditee,  276 
Hondin,  276 
Hondo,  276 
Monfrai,68 
Monnaau,  68 
Monnier,  68 
Moimy,  68 
Montagne,  276 
MontMny,  276 
MontiktomJbert,  602 
Montansennd,  602 
Montan&ay,  502 
Montault,%6 
Montamiol,  602 
Mont^  276 
Montel,  276 
Montg«sr«id,  602 
Montgobert,  502 
Mont£ol6er.  602 
Montier,  276 
Montmorency,  502 
Morard,402 
Morda,258 
Mordaqne,  268 
Mordret,268 
Mor«,402 
Moreau,  408 
Morel,  402 
Morenxo,  602 
Moriuni,  402 
Morifaalm,  403 
Morillon,  402 
Mormline,268 
Mort,268 
Mortemard,  269 
Mortemart,  269 
Mortier,  268 
Mortieo,  268 
Morci6re,268 
Moflaon,238 
Mofl0y,237 
Motard,237 
Moteaii,237 
MoteUe,237 
Motheron,  287 
Mothii,Sm 
Motte,237 
Mott6,237 
Mon^,406 
MonSlaid,  179 
Monnie,  359 
Mounier,  369 
Monraeao,  268 
Mourlaque,  402 
Monrlon,  402 
MoiinelaajJ58 
Mouaao,  237 
Motuon,  238 
Moiuae,  92,  237 
Mownd,!^ 


237 


Monai^, 


Monsty,  238 
Moata^237 
Moutie,  237 
Montier,  237 
Moutiy,  237 
MoQxard,237 
Moan,  238 
Mnkleman.  406 
Miindel,276 
Mixm^360 
Mnnier,  359 
Miuani,237 
Mnaaey,  237 
Mnaaon,  238 
Miutel,238 
Mutel,237 

Naba,422 
Nad*ad,276 
NadAiilt,275 
Naef ,  420,  422 
Nagel,220 
Na]berfe,220 
Nallaid,  22a 
Nan<7,  239 
Nant,239 
Nanta,239 
Nanteaa,289 
Nanteoil,  239 
Nantier,  239 
Nantiei,  275 
Natier,  275 
Natte,275 
Natter,  276 
NaQd,240 
Naudean,  240 
Nandier,  240 
Naody,  240 
Naury,  300 
Nayanit,  421 
Narean,  420 
Navier,  421 
NaTiy,  421 
Nebout,  256 
N6e,420 
Ne^220 
Ntoe,421 
N^,220 
Kenard,239 
Kenning,  239 
N6oUier,  220 
Ne8aeler.266 
Neftl6,256 
Nettlen,256 
Netter,  265 
Nen,420 
Neve,  420 
Newigar,  421 


INDE^  OF  FRENCH  NAMES. 


551 


Neyman,  297,  4211 
Ne7ret,421 
KeyreT,  421 
ITiard,  266,  421 
Niburt,  25S,  421 
KiUnlt,  266,  421 
KibeUe,  151 
NioMie,126 
Nioard,126 
Nioaad,  126 
Miok,126 
Nioour,  126 
NideUj,  266 
Ki6djr6,266 
NiMid,2&5 
Nitot,266 
Nivard,421 
Niyeaa,420 
NiTeUean,  161 
NiTert,m 
Nmere,  421 
Ninrd,266 
Nue7,266 
Ni»>Ue,266 
Nod6,240 
Nodier,240 
Nodler,  240 
Noel,  487 
Nony,  4d9 
Norberi,  301 
Nonit,901 
NouigatJOl 
Nortier,  301 
N017,  300 
Notaue,  64,  240 
Notre,24M> 
NoH6,240 
KotteUe,  240 
Noi]]iii,420 
Novel,  161 
Noiidre,240 

01)erU,76 
Obr7776 
Oohin,624 
Ode,  381 
Odeiiii,334 
Odigier,382 
OdiCii,334 
OdiIlard,334 
Odin,  62, 121,  626 
OdoiU,  334 
Ofin,386 
Oilman,  386 
OfiPny,  386 

Og,id3 
Og4, 193 
Oger,  193 
Oner,  193 
Okeher,  418 
OIbert,418 
Olding,  418 


01efia,47l 
Olifle,  471 
OUTm,471 
Olive,  471 
OUvert,471 
Omer,  492 
Omond,  492 
OrioUe,  624 
OnaT,  79 
OneI,79 
Orth,217 
Orticiiier,  217 
Ortolan,  217 
Onnont,  120 
OHelin,119 
O*tard,302 
Ooaohee,  362 
OnaUe,298 
Onamier,  306 
Ondard,  382 
Oadin,381 
OaeUard,383 
Oolif,  n 
Otdman.  106 
0017,83 
Oiutna,302 
Oati,Sl 
Oavrard,  76 
Oavr6,76 
Oaonf,  120 

Paoaad,172 
Paoanlt,  172 
FAocard,  172 
Padllj,  172 
Paoqnement,  172 
Paoqnier,  63, 172 
Fader,  166 
Pkgelle,172 
PlSlard,192 
Faille,  192 
Faillerie,  192 
Flullenr,  192 
FAilley,  192 
Failliart,  192 
Faline,  621 
Fallanqne,  192 
PaUii,192 
Pahmer,  192 
Fanari,176 
Panav,  176 
Panohaud,  182 
Panckooke,  182 
Panel,  175 
Panhard,176 
PaniBM,  176 
Pannier,  176 
Paniin,236 


Pkpaii,291 
Pftpault,  291 
Pape,291 
Fkper,  291 
Papillon,  291 
Pttpin,291 
Pftppert,291 
Papy,  291 
Paqnel,  172 
Parade,  62 


Pkintel,236 
Puithoa,  236 
Puitiohe2236 
Panton,236 


Pardon,  i 

FariieaQ,  61 
PariMe,61 
Parly,  61 
Paixa,  61 
Parrette,  62 
PtowyaL463 
Party,^ 
Paacaitl,48r 
PMoaalt,48r 
Pa«)he.487 
PaMard,  181 
PaaM,  181 
PaMT,  181 
Paati,  183 
Paateau,  183 
Pastier,  183 
Pastr«,183 
Patty,  183 
Patame,  166 
Patard,167 
Pktay,  166 
Pat6, 166 
Pathe,  166 
Pathi,  166 
Fttthier,  167 
Patoohe,166 
Patry,  167 
Patte,166 
Patta,166 
Paty,  166 
Faaltre,241 
Pautrat,  241 
Pavanl,291 
Payin,29l 
Pavy,  291 
Pech,222 
Peoquery,  222 
Peoqaei,  222 
Pelabon,  219 
Peloot,269 
Pelei,269 
P61igri,260 
Peliirier,  621 
PeUagot,260 
Pel]ard,269 
PeUe,  192 
Pell^l92 
Pelleoai,26e 
PeUegrin,260 
PeUencri92 


552 


INDEX  OF  FRKNCH  KAHEa 


Pd]0teret.Slf 
Pel]m,270 
Pellier,  209 
Pena,192 
Pelmiai,  269 
PeloHe,521 
Pelte,  219 
Peltier,  219 
Peltret,  219 
Peliaer,  219 
Pelver,  270 
PeiiAbert.177 
Penant,  177 
Penaad,  177 
Penci,  177 
Penel,  177 
Penicaad,  177 
Peniiie,  177 
Penigoi,177 
Penne^uin.  177 
Penqmer,  182 
Pennrd,296 
PeiiB6,235 
Peny,  176 
Pe^,414 
Pei«rd,69 
Peraiili69 
P6re,aB 
Periohe,  69 
Periohon,  69 
Perigaalt,  69 
PeriBA,69 
Peiieftux.  279 
Perlin,69 
Pernelle,  70 
Pemy,  70 
Peroohean,  69 
Perody,  69 
Perol,  69 
PeiTeaii,68 
PerreUe,69 
Perrier,  69 
Perrin,  70 
Penronixi,  Of 
Pem>t,69 
Pen,  453 
Peneyal,453 
Penil,453 
PenM>2,463 
Pertel,183 
Pe«tre,183 
Peaty,  183 
Pertat,  370 
Petard,  167 
Petel,167 
Petry,  167 
Pettex,  166 
Pettier,  167 
Peuvrelle,  91 
Peyre,68 
Peyredien,  69 
PUHbert,  MB 
Pliilet7,516 


PhJlippot,  SIB 
Philippoteaox,  618 
Phily.  517 
Picid,177 
Picaud,  178 
Pioanlt,  178 
Picbard,  178 
Pichaud,  178 
richer,  178 
Pichery,  178 
Piohi,177 
Piohou,  177 
Pick,  177 
Piokard,  178 
Pioory,  178 
Pioque,  177 
Pioquet,  178 
Pidaolt,  167 
Pief er,  91 
Pielard,  291 
Piella,  219 
PieUe,  219 
Piffaalt,  414 
Pigaolt,  178 
Pigeard,178 
Pigeat,  178 
Pigeau,  178 
Pigeory,  178 
Pigeron,  178 
Pilate,269 
Pillard,269 
PLllas,269 
PiUe,  269 
Pillette,2a9 
Pilley,  269 
PillieiL270 
PUot,269 
Piol6,  219 
Pioleno,  219 
Pilte,  219 
Pin,  176 
Pinau,  176 
Pinaud,  177 
Pinault,  177 
Pinchon,  178 
Pineao,  176 
Pinel,  177 
Pingard,  178 
Pingeon,  178 
Pinhard,  177 
Pinaard,  236 
Pinaeau,  177,  235 
Pinaonneaci,  236 
Pinaon,  236 
Pipard,414 
Pipre,91 
Pimier,  71 
Piron,  70 
Pia8ard,181 
Piaaiii,181 
Piver,  91 
Pi7ert,4U 
Plaidear,  376 


Plain,  396 
Plait,  976 
Planchard,  808 
Flanche,  392 
Planoher,  393 
Planer,  306 
Planier,  396 
Planker,  393 
Planque,  392 
Planqnet,  39S 
Plamy,  396 
Plantard,397 
Plantier,  397 
Plantin,397 
Platret,  376 
PUnty,  397 
Planua,  396 
P]atard,376 
Plateau,  376 
Platel,376 
PUtret,  376 
Platte,  376 
Plattel,  376 
Pleaaier,  441 
Plet,376 
PUTaid,184 
Plooque,  214 
Floquin,  215 
Plon,  214 
Ploagoulm,  215 
Plouin,  215 
Plouvier,  184 
Ployer,  215 
Plamartin,  466 
Plomeray,  465 
Plunder,  465 
Pluquin,  215 
Pochard,  225 
Podeyin,  465 


Poignard,  225 
Pol,  281 
Polac,  281 
Polart,281 
Fold,  241 
Polif er,  281 
PoUeau,  281 
Polliaae,281 
Poly,  ^1 
Pon,  175 
Ponceav.236 
Ponoel,235 
Pond,  235 
Ponnelle,  375 
Ponaard,236 
Ponaery,  236 
Ponaon,  236 
Pont,  236 
Ponteau,  235 
Ponthieu,  231 
Ponti,235 
Pontier,  236 


INDEX  OF  FBBNOH  NAMES. 


553 


Popard,  422 
Pqpelui,  422 
Popei,422 
Popon,  422 
Populns,  422 
Port,  229 
Porta,  229 
Porte,  526 
Porteyin,  229 

POMB,406 

Pome,  408 
PoMelt,408 
Po«eHe,406 
Pouo.408 
Portei,409 
Poitrat,  456 
Pota«e,454 
Potard,455 
Poteau,454 
Potef er,  455 
Potel,454 
Potemont,  455 
Poterie,  54,  455 
Potevin,  455 
Potej,  454 
Poth6,  454 
Pothier,  455 
Potier,  465 
Potm,464 
Potoni«,  455 
Potroii,466 
Pottier,  53,  54 
Potvin,465 
PoQoha,  378 
PouchanL379 
Pouchet,  379 
PoQgeaalt  379 
Pougin,  379 
PoQsny,  379 
Poiilam,281 
Ponlin,  281 
PonUard,  281 
PouUe,  281 
Poiire,462 
Pouireau,  452 
Poiu8aM,408 
Pouflof,  408 
PoyeL422 
PoyTsiS 
Poyard,  318 
Poyart,313 
P076,  313 
Poyer,  318 
Prand,  198 
Pray,  184 
Prax,  185 
Pt«aii,184 
Preadt,  185 
Pr6c]ixi,186 

Premier,  371 
Premy,  371 
Preaie,463 


Pi«tard,185 
Pret6, 185 
Pretra,  185 
Preyer,  185 
Primard,  371 
Primaidt,  371 
Prodin,  218 
Prot,218 
Protean,  218 
Prothaut,  218 
Prout,447 
Pnmteau,  447 
Pnioe,447 
Pmede,  447 
Pmnel,  399 
Pnmet,  400 
Pnmier,  400 
Pnuifelle,  186 
Pulin,  281 
PnUe,  281 
Poniet,  416 
Pupier,  422 
Pupil,  422 
Puny,  407 
Putean,454 

Qnandelle,  317 
Quantier,  316 
Quantin,  316 
Qneok,  164 
Qaeiutfd,264 
Qnenanlt.  264 
Qaenay,  263 
Qneneau,  263 
Quenelle,  263 
Quenemer,  264 
Qneneuen,  268 
Quentin,  316 
Qnerrey,  278 
Quetil,  128  (note) 
Quedn,244 
Quiokerat,  166 
Quierot,  165 
Qui]lao,123 
Quillard,  124 
Quill6,  123 
luillier,  124 
luilleret,  124 

imeri,124 

iillet,124 
,jin,268 
Quinard,264 
Quinault,  264 
Quinoey,  263 
'^  '   Ban,  263 
[er,  264 
ity,  316 
ro,  164 

Bal)a,187 
Baban,97 
Babean,  187 
Babeuf,  187 

R    3 


B4bier,187 
Balrigot,187 
Babi&on,  187 
BabineaiL  97 
Babon,  97 
itabot,89 
Ilabotte,89 
Babou,  187 
Babonin,  187 
Baby,  187 
Bacfe,362 
Baocurt,363 
Badanne,348 
Bad6,  347 
Bad^348 
Badet,d48 
Bades,348 
Badi,347 
Badigue,  347 
Badouan,  349 
Badonlt,  348 
Badulphe,  340 
Baffaid.187 
Baffin,  97 
Bafflin,  187 
Bafford,  187 
Baftier,  228 
Baffy,  187 
Began,  349 
Bagaiie.363 
Bager,  363 
Bagneau,  349 
Bi«oin,363 
Bagon,349 
Bagonneau,  349 


„_inal,  349 
Bainaud,  350 
Bainbeaux,  137 
Baine,  349 
Bainfray,  349 
Baingo,  349 
Bainot,  350 
Bambert,  97 
Bandier,  228 
Bandouin,  228 
Bangheard,  330 
Banoe,  189 
Baoul,  52 
Bap6,  187 
Baphel,  187 
Bapilly,  187 
Bapin,  97 
Bapineau,  97 

W^ 

BatabouL348 
Bateau,347 


Batbean,  347 
Bathery,  348 
I  Bathier,  348 
)  Bati6,  347 


554 


INDEX  OF  FRENCH   NAMES. 


Raton,  348 
IUtott,348 
lUtomii,  349 
KAtoiiU,349 
Ratte,  92,  347 
Ratter,  348 
Rattier,  348 
Rattisaeau,  348 
Raacour,  253 
Ravanne,  97 
Rarard,  187 
Ravaalt,  187 
Raveau,  187 
Rareaud,  187 
Ravel,  187 
Raveneau,  97 
Ravier,  187 
Ravon,  97 
Ravou,  187 
Ray,  362 
Rayard,363 
Raybaad,  362 
Rayer,  363 
Raymbault,  349 
Raymond,  363 
Rayna,349 
Raynard,  349 
Rayner,  350 
Read,  347 
Rebard,  188 
Rebel,  188 
RebiUon,  188 
Rebold,  188 
Recamier,  344 
Reclu,  344 
Recurat,344 
Redaai,254 
Reder,  348 
Redet,348 
Redier,  348 
Redmer,  348 
Redon,  348 
Regimbeau,  137 
Regnard,  349 
Regnart,349 
Regnanld,  350 
Regnault,  350 
Regner,  360 
Regni^,  349 
Reenier,  350 
Reme,349 
Reinert,  349 
Renard,  349 
Renanld,  360 
Renault,  360 
Ren6,  104,  189 
Reneanme,  360 
Renel,189 
Renesson,  189 
Rennecon,  189 
Renny,  189 
Renom,  360 
Renonard,  360 


Renoaf,  360 
Re«ton,448 
Rety.  347 
ReTeil,  188 
Revel,  188 
Revelin,  188 
Reverd,  188 
Revu,  188 
Reynier,  350 
Reyneval,  360 
Ribail,188 
Ribaolt,  188 
Ribier,  188 
Ribi^re,  188 
Rible,  188 
Riboni,  188 
Ribon,  188 
Ribun,  188 
Ricard,343 
Ricci,  343 
Richard,  343 
Richault,  344 
Riche,  343 
Riche.  343 
Richebours,  343 
Rich«me,  343 
Richemont,  344 
Richer,  343 
Richez,  343 
Richier,  343 
Richin,  343 
Riohomme,  343 
Rjchy,  343 
Rioque,343 
Ricquier,  343 
Ridde,  254 
Ridean,  254 
Ridel,  254 
Rididre,  254 
Riette,  254 
Riedle,  354 
Riedling,  254 
Rif,  188 
Riffaud,  188 
Riffault,  188 
Rigal,  343 
Rigaubert,  343 
Rigault,  344 
Ringard,  230 
Ringel,  230 
Ringier,  53.  230 
Ripard,188 
Ripault,  188 
Ripaut,  188 
Riquet,  343 
Riqnies,  343 
RiBt,193 
Ritaad,254 
Rivain,  188 
Rivard,  188 
Riyau,188 
Rivaud,  188 
Rivay.  188 


Riv6. 188 
Rivelin,  188 
Riviere,  188 
Robbe,  187 
Robert,  372 
Robertet,  518  (note) 
RobcTge,  372 
Robi,  187 
Robichon,  187 
Robier,  187 
Robiquet,  187 
Roblin,  187 
Robquin,  187 
Rocaold,  253 
RoGaiilt,253 
Rochard,253 
Roche,  252 
Rocher,  253 
Rocque,  253 
Rocquelin,  253 
Rode,  371 
Rodde,  371 
Rodel,  372 
Rodier,  373 
Rodies,  372 
Rodin,  372 
Rodolphe,  373 
Rodron,  373 
Roduwart,  373 
Rog«,  253 
Rogeau,  253 
Roger,  372 
R<^t,253 
Rogez,253 
R4^e,253 
RogueUn,  253 
Rohard,253,  372 
Rohart,  372 
Rohault,  253 
Roland,  373 
Rollin,  372 
Rom6o,  373 
Romeuf,  374 
Romieu.  373 
Rommel,  374 
Rommy,  373 
Ronce,  228 
Ronceray,  228 
Rond,  2^ 
Rondeau,  228 
Rondelle,  228 
Rondy,  228 
Ronae,228 
Ronzier,  228 
Roquebert,  263 
Roqnes,  253 
Roquette,  253 
Roscber,  79 
Ros^mon,  79 
Roilin,  79 
Ro8ly,79 
RoB8eL79 
Ro88elin,79 


INDEX  OF  FRENCH   NAMES. 


655 


Bower,  79 
Rossi,  79 
RoBls448 
Bostan,  448 
Kostang,  448 
Rosteau,  440 
Kostolan,  448 
Rosty,  448 
Rota,  371 
Roth,  371 
Rotta,371 
Rott6,  371 
Rotti,  371 
Rotival,  373 
Roualt,  373 
Roubaud,  372 
RouooUe,  262 
Rouchon,  372 
Roudi^re,  373 
RoudiL  372 
Roudillon,  372 
Roullm,  372 
Roomier,  374 
Romnilly,  374 
Rouvier,  187 
Roubo,  187 
Rouffe,  187 
Rouber,  253 
Rouleau,  187 
Rourel,  187 
RoviUain,  187 
Rub6,  187 
RubeUe,  187 
Rubier,  187 
Rubio,  187 
Ruby,  187 
Rudder,  373 
Rude,  371 
Rudeau,  371 
RudeUe,  372 
Rudeioare,  373 
Rnmmel,  374 
Rupp,  187 
Ruprich,  187 
Rnteau,  371 
Rutten,  372 
Ratter,  373 

Sabart,424 
Sabaud,  424 
Sabbiiii,424 
Sablon,  424 
Sabot,  424 
Sabiaii,424 
Sacareau,  171 
Saoquin,  171 
Sacre,  171 
Saffray,  424 
BaiUard,308 
SaiUenf  est,  308 
SaiUof  est,  308 
Sailly.306 
Sa]a,308 


Saladin,  526 
Salard,308 
Salathe,  308 
Sale8se,308. 
Sail  ray,  308 
Saligny,  308 
Saligot,  308 
SaUu,  dC^ 
SaUe,  308 
SaU6,  308 
Salleron,  308 
SaUier,  308 
Salmon,  308 
SaUao,443 
Salvaing.  346 
Salvan,  346 
Salverte,346 
Salvy,  346 
Sal2aiT,443 
Salsard,443 
Sal2e,443 
Sance,  430 
Sanchez,  438 
Saudeau,  430 
Sandelion,  430 
Sandoz,430 
Sandr6,  430 
Sandrier,  431 
Sanegon,  170 
Sangouard,  438 
Sangouin,  438 
Sannier,  170 
Santeire,  430 
Santi,430 
Santry,  431 
Sanzel,  430 
Sapia,423 
Sapicha,  424 
Sapin,  424 
Sapy,  423 
Saqui,  171 
Sar,  230 
Saramon,  230 
Sarasin,  487 
Saiger,  230 
S«i%230 
Sarra,  230 
Sarrault,  230 
Sarre,230 
Sarrette,  230 
Sarrion,  230 
Sasse,  451 
Sa8s6re,451 
Sassier,  451 
Sassy,  451 
Satory,  461 
Sauffroy,  424 
Saul,  138 
Sault,  443 
Saunao,  99 
Sauphar,  424 
Saupique,  424 
Sauvage,  424 


Sauve,  423 
Sauv6,  423 
Sauvel,  424 
Sauveur,  424 
Sauvey,  423 
Sauvier,  424 
Savard,  424 
Savart,424 
Savarin,  424 
Savary,  424 
Savelon,  424 
Savigny,  424 
Savin,  424 
Savit,424 
Savy,  423 
Sax,  200 
Say,  171 
Sayer,  171 
SajEerao,  451 
Sazerat,  451 
Scat,  191 
Scatti,  191 
Scellier,  361 
Sohall,456 
Schefter,  219 
Schener,  389 
Schilte,  227 
Scholder,  457 
Schone,  389 
Scoffier,  442 
Sebault,  172 
Sebillon   — 


Sebron,  321 
Secret,  173 
SediUe,  431 
SediUon,431 
See.  172 
Seeber,  321 
Seeger,  173 
Segard,  173 
Segaut,  172 
Sdge,172 
Seguier,  173 
S^uin,  173 
Segur,  173 
S^guret,  173 
SektbeUe,  308 
Selin,308 
SeUe,  308 
Sellerin,308 
Sellier,  308 
Seltier,  443 
Selzer,  443 
Sem,  262 
Sem6,  75,  262 
Semel,262 
Semel^,  262 
Semey,  75,  262 
Semichon,  75,  262 
Senac,  170 
Senard,  170 
Sen6, 170 


556 


INDBZ  OF  FRENCH  NAMEa 


,  170 

SeneUa,  170 
SeiiMl,438 
8^illoii,170 
BennegoD,  170 
Senooq,  170 
Sentab«nr,  400 
S6niL230 
Beni3,230 
Serdon,  190 
Ser€,  230 
8eriea,230 
Seroin,290 
8eiTa,230 
Bern,  230 
Serri«r,230 
Seii,106 
8ei7,230 
Setter,  293 
Settler,  29S 
8eimot,d82 
berelinget  (De),  268 
BeTi]]A,262 
Sevnr,  262 
Seylfert,  178 
Se7itel,272 
iSeierie,  451 
bhoenbei)^  380 
bibert»  17^  821 
biboi,  173 
Sibouro,  322 
Sioard,178 
»iobel,172 
Siohel,  172 
bidnej,  431 
Sidoli,  431 
Siegel,  172 
Siegritt,  173 
Siemert,  178 
Siett,272 
Slayer,  282 
Sigl4,  172 
Signet,  173 
Siiv»,346 
SiWe,  346 
SUtj,  346 
Simard,262 
Simart,262 
Simier,  262 
Bimil,  262 
Simond,  173 
Simut,  262 
Singer,  438 
Hingery,  438 
Singet,438 
Singly,  438 
Sine,  456 
Sintard,  456 
Sipi^ie,  362 
Sirgner,  441 
Siteo,  '272 
Sinter,  293 
8itt,431 


8ittelL431 
StreTddl 
Six,  200 
Smyttire,  481 
8obbel,304 
SoinM:d,99 
Soinouiy,  90 
Sol,  138 
SQlAzd,138 
Sole,  138 
Soleret,  138 
SoUer,  138 
Sombert,99 
Bomnuure,  141 
Sommerard,  141 
SommerroMl,  94 
Bonder,  308 
Sorbet,  230 
Soraau,441 
8oiel,230 
Soiieu,230 
Son^  230 
Soto,  266 
SouAlle,  328 
Souohard,  267 
Sonobay,  267 
Souobentd.  287 
Soucbenurd,  268 
Soucberet,  267 
Souoberre,  268 
Souday,  301 
Souden,  301 
Bondier,  301 
Bougdre.268 
Soagit,207 
Sooin,  99 
Boole,  138 
Soul6,138 
Soulery,  188 
Soalt,443 
Soupault.  304 
Soupe,304 
Soap6,304 
Soupean,  304 
Soupir,  304 
Souply,  304 
Soui  d,  196 
Sourdeao,  108 
SomdeTtl,  198 
Soordidre,  198 
Sooig,  441 
Soury,  441 
Soutti,266 
Soutif ,  301 
Souty,  301 
SouYerain,  424 
Spada,190 
Spenner,  446 
Spioq,  207 
Spill,  434 
Spiller,  434 
Spinn,  445 
Spire,  206 


208 

Spool,  446 
Staar,  246 
8taob,213 
StaL476 
8iiJin,8L476 
Steiren,#6 
Stein,  479 
Stetnaober,  439 
M5 


Stevart,409 

8Uy«l,469 

8tofaui,460 

Stooq,213 

Stoffe,409 

Stoffeil,40O 

Stoif  er,  469 

Stobter,345 

Stoi«lli,34ff 

Stoiei,346 

Stoiif,469 

Stour»,34ft 

Strieker,  246 

Stnppy,  460 

Stnrbant,  345 

Stay^  409 

Suatso,26i 

Suard,322 

Suooaud,  267 

SuobeL]MI7 

Sue,  267 

Saet,266 

Sttin,99 

Sammer|14l 

Supply,  304 

SuquetL  267 

Soroouf,  441 

Sntie,2e6 

Sybille,262 

SyWert,  840 

Syndic,  4S8 

Syttermann,  293 

Taobard,  381 
Taffin,428 
Tagniard,301 
Tkiifer,  375 
Tailiefer,  376 
Tainne,  311,  838 
Taint,  338 
Tii]abot,378 
Talbert,  376 
Talbot.  375 
TaUaid,3r5 
Tallon,375 
TaUe,375 
Talleman,  878 
Talleyiand,  878 
Tabna,24,375 
Tama,  304 
Tkini,364 
Tan4S,360 


WD£X  OF  FBENCfi  NAMK. 


557 


I 


Ttmdon,  310 
l^uidou,  310 
Tanm,  311 
TUu^Sll 
Taalay,  311 
Ttoneur,  311 
Tkimiere,  53,311 
TuinMle,311 
Tuitoii,310 
Tapin,  428 
TAqao,390 
Tanibon,206 
Tangon,906 
IWatre,  200 
TMd,209 
Tteda,200 
Tardj.200 

Tamnt,208 
T»nde,200 
Tarlay,  206 
T^unaad,  206,  308 
Tumtte,20O 
TmrtTj,  200 
Tartter,  200 
TMoher.03,386 
TaMeL386 
Tkiielin,385 
TaM«ii,386 
TMdlv,  385 
TMMt,385 
Tma>7,  386 
Tat6,2n 
TayMil,428 
Tayean,  428 
Tavel,  428 
Taie,201 
Teigne,338 
Teiumy,  338 
Teiljut,3r6 
Tel,  376 
Tellier.  375 
TenaiUon,  310 
Tenard,  311 
Teno6,  310 
Tenneson;  311 
Tennevin,  310 
Tenret,  312 
Terray,  208 
Tern,  206 
Terreur,  206 
Terrier,  208 
Terwnr,  248 
*  Tetard,201 
TMe,271 
Thaia,626 
Thenadey,  338 
Th6iiard,330 
Thenier,  330 
Theodor,  383 
Th6oi,332 
Thiao,457 
Thibaiat,38ai 


TliibMit»88S 
Thibeisei  383 
Thiberi»  332 
Thi^Uoi^ai 
Thiedy,  332 
Thiteon,  382 
Tfaiarr6,268 
ThierTT,268 
Thimel,  866 
Thiodon,  332 
TUranlt,  268 
Thironin,  268 
Thiryilfe 
Thii,  361 
Thiiie,3SI 
Thorn,  863 
Thorns,  363 
Thom^364 
Thomei,364 
Thommeret,  364 
TieiBn,488 
Ti]14,180 
TUliard,  180 
Tillier,  180 
Ti]maii,190 
TUmant.  180 
TiUo]i,190 
TiUot,  100 
Tilly,  180 
Timel,366 
Tin6,120 
Tiii^l30 
Tingay,  367 
l^huiie,488 
Tireao^ 
Tiwn,  220 
TiKm,362 
Tinaire,35a 
TiiM]i]i,362 
Tinerand,  363 
Tiider,  362 
Titard,333 
Tittel,332 
Tizier,  220 
Toohe,  427 
Tombe,d63 
Tomb^364 
Tonne,  128 
TonndU.  130 
Torin,  208 
Toty,  273 
Tonoari,  427 
Toiigart,427 
Tonrauli,  120 
Tomnaohon,  100 
ToamaHIon.  100 
Toamaire.  100 
Tomnal,  100 
Toumay,  190 
T(mme,190 
Tonnieiir,  100 
Toumery,  100 
ToiiMO,3r4 


Toat,278 

Toateii,274 

Tontay,  878 

Tottvee,  108 

Touyy,  103 

Tooaeav,  278 

T61I16.273 

ToaML274 

Toaidin.874 

Toosin.  274 

TtAM,  106 

TnM7,242 

T^n«er,428 

TiMim418 

Tii$n;413 

Ttappe,196 

Tnaard,248 

Traab4,441 

Trayer,  413 

Traya,242 

Trebovl,106 

Tr4oQlle,418 

TrefflTlM 

Tr%ont»418 

TrSaid,413 

Trelf ona,  €18 

Trena,242 

TreM,242 

Treiaan,243 

Tr«aaard,248 

Triaii,^ 

TTibou.186 

TiiMrd,420 

Trioh6,420 

Tri«ot,420 

Triebert,420 

Triefiia,420 

Triger,  420 

TMqiieL420 

Tioly,  141 

Troplong,  441 

Tioai,240 

Tn>te,270 

TiotM,  270 

Trottier,  271 

Trotn>t/271 

TroQ,  lv6 

Troable,441 

TrDiide,270 

Troupeaa,  441 

Tronpier,  441 

TKmp]in,441 

TrouMan,  2M0 

Trowel,  240 

Troa7e»4a 

Tmberl  106k  480 

TnM,]36 

Tnidoii,271 

Traella,106 

Tnilller,441 

Truly.  441 

TraiMl,441 

Tniaion,240 


558 


INDEX  OF  FRENCH   NAMEa 


Tnit0j,37O 
Trutm,  271 
Ti7,4» 
Tudey,  332 
Tndor,  333 
Tag»oli,428 
Tiigot,427 
TiiAiias  129 
Tangnand,  362 
Tui«,487 
Tiu^206 
Tiugu,206 
TnrqaetiL  129 
Tutgot,  128 
Tatony,  332 
T7tgat,333 

Ude,282 
Ulliac,106 
Ulnuoi,  106 
Uri«r,  83 
UMe,  524 

Vaohy,  362 
Vad6,  412 
Vannay,  523 
Vaghi,523 
Yacnej,  523 
VaLmt,  298 
Yald,  298 
yald,344 
Valdeiroii,  345 
VAldin,345 
Yalerand,  298 
Valerant,  298 
Valet,  298 
yalfort,88 
Valfroy,  298 
Valhere,298 
Valid,  298 
Valine,  296 
Valleran,298 
Vallery,  296 
VaUez,298 
Valuer,  296 
VallB,  298 
Valmer,  298 
Valtat,345 
Valton,345 
Vanackdre,  394 
Vanard,394 
Vanoy,  316 
VancUJe,  317 
Vanden,  316 
VuiQgae,  394 
Vane!]L394 
Vaiietti,394 
Vaney,394 
Vaimi,394 
Vannier,  394 
Vanoni,  394 
Vanthielen,  317 
Vantier  316 


VantiUaRl,  S17 
Vannielle,  317 
Vaques,  362 
Vaqiiier,  362 
Vaimche,278 
Varagniac,  305 
Vanaike,279 
Varangot,  306 
Varangae,  278 
Varay,  278 
Varf,278 
Varichon,  278 
Variii,305 
Varinay,  305 
Varinont,  278 
Varnier,  305 
Vamll,278 
Vart,277 
Vaaaa],244 
VaMard,244 
VasM,  244 
Va8Mli2i,244 
Vasseor,  244 
VasMD,  244 
VaMy,  244 
Vatard,  413 
Vatel,  413 
Vattemare,  413 
Vatier,  413 
Vatton,  413 
Vatiy,  413 
Vaude,  344 
Vaudeacal,  345 
Vaudin,  345 
Vaudrand,  345 
Vaudron,  345 
Vaudiy,  345 
Vaultier,  345 
Vaury,  325 
Vaate,344 
Vauthier,  345 
Vautrot,  345 
Vedel,  413 
Vedy,  412 
Vee,523 
V6g6,  623 
va,383 
VeillArd,383 
Veiller,  383 
Veillon,  383 
Velic,  383 
Ve]lard,383 
VeUy,  383 


Velter,  { 
VeltDian,  345 
Venant,  394 
Venard,394 
Venauli,  395 
VeneUe,  394 
Vendrin,  316 
Ventre,  316 
Verbrugg6,  278 


VflKh«ra,74 
Verdel,  277 
Verdery,  277 
Veidi^277 
Verdier,  277 
Veige,73 
Veig^73 
Veigeon,  74 
Vexgnand,  74 
Vergne,  74 
Veisnot,  74 
Ventre,  278 
Verillon,  278 
V^rit^257 
VerjuB,  526 
Vermon,  278 
Vemaad,  305 
Veniay,  306 
Vemac,  306 
Vemeaa,305 


Vemerei,  306 
yemert,306 
Vemet,  306 
Vemey,  305 
Vernier,  305 
V6ro,278 
Verry,  278 
Vertu,257 
Veuier,  244 
Vestier,  303 
Veatraete,  303 
Viaid,165 
Viareingne,  278 
Vianlt,  165 
Vibcrt,  165 
ViGart,165 
Vicaire,  165 
Vioel,165 
Viohard,  165 
Vioherat,  165 
Vidin,  165 
Vioq.  164 
Vidaleno,  493 
Vidalon,  493 
Vidaxd,494  . 
Videoooq,  27 
Vid6,  493 
Videau,  493 
Videl,  493 
Vidocq,  493 
Vidon,  493 
Vidion,494 
Vidn     ^^ 


Vient,  316 
Viette,  165 
Viey,  164 
Vig6,164 
VJgerie,165 
Vigier,  165 
VigLa,165 
Vilbaut,123 


INDEX  OF  FRENCH   NAMES. 


559 


VilodiAl23 

Yitooooa,  494 
Viton,  493 

Weldell,  344 

Viloocq,  27 

Weldon,  345 

VOdo,  447 

Vitrao,494 

Welling,  383 
Welhoff,  383 

ViUaohon,  123 
Villiun,  123 

Vitry,  496 

Vitte,  493 

Wenk,  412 

Villftrd,  124 

Vittier,  494 

Werl6,  326 

ViUe,  123 

Vittiz,  493 

WemW,  306 

Vm6,  123 

Vittu,  493 

Wey,  523 

Villegri,123 

Voilin,384 

Weyn,  523 

ViUemain,  124 

VoiUemier,  384 

Wiart,165 
WibaiUe,  63 

ymemont,  124 

YoiUemont,  384 

ViUemot,  124 
Vaier,  124 

VoUquin,  384 

Wieart,  166 

Voiry,  325 

Wicot,  165 

ViUene,  124 

Vol,  383 

Wideman,  494 

ViUerm,  124 

Volf  ,  71 

Widmer,  494 

ViUeret,  124 

VoU6e,  383 

Wicy,  164 
WiKrod,123 

ViUette,  124 

VoUet,  384 

ViUetard,  447 

VoUier,  384 

Willard,  124 

Villiwne,124 

Voltier,  378 

Willanme,  124 

Villutxmie,  124 

Voulquin,  93 

Willerme,  124 

ViUmar.  124 
Vflly,  123 

VuiUaume,  384 

Willemin,  124 

VuiUefroy,  384 

Willemot,  124 

VUtard,  447 

Vnillemot,  384 

Winnen,  264 

Vimar,  165 

Wiasooq,  351 

Vinay,  263 

Wa],298 

Witier,  494 
WitUch,  494 
Wizemann,  351 

Vinboorg,  264 
Vinoey,  m 

Walder,  346 
Walferdin,  88 

Vinche,  263 

Wallart,298 

Woillaume,  72,  384 

Vinoke,  263 

WaUe8,298 

Woillez,  384 

Vinoq,  412 

Walter.  345 
Walx,298 

Woillot,  72 

Vinit,  316 

Wolter,  378 

Vinson,  263 

Wanner,  394 
Waree,  278 

Wulveryok,  72 

Vintin,  316 

Tints,  316 

Warengue,  278 

Yonf,  367 

Violard,383 

Warin,305 

Yalin,  476 

Violete,  468 

Warinier,  305 
Warm6, 108 

TtaB«e,449 

VioUeau,  383 

Ytier,  450 

VioUier,  383 

Wamet,305 

Yunc,  419 

VirgiUe,  526 

Waro,  278 

Yve,366 

Vlrot,  257 

Waroquier,  278 
Warre,278 

Yvoee,366 

Virqnin,  74 

Yvert,  367 

Viaier,  351 

Watel,  413 

Yzard,476 

ViBonneau,  361 
yiaaac,351 

Watolin,  413 

Watin,  413 

Zeiller,  433 

Via8e,361 

Watteau,  412 

Zelger,433 
Zeire,433 

Visaer,  351 

Wauthier,  435 

Yiamer,  361 

Wegclin,  523 

Zeller,  433 

ViBto,  303 

Wegman,  523 
WeiB86,  361 

Zircher,  441 

VitaliB,  494 

Zorgo,  441 

Vit6,  493 

Weil,  383 

Zurcher,  441 

Viteau,  493 

Wei,  383 

Vit^493 

Weld,  344 

INDBX  OF  ENGLISH  NAMB8. 


Abba,eO 
Abbey,  60 

AbbiM,«l 

Abbott,  ei 

Abd7»»,ei 

Ab«m,61 

Aohud,90» 

Aeh«,909 

Aehliii,200 

Aoken,SU 

AooriLSlO 

An«,2l0 

Aaon,  210 

Aoroyd,  8M[ 


AddT,887 
Addkhflftd,  W 
Ada,  619 
Adie,fflO 
Adier,  288 


Adlam,  337 
AdIftiLSSr 
AdUia,837 
Aai6r,96 
AdmMii,  288 
Adolph,  72;  28S 
AdolpboB,  388 
A«M^2U 
Aftr,  210 
A^,  200 

154 
-     '^211 
Acae.200 

ABdn,21I,471 

Aikmtn,  210^  tfl 

Al]8«r,i54 

AllnumlM 

Air,  80,  94 

Ain7,94 

Airy,  80 

AWIOS 

AlraTm 

Ak6y,200 

Alban,134 

Albuiy,  184 

Albert,  616 

Albery,136 

Aldebert.418 

iJden,»L418 

Alder,  4li 


Alderdioe,  419 
Aldermen,  338,  462 
Aldhem,  418 
A]dii,410 
Aldin,64,60 
Aldnd,^8 
Aldrioh,  41,  418 
Aldridge,  41,  410 
Aldritt,418 
Ale,  164 

Alemen,  164,  4a 
Alfred,  41, 1» 
A]cer,616 
A]S)e,300 
Alker,  142 


Allan.  238 

A]]ftra,616 

Allawsy,  617 

A]lbrigbt,U6 

Allbat.»0 

Alleud,142 

Allohin,290 

A]lday,418 

AUey,  516 

Allf ny.  616 

Angaod,290 

AlHok,142 

Amei,300 

AIUx,142 

AUinaok,517 

AUmAn,617 

Allnutt,S17 

Alio,  616 

Allt,418 

Allty,418 

Allvey,  617 

AUwud,5I7 

Allwood,517 

Allwxight,  400 

Aimer,  517 

Almjger,  143,  226 

Almond,  473^  517 

Aloe,  516 

Alp,  134 

Alpenny,  184 

Alpha,  134 

AlM«er,300 

Altmen,418 

AltonTilO 

Altre^410 

Alyexy,  136 

A1^136 

AlTey,  184 

Alvia,134 

Alwin,517 


Amber,  312 
Amblemen,  14S 
Ambler,  143 


Amett,284 
Amey,  492 


Amor,  130 
Amoiy,  130 
Amplemen,  143 
Anonim,280 
And,  100,  432 
AnderMm,  32 


100,  43t 
Andnide,4S2 
Aug,  212 
Angel,  213 
Angelo,  213 

An|rlAm>ii^  212 

Angler,  213,  4M 
Angley,  213 
■     •      213 


Anffwin,  212 
Anbaiilt,  289 


AnuL  119 
Anaell,119 
Aniefane,  119 
Anier,  U9 
Aadow,  119 
Aneter,  274 
Anstey,  274 
Anthem,  432 
Antill,432 
Antley,  432 
Antrid£e,432 
App,  60 
Appeoh,60 
Applin,  61 
Appold,  61 
Apaey,  61 
Arabe]U,486 
Arber,  386 
Arbery,  386 
Arbon,  386 
Ai«h,387 
AxehambMid,  11«  ^ 
Ai«haid,388 
Ax«hb^388 
AnhbQld,388 
Aidibatt,S88 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAME& 


561 


Aroher,  388 
ArmiluB,  387 
Ard6ni251 
Aiding,  260 
Aidomn,  251 
Argent,  868 
Algae,  387 
Axgnment,  27^  388 
AnelLdS 
Arkdl,  387 

Arkwright,41,388^40d 
Arle,  95,  ^9 
Ar]JMs340 
Arm,  418 
Ann»t,147 
ArmenT,  146 
Armgold,  147 
Anmger,  147 
Arminger,  8,  146 
Aiiniiia,146 
Armory,  147 
Armour,  147 
ArmB,147 
Am,  96 
AmamAn,  96 
Amey,  95 
Amo,  95 
AmoicL  96 
Amulpne,  96 
Amttni,  95 
Arpm,386 
Arrend,96 
Arrowsmith,  462 
Artor,  260 
Anmdel,  162 
Any,  119 
Aiberry,  119 
Aibridge,  119 
Aiooiigh,217 
Aah,  142,  216 
A^bold,217 
Aiher,  217 
Ashkettle,  IL  12& 

(note,)  612 
ABh]in,216 

Jl^limMi^  217 

Aihrnore,  217 
Aahp«rt,217 
Aihwin,  217 
ABhwitlL217 
Aahwood,  217 
AB]in,119 
Adock,120 
Aik,  142,  216 
Aakey,  216 
Aakwith,42 

Aspem,  119 
Aipeme,  39 
Aaqwith,  37,  217,  223 
Am,  89, 119 
AMey,  119 
Ajte,216 


Aitle,  216 
Astor,  216 
Aatray,  216 
AstwoocL  216,  22 
Atftck,  ^ 
Atkey,  288 
Atkin,288 
Atkias,  40,  288 
Atley,288 
Atmore,288 
Attey,  19 
Attle,288 
Attoe,287 
Attride,  288 
Attridge,288 
Atta,289 
Attwood,  288 
Atty,  287 
Aubeiy,  136 
Aadiiti  382 
Auger,  3^2 
Aught,  381 
Aughtie,  381 
AiikwArd,142 
Auleef,  614 
AurioL  624 
AuBteU,302 
Auth,  381 
Auther,  382 
Anton,  381 
Autram,  382 
Aveline,  290 
Aveling,  290 
Aver,  290 
Avery,  290 
Avi]is290 
ATiU,290 
Ayii,290 
Avix,290 
Awl,  616 
Ayer,  210 
Aylard,164 
Ayle,  154 
Ayley,  164 
Ayl^e,  210,  419 
Ayling,  154 
Aylmer,  164 
Aylward,164 
Aylwin,  164 
Aytoongh,  39 

Babb,  291 
Babbege,291 
Baber291 
Bab^291 
Baber,  291 
Babin,291 
Baby,  291 
BaoohoB,  143 
Back,  172 
Backer,  172 
Baokboufe,  144 
Bad,  166 

S3 


Badder,  166 
Baddeley,  166 
Badge,  378 
Badger,  89 
Badgery,  90 
Badock,  166 
Badkin,166 
Badman,  167 
Bagg,  172 
Baggett,  172 
Bagley,  48.  172 
Baglin,172 

Bailey,  48, 172, 192 
Balaam,  192,  482 
Balchin,241 
Balder,  131,  241 
Baldey,  240 
Baldhead,241       • 
Baldick,241 
Baldridge,  241 
Baldry,  41,  241 
Baldwin.  42,  242 
Balfe,  73,  379 
Ball,  192 
Ballard,  192 
Bailer,  192 
Bailey,  192 
Balling,  192 
BaUock,192 
Balk,  241 
Balmer,  192 
Balsam,  26,  241,  470 
Baltic,  241 
Balyer,  192 
Bance,235 
Bancker,  182 
Band,  23^ 
Bander,  236 
Banderet,  236 
Bang,  1^ 
Banger,  176 
Banghart,  182 
Bimk,l£^490 
Bankart,  182 
Bankier,  182 
Bann,  176 
Banner,  176,  234 
Bannick,  176 
Banny,  176 
Banter,  87 
Banting,  236 
Bantock,236 
Banton,236 
Banyard,  176 
Bard,  222 
BardeUe,222 


Barding,  1 
Barddf,  72 
Bardolph,  222 
lean,  222 


BardolpJ 
I  Bardoul< 


562 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAMES. 


BudT,  222 
Bu«boiie,70 
Bu«£oot,168 
BftrahArd,69 
BtflM,364 
B«rlMi,.d63 
Barley,  22,  A 
Burling,  61 
Burbw,  22,  61 
Buniora,  69 
Bamaole,  158 
Barnard,  423 
Banieti,428 
BanMT.423 
Baarr,  2Z,  61 
Barran,61 
Barrell,  22 
Barrett,  61,  62 
Bamyman,  62 
Barrow,  22,  61 
Bany,  22,61 
Barter,  222 
Bartie,222 
Bartlett,  222  (note) 
Bartman,  ^^^ 
Bartram,  222  (note) 
BarwiM,  68,  6»,  366 
Ba8eke,181 
Basil,  181 
Bann,181 
Bask,  181 
Bass,  181 
Bastard,  12, 183 
Baste,  183 
Bastiok,183 
Basting,  183 
Baster,  183 
Bastow,  188 
BaBtraT.183 
Bath,  166 
Batho,  166 
Bather,  166 
Batkin,166 
Batley,  166 
Batt,166 
Batting,  166 
BatUe,166 
Batty,  166 
BanlaiO 
Bai2gh,291 
Bavarian,  314 
Bavin,  291 


Beaoh,222 
Beaohman,  222 
Beadle,  166 
Beadman,  167 
Beaffle,48 
Beakem,  222 
Beale,48 
Bear,  68 
Bearoenn,  70 
Beater,  166 


Beath,166 
Beatley,  166 
Beatty,  166 
Beau,  224 
Beantymaa,  40S 
Beaver,  90,  91 
Bebb,  414 
Beck,22i«0 
Beekett,222 


Bed,  166 
Beddard,  167 
Bedding,  166 
Beddoe,166 
Bede,166 
Bee,  47,  378 
Beeeher,  222 


Beer,  €8 

Begg,  47,  64,  222 
Beetle,  166 
Befford,  414 
Beldam,  241 
Be]67,269 
Bell,  192 
Bellamy,  192 
Beller,269 
Bellett,269 
BeUew,  192 
Beme8,621 
Belliss,  269,  621 
Bellman,  26^461 
Bellmain,269 
Bellment,  269 
Bellmore,  192,  269 
Belly,  192 
Bellord,269 
BeUow,  192 
Bellow]L621 
Belser,  621 
Be]sey,269 
Belt,  240 
Beltram,241 
Belward,  270 
Ben,  484 
Benoe,  235 
Bench,  182 
Bender,  236 
Bendelow,  236 
Bending,  236 
Bendle,  235 
Bendy,  235 
Benffer,  177 
Benjamin,  484 
Benkin,a,m 
Benmore,  177 
Benn,  21,  22, 176 
Bennell,  SO.  176 
Benner,  177 
Benney,  176 
Bennioke,  176 
Benning,  177 
Bennooh,  176 


177 
177 


Bent,  236 


BentiB(dLSI9 « 
Benton,  236 

— biger,  70 
BeraHd,4a,70 
Beniliaid,«0 
BenMJdTn 
Benett,  69 
BerTidgCL60 
Berrier,  69 
Benin,  69 
Befringer,  70 
Beriham,  370 
Bertie,  370 
Bertin,370 
Bertram,  41,  S70 
Bertnmd,  0,670 
Bennrd,69 
Beale7,181 
BessetlSl 
Bessemer,  181 
Bessett,181 
Best,  183 
Betfaell,  166 
Bethiay,  167 
Betkin,166 
Betteler,  166 
Bettell,166 
Betteridge,  U7 
Betty,  ^  166^  ^M 
Bengo,  378 
BevB]i,414 
Bev]]le,414 
Bew,  47,  376 
Bewley,  48 
Bewiy,879 
B«feirmaii,S15 
Bibb,  414 
Bibby,  414 
Biber,  91 
Bible,  414 
Bick,  77,  8i,  177 
Bioker,  178 
Biokle,177 
Biokley,  177 
Biddioi4  IM 
Biddulpiu  ^  7^  167 
Bidgood,40 
Bi£^414 
Bigelow,  177 
Bigg,  47.  64. 77.  177 
~*       r,  178 
178 

^l77d69,  4S4 
Billamore,  269 
Billet,  13,  269 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAMES. 


563 


Bmeter,219 
BQlham,  2» 
BUliarcL  13,  360 
Billm,270 
Billing,  90» 
BiUingftT,  269 

BiUnum,  269 
Billow,  13, 17,  269 
Billj,  17.  269 

BillTeald.^^ 
Bincloii,  29d 

Binder,  286 

Bingey,  178 

Binney,  176 

BinnB,  177 

Biroh,106 

BircL92,319 

BirdIook,S70 

Biidmore,  970 

BiTdBmL370 

Bime,70 

Bimer,  70 

Birner,  70 

BuLm 

Birtle,370 

BiraM,370 

BiMoe,181 

BiBg;ood,181 

g2op,  188,  463 

Biiney,  181 

BiMel],181 
BiHmii«,181 
Bitoh,  8i,  177 
Bithrey,  167 
BlMk,  30S 
BIaeker,d86 
BUokie,d96 
BlaokmMi.390 
BlBoow,  393 
Bkde,  376 
Blain,396 
Bkke,393 
Blakenum,  393 
Bkker,393 
BlAke7,393 
Blaiioh,392 
BUnohaTd,  893 
Bbmohett,  393 
Bluiohflower.  468 
Blaook«r,  398 
Bland,  396 
Bluiden,397 
Blaney,  396 
BlMik,392 
Blankman,  398 
Bute,  376 
Bleiai,r"" 


Bleak,  ab 

BlM7,896 
Bled7,440 


Blenkv,  392 
BlenkiD,S92 
Blenkinsop,  892  (noU) 
Blenkiran,393 
Blessed,  441 
Blesdey,  440 
Blethyn,  440 
Blevin,  184 
Blew739iB 
Blewer.  396 
BUok,393 
Bligh,393 
Blight.  440 
BUnckhom,  898 
Blinoo,392 
Blindell,397 
Bliss,  440 
BlisBett,441 
BIicard,441 
Block,  214 
Blockey,  214 
Blogg,  214 
Blomeley,  466 
BlondeU,  397 
Bloodgood,  440 
Bloom,  465 
Bloomer,  466 
Bloomy,  466 
Bloss,466 
Blossett,466 
Blossom,  465 
Blow,  214,  396 
Blowen,  215,  896 
Blower,  215,  396 
Black,  214 
Blunkell,  513 
Blyth,440 
BoftdellA,454 
Boi«,224 
Board,  229 
Boarder,  229 
Boardman,229 
Boardwine,  289 
Boast,  409 
Boatwright,  466^  460 
Boas,  482 
Bobart,422 
Bobbin,  422 
BobUtt,  422 
Bobby,  484 
Bobtin,422 
Bock,  224 
Bodda,454 
Bodell,454 
Boden,  464 
Bodgener,  225 
Bodger,  455 
BodSy,  454 
Bodioker,  455 
Bodkin,  454 
Bodl^,  454 
Bodman,  456 
Bodmer,  465 


Body,  454 
Boetef  eiur,  455 
Boff,  421 
Boffey,  421 
Bogard,225 
Bogg,224 
Boggis,  455 

Bogle,  224 
Bogman,226 

B^^240 
Bolden,  29,  20 
Boldero,  131,  242 
Boldery,  241 
Bolding,  241 
Boling,  281 
Bollin,281 
Bollman,281 
Bolt,  240 
Bolter,  241 
Boltwood,242 
Bomgarson,  176 
Bonar,  176 
Bonbnght,  176 
Bond,225 
Boney,  175 
Boniger,  37, 170 
Bonken,  175 
Bonnell,  175 
Bonner,  176 
Bonnick,  176 
Bonning,  176 
Bonny,  175 
Bonnyman,  176 
Bonser,  236 
Bonsey,  175,  235 
Bonter,  236 
Boodle,  454 
Bookless,  363,  854 
Bool,^ 
Booie,458 
Boonnan,  458 
Bootr454 
Booth,  454 
Booty,  454 
Border,  229 
Bosher,  406 
Bosley,  408 
Bosman,  408 
Boss,  408 
Bossard,408 
Bossey,408 
Bossom,406 
Bostel,409 
Bostock,409 
Bostridge,  409 
Bothyr224 
Boay,454 
Bott,454 
Botten,454 
Botting,  454 


564 


INDEX  OF  KMGUSH  NAKSa 


Botfle,464 
BotwT]gfat,465 
Boach,378 
Boiifib07,  378 
Boucher,  379 
Boucherett,  379 
Boudrow.  242 
Boughtwhore,  241 
BottS^,280 
Bonl&iff,  241 
Boutflower,  466  (note) 
BouTerie,  422 
Bonvier,  422 
BoTsy,  421 
Borey^  421 
BoYme,421 
Bow,  224 
Bowd]7,2a 
Boire,47 
Bowell,224 
Bowen,226 
Bower,  462,  490 
Bowemuui,  462 
Bowker,  379 
Bowketi,  379 
Bowl,  280 
Bowler,  281 
Bowman,  226 
Bowmer,  226 
Box,  32 
Boy,  313 
Boyer,  313 
Boyman,  313 
Bnusher,  186 
Brack,  184 
Bradnell,  221 
BradBhaw,  601 
Bngan,  186 
Bragg,  130 
Bntfgw,  130 
Braham,  371 
Brain,  186 
Brunard,  186 
Brake,  184 
Brakenuui,  186 
Bramble,  371 
Brame,371 
Bramer,  371 
Bramley,  371 
Brammell,  371 
Brand,  196 
Brandard,  199 
Brander,  199 
Bzandu.199 
Bra]i^l99 
Brandle,198 
Brandling,  199 
Brandzam,  199 
Brandreth,  199 
Brandiiok,  199 
Brandy,  19, 198 
Brant,  198 
Braner,.443 


Bta«L44S^476 
Braeidiridge,  496 
BraMell,)43 
BxaiMy,443 
Bray,  184 
Brayer,  186 
Brayman,  186 
Braner,  63.  443 
Biasill,443 
BraBiell,221 
Breach,  184 
Breakell,186 
Bnsaker,  186 
Bream,  106 
Breazard,186 
Breeoher,  186 
Breem,371 
Breeie,186 
Bremer,  371 
Bremond,  371 
Brwnridge,  371 
Brent,  198- 
Brealin,186 
Breney,  186 
Brett,  186 
Brettell,186 
Brew,  193 
Brewer,  194 
Brewee,  186 
Breyiio,  186 
Biiand,186 
Briant,186 
Briok,184 
Briokell,186 
Bricker,  186 
Brickman,  186 
Bridge,  184 
Bridgeman,  186 
Bridgen,  186 
Bridger,  186 
Bridgea,186 
Brier,  185 
Brigg,  184 
Brign,186 
Bri^t.  106,  870 
Blighting,  370 
Brightlaod,  370 
Brightly,  370 
Biightman,  370 
Brightmore,  370 
Brightwine,  42 
Brighty,  370 
Brigman,  186 
Brim,  371 
Brimble,  371 
Brimelow,  371 
Brinuley,371 
Briaoo,186 
BriM,186 
BridE,186 
Briidey,  186 
Briiman,  186 
BriMey,  186 


186 


BHtter,186 
Brix,186 
Brixey,  23, 186 

Broad,  21d 
Broadwood,  601 


Broek,9firi93 
Brockntann,  194 
Bkoderick,  218 
Brodie,218 
Bkodhead,21S 
Broke,!^ 
Broker,*194 
Broad,  198 
Brook,  198 
BitM>ker,194 
BrookJng,  198 
Brookman,194 
BrookBon,193 

Brother,  218,  293, 513 
Brothenon,  293 
Brown,  126.  396»  400 
Browne]l,399 
Browning,  400 
Brownlow,  399 
Brownett,  400 
Brownrigp,  400 
Brownuniih,  4W 
Brown8WOPd,468(n««) 
Biiioe,  186 
Brtine,  399 
Bnmker,  400 
Brunner,  400 
Bniaand,  186 
Bmsand,  186 
Baba,421 
Babh,421 
Back,8fiL378 
Backet,  879 
Buckie,  378 
Buckle,  379 
Buckley,  379 
Buoklin,  379 
Buckney,  379 
Buokiidgv^ 
Buckley,  379 
Budd,464 
Budden,464 
Buddioombe,  466 
Budding,  464 
Buddl«,464 
Bnddo.464 


Budge,  45 
Bttdlong,  464 
Budmore,  466 
Ba£3n,  422 
Bnffn7»422    ^ 
Bugg,47,UJ,8^ 
Buggeln,379 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAMB& 


565 


3ea,48,379 
Builder,  219 
Buirt,  408  (note),  409 
Balok,281 
Bulfinoh,104 


,82,280 
BullAker,  281 
Bii]]ajd,281 
BiiUeii,281 
Biil]er,281 
Bulky,  280 
Balling,  281 
Bullion,  281 
Ba]liM,281 
Biillmore,281 


Bnllitrodfi,  3 
Bnlman,  281 
Bolmer,  281 
Bnlwer,  281 
Bundle,  236 
Bondook,  235 
Bandy,  236 
Bonn,  416 
Bannett,416 
Bonney,  416 
Banning,  416 
BanBall,236 
Banfle,236 
Bdnaen,  236  (note) 
Bant,  102 
Banten,236 
Banter,  236 
Banting,  102,  236 
Banyan,  416 
Bonyer,  416 
Barohard,  279 
BaioheU,279 
Bold,  239 
Bardekin,93 
Bardell,329 
Borden,  329 
Barder,  830 
Bardett,330 
BardoolL329 
Boige,279 
Baiger,  279 
BargeM,279 
Barewin,  279 
BarlEe,279 
Barley,  69 
Barling,  452 
Bam,  70 
Bame]l,70 
BameM,  70 
Barmdge,70 
Baming,  70 
Bamia£,24,70 


Barrel],  ^ 
Bart»106,370 


407 

BaMell,407 
Bouey,  407 
BoMing,  407 
BaBsman,  407 
Bant,  409 
Boctard,  102,  409 
Baisaid,407 
Batiman,  465 
Batlin,454 
Bailing,  1^  454 
BatolpL72 
Butt,V54 
Battel,  454 
Battemer,  456 
Batter,  456 
Batterfly,  466  (note) 
Batteriok,465 
Battery,  465 
Batton,464 
Battreii,465 
Ba22ard,102 
Byaid,313 
Bye,  47,  318 
I^er,  313 
Bynner,  177 
Byron,  70 

Cable,  286 
Oaddiok,  525 
Oaddy^ 
Oade,206 
Oadell,525 
Oadmaa,  525 
OadwelL  169,  625 
OaliaJ^l74 
SSri74,482 
Oaint,174 
Oalderon,  42,  477 
Gale,  436 
Oaley.436 
Oalf,  83 
Oalkin,437 
OalUing,  307 
Callaway,  437 
OaUow,436 
Chonalanr.  41d 
Camel,  W 
Camm,436 
Cammegh,  436 
CammejL419 
Gamp,  171 
CampJdn,171 
Camplin,  171 
Campling,  171 
Cani£^l44 
CandalL74 


74 

Candy,  74 
Cto^,174 
Cum,  444 
Cannar,444 


Oannel,444 
Oanney,  444 
Canniffe,201 
Canning,  444 
Cannon,  444 
Cant,  74 
Canty.  74 
Canteio,74 
Cantle,  74 
Cantor,  74 
Caprtiok,227 
Can^r7203 
CaraTim.a04 
Card,27o 
Garden,  277 
Carder,  277 
CardwelL277 
Carew,202 
Carey,  202 
Cark,481 
Gail,  69 
Garland,  203 
CarleM,69 
Carley,59 
Car]in,202 
Carling,202 
CarloBB,  59 
Carman,  203 
Gazr,202 
Canrett,  329 
Ganiok,202 
Carrier,  203 
GaiTo]l,69 
GaiToway,  204 
Cart,  276 
Garte]l,276 
Garter,  53/277,  460 
Garthewt277 
Carton,  277 
Cartridge,  277 
Gartwright,  277,  460 
Carty,  276 
Case,  205 
Cawment,  205 
Caaey,  206 
Caah,205 
Caahman,206 
Caaho^r205 
Cask,  205 

e-kyr" 


Caatang,296 
CaateIlo,296 
Caster,  296 
Castle,  296 
Ca8tl«y,296 
Gaston,  296 
Gate,  206 
Cater,  206 
Catmore,499 
Catmor,  168 
Cato,ld8,206 
Ottomore,  168»  489 


56« 


INDSX  or  BMGUSB  NAMB8L 


0Ute7,lA 


Cktto,] 

Obalk,  907 
OmTlrTng,  90r 
OMiiie«,519 
auiM.909 


OUMT,  300 

CkQMj,  309 
ORyaer,  a06 
Qnfe3r,206 
Oentn,  400 
and.  168 
Qhadbom,  IM 
OliAdboi.168 
Ohaddoflk,  IW 
Ohadman,  168 
OhAdwi6k,169 
Oluidiri]i,160 
OhidBnefa,  104 
Oh«lk,907 
Chalkar,  307 
Ohalkey,  307 
Chalk]«n,307 
Oluak]iiic,807 
Ohamp,  In 
Chance,  (09 
Ohaao^a9 
Oha]it,74 
01uater,74 
Ohaatr^,  74 
Ohumiaii,  469 
Ohard,260 
Ohari«,231 
OhAritj,  339 
Charker,  232 
Charles,  59 
Channan,  46.  28i 
ChaiTott,  839 
Charts  200 
Charter,  200 
Chatawaj,  169 
ChatweU,169 
Chanoer,  307 
Cheape,460 
Cheek,  867 
Cheeie,409  ^ 
CheeMman.  459 
Cheeeewi^ti  400 
Cheerer,  % 
Chexming,  329 
Cheqaer,  368 
CheiTill,202 
Cheny,  231 
Cheaman,  409 
Chemej,  469 
Chetaen,  409 
Chick,  367 
Chioken,  307 
Chid^438 


CUld,l§l 
CfafldnB,4&40,l» 

CauD,  162 
Chflly,  108 
Chmmaid,  46,  Ifi 
ChiDmaB,  4&  lO 
ChiinkD,428 
Chinmej,  40 
Chill,  4liB 
Chine,  387 
Ching,  329 
Chinneiy,  388 
Chlptnan,  289 
^9»p,46JB5 
Chq)pen,285 
Chqiper,  285 
Chiraey,  438 
Chiael,468 
Chiahotan,  409 
Chialefei,408 
Chiamaii,  469 
ChitUe,438 
Chittoek,4S8 
ChittT,438 
Ch<»t,360 
Choote,360 
Chriai,  133»  134,  484 
Chzirtmaa2487,  622 
Christo,ld8 
Chriaty,  133 
CkmtaL133 
Chabback,227 
Chuck,  367 
Chnnn,  327 
Chuter,  360 
Chatter,  369 
Cirooit,441 
Citj,  481 
Clack,  362 
Clad,  436 


CLap]in,lB3 
C]ftpp,183 
Clapper,  183 
CUpM>n,183 
Cli^374 
ClaremoniL  374 
Claret,  374 
Claridge,  374 
ClariDgbold,  39,  374 
daringbull,  39,  374 
Claria,374 
Clarvia,374 
durviae,  874 
Chiry,  374 
Chaa,392 
Claaaon,  392 
Clav^,  183 
Clay,  362 
Clear,  374 
Cleary,  374 
Cleaver,  414 


oieaet*>aB 

Claieb,199 

Gl0Mkj,«lft 

CleTer,414 
Gleveilj,  419 
Clewett,36B 
Cliff,  415 
Glift,415 
Cliiieh,198 
ding,  199 
dingo,  190 
C^,15I0 
dinkaxd,  190 
diaMiId,399 
dive,  415 
dMk,358 
dode,377 


dooe,  391  (note) 
doeer,  391  (noU> 
dothier,  377,  4fflO 
doad,4S,3nr 
doudman,  378 

doiitiBg,377 
dontman,  378;  461 
dow,  3S2 
duer,  362 
datton,377 
Coachman,  448 
Cob,  248 
Co^446 
Cocker,  446 
Cockett,446 
CoekiB,446 
Cocking,  449 
Cockle,  446 
Cocklin,4l6 
Cockman,446 
Cocka,446 

CodTlW 
Codd,116 
Codle7,17 
Codling,  115 
Cody,  115 


^ey,248 
Coffman,248 
Coffin,  249 
Cogger,  446 
Coggm,446 
Coghi]]C446 
Coglin,446 
Co^336 
CoIbnui,226 
Colbreath,2a6 
CoIbQin,286 
Cold,  477 
Coldinaik,  ffl,  477 


Cole,: 
Colenaoi  94»  226 


INDBX  OF  BN0U8H  NAMBS. 


567 


Ooley,  2&6 
OoIVlZ 

oo]]»»  17, 10,  m 

OoillAmore,  896 
OoDar,  ^ 
Oo]]ard,226 
OoUege,2a6 
OoUeT,  226 
Oomok,226 
OoUier,  53^  SML  400 
OoI]ing,226 
Clo]lmB,24.S26 
Oolman,  226 
Oolmer,  226 
Odlt,  ai,  477 
Ooltart,81 
Colter,  81,  m 
Oolthard,  477 
Ooltmann,  8LC7 

r  Oombe,  59,  296 

I  Ck>mlnid^,  69 

I  Corner,  60 

Cornier,  60 
Comimn,  63, 107 
Comont,  60 
Comiie,  60 

I  Conder,  164 

Oondion,  164 
Condiy,  164 
Condy,  163 
Cone,  327 
CoDffer,  328 
Conker,  328 
Conlan,  327 
Conne.  327 
ConneiI,32r 
Conneryj^id 
Conny.  327 
Conoff,  328 
Conqnert,  328 
Conrath,  388 
ConieII,163 
Const,  360 
Constable,  462;  486 
Conybear,  328 
Conyer,  S28 
Coode,  101,  115 
Coolbreath^  286 
Coote,  52, 101,  m 
Cooie,309 
Copeman.  248;  459 
Copelin,^ 
Copeftake,  287 
Copley.  248 
Copp,  248 
Coppttrd,248 
Copper,  476 
CoppemolL281 
Coppin,  249 
Coppock.  248 
Copsey,  23L  848 
Corbett,98 


Corbin.98 
Corboioad,  208 
Corby,  98 
Core,  202 
Corker,  481 
Corkery,  481 
Corking,  481 
Corkling,  481 
Corkman,  481 
Cornell,  433 
Comer,  433 
Comey,  433 
Comick,  488 
Coming,  438 
Comman,  433 
Conan,409      . 
Corur,  409 
Cone,  409 
Cort,409 
Cory,  202 
Cofle,309 
Coder,  309 
Conaok,  300 
Coflaart,309 
Coisey,  309 
Coa8on,309 
Cost,  360 
Costall,360 
Costeker,  360 
CosteUo,  360 
Coster,  360 
Costiff,  360 
Costlow,  360 
Costly,  360 
Cotnian,  116 
Cott,116 
Cottam,  115 
Cotter,  116,  514 
Cottle,  115 
Cotton,  117 
Conlthred,  477 
Connd,  163 
ConnseU,  168 
Count,  163 
Connltr,  164 
Connty,  163 
Conntse,  163 
Courage,  887 
Couroelle,  409 
Ceurridge,  887 
Course,  409 
Courser,  409 
Court,  409 
Courtenay.  409 
Courtier,  m 
CourtneU,  221 
Courtwriffht,  409 
Cousin,  296,  309 
Coutts,  115 
Cove]l,248 
Coveny,  249 
Covert,  248 
Corey,  848 


Cow,  836 
CowaB.330 
Coirud,12,886 
Cowell,336 
Cowie,336 
Cowing,  336 
Cow]and,336 
Cowman,  337 
Cowper,  476 
Craig,  97 
Craigie,  97 


Crake,  97 
CrakdL97 
Cram,  97 
Cray.  401 
Crash,  170 
Creak,  170 
Creaker,  170 
Crealey,  196 
Cream,  125 
Creamer,  125 
Crean,465 
Ciee,170 
Creech,  170 
Creelman,  196 
Creer,  170 
CrespNsl,  404 
Crespin,  404 
Ciessa]l,401     . 
Cressy,  401 
Crew,  401 
Cribb,  188 
Criokinay,  85, 170 
Crilly,  ld6 
Crimson,  125 
Criper,  188 
Crippen,  188 
Cripps,404 
Crisp,  404 
Crispin,  404 
Croad,46,d71 
Croager.  46k  872 
Crook,  252 
Crocker,  258 
Crockett.  858 
Croker,  253 
Croll,405 
Croly,406 
Crome,  372 
Cromey,  372 
Cromley,  374 
Cron^,  465 
Crook,  46 
Croon,  373 
Cropp,  424 
Cropper,  425 
Croser,  406 
Cross,  405,490 
Crossn«B,406 
Orotoh746 
Crothers^2 
Croton,  378 


568 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAMES. 


OrotW,  371 
Crowden,  373 
OrowdjjSTl 
Orowe,  97 
down,  466 
Oiowioii,  97 
GraeknaQ,  8XL 
Omm,  373 
Oniae»404 
Cnuo,404 
OnuM]L404 
OratwalL373 
Otjer,  63, 170 
CiyiiiB,  126 
OaU^age,248 
Cabby,  248 
Cabiti,  144,  248 
Oablej,  248 
Caokoo,  106 
Oiidd,116 
Oaddon,  117 
Onddy,  116 
OafBuui,  248 
Ciiffr248 
Oa£re7,248 
Oaffl^,248 
CuiBiii,  248 
Oa]l,4^8 
Oa]len,478 
CnUey,  478 
Oomber.  234 
OumbertMttch,  234 
OomberbeMh,  234 
Oiunberpat^234 
Ciuniiiiiig,  297 
Onmper,  234 
Oirnaid,  328 
OandeU,163 
Oamdy,  163 
Ciiiufle,d28 
Ciimo,327 
Oimlev,  327 
Oonliffe,  328 
Ommell,  327 
Oonnew,  328 
Oanninfli,  329 
Ou]m^328 
Cupid,  143»  144 
Capit,  1H248 

CiirlL%6 
Cai2ok,433 
Cnmo,  433 
Canon,  409 
Cart,  409 
Curtail,  409 
Cartae,409 
Carwen,204 
Cuit,d60 
CoBtanm,  24,  360 
Cnstaid,360 
CuiIoTe,40 
Cntmore,  116 


Cutright,116 
Cattan,116 
Cutting,  116 
Cutto/lO 

Dd>b,428 
DMk,390 
Daoker.  391 
Daoombe,  391 
D*dd,291 
Daddy,  291 
Dade,  291 
Dadmun,292 
Dafford,428 
Daily,  428 
Dasan,338 

5W.390 
391 

390 


Dainty,  310 
Daily,  391 
Daisy,  390 
Daldy,  376 
Dale,  376,  491 
DaUaa,376 
Dallen,  376 
Dallimore,  376 
Dalling,  375 
Dallor,  376 
Dallow,  376 
Dalloway,  376 
Dally,  376 
Dalman,  376 
Damer,  366 
Damei,366 
Damm,  364 
Damoxy,  366 
Dana,  311 
Dance,  310 
Danoer,  310 
Danoey.  310 
Dand,dlO 
Dandelyon,  12,  310 
Dando,  310 
Dandy,  46,  310 
Dane,  311.  338 
Danes,  338 
Danford,311 
Danger,  311,  338 
Di^el,484 
Danki,359 
Dann,  311 
Dannan,  311 
Dannell,3U 
Danner,  311 
Danflon,  310 
Dapp,  428 
Daraoott,208 
Daroh,397 
Dardy,208 
Daigan,  208,  397 


Daik,397 
Darker,  307 
Darkiea,'206 
Darkin,397 
Darkman,  397 
Darl^,  208 
Daly,  48 
Damen,  398 
DamlOT,  398 
Darr,  208 
Darren,  208 
Darrigon,  206 
Darrow,  208 
Dart,  209 
Darter,  209 
Dartaell,  221 
Darwin,  208 
Daaeiit,386 
Daewtt,  385 
Dauy,  385 
Date,  291 
Datt,291 
Daunt,  310 
DaTall,428 
Daven,  428 
Davidge,428 
Davizon,  428 
DaToek,428 
Davy,  428 
Day,  390 
Daybell,390 
Dayer,  391 
Dayea,  390 
Daykin,  390 
Dayman,  391 
Daymont,  391 
Daie,291,390 
Daaey,  291 
Deal,  101 
Dean,  311 
Dear,  268 
Deeibizd,268 
DearloTe,268 
Dearman,  268 
Dearth,  209 
Deary,  27,  268 
DeQk,390 
Dederick,333 
I>ednuui,333 
Dedridge,  333 
Deed,^ 
Deedy,  332 
Deer,  86 
Deffe]l,428 
Deighen,  338 
Delay,  376 
Delhier,  375 
Dell,  376 
DeUamoie,  376 
Deller,  376 
DeUow,  376 
Delmar,  376 
Demaid,  467 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAHEa 


569 


Demon,  407 

Dempfl0T,  366 
DenoL,  106,  359 
Dend  J,  319 
Denhanl,  311 
DeniaoD,  46,311 
Dexunan.  312 
Deim,3ll 
Dennell,  311 
i>eimi]ig,  311 
Denny,  311 
Denob,  312 
Demon,  311 
Denye^Sll 
Denif  398 
Denvin,  268 
De«ert,386 
DeUman,  333 
Dettmer,  333 
Devej,  428 
Deyick,428 
Devlin,  428 
DevQll,488 
Devon,  428 
Dew,  427 
Dewar.  427 
Dewell,427 
Dewen,  427 
Dewey,  427 
Dewiok,  427 
Dewing,  427 
Dey,lS7 
Diabogne,  467 
Diaok,467 
Diamond,  467 
D]a8,361 
Dicey,  361 
Diok,406,484 
Dicker,  iff! 
Dickie,  406 
Dickin,407 
Dickman,  407 


Diggle,' 
Digman,  407 
Digory,  407 


Dilke,  189 
Dili,  189 
Diller,  189 
IMlley,  189 
DiUicar,  189 
Dimok,189 
Dillimore,  190 
Dillman,  190 
Dillme(,190 
Dillon,  190 
Dillow,  189 
Dillwyn,190 
Dilnat,41 
I>ime^366 
Dinimett,366 


Dimmiok,366 

Dimmook,  366 

Dine.  31 

Dineiey,  130 

Ding.  367 

Dingle,  367 

Dingley,  367 

Dingman,  367 

DingwelL_367 

Dingy,  367 

Dining,  31, 130 

Dinn,  129 

Dinning,  130 

Diiher,  229 

Dishman,  229 

Diamore,  362 

Diaa,  64,  66,  361 

Ditohman,  407 

Dix,  229 

Dixie.  229 

DobeiCl03 

Dobie,  103 

Doblin,103 
Dock,  427 

Docker,  427 

Docking,  427 

Dodd746,273 

Doddridge,  273,  333 

Dodman,  273 
Doe,  427 
Donreti,  84,  427 
Doke,  427 
Doll,  63 
Dolland,  40 
Dolling,  63 
Dolphm,  184,  51S 
Domxnett,  364 
Donelan.  130 
Donn,  129 
Donnell,  129 
Donney,  129 
Donno,  129 
Donnor,  128 
Doody,  273 
Door,  208 
Doran,208 
Dorbon,  208 
Dorey,  208 
Donnan,  208 
Dormer,  208 
I>orrell,208 
I>orton,209 
Dotchin,  273 
Dotiy,  273 
Dottridge,  273,  333 
Doubt,  273 
Donbty,  273 
Doudney,  274 
Dove,  103 
Dovey,  103 
Dow,  427 
Dowd,  273 
Dowden,  274 

T   3 


Dowdle,  274 

Dowdiken,  274 

Dowding,  274 

Dowdy,  273 

DoweU,  427 

Dower,  427 

Dowey,  427 

Dowland,  428 

Dowling.  22,  427 

Dowae,  273 

Dowsing,  274 

Dowson,  274 

Doaell,273 

Do«y,  273 

Drabble,  196 

Drage,  100,  413 

Dragon,  413 

Dram,  413 

Drake,  100,  413 

Drawbridge,  496 

DrawBword,  236 

Drawwater,  602 

Dray,  413 

Draysey,  242 
Dreuer,  242 
Drew,  195 
Drewell,  195 
Drewery,  196 
Drewett,  429 
Drinkwater,  602 
Droop,  441 
Drought,  270 
Drowdy,  270 
Drown,  196 
Druoe,249 
Druggan,  196 
Drum,  243 
Drummer,  243 
Drummey,  243 
Drummond,  243  (note) 
Drury,  196 
Dry,  429 
Dryer,  429 
Dubbina,  103 
Duck.  100.  427 
Ducker,  427 
Duckett,  427 
Duckling,  10(K  427 
Duckinau,428 
Duddle,  273,  332 
Daddy,  273,  332 
Dudgeon.  427 
Dudui,3d2 
Duga,  100 
I>ugald,428 
Dugard,  427 
Duggin,  100,  427 
Dugmore,  428  • 
'  428 
428 


Duly,  427 
Dumbell,  364 


670 


INDKX  OF  St^aUaH  NAJUHL 


DuiiiA,  363 
Dnnilm.  364 
Dommelow,  364 
Dnmmer,  364 
Dummert,  364 
Domplin,  364 
DonaTiii,  130 
Danger,  130 
,361 


Dunn,  21,  22,  129 
Donndl,  21,  120 
Duimiiig,  130 
Dttxtfioae,  130 
Donuid,  1$^ 
I>urell,208 
Durley,  208 
Darman,  208 
Dane,  206 
Duthie,  332 
Dutt,  273,  332 
Dyoe,  361 
Dye,  457 
Dyer,  457 
Dyeii,332 
Dyw>n,352 
Dyte,332 

Bade,  381 
Eadie,381 
EAdoii,381 
Eager,  210 
Eagle,  94, 154 
Eagliag,  164 
Eames,  264 
Earee,  94 
Earheart,96 
Earl,  339 
Early,  339 
Eamey>  96 
Earwig,  94 
Earwaker,  112  (note) 
Earratt,94 
Earth,  139 
Earthy,  139 
East,  302 
Easter.  302 
Eaaterbrook,  303 
Eaaterday,  303 
Eastman,  302 
Eastmure,  302 
Eaato,  3(^ 
Eaaty.  302 
Eat,  381 
EatwelL  382 
Eaye8,l66 
Ehbetti,  61 
Ebbidge,  60 
Eber,7B 
Ebert,61 
EbonilL76 
Edbrook,  382 
EddiB,381 


i,  337 
Edelsten,  338 
Edgar,  40,  382 
Ed(re,  209 
Bd3cer,382 
Edkiiia,381 
Edlo      — 


Edlow,337 
Edmead,  382 


Edolph,382 
Ediidge,  382 
Edward,  382 
EdweII,382 
Edwick,  382 
Edwin,  382 
Eel,  416 
Ere,  209 
^ey,  154 
Ego,  209 
rabow,  134 
Elden,  418 
Eldred,418 
£ldridge,419 
Element,  276,  299 
Eley,  416 
Elgar,  299 


142 
EUdn,299 
£11,17,299 
Ella,  17, 19,  299 
Ellaoot,  299 
EUard,  299 
Ellen,  238 
Ellenor,  239 
Ellery,  299 
Elley,  17.  299 
EUioe,  300 
EUiker,  299 


Ellmaker,  143 
EUwood,299 
Elmore,  299 
Elphee,  134 
Mphick,  134 
Else,  300 
ElMgood,  300 
Elsey,  300 
Bit,  418 
Eltham,  418 
Elton74l8 
Elve,134 
ElTory,  135 
Elves,  134 
Elvidge,134 
Elyii,134 


BUtj,  134 
Blwiii,299 
&nbcr,954,a2 
Rmblem,  143 
Bmblin,  143 
BmUow.  14S 
Bmeler,  143 
Bnieny,  254 
BmeiML254 
EmeiyT^ 
Smly,  143 
Bm]yn,143 

Ua»S84 


Emua,  284 
Bngal],213 
lengUit*!^  213 
En|^ebiirtt»  213 
Engleheart,  213 
EngUsh,  319 
Enniw,  289 
Enoch,  289,  482 
Enoek,289 


li,  289 
Snsooe,  119 
Bn8ell,119 
Bnaer,  119 
Bnaer,  U9 
Epp,60 
Erasmus,  26 
Brickson,  32 
Eriiuiie,146 
EETatt,94 
Enkine,79 
Esan,^ 
E8lin,119 
E88el,119 
Este,216 
EBtie,216 
Bsty,216 
Ethel,  337 
Ether,  282 
Etheridge,  282 
Ef       — 


Ere.  366.  482 
Erelyn,  22,  290 
Ever,  76 
BTetaU,76 
Everard,  76 
Evered,  76 
Everett,  76 
Every,  76 
Eveaffd,290 
Ev]ll,366 
Ewa]d,367 
Ewart,366 
Ewe.  86,  36S 
Ew^366 
Ewer,  366 
Ewi]]g,366 
EyeTSOO 


IKDBX  OF  SKOUSH  NAM£S. 


571 


B7em475 

Faohnev,  435 
Faddy,  62 
Ffu>d,256 
Fagui,436 
Fagg,436 
Faffg^435 
FiXoy,  436 
Fail,  307,  435 
Fair.  323 
F^beard,  323 
Faiiey,  9Sa 
Fairday,  326 
Faiifootk323 
Faixfoal,83 
Fairlan,  32$ 
Fairleu,  363,  354 
FairUe,  467 
Faixman,  324 
Faiine,324 
Fairweather,  139 
Faith,  266 
Fkithy,  266 
Fake,  435 
Faker,  435 
FaIL3(y7 
FiJUniglit,  333 
Fallon,  307 
Fallow,  307 
Fanline,  234 
Faun,  64.  284 
Fanner,  234 
Fanning,  64 
Fannon,  234 
IVurny,  64,  234 
Fantom,  417 
Faraday,  326 
Faitie]l,326 
Farden,  326 
Fardo,  325 
Farefowl,  93 
Farewell,  324 
Faigo,  323 
Farmont,324 
F^mie]],324 
Faira,  323 
Famgat,  324 
Farrand,323 
FazTe]l,323 
Farren,  328 
Fairer,  324 
Fanier,  324 
Farrimond,  324 
Farrow,  323 
Farthing,  325 
Fart,2^ 
Faitafl,  72.  262 
Falter,  262 
Fagtin,261 
Fartolf  ,  72 
Father,  203 
Fatman,62 


Fatt,62        4 
Fat^,  62 
Faullon,  03 
FaultleM,365 
Faunoe,246 
Fay,  436 
Fearon,  323 
Feaaal,247 
Feaat,261 
Feaster,  252 
Feohter,  267 
Feddon,  266 
Feei,246 
Fehon,436 
FeUow,  307 
FelthoQM,  518 
Feltoe,  618 
Feltno,  618 
FeltiuB,42 
FendaU,417 
Fender.  417 
Fendiok,  417 
Fenlon,  234 
Fenton,417 
Fenn,64,234 
Fennell,234 
Fenner,  234 
Penning,  64 
Fentiman,  417 
Fentum,  417 
Ferdinand.  325 
Feriner,  324 
Feimin,  216 
Fern,  324 
Femald,  324 
Femer,  324 
Femie,324 
Femilow,  324 
Femyoughj^  324 
Ferrand,323 
FerTe]l,323 
Ferrier,  324 
Ferriman,  324 
Feny,  323 
Feiter,  252 
Fetman,  62 
Fett,^ 
Fetter,  293 
Fetterman,  293 
Flcker,  249 
Ficklin,249 
Fiokling,  249 
Fiddaman,430 
Fiddament,  430 
Fiddey,  4^ 
Fidell,430 
Fidge,249 
Fidoe,  430 
Fieldhonse,  618 


473,  618 
Fae,6l7 
Fileman,  618 


Filer,  518 

Fllkin,  617 

Fill,  617 

Fillaiy,  618 

Filldew,  618 

Filley,  617 

Filling,  617 

Fillmer,  618 

Filpot»  618 

Finbow,  316 

Finoh,104 

Fineweather,  139 

Finger,  316 

link,  104 

Finn,  316 

Finney,  315 

Finnimore,  315 

Firing,  323 

Firkin,  323 

Fiiminger,  216 

Fi8^106,247 

Fiahline,247  - 

Flak,  106,  247 

Fiaken,247 

FiBt,^l 

Filter,  262 

Fitkin,4d0 

Fitman,430 

Fitt,430 

Fitter,  430 

Fix,  247 
FixBon,  247 
Fiz,  21  (note),  246 
FLBe,246 
Fiakrd,247 
Flaok,411 
Flagg,411 
FlambanL220 
Plane,  220 
Flataa,303 
F]atman,394 
Flatt,393 
Flattely,  394 
Flatter,  394 
Flattezy,  12,  394 
Flawn,  220 
Flea,  411 
Fle^411 
Fleeman,  411 
Flegg,411 
Flett,  393 
Flewitt,  411 
Flint,  131 
Flltton,  394 
Flook,  411 
FloM,  412 
ilowerday,  46& 
Fluck,  411 
Finer,  411 
Jly,411 
Flyer,  411 
Flyger,  411 
Fog,  136 


572 


INBBX  OF  ENGLISH  NAMBS. 


Folk,  333 
FoUaurd,334 
Folker,  334 
Folkitt,  334 
Ford,  325 
Folder,  325 
Fordred,325 
ForKet,324 
Forlknd,  324 
FonieT,  324 
Fort,  325 
Fortm,325 
Fortane,  326 
Forty,  325 
Fortynuoi,  325 
Forward,  324 
Foakey,  247 
FoM,246 
Fowey,  246 
FoMiok,  246 
FoQke,333 
Fowell,  10,  93 
Fowkes,3aa 
Fowle,  10,  03 
Fox,  247 
Foxell,  247 
Foxen,  2tf 
FoMiy,  247 
Frame,  215 
France,  306 
Franco,  306 
Francoiirt,  306 
Frank,  306 
Frankel,306 
Franklin,  306 
Frad,312 
Fraser,  313  (note) 
Fiead,261 
Freak,  132 
Freck,  132 
Fred,  261 
Frederick,  4L  261 
Freebody,  261 
Freeborn,  261 
Freeborough,  261 
Freebout,  261 
Freebridge,  261 
Freeland,  261 
Freeling,  261 
Freelove,  261 
Freem,  215 
Freertone,  42,  261 
Freeth,26l 
Freese.  312 
Freeaor,  313  (note) 
Fremlin,205 
Fremont,  215 
French,  306 
Freah,  449 
Freaher,  449 
Frethy,  261 
Frentel,  360 


Fri<^i» 

Fkicker,  IS 
FMekey,  132 
Frid,26L 
Friday,  261 
FHend,263 
Friendahm,  263,351 
Friaian,  313 
Friakey,449 
Frith,  261.  481 
Froger,  350 
Fromnnt.  216 
Frood,  350 
Froat,135 
Froatick,136 
Fruetman,  136 
Fronde,  350 
Fkt>wd,350 
Fmdd.  350 
Fnel,  10,  93 
Fnggel,93 
Fngsle,  10 
Filler,  334 


Fnll,517 
Fnllalo^e,  518 
Fulleck,517 
Fallerd,518 
Fnllmer,  518 
Furlong,  323 
Famd^324 
Fnne,449 
Farcer,  449 
Fofls,  246 
Faaaell,246 
Fuaaey,  246 
Fa8card,246 
Fox,  247 

Qabb,  285 
Qable,  285 
Gadban,  208  (note) 
Gadd,525 
Oade,206 
Gadlan,206 
GfSTafe 
Gaffery,  286 
Gaffln,285 
Gagan,174 
Oahan,174 
Gain,  174 
Gainer,  174 
Gainey,  174 
Gains,  174 
Gaiter,  206 
Galbot,437 
Gale,  436,  483 
Galey,436 
Galilee,  437 
Ga]indo,437 
Gall,  436 
Gal]ager,437 
Galland,437 


Galktd,437 
GaJlflfj,  437 
Gallon,  437 
Gallow,  436 
GaDowmy,  437 
Oa]]0WB,437 
Gaily,  436 
Gait,  76 
GamUe,419 
GamUer,419 
Gainlin,419 
Gambling,  419 
GameTiSs 
Gamer,  436 
.Gammage,  436 
Gammon,  436 
Gande,74 
Gande]l,74 
Gander,  74^  100 
Gandy,  74 
Gann,444 
Gannaway,  318^  441 
Gannon,  444 
Gannow,  444 
Ganaman,  518 
Gant,74 
Ganter,  74 
Gwp.285 
GuSett,  203 
Garbraiid,903 
Gazbntt,  39,  203 
Gaid,276 
Garden,  276 
Gardie,276 
Gair20,  202 
Gax^202 
Gai^,  202     _ 
Garf orth,  39,  SOS 
Garing,  202      ^  ^^ 
Garland,  40,  203.276 
Garliok,  203, 473 
Garliiig,202 
Garman,203  _^ 
Garment,  41, 203 
Ganiett,203 
Garrard,  203 
Garra8,202 
Garraway,  204 
Garrett,  41 
Garriok,  ja  202 


Gant>ld,204 
GaiTow,  202 
Gantin,42 
Garter,  277 
Gwvey,  204  ^ 

Garwood,  37,  204,^ 
GaBh,906 
Gashry,  206 
Gaakell,205 
Gaat,aM 
Gaiter,  296 


INDEX   OF   ENQUSH   NAMES. 


673 


GwtiD,  203»  296 

t  GMtinean,  296 

f  Gastmg,  296 

[  Gataker,  206 

Gate,  206 
I  Gatheicood,  625  (note) 

r  Oatliffe,  526 

[  Qfttty,  525 

Gftoawn,  309 

Gaye]le,286 
I  Gavey,  285 

I  Oaylaord,  437 

Gayler,  437 
{  Gattrd,205 

GaM,206 

GaiieUe,205 
I  Gearixig,  202 

I  Geaiy,  202 

Geany,  205 

Gebhard,aB6 
I  Gedd,525 

Gedney,  525 

G6ere,»)2 
t  Gelderi,  478 

^  Gelding,  478 

GellTiSo 

Gel]axL437 

G^ard,437 

GeUer.437 

Gemble,  419 

Gemi^419 

Gender,  /4 
I  Genna,  444 

'  Genner;  444 

Gent,  74 

Gentery,  75 

Gentle,  74 

Gentry,  75 

GeofEiy,  437 
,  Gerard,203 

'  Gerduok,  276 

Gerhold,  204 

Gerich,202 

Geriih,202 

Gerkin,202 

Gerloff,  203 

German,  203 

Germany,  203 

Get,  625 

GeSer,  525 

GetUTe,525 


Gtotty, 

Gibb,44,285 

Gibbaid,286 

Gibeme,286 

Gib]en,285 

Gibbon,  285 

Gibbe,  286 

Gibby,285 

Gidden,438 

Giddy,  438 

Gidley,438 


Gidlow,  438 
Gidman,  439 
Gieve,  44,  285 
Giffard,285 
Giffin,285 
Gilbert,  458 
Gilbody,  458 
GUby,  442 
Gildawie,  478 
Gilder,  478 
Gildert,  478 
Gilding,  478 
Gilf^458 
Gilfied.468 
Gill,  458,  491 
Gillard,468 
Gillen,458 
Giller,  458 
Gillett,  458 
Gilley,  468 
Gilliam,  468 
GiUibrand,  39, 199,  468 
Gillihom,  458 
GiUing,  458 
Gillman,  458 
Gilloch,458 
Gillow,  458 
Gilmore,  468 
Gilpin,  442 
Gilt,  478 
Gimber,  148 
Gimbert,444 
Gingell,419 
Ginger,  419 
Ginman,  444,  461 
Ginn,444 
Ginnean,  444 
Ginvey,  444 
Gipp,44 


Gipps,  ___ 
Gipsy.  286 
Girl,  202 
Girling,  202 
Giaaing,  459 
GiBt,296 
Given,  285 
Glad,  435 
Gladdell,435 
Gladden,  436 
Gladding,  435 
GUddiBh,436 
Gladman,436 
Gladwin,  435 
Gladwii£,435 
Glaidier,  395 
Gladdn,392 
Glass,  392 
Glassey,  392 
Glaason,392 
Glase,392 
Glasard,  392 
Glaiier,  53^  392 


GleadaJL435 

Gleed,4te 

Gleig,  362 

Glew,  362 

Gtiddon,  436 

GUde,435 

Glis8an,392 

Gloag,  362 

GlodE,352 

Gloss,  391  (note) 

Gluer,  352 

Goad,  115  (note) 

Goat,  85 

Goater,  116 

God,  106, 115,  484 

Godi>old,  115 

Godbolt,  116 

Goddam,  115 

Goddard,116 

Godden,28,116(note), 

117 
Godding,  49, 115 
Goddy,  116 
Godfrey,  116 
Godbead,  116»  484 
Godkin,116 
Godier,  116 
Godliman,  30,  117 
Godman,  49, 116 
Godmnnd,  116 
Godrich,  49 
Godrick,  116 
God8duai,116 
God8elLU6 
God8k^ll6 
Godso,  114 
Godsoe,  23,  U4, 115 
Godward,  117 
Godwin,  49, 117 


Gogay,  446 
Gogran,  446 
Gosg8,446 
Going,  336 
Gold,  81,  477 
Goldboom,  477 
Golden,  477 
Golder,  477 
Goldfinch,  104 
Goldie,^ 
Golding,  477 
Goldingay,  477 
Goldman,  81,  477 
Goldney,  41,  477 
Goldiiok^477 
Goldridge,  477 
Goldwin,  477 
GKunery,  68 

Q^&.  163 
Good,  Itfl,  115 
Goodaore,  116 
Goodair,  116 


674 


INDBX  OF  ENGUaH  KA1U9S. 


Qood«Il,115 
Qooddax,115 
OoodMT,  U6 
Oooden,U7 
Goodenou^  S9i  117, 

626 
OoodBr«,116 
OoodeE«d,116 
QoodMi,115 
Qoodey,  115 
Goodheui»116 
Oooding,  ^,  115 
Ooodlile,  U0, 164 
CkxMUand,  U6 
CkxxUiire»  116 
Ooodlufik,  11, 164 
Goodnum,  49C 116 
Goodnow,  116 
Goodimm,  116 
Goodriek,40 
Goodriok,U6 
Goodridg^  116 
GoodMlLll6 
Goodwill,  117 
Goodwin,  49, 117 
Goodwright,  116,  460 
GoodTMT,  116 
Gook,106 
GooM,98,a09 
GooMmiivSlO 

Gooi^,  ado 

"        ,309 

»20S 

.203 
Gonw  202 

GoMtown,  391203 
Gorel^204 
Goring,  202 
Gorman,  293 
Gorway,  204 
Go8bdl,309 
Goshawk,  96 
Gotheron,  310 
Gotland,  310 
Godee,310 
Godin,309 
Goding,  100,  309 
Goamer,  310 
GoanelL296 
GoapelLSOO 
Goal^909 
GoHeH,309 
Go8telow,860 
Goatling,  360 
Go8welL310 

Goth,  308 

Gothaid,116 

Gott,115 

Gotto,116 

Gongoo,  105 

Gonb,477 

GoiUt,477 


Qoiil^VjJ77 
Gow,  336 
Gowa,336 
Gowan,336 
Gowm3,336 
Oower,  336 
Gowing,336 
Gowland,  336 
Gowk,  105 
Goy.136 
Goaar,  309 
Goanrd,309 
Gf«oe,401 
Giaoey,  401 
Graaeman,  464 
GnM,464 
GtaaMrt,464 
GnMiQk,464 
GiaaBie,464 
GraTfooae,  100 
Giayfing,  401 
Gream,125 
Gioek,170 
Grede,  196 
Greely,  196 
Greer,  170 
Green,  465 
Greener,  465 
Greenhonae.  465 


465 

465 

Oreenamith,  462  (note) 
Greenaon,  465 
Gieenaword,  462  (noie) 
Greeny,  465 
Gregg,  170.  461 
OrenSl,«S5 
Grealey.  401 
Greawold,  ASA 
Grew,  401 
Gray,  401 
GTioe,77.  401 
Grier,  170 
Grias,  170 
GM&,196 

Grimaldi,  125  (note) 
Grimb(dd,125 
Giimble.125 


Grime,: 
Grimily,  125 
Grimm,  125 
Glimmer,  126 
Grimmet,  125 
Grimmond,  125 
Grimaon,  125 
GriaQld,401 
Griaiell,  77,  401 
Gnat,  134 
Globe,  424 
Gronow,  465 
Groom,  10,  59 
Groombriclge»  41,  59 


Groae,  45^  48^  Mi^  405 

Groaer,  406 

Groaert,4O0 

Groaamith,  469 

Grate,  45,  48,  49 

Gfonae,  49,  10^  405 

Grover,  425 

Groaamaa,  400 

GioTe.424 

GralMH424 

arufay,424 

Gnteber,  401 

GrumUe,  VLf 

Gramley,  60 

Grumman,  401 

Gnmmiant,  00 

Qnimmer,  60 

Groner,  465 

Qnineiaen,«l(iiois) 

Gnumg,  465 

Giiehia,68 

Giieliih,46 

0«ealL296 

QnestlinftJM 

Giu]an,l23 
Guild,  478 
GuiUanme,  IM 
Qville,  IS 
Golbot,  479 
Qn]],478 
Gii]len,478 
G«Ilet,479 
Gulliok,  478 
Gnllif  Old,  479 
GnUiTer,  478^  4719 
Golly,  478 
Gum.  10 

GumboO,  11,  50^  104 
Gnmm,  59 
Gumma,  59 
Gnmmoe,  59 
Gnndey,  163 
Gundiok,  163 
Gondiy,  164 
Gimn,163 
Gnnnell,  163 
Gunner,  165^  104^  OlS 
Gunnery,  39,164 
Gunning,  163 
Guns,  163 
Gunaon,  311163 

Gunter,  166,  164 
Gunther,  165, 164 
Gurnard,  433 
Gumell,433 
Gumer,  433 
Gumey,  433 
Gurr,202 
Gunrood,42,  204 
Guataid,360 
Gut,  115 


INDEX  OF  BNOLISH  NAM£a 


675 


Guthrie,  164 
GntmAD,  116 
Guttennui,  117 
Guy,  336 
Ga7att,836 
Gayer,  336 
Gwalter,  47,  346 
GwiUAm,47 
Gwi]]Aii,47 
Gwilt,  344,  447 
Gwyer,  166 
Gwynn,  263 
Gwyther,  484 
G7e,336 

HMk,209 
Hactaday,  39 
Hftckman,  210 
Haooii,2ll,  513 
Hiadaway,  160 
Haddo,  19 
Haddock,  106. 161 
Hadkua,4q,168 
Hadley,  168 
Hadlow,  168 
Hadnutt,  168 
Hadow,  19, 168 
Hadrot,168 
HadwenulOe 
HaedyTl68 

Hagar,  210.  482 
Hagdoni,4j67 
Hagel,20e 
Hagen,211 
Haggard.  200 
Haggle,  20O 

^,aoo 


g,  200 

Hailatone,  480 
Hain,211 
Halbert,427 
Haldane,318 
Half  acre,  135 
Halfhead,135 
Halfman,  136 
Halfpenny,  134 
Halfyazd,!! 
HalL480 
]^aibower,  480 
Halley,  426,  480 
Hallgreen,480 
Halliday,  427 
HallUey,  426 
Hallingman,  239 
HaIlow^eiid2427 
Halloway,  427 
Hambliiikl43 
Hamer,  402 
Hamlet,  40 

TTamKii^  402 

Hamling,  143 


130 

TTiLmmni^  143 

Hammond,  210 
Hamper,  312 
Hance,  119 
Hancock,  27 
Hand,  417,  490 
Handel,  417 
Handey,  417 
Handley,  417 
Handright*  432 
Hang,lL2 
Hanger,  289 
Hankey,  280 
Hankin,  289 
Hanlon,289 


Hanmer,  289 
Hann,  17, 101,  289 
Hanna,  17,  101,  289 
Hannay,  19 
Hann^  101,  289 
Hanney,  17,  289 
Hanny,  101 
Hanrott,280 
Hanianl,119 
Hansom,  119 
Haoaon,  32 
Happey,  60 
Haradon,339 
Harbar,232 
Harber,  232 
Harbert,232 
Harboaitl,  232 
Harbord,232 
Harbour,  232 
Harbad,232 
Hard,  250 
Hardaore,260 
Hardaway,  251 
Harden,  251 
Harder,  260 
Haiding,  260,  406 

TTaiviliatn^  250 

Hardiment,  25L  276 
Hardoff,  251 
Hardman,  261 
Hardwick,261 
Hardwidge,  261 
Hardy,  250 
Hardyear,  250 
Haro,89,  231 
Haigill,  40,  232 
Hargood,  40,  232 
Harker,  40,  232 
Harknett,  432 
Harland,  232,  318 
Harle,  157,  231 
Harley,  231 
Harling,  157,  231 
Harlot,  40,  232 
Hailott,l2 
Harlow,  281 


Haiman,  40^  40k  238 

Hanne,147 

Hamer,  147,  232 

Hannoiid,233 

Haimony,  146 

Haniard,95 

Haniett,41 

Harney,  95 

Hamor,  95 

Haniott,41 

HaroUL  833.  513 

Hazp77,^4ieO 

Haiper,  386 

HarTal,231 

Harre,89,  231 

Harridan,  339 

Hanridge,281 

HarrieiH231 

HarriB,231 

Hanitt,339 

Hanod,339 

HaRold,614 

Harrow,  89,  231 

Hany,  89,^484 

Haixyman,  232 

Hart,8M60 

Harte]l,260 

Harter,  250 

Hartie,250 

Harting,260 

Hart]and,261 

Hartman,461 

Hartnall,251 

Hartnell,  221 

Hartnett,251 

Harton,  251 

Hartridge,  251 

Hartry,251 

Hartetonge,  250  (note) 

Hartwright,  251,  460 

Harvest,  95 

Hanrey,  42,  283 

Harvig,  42 

Harward,  233 

Harwin,233 

Harwood,233 

Haae,21,89 

HaaeiL21,169 

Haskdl,216 

Ha8laok,120 

Haas,  89,  307 

Haaian,307 

Haaselqust,  470 

m!tie,448 
HaatUow,448 
Hastriok,448 
Hately,  519 
Hathaway,  169 
Hathway,  42, 160 
Hatley,  168 
Hatred,  519 
Hatriek,  168 


576 


INDEX  OF  ESrOUSH  NAMSa 


i[iM»14p]A 

Haitemorap  I6B 

Haiten,88 

HATard,290 

HftTeloek,  40,160;  103 

Hftvaand,  290 

Haw,  300 

Ha«aid,156 

Hawke,96 

Hawkim,  06 

Hawt]Mm,46r 

Ha7,900 

HaydAT.  10,  610 

Ha7doek,510 

Haydon,  610 

HA7iiian,210 

Hajiiiei,402 

Hajmiaii,  160 

Ha7ter,610 

HaTien,160 

Haaud,160 

Haie,160 

Head,  168 

Hfladaehe,  168  (note) 

Heading,  168 

Headlam,  337 

Headriok,  168 

Heariiiff;232 

Hearl,!^ 

Heady,  ^ 

Heano,  70 

Heart,  260 

Hearty,  260 

Heaai^ui.476 


HeaTen,  140 
Heayer,  76 
HeaTennaa,  76 
Hebb,  60 
Hebb«rt,61 
Heber,  76 
Hebeon,  32;  61 
Heok,200 
HeoUe,200 
Heetor,460 
Heddy,  168 
Hedge,  209,  401 
Hedgman,  210 
Hedley,  168 
Hegne,200 
Holer,  76 
Height,  610 
HeiMsr,  476 
Helfrioh,275 
HellxnoTe,  168 


Helper,  276 
Helpa,276 
Hembeig,  226 
Hembery,  226 
Hembrow,  226 
"         nt,  402 
fr,  130 


417 
300 
Handy,  417 


Henneaiy,  280 


,280 
Himman,  280,461 


Heoiy,  402 
Hentoii,417 
Henty,  417 

lSE!S^38,l 


Herd,: 
Herdnian,  261 
Herepath,232 
Heringand,  232  (ante) 


Heme,  1 
Hem]man^06 
Herod,  330,  482 
Herp,  386 
Herper,  386 
Herriek,231 
Herridgej231 
Herriea,231 
Hening,  106,  232 
Henant,  42,  233 
Heney.  70 
Hertoeks,  330 
Hene,  307 
Heasey,  307 
HeMion,307 
Hea«OD,307 
Heater,  448 
Hetley,  168 
Hett,168 
Hettioh,l68 
He  ward,  367 
Hewer,  368 
Hewuh,367 
Hewit,368 
Hewland,  368 
Hewry,  368 
HeMl,169 
Hibbert,61 
Hibbitt,  61 
Hibeoii.6X 
Hiok,  167,  210,  867 
Hickiey,  867 
Hioklin,  367 
HioUing,  167,  367 
mckmiA,368 
Hiokmott,  41,  368 
Hiokook,  210 
Hioki,  367 
Hidden,  440 
Hide,  440 


Hider,450 
367 


Hlglmti^Sa 
Highmora,  341*  308 

Hucman,  966 
mber,  162  _ 

Hfla«fan>id,39,miff 
Hilder,  162 
HiMJng,  162 
Hildratib,  163 
HOdnqx  163 
Kld7mid,162 
Hi]gera,162 
Kd,ieSL4»l 
wiumw^  38 
HiQaiy,  30, 162 
Hi]]iniii.38 
EGIluupd,  162 

•tllllwUMl^  163 

HQloek,368 
HDlaoii,  162 
Hfllj,  162 
Hil^«r,  162 
Klmer,  163 
H]]iidge,163 
HUt,lS 
Hmcka,3,78 
Hinge.  202 
Hlngestoo.78 
Hineh,  282 
Hinehej.  292 
Hinob]iiL292 
HmelMl3,292 
Hine,  492 

TTwwn^^n^  492 

Hinrman,  78,  80 
Hipkin,  61 
Hipp,  60 
Hipaon,  32 
Hipwood,61 
Hitt,440 
Hoadley,  168 
Hobart,3a 
Hoblin,227 
HobnuuD,  227 
Hockaday,  3a 
Hooken,  340 
Hockett,341 
Hookey,  340 
Hocking,  340 
Hookman,341 
HookneIl,221 
Hodd,168l 
Hodge,  367 
Hodgea,S67 
Hodgkin,267 
HodgkiM,368 
Hodgman,368 
Hoe,  340 
Ho^,  340 
Hogan,  867 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAME& 


577 


Hogg,  76^  867 


HdLdenied,  283 


Holding,  2 
HoUT^ 
Holeman,  282 
HolmnBum*  427 

Holl,282 
Hol]ft]07,42S 
Holknd,282 
HoUer.282 
Homok,426 
HoDida>7,  427 
Hofliniuij  427 
Honing,  282  (note) 
Hollingsworih,  2 

(note) 
Hollowmy,  427 
Holt,^ 
Holter,  282 
Hblfcman,  283 
Holy,  227 
HomAn,58,841 
Home,  402 
Homer,  492 
Homewurd,  498 
Homewood,  493 
Hon^y,  814 
HoneytaU,  814 
Honeyman,  814^  481 
Honia,  314 
Honnflr2314 
Hoo£,227 
Hoofnun,  227 


Hoole,  id.. 
Hoop,  227 
Hope,  227 
Hopldn,227 
Hopman,  227 
HOTd,217 
Holder,  218 
Horn,  520 
Homer,  520 
Homidge,  520 
Horniman,  520 
Homing,  520 
Homman,  620 
Homalnr,  520  (noto) 
HoiToeka,  341 
HoraeMO 
Horaenail,  221 

HdnUna,  70 
Honman,  70 
Hdrfc,2l/ 

Hoaking,443 

Hoiile«,105 
Hoiiae»491 


491 
,624 
Honaeman,  491 
HoaMart,491 
Howard,  42,  155^  341, 

513 
Howie,  105 
Howley,  105 
Howman,  290 
HoyleTsiO 
Habbaok,  227 
Habbardl^ 
Hnbble,  227,  367 
Habe,227 
Habwi.367 
Hiiolc,d57 
HiiokeU,367 
Hiioken,367 
Haekett.368 
Haoki,867 
Hadd,  280 
Hiiddert,280 
Huddle,  280 
Hnddy,  280 
Hndlm^  280 
Hiielina,357 
Hog,  357 
HQga]I,S67 
Haggard,  367 
HQgsett,358 
Hyi^357 
Hnghea,  357 
Hi    "  "* 


Hqm,L.. 
Hnlbert,  106 
Halett,105 
Hiillkh,282 
Hn]lock,S68 
Human,  358 
Hamble,  468 
Homphroy,  40^  814 
Himd,84 
Hnndy,  84 
Hiingate,314 
Hunger,  314 
Hnnhold,  314 
Hnnibal,314 
Honking.  314 
Hnnn,  314 
HQnnard,314 
Hnnnex^l4 
Hiinn8,314 
Hunt.  84 
Hunting,  84 
HiintraM,468 
Hurdle,  217 
HnrlUt,  340 
Hnrlbnrt,  340 
Hurler,  310 
Hurlook,  340 

U3 


HniTeU,83 
Huixy,  83 
Huaher,  442 
Husk,  442 
HuiStion.442 
HuMell,491 
HuaMy,  491 
Huauok,  491 
Hutt,^ 
Hutting,  280 
Hnttman,280 
Butty,  260 
Hux,442 
Huxen,442 
Hymea,264 

Ibbett,61 
IbiBon,61 
Ioe.«^5 
loely,  475 
Iden,449 
Idle,  449 
If  e,  472 
ko,210 
Sler,  416 
Hey,  416 
niman,  163,  416 
Image,  254 
Imber,  312 
Imbert,254 
Inch,  292 


Inchboard,  11,  298 
InQhe8,292 
Ing,^491 
Ingelow,  213 
Ingle,  213 
Ingledew,  39,  218 
Ingleaent,  213 
Ingli8,318 
Ingoe,292 
Ingold, ! 


.292 
Ingram,  41.  3 
Ingrey,  29Z 
428 


Ji^mi^n  492 
Inward,  492 
Ireland,  318 
Iremonger,  146 
Iron.  ^4 

Ironbridge.  474^  49 
Ironman,  475 
Ironaide/158,  476 
Irrin,  233 
Irwin,  233 
Inrd,475 
labom,  326,  475 
laburg,  475 
lMaiiot,483 
l8elin,475 
lMm,474 
475 


578 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAMS& 


hmtd^4n 


.474 
lT«,47S 
Itw,614 
ItchoilSS 
Iwy,76 
Ivy.  473 
lT7W,47a 

Ind,476 

-      .474 


jMik,4S8,4» 

jMlnn,462 

jMkeit,46a 

JieUin,4S3 

jMkmaii,4fi8 

JMki^462 

Jm1,483 

Jacat,453 

Jaggud,4SS 

Jagged,  403 

Jigger,  462 

Jii^462 

Janawmj,  444 

Jane,  174 

Je]iei,174 

jMiewmy,  818 

Jannlngi,  444 

Jeaiuay,  174 

Jamuui,  203 

Jurold,204 

Jarvie,2(M 

JU77202 

Jaz,462 

Jeiaoai,437 

Jeaimeret.  444 

Jear7,202 

JeblH  44  285 

JefE,^ 

Jek7ll,tf2 

JeU,436 

JeUe7,4S8 

Jelliooe,  21,  437 

JeUiM,2L437 

Jenkin,444 

Jenner,  444 

Jenneiy,  444 

Jenninge,  444 

Jennotl,  444 

Jeimok,444 

Jenvey,  444 

Jephson,  32 

Jeriold,204 

JeiTii,2M 

Jerwood,204 

JeHunine,  472 

Jenimao,  472 

Jeannay,  24,  469 

Jeaaon,  32 

JeiiUs244 


Jew,  244 

Jewell,  2i4 

JewerT,245 

Jewett,246 

JewiQ,246 

JewiaiL244 

Jol^48at486 

JoU>er,485 

Jobling,  485 

JookiaolL452 

Jodwm,306 

John,  484 

Jooth,  9K 

Jopliiig,485 

Jopp,486 

Jor£ii,140 

Jorti]i,140 

Joakyn.  300 

Joaland,  310 

Jove,  4^ 

Jowett,245 

Jubli,485 

Jabber,  485 

Judaa,  482,  483 

Jndd.306 

Jiide,482 

Judge,  244 

JadSS^306 

JudaoD;,306 

Jadwine,  306 

Jagg,  344 

Juggi]ia.2i4 

Jiiggo,244 

jQkea,244 

Jane,  420 

Junio,  420 

Junner,  420 

Jao,244 

Jard,139 

Jiut,429 

Juatamond,  429 

Juatey,  429 

Jataon,d06 

Jutting,  306 

Kftlkman,  307 
EaIto,  83 
Karker,  481 
Kay,  336 
Kaya,  206 
Keaat,296 
Kebel,286 
KeeL322 
KeelingjS22 
Keely,  322 
Kell,436 
KeUand,437 
KeDaway,  437 
Kellooh,437 
Kell(»d,437 
Kenow,  436 
KeUy,  436 


/•4sr 


Suendray,  75 
Kendrick,  75 

Keona,  987 
Kennard,  328 
Keniiaway2329 

329 


Kenny,  vmt 
Kennok.328 
KenwaKd«329 
Keroel,  286 
Kfliley,  202 
Kannan,  203 
Keir,  202 
Keml],9Q2 
-     •■       202 


Kettle,  128  (note) 
Key,  336 
Kibb,286 
Kibbe,45 
Kibbey,286 
Kidd.438 
Kiddie,  438 
Kiddy,  438 
Kidger,  438 
irMtwa.w  438 
Kidney,  438 
Kilby,442 
Kilday,  478 
Kildenry,  478 
Kill,  468 
Kilidaff,478 
Killer,  468 
Kiney,458 
Kil]iok,468 
KiUman,  468 
Kilpin,442 
Kilt,  478 
Kilto,478 
KUty,  478 

JTiwim^  423 


Kindred,  828 
Kine,  327 


Kinipple,  328 

Kinkee,327 

Kinlooh,328 

TTmmfn^  328 

Kinmoath,  328 
Kinnaird,  328 
Kinnear,  328 
Kinnebroc^  328 
KinneU,  327 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAMES. 


57& 


Kinner,  328 
Kiimey,  327 
EJmnibiui^  328 

KInaey,  2SL  327 

Kipp,4<l85 

KipIiDg,  286 

Kinier,433 

Kin,  459 

Kiasel],458 

KiMiok,469 

KitUe,438 
Kitio»438 
Kitty,  438 
~  .422 


Knappu  422 

Kiiipe,2Ql 
KidU,256 
Knope,422 
Xoyretfc,  2(0,  224 

Likben,387 
lAbor,387 


Li^366 
LMkay,36& 
Laok^,d66 
fAftkman,  306 
LMnr.363 
LftctcClOS 
Ladj.lM 
Ladyman,  196 
Liagon,366 
Li£Se,366 
Laid,  194 
Liidnun,  196 
Lunb,86 
Lambert,  336 
Lambev,  88 
Lambofl,86 
I^mbrook,  836 
Lame]in,86 
Lamert,86 
Tffnmair,  622 
Lamp,  86 
Lampee,  86 
Lamping,  86 
Lampldn,86 
Lamprey,  86 
Lampaon,  86 
Lanaway.  336 
Lanoe,  336 
Lanoey,  336 
Land,  336 
Laiidell,336 
Landen,  336 
Lander,  336 
Landfear,336 
LandkM,  363,  364 


La&dlord,336 
LandoxL  28,  336 
Landridge,  336 
l4mdy,336 
Lane,  366 
Lanf ear,  336 
Lankm,836 
Lanning,  336 
Lent,  3^ 
Lanwer,  336 
LanK356 
Laraid,356 
Larey,  356 
IiarUn,366 
TArmnTi,  366 
Larmer,  366 
Laxmatti.366 
Laronx,  356 
Lairey.  36& 
LaridU,366 
LaMeL363 
Lart,to 
Late,  194 
Later,  196 
Latewaid,196 
Lath,  196 
Latha]l,194 
Lathangne,  194 
Lathy,  104 
Latimer,  196 
Lat]ife,196 
Latta,196 
Latter,  196 

Land,  377 
Lanrel,356 
Laurie,  366 
Lavel],387 
Layer,  387 
Laren6k,387 
Lavey,  387 
Lavin,  387 
LayiB,387 
Law,  366 
Lawea,366 
Lawley,  366 
Lawle«^  363.  364, ; 
Lawman,  366 
Lawyer,  366 
Lay,  366 
Layaid,366 
Layman,  366 
Layie]l,363 
LaEaid,363 
Leader.  196 
Leah,  366 
Lean.  274 
Leaning,  274 
Leap,  266 
Lear,  366 
Learmonth,  366 
LeaiTa,366 
Leaiy,  366 


363 

Leasore,  363 
Leath,  194 
Leathart,196 
Leather,  196,  481 
Leatherby,  481 
Leatherbarrow,  481 
Leatherdale,  481 
Leatherhead,  481 
Leathley,  194 
Leddy,  ^ 
Ledgard,  331 
Ledger,  330 
Ledward,331 
Ledwith,331 
Lee,  366 
Leediog,  19i 
Leete,194 
Lefroy,266 
Legett,366 
Legg,366 

Lm^i,  363,  364,  366 
My,  470 
Lender,  336 
Lennaid,  87 
Lent,  110 
Leo,  87 
Leonard,  87 
Leopard,  87,  266 
Leowolf,  87 
Lepper,  266 
Lerew,366 
Lerigo,  366 
Lerway,  366 
Le  Sonef,  363 
Leaser,  363 
Lewware,  363i 
Le8ay,363 
Lester,  366 
Lesty,366 
Lethead,331 
Letley,194 
Lenty,  330 
LeveU,  266,  387 
Lever,  266 
Leveret,  387 


Levett,  i 
Levey,  387 

Levin,  387 


Levis,: 
Lew,  87 
Lewen,  87 
Lewey,  87 
Leyser,  363 
Le2ard,363 
libbis,  266 
Liberty,  266 
Liddud,  331 
Liddelow,  330 
Lief,  264 


580 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAME& 


life,  264 
LOL  470 

1010,470 
Lilbrman.  470 
Lily.  470 
lindpUO 
lindegnan,  100 
lindemui,  110 
Linder,  UO 
Undo,  110 
Lrndquift,  470 
line,  274 
linej,  274 
ling,  109 
lingard,  109 
linden,  109 
lingo,  100 
Iinuig,274 
Link,  87 
linn,  274 
linnwar,  274 
Iinn^274 
linnet,  104.  274 
linney,  274 
Lion,  87 
Iipp,266 
Iiptrot,265 
Lisney,  363 
liinmore,  3B3 
list,  356 
Liiter,366 
Ii>ton,365 
litolfl,  331 
Iitt,330 
liTemore,  265 
liyesey,  265 
Iive7,31 
LiTiok,266 
living,  31,265 
Loaden,  377 
Loeder,  377 
Loedman,  378 
Loat,377 
Look,  446 
Locke,  2, 131 
Looker,  447 
Lookett,447 
Lookie,  19, 13L  446 
Lockhui,  4,  447 
Looknum,  447 
Loft,  131 
Lol]Aid,284 
Loon^,  139 
Loose.  831 
Loosely,  331 
Loosemore,  331 
Lorey,366 
Loiimer,  366 
Lorkin,366 
LonimMi,  366 
Los]i,88 
Lot,  482 


.877 
Lots,  377 
Loton,  377 
Lott.377 
Loud,  46 
London,  377 
Lonnd,495 
Lonp,264 
LoTe,20,265 
LoTeehild,621 

JL4>vegodL  4o4 
LoTegood,484 
LoTdcin,265 
LoTeUo^364 
Loveland,  266 
Lovelefls,  353,  354 
LoTell,265 
Lovemsn,  265 
Lover.  266 
Lovendge,  265 
LoTesey,265 
Loresy,  23 
Loveys,  265 
LoYiok,  20,  265 
Loving,  266 
Lowanoe,  87 
LowdeIl,377 
Lowder,  377 
Lowe,  87 
Lowen,  87 
Loidess.366 
Lowlyr366 
LoinnAn,d66 
LowBon,  32 
Lowy,  87 
Labbo(dc,265 
Lnby,  266 
Luosr,  330 
Lnou,331 
Laoe,331 
Luore,  331 
Lnoy,  65,  331 
Lndbiook,  330 
Laden,  330 
Ladkin,330 
Lngsr,  330 
Lolman,  284 
Loll,  284 
LaUy,284 
Lamb,  86  (note) 
Lamp.  86  (note) 
Lnmpkin,  86  (note) 

Landy,  495 
Lone,  139 
Lant,496 
Lash,  88 
La8k,88 
Lather,  331 
Latman,  331 
Laton,330 


]labb,471 

llaUmtt,471 

Machine,  445 

Madda]n,3tt 

Bladd0n,342 

Maddem,3a 

lladdook,341 

]faddy,341 

Mader,342 

Hadle,361 

liadlin,3Sl 

Mager,410 

Maggot.  ^0 

Maggy,  410 

£Sood,66 

Maiden,  3tf 

Maine,  410 
Maisey,  410 
Maiie,410 
Mala^,  180 
Male,410 
Ma]^179 
Malk]n,178 
Mall,  1^8 
Mallard,  108, 179 
Malley,  178 
MfcliiTig,  178 
Mallool^lTS 
MaUonr.lTO 
Malt.  180 
Maltboose,  179 
Maltboi,  42, 179 
MaltmaD,181 
MaltwooLm 
Manoer,434 
Manohee,68 
Maaeh]n,58 
Mander,434 
Mandle,434 
Mandy,434 
Manfred,  40^  58 
Manger,  58.  410 
Ma  gles,58 
Manhood,  66 
Manigaalt.68 
Manlove,40^58 
Manly,  58 
Mann,  21,  07,  68 
Mannakay,  XL,  68 
Mannell,  SB 
iCa.w«i<wfc^  2I9  58 


INDBX  OF  ENOUSH  NAJiB& 


581 


Manirfng,  58 
llaimix,58 
llumie,434 
Ifianship,  66 
liaiit,& 

lCanion,434 
lfAnuB,514 

Man.  79 
Biai^80 
ICarcher,  80 
UajroQiLSO 
Harer79 
lfu«yt,a69 
lfai&a,d68 
Marig^d,l%880 
Marine,  369 
MariiMr,  869,  460 
Marii,d68 
Mark,  80L  482 
Matker,  80, 460 
Markcfv,80 
Marme,80 
Marklove,  80 
Markwiok,80 
Marlii>,d68 
MarUiig,d68 
Marman,  360 
Mamer,  969« 
Mamumt.  909 
Mamar,  oS& 
MaiT,368 
Mazramore,  80 
Mam,  368 
Marriaii,369 
Marrow,  868 
lfaR7,368 
Man,  143^  144 
Marvin,  369 
Marv7,369 
Marw]ok,369 
Maiy,  79 
MaiTSian,  80 
Bfaih,  4^626 
Maahman,  445^  fl28 
Maakell,446 
Maa]in,622 
MMaa]l,628 


MaMina.622 

MaMdng\)erd,48 

MaH(m,32,522 


48,683 


Maasare,  i   _ 
Matohin,341 
liathamL342 
Mather,  342 
Matilda,  4U 
Matkin,341 
Matland,342 
Mattam,342 
Matthewman,  842 


Matthie,341 
Mattook,841 
Matta,341 
Manle,  178 
Bianiy,  402 
Mawnej,  138 
Maxe7,,445 
Maxon,  445 
MaxBe,440 
May,  410 
Ma7all,410 
Mayer,  410 
Mayhew,  410 
Maylin,410 
Mayman,  410 
Maynard,  48,  410 
B£ayne,48 
Mayo,  410 
MaAnliffe.  614 
MaOambzidge,'" 
MaOaakiriroU 
Mo.Qary,  514 
McHitteriok,  514 
McOaoar,  614 
Mo.Ottor,514 
McBagDaU,514 
M&^itteriok,  514 
McSwrneyTMi 
MaVioar,  514 
Mead,  341,379 
Meaden,342 
Meader,342 
Meadway,342 


Mealing,  79 
Meaael,522 
Measare,522 
Meatman,  3tt 
Medal,  361 
Medaiy,  342 
Medd,341 
Medden,342 
342 


MedlandTdiS 
Medlar,  361,  473 
Medlen,361 
Medley.  361 
Medlook,342 
Medlioott,  361 
Medwin,d^ 
Mee,410 
Meeoh,200 
Meek,  200 
Meeker,  200 
Meekey,200 
Meekinff,200 
Meen,79 
Mogen,  47 
Megg3r,410 

MeUar,  180 

Memaitl,180 

Me]liB,179 


MeIliah,S4 
Mello,l79 


24,179 


Mellodew,  180 
Mellow,  179 
Mellowday,  180 
Melody,  12, 189 
Menoe,  434 
Menday,  434 
Mende8,434 
Menne,  58 
Mennie,  58 
Mennow,  58 
Menaer,434 
Meii7,368 
Merle,  368 
MerreU,368 
Memok,368 
Merrunan,  80^  869 
Metxin,  3d9 
Meny,  368 
MenynMolL  809 
Meahe^lS 


Meniah,  486,  022 

MfMnriiiff  522 

Bfethd£3,342 

Methley,861 

Methii&,342 

Metman,342 

2Cettam,342 

Mettee,341 

MetTm 

MiaS408 

Miohie.406 

Mioo,406 

Michehnore,  406 

Mlekle,  346,  406 

Mioklewri^t,  406 

Middle,  879 

Miette,379 
Might,  4U 
Mighter,  4U 

Mildmay,  25w  282 
Mildn£^ 
Mae,  17 
Miley,  17, 179 
Milk,  179 
Millard,  180 
Miller,  53. 180 
Millie,  179 
Millieent  42, 180 
Millige,179 

MiHitin    179 

Milliiige,  179 
MiSia,  23, 179 
lfi]la,23 
Milo,  17, 179 
Minaid,266 
lGnoe,266 
M|n«h^n   999 

Miner,  266 


582 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAMES. 


IfimiAj,  27t  986 
Ifiiiiiaw,  106^  S6e 
MmuMfiM 
IGnooli,  266 
IGadng  880 
Milt,  136 
Mistanl36 
lfittdl,879 
liitton,380 
—      ,380 


Mode,  237 
lfod^23r 
Moder,237 
Modmto.237 

Mole,  92, 178 
Moll,  65^  92, 178,  484 
Molltfd,  179 
MoU^,  178 
MoUing,  178 
Monour,  68 
Monger,  68 
Monej,  68,  360 
Moiitgomet7^486 
Monwnent,  276^  360 
Mood,  237 
Moody,  237 
Moon,  8, 138 
Moonej,  3»  138 
MoothaiiL237 
Monn,  402 
Morda7,268 
Moide,268 
Moidae,258 
More,  402 
Morelnwd,402 
Moi8ll,402 
-  ,403 


More7,402 
Morliiiff,4Q2 
MorlooL402 
Moorer402 
Moorh«B,  402 
MoomiAii,  403 
Morrow,  402 
Mono,  268 
Mokm1,268 
Monman,  269 
Mort,26^ 
MQrtid,268 
Morter,268 
Mortnm,268 
Morwiid.403 
Mom,  237 
Moier,  237 
MoMT,  237 
Modiii.237 
MoMr237,  491 
"  237 


^237 


MMtna.! 
Mote,  110,23 
Moth,  110,  2i 
Mother,  293 
Motion,  238 
Motley,  237 
Mott,237 
Mottow,  237 
Mottnyn,237 
Moaei,237 
Mould,  180 
Moulder.  180 
Mouldiok,  180 
Moulding,  180 
MonlTlSo 
Mound,  276 
Mount,  276 
Monntun.  276 
Monae,  92,237 
Moiuell,237 
Moneer,  237 
Month,  237,  418 
Moutrie,  237 
Montt«d],237 
Monson,238 
Moza7»  446 
Moxon,  446 
Maoh,406 
Mnokelt,  406 
Mnokle,406 
Muoklewnth,  406 
Maddimuv^ 
Maddock,  237 
Maddle,237 
Mudlin,237 
MadridgeJI37 
Monday,  276 
Mnndefi,  276 
Mnnden,  276 
Mnndy,  276 
Mnnn,369 
Mnnnew,  369 
Mannings,  369 
Mnnting,  276 
MiiidooL268 
Mnnel,258 
Mart,  258 
Marta,268 
Mortud,  268 
Martha,  268 
Manok,237 
MaspraU,237 
MaiMard,  237 
Manell,237 
Most,  238 
Maetard,238 
Matter,  238 
Ma«till,238 
Maito,238 
Maitolph,  42 
Martoph,238 
MaBty,238 
Matimer,  41 


Mntlow,237 
Matter,  237 
Mattoii,23a 
Masiy,  237 
Mynn,  966 
Myrtle,  258 

Nabli,422 
Nada]L256 
Na^tald,275 
Na^  10,  220 
Nfi£LlO,290 
Nalder,  266 
Naldrett,2S» 
Nance,  239 
Nann,239 
Nannenr,  239 
Nanny,  239,  484 
Nana,  239 
Nanaon,  32,  239 
NH»kin,422 
Nairoweoat,  301 
NatkinB,276 
Natt,276 
NaTin,420 
Nay,  420 
Naylor,  220 
Neate,255 
Neck,  126,  418 
Need,  258 
Needle,  25(» 
Needier,  256 
Nefflen,  151 
NegaB,255 
Nenner,  239 
Nerod,421j 
Nestle,  256 
Nestling,  256 
NettK256 
Neve,  420 
Neville,  151 
NeTin,420 
New,  420 
Newey,420 
Newoome,  297,  421 
Newoomlv421 
Newen,  420 
Newiok,420 
Newling,  420 
NewloTe,  421 
Newman,  297,  421 
Nex,126 
Niavi,420 
Nibbs,8 
Nibbett,265 
Nibloe,  151 
Nice,  255 
Nick,  126 
Niokerson,  126 
Nioklen,  126 
Niess.^^ 
(btingale,  104 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAJiEa 


583 


Kivolex,  151 
Nix,  126 
Nme,126 
N<Md,240 
Nobbt,8 
Noble,  151 
Noddle,  240 
Nodder,  240 
NodiDg,240 
No5r522 
Noon,  439 
Nooning,  438 
Non»tt,  301 
Norf  or,  301 
Noigate,  301 
NorLm,301 
Norman,  301 
Norqueeib,  301 
Norramore,  301 
Nome,  300 
North,  300 
NorthArd,240 
NorthooU,  301 
Northeaat,  301 
Nortlioy,2i),300 
Northmore,  301 
Noeer,  240 
Notman,  240 
Nott,240 
Notter,  54 
Nottidge,240 
NoTeU,151 
Nnnley,  439 
Niinn,439 
Nonnery,  439 
Nunney,  439 
Natt,  240,  473 
Nnttall,240 
Natter,  240 
Nutting,  240 
Nattman,240 
Nuwr,  240 

Oake,4n 
Oakey,  471 
Obom,156 
O'Bmadair,  514 
Odam,381 
Oddy,  217 
OdeD,334 
Oden,120 
Odieme,  382 
Od]am,334 
Od]in,334 
Odling,334 
Off  en,  385 
0£fer,  385 
Offer,  385 


Qffey, 

cm,', 


OfBey,  385 
Offiow,  385 
Offoid,385 
Ogbom,  193 


Ogff,193,482 
O^er,  193 
OUey,  154 
01daere,418 
Old,  418 
01d]fl,418 
Olding,  418 
Oldman,  418 
01diidge,419 
Oldry,  419 
Olifl,  471,  513 
OUphant,  88 
OUve,  471 
Oman,  341 
Omer,  492 
Ondow,  119 
Orchard,  388,  491 
Ord,217 
OrdiAh,217 
OTdward,218 
Ordway,  218 
Ore,  624 
Organ,  524 
Oigar,  217 
Oiger,  524 
Onel,524 
Orman,  59 
Orme,  108 
Ormerod,148 
Orridge,  341 
Orrin,524 
Orrias,524 
Onock,  341 
Orth,217 
Oebom,  119 
Osbom,  39 
Osgood,  119 
Osman,  120 
Oimer,  120 
Otmond,  120 
Ost,  302 
O8t6ll,302 
Oitermoor,  303 
Ostrich,  102,  303 
Oswald,  42,120 
Oswin,  120 
Osyer,  119 
Ott,194 

Otter,  91,  513»  194 
Ottey,  194 
Ottiwe]L382 
Otway,  194 
Oagh,385 
Ought,  381 


Ousey,  I 
Outing,  381 
Outlaw,  U,  381 
Outram,  41382 
Outred,  382 
Outridge,382 
Ouvry,  76 
OTen,524 


Over,  76 

Oreraore,  76, 112  (note) 

Overall,  76 

Overed,76 

OTerett,76 

Overmore,  76 

Overy,  76 

Ovey,  290 

Ower,  290 

Owle,106 

Owler,  106 

Owley,  105 

Ow8t,302 

Oyster,  302 

(^sterman,  303 

Pack,  172 
Packard,  172 
PMker,53,172 
Pfeckett,  172 
Packman,  172 
Paddick,  166 
Paddle,  166 
Padley,  166 
Paddy,  166 
Padman,  167 
Padmore,  167 
PaiL192 
pldUard,  192 
Pairo,68 
Painter,  87 
Pa]airet,192 
Paler,  192 
Paley,  192 
Palfrey,  81, 192 
Palfriman,81 
Paling,  192 
PaI]aoe,521 
Palliser,521 
Palmer,  192 
Palsy,  241 
Pan,  143 
Pander.  87 
Pann,  175 
Pannell,  176 
Pannier,  176 
Pant,  31 
Panter,  87,  236 
Panther,  87,  236 
Panting,  31,  236 
Pantlin,235 
Panton,236 
Pftntry,  236 
Pape,  291 
Ptepillon,  201 
Paraday,  61 
Paradise,  62 
Paragreen,  69 
Paragren,  69 
Panunour,  12,69 
Paroell,453 
Paidar,  222 
Pitfdew,  62 


584 


INDBX  OF  BNOLISH   KAMB9. 


Put,  to,  (a 
Funiiiore,0O 
PuTeIl,61 
PUTOi,ia 
Puiy,  61 
PtoMj,  61 

Puti  3GCS 
Phrter,  222 
Piwtriiok,  370 
PartriidgcLliOa;  870 
Pteooe.487 
Pkali,487 
Puk,487 

PMi,iai 

PsMBum,  181 
PiMmer.  181 
PMM3r,i81 
Pule,  183 
Pikimore,  187 
Pfttrid««Lier 
Paltry,  187 
P»tte,188 
Pfttti0,188 
PftttlA,188 
PMkttmML  187 
P»iimori86 

PMidi]iff.aa 

Pftvej,  af  1 
PaWer,  221 
Pazmaa,  487 
Paj,  101 
Pea.  101 
P3»djj9 
Peaeh,^ 
Peaohy.  222 
Peaoo%^101 
Peak,  222 
Pear.  68 
Pearl,  89 
Peaniiaii,89 
Peane,4B3 
Peariiee,370 
PeaMod,181 
Peat,  168 
PeaSe,  168 
PeoheU,223 
Peoker,  222 
Peoketi,222 
Pedder,  166 
Pedle7,166 
Peede,168 
Ped^dlO 


PeevOT,  01 
Peffer,91 
Pen  64,  66 
PdEam,20O 
Pell,  192 
Pellett,269 
Pellew,192 
Pelly,  192 
Pendall,  236 
Pender,  236 
Pandered,  236 
Penk,lS 
Penkeit,  182 
Penman,  177 
Penn,  176 
Pennant,  4L  177 
PenneII,177 
Penner,  177 
Penniok,  176 
Penny,  178 
Pennjead,  177 
Pennymora,  177 


Penteooet,  487 
Pentelow,  236 
Pentin,236 
Pepin,  414 
Peploe,414 
Peppard,414 
Pepperoom,  4Si 
PereiTal,4S3 
Pereh,  106 
Peroher,  89 
Peroy,453 
Perdae,  69 
Peregrine.  89 
PerSnToi 
Perlej,  89 
Pemer.  69 
Pero,68 
Perown,69 
Penam,  69 
Pemam,69 
Pecrigo,  89 
Perrin,  70 
Perrott,  89 
Penao,453 
Pert,  370 
Perton«870 
Perwort,  69 
Peat,  183 
Pester,  183 
Pether,  166 
Pethiek,  166 
Pete,  166 
Petley,  166 
Patrick,  167 
Petrie,167 
Pett,l66 
Petter,  166 
Petty,  166 
Peirwa]l,91 
Perrell,  91 


Phair,  323 
Fliaraoh,  323^48 
Phillibiown,  39 
PliiI]iiiioce,41,613 
PhyncSlf 

Phy , 

Pmk,77,  177 
Piokaid,  178^  318 
Piokel],177 
Picker,  178 
PSokett,  178 
Piokman,  178 
Piddnok,  166 
Kgg,  64,  77, 177 
Pig8att,178 
Pigram,178 
Klktv,  483 
Pabeam,  819 
Pflf ard,  969 
Pflnim,  12,  269 
raT  13, 17,269 
Pflley,  17,  289 
PUlman,269 
Pilloir,  13, 17t  2« 
Pikm,370 
PQot,  289 
Pinard,238 
Pinoh,  178 
Pinoheoii,  178 
Pinder,  236 
Pingo,  178 
Pink,  178 
Pinkert,178 
Pinkey,  178 
Pinn,176 
Pinnock,  178 
Pinny,  176 
Pino,  176 
Pipe,  414 
Piper,  91 
Pippin,  414 
Pippy,  414 
Pit&er,  178 
Pitt,  491 
Pittook,166 
Plain,  396 


Plank,  ; 
Planner,  396 
Plant,  396 
Plater,  376 
Platen,  376 
Piatt,  376 
Platten,376 
PUy,440 
Player,  440 
Pleaden,  440 
Pledger,  440 
PleiriD,184 
Fleydell,440 
Plimmer,  440 
Flineke,392 


INDEX   OF  ENGLISH   NAMES. 


585 


Plomer,  465 
Plough,  214 
Ploughman,  215 
PlnclE,  214 
PlaokneH,215 
Plugg,214 
Plain,465 
Plumbridge,  465 
Plume,  466 
Plumer,  465 
Plumlej,  465 
Plumridge,  465 
Plunkett,  215  (note) 
Pooook,  101 
Podger,  455 
Podmore,  455 
Poo,  101 
Pofley,  421 
Pogmore.  225 
P(»gnar^225 
Polden,242 
Pole,  281 
Poleman,  281 
Pollard,  281 
Polley,  281 
PoUo,  281 
PoUook,  281 
Polwin,  281 
Pond7235 
Ponder,  236 
PonM>n.2d6 
Ponv,  175 
Poodle,  454 
Pool,  491 
Poole,  280 
Pooley,  281 
Poore,452 
Poonnan,452 
PopeT^ 
Popkm,422 
Pople,  421 
Popleti,  422 
Popoff,  422 

Portman,  229 
Poriwine,229 
Port,  409 
Poiitte,409 
Porton,409 
Potioary,  455 
Potiphar,  483 
Potipher,  455 
Potman,  461 
Pott,4M 
Potten,454 
Potter,  53,  54,  455 
Pettier,  455 
Pottle,  454 
Pottman,  455 
Potto.  454 
Potwme,  455 
Poulter,  241 


Poupard,422 
Poupart,  422 
Poupin,  422 
Povey,  421 
Power,  12,  452 
Powter,  241 
Powder,  241 
Prain,  185 
Pram,  371 
Prangndl,221 
Pratt,  2 
Pray,  184 
Preacher,  185 
Pretdin,  186 
Preais453 
Preasey,  453 
Preesney,  453 
PreBeweU,  453 
Preter,  185 
Pretty,  185 
Prettyman,  185 
Prickle,  185 
Priddy,  185 
Pride,  185 
Prigg,  184 
Prime,  371 
Primeroae,  467 
Primmer,  371 
Priiley,  186 
Priaeman,  186 
PriBBey,  186 
Priwiok,186 
Pritt,  185 
Proaaer,  480 
Protheroe,  218 
Protyn,  218 
Proud,  447 
Proudf oot,  447,  455 
Prout,447 
Prouting,  447 
ProwBe,447 
Pruday,  447 
Prudence,  447 
Pruae,  186 
Pucket,  379 
Puokle,d79 
Puokridge,  379 
Puddefoot,  447,  465 
Puddick,  454 
Pubdicombe,  455 
Puddif  er,  465 
Pudding,  464 
Puddy,  454 
Pudney,  455 
Pugin,  379 
PuBr281 
Pulkn,  281 
Pullar,  281 
Pulley,  281 
Pulling,  281 
Pulman,281 
Punelt,416 
Punnett,416 

V  3 


Punter,  236 
Puplet,422 
Pupp,  421 
Puicell,453 
Purohaae,  12,  69 
PuroheB,69 
Purdie,  39 
Purgold,  69,  279 
PurkiB,69 
Purhuid,  69 
Purling,  69 
PumeU,  70 
Pumey,  70 
Punier,  69 
Purse,  453 
Purser,  453 
PursM^loTe,  3,  453 
Pundfoye,  453 
Pursey,  453 
Purselow,  453 
PurHozd,453 
Purt,  370 
Purtell,370 
Punria,  69 
Puatard,409 
Purtin,409 
Putmui,455 
Putt,  4^ 
Puttiok.464 
Pye,S3 
Pyeman,  313 

Quail,  102,  296 
Qualey,  298 
Quallet,296 
Quantock,316 
Quaritch,  47 
Quarman,  278 
Quarrell,  47,  278 
•,47^,278 
,278 
244 
_    _  63,  263 
QuennelL  263 
Quick,164 
ly,  165 
T,  165 
le,164 

3,123 

Quill,  47, 122 
47 

47,63,124 
^  41,  47, 124 
123 
124 
447 


586 


IMDKX  OF  KNOUSH   NAMBS. 


few***"' 

Babbit,  89 
Baboiie,97 
Bftlnr,  ISr 
Back,  982 
BMkei,»3 

BMUiia,a6S 

Baddiffe,348 


S48 
IUddielc,347 
Baduh,348 
BadiM»d,348 
Badmora,S48 
Badwmj,  348 
BaffdL187 
Baff^l87 
Baft6r,228 
Baftenr,  228 
Bagg,3Q2 
Basxettk  do3 
Ba^349 
Ba^kM,  3S4(]i0le) 
Bacon,  349 
Bf3n,85,349 
Ba^ird,349 
Bambold,349 
Bainbow,  137 
Bainey,  319 
Bamfoi^349 
Bainforth,349 
Baini,  3^ 
Balph,72,963 
Bam,  85 
Bamm,  97 
Bampling,  228 
Bamridge,  97 
Banaker,  349 
Baiioe,.2M 
Banoour.  830 


42,72,228 
189,349 

Bairn, ' — 

Baimie,189 

BMunm,228 

Banteni,228 

Baper,  187 

Bapkm,187 

Bh»P»187 

B2iqr,863 

Ba«talL448 

Bas^i^448 

Bat,  347 

Batdiff,  40 

Bather,  348 

Batheram,  348 


Be.: 
Bait,» 
Batter,  348 
Battham,348 
Batti«al,348 
B»ta^347 
Batten,  348 
Batfcra7.d48 
Batt7,347 
BaTen,  97 
Bavener,  97 
BaTenahear,  97 
Bavej,  187 
Bay,  382 
Ba7faankl,3G2 
BaymenL  363 
Baymond,  363 
Bayner,  48,  350 
Baynham,  360 
Beader,348 
Beading,  348 
Readman,  348 
Beadirin,348 
Beady.  347 
BeaYen,188 
BeeUeo,  344,  854 
BeoknelL3^ 
Reoord,  343 
Bedband,348 
Beddall,  347 
Beddaway,  348 
Bedden,348 
Beddelein,  348 
Bedding,  348 
Reddish,  348 
Bedgell,348 
Bedhead,  348 
Red]]ne,348 
Redman,  40,  348 
Redmayne,348 
Redmond,  348 
Redmore,348 
Redmonll41 
Redoat,254 
Redwar,348 
Redwood,  349 
Bedje^348 

Re£i,188 
Regal,  362 
Regan,  349 
Regans,  349 
Re8Md,360 
Regnart,349 
Reidy,  347 
Rein,  349 
Reinman,  350 
ReinwdL350 
Relph,l63 
Remnant,  41 


Renau 
Rendel,'228 


Bmm,  io«,18» 
-         -,189 


104, 
BcnniaoB,  189 
104,189 


Rentle,a28 
Rentmon^  288 
Rcnnke,  188 
Ileatttll,448 
Bes*orick,448 
Beti^it048 
BeYere,188 
BeWIL188 
B«yud,349 
Beynafd,349 
B^ynold8,350 
Rhodes,  to 
Bibb,  188 
Bibbeek,188 
Bibiead,343 
Rich,  343 
Richan,343 
Ri^ud,  343 
RiohbeIL343 
Richer,  343 
Riches,  23,  343 
Richley,  343 
Richman,344 
Richmond,  3i4 
Riohold,  344 
RickaKl,343 
Riekett,343 
Rickman,  344 
Ricks,  23,  343 
RiddeI]r2S4 
Riddick,254 
Ridding,  254 
Ridei^ 
Rideoat,254 
Rider,  254 
Ridey,  254 
Ridge,  343^  491 
Ridger,254 
Ridges,  343 
Ridgeway,  344 
Ridgwdl^344 
Ridgyaid,343 
RiSaEd,254 
Riding,  254 
Ridlon,254 
Riekie,  343 
Riff,  188 
RiggalL343 
Rignanlt,380 
Rind,  140 
Rinder,  140 
Rindle,140 

?^'  ^-  «-.  ^ 
230^460 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH   NAMEB. 


587 


Riper,  188 
Bipeie,188 
Bipk^,  188 
Biplc^,  188 
Bippin,  188 
But.  133, 134 
Bitoiiie,343 
BitchW348 
Biver,  188 
Biven,  188 
Biyi6re,188 
Boaoh,252 
Boaf.  187 
Boaiil,5H 
Boak^252 
Bobb,  187 
Bobbie,  187 
Bobert,372 
Bobley,  187 
Boblow,  187 
Bobo]i]i,187 
BocheB,2S3 


Bockey,  252 
Bockett,253 
Bodaway,  373 
Bodber,  372 
Bodbonrn,  372 
Bodd,371 
Bodduii,372 
Boddu,  372 
Bode,  46 
Boden,  372 
Bodgard,372 
Bodger,  40,  372 
Bo^371 
Bodman,  373 
Bodney,  41,  373 
Bodriok,373 
Bodway,  373 
Bodwe&,373 
Bodyud^372 
Boff,187 
Boffie,  187 
Boger,  46 
Boget,253 
Boker,  253 
Bolf,  72 
Bolfe,263 
BoUand,  373 
Boman,  318 
Borne,  373 
Bomer,  374 
Bomilly,  374 
BondeatL  228 
Boof,  187 
Book,  46,  262 
Booke,98 
Booker,  263 
Boom,  373 
Boope,187 
Booper,  187 
Boot,  371 


Booth,  371 
Booti,  372 
Bootsey,  372 
Bope,187 
Boper,  187 
Bosbert,79 
BoMoe,79 
Boaeblade,  407 


BoeeiT, ' 
Boeetnom,  407 
Boner,  79 
Bonnbloom,  407 
BoekeIl,79 
Boding,  79 
Bosoman,  79 
Boe8,79 
BoBBcr,  79 
Bost,448 
Bo«teme,467 
BotQh,^ 
Both,  371 
Bothe         — 


Bothon,  372 
Bothney,  373 
Bothwell,  373 
Bottenfysohe,  107 
BottenheiyDg,  107 
Bottoii,3A 
Bough,  187 
Bound,  228 
Boupell,  187 
Bout.  371 
Bouth,  371 
Boutley,  372 
Boutledge,  373 
Bowen,  472 
Bowntree,  472 
Bubb,  187 
Buby,  187 
Bubery,  187 
Rubidge,  187 
Buck,  252 
Buoker,  263 
Budd,  371 
Buddell,  372 
Budder.  372 
Buddick,  372 
Buddiman,  373 
Budding,  372 
Budgard,  372 
Budkin,  372 
Budman,  373 
Budolph,  373 
Budwiok,  373 
Bue,252 
Buff.  187 
Buffle,  187 
Bufl^,  187 
Bugg,  252 
Bugman,  253 
Bum,  373 
BumtMJL38 


Bumbelow,  374 
Bumble,  38 
BumbcOd,  38,  874 
Burnley,  374 
Bummer,  374 
Bummey,  373 
Bundle,  228 


Bust,  ^x«v 
BuBtioh,448 
BujBton.448 
Buth,  371,  482 
Butledge,  373 
Butleyj372 
Butt,  371 
Butter,  372 
Butty,  371 
Bybauld,343 
Bye,  343 
Byman,344 
Bymer,  344 

Sabbage,424 
Sabey,  423 
Sabine,  424 
Sable,  424 
Sack,  171 
Sackelld,  171 
Sacker,  171 
Sackman,  171 
Sadd,430 
Safe,  423 
Saffell,424 
Saffeiy,  424 
Saffoid,  424 
Safian,  424 
Sager,  171 
Sago,  171 
SaHor,  308 
Sala,308 
Sa]amon,308 
Sale,  308 
SiUeman,  308,  461 
Salkeld,  171  (note) 
Sail,  65 
Sallaway,  308 
Salle8,308 
Sally,  484 
Sahnon,d08 
Salt,  46,  443 
Salter,  443 
Salve,  346 
Salvin,  346 
Sam,  75 
Sampkin,  75 
Sande]l,430 
Sanden,431 
Sander,  430 
Sandman,  430 
Sandoe,  430 
Sands,  430 
Sandwer,  431 
Sandy,  430 


588 


INDEX   OF  ENQUSH   NAMES. 


8Mid7i,430 

fikner,  170 

SMig,438 

8uiran,438 

8uike7,438 

8uiB,4aO 

Sant,430 

Suiter,  430 

SAnOey,  430 

Banty,  430 

8apfain,424 

Sai»li]i,4a4 

S»pp,423 

Sapper,  424 

Sapt^424 

SerAh,  230 

8arum,487 

Sure,  230 
8arei,230 
SarKOod,230 
8arraU,230 
Sub,  451 
SatehelLin 
Satow7451 
Satter,  131,  451 
Saaoe,  266 
Saul,  138.  482 
Sault,443 
Sayage,  424 
8aTeaU,424 
8aTell,424 
Saveriok,  424 
8avidge,424 

Saward,  322 
8aze,200 
8azl,201 
Say,  171 
Bayer.  IH 
8cad<Un,l91 
Boadlook,  191 
Scaffold,  219 
Scamp,  442 
Scarf e,  366 
Soarman,  223 
SoanielL221 
Scarr,  223 
Soarrow,  223 
Soharb,  366 
Sohooley,  513 
Soobell,442 
Soobie,442 
Scolding,  148,  228 
Score,  223 


Scotchmer.  317 
Scotland,  317 
Scott,  317 
Scottock,ai7 
Scotting,  317 
Soottoh,  19 
Soottsmith,  317,  462 
Scow,  496 


12 


Sonny, 
Sea,  172 
8eaber,321 
Seaborn,  321 
Seabright,  321 
Seabrook,322 
Seabiiry,322 
Seage,172 
Seaffo,  172 
Sea£orM,323 
Seaman,  322 
Seamark,  323 
Beamer,  173 
Sear,  230 
Search,  231 
Seara,  173 
8earight,322 
Sea?y,  261 
SeaindL322 
Seawanl,322 
Seawen,  495 
Seawood,323 
Seeker,  173 
Sedger,  173 
Sedgwick,  173 
Seffert,  173 
Sef owl,  94,  322 
Segar,  173 
Seguin,  173 
Se&,  346 
Sell,  308 
Sellar,  308 
Selley,  308 
SelUok,308 
Semng,d08 
Se]lia,308 
SeUon,308 
Selman,  308 
SeWei,346 
SeWey,  346 
Selway,  308 
Semy,  75 
SendaU,  456 
Senlo,  170 
Sent,  466 
Seppings,  262 
Serbntt,  230 
Serle,  230 
Sermon,  230 
SerTell,230 
Setiight,  451 
Sew,  267 
Seward,  42,  322 
8ewell,322 
Sewey,  267 
Sex,  200 
Sexey,  200 
Sexmer,  201 
Seybam,  321 
Seyfried,  173 
Seymour,  7,  173 
Shadbolt,  168 


Shaddock,  168 
Shade,  191 
Shadiaka,168 
Shadwell^m 
Shaft,  219 
8hafter,219 
8hafto,219 
Shakeahtft,  236 
Shakeapere,  236 
BhaHey,  456 
Shallow,  456 
Shank,  438 
Shankey,  438 
Shark,  ^1 
Sharkey,  231 
Sharkley,  231 
Sharp,  356 
Shaxpey,  366 
Sharpin,  357 
Sharmu,  366 
Shaipleo,  354, 367 
Shaipley,  357 
Shaw,  495 
Shawkey,  466 
ShAwman,  223, 451 
Sheaf7l48 
Shearsmith,  462 
Sheath,  191 
Sheather,  191 
Shebeare,321 
Sheen,  389 
Sheer,  223 
Sheniman,  389 
Sherman,  223 
SherTeU,223 
Sheny,  223 
Shether,  191 
Shick,  431 
ShicUe,4ai 
Shield,  148,  227  _^ 
Shierbrand.  199,  223 
SbiUibeer,  361 
Shilling,  360 
ShiUito,  361 
Shin,  418 
Shine,  389 
Shiner,  389 
Shinn,389 
Shinner,  389 
Shipman,  322 
Shirk,  231 
Shirkey,  231 
Shiveiick,  262 
Shlange,  108 
Shoe,  496 
Sholto,  457 
Shone,  389 
Shoner,  389 
Shoob^  495 
Shoobrick.  496 
Shopp,  442 
Shoppee,  442 
Shopperie,  442 


INDEX   OF   ENGLISH   NAMES. 


589 


Shore,  223 
Shorey,  223 
Shonnan,  223 
Shotbolt,  317 
Shoulder,  457 
Shoult,  466,  457 
8hoy<di,4^ 
Shover,  442 
Shorev,  223 
Sibbeld,  172 
8ibfaiok,262 
8ibel,262 
Sibert,173 
Sibei7,262 
Sibley,  262 
Sib«>n,262 
Sibthorp,  262 
Siekena,  172 
Sickle,  172 
SicUemore,  30, 173 
Sioklen,  172 
Siokling,  172 
Bickmao,  173 
Siddell,431 
Bidden,  431 
Siddoiu(,431 
Side,  431 
Sidey,  431 
Sidgear,  431 
Sidiie7,431 
Sier,  173 

Sierewri^ht,  262,  460 
Sieyier,  262 
8ifacen,262 
173 
172 
^  fey,  172 
Sigmimd,  7, 173 
Sigonnuiy,  173 
Sigoumey,  30 
Siirirt,173 
Bike,  172 
flinirnim,  433 
8ilTa,346 
SUve,  346 
Silver,479 
Sim,  ZL 
Simco,  21,  262 
Simberd,  466 
Simkin,  262 


Simm,  262,  484 
Bimmell,  262 
Simmondfl,  173 
SimmoDB,  7 
Simon,  484 
Sindr^,  466 
Sinden,  466 
Binder,  466 
Singer,  438 
Single,  438 
Sinker,  438 
Sinton,  466 


Sipleu,262 


Sipp,  ] 
Sipthorp,  262 
SirkeU,  441 
Sidey,  272 
SiBtenon,  293 
Sitton,  m 
Sivxao,262 
Six,  200 
SiM.  272 
Si2eland,272 
Sixen,  272 
Sizer,  272 
Skate.  191 
SkatUff,  191 
Skeen,  389 
Skeet,  191 
Skelding,  148,  22 
SkeltT^ 
Skill,  360 
Skiller,  361 
Skillett,  361 
Skiney,  389 
Skipper,  322 
Skipwith,  37 
Skoggin,  496 
Skone,  389 
Skonlding,  148,  i 
Sky,  431 
Slack,  267 
Blade,  201,  491 
Bladen,  201 
Slader,  201 
Slagg,  257 
SUte,201 
Slater,  201,  460 
Slay,  267 
Slee,267 
Sleeman,268 
Slegg,  267 
Slewey,  257 
Slewman,  258 
SlightilOl,  257 
Slow,  267 
Slowey,  257 
Slowman,  268 
Sly,  257 
Slybody,  257 
Slyman,268 
Slyoff,  268 
Smelt,  106,  270 
Smith,  461 
Snuther,  461 
Smiter,  461 
Smithy,  461 
Smytha,461 
Snagg,  108 
Snake,  108 
Snare,  246 
Snarey,  246 
Snipe,  102 
Sneezy,  266 


Snelgar,  246 
SndL246 
SndUng,  245 
Snook,  108 
Snow,  136 
Snowball,  137 
Snowman,  4QS 
Snngg,  108 
Soane,99 
Soar,  441 
Sodden,  431 
Soddy,  430 
Sodo,  430 
Solberry,  138 
Sole,l^ 
Soley,  138 
Solly,  230 
Soltau,443 
SorHe,  230 
Sorter,  198 
SortwelL  198 
Soal,138 
Sonper,  304 
Sour,  441 
Boark,441 
South,  301 
Southard,  301 
Souther,  302 
Southey,  301 
Southon,  301 
Southwajrd,  301  (note) 
Spade,  200      ' 
Spademan,  200 
Spader,  200 
Spadey,  200 
Spain,  317,  445 
Spaniel,  445 
Spar,  104 
Spark,  415 
Sparling,  104 
Sparrow,  104 
Sparrowhawk,  96 
Speak,  207 
Speakman,  207 
Spear,  206 
Spearing,  206 
Spearman,  206 


Speed,  207 
Speight,  200 
SpelLr,  434 
Spelman,434 
Spendlove,  445 
Spenlove,  445 
Sperling,  104 
Sperwin,  206 
Spice,  207 
Spike,  207 
Spikeman,  207 
Spill,  434 
SpiUard,  434 
Spiller,  434 
Spilling,  434 


590 


INDEX   OF  ENOUGH  NAMES. 


BpOlmaa,  484 
^inney,  446 
Spiring,  206 
Bpirit,486 
Spite,  207 
8pitta,207 
Spitty,  207 
Spon,  446 
Spooner,  446 
Sporne,  321 
Spnok.  416 
Spnoklin,  416 
Spngg,  416 
Spratt,207 
Spray.  416 
Bpreok.  416 
Spreokley,416 
Sprioe,4l5 

opntt,  416 
Sproat,  207,  416 
Sproat,  207,  416 
Spruoe,  416 
Spiy,  4L6 
SpaIg^  416 
,416 


Square,  460 
Squarey,  460 
Stack,  213 
Staokaid,  213 
Stackler,  213 
Stackman,  213 
Stag,  213 
Staggall,214 
Stagg,  86 
StagDoan,  213 
Steui2  479 
Stainborn,  479 
Stainer,  480 
Staker,  213 
Staley,  476 
Stalon,  476 
Btallard,  476 
StaUion,  81,  476 
StaliDan,476 
Stand,  262 
Standing,  262 
Stanger,  214 
Sti^,  214 
Stannah,  479 
Stannard,480 
Stark,  246 
Starker,  246 
Starkey,  246 
Starkman,  246 
State,  262 
Stead,  262 
Steady,  252 
SteaL476 
SteaUn,476 
Steambnig,  479 
Stebbing,  469 


8tedman,252 
Steed,  252 
Steedman,  252 
Steel,  476 
SteeUoz,  476 
Steelman.  476 
Steen,479 
SteasaU,  214 
St^z,  476 
Stembridge,  479 
Steneck,  479 
Stennell,  479 
Stenning,  479 
Stent.  2^2 
Sterckeman,  246 
Stericker,  246 
Stibbaid,  469 
Stick,  213 
Sticker,  213 
Stickle,  214 
Stickler,  214 
Sticknuoi,  213 
Stidolph,  72,  252 
Stiff,  1^ 
Stiffel,469 
Stiffin,469     • 
Stinchman,  214 
Sting,  214 
Stinger,  214 
Stirk,246 
Stith,252 
Stitt,252 
Stobart,469 
Stobie,  469 
Stobo,469 
Stock,  213 
Stocker,  213 
Stockill,213 
Stockman,  213 
Stooqueler,  214 
Stoffell,  469 
Stoker,  213,  400 
Stonah,  479 
Stonard,  480 
Stone.  479 
Stonebridge,  479 
Stoneheart,  480 
Stonel,  479 
Stoneman,  480 
Stoner,  480 
Stonhold,  480 
Stonier,  480 
Stony,  479 
Stop.  469 
Stopher,  469 
Storali,346 
Stoie,  345 
Storer,  346 
Stork,  246 
Starr,  346 
Storron,  346 
Storrow,  346 
Storrs,346 


Story,  346 
Sto^469 
Storer,  469 
8tovin,469 
Stovold,  366 
Stow,  365 
Stowe]l,366 
Stower,  365 
Straker,245 
Street,  171,  491 
Streeten,171 
Streeter,  171 
StretteD,  171 
Stride,  in 
Stmde,  190 
Stmdwick,  191 
Stmtheri,  191 
Strutt,  48, 190 
Stubbe,^ 
Stiibber,469 
Stabbert,469 
Stabbing,  469 
Stnber,  469 
Stack.  213 
Staokey,  213 
&tapart,469 
Staige,  106,  246 
Staxgeon,  106 
StarL,  345,  SIZ 
Staiiock,345 
Snob,  267 
Sack,  267 
Sackey,  267 
Sacker,  268 
Sackennore,  268 
Sackley,  267 
Suckling,  267 
SuckniaxL267 
Sudden,  301 
Suett,  266 
Sugar,  268 
Su 


Suggett,267 
Suit,  266 
Summer,  140 
Summendl,  94 
Sumpter,  Zul 
Sun,  8, 138 
Sunday,  301 
Sunrise,  139 
Sunshine,  139 
Sunter,  301 
Supple,  304 
Suigett,441 
Surgey,  441 
Surpbce,  357 
Susans,  46 
Su8e.45,266 
Sutcliff,  267 
SutheiT,  301 
SutlifF,  267 
Swaap,d04 


IKDEX  OF  ENQUSH   NAMBa 


591 


8wabls304 
Bwabey.dOi 
Swain,  513 
Swainson,  613 
Swale,  104 
SwaUow,  104 
Swanbenr.  99 
Swaim,99 
Swannaok,  99 
SwanneU,  99 
Bwanwiok,  99 
Swearer,  450 
Swearing,  450 
Swean,450 
Sweat,  266 
Sweden,  318 
Sweeby,  304 
Sweet,  4&  266 
Sweetapple,  467 
Sweeten,  45 
Sweeting,  207 
SweetloTe,  267 
Sweetman,  267 
Sweetsur,  318 
Swenwright,  99 
Swiie,4»> 
SwonnelL  99 
Swoid,  198 
Swoider,  198 
Sycamore,  30^  173 
Sykes,  172 
Syme,262,484 
Syster,^ 

Tabiam,428 
Taokabarry,  301 
Ttakle,390 
Taokl^,  390 
Taokmftn,391 
l^d,2Sl 
Taddy,291 
TW]loo,291 


Tawt391 

Tagg.^ 

0^271 

Talbert,375 

TUbot,  39,  375 

Tialf  onrd,  375 

Talker,  375 

TaD,375 

Tbllaek,375 

Tallemaob,  376 

Ty]iM,375 

aMlman,376 

Tal]on,375 

TiOmage,  376 

Tamborine,  365 

T^une,364 

TUniet,365 

TWm]yn,365 

Tammage,  365 

Taniplin,365 


Tanored,  41,  369 
T^mdy,  46,  310 
Tank,  359 
Tknkaid,359 
Tanker,  359 
a^mklin,359 
Tann,311 
Tanner.  53,  311 
T&nnook,311 
Tanqneray,  359 
Tanse]l,310 
Tanaey,  310 
Tant,  310 
Tanton,  310 
Taplin,428 
Tapp,  428 
Tappin,428 
Tappy,  428 
Tbrgett,128 
Tarn,  398 
Tbmer,  398 
TaiT,  208 
TurTatt,209 
Tarry,  208 
Tanyer,  208 
Tart,  209 
Tarter,  209 
Tasker,  53,  386^  460 
Tasman,  386 
Ta8sell,385 
Tassiker,  385 
Tate,  271 
Tatlook,292 
Tattle,  291 
Tatnin,292 
TayT^ 
Taybom,  391 
Teale,  101,  376 
Tear,  268 
Teaiey,  268 
Teat,  271 
Teatker,  292 
Tedd,291 
Tedder,  292 
Tedman,  292 
Teeling,  376 
Tegart.391 
Tegg.d90 
Tee^338 
Tekell,390 
Telbin,  375 
Telf  er,  376 
Telford,  376 
Teller,  376 
Telling.  376 
Ten,m 
Tenob,  106,  359 
Tendi3l,310 
Tennant,  311 
Tennelly,  311 
Tenneman,  812 
Tennywn,  4ff»  311 
Ttot,310 


Temonth,  208 
Ttfrier,  208 
TeiTy,208 
Tetlow,  291 
Tenten,  332 
Tewart,  42,  427 
Thaokeray,  359 
Thaokwdl,359 
Thain,338 
Thane,  338 
Theed,332 
Theobald,  332 
Theodore,  333 
Teuthom,  333 
Thew,  467 
Thick,  406 
Thicket,  407 
Thiatle,469 
Thoden,332 
Thody,  332 
ThoniaB,484 
Thorbnm,  128 
Thoigate,  128 
Thorold,  129 
Thoronghgat^  128 
ThoronghgoocL  11*128 
Thoroughwood,  u9 
Thotmui,  129 
ThioBBelL  103 
Throah,  103 
Thunun,  363.  41B 
Thunder,  128 
Thurber,  128 
Thorgar,  128 
Thnraood,  11,128 
ThurketUe.129,512 
Thnrkle,  m 
Thnrmott,  129 
Thurston,  129 
Thyer,  457 
Tick,  406 
Tickle,  406 
Tidball,332 
Tidd,332 
Tiddeman,J^ 
Tidemon 


Tidy 

Tiffany,  488 

TifBn,488 

Tiffg,406 

TUeman,190 

Tilgman,190 

■meTiSo 

Till,  189 
TiUeaid,  189 
Tiller,  189 
TiUey,189 
Tilliok,189 
Tillier,  189 
TiUing,  189 
Ti]]nuuD,190 
Ti]lott,189 


592 


INDEX  OF  ENOUSH  KAMfiS. 


Timet,  966 
Timlin,  966 
Timperon,  966 
Timi,966 
Tingey,  907 
-    •  ,967 


Tinker,  967 
Tinkling,  967 
Tinier,  190 
Tinliiig,190 
Tinney,  129 
Tinning,  190 
Titoe,  361 
Titohen,392 
Titoomb,297 
Tite,271,932 
Titmnf,104 
Tinrd,362 
Toby,  103 
Todd,4M79 
Toddy,  273 
Todman.  273 


Toe,  *. 
Toker,  427 
Toloher,  184 
Tolken,184 
Tolkien,  184 
Tom,  363 
Tomb,  363,  484 
Tombs,  364 
Tomey,  963 
TomMea,364 
Tomldn,  364 
Tomlin,2^964 
Tommell,964 
T6mMnr,  964 


Tonge,  961 
Tongmfto.  962 
Tongae,  961 
Tonner,  128 
Toodle,274 
Toogo<M],428 
Toomer,  964 
Toot,  273 
Tootal,274 
Toothaker,  274 
Tooirey,  109 
Torr,  127 
Tony,  1272208 
Totman,  273 
Totte]l,273 
Totien,273 
Tottey,  273 
Toomay,  190 
Tovey,  103 
Tow,  427 
Towart,427 
ToweIl,427 
Tower,  427 


Towgood,428 
Toder,  273 
Tnoe,242 
Tracy,  242 
Traer,413 
Tiabar,413 
Tndea,242 
Trail,  141,;419 
Train,  41^ 
TraiMT,  242 
Trapp,  196 
Tra«,242 
Travel,  196 
Tray,  413 
Trearare,242 
Trebl<^196 
Tree,  429 
Tremble,  11,  943 
Traaa,242 
Tricker,  429 
Triokett,429 
Triokey,  429 
Trigg,  429 
Trigger.  429 
Tripp,  196 
Triii,249 
Trirter,  249 
Tristram,  249 
Trodden,  271 
Troke,  196 
TiolL141 
Trood,270 
Trott,270 
Trotter,  271 
Trottman,  271 
TroQj^ton,  271 
Troup,  441 
Tront,  106,  270 
Trow,  196 
Trowell,196 
Trower,  196 
Trowse,  249 
Troy,  429 
Truby.itt 
Tnioe,249 
True,  196 
Tniefitt,429 
TmeloTe,  429 
Traeman,196 
TrambQll,  243 
Trump,  243 
Trumper,  243 
Tmmpy,  243 
Trash,  103 
Truss,  249 


M&), 


Tubb,  103 
Tubby,  103 
Tuck,  100^427 
Tuoker,  427 
Tuckey,  427 
TuckweU,  428 


Tudor,  333 
TuAkell,  230 
Tuggy,  427 
Tubman,  428 
Tuke,427 
Tuita,  332 
Tulk,  184 
Tun,  129 
Tunaley,  19D 
Tungay,  361 
Tunn,  106 
Tunnar,  129 
TunneU,  130 
Tunno,  129 
Tunny,  106),  129 
Tunstan,  190 

TurAu]l,3.M3 
TumelL  190 
Turner,  190,  4fiO 
Turaey,  190 
Turnley,  190 
TurTeIJ^208 
Turtle,  103 
Tutofa^ig;332 
Tuting,^»2 
TutrS32 
Tut3e,333 
Tntty,  332 
Tway,  621 
Twioe,  621 
Twigg,  621 
Twine,  621 
Twining,  821 
TwiBS,rai 
Twyman,  621 

TyBer,352 
l^n,  362 
Tyus,  131 

Udall,334 
Udy.282 
Uffyi,386 
niier.  106 
Unook,368 
UUmer,  166 
TTlmaEL  106 

Ul^Tl 
Unele,  294 
Undea,  364  (note) 
Undey,  322 
UngleH.364 

nnna,286 

Unwin^^ 

Urch,d87 

XTre,83 

nrie,83 

Urling,  940 


INDEX  OF  EITOLISH  NAMB8. 


593 


Urlwln,  340 
Urqnhart,  888 
nrwiok,83 
t7rwiii,83 
Uih«r.442 

Yaff!iQ,a23 
YaEler,  346 
Valiant,  296 
yaner,2d8 
Val]il7,2d8 
yaniB,298 

yaiioe,316 
Vandeleiir,  317 
Yandy,  316 
Yane,394 
Yum,  394 
Yanneok,  394 
YauDfir,  394 
Yani2  316 
YaxuBllBr,  317 
Yariok,  278 
Yarned,  305 
Yamuh,24,806 
Yarrell,278 
Ya8BaU,244 
YaMer.  12,244 
Yandelin,  344 
Yeale,  383 
Yenn,394 
Yenne]l,394 
Yenner,  394 
Yenning,  394 
Yension,  316 
Yent,il6 
Yenns,  143 
Yeroo,  73 
Yerge,  65,  73 
Yerger,  74 
YergooB6,278 
Yenty,  7,  257 
Yerling,278 
Yennon,  278 
Yemer,  306 
Yerner,  305 
Ye8t,303 
Ye0tal,3O3 
Yeatennan,  308 
Yeaty,  303 
Yetoh,  154,  493 
Yiberi,166 
Yick,l64 
Yioaiy,  166 
Yioe,351 
Yiokridge,  166 
Yidy,498 
Yigor,  165 
Yinall,263 
Yindin,  316 
Yine,263 
Yinegar,  12,  264 


Ylnra,264 

Yin^,263 

Yingoe,412 

Yink,412 

Yint,316 

Yinier,  316 

Yiolett,  468 

Yiigin,  65,  78*  74 

Yiigo,  6SL73 

Yirtae.267 

Yi80ord.361 

T^i8e,35l 

YiBiok,351 

Yizaid,351 

Yiaer,  351 

Yoak,333 

Yolokman,  334 

Yollam,3^ 

YoUer,  384 

YoUet,384 

YoUum,384 

Yowell,  93 

Yowlea,  98 

YullianiT,  71 

Y7ae,3XL 

Waok,  362 
Wadd,  162,  412 
Wadden,  413 
Waddicar,  413 
Waddilore,  413 
Waddle,  412 
Waddy,  412 
Wade,  152»  412 
Wadey,  412 
Wadge,413 
Wad£in,413 
Wad]ing,413 
Wadman,413 
Wadmore,413 
Wageman,  362 
Wager,  623 
Wagg,  47,  623 
Wagnian,528 
WaSi,523 
Wainman,  394 
Wainwrigki,  396,  461 
Wake,3& 
Wakdin,362 
Wakem,  24,  362 
Wakeman,362 
Waker,362 
Wakley,  362 
Waland,298 
Walden,  2&  346 
Waldie,344 
Waldman.346 
Waldo,3fo 
Waldron,  42L  346 
Waldnok,  341 
Waldwin,346 
Wale,  102,  298 
Waley,  298 

w  3 


Wa]f<nd.88 
Walk,  298 
Walker,  298.  460 
Walkey,  296 
Walking,  298 
Walkley,298 
Wa]klin,298 
Walkman,  298 
Walko,  298 
Wall,  298,  491 
Wallaoe,298 
Wallack,298 
Waller,  298 
Wallet,  298 
Wallfree,  298 
Walliker,298- 
Wallis,23 
WallisB,  298 
Wallower,  298 
WaUraven,  298 
Walla,  23,  298 
Walrond,  41,  296 
Walter,  477346 
Wambey,  417 
Wampen.  417 
Wand,  316 
Wander,  316 
Wanding,  316 
Wane,  ^ 
Wanle8a,364 
Wannell,394 
Wannod,394 
Wanaey,  316 
Want,  316 
Wantman,316 
Wanton,  12,  316 
WarbollL  278 
Warbrick,  278 
Ward,  277 
Warden,  277 
Warder,  277" 
Wardnian,277 
Wardy,  277 
Ware,  278 
Waring,  278 
Warland,  278 
Warlock,  278 
Warman,  278 
Warmer,  39,  278 
Wame,306 
Warner,  306 
Wamett,306 
Waniook,306 
Warraker,  278 
Warre,  278 
Warrell,  47,  278 
Warren.  278,  306 
Warrenbuxv,  305 
Warrener,  306 
Warner,  47,  278 
Warring,278 
Warry,  278 
Warter,  277 


594 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NA](B& 


WarwMker,  278 

Wellow,  383 

Wad^244 

Welp,88 
Welplqr,  88 

Wadier,244 

WaehiDaQ,244 

Welton,346 
Wendelken.  317 
Wendon,  316 

Wa>maD,244 
Wasp,  107 

WaM,244 

Wenlock,  394 

WaMelL244 

WMtr244 

Waitfl3],244 

Wenman,394 
Wenmoth,394 
Wenn,394 
Wenning,  394 
Went,  316 

Wart]iiiir,22 
Wata«iS,602 

Wathen,  413 

Weige,73 
Werk,73 

Watker,  413 

Watkin,  413 

Warner,  305 

Watkiu,*40,  413 

Wenett,257 

Watley,  412 

Werritt,  7 

Watling,  413 

We8aon,244 

Watmore,  413 

Wert,  303 

Watney.413 
Watt,  32, 162,  412 
Wattier412 

Westa]l,303 
Weeter,303 
Westerday,  303 

Watts,  32,  413 

Weatennan,  303 

Wand,  344 

Wertfa]l,303 

Way,  10,  47,  523 
Wayland,  152,  383 

Wetman,  303,  413 

Weybnt,  523 
WhalebAy,  107 
Whatman,  413 

Wayman,  523 
Weakley,  362 

Whatmare.413 
Wheelan,  383 

Weaklin,  362 

Wheeler,  63,  383 
Wheeley,  383 

Weale,383 

Wearey,  278 

Wheeling,  383 
Wheelook,  383 

Wearg,  73 

WeblSig,  63 
Weddr412 

Wheelwright,  383 
Wheen,  263 

Weddell,  412 

Whellock,  383 

Weddon,  120 

Whenman,264 

Whenn.263 

Whewai,367 

Wedge,  154,  413,  4d3 
Wedlake,  40,  224,  494 

Wedlocl^  12,  224,  494 

Whibley,  63 
Whiohelo,  166 

W^m,493 

Whigam,165 

Weeding,  494 

Whinoopp,  39 

Weekly,  362 

Whipday,  63 

Weeki,  362 

Whipp,  62 

WesK,  10,  623 
WeiHe,63 
Weir,  278 

^r« 

Whiaker,  122 

Weland,  152,  383 

Whiskered,  351 

Welcome,  123,  297 

Wluskin,  351 

Weld,  344 

Whiskyman,  122 
WhisaeTssl 

Welder,  345 

Welding,  345 

Whitbread,  494 

Weldon,  346 
Welf ord,  88 
We]land,383 

Whitburn,  494 

White,  398,  400 
Whitear,  494 

Wellajrd,383 

Whitecar,  494 

Weller,  383 

Whitehart,  494 
Whitehead,  494 

WeMin,88 

Welling,  383 

Whiteheat,  494 

Wellman,  383 

Whitehom,  494 

WeUook,  383 

Whitehouse,  494 

Whitelaw,  Sn,  494 
Whitdegi,  366.  494 
WhiteII,^3 
Whiteloek,  494 
Whiteman,  494 
Whiter,  4^ 
Whiterod,494 
WhitethitMd,  494 
Whitewxi^i,  494 
Whitheron,494 
Whiting,  106,  494 
Whitley,  493 
Whitling,  493 
Whitmee,24L«8 
Whitmore,494 
Whitridge,496 
Whitsey,  493 
Whittaker,  494 
Whittoek.154 
Wholey,  383 
Wholework,  384 
Whorlow,  325 
Whytock,4a3 
Wibby,  62 
Wiche,  164 
Wiohett,165 
Wiok,  164 
Wioker,  165 
Wiokey,  164 
Wiokson,  166 
Wioking,  165 
Wiokman,165 
Widehose,494 
Wideman,494 
Widger,  494 
Widow,  47,  493 
Wigg,  164 
W]ffiett,165 
Wi?e,164 
Wigmaa,165 
Wigmore,  166 
Wi^;ram,  166 
Wigson,  165 
Wilberforce,  600 
Wilbonn,  123 
Wilbraham,  123 
WUbur.  123 
Wiloook,27 
Wiloomb,  123 
WUd,447 
WUday,  447 
Wilder,  447 
Wadey,  447 
Wildgoose,  100 
Wdd5ig,447 
Wlldish.447 
Wildman,447 
WildsmitL  462 
Wilfonl,l23 
Wilfred,  123 
Wi]goas,123 

wakeTm 

Wilkie,  21,  123 


INDEX   OF   ENGLISH  NAMES. 


595 


Wilkin,  22 
WaiTS,  31,  47, 122 
'  Willain,38 

WiUunent,  124 
Willan,  47, 123 
I  Wmiii3,124 

WiUer,  124 
Wfflett,  124 
f  WiUey,  21, 122 

>  William,  38,  47 

\  Williama,  47, 124 

r  Wmiment,  276 

Wi]lin,m 
Willing,  31, 123 
\  Wmin£,123 

Willis,  23»  32, 123 
Willmer,  124 
Willmot,  41 
Willmott,  124 
"Willock,  123 
Wllloe,122 
I  Willi,  23, 123 

Wilt,^ 
Willihew,  42 
Wimble,  48,  264 
Wiiibolt,264 
Winbridge,  264 
WinohrS3,412 
Wiii0aiv^264 
Wind,  316 
Windeler,317 
Winder,  316,  480 
Windle,  817 
Window,  316 
Windram,  316 
Windred,264 
Wine,  263 
Winegar,  264 
Wineman,  264 
Winer,  264 
Wing,  412 
Wingaie,264 
Winger,  412 
~         \264 


Winlook,264 
Winmen,264 
Winn,  47,  263 
Winney,  263 
Winning,  263 
Winahip,  263 
Winson,263 
Winston,  264 
Wint,316 
Winter,  140,  816 
Wintle,  317 
Wipkin.63 
WippelL  7,  63 
Wue,  l35 


Wixgman,  74 
Wisdom,  361 
Wise,  351 
Wiseman,  351 
Wisewould,  351 
Wish,  121 
Wishart,  121 
Wisher,  122 
Wishman,122 
Wiss.351 
Witcher,  166 
With,*3 
Wither,  494 
Withered,  494 
Witherick,  496 
Withy,  493 
Wittering,  494 
Wittewrong,  494 
Wittioh,154 
Witton,  493 
Witty,  493 
Woledge,384 
Wolf,  n,  613 
Wolfem,  71 
Wolfram,  72 
Woli,iS 
WoUatt,  72,  384 
WoUen,384 
Wolley,  383 
Wolper,  72 
Wolrige,  384 
Wolsey,  71 
Wolter,  378 
Woodall,493 
WoodanL494 
Woodbridge,  495 
Woodcock,  494 
Wooden,  493 
Wooderson,  494 
Woodey,  493 
Woodger,  494 
Woodhead,494 
Woodhonse,  494 
Wooding,  494 
Woodlin,  493 
Woodman,  494 
Woodyer,  494 
Woolbert,  71 
Wooloott,  71 
Wooldridge,  378 
Woolfolk,  71 
Woolfreys,  71 
Woolgar,  71 
Woolger,  71 
Woolheaa,  71 
WooUams,  72 
Woollard,71 
WooUey,  72 
Woolmer,  72 


Woolnoth,  72 
Wooli7ch,72 
Woolston.  72 
Woolwright,  460 
Worry,  325 
Workey,  73 
Workman,  74 
Worknot,  74 
Worin,513 
World,  326 
Wormiad,108 
Wormbolt,  108 
Worme.  108 
Worrell,  325 
Worrow,  325 
Wren,  104, 189 
Wrentmore,  228 
Wrinkle,  230 
Write,  254 
Writt,254 
Wright,  254 
Writer,  254 
Wroth,  371 
Wurr,  325 
Wyard,165 
Wyatt,165 
Wyberg,  165 
Wybyow,  166 
Wye,  164 
Wyf olde,  63 
Wyman,  165 
Wymer,  165 

Tea,  366 
Yaafe,  367 
Teaman,  367 
Teatman,  306 
Tdd,  418 
Tern,  253 
Teo,  366 
Teoman,  367 
Teoward,  367 
Testerday,  303 
Tett,305 
Tewd,282 
Torick,  367 
Tost,  302 
Toad,  282 
Tonng,  419 
Tonnger,  419 
Tonngman,  420 
Tonngmay,  25 
Tonring,  83 
Towden,  282 

Zealey,  433 
Zeall,433 
Zetterquist,  470 


r- 


INDEX  OF  GERMAN  NAMES. 


AAr,94 
Abbe,  60 
Abendrot,  130 
Abendrtern,  138 
AbiGh,60 
Aoke,209 
Acker,  210 
Ada],  337 
Ado,  297 
Addhart,  337 
Adelung,  337 
AdlerTsdS 
Adolf,  288 
Adolph,  72 
AhlTnann,  S17 
AMwaidt,  517 
Alu-,94 
Aioher,  210 
Albel,134 
Albreobt,  616 
Alder,  418 
Alert,  516 
Alf,  134 
Alker,  516 
AUe,516 
Alldm,238 
Allmer,  517 
Allner,  238 
Alt,  418 
Alteii,418 
Alter,  418 
Altmann,  418 
Ameis,  284 
Amelung,  143 
Anderbiug.  300 
Angele,  213 
Anke,  212 

AubaItw^  119 

Aiiser,  118 
Anaheim,  227  (note) 
Appe,  60 
Amhold,  85 
Arnold,  85 
Artelt,261 
Ar7e,386 
Asche,  216 
Aaoher,  217 
ABel,lld 
Asser,  119 
Avemann,  280 

Babe,  281 
Baoke,  172 
Bade,  166 
Bader,  166 
raider,  166 


172 


Bald,  241 
Baldauf,  242 
Baldenioa,  242 
Balding,  241 
Baliri82 
Baits,  241 
Balt»ir,241 
Bals,241 
Banck,  182 
Bandel,235 
Bandke,  235 
Bang,  182 
Banger,  175 
Bannwart,  175 


Baide.222 
Bardel,  222 
Barecke,68 
Bamhanl,  423 
Bart,  222 
Barten,  222 
Barth,  222 
Barther,  222 
Barthmann,  222 
Baach,  181 
B&sel,  181 
Baake,181 
Ban,  181 
Banmann,  181 
Bath,  166 
Baadi,378 
Bauoke,  378 
Bauer,  452 
Banermann,  458 
Beokel,222 
Beckh,222 
Beede,  166 
Beer,  68 
Beerin,  70 
Behl,192 
Behn,176 
Behrens,  70 
Belke,2e8 
Bellin,270 
Benokert,  182 


Bender,  286 
Beneken,  177 
Benicke,  176 
Bennemann,  177 
Bennert,  177 
Bennin^,  177 
Bennold,  177 


Bente,  235 
Bentingck,  898 


Ber,  ( 
Beiger,  69 
Berghoff,496 
Bermaan,  69 
Bernard,  TV 
Bemer,  71 
Bemioke,  70 
Beming,  70 
Berringer,  70 
BertT^O 
Berth,  370 
Bertin,370 
Bertong,  $fO 
Bertram,  370 
Bertrand,370 
Beae,181 
Be8te,183 
Bethe,166 
Bethke,166 
Bettack,l66 
Bette,166 
Bever,  81 
Bieber,  81 
Bieck,177 
Biercher,  69 
Bigge,177 
Bihn,176 
Bila,268 
Bilger,  269 
Bilhttdt,209 
Bilke,268 
BiUe,2ed 
Biller,  268 
Billing,  268 
BUmer,  268 
Binder.  236 
Binnecke,  176 
Bippart,  414 
Blanckardi^  393 
BUng,  392 
Blank,  382 
BlankennageL  ^wry 
Bleoher,  393 
Blede,M 
Bledow,440 
Blenk,3^ 
Block,  214 
Blookmann,  Slg 
Blum,  465 
Blnme,465 
Bliimd,465 
Bhuner,  466 


INPXX  OF  GERMAN  NAlfllS. 


597 


Blnmhttdt,  466 
Bobttrdt.422 
Bobbe,i21 
Bobel,421 
Boohmanxi,  236 
Book,  224 
Bode,  454 
Bodeok,454 
Bodemann,  455 
Bodemeyer,  456 
Boden,454 
Boding,  454 
Bodrich,465 
Boehner,  176 
Bdg8,224 
BogenhAidt,  226 
Bdgert,225 
Bogner,  225 
BohL281 
BoU]iig,281 
Boh^75,226 
Boh^iardi,  176 
BdhtUngk,  454 
Boldt,m 
BdUoke.  281 
Bolke,281 
Boll,  281 
BoUeri,281 
Bollnuum,  281 
Boltche,^ 
Bonn,  175 
Bonne,  175 
Bonneoke,  176 
Booe,407 
Bootti,454 
Bopn,421 
Bee2,407 
Bdeewetter,  lae 
Boos,  408 
Boiselt,40i 
Bote,  454 
Both,  454 
Bothmer,  466 
Bottger,455 
Bo7e,313 
Brad,  184 
Braokmuin,  186 
Brftmer.  371 
Brandeu,  199 
Brandel,]08 
Brttndlein,  198 
Bnndrath,190 
Bnuidt,198 
Braim,399 
Breoht,370 
BrechteL370 
Brehm,  371 
Breis,186 
BreM,186 
Brooke,  103 
Blocker,  194 
Brookmann,  194 
Broookmann,  194 


BroM.480 
&oflel,480 

Bnu^kaidt,  1j94 
Braokmann,  194 
Briickmann,  186 
Bmder.  218,  893 
Bruderlein,  298 
Bnmck,399 
Bninn,d99 
Bmnnert,  400 
Bruno,  399 
Brv,  184 
Bul»B,421 
Buck,  378 
Buddel,  464 
Buder,  465 
Budge,  454 
Budioh,454 
Budke,454 
Bugg^378 
BuH281 
Buhler,  281 
Buhlmann,  281 
Bull,  281 
Bund,  236 
Banning,  416 
Bunaen,  236 
Bunte,  235 
Bunting,  236 
BuoL^l 
Burokhardt,  279 
Buide,329 
Burger,  279 
Bikger,  279 
Buxsho]d,279 
Burke,  279 
Burth,329 
Bufla,407 
Buaamann,  107 
Butte,  454 
Butter,  466 
B&tting,464 

Galm,174 
Campe,  171 
Ohiiat,138 
Ohrirtel,133 
Ck>niad,328 
Ooppel,248 
Ooemar,  310 
Ooetia,d60 
Ouno,  327 

Daake,d90 
DabberLSOl 
Dftge,^ 
375 
^.376 
Dahlmann,  376 
Damm,364 
Dammer,  365 
Dammert,  366 


Danokel,  369 


SIX 

Dankert,369 

Dann,  311 

Dannecker,  SU. 

Darold,208 

I>a8Be,385 

Daaa3.385 

Daly^dl 

Dau,427 

Daulf  ,  391 

DftunJin,364 

J>eck,390 

Deokert  391 

I>ederich,338 

Degel,390 


311 
I>ein,338 
Demme,  364 
Denoker,  369 
Denk,369 
Detsman,  386 
Detmann,  383 
Dette,291 
Dettmer,  333 


Dewe,  * 
Dick,  406 
Dickert,407 
Didtchen,332 
Diebold.  332 
Diede,332 
Diehr,  268 
Diemann,  467 
Dieme,364 
Dieter,  333 
Dietert,333 
Dikmann,  407 
Dill,  189 
Dillemann,  190 
Di]lert,189 
Dilling,  189 
Dinger,  367 
DiBoh,  229 
Ditt,332 
Dittmer,  333 ' 


Dode,  273 
Dohm,36S 
Dohmeyer,  364 
D»Ier,^6 
Ddmioh,364 
Donn,  129 
Dooer,  208 
Doraad,197 
Donnann,  208 
Donneier,  208 
D5rwald,268 
I>roge,196 
Drey,  413 
Dnide,270 


598 


INDEX  OF  GERMAN   NAMEB. 


DnMlnr;196 
I>nie,196 
Dnunann,  196 
I>nite,270 
I>aoke,427 
mUi«r,427 
Dalekan,  184 
Dii]k,184 
Dumboff,  406 
Dunioheii,  964 
DaiiiHiig.964 
Dmnm,  9SS 
Dikmmel,  d64 
Dnimnd,  197 
DoMiidieaf  d,  488 
I>aHln,332 

St>beQke,60 

Bblireoht,  61 

Bber.  76 

Bberhftid,  76 

Bbetmum,  76 

BokardlZlO 

Ebke,2S» 

Eokhoff.  4M 

Bokholdt,  210 

Edel,^ 

Sde]er,338 

Bdi]ing,S37 

Bgel,l54 

%«r,210 

^ge,a09 

KMle»475 

RiMlxL476 

.  476 

'     dt,476 
Bijer,476 
Elbe,  134 
Slben,  134 
EUenbeK,239 
EUeri,^ 
Emele,148 
Bmerioli,254 
Bmmel,143 
BinmeriL254 

TBn^A^  432 

Ender,  300 
292 
213 
i213 

Engtobreeht,  213 
BnglemaniL  213 
Bnglen,  21^ 
Englar,  213 
Enger,  292 
EDgertj  292 
Biigwald,292 
Bnde,  119 
Biitiioh,432 


387 


lBrelc,387 
Bid,  130 
ErdiDiim,  251 
Brlurdt,96 
Brker^jM 
Bile,  339 
Erieoke,340 
Brier,  340 
Brm6l,147 
BrmezL  146 
Bnniaoh,147 
BrpdTiK 
Enrf,  386 
EBoh,216 
BMsher,  217 
-   •  217 


BsdiriofafZ 


216 


BverL76 

Bwaldt,367 

Bweri,367 

Bwioh,366 

E7l,164 

F^Ma^436 
Fahl,d07 
Fahnd,234 
Fahr,323 
Fuenkdi,  324 
FiUter,  262 
Feohier.  267 
Feoke,435 
Feder,  203 
Fehr,  323 
Fehrleii,323 
Fehmumn,  324 
Fendi,  417" 
Ferradi,  323 
Fert,251 
Fetter,  293 
Fiohte.  257 
Fick,240 
Fidi3l,430 
Fi^e,249 
Fidmaim,  518 
Fabert,518 
Fillmer.  518 
FiMh,247 
FiBoh«rt247 
Fiaohliof  ,  247,  496 
Fix,  247 
FUthe,393 
Flogel,411 
Fluemann,  411 
Flugel,411 
Foike,  333 
Fdlkcl333 
FortmamL  325 
Francke,  ^ 
Frank,  306 
Fru]din,306 


Freolie,132 
Frede,  261 
Fr«itag,  261 
Fretter,  261 
Freund,  263 
FreateL  360 
Ftiek,  132 
Frioker,  132 
Fridexioh,  261 
Fried,  261 
Friedel,261 
Frie«^312 
Friech,440 
Friii^lin,449 
FQch8eL247 
FQ]l,m 

tl&be,285 
GAbei,286 
Gebold,286 
Gade,  625 
Geedcke,525 
Geide,206 
GelUger,  437 
Guneim,  496 
Gemm,436 
Gemmert,  436 
Gens,  618 
Gente,74 
Genter,  74 
Gftmlen,  518 

^k 

Geo,  336 
GMue,300 
Gavel,  285 
G*vL436 
Gebd,285 
Geber,  285 
GeUuttdt.285 
Gede,!^ 
Gehl,436 
Gehr,  202 
Gehrer,  203 
Gei]ioh,4d7 
Geuel,458 
GeiBa,469 
Gelpke,442 
Geiiedl,74 
GenderidL  75 
Gener,  444 
Genet,  444 
Gennerich,  444 
Gent,  74 
Gentc,  518 
Gepp,  285 
Gevbert,203 
Gerboth,203 
Gerhard,  203 
Gerhold,  204 
Gericke,  202 
Gering,  202 
Ger]aS^203 


INDEX  OF  GERMAN  NAMES. 


599 


Ocnnann.  208 
Gem,  433 
Oemer,  433 
Geinluurdt,  433 
Geraing,  433 
Gemlein,433 
Qer6id~20i 
G6rwiI^204 
Gender.  458 
Geu,336 
Gey,  336 
Gherken,  202 
Gieae,£9 
Giesemami,  460 
Giedng,  459 
Gilbert,  458 
Gill,  458 
GiltemAnn,  478 
GiBbreoht,  450 
Giaeoke,469 
Ginelhieoht,  458 
Glade,  436 
Gladiflch,436 
Gltt8err§92 
GliiH,392 
Gleiss,392 
Gookel,446 
Gdokingk,  446 
GddeTlS 
G<ideoke,116 
Godel,  116 
Godehard,  116 
Goemann,  337 
G<iethe,300 
Goffe],446 
G«hr,202 
Goldmann,  477 
Gomm,  50 
Gdren,204 
Gdrich,2Q2 
Gdring,  202 
G<techeii,300 
Gofle,309 
Goflekeii,300 
GoiliDg,300 

Gosonan,  310 
GotheTdOO 
Gottel,116 
Goiter,  116 
Gottfried,  116 
Gotthazdt,  116 
Gotting,  116 
Gottl^ll6 
GottUel>,484 
GdtM,U5 
GraeMe,464 
Granuum,  401 
Gruhoff ,  496 
Graaunann,  464 
Gran,  401 
Grimm,  125 
Grimmel,125 


(jhrimmer.  126 
Globe,  425 
Globe,  426 
Giiibd,  426 
Grohii,466 
Grohnert,  465 
Groner,  466 
Groning,  465 
GroMr405 
Gnm,466 
Griin,466 
Grttner,  466 
Gnmert,  465 
Gri&nert,  465 
Griining,  466 
Gude,  U6 
Guibert,166 
Goldenapf  el,  467 
Gulich,  478 
Gull,478 
Gummricb,  60 
Gundel,  163 
Gilnther,  164 
Gu]UB,163 
Giin2el,163 
Guter,  U6 
Giitermaim,  117 
Gutie,  115 
Giittd,  116 
Gattman,  116 
Guttwein,  117 
Gutwaaser,  502 

Haberkom,  467 

Haohmann,  210 

Haoke,209 

mok^209 

Hiickert,210 

Hadank,  168 

mdeL168 

Hadicke,  168 

Haertel,260 

Hagart,210 

Hagedom,  467 

Hl&geleii,209 

Hagen,  211 

Hager,  210 

Hagner,  211 

HtS],480 

Haid,619 

HalL480 

Hf^cb,426 

Halm,226 

Hamelmann,  143 

Hammer,  130 

Handel,  417 

Handt,417 

Hibielt,289 

Hane 


Hanke,  212 
Haime.289 
Hanneken,  2 


Hamdoke, !__ 
Harder,  260 
Hardt,260 
Hardweok,261 
H&ricke,231 
Harke,231 
H&rle,  231 
mrUn,231 
Harleaa,340 
Haimami,  232 
Harpe,386 
Harpreoht,  232 
Hairing,  232 
Hartmann,  251 
""  '  221,  261 


^  251 

Hartong,  260 
HartzjSsO 
Harward,233 
Haa8,d07 
Hatt,  168 
Hanbe,  227 
Hauae,  491 
Hanamnann,  491 
Haydn,  519 
Hayer,  210 
Haymann,  210 
Heb,60 
Heoht,460 
Heokmann.  210 
Hedde,  168 
Hedriob,  168 
Heer,  231 
Heering,  232 
Hebr,  231 
Heidel,  519 
Heilig,426 
Heili^iai,  486 
Heiligmann,  427 
Heim,492 
Heinbardt,  211 
Heinriob,492 
Helter.519 
Helf,276 
Helfricb,276 
Helxn,225 
Helmar,  163 
Hemmen  130 
Heune,^ 
Hennert,  289 


Henmoke,289 
Henningj^^ 
Herber,  232 
Herbert,  232 


Herde,! 
Herden,261 
Hereir231 
Heiger,  232 
Herken,  432 


600 


unnx  ov  qsbmav  k 


4» 

Hemi,  147 

Heniiuin22n 

Herold,2fil 

Herpfer.SSS 

Herr,  231 

Hemng,  282 

Herrie,231 

Herrmnih,  288 

H«rth,290 

Hertrioh,251 

5*"^  33? 
Henog,  339 

HeiOOr 

Hets,160 

Hetiel,ie9 

Hejden,  619 

Heydt,  519 

He7e,209 

He7ne,211 

Hilberi,  162 

mid,  162 

Hildebnnd,  162 

Hilger,  162 

HiUer,  162 
HOlmaim.  168 
Hillmer,  168 
Hilt,  162 

JTilfana^niv  168 

HUtnip.  163 
HimmeL  140 
Hmok,292 
Hobreoht,841 
Hooh,340 
Hook,  340 
Hik}kel,340 
H5oker,341 
Hoffnuum,  227 
Horn,  367 
HoEznAn.341 
Hold,28K 
Holder,  289 
Holle,282 
Holler,  282 
HoOmaim,  282 
Holt,  282 
Hoiiiftn,34l 
Honor,  314 
Hdnioke,  314 
Honigmum,  814 
H9iike,  814 
H9pke,  227 
H9pken,227 
Hdrder,  260 
Honi,520 
Homeok,  520 
HonieiiiAnii«  690 
Honi]ia]iL620 
Homlg,  520 
Hdmlem,  690 
Homnng,  (90 


814 


HMke,44S 
Hubert,  367 
Hiioke,367 
HodemuuLM 
Hiifnagd,221 
Huge,  ^67 
HM«367 
Hugo,  367 
Huhn,314 
HQlinert,  314 
Hiilde,282 
Humbert,  314 
Humboldt,  814 
Huneoken,  314 
Honger,  314 
Hum,  314 
HunnemAiiB, 
Hnnold,  315 
Hupe,227 
Himmg,  491 
Hiith^280 
Hatte,280 

Ibe,60 
Ioke,210 
Ide,449 
no,  416 
Ible,416 
Ibm,253 
Dm,  492 
Im]n,253 
Immicb,  264 
ImM,  254 
Iagel,218 
laanbart,  474 
Itenberg,  474 
Inert,  475 
Itter,460 
Ire,  472 
Iwe,366 

Jebkel,  462 
Jaeger,  462 
Jagemann,  468 
Jagenteaf  el,  488 
j60Um,462 
Jeokel,452 
Jenioben,  444 
Jocben,  462 
Jodher,  452 
Jock,  462 
Jordan,  140 
JiideTdOe 
Jung,  419 
Jiingerioh,  420 
Jungber,  419 
Jongboff,  496 
Jungmano,  4S0 
Jiinke,  419 
Juppe,  486 
Jutte,d06 

KM)e,286 


KaUert  437 
KaIh,S 
Kalf>,83 
Kalker,30r 
KalthofE,496 
KaltwaMer,  001 
Kamler,  419 
Kamm,  486 
Kammer,  436 
Kant,  74 
Kanter,  74 
Kail,  69 
Karmaon,  909 
KartbiQ,277 
KaM>b,206 
Kaake,206 
Kaat,296 
Katt,168 

TTanwiaaiii^  887 

Kaup,9«6 
Kaupert,  336 
Keber,  286 
Kebl,436 
Kebler,  437 
Kebr,  202 
Kebrer,  208 
Kemp,  171 
Kend^  74 
Kerble,20B 
Kern,  433 
Kemmana,  489 
Kerwin,  204 
KeMLer,458 
Kettler,  626 
Kiebl,  322 
KieMl,468 
Kille,468 
Ki}lin,468 
KiUmer,  459 
Kinreiok,  829 
KiBa.459 
Kisding,  458 
KUber,  188 
Klapp,  183 
K]a«,392 
Klenoke,  199 
KUng,  199 
Klink,  199 
KlinkWdt,199 
Klocke,362 
Klockmann,  399 
Klode,  377 
Klotb,  377 
KloTerkom,  4j67 
Klaok,362 
Kluge,352 
Knabb,429 
Knapp,4ffl 
Kniep,201 
Kooh,446 
K5cber,  446 
Kdob]in,446 


INDBX  OF  OBBMAN   NAMES. 


601 


K6o]Mrt,446 

Kohlmum,  S25 
KoUJg,  226 
Kdhlmg,a26 
Kohnfiri,828 
Kohzil6,327 
KohnMn,400 
Kol],226 
KoUer,  226 
KoDmeyar,  226 
,69 


Koner;  328 
K9meke,8a7 
Konter.  164 
KopiMh,248 
Kopp,248 
Kfimer,  433 
Kon,809 
Ko«t»360 
Kott,116 
Kot&g,  116 
Krieger,  170 
Kri«8^170 
Krimmer,  126 
Krol],406 
Kxdn,466 
Kroner,  466 

ErnM,404 
Kabbe,248 
Knokkaok,  106 
Kiid«,116 
Kahn,  327 
Ktthnel,327 
Kuhneii,  328 
KnhnhAidt,  328 
KiUmh«ULJ28 
Kiihiikd,  327 
KYimin,  60 

Kttnemnndf  328 
Knner,  328 
Kflnioke,  827 
KliiiMl,163 
Kimt6,163 
Kmifh,163 
Kuntke,  168 
Kiiiii,163 
Kmpf  er,  478 
KapfenutteL  221 
KnttmTm 

jMihynnif  366 
Uolier,366 
Laiber,  387 
lAinbert,  316 
IiambenL836 
Laink,66 
-         .86 


Landnerr,  338 
LAiidt,336 
Landwehr,  886 
Landwig,  336 
Laiifried,336 
Laos,  336 
Lame,  87 
Iiebiii,387 
Leder,  196 
Lediii9.194 
Leff,  3B7 
liCge,  366 
L^366 
Leine,  274 
Leiter,  196 
Lende,  110 
Lenhard,  87 
Leonliard287 
Lepert,387 
Leppoo,  266 
LmLna,  266 
Leaie,363 
Leanng,  368 
Lethe,  194 
Lette,194 
Leucha,  88 
Lena  87 
Leutnold,  381 
Leutiger,  331 
Leoae,  331 
Lewa]d,87 
Le3rde.l94 
Lieb7266 
liebesoti,  484 
Liebe(266 
Lieber,266 
Llebert,266 
liebetnit.  266 
Liebioh,266 
Liebig,  266 


Linok,  87 

Lind^llO 

Iindhof,496 

Liiiii,174 

Iipbazd,266 

Lippe,  266 

Lii^266 

lip 


J.  866 
LoohiDAim,  447 
Lode,  377 
L6hle,284 
Loth,  377 
Lother,  377 
Lott,377 
Loiter,  377 
Lubbe,266 
L1lbbeek^  266 
Lade,  330 

X   3 


Lttdecking,  380 
Ludol^l 
Ladtmann.  331 
Ladwig,  331 
Luth,330 
Luthardt,331 
Lather,  331 
Lattkaa,  331 
Lata,  331 
Las,  331 

]fftoheiL410 
Maohold,  410 
Mack,  410 
Mftd3)en,341 
Madel,361 
Mader,  342 
Madioke,341 
Madler,  361 
MAdler,  361 
Mager,410 
1^178 
Mahr,368 
Maldt,  180 
MaUe,  178 
Mandt.434 
Manecke,  68 
Manfried,  68 


MaDbaxdt,68 
68 


.68 
Manneck,  68 
Maimel,68 
Manneii,  68 
Mannikiii,  68 
lfaiis.4S4 
Maieh,80 
Mirell,d68 
Mark,  80 
Mttrker,  80 
MarUoff,  80 
Markwaidt,80 
Mazr,  368 
Martrrt,  268 
Maaob,446 
"-    •      446 


622 


M&ther, ; 
Matticke,  341 
Maorer.  402 
Ma7wald,410 
Meeder.342 
Meer^^ 
Meerbott,  300 
Meerwein,  369 
Mehiie,410 
Mehrle,  968 
Mehrwald,  860 


60S 


INDBX  OF  GKRMAM   NAMES. 


Meiiier,  410 

MatterldB,  296 

Octel,817 

Mdnart,  410 
Meiid6.434 

Mikti,237 
MfitMU,237 

Qrteln,2l7 
QriHeb.a8 

lI«nM,434 

Nide]in,206 

Ort,dQ8 

MflniMl,4S4 

Naaell,266 

Ostermann,  303 

lf«niel,434 

NMUer,266 

Oetenneier,  9(0 

Me«er,  622 

Na«el,220 

N^CfflO 
Niiiiiig,239 

Orten»ih,dQB 
Oetariag,  308 
Ostmaim,  302 

Mette,341 

Neii]ie,239 

Ott,381 

Metto.da 

N■lll^239 

Meje,4iO 

PMike,  172 

Nath,275 
Neb3,161 

PadeU166 

Mielfloke,  179 

Pahl,192 

llielert,180 

Neidl,266 

PiJdLnaa,S41 

Mierake,a68 
Miloh,  179 

Nendel,  239 

PaDaa,  143,  621 

Neime,239 

PanM,235 

Milek^l79 

NeMel,266 

Puitktt,235 
Ripe,291 

M0de,283 

NeMelnth,266 

Meider,266 

Neae,420 

Millflr,  180 
Mirieh,d68 

PikteK,166 

Mode.  237 
Mod3,237 

Neanth,421 

Neawert,421 

Paihe,  166 

Moder,237 

NSel,151 

P&tfae,166 

Mohl,  178 

Pattke,l66 

Mo]ir,402 

Hohriiud,402 

Mohiiii,402 

Niek,126 

Pltack,378 

Nied,265 
Nieder,  255 

Peek,  222 
Ped^l66 

M51irle,402 

ITiedhttdt.  265 
Nied]iiig,256 
Niemann,  297,  421 

Peel,  219 

M5brmum,403 
Mordt,^ 

Pelegaaid,  269 
PelUbBm,241 

S!:^v 

Penn,  176 
Pennioke,  176 
Peee],m 
Pethke,166 
Potter,  166 
P&nner,234 

Mocvenrott  139 
Momiutem,  139 
Morhof  ,  496 
Moling,  402 

Nit«ert,266 
Nine,  255 

M5rtB,258 

Nonne,439 

Pfaa,101 
Pfeffe^om,467 

Mortaohko,  258 

Noid,300 

Mo«t,238 

Nordmum,  301 

Pieh,177 

Morter,288 

Nordmeyer,  301 
Normenn,  301 
North,  300 

Pick,  177 

Moiihid,  238 
Moth,  237 

Pickel,177 
Piokhaidt»  178 

Mo«»rt»237 

N9tel,240 

Piehl,219 

Mnoke,  406 
MtiokS,  406 

Noth,240 

Pielert,219 

Notter,  240 

Pielke,269 

Maokert,406 
Mudd6r.203 
M&del,237 

Nading,  240 
Natt,240 

Piper,  91 
Pippe,414 

Nataer,240 

Pippert,4a4 

MiigaQ,406 
M^276 
MimSng,276 
Mimdtr276 

Ob6rl]n,76 
Odebreoht,  381 

Planok,392 
Plening,  440 
Pl6ger,215 

Odemenn,  382 

Placker,  215 

Mnnti,276 

Oeffele,  386 

PlQ8ge,214 

MiuhMke,  237 

Oertling.217 
Oeeter,  302 

P<^224 
Pood,  224 

PohI^281 

Maihaid,237 

MiiMleiiv237 
MumT^ 

Off,385 

Math,  237 
Mnthieioh,  237 
Matter,  237 

Oken,524 

PohlmajuL  2ffl. 
Polgar,  28i 
Polte,  241 

INDEX  OF  GEBMAN   NAMES. 


603 


P«lteii,242 
Popel,  421 
Popken,  422 
Popp,  421 
Pose,  408 
Poth,  464 
Pott,  464 
Potthoff,  496 
Preohtel,  370 
Preim,  ^1 
Prain,  186 
Prats,  447 
Paohe,  378 
Pupke,  422 
Puppe,  421 
Patter,  466 
Pttttmum,  466 


Babeii,97 
Babener,  97 
Back,  362 
B&ok,362 
Bade,  347 
Badd,348 
B&del,348 
Bader,  3i8 
Bademann,  348 
Badioke,  347 
Badle£E,  348 
Baffel,187 
Bahazdt,362 
Bahii,ld9 
Baimnnd,  363 
Balfs,363 
BalphB,72 
Bampf,  228 
Band,  228 
Bandolff,  228 
Banke,  230 
Banter.  228 
Bath,  347 
Bathen,348 
Batter,  348 
Batti,347 
Batting,  348 
Bauoh,  263 
Banmer,  374 
Beanmnr,  374 
BecknageL  221 
Bedder347 
Beden,348 
Beder,348 
Bedmann,  348 
Bedmer,  348 
Beede,d47 
Begel,362 
Begenbogen,  137 
Begner,  360 


Beibe,187 
Beiber,  188 
Beioh,343 
Beiohaidt.  343 
Beiohen,  343 
Bdchheim,  343 
Beichmann,  344 
Beifir,187 
Bein,349 
Beincke,  349 
Beiner,  360 
Beinhard,349 
Bemhart,349 
Beinhold,  360 
Beiniger,  349 
Beinmann,  360 
Benoker,  230 
Benter.  228 
Benz,349 
Beyger,  363 
Beyher,  363 
Beyne,  349 
Be7noid^360 
Bhode,  371 
Biohard,  343 
Biek,343 
Bickert,343 
Bickher,  343 
Biokman,  344 
Bidder,  254 
Bieok,  343 
BiedL264 
Biegd,343 
Blekelt,  344 
Biemann,  344 
Biemar,  344 
Biffel,188 
Binok,230 
Binge,  230 
Bingel,230 
Binger,  230 
Bingert.  230 
Bingwald,230 
Bitt,254 
Bitter,  264 
Bobert,  372 
Bocke,263 
Bodde.  371 
Bodeck,  372 
Bddel,3^ 
Bodemann,  373 
Boder,  373 
Bodewig,  373 
Badger,  372 
Boc£ig,372 
Bodnuel,221 
Bodwidd,  373 
Boger,  372 
Boffge,253 
Bohloff,  263 
Bohm,373 
Bdhm.373 
Bo]f,72 


Bol]aBd,373 
Bom,  373 
Bomer,  374 
Rommel,  374 
Bosenblatt,  467 
Boeenbiat,  467 
Boiengarten,  467 
Boaennagen,  467 
Boienkranz,  467 
BoeenBtengeL467 

Bosenitook,  467 
Boeenweber,  467 
Boeenzweig,  467 


Bost,' 
BJMel,448 
Both,  371 
Bothardt,  372 
Bothachild,  227  (note) 
Rott,371 
Biibe,187 
Biicke,  263 
Biicker,  263 
Buckert,  263 
BndeL  372 
Badelo£P,  373 
Buder,  373 
Badolph,  373 
Budon,  372 
Bndrich,  373 
Biihe,263 
Bnmmel,  374 
BundnageL  221 
Buppell,188 
Bnppreoht,  372 
BiiBt,448 
Busting,  448 
Buth,371 
Butte,  371 

Saannann,  230 
Saoh,  in 
Saoh8,200 
Saeke,  171 
Sa«er,171 
Si£l,306 
Sahm,76 
Sahr,  230 
Sallmann,  308 
Saltonann,  443 
Sak,46,  443 
Sancke,  438 
Sand,  430 
Sanden,431 
Sander,  430 
Sandhoff.  431,  496 
Sandt,430 
Sann,  170 
Santer,  430 
Santa,  430 
Baphir.  424 
Sarraiin,  487 


604 


INDKX  OF  OXBMAN  KAlO&a. 


.451 
SftOM,  206 
8ftTeri,424 
Sue,  200 
Boar,  223 

SohMTwdunldt,  462 
8ohAde,191 
8oliaIk,466 
Sohar,  223 
Sehftrf,  366 
SehArpfl,  366 
Sehai,  191 
Beheer.  223 
8ohelek,466 
Soheorbrand,  223 
8ohiok,431 
Sohiexnuuin,  228 
Soliildt.227 
8ehm,d60 
8ohill8r,361 
SohiUing,  360 
Sehinna^  221 
SehlAg«nteiif«l,  488 
Sohlaaoh,  267 
Bohleoh,267 
Bohmedding,  462 
Sohmidlin,  462 
Bohmieder,  461 
Bohmiedeoke,  468 
Bohmiedel,  462 
BohiukQber,  326 
Sohnebern,  326 
8bhiieU,245 
Bohon,380 
Bob5iier,389 
Boh5nwetter,  139 
Sohttpf ,  442 
Bohoppe,  442 
BohQMt,4ff7 
Bohanuann,  223 
Bohurr,  223 
Soliwab«,304 
Bohw&ble,  304 
Sohwaim,  99 
Bohwaneoke,  99 
Sohweppe,  304 
Bohwerdt,  196 
Bohwinge,  412 
Bebert,m 
Bebode,  173 
Beeborg,  322 
Beemann,  322 
Seewald,322 
Behr,  230 
Belke,306 
B6Ue,308 
SeUo,306 
Semm,  75 
Benke,438 
Senne,  170 
Senner,  170 
Senneri.  170 
Seppe,  261 


SflR«,280 
S67dd,431 
Beyer,  173 
Se7frid,173 
Seymer,  173 
Sieher,  173 
SiobOTt,  178 
3i«k,l72 
Siokd,  172 
Sieba,  261 
Siebeoke,  262 
Siebert,  173 
SiebQld,172 
Sieg,  172 
Siegfried,  173 
Sieger,  173 
Siegfaardt,  173 
Siegmaim,  179 
Siegmund,  173 
Siekflu  172 
Sievekiiig,  282 
SigelTlTS 
Bigg,  172 
^e,172 
Siglen,  172 
SiKer,  479 
SUberard,479 
Silbermaim,  4119 
Simirnd,  173 
Sint,466 
Sins,  456 
Sitte,431 
Sob],  138 
Soig,441 
Spaeth,  200 
Spanier,  445 
Sparwaaaer,  508 
3pAi,200 
Spe^207 
Speokmann,  207 
Speer,  206 
Spiel,  434 
Spieler,  434 
Spielmaim,  434 
SpieM,207 
Spohn,445 
Sparing,  206 
3pit>tte,415 
Staoke,  213 
Staokemaim,  213 
Siade,252 
St&helin,  476 
Stahl,476 
Stablmann,  476 
Stang,  214 
Stark,  245 
Stacker,  213 
Steckert,  213 
Steding,  252 
Stedmann,  252 
Stegemaim,  213 
Stetkeoke,  479 
Sterner,  480 


SleiBhart*  480 
Sieinhoff,  486 


Sterk»245 
Sterker,  245 
213 


StiGkel,  214 
Stiebel,4«9 
Stiflgler,  214 
Stobwaaaer,  506 
StoQk,213 
8tdekel,214 
StSekhardt,  SIS 
Stockmann,  21S 
Stolf,469 
StraiuB,  48»  190 
Strait,  171 
Streiter,  171 
Staoke,  213 
Staber,  469 
Stave,  469 
Saokard,267 
Summer,  141 
SandeUn,  301  (iifl*^ 
Sondrehoff,  496 
SiindrehofE,  302 
Siippe,304 
auaman,  267 
S<ias,266 
S7bel,262 

Tkbold,391 
TaokTsgO 
Tade,291 
Taddel,291 
Tag,  390 
Ty«el,390 
Tllger,391 
Tigmann,  391 
Tkmie,311 
Taube,103 
Teiohbo£j496 
Tegen,338 
TSr375 
Temm,364 
Teeamaim,  386 
Tei]fel,488 
Teufelakind,  486 
Teofelakopf,  486 
Thai,  375 
Thaler,  375 
ThaUuAuneKv  379 
Thahnann,  376 
Thalmeier,  376 
Thamm,  364 
Them,  33S 
Theiner,  339 
Theinert.  330 
Theobald,  332 
Thenar,  268 
Thie,457 
Thiedt,332 


UNDKX  OF  OBBMAN  NAMI& 


60fi 


TnianncgL  «nD 
Thisr,  268 
TUm,361 
Thimm,  364 
Thoma,  363 
Thunutfel,  221 
TieoVl06 
Tiede,  332 
Tiedemann,  333 
TLedt,332 
Tieler,  376 
Till,  189 
TUmuuin,  190 
TUo,  189 
Timm,364 
TiMchar,  229 
Tite],332 
Took,  427 
Tode,273 
Todi,273 
Tddtmaim.  273 
Tonne,  129 
Tott,273 
Trappe,  196 
TrMwiiit,242 
Tmab,441 
Traiim,243 
Trantman,  271 
Trayer,  413 
Troche,  195 
Trader,  271 
Trabe,441 
Truger,  196 
Tniinmer,243 
Ttjine,  459 
Tnoh,  427 
Tnoher,  427 
Tu]nmel,364 
Tnrhold,  206 
Tttrk,  487 
Tttte],332 

nUe,105 
Uhr,  83 
Uhihoir,  496 
Ulbriolit,  105 
Ullmann,  106 

Vater,  293 
Veiter,  293 
Vetteriein,  293 
Violet,  468 
Vogel,93 
y^iardt,334 
Yolk,  333 
Yolker,  334 
y  olkmann,  334 

Waoh,362 
Waoker,  362 
WackemageL  221 
Wadi,  412 
Wage,  522 


Wager,  623 

WaEl,298 

Wahler,  298 

Wahleri,296 

Wahlman,298 

Wahlmar,  298 

Waliren,305 

Waloker,  298 

Wald,  344 

Waldmann,  346 

Waldaohmidti  402 

Walke,298 

Wall,298 

WaU6r.298 

WaUiok,298' 

Walther,  345 

WaQde.316 

Wandel,  317 

Wandt,  316 

Wandtke,  316 

Waaniok,394 

Warbnig,  278 

Warlick.278 

Wainedke,306 

Waniergd06 

WarLar 

Warth,277 

Wartinan,  277 

Waas,244 

WasMif  all,  502 

WaMmann,244 

Wedding,  494 

WedelL413 

Wedu3i,494 

Weede,493 

Wege,523 

Wegel,165 

Wegelein.165 

Weger,  523 

Wegenoh,165 

wSde,412 

Wehling,383 

Wehr,  278 

Wehrien,  278 

Wehrmann,  278 

Weidel,493 

Weiger,  165 

Wdh,i64 

Weiher,  165 

WeUert,d83 

WeiUer,  383 

Wein.263 

Wyinbeig,  264 

Weinen,%4 

Weinger,  264 

W^Lutlt,264 

Weinhold,  264 

Weinkopf,  264 

Weinmann,  264 

WeiM,351 

Weiiwald,351 

Weitmann,  494 

Welde,344 


WeldMi,845 
WelTS 
WeUmann,  383 
Welte,344 
Welten,346 
Wend,  316 
Wendel,  317 
Wendeler,  817 
Wendling,  317 
Weniger,  394 
Waning,  394 
Went.  316 
Werok,73 
Worker,  74 
Weme,305 
Werner,  305 
Wemert,  305 
Wenel,244 
Westeimann,  308 
Westphal,  3to 
We7ffold,166 
^^eyland. 


Wil 

Wioh, 

Wiohman,  165 

Wiok,164 

W]akanlt»166 

Widmann,494 

Widmer,  494 

Wiebe,62 

Wiegd,165 

Wi^383 

Wieland,383 

Wiemann,  165 

Wleme^65 

Wieeel,351 

Wiethonu  494 

Wieting,  494 

Wiggele,165 

Wiggert,165 

WiEt447 

Wildt.447 

W]Uieiin,124 

Wilkeim 

WiUberg,123 

Willoomm,297 

Wil]e,123 

Wilier,  124 

Willert,124 

WiUetl24 

Wi]lioh,123 

W]lliei,123 

Willing,  123 

Wmijioh,  123 

Willkomm,  123 

Willmann,  124 

Wilmar.  124 

Will,  123 

Winok,412 

Wind,  316 

Winder,  316 


606 


INDBX  OF  OEBMAN  KAJifiSL 


Wine6k»,263 

Wmhe6r,264 

Wmke,263 

-Wlnne,  263 

Wiiiiiiiig,26S 

Winter,  316 

Wippel,63 

WiaamADLSSl 

Wiih,4dd 

Witte,493 

Witten,4»3 

Witter,  494 


WltthMU,4lM 
-Wittioh,  493 
Wittiinff,  493 
Witiri^496 
Wolil,383 
Wolf.  71 
Wolfer.72 
Wo]l,383 
Wollmer,  884 
Worle,  325 
Wnlf«rk,71 


WfkDMher,  122 
Wum,  108 

ZaiMT.  272 
Zeis,  272 
2SehXe,433 

KillTOttMTt^  433 

Zudc,  2IG7 
Zucker,  268 
Zndcert.  267 


FRENCH   NAMES 
Occurring  in  NoieSf  and  ofmUed  in  (heir  proper  places 


AnquetO,  128 
CfhaateoUiire,  74 
ChMitftiwem,  74 
Gloei,391 


doder,  391 
CloMe.391 
DietMh,229 


Dromond,  243 
FtMier,  313 
I^ener,  313 


PBOrTKD  BT  B.  AND  J.  BTEKi,  67,  XVOLIBH  BIBIBT.