Full text of "The Canadian Nurse Volume 27"

See other formats

^^t^

t**-'

DO NOi TAKE
Qyr QF LIBRARY

THE CANADIAN NURSE

FELLOWS*
Syrup

HYTOPHOoJ-fTEo

ATONY

FELLOWS' SYRUP

ITS FORMULA ITS POSOLOGY

Combines Mineral Foods One to two teaspoonfuis
and Synergistic Agents. after meab.

ITS EFFICACY

Is such that under its influence one observes a rapid
increase of appetite and a marked elevation
of tone.

DEBILITY

FELLOWS MED. MFG. CO., INC.

26 Christopher St. New York, N. Y-

CONVALESCENCE

Samples on fflequest

DEMINERALIZATION

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The official organ of the Canadian Nurses Association, owners, editors and
managers. Published monthly at the National Office, Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion, 511 Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

Editor and Business Manager: JEAN S. WILSON, Reg.N.

Subscriptions $2.00 a year; single copies 20 cents. Combined annual subscrip-
tion with The American Journal of Nursing $4.75. All cheques or money orders to
be made payable to The Canadian Nurse. Changes of address should reach the
office by the 20th of each month. In sending in changes of address, both the
new and old address should be given. News items should be received at the
office by the 12th of each month. Advertising rates and data furnished on
request. All correspondence to be addressed to 511 Boyd Building, Winnipeg,
Man.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A Monthly Journal for the Nurses of Canada
Published by the Canadian Nurses Association

Vol. XXVII. WINNIPEG. MAN.. JANUARY. 1931 No. 1

Registered at Ottawa. Canada, as second-class mattrt.

Entered as second-class matter March 19th. 1905. at the Post Office. Buffalo. N.Y.. under the Act of

Congress. March 3rd, 1897.

Editor and Business Manager: —
JEAN S. WILSON, Reg.N., 511 Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

JANUARY, 1931

CONTENTS PAGE

Three Objectives ------ Florence H. M. Emory 3

The Graduate Nurse's Need for Life Insurance Elizabeth F. Robb 4

A Study op Nursing in England -------- 7

Editorial - - - - - - J.E. B. 8

Sophie Mannerheim -------- Beita Edelfelt 10

Hospital Administration - - - - Sister Mary of the Sacred Heart 13

History of the Thermometer and Its Use - Heber Jamieson, M.D. 15

Typhus Fever Janet L. Br y don 17

Mothercraft Centre Established in Toronto ----- 18

A Leper Colony in Natal ------ Elinor N. Wade 21

Department of Nursing Education:

Correlation in Teaching of Student Nurse - Sister M. A. Chaudn 22

The Old and the New in Nursing - - - Frances E. Welsh 23

Department of Private Duty Nursing:

The Care of the Diabetic Patient - Frederick W. W. Hipwell, M.D. 25

Chart of Organisation of Canadian Nurses Association - - 31

Department of Public Health:

Trends in School Health Supervision - - Barbara E. Ross 32

The Public Health Nurse's Friend — A Clean

Newspaper ------- Margaret E. Kerr 33

News Notes __.--------- 36

Official Directory -----------42

Vol. XXVI 1. JANUARY. 1931 No. I

^{^tH (fPb|prltii?0

Said an astute Canadian financier, "The only advantage of an
objective is to go so far beyond it that it cannot be seen." Imbued
with that spirit and aware that the future growth of the National
Association is conditioned entirely by that of its constituent parts
— the nine Provincial Associations (for it is a federation of those;
--the Executive Committee of the Canadian Nurses Association has
outlined three objectives to ensure purposive and effective effort
throughout the new year.

An Increased Memhership:

It is computed that in Canada there are approximately 18,058
registered nurses and that the membership of the nine Provincial
Associations is 7,736. The majority of the provinces require that
every registered nurse be a member of a Provincial Association.
A minority do not. The difference between the two figures con-
stitutes the potential increase in provincial membership and conse-
quently of the Canadian Nurses Association. Such is the challenge !

A Successful Termination of the Survey of Nursing Education in

Canada •

Manifest are the indications that Canadian nurses are giving
unstinted support to this meritorious project. Fortunately, funds
for its completion are already available. The sustained interest
of every nurse is enlisted in helping to make effective its con-
clusions when published. Difficult as are the detailed mechanics
of such a study, added patience and ingenuity will be needed in
the cultivation of a body of opinion sufficient to bring to fruition
its deductions and recommendations.

A Full-Time Editor for The Canadian Nurse:

Not less Avorthy is the third objective. Many Canadian nurses
are supporting loyally and consistently the official organ of the
Association. Compared with the total number of registered nurses
in Canada the subscription list reflects an unwarranted discrep-
ancy. The surest way to make possible the appointment of a full-
time Editor is through increased support of the present magazine-
more subscriptions: more assistance in securing worthy content.

The Executive Committee of the Canadian Nurses Association
presses the contention that in a multitude of New Year's resolu-
tions should be included those which will lead to the general and
active support of professional interests to the end that such
objectives may be reached and mayhap exceeded.

— Florence H. M. Emory.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The Graduate Nurses' Need for Life Insurance

By ELIZABETH F. ROBB, St. Catharines, Ontario

Of all the professions in which
present-day women are engaged, there
is none more noble, requiring more
unselfish and untiring effort than the
nursing profession. For this reason,
the years of active service in this
calling are fewer in number than in
any other. It is, therefore, not only
wise, but extremely necessary for all
nurses to begin early in their careers
to make some provision for their
years of decreasing energy so that
when they reach the sunset of life
they may not find themselves de-
pendent on friends, or what is worse —
on charity.

With few exceptions, the working
woman of today finds it impossible to
save anything like a sum sufficient to
provide for her declining years, and
this is particularly true of the graduate
nurse because of her precarious and
ever- varying income. Quite often the
most careful savings from a period of
plentiful cases are eaten up when work
is more scarce, but what is more
frequently the case with the majority
of nurses, very little provision is made
in the former period to cover the
urgent needs of the latter.

Many women, nurses and others,
devote the best years of their lives to
the education of younger brothers
and sisters, or possibly to the support
of invalid parents, only to find that
an old age is upon them for which
they are totally unprepared. Of
course those for whom they have
sacrificed themselves are usually grate-
ful, but since the younger children
seldom have anything to spare and
the parents have no means of their
own, they can do little towards
repaying the debt. All the bene-
factor receives is sincere sympathy
and helpful suggestions, but these
don't go very far towards providing
a warm shelter, good food, and the
leisure to which a woman is entitled
at the end of her working days.

Various types of investments appeal
to the woman who has been unable to
provide for her future needs. The
recent stock crash and the ensuing
poverty and distress have proved
that this method of augmenting one's
income is extremely unreliable, to
say the least. Many of our leading
financiers, men with long years of
experience in this line have suffered
loss along with the small investor.
How then can a woman in a profession
which spares so little time as nursing
expect to gain the experience to invest
her income wisely and safely?

When you consider, as we have,
that professional women are unable
to save sufficient for a comfortable
retirement, that investments are liable
to dissipate whatever little may have
been saved, is it any wonder that
95% of this class are dependent on
friends and relatives and even on
charity at the age of 60? All women,
whatever their profession, are alike
in one respect — they look forward
to a time when they will be able to
take life easier, to read the books and
see the plays for which they have had
no time, perhaps to travel, and in
general to stop worrying over others
and be free to spend a little time on
themselves. Members of the nursing
profession can appreciate these little
comforts and indulgences, for they,
of all women, have had to deny
themselves the most.

You ask, "How can a woman
realize her ambition? It appears that
unless she has an independent income
she is doomed to an old age of poverty
and dependency." The answer is
this: "By securing a Life Insurance
pohcy a woman can assure herself of a
certain definite income, starting at the
age 50 or 55, and continuing for the
rest of her life. There is no other
means to that end." Ask your friends
how much they are able to save in a
year. They will tell you, "Sometimes

THE CANADIAN NURSE

$300, sometimes $200, some years
less than that. The thing you can't
help noticing is that the amount
is usually varying and uncertain from
year to year. Unless one has a
definite goal, small sums are usually
wasted, and taken over a period of
time, these small sums grow to very
large sums. A Life Insurance policy
provides the necessary goal, and util-
izes these small amounts along w^ith
other savings to attain it. People who
find it almost impossible to save
anything unassisted have compara-
tively little difficulty in meeting their
Life Insurance payments, and at the
maturity of their policies have amounts
of money which they would never have
had otherwise.

A few weeks ago I was attending a
meeting of one of our local women's
clubs. The chairman introduced the
speaker, a prominent welfare worker
from a large city in the United States.
She told us of her work among her
city's poor and needy, and near the
end of her talk she said, "Now I
have given you an idea of what might
be called the more difficult and un-
pleasant side of my work I should
like to tell you of a little incident
which gave me a great deal of pleasure.
Visits to the blind 9,re part of our
work. I was assigned to call on an
old lady in a fairly good section of the
city. I found her in a cozy, well-
furnished little three-roomed apart-
ment, reading, as the blind do, with
her hands. She was a fragile, delicate
type of woman with a sweet face which
reflected her very joy in living.
She told me of her life, how she had
been a school teacher with a fair
sized income; while still very young
she had been induced to buy an
Endowment policy, which matured
when she was forty. She had in-
vested the proceeds in an Annuity
which became payable in monthly
installments at the age of 50, the
payments guaranteed to last her for
life. Her sight commenced to fail
her when she was about 49, and by
the time she began to receive her
Annuity payments she was totally
blind. I asked her if the loss of her

sight was not a terrible shock to her.
'If it had not been that I had my little
income to keep a roof over my head
and coal in my grate I think I should
have gone mad when I lost my eye-
sight', she said, 'but how can I be
unhappy in this pleasant little home,
knowing as I do, that I shall never
want. I can find no words in which
to express my gratitude to the agent
who sold me my Life Insurance
policy.' "

But the assurance of an income in
those years at the close of her career
is just one of the things a Life In-
surance policy will do for the graduate
nurse. The nature of her work — the
long hours and heavy cases — tend to
break down her health, sometimes so
completely that, while perhaps still
in her youth, she is never able to work
again. A self-supporting woman real-
ises very acutely what total and
permanent disability would mean to
her, and there is no woman who knows
better than the trained nurse the cost
of doctor's bills, drugs, and all those
little extras incident to illness. The
small savings are soon exhausted, and
she is faced with the possibility of
becoming a burden on her relatives,
or a ward of charity. A woman's
inherent pride makes her dread the
thought of dependency, especially a
dependency encumbered with doctor's
bills and possibly undertaker's ex-
penses.

Several years ago I sold a $5,000
Endowment policy to a friend of

mine, a graduate of one of the

hospitals. I had particular difficulty
in getting her to accept the disability
provision, for she had never known a
day's illness, and didn't realise what
a serious illness would mean to her.
However, I finally persuaded her
to do as I wished, and as she signed the
application she laughingly said,
"Whether this disability will ever do
me any good or not, I don't suppose
I will ever miss the little it is costing
me each year for I would throw away
more than that in trifles."

About six months later my friend
was driving on the highway and her car

THE CANADIAN NURSE

was siile-swiped into the ditch. She
miraculously escaped without a scratch
but the shock in some way injured
a nerve so that she has been unable
to walk since. The doctors say she
may recover, how soon, they cannot
tell. When I went to see her shortly
after the accident she greeted me with
a smile. "I can't thank you enough
for having induced me to take out
that disability protection. While the
$50.00 I am receiving from it isn't
such a great deal, along with what I
had saved, it has kept me from a
charity ward in the hospital. I don't
think I could have stood that."

The total disability provision in a
policy specifies that if, before his
sixtieth birthday, the insured should
become so disabled as to be unable to
carry on his profession for three
consecutive months, the company will
pay him a sum each month equal to
1% of the amount of his policy, as
long as he remains disabled. Besides
this, all the premiums falling due on
the policy during this total disability
are paid by the company. Whether
the insured recovers or not, no de-
duction will be made from the amount
of the policy for the payments which
have been made to him.

You need only speak to those who
carry this form of protection to realise
what a load of anxiety it lifts off one's
mind.

Many women are under the im-
pression that since they intend being
married at some time they have no
need for insurance. I was once trying
to sell a policy to a young woman, an
interior decorator by profession. She
hstened rather smilingly for a few
minutes before she asked, "But sup-
posing I cheat the Old Ladies' Home
by getting married instead of by
taking Life Insurance?" Her triumph-
ant look showed that she thought
as we say "she had me there." In
a very few minutes I had her convinced
that the maturity value of a policy
is as useful to a woman after she is
married as if she had remained single.
Too often the death of a husband who
was either under-insured or could

not obtain insurance has left a woman
to her own resources. I reminded
this young woman that after ten or
twenty years of married life she could
no longer expect to obtain the work
or command the salary she formerly
did. The older women's places are
constantly being filled by their younger
sisters.

I also pointed out that the proceeds
of a mother's policy will help provide
a university education for the children
which they may never obtain other-
wise. Too, in many cases a woman's
policy has matured at the turning
point of a husband's career, when
financial assistance was doubly wel-
comed. Rightfully proud is the woman
who has been a factor in her husband's
success.

Occasionally, for one reason or
another, a woman must obtain money
without delay. There is no security
on which a bank is more willing to
loan money than on a Life Insurance
policy.

There are very few who are un-
familiar with one of the chief functions
of Life Insurance — the protection of
one's dependents. We have mentioned
that many professional women are
the sole support of their parents.
What would happen to these de-
pendents should the source of their
support suddenly be cut off? If she
were insured under a Life Insurance
policy for the benefit of these de-
pendents the proceeds of the policy
would immediately be paid over to
the beneficiaries as a continuance of
the daughter's income. We don't
Uke to think of what would happen
to the dependents of a daughter who
neglected to insure herself against
such a contingency. In what better
way can we show our love for those
who have done so much for us than
by providing for them in case we will
not be able to do it personally?

Life Insurance is the greatest all-
round protection society has ever
known. It supplies for the needs of
men, self-supporting women, wives,
widows, children, and dependents.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

There is no substitute for Life In-
surance. Once a woman reali?es what
it will do for her she no longer hesitates
in securing its services. It is the duty
of the older nurses who have ex-
perienced the brevity of the working
life of the members of their profession
to do everything in their power to
start the younger nurses thinking
cf the years to come and of the
necessity of making provision for
them immediately. The working
period of any woman's life is almost
too short to provide a worth-while
superannuation fund, and every wasted
year means a that much smaller fund.
You nurses who are just entering on
your careers, don't let time cheat you
in this way!

Another thing to be borne in mind
is that one's insurability varies with

one's health. A nurse may be an
excellent insurance risk at the present,
and two or three years from now
unable to obtain insurance at all.
Insurance companies are constantly
called upon to pay claims on the lives
of people who just a few weeks or
months previous were considered ex-
cellent risks. Don't pass up your
opportunity. Insure while you can!

If you are alive tomorrow and
uninsurable you will be facing the
dreary possibility of a future without
a definite income. If you are alive
and uninsured twenty years from now
you will in all prol)ability be entering
into the closing years of your life with
financial anxiety or dependency as
your companion, leading the way to
a realm of worry and regret. Don't
let that happen!

A Study of Nursing in England

An interesting announcement has
just appeared in the English press
to the effect that a study of nursing
is being undertaken in that country.
It is a medical journal, viz., The
Lancet, which is providing the initia-
tive in the matter. In the issue of
November 8th this journal made a
brief announcement concerning the
proposed study, and this was followed
a week later with an extremely inter-
esting explanation of the proposed
work. A Commission of Inquiry has
been appointed and the following
names are given as members who have
already consented to act: IMiss R. E.
Darbyshire, ^latron. University Col-
lege Hospital ; Miss L. Clark. ^latron.
Wiiipps Cross Hospital ; Professor
Henry Clay, late Professor of Social
Economies of the University of Man-
chester; Professor F. R. Eraser, Pro-
fessor of Medicine in the University
of London; Dr. Robert Hutchison,

Physician to the London Hospital ;
^Ir. A. Lister Harrison, chairman.
Committee of Management, Metro-
politan Hospital ; Miss M. D. Brock,
headmistress, the Mary Datchelor
Girls' School; Mrs. Oliver Straehey,
chairman. Employments Committee.
London Society for Women's Service;
Miss Edith Thompson, member of
council, Bedford College, University
of London : Sir Squire Sprigge, the
Editor of The Lancet- with Dr. M. II.
Kettle, an assistant editor, as honor-
ary secretary.

Thus we find that studies of nurs-
ing education and nursing service will
now be proceeding simultaneously in
F]ngland, in the United States and in
Canada. Doubtless each will proceed
along characteristic lines and thus a
variety of method and interest will
be brought to bear upon these pro-
fessional problems. All of this should
produce very useful results.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

iEtittorial

eace

The suggestion has been made
through the International Xursing
Review that national nursing jour-
nals should call the attention of their
readers to a disarmament petition
drafted by a small committee of pro-
minent persons in different countries
following the 1929 meeting of the
Women's International League for
Peace and Freedom, held in Prague.

The petition reads as follows :

"The undersigned men and women,
irrespective of party, are convinced:

"That the present policy of arma-
ments renders further wars inevitable;

"That wars will in future be wars
of extermination;

"That the Governments' assurances
of peaceful policy will be valueless so
long as those measures of disarmament
are delayed which should be the first
result of the Pact for the Eenunciation
of War.

"They therefore demand total and
universal disarmament and request
their Government formally to instruct
its delegates to the next Disarmament
Conference to examine all proposals for
disarmament that have been or may be
made, and to take the necessary steps
to achieve disarmament."

It is doubtful if Canadian nurses
will be in complete sympathy with
the terms of this petition, but un-
questionably the ultimate aim of
peace is fervently desired by every
one of them.

There are different methods of ar-
riving at desired results. Two of the
best known of these are legislation
and education. Legislation is some-
thing imposed on people, but educa-
tion leads them to want the desired
object. Legislation may give quick re-
sults, or it may be completely sterile.
Education is a longer but surer pro-
cess. Sir Rabindranoth Tagore, the
great poet and mystic of India,
says "Education will solve world
troubles," and H. G. Wells, in his in-
cisive and dramatic way, declares that

civilisation is a race between educa-
tion and catastrophe. Our job is to de-
termine the basis of an educational
programme which may avert this
catastrophe.

In order to make an educational
[vrogramme for international friendli-
ness really effective, we must begin
with children, for as Plato said,
"that is the time when any impres-
sion which you may wish to communi-
cate is most readily stamped and
taken." And we must make sure of
our methods. Preaching to children
about the need of loving people of
whom they know little or nothing is
apt to be quite futile. But if you can
devise a bond of real comradeship
such, for instance, as there is in
Junior Red Cross, international
friendliness will naturally develop
without any perfervid oratory on its
behalf. In Junior Red Cross there are
common purposes which are carried
into effect in much the same way, no
matter what variations there may be
in race, religion and language. These
purposes — the promotion of health
and the promotion of unselfish service
for others — have a universal signifi-
cance, and judging by the phenomenal
growth of the organisation in its ten
years of existence, they are filling a
universal need.

Children in one country watch with
interest what their Junior comrades
in other countries are doing. Reports
of activities are published in their
national magazines. In order to allow
for expression of this spirit of com-
radeship, the Junior Red Cross,
through its national and international
offices, gives the opportunity to
branches to participate in the scheme
of international correspondence. Last
year in Canada we sent out 245
albums of correspondence to the fol-
lowing countries: Alaska, Argentine,

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Australia. Austria, Belgium, Bul-
garia, China, Czechoslovakia, Den-
mark, Esthonia, Finland, France,
Great Britain, Holland, Hungary,
India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia,
New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Rou-
mania. South Africa, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and the United States,
and we received approximately the
same number in return. Through this
intimate correspondence, children are
learning the ideas, customs and tastes
of the children with whom they cor-
respond more effectively than they
could ever do through the printed
pages of a book. Nations are coming
to mean, not geography lessons with
long lists of exports and imports to
be learned, not theatres of war and
threats of war, but the homes of other
children whom we have almost met
and have begun to understand. As Sir
Phillip Gibbs says in his book, "The
People of Destiny": "The front door
of any little school which has mem-
bership in the Junior Red Cross opens
to the wide world and the spirit of
the school is directly in touch with
the children of many countries."

The members of the medical and
nursing professions have a greater
opportunity and therefore a greater
obligation than others in breaking
down the barriers of antagonism that
divide the nations. The scheme of the
exchange of nurses which is now be-
ing worked out by a committee of The
Canadian Nurses Association ought,
in time, to contribute greatly to in-
ternational understanding and good-
will.

Dr. A. V. Hill, Foulerton Research
Professor of the Royal Society, Lon-
don, England, sums up in the follow-
ing statement the case for the oppor-
tunity shared by the medical and
nursing professions in the great work
of bringing about a state of national
morality which would regard war as
beyond the bounds of decency:

"I believe that the pursuit of know-
ledge, for the welfare of the race, is
one of the greatest agents of good-will
between men in every land. Our
theories may be wrong — which does not
matter much — our observations may
not prove accurate enough — which is
bad — our experiments partial and mis-
leading— which is awful; but the fact
that we have marched side by side in
an honest endeavour to conquer ignor-
ance, that we have sailed the unknown
seas together in search of adventure
and truth, and that we have learned to
understand and love one another not
only as fellow-workers but as fellow-
beings — these things cannot fail to
draw us together and so to minister to
the welfare and comradeship of the
different varieties of men. Such at least
is my firm faith. I see in science and
medicine more hope of co-operation be-
tween the nations than in any other
field of human endeavour."

The means of disseminating good-
will such as we have mentioned will,
in the opinion of the writer, usher in
an era where war between nations
will be an impossibility. But this
method demands patience, faith and
unceasing work on the part of every
one ; it means much greater effort
than the signing of a document.

J. E. B.

Man is an instrument over which a series of external and internal im-
pressions are driven like alternations of an ever-changing wind over an
Aeolian lyre, which move it by their motion to ever-changing melody.

— Shelley in Defence of Poetry,

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Sophie Manner heim

ABSTRACTS FROM A MEMOIR

By BERTHA EDELFELT

Few people of her distinction have
been as unassuming as Sophie Man-
nerheim, though it would be difficult
to find any name more worthy to
appear in the Finnish peerage, if the
word "peer" be taken in its highest
sense of a refinement which is the
product of centuries of cultivation
and long years of inherited culture,
both of mind and body. Her whole
gracious presence, her finely-shaped
head, so proudly set upon her should-
ers, her fine carriage, the soft, clear
tones of her voice, every physical
characteristic was but the outer har-
monious expression of her spiritual
qualities, warmheartedness, courage,
generosity and a noble breadth of
vision — everything, in short, that is
meant by breeding ... St. Martin
won his sainthood by giving half his
cloak to a beggar. Sophie Manner-
heim would have given not only the
whole cloak, but all her worldly pos-
sessions and her throbbing, loving
heart, the peace of her nights and the
calm of her days if anyone were in
need. "When she came upon some
tragie incident in life, she never said,
'•How terrible to see so much dis-
tress," without adding immediately,
"What can be done to help? AVhat
can I do?" And in the same instant
a plan was ready and in the next it
was carried into effect, and very
often help found. Circumstances
brought her into contact with literal-
ly thousands of people of all ranks,
many of whom she came to know
intimately.

Eva Charlotta Lovisa Sofio Man-
nerheim, daughter of Count Carl
Robert Mannerheim and his wife
Helene, nee von Julin, was born on
December 21st, 1863, in Helsingfors,
but spent her childhood on the family

estate Willnas, in the west of Fin-
land . . . AVhen she was 22 Sophie
Mannerheim came back to Finland.
It was at the time when Ibsen and
Kiclland were at the height of their
fame. The old ideas were tottering
and girls belonging to the highest
families in the land were going out
into the world, if not like Nora to
educate themselves, at any rate to
carve out an independent career. It
caused a certain amount of sensation
when Count ]Mannerheim's daughter
took a post first in the Statistical
Department of the Customs Office,
and later as cashier in a large bank.
But emancipation was in the air and
even the older generation admitted
that she had courage and Sophie
Mannerheim soon found a host of ad-
miring friends among her fellow-
workers, while her capability won
for her the unreserved respect of her
chiefs.

When she left the bank she travel-
led abroad with Mrs. Karamsin, wife
of Colonel Karamsin, a relation and
old friend of the family, visiting rela-
tives so far distant as in Portugal
and spending a season in Berlin,
where she found more friends and
other members of the family in diplo-
matic circles, who were delighted to
receive her. She then came home and
married Sir (Kammerherre) H.jalmar
Linder, and went to live on the beau-
tiful old estate of Laxpojo, her new
home. But after a few years, the
marriage was dissolved and the day
in the spring of 1899, when Sophie
Mannerheim entered St. Thomas's
Hospital, London, as a student nurse
was probably the turning point in
her life.

Her extraordinary capacity for
work which could only partly be

THE CANADIAN NURSE

satisfied either in the routine of cash
and figures or in an uneventful coun-
try life, now found full scope . . .
She had at last found the work she
desired, not for money or for her
own sake, but for others, work into
which she could put her whole heart
and soul. Here on every hand were
people who needed her, whose lives
could be brightened by her minister-
ing hands and boundless enthusiasm.
Here was a world of which she had
barely dreamed, stretching out its
arms to her, amply repaying her the
love she poured out upon it. Here
was her place ; she felt she had found
her mission in life.

In 1902 she came home to Finland,
lived for a little while in Borga,
served as a nurse in the Hogsands
sanatorium for scrofulous children in
the summer of 1903, and in 1904,
with much hesitation, became matron
at the Surgical Hospital in Helsing-
fors.

When she started her duties, she
found that compared with St.
Thomas's Hospital, much of the ad-
ministration and organisation was
unsatisfactory and out of date, and
in her eager enthusiasm at once
wanted to institute sweeping re-
forms. She encountered considerable
opposition but was able on most
points to overcome it. The old system
of a one year's course of training for
nurses was gradually extended to a
three years' course with a four
months' preparatory course and a
carefully thought out curriculum for
the practical and theoretical instruc-
tion; night duty was systematically
arranged, more staff was provided in
the wards, the nurses' living condi-
tions were improved, and salaries
and pensions were raised. The long-
cherished hope that it might one day
be possible to organise courses of in-
struction for patients who had to
spend a long time in the hospital,
technical subjects for adults and
school subjects for children, was at
last realised as the result of Sophie
Mannerheim's energy and generosity

(she defrayed the expenses of the
first courses from her own pocket)

Sophie INIannerheim's sphere of ac-
tivity continued to extend like the
ever- broadening, ever - multiplying
circles on the water where a stone
has been cast. It Avas now not the
Surgical Hospital alone, though it
had always a special place in her
heart, that took her time and energy.
There was the students' home and
school of nursing, the convalescent
home and the holiday home for
nurses, the so-called Red Hut, that
she had instituted, and the nurses'
journal "Epione" was published
through her initiative. She had occa-
sionally taken part in congresses in
foreign countries, and as an indirect
result the nurses' association became
a member of the International Coun-
cil of Nurses and sent representatives
to conferences in different parts of
Europe and even to America. Sophie
^lannerheim continued to take part
in these meetings and her name be-
came more and more known, and the
force of her personality was increas-
ingly felt. Out in the world she began
to be regarded as a force to be
reckoned with and an intelligence
that could not be done without. Her
advice was sought everywhere. Her
correspondence covered the whole
civilised world and of late years she
travelled extensively in the interests
of nursing, even visiting the Balkans
and Greece. She was elected Presi-
dent of the International Council of
Nurses for the three year period
1922-1925, and thus became the head
of all the nurses' associations in the
world; at the end of this period the
International Council of Nurses met
in Helsingfors and Sophie Manner-
heim had achieved her end. Finland
Jbecame widely known when the thou-
,sand nurses went back to their re-
spective countries full of admiration
for Finnish culture and the beauty
of a Finnish summer . . .

Sophie Mannerheim had the good
fortune to see the fruits of much of

THE CANADIAN NURSE

her work during her lifetime.
Honours were showered upon her;
she received the Florence Nightin-
gale medal and also Finland's White
Rose. She was President of the Inter-
national Council of Nurses and
Chairman of the Advisory Committee
on Nursing of the League of Red
Cross Societies. She was further
honoured by a request to set up a
school of nursing in Paris entirely
upon her own lines. Unlimited funds
had been promised from America for
this great undertaking which aroused
her deepest interest, but which un-
fortunately was never carried out
because she became seriously ill and
the whole plan had been based ex-
clusively upon confidence in her
ability and personality. It was a
great disappointment to her to be
obliged to refuse and she often
thought regretfully, during her last
illness, of what might have been
done. Here in Finland she was made
an honorary member of General
Mannerheim's League of Child Wel-

fare and a member of the State Child
Welfare Committee.

No other woman in our country
has won such general esteem and
such high honours. But Sophie Man-
nerheim thought little of her own
worth. She knew that much still re-
mained to be done, that the struggle
for her ideals was becoming more
difficult year by year on account of
the changing conditions in the coun-
try after the war. But she was un-
daunted, she had more than enough
moral courage and was ever ready
to fling herself into the breach in
ease of need. She knew no fear.

She had many opportunities in her
life of showing that she had this un-
bounded moral courage, the hall-
mark of breeding, and she also show-
ed great physical courage during the
two long and severe illnesses, which
one after the other finally wore away
her strength so that on January 9th,
1928, she bade farewell to the life she
had so much loved, life in the service
of humanity.

Our art of living, when we achieve it, is of so high and fine a quality
precisely because it so largely lies in harmoniously weaving into the texture
elements that we have not ourselves chosen, or that having chosen, we can-
not throw aside. — ^Havelock Ellis.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Hospital Administration

By SISTER MARY of the SACRED HEART. Superintendent, Hotel Dieu Hospital,

Chatham, N.B.

Hospital service today, like medi-
cine, is rapidly becoming a more and
more complicated science, requiring
not only adequate accommodation but
intricate equipment, highly trained
personnel, and more scientific proced-
ures and technique. The administrator
of such an institution is involved in a
business greater than all others, for
human life is the commodity with
which she must deal. I take it for
granted, of course, that the super-
intendent is a nurse, for in almost all
our New Brunswick hospitals the
superintendent is a woman. The bur-
den of administration might well find
a more substantial support on male
shoulders, but it is a question if all
the minor details, so difficult of ac-
complishment, would meet as nice an
adjustment at the hands of a man.

We, who know the inner workings
of the hospital, realise keenly its
manifold difficulties. The problems of
the large hospital differ somewhat
from those of the smaller, but possibly
only in quantity. The elements which
go to make for efficiency differ not
al all. The administration of a hospi-
tal, then, is becoming more and more
difficult as requirements are increas-
ed, and it is on the shoulders of the
superintendent that the burden
weighs heaviest. Practically, the
supervision and management of the
hospital devolve on her. Her duties,
particularly from the standpoint of
supervision, are manifold. Her charge
demands a knowledge of the working
of the entire institution. The pur-
chasing of general supplies and
equipment, and the dispensing of

(A paper read by Sister Kenny at the Annual
Convention of the New Brunswick Hospital Asso-
ciation, held in Moncton on September 30, 1930.)

supplies to the various departments,
come under her care. In addition, she
must be constantly in touch with all
the departments, from the office, deal-
ing with the admission of patients, on
through the various floors, operating
rooms and other departments, acting
always in an advisory capacity, mak-
ing certain that existing regulations
are fulfilled, and that the general pro-
gress and daily routine are up to the
standard requirements. It has been
well said that the most successful
executive is he who can wisely dele-
gate work to others and have it well
done. Doubtless it is a mark of leader-
ship, a quality very essential to this
office. The superintendent must have
the loyal support and perfect co-
operation of all department heads:
the director of nurses, floor and sur-
gical supervisors, pharmicists, dieti-
tians, as well as the entire office staff.
A very effective way of ensuring this
co-operation is the weekly conference
of the nursing staff, at which general
information is given, correspondence
read, and mistakes or omissions tact-
fully set right. These meetings, con-
ducted in a kind, informal manner,
presei-ve a.nd strengthen union among
the different members of the staff.

Care of the physical plant is a mat-
ter of difficult accomplishment due to
the very general problem of hired
help. The strictest economy needs to
be practised in the use of all hospital
property, but where repairs are need-
ed the best economy is to have the
work done at once and by as expert a
workman as it is possible to secure.
Economy may be practised in every
department without in the least de-
gree impairing the general helpful-
ness of the branch of material welfare

THE CANADIAN NURSE

involved. The reputation of many a
hospital has suffered because of a
false economy, and this is nowhere to
be so much deplored as when applied
to the diet and setting up of patients'
trays — a subject that brings up in sad
array too many instances of not heed-
ing the fact that it is indeed the little
things which count.

The methods of handling accounts
should follow precisely the system
employed by any well organised busi-
ness eoncern. The perpetual inven-
tory, the daily check upon expenses
and receipts, and the monthly tabula-
tion of each department's expenses,
are perhaps the basic factors in the
proper and efficient administration of
a hospital. But the welfare of the
hospital is not necessarily widened by
a low per diem cost. A modern hospi-
tal is not only a place where the sick
are treated, but fundamentally a
health centre where all the latest
hygienic, sanitary, medical and surgi-
cal discoveries made the world over
are at once brought to the service of
the community. Such advancements
in science cannot be provided without
therapeutic measures which are auth-
oritatively recommended to the treat-
ment of diseases, the most modern
improved equipment for all the spec-
ial laboratories, and the most modern
labour-saving devices which can be
utilised in hospital work. Such ob-
viously are necessary in the proper
care of the patient if the hospital is
to serve its best interest in the com-
munity.

Thus we see that the cost of taking
care of a patient in such a hospital
will be high. Our endeavour should
be to provide good service, compre-
hensively viewing every department
to eliminate even the slightest useless
expenditure, confident that every pa-
tient, whether free or pay, is being
accorded his indisputable right to
profit by all scientific achievements.
When all is said relative to good
buildings, excellent equipment, care-
ful upkeep, daily and hourly super-
vision, the best of domestic economy
and all that makes for that eternal
vigilance said to be the price of suc-
cess, one thing alone stands out for
the welfare of any institution, and
that is hearty co-operation on the part
of those interested in its welfare.

If it is true that a human being is
valuable in proportion as he proves
himself able and willing to co-operate
with his fellowmen, in no sense is it
more true than in working for the
welfare of such an institution as a
hospital, where ideal conditions be-
come possible only when all engaged
in the service of suffering humanity
admit the need of working shoulder
to shoulder. Let the chief of staff and
the superintendent feel not too im-
portant, nor the orderly or fireman
too unimportant, but let one and all
realise that the material welfare de-
pends largely upon individual respon-
sibility in a given charge. Only by
the practical realisation of these facts
will the hospital be well administered
and its welfare best promoted.

The duty of doing, not great things, but what we can is the very top and
sum of human obligation. — J. F. "Ware.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

History of the Thermometer and Its Use

By HEBER C. JAMIESON, M.D., Professor of the History of Medicine and Associate
Professor of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton

What would happen if a hospital
found itself without a clinical thermo-
meter? How did doctors and nurses
ever get along without it? Who in-
vented this instrument? and when was
it first used clinically? These and
many other questions may enter the
inquiring mind. Answers can be
found for all of them, and they form
a most interesting history of the
thermometer and its use in daily
hospital routine.

The ancient Greeks believed that
the world was made of fire, air, earth
and water. These four elements also
went into the composition of man and
being mixed in varying quantities,
gave different constitutions to in-
dividuals. Into the arteries went the
air or spirits. The blood was red like
fire and contained some of this ele-
ment. The organs such as the liver and
the muscles formed the solid parts
which had a larger portion of earth.

Galen, one of the greatest of early
physicians, taught that there were
three kinds of fever. The first occurred
in the spirits and in this fever the heat
was not offensive on the first applica-
tion of the fingers to the skin, but
conveyed an acid sensation after a
short time.

The second form of fever originated
in the fluids such as the blood, and on
laying the hand on the body it was
first met by a strong and pungent heat,
which seemed as if carried upwards in
the form of a vapour, but was soon
extinguished under the hand if it was
allowed to remain.

In the third class of fever, of which
the hectic is an example, the heat on
the first application of the hand
seemed faint, but soon afterwards
felt acid and pungent.

In medieval days the hand was used
as a thermometer to detect fever and
estimate its height, but not uncom-
monly the foot was employed in
taking the temperature of the baby's
bath.

The first person to recognise the fact
that the human body had a normal and
fairly constant temperature was Sanct-
orius. He devised a thermometer
which was very crude and inaccurate.
In one of his instruments the bulb was
placed in the mouth and a long
S-shaped tube which was divided into
degrees hung down almost to the
waist. The thermometer remained in
place during "ten pulse-beats" and
then the temperature was read.

Sanctorius was so convinced of the
precision of his instrument that he
attempted to estimate the heat given
off by the moon some 200,000 miles
away. One of his thermoscopes, as he
sometimes called them, and its use, he
describes in a letter written in Janu-
ary, 1632:

"I observe there are divers kinds of
thermoscopes and thermometers; what
you tell me does not agree with mine,
which is merely a small round flask
having a very long slender neck. To
make use of it, I put it in the sun, and
sometimes in the hand of a fever
patient, having filled it quite full of
water except the neck; the heat ex-
panding the water makes it ascend by
a greater or less amount according to
the great or httle heat."

Shortly after this, Delane, an Italian,
devised thermometers of glass bulbs
in the form of turtles which could be
applied to the arms and body of a
fever patient. These were filled with
wine or coloured alcohol. This was
considered the ideal substance for this
purpose, but we have Delane remark-
ing: "Some curious people use mercury
in thermometers."

Some of the early thermometers
were graduated or at least roughly
divided into spaces. Delane suggested
that the freezing point of water be
marked "cold" and the boiling point
of butter be marked "hot".

The first really reliable thermometer
was constructed by Fahrenheit about
1700. He found that when he im-
mersed his instrument in water and ice

THE CANADIAN NURSE

the liquid stood at 32°. This he called
the freezing point. His second temper-
ature of importance was 96°. This he
found to be the mouth temperature of
a healthy man. Today we have
adopted the Fahrenheit scale, but
place the human normal temperature
between 98° and 99°. To show how
little was known about the tempera-
ture in fever at the commencement of
the 18th century one has only to read
Fahrenheit's own words:

"If, however, the temperature of a
person suffering from fever or some
other disease is to be taken, another
thermometer must be used having a
scale lengthened to 128 or 132 (iegrees.
Whether these degrees are high enough
for the hottest fevers I have not
examined. I do not think, however,
that the degrees named will ever be
exceeded in any fever."

It took over 100 years for the ther-
mometer to be recognised generally as
of value in fever. Chomel, the fore-
most physician in France, writing in
1834, laid great stress upon temperat-
ure, but believed the hand to be the
only proper instrument to determine
it, and that the thermometer only
gave imperfect ideas of its elevation,
and was unable to give any indications
of its special modifications.

The inaccuracies of the thermometer
and the lack of knowledge of human
temperatures in health and disease
were responsible to a large extent for
its slow adoption by the medical pro-
fession.

Piorry, in 1838, speaks very highly
of it, but records temperatures of 110°
and even 117° Fahr.

The thermometer was the first
instrument of precision made available
to the medical man. The stethoscope
preceded it in medical practice, but
what one man heard might differ from
what another heard in the same case,
and the interpretations might be wide
apart. With the thermometer a result
was obtained that could be measured
and expressed in figures and these were
physically accurate.

Wunderlich, writing in 1868, said
that it was quite enough to have one
accurate thermometer in a hospital.

All temperatures taken with various
instruments had to be corrected.

The directions for taking temperat-
ures as set down by Wunderlich are of
interest. The well-closed axilla is the
place of choice for this purpose. He
believed that the mouth was unsuit-
able because the results were uncertain.
And besides, the cool air inspired might
lower the temperature.

Taking temperatures by rectum he
condemned thus: "Taking the temp-
erature in the rectum, so warmly ad-
vocated by many observers, is repul-
sive, can seldom be repeated often
enough to satisfy the exigencies of the
case, may provoke the action of the
bowels, and perhaps produce pre-
judicial chills by the necessary ex-
posure."

He condemns the method of holding
the instrument in the fist, but says
that putting it in the clefts of the
fingers or toes may be used in special
cases.

The thermometer was left in the
axilla from ten to twenty minutes or
longer and when a record was made it
was necessary to note the day of the
month and the time of the day or the
whole of the observations would be
useless.

The German physician, Wunderlich,
would not trust anyone to take
temperatures. Here is what he says:
"Any trustworthy, honest, and intelli-
gent man, with a good sharp sight, or
provided with spectacles if necessary,
can be very quickly taught to take
temperatures with sufficient accuracy."

In the wards of the large hospitals
certain methods were to be followed.
Before the doctor entered, a thermo-
meter was placed in the axilla of every
patient. He would go around quickly
and see that they were properly ad-
justed. After about twenty minutes
the "trustworthy, honest, and intelU-
gent man", perhaps with "spectacles,"
went around and read the temperat-
ures, but being careful not to disturb
the instrument, for the doctor himself
had to confirm his readings. In this
way the temperatures of twenty pa-
tients could be obtained in less than an
hour.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

One reason for reading the thermo-
meters while still in place was due to
the fact that in the type used until
quite recent years there was no special
valve to retain the mercury at its
height until shaken down. In conse-
quence of this the temperature would
have dropped several degrees while the
thermometer was being taken out and
inspected. The instrument was from
five to ten inches long, which facilitated
its examination when in place. In the
early days of medical thermometry
slight variations of temperature were
not thought of great significance,
because of the uncertainty of the
instrument. Today this instrument of
precision gives most accurate readings,
and the records of up-to-date hospitals
are accepted by all as being reasonably
correct.

One wonders with what accuracy
Sairy Gamp, or her bosom friend and
associate nurse, Betsey Prig, would
record temperatures. When Sairy was
taking over night duty from Betsey
during the illness of Martin Chuzzle-

wit, she gave instructions for her night
lunch to the maid:

"If they draws the Brighton Old
Tipper here, I takes that ale at night,
my love; it bein' considered wakeful by
the doctors. And whatever you do,
young woman, don't bring more than
a shilling's-worth of gin-and-water
warm when I rings the bell a second
time."

Is it any wonder that the use of the
thermometer in the hands of any but
well-trained observers fell into disuse?

The revolution in medical skill and
the brilliant work of Florence Night-
ingale advanced hospital practice to a
point where the well-trained, highly-
educated and capable nurse of today,
tripping about the wards taking temp-
eratures with accurate instruments,
records figures which can be relied
upon.

The curious and clumsy toy of the
17th century has become an indis-
pensable scientific instrument in mod-
ern medicine.

Typhus Fever

By JANET L. BRYDON, Hwaiking, Honan, China

Typhus, or famine, fever is known
as a dread disease that visits
soldiers' camps and regions of
famine and poverty. During the last
few years there has been much of it
in the North-Central provinces of
China.

In these provinces, where foreign-
ers have gone to give famine relief,
as a first precautionary measure it
has been advisable to institute on a
large scale some method of disin-
fecting refugees and their clothing.
During the famine of 1920, tempor-
ary huts were erected and arrange-
ments made for each person to be
given a bath, while in another room
their clothing was disinfected and
made ready to be used immediately
after the bath was completed. Glar-
raents of special design and quality

were provided for the workers, lea-
ther being largely used. Where th,ese
garments were not available, tight
bands and coal oil on wrists and
ankles afforded some protection
against the louse.

Instead of infection being carried
by the bite of the louse, it has now
been ascertained that often it is by
the faeces of the crushed louse being
rubbed into the skin by scratching.
The period of incubation is from
four to twelve days. The disease
first manifests itself by debility and
headache, with a temperature rising
on the third day to possibly 103 de-
grees, gradually increasing, some-
times to 106 degrees. The patient
may be delirious or lie in a state of
unconsciousness, with low mutter-
ings, for days. The tongue becomes

THE CANADIAN NURSE

very parched and often cracked. The
skin, too, is dry, and great care is
needed to prevent bedsores. The
urine is scanty, highly coloured, and
retention is very common. Soldiers
and refugees who have not proper
nursing care often suffer very great-
ly from this cause.

The heart must be carefully
watched, death often resulting from
heart failure during the second
week. Nourishing liquid diet is very
important to maintain the strength
of the patient. Convalescence is
usually quite rapid, but rest for
some months afterwards is recom-
mended.

The percentage of Chinese recov-
ering from typhus is much in excess
of that of foreigners in the country.
At one time it was considered very
rare for one from a Western country
to recover. Last year, within a few
months, one small mission in Shensi
lost three of its staff.

With only one outfit of clothing for
the private soldier, a lack of facilities
for cleanliness in their ranks, and the
low standard of living among the
poor of the country, the stamping
out of typhus means a colossal task.
While war and poverty continue to
rank as two of China's greatest
enemies, typhus is bound to persist
as a menace.

Mothercraft Established in Toronto— "Keep Well

Babies WelV

Readers of "The Canadian Nurse"
will be interested to know that a
movement in connection with the
care of infants is well advanced in
Toronto, sponsored by the Hospital
for Sick Children. Throughout the
Province of Ontario and into its
sister Provinces it is hoped the work
will soon extend.

Miss Helen C. Satchell, formerly
assistant to the Matron at the Mother-
craft Centre, Highgate, liOndon, Eng-
land, arrived in Canada in November
to head the projected pioneer centre
in Toronto. She comes with highest
qualifications. A graduate of the
General Hospital, Christ church. New
Zealand, she later engaged in private
nursing in Dunedin. While there she
took complete training in Mother-
craft and for a year thereafter en-
gaged in district work under the
Plunket system. Subsequently she
qualified for her midwifery certificate.

it is believed that there is a distinct
need in Canada for graduate nurses
who are specially trained in the care
of mothers and newly-born infants,
and it is, therefore, proposed to
introduce a post-graduate course for

trained nurses, graduates of any re-
cognised hospital, the course to be an
intensive one, covering a period of
from four months^ and designed to fit
the nurse for this special work, to be
carried on either under governmental
auspices or in the course of private
duty.

Natural feeding will be stressed, for,
tubercular mothers excepted, it has
been proven on the highest authority
that there is no valid reason why
women cannot feed their children
naturally, that is if they receive
proper treatment and instruction.

The right of every child to a fair
start in life is becoming more and
more emphasized, and therefore, the
plan of education in Mothercraft
which in the course of a few weeks
will take effect in Toronto is being
welcomed by all interested in child
welfare.

What the Mothercraft Centre which
the Hospital for Sick Children pro-
poses inaugurating at its Cottage
Hospital at 84 Wellesley Street, To-
ronto, may mean to mothers, more
especially young mothers facing with
trepidation the physical care of their

THE CANAD1A[N1NURSE

babies themselves, is a matter for
interesting and hopeful conjecture.

The Dominion, so forward looking
in many respects in regard to public
welfare, has rather lagged behind in
its consideration in concrete terms of
the problem of infant mortality, in
which New Zealand has made in
these past years such inspired ex-
perimentation : an experimentation

so keenly alive to the advantages
offered by Occidental scientific achieve-
ment, has become interested, and in
Palestine, also, the movement has
taken hold.

It has been stated that the temperate
climate and good conditions generally
prevaihng in New Zealand had much
to do with the success of the move-
ment. It is well known, however,

MOTHERCRAFT CENTRE, TORONTO— FORMEB COTTAGE HOSPITAL
84 Wellesley Stxeet

which has resulted in magnificent
achievement.

Since the work began in New
Zealand twenty-two years ago the
Plunket system has continuously
lowered the infant mortality rate in
producing healthier babies. In the
last eight years the infant mortality
rate has been lowered from 47.4 to
34.10. Her Antipodean neighbour,
Australia, has followed in her foot-
steps. The ]\Iothercraft movement
has spread to South Africa. Japan,

that that country had a climate as
good, if not better, and conditions for
rearing infants were better when the
Plunket Society, as it is familiarly
known, was established, than at the
present time.

"Keep Well Babies WelV
This has been the watchw^ord of the
famed Plunket Society through the
years of its phenomenal growth in the
land of its inception and in the coun-
tries which have since taken it up.
The four words briefly and concisely

THE CANADIAN NURSE

sum up the whole aim and teaching of
the movement, which is now being
launched in Canada — in Toronto,
through the Hospital for Sick Children.

It is very fitting that the great in-
stitution on College Street, and now
also at Thistletown, which has been
the Mecca of medical men and surgeons
from all quarters of the globe, should
give initiation to a system of training
for mothers — and the nurses who will
guide these mothers, which, simplicity
in itself, will nevertheless do a tre-
mendous good in preventing disease
and disability in the rising generations.

From the doUars-and-cents point
of view merely, the plan of mother-
craft teaching, which is now being
worked out, will mean a very appreci-
able saving in the financing of the
country. What it will mean in the
lives and happiness of the children of
the Dominion, and in the lives of their
parents is a matter of far greater
moment.

The plan of Mothercraft which is
about to be put into practical effect,
is not a system completely lifted
from some other country with its own
peculiar conditions. This movement,
while it will adopt the salient features
of a system of preventive work which
has been put into operation in so
many parts of the world already,
will develop along lines which will to
the very greatest degree make it
appropriate to Canada, with her own
problems, social, economic and geo-
graphical.

Many eminent medical men of the
community are whole-heartedly in
sympathy with the movement. The
pitiful and unnecessary waste of human
life due to lack of intelligent care on
the part of parents in the early stages
of life has been all too apparent to
them.

There is an old saying, which, as a
saying may have become a bit old-
fashioned, but the principle of which

is as true today as it ever was: An
ounce of prevention is worth a pound
of cure. Mothercraft teaching has
again proved the validity of the old
saw.

Again and again surgeons and medi-
cal men accompHshing miracles in the
heaUng of bodies broken in health,
have at the same time had reason to
deplore as needless much of the suffer-
ing which they bend their energies to
alleviate.

Now comes this plan of Mothercraft,
so simple in its principles, so essentially
sane, to do its part in the upbuilding
of infant health with all its impUca-
tions.

There are critics of the movement as
there always have been critics of move-
ments, but those who have studied the
work as it has* been carried on else-
where have found that its success has
been phenomenal and so general has
been that success, though the countries
into which the Mothercraft system,
now under consideration, are widely
divergent in custom, tradition, climate,
that it cannot be regarded as mere
chance or accident.

The work is primarily educational
and humanitarian, and from first to
last its proponents stress breast feed-
ing. Artificial modes of living have
made breast feeding seemingly im-
possible oftentimes, but it has been
demonstrated under the present
Mothercraft plan that the difficulties
in the way of the mother taking natural
care of her child, may, to a great de-
gree be overcome.

The Hospital for Sick Children,
through its Wellesley Street centre, will
supply and maintain an organisation
for the giving of instruction. Mothers
of every creed and nationality will be
welcomed. The poorest mother may
come as confidently as the wealthiest,
and the wealthiest as the poorest
mother.

(Editor's Note: — See also "The Canadian Nurse,"
May. 1926.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A Leper Colony in Natal

By ELINOR N. WADE

The chief difference between the
Cottage Hospital of Natal, South
Africa, and those of other countries
is the number of servants we have
waiting on us, but these native ser-
vants are apparently of little assist-
ance, as nurses here seem to work
harder than in other countries where
there is a lesser number of servants.

This particular institution is a
government hospital. That is, it is
administered by the provincial gov-
ernment of Natal and staffed by the
Natal Nursing Service, of which I am
a temporary member. One half of the
hospital is reserved for Europeans
and the other half is for natives. All
patients pay a "just" fee; unless
they come in by order of the magis-
trate as a vagrant. The natives pay
about half the fee charged to Euro-
peans.

One sick little native baby we had
charge of we placed in a wicker cot
and allowed the mother to "special."
The mother slept on the stone floor
at night, using a brick for a pillow.

Native patients on full diet have
their own kind of food — meallies
(corn), rice and stews, in huge
enamel bowls twice a day; but the
very sick patients, such as dysen-
teries, are given fluids the same as
are the Europeans. Native orderlies
are taught to attend to the native
patients under the supervision of the
nurses.

The doctor here is the officer for
the hospital and also for the Leper
Colony thirty miles distant, and he
kindly gave us an opportunity to
visit this location. The Colony covers
several square miles of a beautiful
valley. With the exception of the
manager's house and the dispensary,

in appearance it is much like a huge
tribal location of Zulus. Appearing
among the banana and pineapple
trees are the dome-like huts of the
natives, made of grass and looking
like a large number of beehives
perching on the side of a hill.

Here the lepers live as near as pos-
sible a normal life. Some get well
naturally; others are treated in the
early stages with chalmoogra oil and
recover ; some get worse ; some stay
the same for life; while many de-
velop complications, especially a dis-
ease resembling syphillis. These are
treated with an intravenous injection
of N.A.B. — a successor of Salvarson.
The patients who are able to do so
come to the dispensary for this treat-
ment, which is done by the doctor,
assisted by a native dispenser (not a
leper), and a native girl with slight
leprosy.

The very sick lepers live in a row
of huts near the dispensary, called
the hospital, and it appeared they
are waited on by the less sick lepers.
The white marks are very noticeable
on the dark skins of the Zulus, but
what are even more noticeable are
the lepers with withered limbs from
which the toes and fingers. are gradu-
ally disappearing. Another form of
leprosy noticed was one which caused
the body to shrink in stature and the
face to become bulbous.

But in spite of the disease, and the
fact that those afflicted are not al-
lowed to leave the location, there was
no note of sadness among those
segregated there. They have their
own corn, pineapples and other
fruits, and cows and chickens, and
instead of the gloom one would ex-
pect to meet, they are a contented
and happy group.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

i^parlmrot nf Nuratny iEfturatinn

National Convener of Publication Committee, Nursing Education Section,
Miss ANNIE LAWRIE, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.

Correlation in Teaching the Student Nurse

By SISTER M. A. CHAUVIN, Superintendent of Nurses, General Hospital,

Edmonton, Alberta

Papers have been written and dis-
cussion held on the subject of Correla-
tion in Teaching the Student Nurse.
It is a problem of the greatest im-
portance and one that needs timely
consideration from every angle. The
work of the professional nurse is
practically the same in all the pro-
vinces, and it would seem to be per-
fectly evident that the training which
is to guarantee a certain acceptable
measure of competence should follow
somewhat similar lines, whether the
nurse is trained in Toronto or Vancou-
ver, and whether the training is given
in a small or a large hospital.

The education of pupil nurses thus
constitutes an ever open question be-
cause of its vital importance to the
large as well as the small hospital.
The point never to be lost sight of is
that the patient makes the hospital
necessary in any community, and the
problem of caring for patients is the
first duty of the hospital superinten-
dent. Assigning a student to duty in
a ward does not necessarily guarantee
an education for her in that kind of
work. However, the value of ward ex-
perience to a nurse depends on sev-
eral factors: first, the characteristics
of the service itself; second, the abil-
ity and attitudes of the student ; and
third, the influenoe of those in charge
of the student.

It is a principle of education that
theory is most effective when given
simultaneously with the related prac-
tice. Lectures which come before the
practical work are often forgotten be-

cause they lack the associations and
practical application which that ex-
perience gives. In some schools of
nursing it is impossible to give all the
students their lectures while they are
receiving their practical work in the
wards. Fortunately, however, the ma-
jority of schools today are equipped
to give their theory and practice sim-
ultaneously, thereby helping the stu-
dent nurse to recall points which
might otherwise seem trivial and of
no great importance.

The opportunity to correlate theory
and practice in* ward teaching is
unique. Nurses are familiar with the
technique of nursing and nursing pro-
cedure as previously received in the
demonstration room, but they do not
always recognise the basic principles
underlying it. Application of the prin-
ciples of materia medica to actual
medicine giving, of industrial hy-
giene to lead poisoning, of cardiac
diseases to cardiac nursing, could all
be made at the best psychological
time, namely, when the student is
nursing those patients. Ward clinics
of interesting cases conducted by the
attending physician will give the stu-
dent nurse a broader view and more
scientific understanding, which per-
haps would not be received by theory
alone.

Superintendents, instructors, and
floor supervisors should have special
training : they must be executives and
teachers as well as nurses. Especially
.is^this_necessary on the floors and in
the wards. It is necessary that the

THE CANADIAN NURSE

floor supervisors be able to go into
the ward with the student nurse,
explaining in a concise manner the
practical procedure and giving moral
support in order to overcome the
timidity of one who is perhaps for
the first time giving some special
treatment. The demonstration-room
classes cannot give the confidence
which is needed when the student
nurse is asked to do the same on the
floor or in the wards.

"We are all acquainted with the
medical students who come to our
hospitals to serve an interneship.
When first they are asked to do some
practical work in the wards or assist
in surgery they are at a loss as to
what should be done. They have no
confidence because they have had no
practical experience. In theory they

are good, but what is theory without
practical experience?

During the last few years we have
read much and heard a great deal of
hospital schools of nursing. We have
come to realise that nursing is in a
very special sense a national service,
and that the training of a nurse is a
matter of vital importance, not only
to her hospital and to herself, but to
the country at large. It is not enough
that she should serve the needs of a
single institution or of a limited group
of people. She must be ready to serve
the whole community and to meet the
conditions as she finds them in many
different kinds of communities. The
training that can meet the above de-
mands is the training that should be
standardised and set up for universal
adoption.

The Old and the New in Nursing

By FRANCIS E. WELSH, Supervisor, Isolation Department. Royal Alexandra
Hospital, Edmonton. Alberta

Research, progress and advance-
ment along all lines of education, busi-
ness or labour is the keynote of the
present day, and it is only as we com-
pare the older methods with the new
that we realise wherein lies the value
derived from such progress and what
it means to those of us who reap the
benefits of pioneer endeavour and
foresight. Many methods that were a
menace to both nurse and patient in
the early days of the present century
are now looked upon as improbable
and fantastic except by the indivi-
dual who may have had such an ex-
perience.

It is from the viewpoint of humour
and not of criticism that the following
experiences with nursing problems as
they existed in 1900 are given in this
article with the hope that they may
help some j'oung graduate of 1931 to
more fully appreciate the blessings
one is apt to ignore.

Away back in 1900 a country school
mistress conceived the idea of being
a nurse, and at once with high aspira-
tions and unbounded enthusiasm en-
tered a well-equipped, eighty-bed in-
stitution, modern in detail and well
supplied with evei7i:hing needful ex-
cept nurses and maids. There was an
adequate number of student nurses,
but as the hospital needed funds and
these nurses could bring in a revenue
of $15.00 a week they were sent out
to do special duty in the city or
country, to the detriment of the nurs-
ing service in the wards.

All service room utensils were cop-
per, and one of the first duties as-
signed to a new probationer was to
scour them with bath-brick until they
shone like a mirror, and finger tips
were minus nature's covering. The
probationer or last nurse answered all
call bells and filled all requests,
whether it was for a glass of water,

THE CANADIAN NURSE

jthe changing of a bed, or getting the
patient up for the first time.

Such a thing as a preliminary per-
iod was unknown, nor were any other
classes or lectures given during the
period of training, but student nurses
were told that they must read
''Hampton." It was not unusual to
be awakened at 5 a.m. and told to get
,up at once and have the bathrooms
cleaned before breakfast, as the ward
patients would have to be bathed, etc.,
after that. Without any preliminary
preparation and following a single
verbal instruction a student might be
given the care of a pneumonia case,
as well as a rather serious heart case
and a medley of other cases as well:
but wonderful to relate, nurse and
patients survived! There were no
floor maids, and supper dishes were
never washed until the night nurses
came on duty, who relieved the
"probie" of answering the bells, and
thus she could be spared to do the
dishes.

One morning the floor was un-
usually busy and the night nurse was
told she was to remain and help. She
,was still on duty when word was sent
/or her to get ready at once and go on
a case in the country. No one knew
who would take her place at night
until at 7 o'clock a nurse was told to
report for night duty.

There were neither hours nor half
days given. If you wished to leave the
building in the evening you obtained
permission from the lady superinten-
dent. If you were unable to find her
you stayed at home.

One night a very junior nurse who
Jiad been in training a month was told
to get a comfortable chair and sit by
the bedside of a delirious typhoid
patient "and get all the rest you
can." She had been on duty from 7
a.m. and went on duty next morning
as usual, but after dinner she was
sent to the main kitchen to rest and
peel fruit for preserving.

Another pupil was kept on duty to
special a surgical case continuously
for two days and a night. On the
second night she had two hours off
duty and was relieved at the end of
the third day, but at 10 p.m. she was
^ent out to special a case of pneu-
monia in the city.

Such methods are now obsolete, and
it is difficult to believe they ever exist-
,ed or that anyone would ask for such
.hours of continuous duty, which in
those days resulted in the survival of
the fittest. Today facilities for rest
and recreation have so greatly im-
proved the morale of student nurses
that those of us within whose in-
fluence such conditions lie will exert
every effort to keep the curve on the
upward trend.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

i^partmwt nf l^nmtt iutu Nursing

National Convener of Publication Committee, Private Duty Section.
Miss CLARA BROWN, 153 Bedford Road, Toronto. Ont.

The Care of the Diabetic Patient

By FREDERICK W. W. HIPWELL, M.D., Toronto

The metabolic disturbance known
as. Diabetes Mellitis has not yet be-
come the easily explained malady
that the discovery of insulin promis-
ed. The situation today holds relief
for the diabetic, however, in that he
has a reasonably good outlook on
life, can follow his usual occupations,
eat sufficient food to maintain body
weight, normal activity and even
have some en.ioyment in the inges-
tion of food. If he is a severe or even
a moderately severe sufferer, he must
of course sulDmit to the inconvenience
of one or more doses of insulin daily.
Diabetes Mellitis is a profound dis-
turbance of metabolism, affecting not
only the mechanism by which we
absorb, store and use carbohydrates,
but also those processes whereby we
utilise proteins and fats. Foods in-
gested yield chemically carbohyd-
rate, protein and fat from which we
obtain calories or heat units neces-
sary for life. Of course we also
obtain calories from foods, water,
various minerals, salts and vitamines,
but these are not within the present
discussion.

Digestion of food commences when
it is mixed with saliva. Absorption
of glucose will take place through
the mucous surfaces of the mouth.
Products of digestion — glucose, amino
acid and fatty acid, enter the blood
stream from the intestine through
the thoracic duct and are then dis-

(*Froin the medical service of the Toronto
Western Hospital. Read before Private Dnty
Section of Registered Nurses Association of On-
tario, District No. 5, August, 1930.)

posed throughout the body. Here
insulin becomes a necessity. Through
its action, glucose is stored as gly-
cogen in the liver, heart and muscles
— to be liberated later as fuel for the
various needs of the body.

Should insulin be less than normal,
obviously the normal disposition of
food does not take place. There is an
accumulation of sugar in the blood
and tissues. The liver and other
stores of glycogen rapidly lose their
natural reserve supplies and we have
the wasting of the diabetic explained.
There is a demand for more glycogen
and the result is the symptom —
hunger. We know that body fluids
tend to keep soluble solids in solu-
tion in a constant amount. With the
increase in sugar to be cared for,
there is an added demand for water.
Thus, there is the thirst and excessive
urine. This urine, loaded with sugar
— for after the sugar in the blood
reaches the level of about 160 mgms,
it slops over into the urine — is an
irritant to the delicate genital mucous
membranes and there is pruritus and
even eczema.

Treatment is directed primarily to
counteract the faulty process. Food
is restricted to conserve the patient's
inadequate supply of insulin. But
sufficient food must be given to main-
tain normal body metabolism and
usual activity. So when restriction
of food alone does not avail, insulin
must be given.

Certain food requirements need re-
view. The average proportionate

THE CANADIAN NURSE

adult requires from 25-30 calories per
kilogram of body weight per day. He
also needs f to 1 gram protein per
kilo, per day. Sufficient carbohyd-
rate must be allowed to ensure an
adequate supply of glycogen to the
liver, heart and muscles, and at the
same time ensure proper utilisation
of fat. For the use of fat within the
body is dependent in no small
measure on the utilisation of carbo-
hydrates.

It is quite optional what method
is used in arriving at a diet prescrip-
tion. I allow 80 to 110 gms. of carbo-
hydrates, 1 gm. protein per kilo, per
day and the balance made up from
fat. This serves well and can be
raised or lowered readily on occasion.

The essential problem of nursing
the diabetic patient resolves into
general nursing care, the considera-
tion of foods, insulin, and knowledge
of the unusual occurrences to be
looked for in this particular condi-
tion. I cannot stress too much the
value of skillful nursing care. More
than all else, cheerfulness must be a
watchword. These people are prone
to depression. Infections are more
serious than in others. Cleanliness
and comfort is essential. The skin of
a diabetic is more likely to break
down and add bedsores and burns to
an already difficult problem.

Food intake must be measured in
some fashion. Scales are best but at
least a serious effort should be made
to have the meals of today compar-
able with those of yesterday and to-
morrow, and all tally with the figures
of the diet prescription.

Analysis of all foods can be ob-
tained. Foods of similar analysis, as
much as possible are grouped to-
gether. This makes for easy and
rapid computation. Foods yielding
carboyhdrate are grouped into
cereals, fruits and vegetables. Those
with comparable yields are put into
like classes. Vegetables and fruits
are grouped according to their aver-
age percentage yield of carbohyd-
rate. For convenience the lower

group of vegetables is termed 5 per
cent, though for purposes of calcula-
tion we use them as 3 per cent. — the
average yield of that group. No
vegetable in that group yields more
than 5 per cent, carbohydrate. The
yield of fruits however is higher and
here the amount used for calculation
compares with the terminology. For
example, we speak of lettuce as a 5
per cent, vegetable, while we calcul-
ate it as if it contained 3 gms. carbo-
hydrate in 100 gms. Orange, how-
ever, listed as a 10 per cent, fruit is
calculated to yield 10 grams in 100
grams of fruit, and the peeling- is
not weighed. Analyses are based on
edible portions only. Lean meats do
not vary a great deal. Fish contains
more water, and proportionately less
protein and fat. Of course, if butter
or lard are used in cooking, the fat
content is increased. Fats in diet are
made up to quantity by using butter
and cream.

There is no substitute for a care-
fully calculated and weighed diet.
But we will all admit that there are
occasions when such is not quite
practical. In such eases we must
resort to measurements with common
household utensils. Even in this way,
a fairly accurate diet can be ad-
ministered.

Insulin as stated previously should
be administered when diet regulation
alone is sufficient to enable a patient
to live his normal life and maintain
body weight. Insulin is obtained from
beef and pork sweetbreads. It is pro-
duced in specialised cells of the gland
and is extracted, purified and mar-
keted as a clear fluid in sterilised
containers. It comes ordinarily in
two strengths — either 20 units per
cubic centimetre or 40 units per cubic
centimetre. The former has a blue
label while the latter carries one of
yellow. There is continuously con-
fusion in measuring insulin doses.
Remember that the unit of insulin is
always the same, only in one case
there are 20 while in the other there
are 40 in one cubic centimetre of

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Huid. Certainly we do not confuse
the number of cents in a dollar,
whether it be a paper or silver dollar
with which we deal.

In giving insulin it is of prime im-
portance tliat needles and syringes
are in good condition. It is disturb-
ing to say the least to use a dull
needle on a patient who may find it
necessary to adminster a hypodermic
to himself once or more daily for the
balance of his days. When the piston
of a syringe does not fit tight the
insulin will froth in the barrel and
accurate measurement is difficult.
Alcohol or rubbing alcohol is pre-
ferable to iodine for skin sterilisa-
tion. Syringes and needles should be
boiled. Sterilisation with alcohol is
only permissible under unusual cir-
cumstances such as during travel,
and then the alcohol should be wash-
ed out with sterile water. The cap
of the insulin container should not
be removed, but rather should be
pierced with the needle, and .should
first be wiped off with alcohol.

I like the needle inserted at right
angles to the skin surface. The skin
should be stretched rather than
bunched up. In this way, fewer nerve
endings are injured and there is less
pain. The point of the needle should
be well under the skin but not neces-
sarily into muscle. Massaging is not
necessary after adminstration.

Of the unusual happenings liable
to occur in the diabetic, we have first
diabetic coma or as it is more correct-
ly designated "Keetonic Acidosis."
This condition usually is found in
patients not using in.sulin and comes
as a result of long continued dietetic
upset. An accumulation of poisonous
by-products of fat metabolism is re-
sponsible. But some of the most
severe instances of acidosis occur in
insulin patients— even when carefully
controlled. Food upset, deliberate or
accidental, or infection is responsible.

Acidosis is usually ushered in with
increased thirst, drowsiness, head-
ache, nausea and abdominal pain.
Consciousness is lost gradually. For

some hours the patient can be
wakened. Gradually the state of un-
consciousness supervenes and the pa-
tient breathes deeply and rapidly.
The colour is good. Insulin in plenti-
ful doses is the one means of saving
the life of the patient. From 100-400
units are given within the first
twenty-four hours. Glucose may or
may not be used. If the patient is
much dehydrated it is possible that
.normal saline into the tissues will do
as much good.

Following recovery from uncon-
sciousness, it is more than probable
that there will be no desire for food
— or what desire there is will be
dependent on a persisting nausea.
Mustard paste alternating with an
ice bag on the epigastrium will help.
Bicarbonate of soda well diluted and
in small portions helps a lot. Dry
ginger ale or orange juice may be
given in small amounts frequently,
as much as one to two ounces per
hour. An ounce of orange juice per
hour for twenty-four hours would
give a patient apDroximately seven-
five grams of carbohydrate — a valu-
able contribution to a patient suffer-
ing from acidosis.

The same plan of feeding, adding
weighed or measured quantities of
milk and cereal gruels, can be used
after a general anaesthetic. These
natients all require adequate carbo-
hydrate, from one hundred grams
upward daily. The urine should be
tested at regular intervals and may
serve well as a guide to insulin
dosage.

To test urine, to five c.c. Benedict's
solution add eight drops of urine.
Boil two minutes and no longer. Cool.
A change in colour or even cloudi-
ness denotes sugar. Traces of sug^r
.show as a green cloudiness while
much sugar is indicated by a total
disappearance of the blue colour, the
whole solution becoming a brick red.

In.sulin overdose is productive of
a group of symptoms difficult to
classify because of the variation of
.symptoms. Normally blood sugar

THE CANADIAN NURSE

ranges from eighty to one hundred
and twenty mgms. per one hundred
e.e. blood. The blood sugar after food
may go as high as one hundred and
sixty mgm and still be normal. But
it will fall close to one hundred
mgms again within two or three
hours. Untreated diabetics carry
blood sugars as high as four hundred
or five hundred mgms, though usual-
ly they show about two hundred to
two hundred and sixty mgms. Diet
may bring a blood sugar within nor-
mal range, but diet alone will not
cause a blood sugar to fall below
normal. Insulin, however, has this
l>roperty. Blood sugars fall to various
low levels incident on insulin over-
dose. The overdose may be accidental
— and it is well to note here that an
overdose of ten units is roughly bal-
anced hy the administration of one
hundred and fifty grams of orange
juice. As insulin does not produce
marked lowering of blood sugar in
the first hour, and as orange juice is
quickly absorbed, it is well to give
the corrective about one hour or a
little longer after the insulin has been
adminstered. An overdose may also
occur incident to natural clinical im-
provement. The dose for a given pa-
tient is not by any means constant
and will vary in relation to activity,
general health and infection. Insulin
reaction, or hypoglycaemia may occur
too, as a result of unusual and un-
even absorption of insulin or food.

A warning may be expected. The
ipatient looks worried. He may show
some pallor about the mouth. There
may be slight inco-ordination. The
pulse has a peculiar bounding char-
acteristic though it may be fast or
slow. Even in mild hypoglycaemia
there may be emotional disturbances,
laughing, crying or maudlin talk.
Not infrequently the condition simu-
lates that of alcoholic intoxication. A
less common form is that in which
tingling and numbness of the lips
and tongue or hands or circumscribed
areas of the skin occurs. Typical
epileptiform convulsion may occur.
This is more common in children.

Hypoglycaemia may occur during
slumber. Not always is the patient
awakened by the symptoms. Uncon-
sciousness does occur as a symptom
of hypoglycaemia. It may come on
suddenly without warning or during
sleep. The effect of insulin may even
be carried so far that death will occur.

The treatment is obvious. Orange
juice or a small candy is nearly al-
ways sufficient. But in more pronounc-
ed reactions there may be difficulty in
persuading the patient to drink. Mod-
erate force must be used. Glucose or
corn syrup can be held in the mouth.
Remember that absorption of glucose
takes place through the mucous mem-
branes of the mouth. Where conscious-
ness is lost, glucose held in the mouth
is still a sensible plan of treatment.
Adrenalin chloride 1/2 c.c, 1-1000
should also be given. Adrenalin liber-
ates the stored sugar and will tem-
porarily relieve the upset. But one
must not depend on it alone. Always
follow adrenalin with glucose. In very
severe reactions it may be necessary
to administer glucose intravenously.
Convenient ampules of 50% glucose
are now obtainable.

The penalty for a missed meal may
be a severe reaction in an insulin-
user. So that when a meal is omitted
for any reason, the carbohydrate
value should be made up and given
in some fashion, such as orange juice
or ginger ale.

It would not be fair not to mention
broken needles. If care is taken a bro-
ken needle can always be caught and
v/ithdrawn. Do not bury the needle to
the hilt. If 1/3" is left outside it can
be caught and retrieved. The break is
nearly always at the base of the
needle,

I have tried to review briefly the
subject in such a way that the pro-
bJems will be no longer such. There is
much more to say but time forbids. I
have touched on what I consider es-
sentials in nursing the diabetic, I have
till now left out one very important
point. Always ask questions when you
are not sure. Details of treatment are
not constant. You can only do the

THE CANADIAN NURSE

most for your patient by keeping
closely informed with every feature
of the situation.

Following is a detailed explanation
of diet forms prepared by Miss Edith
Wark:

QUANTITATIVE DIET FORM

For

Prescribed Diet: C.

Date

Cal.

OI.

FOOD

Total
Orams

Carb.

Prot.

Fat.

Breakfast

Dinner

Supper

Corn Flakes 30 gms.

C. 24.3 P. 1.6 F. .4

Shredded Wheat 1

C. 23. P. 3. F. 0.

Rolled Oats, Dry Wt. 30 gms.

C, 20. P. 5. F. 2.

6% Fruit 100 gms.

C. 5. P. 0. F. 0.

10% Fruit 100 gms.
C. 10. p. 0. F. 0.

16% Fruit 100 gms.
C. 15 P. 0. F. 0.

■

6% Vegetables 100 gms.
C. 3. P. 1.5. F. 0.

10% Vegetables 100 gms.
C. 6. P. 1.5. F. 0.

Fish 30 gms.

C. 0. P. 6. F. 0.

Meat, Lean, Ckd. 30 gms.

C, 0. P. 8. F. 3.

Egg, One

C. 0. P. 6. F. 6.

Cheese 30 gms.

C. 0. P. 8. F. 11.

Bacon, 30 gms. Unckd.
C. 0. P. 5. F. 15.

16% Cream 30 gms.

C. 1.3. P-.9. F. 4.7.

32% Cream 30 gms.

C. 1.2. P-.6. F. 9.3.

Milk 30 gms.

C. 1.5. P. 1. F. 1.2.

—

Butter 30 gms.

C. 0. p. 0. F. 25.

Total

Illustrated is the diet form used.
The first column, reading from left
to right, is the list of foods allowed,
with the analysis under each food for
the amount given, e.g. : Cornflakes, 30
grams; yields carbohydrate 24.3
grams, protein 1.6 gram, fat .4 gram.
The next column gives the total num-

ber of grams of each food for the en-
tire day. The analysis of the total
grams is in the next three columns.
To the right are the total grams
divided into breakfast, dinner and
supper. So that to find the allowance
for each meal read down the column
and refer across to the food column.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Reading the breakfast in this diet
we have:

30 grams oatmeal;
100 grams 10 fr fruit;
30 grams bacon ;

1 egg;
90 grams 16% cream;
15 grams butter ;
1 bran muffin.
Fruit and vegetables, as mentioned
previousl3^ are grouped in relation to

their carbohydrate content, as 5%,
10%, 15%. At the bottom of the form
you will find these classifications. The
10% fruit and vegetables have twice
as much carbohydrate as the 5%, the
15% have three times as much as the
5%. So if you wish to have 5% vege-
tables or fruit instead of 10% vege-
tables or fruit as allowed in the diet,
twice as much could be used, and
similarly 2/3 as much of 15%. In the

INSULIN UNITS

Approximate Carbohydrate Content

Vegetables

Non-Nutrients

Fruit

10%

16%

Asparagus

Beets

Green Peas (fresh)

Agar- Agar

Beet Greens

Carrots

Parsnips

Clear Broth

Brussels Sprouts

Green Peas (early June

Bran Wafers

Cabbage

canned)

16%

Diabetic Jelly

Cauliflower

Leeks

Apples

Mineral Oil

Celery

Onions (raw)

Apricots (fresh)

Clear Tea

Cucumbers

Oyster Plant

Bananas (sun-ripened)

Clear Coffee

Dandelion Greens

Pumpkin

Blueberries

Vinegar

Ega: Plant

Squash

Cherries

Salt

Lettuce

String Beans (fresh)

Currants (fresh)

Pepper

Mushrooms

Turnips

Pears

Saccharine

Onions (cooked)

Raspberries

Radishes

10%

Sauerkraut

Cranberries

Spinach

Gooseberries

String Beans (canned)

Lemons

Tomatoes

Muskmelons

\'egetable Marrow

Oranges

Watercress

Pineapple
Peaches

Strawberries

Grapefruit

Watermelon

Rhubarb

Custard C. 4— P. 6.5— F. 6.5

"^h. egg.

5 tablespoons milk
Beat egg slightly, add saccharine, vanilla and milk.
Bake in a slow oven.

Washed Bran
1 cup of ordinary bran to 3 cups of cold water.

(1) Put on stove and bring to boil.

(2) Drain, add fresh water and repeat above 3 times.

(3) Pour into cheesecloth bag or fine strainer.

(4) Put under running water tap and rinse for 3 or
4 hours.

(5) Place in flat pan and dry thoroughly in warm
place.

Brans — No Food Value

3 cups of dry washed bran.

3 tablespoons India gum.

1/^ tablespoon salt.

1 teaspoon cinnamon.

1 teaspoon nutmeg.

1 grain saccharine.

Mix thoroughly, add warm water to make soft
dough. Spread on greased pans. Cut in squares and
put in warm place to dry out.

Bran Muffins — 12 Muffins
3 eggs.

45 grams butter.
1 cup buttermilk.
V^ teaspoon salt.

1 teaspoon baking soda.

2 cups washed bran.

Beat eggs lightly, add melted butter. Add butter-
milk mixed with the soda and beat well. Add bran and
salt. Bake in a moderate oven for about 30 minutes.
Value of 1 muffin. C. 1, P. 2. F. 5.1.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

You are advised to see your physician within one
week of discharge from hospital.

About 4 ounces of 24-hour, urine should be brought
with you on each visit to office.

Colds, any infection, nausea, vomiting, biliousness,
should be reported to your physician immediately.

Insulin Patients

You should use 20-unit (Blue Label) insulin,
unless otherwise specified.

Urine should be tested for sugar frequently.

If insulin supply should fail, reduce diet by one-
third and notify physician.

Should you experience any unusual symptoms,
such as weakness, trembling, sudden perspiration,
which may be due to an overdose of insulin, take
juice of one orange. Repeat orange juice in 10 minutes
if no relief. Report to your physician immediately.

Should an unconscious state occur from overdose
of insulin, commercial glucose or corn syrup should
be forcibly held within the mouth and physician
notified immediately.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

list for dinner, the allowance of vege-
table is 300 grams of 5% vegetable.
In place of that, 150 grams 10%
vegetable may be used, or 100 grams
15% vegetable, or 100 grams 5%
and 100 grams 10% vegetable.

For the allowance of meat, any lean
meat may be used: steaks, chops,
roasts or stews, in which may be part
of the vegetable allowance. If chicken
or fish is used, approximately i/4 more
should be used with 5 grams extra
butter.

A recipe for custard is found on
the reverse side of the form illus-
trated, as is also the recipe for bran
muffins and the method of washing
bran.

The fruit may be fresh, cooked, or
canned without sugar. There are sev-
eral excellent brands of fruit canned
without sugar.

It is quite possible in diabetic diets

t() give considerable variety and still
adhere strictly to the prescribed
amounts. As an illustration the sup-
per may be arranged as a salad with
cold meat, or a small steak or chop
with a scalloped vegetable, using the
water in which the vegetable is cook-
ed, a little flour (by leaving out a
part of the supper fruit allowance) to
thicken it, and washed bran mixed
M^th a small part of the butter allow-
ance to cover; or cheese omelet using
in place of the meat allowance an egg
with 15 grams cheese. There are end-
less ways of making the diet enjoy-
able if one will use a little imagina-
tion and patience. Trays and the food
on the trays should always be ren-
dered as attractive as possible. Make
use of garnishes. A little parsley or
mint, etc., will not count in the diet,
but will count greatly in the general
attractiveness of the meal.

CHART OF ORGANISATION OF THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

The International Council of Nurses

Grand Council

Board of Directors

f Officers, I.C.N.

I Presidents of Affiliated Associations.

I 4 Additional Representatives from each Affiliated

I A.ssociation.

I 1 Representative from each Associate Organisa-

[ tion.

f Officers, I.C.N.

[President of each Affiliated Association.

THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

1 ■

Executive Committee

/Officers, C.N. A.

Chairmen, National Sections.

Presidents, Provincial Associations.

Chairmen, Sections of Provincial Associa-
\ tions.

The
Graduate

Nurses
Association
of British
Columbia

The

Alberta

Association

Registered

Nurses

The

Saskatchewan

Manitoba

Registered

Association

Nurses

Association

Registered

Nurses

Ontario

The

Association
of Registered
Nurses of the

Province of
Quebec

New
Brunswick
Association

Registered

Nurses

The
Registered

Nurses

Association

of Nova

Scotia

Graduate

Nurses

Association

of Prince

Edward

Island

THE CANADIAN NURSE

National Convener of Publication Committee, Public Health Section,

Trends in School Health Supervision

By BARBARA A. ROSS, Reg.N., Supervisor of School Nursing,
Department of Public Health, Toronto

Some school systems have travelled
further along certain lines of health
supervision than have others. Accord-
ingly, what may be considered in this
article as tendencies are accomplished
facts in some health programmes.
However, at this stage of school
health work, no school has yet realised
all its ideals or reached its health goal.

With the recognition that many
children enter school with physical and
personality handicaps, and that the
education of the child begins at or even
before birth, there has commenced a
strong movement to give the child a
square deal by using the opportunities
presented in this early period. Medical
supervision of the expectant mother,
child study and parent education
groups, and the recognition by parents
of their duty to have their child as
physically fit as possible before enter-
ing school, are all hopeful forces in the
promotion of the health of the pre-
school and the school child. The pre-
school years, whether spent entirely
in the home or in part in the nursery
school, are now admitted to be an
integral part of his education.

School health supervision is no
longer a one-man job. Teacher parti-
cipation has been recognised in varying
degrees in most school systems. The
health staff now includes all who come
in contact with the child — the princi-
pal, the class-room teacher, teachers of
special subjects such as household
science or art, the doctor, the public
health nurse, and not least the janitor.
With such a staff, it has been found
advisable in some systems to have one
person, usually known as the director
or supervisor of health education,
responsible for the co-ordination of
interest and effort. This arrangement
acknowledges in effect that health is
not merely a subject to be taught or

to be assigned to one corner of the
curriculum, but it is a force which
should permeate the whole school day.

As it is the classroom teacher who
has the greatest contact with the child
during school hours, she is the logical
person to carry the major responsibility
of the daily task of teaching health
and of helping to establish health
habits and attitudes. The health
teacher j-equires preparation for her
work. Post-graduate courses have
been available for several years to
doctors and nurses. Health teaching
and supervision are being included in
more normal school programmes and
in summer courses for the teacher in
service.

It is desirable for effective teaching
that the health worker should be, as
far as possible, an example of what she
is trying to teach. She should have her
remediable physical defects corrected,
and should endeavour to carry out the
rules of health. The health service
available to the pupils should also be
available to her. She should be en-
couraged to stay off duty for minor
ailments, such as colds, as a pre-
ventive measure.

A health programme to be product-
ive of results must be based on the
needs of the pupils; a mechanical
made-to-order programme cannot suc-
ceed. Here is where the doctor and the
nurse can make a real contribution.
They have valuable information con-
cerning the child, the home and the
community aspect of health promotion
which should be available to the
teacher. Accordingly, in the school
system where there is not a health
education director or supervisor, the
nurse can help the teacher understand
the needs of her pupils and can re-
commend health materials. The nurse
always stands ready to supplement

THE CANADIAN NURSE

the efforts of the teacher in individual
and group instruction.

The school physician also lends
assistance to other departments direct-
ly concerned in the health of the child,
such as the physical education depart-
ment and the special classes. He co-
operates with the private physician in
order to strengthen the bond between
the latter and the family on which
basis most of our corrective programme
ultimately rests. Notification of the
family physician of the results of the
school health examination is a step in
this direction.

The handicapped child is receiving
more attention. Classes for the
mentally subnormal and the physically
handicapped are increasing in number.
Children with less marked defects are
looked after in the regular class when
the teacher and the nurse are respons-
ible for seeing that each is seated
according to his need. In an up-to-
date classroom no longer should one
see a child hampered with defective
vision or hearing sitting in the rear of
the room.

With the axiom in mind that all
learning is reaching and there is no
such thing as passive learning, educa-
tionists try to arrange that pupils may
have as many opportunities as possible
for exercise of health habits, such as
washing hands, drinking water, playing
out of doors and living in well-venti-
lated rooms at a temperature of 65 to
68 degrees Fahrenheit, and that in-

struction may be suitable to the child's
intellectual level, may meet his need
and appeal to his interest. The laws of
learning — mind-set, exercise and satis-
faction—are operative in this field of
health education as well as in other
educational fields.

In the secondary schools, the ado-
lescent needs health supervision and
instruction. What has been said
regarding healthful environment and
a unified programme in the elementary
schools also applies to the secondary
schools. The health co-ordinator
works closely with the heads of those
departments which can make the
richest contribution to the health
education programme. The main
approaches are through the student's
recently awakened scientific and social
interests, and his increased responsi-
bility for personal health habits.

With the recognition of the educa-
bility of adults, and also with the
desire to leave responsibility where it
properly belongs, health educationists
are including the parents in their
health programme. In many school
systems, efforts are made by principal,
teachers, school doctor and nurse to
reach the parents concurrently with
their children. The health programme
is undoubtedly strengthened when the
parents, because they are cognizant of
the health instruction and activities in
the school, are in a position to promote,
then carry-over into the home and into
other life situations.

MISS JOSEPHINE F. KILBURN

Miss Josephine Kilbum, a graduate of the
Toronto General Hospital, 1916, on October
15th, 1930, received the appointment of
Chief Social Worker, Provincial Mental
Hospital, British Columbia, working from
the hospital at Essondale.

Miss Kilburn joined the Division of Nurs-
ing, Department of Public Health, Toronto,
in 1916, and transferred to the Mental
Hygiene Division in 1926.

In September of 1926 she was granted a
travelling fellowship by the Rockefeller
Foundation, and spent six months with the
Social Service Department at the Henry
Phipps Clinic of Johns Hopkins Hospital,
Baltimore. While at Phipps she was under

the personal supervision of Dr. Esther Loring
Richards, Associate Psychiatrist at the
Clinic, and Chief of the Out-Patient Depart-
ment.

Returning to Toronto in April, 1927, Miss
Kilburn continued with the Division of
Mental Hygiene as Psychiatric Children's
Worker, doing a splendid piece of work with
a specially difficult type of child, that is, the
child of normal intelligence who manifests
behaviour problems of every sort.

Miss Kilbum is being sponsored as Chief
Social Worker, Provincial Mental Hospital,
British Columbia, by the Canadian National
Committee for Mental Hygiene.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The Public Health Nurse's Friend— A Clears Newspaper

By MARGARET E. KERR, Department of Nursing, University of British Columbia.

"May I have a clean newspaper
upon which to place my bag?" asks
Miss P. H. Nurse as she comes in to
a home early in the morning. Then
she proceeds to use that piece of
newsprint and several others with
which we supply her in making pads,
bags, rings, etc.

Quite recently the question of the
desirability of using newsprint so
freely in the care of patients was
raised. Was there anything in the
composition of the paper or the ink
used which was liable to be detri-
mental to health? Would we be
justified in substituting heavy brown
wrapping paper instead? How did
the manufacture of these two papers
differ? These and many other ques-
tions came up for discussion, so it
Avas decided to make a brief study
of some of the methods used in pro-
ducing paper.

Newsprint, as made on this con-
tinent, commonly consists of from 70
per cent, to 80 per cent, of raw wood,
ground into pulp by sandstone
wheels, the remaining fibre being sul-
phite pulp, produced by cooking
wood chips in a solution of calcium
bi-sulphite. This acid is formed by
the reaction between sulphur dioxide
and limestone in the presence of
Avater. Both pulps are thoroughly
washed and screened in enormous
quantities of water, and practically
every trace of water soluble material
is removed. A very small amount of
acid remains and gives the finished
product a mild acid reaction. The
dark specks commonly found in
newsprint consist principally of frag-
ments of bark, with an occasional
flake of iron sulphate, produced by
reaction of the acid pulp with iron
piping, etc.

A small amount of rosin sizing,
composed of rosin boiled with a solu-
tion of sodium carbonate, is generally

added, and is firmly affixed to the
fibre by the addition of sulphate of
alumina, a substance very similar to
common alum. The resulting coating
of resinate of alumina is quite inert
and insoluble, but it is usual to em-
})loy an excess of papermaker's alum,
which further increases the acidity of
the product.

During the various processes, and
particularly in warm weather, a bac-
terial growth occurs in the pulp, con-
verting a small part of it into a slimy
matter, which may sometimes be seen
in the paper in the form of trans-
lucent spots, or holes ringed with
brown or grey. This is sometimes
combatted by the addition of small
quantities of liquid chlorine to the
stock, but the bacterial matter is
(|uite harmless.

From one to four ounces of blue
dyestuff per ton of paper is used to
improve the colour, but the usual dye
is non-irritating and non-poisonous
to the skin or to open wounds.

The better grades of heavy kraft
paper (brown wrapping paper) con-
sist almost entirely of a chemical
pulp produced by cooking the wood
in a caustic alkali solution; sodium
hydrate (caustic soda), and sodium
sulphide. The washing process is ex-
ceedingly thorough and a slightly
greater quantity of rosin sizing is
added, with a corresponding amount
of alumina sulphate, which may make
the paper mildly acid. Kraft paper
is much more inert and less subject
to deterioration and chemical altera-
tion than newsprint, but none of the
chemicals employed appear to be
harmful in any way in the concentra-
tion in which they are found in either
variety of paper.

In both kinds, after the sheet is
formed, it is dried by being firmly
pressed against the surfaces of from
thirty to fifty steam heated steel

THE CANADIAN NURSE

cylinders, at a temperature of from
220° to 300° Fahrenheit for a period
of from three-quarters to two and a
half minutes, the heavier kraft paper
requiring the longer time. This kills
the slime bacteria and is probably
equally efficacious in the sterilisation
of the paper against other chance
organisms.

After drying, the paper is wound
into reels, and rewound into smaller
rolls. Any part of the surface may
be touched by the hands of the work-
men, who locate defects by the sense
of touch. In printing, newspapers are
rarely handled, and the ink, a com-
bination of finely divided carbon in
linseed oil, is quite harmless. In the
paper mill, new newsprint is used
daily in lieu of towels and apparent-
ly causes no harm.

Public health organisations in Can-
ada and United States have looked
upon the newspaper as indispensable
equipment in the care of the patient
in the district home. In Europe the
general practice has been to use the
kraft paper. It is purchased in large
rolls by some of the organisations,
and is carried into the home by the
nurse as required. Visitors from
Europe exclaim at the frequency and
imperturbability with which the
nurse on this side of the Atlantic
uses newspapers.

There appears to be no inherent
danger in the use of either kind of
paper, from any of the materials or
chemicals employed in their manu-
facture. The kraft paper is much
stronger and more waterproof. The
real problem lies in the possibility of
bacterial contamination of either or
both forms of paper, more particular-
ly after it enters the home. The
danger from the bacteria on the
paper depends, of course, on the form
present and on the recency of con-
tamination. Apart entirely from the
bacteria present, there is the ever-
present possibility of a dirty paper :
from the grubby hands of the news-
boy— from the verandah or walk
where he has thrown the paper —
from all the members of the house-
hold who have pored over the last
crossword puzzle — from their shoes
as they trampled on the paper that
had been carelessly dropped" on the
floor. Similarly, brown paper that
comes into the home wrapped around
parcels may be soiled or crumpled.

If it is agreed that the use of paper
is a convenience in home care, it
should be possible for any nursing
organisation to purchase rolls of
either kraft paper or new newsprint
with which to supply the patients,
particularly when the paper is to be
used directly in the care of the
patient.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Npujh NntPH

INFORMATION WANTED

"The Canadian Nurse" has received a
request through The Canadian Red Cross
Society from Mr. Francis McGinn, a war
veteran who wishes to locate his two sisters,
Misses Mary and Jean McGinn, graduates
of The Belfast Hospital. The Misses McGinn
served in England and France during the
War. Their brother has not heard from
them since his demobilisation, but under-
stands they came to Canada in 1921.

Anyone able to assist Mr. McGinn is
asked to write to him care of the General
Post Office, Adelaide St. East, Toronto,
Ont-

ALBERTA

Caloary: Miss H. Rach has accepted a
position on the staff of the Coleman Miners'
Hospital, Coleman, and Miss H. Terry on
the staff of the Mental Hospital, Ponoka.
The annual bridge of the Calgary Association
of Graduate Nurses was held in the Col.
Belcher Hospital Recreation Rooms on
November 27th. A most enjoyable time was
had by a large number of nurses and their
friends. The luncheon given by the Alberta
Hospitals Association and Alberta Associa-
tion of Registered Nurses in the Alhambra,
The T. Eaton Company, on November 13th,
was largely attended by representatives
from both associations — out-of-town and
local. The annual meeting was very well
attended and enjoyed.

BRITISH COLUMBIA

General Hospital, Vancouver:. At the
last regular meeting of the Alumnae, the
very serious problem of unemployment
among nurses was again discussed and ways
of improving conditions considered. It was
finally decided to send notices to all nurses
on the registry, that if necessary they may
borrow money for three or four months
at three per cent interest. The sick benefit
fund money on hand is to be used for this
purpose, as it is quite clear there will soon be
more sick nurses if help of some kind is not
available. During the evening Miss Isobel
Mac Vicar was presented with a little finger
ring, as a small token of appreciation of her
efforts in connection with the making of
money for the Sick Benefit Fund. The
Christmas gifts purchased for members of
the alumnae who are ill at present, were on
display and approved by all present. After
several years in Boston, and a trip to the
continent this spring. Miss Cora Tretheway
has returned to her home in Vancouver.
Miss Lillian Weir is another recent visitor in
the city. She is on her way back to San
Francisco after several months in New York.
Miss Mary McPhee has recently taken a
position with the Child Hygiene Department

of the Vancouver Citv Health Department.
Mrs. Briggs (Miss Bunbury, V.G.H.), has
accepted a position on the staff of the Van-
couver General Hospital.

St. Jo.seph's Hospital, Victoria: At the
annual meeting of the Alumnae Association
officers for 1931 were elected. The Honorary
President is S. M. Mildred, Superior; Honor-
ary Vice-President, S. M. Gregory; President,
Miss E. Lewis; First Vice-President, Mrs. E.
Stibbard; Second Vice-President, Mrs. A.
Welch; Treasurer, Miss E. Bird; Recording
Secretary, Miss Doris Grubb; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss H. Cruickshank; Councillors,
Mrs. S. Kenning, Misses M. Patterson, J.
Down, and H. Maegher. Visiting Sick
Committee, Mrs. J. M. Fowler, Mrs. J. N.
Moore, Mrs. B. Ford, Mrs. K. Eraser;
Reporter to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss N.
Martin. A bnrsary of one hundred dollars
was presented to Miss E. Bird, who obtained
second highest standing in the Province in
the recent examinations for registration of
nurses. Plans formulated for the year s work
were discussed, i.e., to assist the Hospital in
its activities; to assist the training school;
that an increase be made in the Scholarship
Fund by the establishment of a Loan Fund.
(Later it was decided that funds be raised to
establish the Loan Fund.)

A bridge party was held in the Nurses
Home on October 15th, when an enjoyable
evening was spent by all. Following the
business meeting, Miss Thornley, supervisor
of the V.O.N, in Victoria gave a very in-
structive talk on the history and administra-
tion of the Order, especially that of the
local Order. The senior nurses were the
guests of the Alumnae at this meeting.

Miss Ursula Whitehead, formerly instructor
of nurses of the Royal Jubilee Hospital, has
accepted a position as matron of the Duncan
Hospital. Graduates on staff duty at
various hospitals are: Gwendolin Carey
(1928), who has just completed a post
graduate course at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester,
Minn., has accepted a position on the staff.
Alice Cumberland (1928), North Vancouver
Hospital; Eleanor Whitehead (1926), General
Hospital, Trail; Dora Pearson (1925), Vernon
Hospital. Vernon; Kathleen Townsend (1927),
Tranquille Sanatorium, Kamloops; Edith
Olsen (1926), Victorian Order of Nurses,
Victoria; Clare Rose (1925), Piiblic Health,
Saanich Health Centre; Irene Wheldon (1927),
Campbell River Hospital; Phyllis Dalziel,
Mary Dell, and Bernice Bittancourt, Cedar
of Lebanon Hospital, Los Angeles, California,
Elsie Fairhurst (1928), General Hospital,
Mabel Anderson (1928), and Ida Ruce (1928),
General Hospital, Chemainus; Florence Sehl
(1918), Matron, General Hospital, Cumber-
land; Jean McEwan (1920), and Bessie M.
Reid (1918), Stanford University Hospital,

THE CANADIAN NURSE

San Francisco; Marion Bellis (1928), St.
Joseph's Hospital, Comox; Irene Dynis
(1928), Emmanuel Hospital, Portland, Ore-
gon; Bessie Bell (1929), St. Mary's Hospital,
New Westminster; Doris Humphries (1929),
Edith O'Brien (1929), and Violet Hemer
(1930), General Hospital, Nanaimo; Dorothy
Giles (1930), Queen Alexandra Solarium,
Cobble Hill; Rose Moran (1930), and Dorothy
Clayton (1930), St. Mary's Hospital, Dawson;
Margaret Service (1927), and MoUie Hardy
(1927), Providence Hospital, Seattle, Wash.;
Nan Smith (1930), General Hospital, Ocean
Falls; Marv O'Hagan (1930), General Hos-
pital, Powell River; Esther Bird (1930), St.
Joseph's Hospital, Victoria; Edith Bryce
(1929), Fort Sanitorium, B.C.

Post Graduate Courses are being taken
by Eunice McDonald and Norah Knox at
The Montreal General Hospital; Kathleen
Townsend, Margaret Stow, Margaret Arm-
strong, and Kathleen Gunn, Hospital for
Sick Children, Toronto; and Gwendohn
Pontifix, University of British Columbia.

MANITOBA

Brandon: At a meeting of the Brandon
Graduate Nurses Association held recently
at the nurses residence of the Mental Hospital,
Dr. T. A. Pincock, Superintendent of the
Hospital, was the speaker of the evening.
Miss C. Lynch, representative president for
the Mental Hospital nurses, introduced Dr.
Pincock, who spoke in a most interesting
manner on medicine in ancient China.
Dr. C. A. Barager, of Edmonton, and Dr.
S. J. S. Peirce, were very welcome guests
during the latter part of the meeting. The
business session of the meeting was presided
over by Miss M. Finlayson, President of
the Association, when the members decided
to donate $25.00 for Christmas cheer in
Brandon. A social half hour was enjoyed
at the conclusion of the meeting.

MisERicoHDiA Hospital, Winnipeg: A
meeting of the Alumnae Association was
held at the Hospital on December 1st, 1930,
when Miss Carruthers, speaker of the evening,
gave an interesting outline of the organisa-
tion of the Manitoba Association of Registered
Nurses. At the conclusion of the meeting,
refreshments were served.

On December 3rd, a dance was held in the
Picardy Salon, when, amidst streamers and
balloons, a large number of nurses and their
friends enjoyed an evening of dancing and
social intercourse.

The Alumnae extends to Miss C. J.
Bodin sincerest sympathy in the death of
her father, which occurred on December 5th.

NEW BRUNSWICK

Fisher Memorial Hospital. Woodstock:
Diplomas were presented to five nurses at
the graduation exercises of the Fisher Mem-
orial Hospital on Friday evening, November
28th, 1930, in the assembly hall of the
Fisher Memorial School. The graduates
were: Catherine Elizabeth Crabb, Jane
Frances Williams, Eva Mae McGrath,

Winnifred Margaret Davies, and Faye
Elizabeth Mersereau. The diplomas were
presented by Mayor G. C. Campbell; Mr.
C. W. Clarke presided. The address to the
Graduating Class was given by Dr. Belyea,
and the Class Prophecy, by Miss J. F.
Williams.

Miss Elsie Tulloch, Matron of the Fisher
Memorial Hospital, attended the November
meeting of the Board of E.xaminers in Saint
John. Miss Helen Melville has resigned from
the staff of the Presque Isle Sanitarium owing
to ill health. Miss Mary Wetmore, who for
the past four weeks has been visiting in
Boston, has returned to her home in Wood-
stock. Miss Grayce Tomms has accepted a
position on the staff of the Edmundston
Private Hospital.

General Public Hospital, Saint John:
Mrs. E. Bassett, of Fairmont, Minn., first
matron of the General Public Hospital, who
helped establish the first training school for
nurses at the hospital in 1888, gave a very
interesting talk on her early experiences in
nursing when she addressed the members
of the Alumnae on October 8th. Mrs.
Ba.ssett and Miss Gertrude Mitchell were
special guests. Mrs. John H. Vaughan,
the President, was in the chair and there
were thirty nurses present. Mrs. Bassett
was a graduate of the Boston City Hospital
Training School, and among other interesting
experiences she told of having at one time
nursed a man who had been a patient of
Florence Nightingale. Miss Sarah Brophy
was the Alumnae's delegate at the annual
meeting of the provincial association of
registered nurses, and she brought back a
very interesting report of that convention.
Following routine business a social hour was
enjoyed.

Saint John Infirmary: The annual
meeting of the Alumnae was held on October
6th with Miss M. Do\\Tiing in the chair.
Miss Vesta Farren gave a report of the
activities of the past year, and the treasurer,
Miss M. Carey, in her financial statement,
showed the Alumnae had a good balance on
hand. Officers for the ensuing year were
elected as follows: President, Miss M.
Downing; Vice-President, Miss N. Jennings;
Secretary, Miss N. Callaghan; Treasurer,
Miss M. Nagle; additional members of the
Executive, Miss Mary Baxter, Miss Mary
Milan and Miss Josephine Kaine.

At the annual graduation of nurses held
on October 8th, in the Y.M.C.A., eight
young women received their diplomas which
were presented by Bishop LeBlanc. The
class was addressed by Rev. Dr. Charles
Boyd, and the class prophecy was given by
Miss Cyrella O'Reilly. "The Infirmary Alum-
nae prize of $10.00 in gold, awarded for
efficiency was won by Miss Kathleen Allison;
the prize given by the medical staff for highest
marks in theory was awarded to Miss M. A.
Keezer.

Saint John: Miss Gladys Crowley
(General Public Hospital), who has been for
some time engaged in private duty nursing,

THE CANADIAN NURSE

has recently joined the staff of the East Saint
John Tubercutosis Hospital.

Miss Bessie Folster (Chipman Memorial
Hospital, 1930) recently joined the night
staff at the East Saint John Tuberculosis
Hospital.

Miss Vera Marr (Victoria Public Hospital,
1927) has resigned her position on the night
staff of the East Saint John Tuberculosis
Hospital. The vacancy has been filled by
Miss Marie Desjardins (Victoria Public
Hospital).

NOVA SCOTIA

Nova Scotia Hospital, Halifax: Eight
nurses graduated from the Nova Scotia
Hospital on the evening of October 30th,
1930. Hon. John Doull presented the di-
plomas and prizes to the graduating class.
The Florence Nightingale Pledge was ad-
ministered by Dr. F. E. Lawlor and Dr. A.
McD. Morton gave an inspiring address to
the graduates. After the exercises a dance
was held in the recreation hall.

ONTARIO

Paid-up subscriptions to "The Canadian
Nurse" for Ontario in December. 1930, were
1,188, five more than in November, 1930.

ApPOI>rTMENTS

General Hospital, Toronto: Miss
Florence Kelsey (1923), has returned to the
staff of the Hospital, in charge of the Meta-
bolic Research Department of the University
at the Burnside Hospital.

Western Hospital, Toronto: Miss
Mary Bird (1927), Supervisor, Probationer's
Ward Work.

District 1

Victoria Hospital, London: Under the
auspices of the Alumnae, the student nurses
and the Isobel Hampton Chapter of the
I.O.D.E., on the afternoon and evening of
November 19th, 1930, a very successful
bazaar was held in the Gartshore Memorial
Residence. In the evening, George Oilman's
Orchestra was in attendance, and dancing
was the special feature of the programme.

The Sarnia General Hospital: The
following officers were elected for 1931.
Honorary President, Miss M. Lee; President,
Miss L. Siegrist; Vice-President. Miss J.
Hodgins; Treasurer, Miss M. Wood; Secretary,
Miss S. Trea; Correspondent to "The
Canadian Nurse", Miss D. Shaw; Flower
Committee, Miss H. Abra, Programme
Committee, Miss A. Silverthome, Miss C.
Medcraft, and Mrs. S. Elrick; Social Com-
mittee, Miss B. MacFarlane and Mrs.
Kennedy. The Alumnae held a tea on
November 12th at the Nurses Residence
in honour of Miss Scott, Superintendent,
who has accepted the position as Superin-
tendent at Kitchener- Waterloo Hospital.
Miss Scott was presented with a travelling
clock. A tea and handkerchief shower was
given for Miss Lumby, Assistant Super-
intendent, by the Alumnae and a number of
outside graduates before leaving for London
where she is taking a Certified Instructor's
Course.

District 4

General Hospital, Hamilton: The
sympathy of the Alumnae is extended to
Mrs. P. 'E. Forrester (Elsie Yetman, 1922),
on the death of her husband, Peter Earl,
which occurred in Detroit, Mich., on October
26th, 1930; and on the death of her brother
Richard G. Yetman, recently of Harbour
Grace, Newfoundland.

Mack Training School, St. Catharines:
The regular monthly meeting of the Mack
Training School Alumnae was held at the
Leonard Nurses Home on November 12th.
After routine business, members of the
Graduate Nurses Association, Alumnae and
pupil nurses enjoyed a most interesting and
instructive address given by Dr. Finlayson,
of the Mental Health Clinic in Hamilton;
Miss Oliver, social worker of the Clinic,
clearly defined that phase of the work being
done by the clinic; Miss Davis, psychologist,
told of the value of this branch in later
adjustments in children. Although the Clinic
was recently started in Hamilton, it is now
extending to Brantford, St. Catharines and
other centres. . A vote of thanks was ex-
tended to the speakers by Miss Johnston
and Miss Ridge.

The regular monthly meeting of the Mack
Training School Alumnae was held at the
Leonard Nurses Home, on December 3rd,
Miss Helen Brown presiding. During the
business session, one hundred dollars was
voted to be used for Christmas Cheer, part
of the money being given to the Local
Council of Women and to Miss Read and
Miss Leofier, public health nurses, to be
distributed where most needed. Following
this session. Rev. M. C. McLean gave a
very interesting and instructive talk on
"Present Social Conditions and probable
future problems resulting from the un-
employment situatoin." A vote of thanks
to Mr. McLean for his enlightening talk was
moved by Miss Moyer, seconded by Mrs.
Ockenden, and carried unanimously.
District 5

The regular meeting of District No. 5,
Registered Nurses Association of Ontario,
was held November 19th, 1930, in the
Physics Building, Toronto, with Miss Ethel
Greenwood in the chair. The advisability
of organising within the district the three
sections, Private Duty, Nursing Education,
and Public Health, was the subject of an
interesting discussion. The need for such
organisation has been felt particularly by
the nurses engaged in private duty work.
It was finally decided to form the Section,
but the details of organisation are to be left
to the Executive Committee. Miss Ethel
Johns was the speaker of the evening. Her
inspiring address will be published in an
early number of "The Canadian Nurse,"
and will give the readers an opportunity, of
sharing the enjoyment experienced by the
fortunate nurses of District No. 5.

Western Hospital, Toronto: A regular
meeting of the Alumnae was held November
11th, 1930, in the Edith Cavell Residence.
Dr. C. Stewart Wright addressed the members

THE CANADIAN NURSE

on the subject of treatment and nursing care
of arthritis. Another life membership was
added to the already fairly large list, Miss
Laura Turton (1910), being the honoured
member. Miss Isabel J. Dalzell (1923), has
been appointed Psychiatric Children's Worker
with the Division of Mental Hygiene of
Toronto, Public Health Department. Miss
Elizabeth Kneeshaw (1910), and Miss Laura
Turton (1910), are both recovering favourably
following operations in Toronto ^A'estern
Hospital. Miss Kathleen Carmichael (1924),
who has been critically ill in Smith Falls
General Hospital is reported slightly im-
proved.

St. John's Hospital, Toronto: The
members of the Alumnae held their annual
meeting, November 19th. Previous to the
meeting the Sisters of St. John the Divine
entertained Miss Mitchell, of North China,
and the Alumnae at a delightful turkey
dinner, after which Miss Mitchell spoke in an
interesting manner about her experiences in
China, and the conditions encountered when
nursing there.

General Hospital, Toronto: Miss
Lorena M. Chute (1921), a member of last
year's class in Hospital Administration and
Teaching, University of Toronto, sailed on
October 3rd for Vellore, India, where she
will have charge of The Vellore Medical
College Hospital. Miss Chute has been a
very sincere worker on the staff of the
Toronto General Hospital since her graduation
and her departure is regretted by all. She
carries with her the best of good wishes for
continued success and happiness in her
work.

QUEBEC

Jeffery Hale's Hospital, Quebec City:
Changes on the staff are as follows: Miss E.
McHarg has replaced Miss A. Ascah as
operating room supervisor. Miss Anderson
(Riverdale Hospital, Toronto) has accepted
the position as instructor, succeeding Mrs. G.
Elliott, who has joined the staff of the
Shawinigan Falls General Hospital. Miss R.
Biden, Dietitian, resigned recently to accept
a position in AVestem Canada. She has been
replaced by Miss Macdiarmid. Miss Lyla
Moore (1927) has succeeded Miss E. McHarg
as night supervisor. Miss Gladys Campbell
(1926) has returned to Quebec after spending
a month in Arvida, Que. The Misses Lunam
and McHarg entertained recently at an
enjoyable shower in honour of Miss Ada
Ascah prior to her marriage.

The Montreal General Hospital: Miss
Strumm has returned from Nova Scotia and
has resumed her duties as first assistant
Montreal General Hospital. Miss H. Dunlop
has taken the position of school nurse at
Elmwood Girls School, Rockcliffe Park,
Ottawa, Ontario. Miss D. MacDermott
(1921), is doing school nursing in Vancouver,
B.C. Miss Edythe Ward (1924), has been
appointed Assistant Superintendent at Bright-
look Hospital, St. Johnsbury, Vermont.
Miss I. L. Parker (1930), is taking a post

graduate course in operating room work
Montreal General Hospital. Miss O'Hara
(1926), has returned from New York where
she has been taking a Post Graduate course
at the Rockefeller Institute, and is now
doing private nursing. The sympathy of the
association is extended to Miss K. Porteous
(1929), on the death of her brother.

The Western Hosptial, Montreal: The
Alumnae gave a dinner on November 18th,
1930, in the Lounge Room of the Nurses'
Home. Dr. Grace Ritchie, of England, gave
a very interesting talk on Citizenship.

Miss Grace Alunro was operated on
recently for tonsillectomj' at the Montreal
General Hospital, Western Division. Miss
H. Chisholm left recent Ij- for Bermuda,
where she will engage in nursing. Miss Hazel
Kerr is doing private duty nursing in France
during the winter months. Miss Beatrice
Jacques is at present nursing in Quebec City.
Miss Tyrrell has returned from her trip to the
Coast. Miss Birch visited the hospitals of
Philadelphia and New York recently.

SASKATCHEWAN

City Hospital, Saskatoon: Miss E. Rat-
cliffe is in charge of the pediatrics department.
Miss Margaret Robb, who has been on the
special nurses staff at St. Mary's Hospital,
Rochester, Minn., for the past year, is now
doing staff duty at San Diego, California.
The November meeting of the Alumnae
took the form of a bridge, when a very
enjoyable evening was spent. Misses Ruth
Taylor and A. Silverthorn were in charge of
the arrangements. The senior class (1931)
were the guests of the Alumnae.

C.A.M.N.S.

Windsor, Ont. : The annual dinner of the
Overseas Nurses Club was held in the Prince
Edward Hotel on November 18th. A repre-
sentative number of nurses was present. The
table was beautifully decorated with scarlet
and white carnations interspersed with which
was the L^nion Jack. A few candles in saucers
reminded the diners of the "good old times"
when meals were served more simply. 'The
following officers were elected: President, Miss
Nellie Gerard; Vice-President, Mrs. Gilbert
Storey (Marion Starr); Secretary-Treasurer,
Mrs. M. R. Graham.

MoxNtreal: The Montreal Unit of the
Overseas Nursing Sisters Association of
Canada held its second Armistice Dinner on
Armistice Night, November 11th, 1930, at
the Queen's Hotel. For various reasons
several of the members were unable to
attend, which is to be regretted, for the party
was a very jolly one, and long to be remem-
bered by all who had the good fortune to be
present. The toast to "Absent Friends" was
proposed in a charming manner by Mrs.
Stuart Ramsey, President of the Overseas
Nursing Sisters Association of Canada. The
guest of honour, Miss E. L. Smellie, Chief
Superintendent of the Victorian Order of
Nurses, gave a most interesting address, the
audience entering into repeated peals of

THE CANADIAN NURSE

laughter at the stories she told. All who know
Miss SmelUe will realise what a very jolly
time she gave the Montreal group.

The silent toast to our "Glorious Dead"
was proposed by Mrs. MacDermot.
"They shall not grow old as we who are left

grow old,
Age shall not weary them, nor the years con-
demn,
At the going dowTi of the sun and in the

morning
We will remember them."

WiNNiPEo: An Armistice Tea was held on
November 11th at the Marlborough Hotel,
Miss McGillivray, President, and Miss K.
McLearn, Social Convener, receiving the
guests. The tea table was presided over by
Mrs. C. W. Davidson, Miss Jean Wilson,
Miss A. Starr, and Miss Polexfen. Those
helping to serve were: Mrs. T. Cavanagh,
Miss J. Barton, Miss E. Parker, and Miss J.
MacDonald.

An Armistice and Memorial Service for the
late Major The Rev. Wm. Robertson was
held in St. Saviour's Church on the evening
of November 16th, conducted by Capt.

Talbot. The lesson was read by officers from
the barracks. Officers and men representing
the garrison of Military District No. 10 were
present, and four nursing sisters in uniform
attended. Capt. Talbot, who had been very
closely associated with Major Robertson
overseas, spoke very feelingly of the great
loss sustained by the community in the
passing of Major Robertson. Before the
close of the service a beautiful baptismal font
was dedicated to the memory of the late
beloved padre.

AN OMISSION

Owing to an oversight when publishing A
Digest of Laws and Regulations Governing
the Registration of Nurses in Canada, in
the December number of the Journal, the
name of the nurse who had prepared the
Digest was omitted. The material was
prepared by Miss E. Francis Upton, Executive
Secretary and Registrar, Association of
Registered Nurses for the Province of
Quebec, as part of a course in Nursing
Legislation given by Miss Upton at the
School for Graduate Nurses, McGill Uni-
versity, Montreal.

BIRTHS, MARRIAGES AND DEATHS

BIRTHS

BARNBY— On November 1st, 1930, at
London, Ont., to Dr. and Mrs. T. L
Barnby (Effie Wilson, Victoria Hospital,
London, Ont.), a daughter.

BRECKENRIDGE— On November 18th,
1930, to Mr. and Mrs. Charles Brecken-
ridge (Eva Archer, Nicholls Hospital,
Peterboro, Ont., 1918), a son.

BULL— On June 24th, 1930, to Mr. and Mrs.
Allan Bull (Belle Cummings, Fisher
Memorial Hospital, 1924), a daughter,
Cora Eileen.

CALVIN— On November 24th, 1930, to Mr.
and Mrs. Calvin (F. Mooers, Toronto
General Hospital, 1924), a son.

CARTWRIGHT— On November 22nd, 1930,
to Mr. and Mrs. R. A. Cartwright (Bertha
Knox, Toronto General Hospital, 1919), a
son.

CRICKARD— On November 28th, 1930, at
Vancouver, to Mr. and Mrs. Frederick
Crickard (Carrie Robson, Vancouver Gen-
eral Hospital), a son.

DIEDRICH— On November 18th, 1930, to
Mr. and Mrs. Diedrich (Winnifred Kent,
Toronto General Hospital, 1919), a son.

FERGUSON— On October 19th, 1930, at
Detroit, Michigan, to Mr. and Mrs. A. Dale
Ferguson (Rosabelle Brooks, Nicholls Hos-
pital, Peterboro, Ont., 1922), a daughter.

FRAYNE— Recently, at Cornwall, Ont., to
Mr. and Mrs. Maurice Frayne (Doris Rand,
Cornwall General Hospital, 1929), a
daughter.

GRAY— On October 17th, 1930, at Victoria,
B.C., to Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Gray
(Winnifred Calvert, St. Joseph's Hospital,
Victoria, 1927), a .son.

HAWKLEY— On November 17th, 1930, at
Montreal, to Mr. and Mrs. Frank Hawkley
(Edith Black, Montreal Western Hospital),
a son.

MARSHALL— On August 1st, 1930, to Mr.
and Mrs. Fleetwood Marshall (Nellie
Anderson, Fisher Memorial Hospital, 1924),
a son, Charles Lister.

MENEILLEY— On July 14th, 1930, at
Peterboro, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. Charles-'
Meneilley (Winnifred Raby, Nicholls Hos-
pital, Peterboro, Ont., 1925), a son.

MORRLSON— On November 1st, 1930, at
Peterboro, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. Geo.
Morrison (Hazel Whitfield, Nicholls Hos-
pital, Peterboro, Ont.), a daughter.

McFALLS— On November Uth, 1930, at
London, Onf, to Mr. and Mrs. Grant
McFalls (Vilma Bilzen, Victoria Hospital,
London, Ont., 1925), of Exeter, a daughter.

McLEOD— On October 20th, 1930, to Mr.
and Mrs. M. McLeod (Jane Burrows,
Regina General Hospital, 1926), a son.

READ— On November 30th, 1930, at Lon-
don, Ont., to Dr. and Mrs. Arthur Read
(Kay Read, Victoria Hospital, London,
Ont., 1924), a son.

ROWE— In October, 1930, at Cornwall, Ont.,
to Mr. and Mrs. Carman Rowe (Freda
Shouldice, Cornwall General Hospital,
1926), a son.

TAYLOR— On August 3rd, 1930, at Saska-
toon, to Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Taylor (Bessie
Johnson, City Hospital, Saskatoon, 1929),
a son, Gerald Hugh.

THOMPSON— Recently, to Mr. and Mrs.
W. J. Thompson (Elvira Handley, St.
Catharines General Hospital, 1928), a
daughter.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

WELLS — In August, 1930, at Quebec,
to Dr. • and Mrs. T. J. Wells (Florence
Hillier, Jeffery Hale's Hospital, Quebec),
a daughter.

MARRIAGES

ANDERSON— WHINBEY — Recently, at
Montreal, Florence Whinbey (Western
Hospital, Montreal) to Roland Anderson.

AYRE— FOLLETT— In June, 1930, at New
York, Eva FoUett (Fisher Memorial Hos-
pital, 1929), to Gordon Ayre.

BARKLEY— MELDRUM — In October,
1930, at Ottawa, Ont., Olive Meldrum
(Cornwall General Hospital, 1925), to Dr.
A. Barkley.

BARTLETT— LUMSDEN— On December
2nd, 1930, at Kamloops, B.C., Helen
Marjorie Lmnsden (Vancouver General
Hospital, 1919), to Rev. Ernest R. Bartlett,
of Ashcroft, B.C.

BENNETT— DETHRIDGE — On October
24th, 1930, at Regina, Sask., Constance
Dethridge (Regina General Hospital, 1930),
to James Earl Bennett, of Wolseley, Sask.

BINET— SILAS— On October 15th. 1930, at
Quebec, May Silas (Jeffery Hale's Hospital,
Quebec, 1930), to Edwin T. Binet. M.D. of
the Magdalen Islands.

BROWNRIGG— WINSOR — On October
26th, 1930, at Montreal, P.Q., Miss E. M.
Winsor (The Montreal General Hospital,
1930), to G. M. Brownrigg.

CARR— McRAE— On November 1st, 1930,
at Barre, Vermont, Mrs. Mabel McRae
(The Montreal General Hospital, 1924), to
Perley M. Carr.

COLLINS— DUNCAN— On June 21st, 1930
at Samia, Ont., Aileen Duncan (Sarnia
General Hospital, 1929), to Earl Collins, of
Sarnia, Ont.

COLLINS— SCOTT— On August 8th, 1930,
at Wingham, Ont., Anne Scott (Samia
General Hospital, 1928), to Robert Collins,
of Samia, Ont.

CUMING— MacLeod— On October 6th,
1930, at Bury, Quebec, Mildred C. R.
MacLeod (Jeffery Hale's Hospital, Quebec,
1927), to Percy Cuming, of Sherbrooke.

DITCHBURN— MACAULEY— On Septem-
ber 2nd, 1930, at Seattle, Wash., Claire
Macauley (St. Joseph's Hospital, Victoria,
1929), to Raymond Ditchbum, Victoria,
B.C.

DOHERTY— KENNEDY— In June, 1930,
at Quebec, Jennie Kennedy (Jeffery Hale's
Hospital, Quebec, 1921), to Charles Do-
herty.

HARRISON— BANKS— On December 2nd,
1930, at Vancouver, Dorothy Banks
(Vancouver General Hospital), to Dr. W.
Elliott Harrison.

HENDRIX— MAYNARD — On October
18th, 1930, at Seattle, Washington, Mar-
garet Catherine (Peggy) Maynard (Van-
couver General Hospital), to James Myron
Hendrix.

HOPTON— DEACON— On November 10th,
1930, at Victoria, B.C., Caroline (Peggy)
Deacon (St. Joseph's Hospital, Victoria,
1928), to Frederick H. Hopton.

JOHNSTON— McMASTER— On September
1st, 1930, at Covina, Cal., Gladys Mc-
Master (Cornwall General Hospital, 1925)
to Robert Burney Johnston.

KENNEDY— WATSON— On July 5th, 1930,
at Samia, Ont., Jeanette Watson (Samia
General Hospital, 1924), to Dr. E. L.
Kennedy, of Sarnia, Ont.

LOYD— RAYNER — On November 5th,
1930, at Unity, Sask., Josephine Rayner
(The City Hospital, Saskatoon, 1929), to
B. Loyd.

McGINIS— GIBBS— In July, 1930, at Vic-
toria, B.C., Helen R. Gibbs (St. Joseph's
Hospital, Victoria, 1929), to Lamont E.
McGinis.

NEWTON— JACKSON — Recently, at
Navan, Ont., Maude Jackson (Comwall
General Hospital, 1928), to William New-
ton.

NORTHRUP— ATKINS— In October, 1930^
Anne Atkins (Vancouver General Hospital'
1924), to Kenneth Le Roi Northmp. '

PAGE— ARGUE— On November 12th, 1930,
Kathleen Argue (Winnipeg General Hos-
pital, recently of the staff of Vancouver
General Hospital), to Ralph Page, of
Fresno, California.

PLUMMER— LAUGHER— On August 25th,
at Pembroke, Ont., Sicily Laugher (Samia
General Hospital, 1924), to Lome Plummer,
of Port Hope, Ont.

SEALE— ASCAH— On September 6th, 1930,
at Quebec, Ada M. Ascah (Jeffery Hale's
Hospital, Quebec, 1926), to Earl Scale, of
Quebec.

THOMPSON— BIGNELL— On October 4th,
1930, at Quebec, Gwendolyn Constance
Bignell (Jeffery Hale's Hospital, Quebec,
1926), to Fred Thompson, of Montreal.

WILSON— LADELL— On November 1st,
1930, at Kamloops, B.C., Margaret Ladell
(St. Joseph's Hospital, Victoria, 1927), to
Earl B. Wilson, of Summerland, B.C.

WILSON— WEBB— On September 3rd, 1930,
Maud Rogers Webb (Toronto General
Hospital, 1914), to Dr. Cleveland Roy
Wilson.

DEATHS

MacKEDDIE— On October 15th, at Quebec,
Margaret MacKeddie (Jeffery Hale's Hos-
pital, Quebec, 1904).

THE CANADIAN NURSE

(©flSrtal itrprtorg

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES
Secretary.. Miss Christiane Reimann, Headquarters: 14 Quai de3 Eaux-Vives, Geneva,

Switzerland.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

Officers

Honorary President Miss M. A. Snively, 50 Maitland Street, Toronto, Ont.

President Miss F. H. M. Emory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

First Vice-President Miss K. W. EUis^ Winnipeg General Hospital, Winnipeg.

Second Vice-President Miss G. M. Bennett, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.

Honorary Secretary Miss Nora Moore, City Hall, Room 309, Toronto, Ont.

Honorary Treasurer. Mi.ss R. M. Simpson, Parliament Bldgs., Regina, Sask.

COXTNCILLOSS

Alberta: 1 Miss Eleanor McPhedran, Central Alberta Ontario: 1 Miss E. Muriel McKee, General Hospital.
Sanatorium. Calgary; 2 Mis.s Edna Anger, General Brantford; 2 Miss Edith Rayside, General Hos-

Hospital, Medicine Hat; 3 Miss B. A. Emerson, 804 pital, Hamilton; 3 Miss Ethel Cryderman, Jackson

Ciric Block, Edmonton. Bldg., Ottawa; 4 Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay

St. S., Hamilton.

BrltUh Columbia: I Miss M. P. Campbell, 118 Prince Edward Island : 1 Mrs. Arthur Allen, Summer-
Vancouver Block. Vancouver; 2 Miss M. F. Gray, ^"■^' 2 Sister Ste. Faustma, Charlottetown Hospital,
Dept. of Nursing, University of British Columbia; Charlottetown; 3 Miss Mona Wilson. Red Cross

3 MiM E. Breeze, 4662 Angus Ave., Vancouver; Headquarters, 59 Grafton Street, Charlottetown;

4 MiM O. V. CotBworth, 1135 12th Ave. W., Van- 4 Miss Millie Gamble, 51 Ambrose Street, Charlotte-
eourer. town.

Quebec: 1 Miss.M. K. Holt, Montreal General Hos-
Manitoba: 1 Mrs. J. F. Morrison, 184 Brock St., pital, Montreal; 2 Miss E. Sharpe, Royal Victoria

Winnipeg; 2 Miss Mildred Reid, General Hospital, Hospital, Montreal; 3 Miss Isabel Manson, School

Winnipeg; 3 Miss Isabell McDiarmid, 363 Langside for Graduate Nurses, McGill University, Montreal;

St. Winnipeg; 4 Mrs. Doyle, 5 Vogel Apartments, 4 Miss Christina Watling, 1480 Chomedy St., Mont-

Winnipeg, real.

.- _ •,,,»•. T n* i.» . 1., . Saskatchewan: 1 Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normal

New Brunswick: 1 Miss A J. MacMaster, Moncton School, Moose Jaw; 2 Miss G. M. Watson, City

Hospi^l, Moncton; 2 Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Hospital, Saskatoon; 3 Miss M. E. Grant, 922 9th

Dieu Hospital Campbellton; 3 Miss H S. Dyke- Ave., Saskatoon; 4 Miss C. M. Munroe, Coronation

?/^V ^^^^^^ Centre, Saint John; 4 Miss Mabel Court, Saskatoon.

McMuIhn, St. Stephen.

ADDITIONAL MEMBERS TO EXECUTIVE

Nova Scotia: 1. Miss Margaret E. MacKenzie, 315 (Chairmen National Sections)

Barrington St., Halifax; 2. Miss Ina May Jones, Nursing Education: Miss G. M. Fairley, Vancouver

Victoria General Hospital, Halifax; 3. Miss Anne General Hospital, Vancouver, B.C.; Public Health:

Slattery, Dalhousie Public Health Clinic, Morris St., Miss M. Moag, 1246 Bishop St., Montreal, P.Q.;

Halifax; 4 Miss Jean Trivett, 71 Coburg Road, Private Duty: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St.

Halifax. South, Hamilton, Ont.

Executive Secretary _ Miss Jean S. Wilfon

National Office, 511, Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

1 — President Provincial Association of NursM. 3— Chairman Public Health Section.

2 — Chairman Nursing Education Section. 4 — Chairman Private Duty Section

NUESINQ EDUCATION SECTION

Chairman: Miss G. M. Fairley, Vancouver General
Hospital, Vancouver; Vice-Chairman: Miss M. F.
Gray, University of British Columbia, Vancouver;
Secretary: Miss E. F Upton, Suite 221, 1396 St.
Catherine St. West, Montreal; Treasurer: Miss M.
Murdoch, General Public Hospital, St. John, N.B.

Councillors. — Alberta: Miss Edna Auger, General
Hospital, Medicine Hat. British Columlsia: Miss
M. F. Gray, University of British Columbia, Van-
couver. Manitoba: Miss Mildred Reid , Winnipeg
General Hospital, Winnipeg. New Brunswick: Miss
Margaret Murdoch, General Public Hospital, St.
John. Nova Scotia: Miss Ina May Jones. Victoria
General Hospital, Halifax. Ontario: Miss Edith
Rayside, General Hospital, Hamilton. Prince Ed-
ward Island: Sister Ste. Faustina, Charlottetown
Hospital, Charlottetown. Quebec: Miss Ethel
Sharpe, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal. Sas-
katchewan: Miss G. M. Watson, City Hospital,
Saskatoon.

Convener of Publications : Miss Annie Laurie, Royal

. Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.

Winnipeg. New Brunswick: Miss Myrtle E. Kay,
21 Austin St., Moncton, N.B. Nova Scotia:
Miss Moya MacDonald, 111 South Park St.,
Halifax, N.S. Ontario: Miss Isabel Macintosh,
353 Bay St., S. Hamilton, Ont. Prince Edward
Island: Miss M. R. Gamble, 51 Ambrose St.,
Charlottetown, P.E.I. Quebec: Miss C. M. Wat-
ling, 1230 Bishop St., Montreal, Que. Saskat-
chewan: Miss C. M. Munro, Coronation Court,
Saskatoon, Sask .
Convener of Publications: Miss Clara Brown, 153
Bedford Road, Toronto, Ont.

PRIVATE DUTY SECTION
Chairman: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St. S.

Hamilton, Ont.; Vice-Chairman: Miss Moya

MacDonald, 111 South Park St., Halifax, N.S.;

Secretary-Treasurer: Miss Mabel St. John, 379

Huron Street, Toronto, Ont.
Councillors. — Alberta :

British Columbia: Miss O. V.
CoUworth, 1135 12th Avenue W., Vancouver, B.C.
Manitoba: Mrs. Doyle, 5 Vogel Apartments,

PUBLIC HEALTH SECTION

Chairman: Miss M. Moag, 1246 Bishop St., Montreal,
Que.; Vice-Chairman: Miss M. Wilkinson, 410
Sherbourne St., Toronto, Ont.; Secretary-Treas-
urer: Miss I. S. Manson, School for Graduate
Nurses, McGill University, Montreal, Que.

Councillors. — Alberta: Miss B. A. Emerson, 604
Civic Blk., Edmonton. British Columbia: Miss
Elibabeth Breeze, 4662 Angus Ave., Vancouver.
Manitoba: Miss Isabell McDiarmid, 363 Langside
Street, Winnipeg, Man. Nova Scotia: Miss
Marjorie Trefry, Dalhousie Public Health Clinic,
Halifax, N.S. New Brunswick: Miss H. S.
Dykeman, Health Centre, 134 Sidney St., St. John.
Ontario: Miss E. Cryderman, Jackson Bldg.,
Ottawa. Prince Edward Island: Miss Mona
Wilson, Red Cross Headquarters, 59 Grafton Street,
Charlottetown. Quebec: Miss I. S. Manson,
McGill University, Montreal Saskatchewan: Miss
M. E. Grant, 922 9th Ave., Saskatoon.

Convener of Publications :

THE CANADIAN NURSE

ALBEBTA ASS'N OF REQISTERED NURSES

President, Miss Eleanor McPhedran, Central
Alberta Sanatorium, near Calgary, Alta.; First Vice-
PrcBident, Miss Ethel Fenwick, University Hospital,
Edmonton, Alta.: Second Vice-President, Miss Sadie
MacDonald, General Hospital, Calgary, Alta.; Regis-
trar and Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Kate S. Brighty,
Parliament Bldgs., Edmonton, Alta.; Nursing Educa-
tion Committee, Miss Edna Auger, General Hospital,
Medicine Hat, Alta.; Public Health Committee, Miss
B A. Emerson, 604 Civic Block, Edmonton, Alta.

GRADUATE NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
BRITISH COLUMBIA

President, Miss M. P. Campbell, R.N., 118 Van-
couver Block, Vancouver; Second Vice-President,
Miss M. Mirfield, R.N., 1180 15th Ave.. W., Van-
couver; Registrar. Miss H. Randal, R.N., 118 Van-
couver Block, Vancouver; Secretary, Miss M. Button,
R.N.. 118 Vancouver Block, Vancouver; Conveners of
Committees: Nursing Education, Miss M. F. Gray,
R N . Dept. of Nursing and Health. University of B.C..
Vancouver; Public Health, Miss E. Breeze, R.N. .4662
Angus Ave.. Vancouver; Private Duty, Miss O. Cots-
worth. R.N., 1135 12th Ave., W., Vancouver; Coun-
cillors. Misses L. Boggs, R.N., M. Ewart, R.N.. M.
Franks. R.N.. L. McAllister, R.N., G. Fairley, R.N.

MANITOBA ASS'N OF REGISTERED NURSES

President, Mrs. J. F. Moriison. 184 Brock St..
Winnipeg; First Vice-President, Miss J. Houston,
Ninette Sanatorium: Second Vice-President. Miss C.
Macleod, General Hospital, Brandon; Third Vice-
President, Miss E. Robertson, Municipal Hospital,
Winnipeg; Recording Secretary, Miss Norah O'-
Shaughnessy, Provincial Health Department, Parlia-
ment Bldgs., Winnipeg; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Annie Beggs, 3f)-A Warton Lodge, Winnipeg; Treasurer,
Miss LaPorte, Miserecordia Hospital, Winnipeg;
Convener of Sections, Nursing Education, Miss Mildred
Raid, Winnipeg General Hospital; Public Health,
Miss Isabel McDiarmid, 363 Langside St., Winnipeg;
Private Dutv, Mrs. Doyle, 5 Vogel Apts., Winnipeg ;
Registrar, ^Iiss A. E. Wells, Provincial Health
Department, Parliament Bldgs., Winnipeg.

NEW BRUNSWICK ASSOCIATION OF
REGISTERED NURSES

President, Miss A. J. MacMaster, Moncton Hospital,
Moncton; First Vice-President, Miss Florence Coleman,
County Hospital, East Saint John; Second Vice-
President, Miss Margaret Murdoch, General Public
Hospital, Saint John; Hon. Secretary, Mrs. W. S.
Jones, Albert, N.B.; Councillors: Saint John, Misses
Sarah E. Brophy, H. S. Dykeman, E. J. Mitchell;
Saint Stephen, Misses Mabel McMullin, Myrtle
Dunbar; Moncton, Misses Marion MacLaren, Myrtle
Kay; Fredericton, Mrs. A. C. Fleming, Miss Kate
Johnson; Bathurst, Miss Edith Stewart; Chatham,
Sister Caroline Kenny; Campbellton, Sister Corinne
Kerr; Conveners of Sections: Nursing Education,
Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Dieu Hospital, Campbellton,
N.B.: Public Health, Miss H. S. Dykeman, Health
Centre, Saint John, N.B.; Private Duty, Miss Mabel
McMullin, St. Stephen, N.B.; By-Laws and Constitu-
tion, Miss Sarah Brophy, Fairville, N.B.; "The Can-
adian Nurse," Miss A. A. Burn.s, Health Centre, Saint
John, N.B.; Secretary-Treasurer, Registrar, Miss
Maude E. RetalUck, 262 Charlotte St., West Saint
John.

REGISTERED NURSES ASSOCIATION OF
NOVA SCOTIA

President, Miss M. E. MacKenzie, 315 Barrington
St., Halifax: First Vice-President, Miss M. F. Camp-
bell, V.O.N. Home, Gottingen St., Halifax; Second
Vice-President, Mi.ss I. B. Andrews, City of Sydney
Hospital, Sydney; Third Vice-President, Miss M. M.
Martin, Payzant Memorial Hospital, Windsor; Re-
cording Secretary, Mrs. D. J. Gillis, 23 Vernon^ St..
Halifax; "Treasurer and Asst. Secretary, Miss L. F.
Fraser, Eastern Trust Bldg., Halifax.

REGISTERED NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
ONTARIO (Incorporated 1926)

President, Miss E Muriel McKee, Brantford General
Hospital, Brantford; First Vice-President, Miss Mary
Millman, 309 City Hall. Toronto; Second Vice-
President, Miss Marjorie Buck, Norfolk General
Hospital, Simcoe; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Matilda
Fitzgerald, Apt. 29, 917 St. Clair Ave. W., Toronto.

District No. 1: Chairman, Miss Nellie Gerard, 911
Victoria Ave., Windsor; Secretary- Treasurer, Mrs. I.
J. Walker, 169 Richard Street, Sarnia. Dis-

trict No. 2: Chairman, Mi.ss Marjorie Buck, Norfolk
General Hospital, Simcoe; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss
Hilda Booth, Norfolk General Hospital, Simcoe. Dis-
trict No. 4: Chairman, Miss Edith Rayside, General
Hospital, Hamilton: Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs. Norman
Barlow, 134 Catherine St., S., HamiLon. District No.
5: Chairman, Miss Ethel Greenwood, 36 Homewood
Ave., Toronto: Secretary- Treasurer, Mrs. F. E. Atkin-
son, 326 Beech Ave., Toronto. District No. 6: Chair-
man, Miss Florence Fitzgerald, 90 Chatham St., Belle-
ville; Secretary-Treasurer. Miss Florence Mclndoo,
General Hospital, Belleville. District No. 7: Chair-
man, Miss Louise D. Acton, General Hospital, Kings-
ton; Secretary- Treasurer, Miss Marjorie Evans, 103
Gore St., Kingston. District No. 8: Chairman, Miss
Alice Ahern, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., Ottawa;
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss A. C. Tanner. Civic Hospital,
Ottawa. District No. 9: Chairman, Miss Margaret
Kennedy, Box 233 Sturgeon Falls; Secretary-Treasurer,
Miss C. McLaren, Box 102, North Bay. District No.
10: Chairman, Miss Anne Boucher, 280 Park St., Port
Arthur; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Rona Wade,
McKellar General Hospital, Fort William.

ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED NURSES OF
THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC (Incorporated 1920)
Advisory Board, Misses M. A. Samuel, L. C. Phillips
Mabel F. Hersey and Rev. Mother Mailloux; President.
Miss Mabel K. Holt, Montreal General Hospital.
Vice-President ^English). Miss Margaret L. Moag;
V.O.N.. Montreal: Vice-President (French), Mdlle.
Rita Guimont, Hopital St. Lac. Montreal ; Hon ,'
Recording Secretary, Miss Grace R. Martin,
Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal; Hon. Treasurer,
Miss Olga V. Lilly, Royal Victoria Montreal
Maternity Hospital; Other members. Miss C. V.
Barrett, Royal Victoria Montreal Maternity
Hospital; Miss C. M. Ferguson, Alexandra Hos-
pital, Montreal: Miss A. S. Kinder, Children's
Memorial Hospital, Montreal; Rev. Soeur Robert,
Hopital Notre Dame, Montreal; Mdlle. Anysie Deland.
Institute Bruchesi, Montreal. Nursing Education
Section (English). Miss Ethel Sharpe, Royal Victoria
Hospital, Montreal: (French), Rev. Soeur Augustine,
Hopital St. Jean-de-Dieu, Montreal; Private Duty
Section (English), Miss C. M. Watling, 1230 Bishop
Street, Montreal ; (French), Mile. Panet-Raymond,
652 Hartland Ave., Montreal; Public Health Section,
Miss Isabel S. Manson, School for Graduate Nursea,
McGill University, Montreal; Board of Examiners.
Convener. Miss C. V. Barrett, R. V. H. M. M. H.,
Montreal: Executive Secretary, Registrar and OfBcial
School Visitor, Miss E. Frances Upton, Suite 221.
1396 St. Catherine Street West. Montreal.

SASKATCHEWAN REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION. (Incorporated March, 1927.)

President, Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normal School,
Moose Jaw; First Vice-President, Miss McGill,
Normal School, Saskatoon; Second Vice-President.
Miss R. M. Simpson, Department of Public Health,
Parliament Buildings, Regina; Councillors, Sister
O'Grady, Grey Nuns' Hospital, Regina; Miss Mont-
gomery, Sanatorium, Prince Albert, Sask.; Conveners
of Standing Committees: Public Health, Miss M. E.
Grant, 922 9th Ave., Saskatoon; Private Duty, Miss
C. M. Munro, Coronation Court, Saskatoon; Nursing
Education, Miss G. M. Watson, City Hospital, Saska-
toon: Secretary-Treasurer and Registrar, Miss E. E.
Graham, Regina College, Regina.

CALGARY ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

Hon. President, Mrs. Stuart Brown; President, Miss
J. B. von Gruenigan; First Vice-President, Miss Lynn;
Second Vice-President, Miss Barber; Treasurer, Miss
M. Watt; Recording Secretary, Mrs. B. J. Charles;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss Jackson; Registrar,
Miss D. Mott, 616 loth Ave. W.; Convener Private
Duty Section, Miss H. Richards.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

EDMONTON ASSOCIATION OF ORADUATE
NURSES

President, Mrs. K. Manson; First Vice-President,
Miss Welsh; Second Vice-President, Miss Blanche A.
Emerson; Recording Secretary, Miss Davidson;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss M. Staley, 9904 103rd
St.; Treasurer, Miss S. C. Christensen, 11612 94th St.;
Registrar, Miss A. Sproule; Programme Committee,
Miss Ida Johnson; Sick Visiting Committee, Miss J.
Chinnick.

MEDICINE HAT GRADUATE NURSES'
ASSOCIATION

President, Mrs. D. M. Smith; First Vice-President,
Mrs. C. Anderson; Second Vice-President, Mrs. J.
Tobin; Secretary, Miss M. E. Hagerman, City Court
House, 1st St.; Treasurer, Miss Edna Auger; Convener
of New Membership Committee, Miss M. Hart;
Convener of Flower Committee, Miss M. Murray;
Correspondent, "The Canadian Nurse", Miss F.
Smith.

Regular Meeting — Fir.st Tuesday in month.

A.A., ROYAL ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL,
EDMONTON, ALTA.

Hon. President, Miss F. Munroe; President, Miss
I. Johnson; First Vice-President, Mrs. Godfrey;
Second Vice-President, Miss G. McDiarmid; Recording
Secretary, Miss V. Chapman; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss M. Graham, Royal Alexandra Hospital; Treasurer,
Miss E. English, 306 Condell Blk., Edmonton

A. A., KOOTENAYfLAKE GENERAL HOSPITAL,
NELSON, B.C.

Hon. President, Miss C. Treffry, Matron of Kootenay
Lake General Hospital; President, Mrs. J. K. Eraser;
First Vice-President, Miss D. Brown; Second Vice-
President, Mrs. A. Banks; Third Vice-President, Miss
A. Cook; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss J. Leslie.

VANCOUVER GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

President, Miss M. Duffield, 3760 11th Ave. W.;
First Vice-President, Miss E. Cameron; Second
Vice-President, Miss O. Cotsworth; Secretary, Mrs.
J. A. Westman, 4697 Belmont Ave.; Treasurer, Miss
L. Archibald; Councillors, Misses M. P. Campbell,
M. Button, J. Matheson, M. McLane, L. A. Stocker;
Conveners of Committees: Directory, Miss E. Frost;
Social, Misses M. G. Laird and Flahiff; Programme,
Misses F. Verchers, M. Kerr, M. Wisener; Sick Visiting,
Miss McLennan, Miss Rogerson; Ways and Means,
Mrs. M. Farrington, Misses O. Kitteringham and L.
Brand; Creche, Local, Miss E. E. Lumsden. Re-
presentative to The Canadian Nurse, Miss M. Ewart;
Representative to Local Council of Women, Mrs.
Ramsay.

A.A„ ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, VANCOUVER

Hon. President, . Rev. Sister Superior; Hon. Vice-
President, Sister Therese Annable; President, Miss
Kitty B. Mosdell; Vice-President, Miss Elizabeth
Berry: Secretary, Miss Evelyn Dee; Asst. Secretary,
Miss Isabel Todd; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Mildred
A. Cohoon; Executive, Misses M. McDonald, B.
Geddes, E. Reilly, G. Armson, D. Hall, A. Webb, E.
Hanafin and A. Jordon.

A.A., VANCOUVER GENERAL HOSPITAL
VANCOUVER, B.C.

Hon. President, Miss Grace Fairley; President, Miss
O. Cotsworth, 1135 12th Ave., W. Vancouver; First
Vice-P'resident, Miss Blanche Harvie; Second Vice-
President, Miss Mary McLane; Secretary, Miss
Dorothy Coughlin, 1201 Georisrie St.W.; Asst. Secretary
Mrs. Hugh Macmillan; Treasurer, Mrs. George
Walker, 4534 Belleveue Drive, Vancouver; Committee
Conveners: Programme, Mrs. Rae Gordon; Refresh-
ment, Mrs. Grant Gunn; Sewing, Mrs. Frank Faulkner;
Sick Visiting, Miss Charlotte Whittacker; Bonds,
Mrs. John Granger; Press, Miss Blanche Hastings;
"The Canadian Nurse," Miss Mary Stevenson;
Nurses Directory, Mrs. Wil«on; Women's Building,
Mr*. W. A. Rundl«.

BRANDON GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

Hon. President, Miss E. M. Birtles; Hon. Vice-
President, Mrs. W. H. Shillinglaw; President, Miss
M. Finlayson; First Vice-President, Miss H. Meadows;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. L. C. Ferrier; Secretary,
Mrs. S. Pierce; Treasurer, Miss I. Fargey, 302 Russell
St., Brandon; Conveners of Committees: Social, Miss
T. Hill; Sick Visiting, Miss M. Trotter; Welfare Re-
presentative, Miss M. Houston; Private Duty, Miss D.
Longley; Blind, Mrs. Darrach; Cook Books, Miss
Gemmell; Press Representative, Miss A. Hicks;
Registiar, Miss C. Macleod.

A.A., ST. BONIFACE HOSPITAL, ST. BONIFACE,

MAN.

Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Mead, St. Boniface Hos-
pital; Hon. Vice-President, Rev. Sr. Krause, St.
Boniface Hospital; President, Miss S. Wright, 340
St. Johns Ave., Winnipeg; First Vice-President,
Miss E. Shirley, King George Apts.; Second Vice-
President, Miss I. Muir, 184 River Avenue; Secretary,
Miss Ellen M. Farrell, Ste. 6 Holyrood Crt., Winnipeg;
Treasurer, Miss B. Stanton, Ste. 37 Dalkeith Apts.;
Conveners of Committees, Social, Miss B. Mallory,
31 Fawcett St.; Refreshment, Miss J. Jonasson, 72
Sherburn St.; Sick Visiting, Miss R. McKay; Re-
presentative to Local Council of Women, Miss S.
Wright; Representative to Manitoba Nurses Central
Directory Committee, Miss T. Chambers, 753 Wolseley
Ave.; Press and Publication, Miss M. Meehan, 753
Wolseley Ave.

Meetings — Second Wednesday each month, 8 p.m.,
St. Boniface Nurses Residence.

A. A., WINNIPEG GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Mrs. W. A. Moody, 97 Ash St.;
President, Mrs. J. A. Davidson, 39 Westgate; First
Vice-President, Mrs. S. Harry, Winnipeg General
Hospital; Second Vice-President, Miss I. McDiarmid,
363 Langside St.; Third Vice-President, Miss E.
Gordon, Research Lab., Medical College; Recording
Secretary, Miss C. Bnggs, 70 Kingsway; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss M. Duncan, Winnipeg General Hos-
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. I. Graham, 99 Euclid St.;
Sick Visiting, Miss W. Stevenson, 535 Camden Place;
Programme, Miss C. Lethbridge, 877 Grosvenor Ave.,
Membership, Miss A. Pearson, Winnipeg General
Hospital.

A.A., GALT HOSPITAL, GALT, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Jamieson; President, Miss M.
King; First Vice-President, Miss I. Atkinson; Second
Vice-President, Mrs. D. Scott; Secretary, Mrs. F.
Roloefson; Treasurer, Miss G. Rutherford; Programme
Committee: Convener, Mrs. E. V. Brown, Miss Hop-
kiuson and Miss Blogden.

A. A., KITCHENER AND WATERLOO GENERAL
HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Mrs. J. Westwell; President, Miss
M. Snider; First Vice-President, Mrs. V. Snider;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. R. Fetch; Secretary, Mrs.
L. G. Bauman, 53 Agnes St., Kitchener; Asst. Secretary,
Miss A. Bechtel; Treasurer, Miss K. Grant; The
Canadian Nurse, Mrs. L. Kieswetter.

THE EDITH CAVELL ASSOCIATION OF

»U^,ll^i^,1 LONDON, ONT. feff

President," Miss Nora E. MacPherson, Victoria
Hospital; First Vice-President, Miss Anne M. Forrest;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. C. West; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss Annie P. Evans, 860 Richmond St.;
Social Secretary, Miss M. Bawden; Registry Board
Representatives, Miss M. Anderson, Mrs. Olive
Smijpy; Programme Committee, Miss H. Bapty,
Miss E. Morris, Mrs. G. Gillies; Representative, "The
Canadian Nurse," Mrs. John Gunn.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE ASSOCIATION,
TORONTO

President, Miss B. Hutchison; Vice-Prpsident, Miss
Helen Campbell; Secretary, Miss M. G. Colborne, 169
College St.; Treasurer, Miss Clara Dixon, 2111 Bloor
St. W.; Councillors, Misses Edith Campbell, H.
Meiklejohn, I. Wallace; Mary Walker, Irene Hodges
and Miss R. Sketch.

DISTRICT No. 8, REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Chairman, Miss Alice Ahern; Vice-Chairman, Misa

D. M. Percy; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss A. G. Tanner,
Ottawa Civic Hospital; Councillors, Misses M. Stewart,

E. A. Pepper, N. Lewis, Mary Slinn, G. Woods, and
Miss F. Nevins; Conveners of Committees: Member-
ship, Miss N. Lewis; Publications, Miss F. Nevins;
Finance, Miss E. A. Pepper; Nursing Education, Miss
G. M. Bennett; Private Duty, Miss M. Slinn; Public
Health, Miss D. ^L Percy; Representative to Board of
Directors, R.N.A.O., Miss A. Ahem.

DISTRICT No. 10, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Chairman, Miss A. Boucher; First Vice-President,
Mrs. F. Edwards; Second Vice-President, Miss M.
Flannigan; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss R. Wade;
Conveners of Committees: Nursing Education, Miss
B. Bell; Public Health, Miss V. Lovelace; Private
Duty, Miss L Sheehan; Publication, Miss J. Hogarth;
Membership, Miss C. McNanara, Miss M. Hethering-
ton; Social, Miss M. Racey, Miss V. Lovelace; Re-
presentative to Board of Directors Meeting R.N.A.O.,
Miss A. Boucher.

Meetings held first Thursday every month.

A. A., BELLEVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Florence Mclndoo; President,
Miss H. Stacey; Vice-President, Miss A. Derbyshire;
Secretary, Miss B. Cryderman; Treasurer, Miss V.
Babcock; Flower Committee, Miss H. Fitzgerald;
Representative, "The Canadian Nurse," Mrs. C.
Arnott.

Regular meeting held first Tuesday in each month at
3.30 p.m. in the Nurses' Residence.

A.A., BRANTFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. Muriel McKee, Superin-
tendent; President, Miss Marion Cuff; Vice-President,
Miss Madeline Waghorn; Secretary, Miss Hilda Muir;
Asst. Secretary, Miss Natalie Lockman; Treasurer,
Miss Jean Davidson; "The Canadian Nurse" Repre-
sentative, Miss Nellie Yardley; Press Representative,
Miss Anne Hardisty; Flower Committee, Miss Ida
Martin, Miss Florence Stuart; Gift Committee, Mrs.
D. A. Morrison, Mrs. A. A. Matthews; Social Con-
vener, Mrs. W. H. Langton.

A. A., BROCKVILLB GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President. Miss A. L. Shannette; President,
Mrs. H. B. White; First Vice-President, Miss M.
Arnold; Second Vice-President, Miss J. Nicholson;
Tliird Vice-President, Mrs. W. B. Reynolds; Secretary,
Miss B. Beatrice Hamilton, Brockville General Hos-
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. F. Vanduscn, 65 Church St.;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Misa V.
Kendrick.

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL,
CHATHAM, ONT.

Hon. President, Mother St. Roch; Hon. Vice-
President, Sister M. Loretta; President, Mrs. Pearl
Johnston; Vice-President, Miss Jean Lundy; Secretary,
Miss Irene Gillard, 52 Raleigh St., Chatham; Treasurer,
Miss Jean Bagnell; Executive, Misses Jessie Ross,
Katherine Dillon and Agnes Harrison; Flower Com-
mittee, Miss Felice Richardson and Mona Middleton;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss
Jessie Ross; Representative, District No. 1, R.N.A.O.,
Miss HAsel Gray.

A. A., CORNWALL GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Lydia Whiting; President,
Miss Mary Fleming; First Vice-President, Mrs.
Boldick; Second Vice-President, Miss Mabel Hill;
Secretary- Treasurer, Miss Helen C. Wilson. Cornwall
General Hospital; Representative to "The Canadian
Nurse," Miss Cora Droppo.

A. A. , ROYAL ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL, FERGUS

Hon. President, Miss Helen Campbell; President,
Mrs. Bean, 54 Rosemount Ave., Toronto; First Vice-
President, Miss Marian Petty; Second Vice-President.
Mrs. Ida Ewing; Treasurer, Miss Bertha Brillinger,
Toronto; Secretary, Miss Evelyn Osborne, 8 Oriole
Gardens, Toronto; Asst. Secretary, Mrs. N. Davidson,
Fergus Hospital; Press Secretary, Miss Jean Campbell,
72 Hendrick Ave., Toronto.

A. A., GUELPH GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. F. Bliss, Supt., Guelph
General Hospital; President, Miss L. Ferguson;
First Vice-President, Miss I. Inglis; Second Vice-
President, Miss L. Sprowl; Secretary, Miss Josephine
Pierson, 62 Derry St., Guelph; Treasurer, Miss J.
Watson; Flower Committee, Misses Ethel Eby, M.
Creighton and G. Badke; Correspondent to "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss A. L. Fennell.

A. A., HAMILTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. C. Rayside, Hamilton
General Hospital; President, Mrs. Norman Barlow, 134
Catherine St. S.; Vice-President, Miss Annie Boyd, 607
Main St. E.; Recording Secretary, Miss Betty Aitken,
44 Victoria Ave. S.; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Janie I. Cordner, 70 London Ave. N.; Treasurer, Miss
Christine G. Inrig, Hamilto General Hospital;
Treasurer, Mutual Benefit Association, Miss M. L.
Hannah, 25 West Ave. S.; Executive Committee, Miss
Pegg (Convener), Misses Baird, Walker, Murray, Mrs.
Johnson; Registry Committee, Mrs. Hess (Convener),
Misses G. Hall, A. Nugent, Armstrong; Programme
Committee, Miss Watt (Convener), Misses Call,
Buchanan, Squires, Armstrong, J. Patterson, Mrs.
Regan; Flowers and Visiting Committee. Miss
Squires (Convener), Misses Gowling and Burnett;
Representatives to Local Council of Women, Misses
Burnett, Sadler, Buckbee, Mrs. Hess; Representatives
to The Canadian Nurse, Miss Souter (Convener),
Misses Carruthers and Atkins; Representative
R.N.A.O. Private Duty, Miss G. Hall; Representative
to Women's Auxiliary, Mrs. J. Stephens.

A. A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, HAMILTON,

Hon. President, Mother Martina; President, Miss
E. Quinn; Vice-President, Miss H. Fagan; Treasurer,
Miss I. Loyst, 71 Bay Street S. ; Secretary, Miss M.
Maloney, 31 Erie Avenue; Convener, Executive Com-
mittee, Miss M. Kelley; The Canadian Nurse, Miss
Moran.

A.A., HOTEL DIEU, KINGSTON, ONT.

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Donovan; President,
Mrs. Wm. Elder, Avonmore Apts.; Vice-President,
Mrs. Vincent L. Fallon, 277 Earl Street; Secretary,
Miss Genevieve Pelow, c /o Hotel Dieu; Treasurer,
Miss Irene McDonald, 29 Pembroke St.; Executive
Committee, Mrs. L E. Crowley, Miss E. Smith; Miss
K. McGarry; Visiting Committee, Misses O. McDer-
mott and E. McDonald.

A. A., KINGSTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

First Hon. President, Miss E. Baker; Second Hon.
President, Miss Louise D. Acton; President, Mrs. S. F.
Campbell; First Vice-President, Mrs. G. H. Leggett;
Second Vice-President, Miss A. BaiUie; Treasurer,
Mrs. C. W. Mallory, 203 Albert Street; Secretary.
Miss Betty Houston, General Hospital; Press Re-
presentative, Miss Mary Wheeler, General Hospital;
Flower Committee (Convener), Mrs. George Nicol,
355 Frontenac Street; Representative, Private Duty
Section, Miss A. McLeod, 27 Pembroke Street.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

KITCHENER AND WATERLOO REGISTERED
NURSES' ASSOCIATION

President, Miss V. Winterhalt; First Vice-President,
Miss M. Elliott; Second Vice-President, Mrs. W. Noll;
Treasurer, Mrs. W. Knell, 41 Ahrens St.W.; Secretary,
Miss E. Master, 13 Chapel St.; Representative to
"The Canadian Nurse," Miss Hazel Adair, Kitchener
and Wateiloo Hospital.

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

Hon. President, Sister M. Pascal; Hon. Vice-Presi-
dent, Sister M. St. Elizabeth; President, Miss A.
Boyle; First Vice-President, Mrs. J. Nolan; Second
Vice-President, Miss L. Morrison; Recording Secretary,
Miss S. Gignac; Correspondence Secretary, Miss L.
McCaughey; Treasurer, Miss Beger, 27 Yale Street;
Representative Board of Central Registry, Misses E.
Armishaw, F. Connelly.

A. A., VICTORIA HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Nora MacPherson, Superin-
tendent, Victoria Hospital School of Nursing; President,
Miss Delia Foster, 420 Oxford St.; First Vice-President,
.Miss Mary Yule, lol Bathurst St.; Second Vice-
President, Miss Christine Gillies, Victoria Hospital;
Treasurer, Miss Eklith Smallman, 814 Dundas St.;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss Mabel Hardie, 182
Bruce St.; Secretary. Miss Isobel Hunt, 898 Princess
Ave.; Representative to The Canadian Nurse, Mrs.
S. G. Henry, 720 Dundas St.; Board of Directors,
Mrs. C. J. Ro&e, Mrs. W. Cummins, Misses H. Hueston,
H. Cryderman, E. Gibberd, A. MacKenzie; Repre-
sentatives to Registry Board, Misses M. McVicar,
S. Giffen, A. Johnston and W. Wilton.

A. A., NIAGARA FALLS GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. S. Park; President, Mrs.
F. Pow; First Vice-President, Mrs. H. R. Potter;
Second Vice-President, Miss L. McConnell; Treasurer,
Miss J. Smith; Secretary, Miss V. M. Elliott; Convener
Sick Committee, Mrs. V. Wesley; Asst. Convener Sick
Committee, Mrs. J. Taylor; Convener Private Duty
Committee, Miss K. Prest.

A. A., ORILLIA SOLDIERS' MEMORIAL
HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. Johnston; President, Miss
G. Went; First Vice-Presidentl Miss M. Payne;
Second Vice-President, Miss S. Dudenhofler; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss M. B. MacLelland; Programme
Committee, Misses C. Newton, A. Reekie, E. Mitchell
tnd B. McFadden.

Regular Meeting — First Thursday of each month.

A. A., OSHAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss MacWilliams; President,
Miss Ann Scott, 108 Division St., Oshawa; Vice-
President, Mrs. E. Hare; Second Vice-President,
Miss Olive Hanna; Secretary, Miss Elma Hogarth,
301 Celina St., Oshawa; Asst. Secretary, Mrs Douglas
Redpath; Corresponding Secretary and Press Repre-
sentative, Miss Robena Buchanan, 564 Mary St.,
Oshawa; Treasurer, Miss Jane Cole; Social Convener,
Miss Ruby Berry; Visiting and Flower Convener,
Miss Helen Hutchison; Convener, Private Duty
Nurses, Miss Margaret Dickie; Representative,
Hospital Auxiliary, Mrs. B. A. Brown, Mrs. M.
Canning, and Mrs. E. Hare.

A.A., ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, OTTAWA

Hon. President, Miss Maxwell; President, Miss
Doris Thompson; Vice-President, Miss Diana Brown;
Secretary, Miss Isobel Allan, 408 Slater Street, Ottawa;
Treasurer, Mrs. Florence Ellis; Nominating Committee.
Misses Mina MacLaren, Hazel Lyttle, Katherine
Tribble.

A.A., LADT STANLEY INSTITUTE, OTTAWA

(Incorporated 1918)
Hon. President, Miss M. A. Catton, 2 Regent St.;
Hon. Vice-President, Miss Florence Potts; President,
Miss Mabel M. Stewart, Royal Ottawa Sanatorium;
Vice-President, Miss M. McNiece, Perley Home,
Aylmer Ave.; Secretary, Mrs. G. O. Skuce, Britannia
Bay, Ont.; Treasurer, Miss C. Slinn, 204 Stanley Ave.;
Board of Directors, Miss E. MacGibbon, 114 Carling
Ave.; Miss C. Flack, 152 First Ave.; Miss E. McCoU,
Vimy Apts., Charlotte St.; Miss L. Belford, Perley
Home, Aylmer Ave.; "Canadian Nurse" Representative
Miss A. Ebbs, 80 Hamilton Ave.; Representatives to
Central Registry Nurses, Miss A. Ebbs, 80 Hamilton
Ave.; Miss Mary C. Slinn, 204 Stanley Ave.; Press
Representative. Mrs. J. Waddell, 220 Waverley St.

A. A., OTTAWA CIVIC HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Gertrude Bennett; President,
Mrs. G. W. Dunning; First Vice-President, Miss
Evelyn Pepper; Second Vice-President, Miss Elizabeth
Graydon; "Treasurer, Miss Winnifred Gemmill, 221
Gilmour St.; Recording Secretary, Miss Greta Wilson,
489 Metcalfe St.; Corresponcfing Secretary, Miss
Gertrude Moloney, 301 First Ave.; Councillors, Misses
Elizabeth Curry, Dorothy Kelly, Dorothy Moxley,
Edna Osborne; Representatives to the Central Registry.
Misses Inda Kemp, Dorothy Moxley; Convener of
Membership Committee, Miss W. Gemmill; Convener
of Flower and Visiting Committee, Miss D. Kelly;
Press Correspondent, Miss E. Pepper.

A. A., OTTAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Flavie Domitille; President,
Miss Juliette Robert; First Vice-President, Miss C.
McDonald; Second Vice-President, Mrs. A. Latimer;
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Stella Kearns, 478 Cumber-
land Ave., Ottawa; Membership Secretary, Miss
Pauline Bissonnette; Representatives to Local Council
of Women, Mrs. C. L. Devitt, Mrs. A. Latimer, Mrs.
E. Viau and Miss F. Nevins; Representatives to
Central Registry, Miss L. Egan and Miss A. Stackpole;
Representative to The Canadian Nurse, Miss Juliette
Robert.

A.A., OWEN SOUND GENERAL AND
MARINE HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. Sharpe; President, Miss
E. Webster, 1022 4th Ave. W.; Vice-President. Miss
M. Graham; Secretary- Treasurer, Miss M. McNicoU,
754 8th St. E.; Asst. Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs. D. J.
McMillan; Flower 'Committee, Miss A. Mitchell, Mrs.
E. Frost, Miss M. Story; Programme Committee,
Miss M. Sim, Miss C. Thompson; Pre.ss Representative,
Miss J. H. Currie.

A.A., NICHOLLS HOSPITAL, PETERBORO, ONT.

Hon. President, Mrs. E. M. Leeson; President, Miss
H. ^L .\nderson; First Vice-President, Miss L. Simpson;
Second Vice-President, Miss M. Watson; Treasurer,
Miss L. Ball; Secretary, Mi.ss L Armstrong; Correspond-
ing Secretary, Miss H. Hooper, Peterboro Hospital;
Convener Social Committee, Miss A. Dobbin; Con-
vener of Flower Committee, Miss S. .\rm.strong.

A. A., SARNIA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss K. Scott; President, Misa C.
Lougher; Vice-President, Miss L. Seigrist; "Treasurer,
Miss J. Hodgins; Secretary, Miss B. MacFarlane. ,

A.A., STRATFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss K. ^L Munn; President, Miss
Hazel Crerar; Vice-President, Miss Myrtle Hodgins:
Secretary- Treasurer, Miss Ivy Rennie : Convenor of
Social Committee, Miss Isabel Wilson: Correspondent
The Canadian Nurse, Miss Florence Kudoba,

A.A., MACK TRAINING SCHOOL
ST. CATHERINES

Hon. President, Miss Anne Wright, Superintendent,
General Hospital; President, Miss Helen Brown,
General Hospital; First Vice-President, Miss Marriott,
94} Queenston St.; Second Vice-President, Mrs. E.
Dewar, 39 Marquis St.; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss
Florence McArter, General Hospital; Asst. Secretary-
Treasurer, Mrs. Charles Hesburn, 54 George St.;
"The Canadian Nurse" Representative, Miss Aleda
Brubaker, 29 Page St.; "The Canadian Nurse" Sub-
scriptions and Press Correspondent, Mrs. S. Ockenden,
4 Beech St.; Social Committee, Mrs. R. E. Elderkin
(Convener), Mrs. G. I. Zumstein, Mrs. F. Newman,
Mrs. N. Buchanan; Programme Committee, Miss
Tuch (Convener), Miss Moyer, Mrs. W. Durham.

A. A., MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, ST. THOMAS

Hon. President, Miss Lucille Armstrong, Memorial
Hospital; Hon. Vice-President, Miss Mary Buchanan,
Memorial Hospital; President, Miss Annie Campbell,
Memorial Hospital; First Vice-President, Mrs. F.
Penhale; Second Vice-President, Mrs. Thos. Keith;
Secretary, Mi.s3 Irene Garrow, 23 Myrtle St.; Cor-
responding Secretary, Miss Isobel Matheson, Memorial
Hospital; Treasurer, Miss Mary Malcolm, 142 Centre
St.; The Canadian Nurse, Miss Eleanor Reaman,
Talbot St.; Executive, Mrs. Andrew Grant, Misses
Margaret Benjafield, Hazel Hastings, Olive Paddon,
Margaret Grant.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A. A., TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Snively; Hon. Vice-President,
Miss Jean Gunn; President, Miss Jeane Browne;
First Vice-President, Miss Anna Dove; Second Vice-
President, Miss Kathleen Russell; Secretary, Miss
McGreKor, Ward 1, Toronto General Hospital; Treas-
urer. Miss McGeachie, Medical Arts Building, Bloor
St.; Asst. Treasurer, Miss Laura Lindsay; Councillors,
Mrs. Margaret Dewey, Misses Gordon and Dulmage;
Archivist, Miss Kniseley.

A. A., GRACE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Mr.s. C. .L Curry; President, Mrs.
L. B. Hutchison; First yice-President, Mrs. John Gray;
Recording Secretary, Miss Jean Anderson; Cor-
responding Secretary, Miss Lillian E. Wood, 3248
Yonge St., Toronto 12; Treasurer, Miss V. M. Elliott,

26 Tranby Ave.

A. A., GRANT MACDONALD TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR NURSES, TORONTO. ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Esther M. Cook, 130 Dunn
Ave.; President, Miss Jean Macpherson, 130 Dunn
Ave.; Vice-President, Miss Ida Weekes; Recording Sec-
retary, MissK.M.Cuffe. 130 Dunn Ave.; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss lone Clift, 130 Dunn Ave.; Treasuier,
Miss M. McCullough, 130 Dunn Ave.

A. A., TORONTO ORTHOPEDIC HOSPITAL
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES

Hon. President, Miss E. MacLean; President,
Miss M. Devins, 42 Dorval Road; Vice-President,
Mrs. W. J. Smithers, 74 St. George Street; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss R. HoUingworth, 100 Bloor St. W.;
Representatives to Central Registry, Mrs. Proctor,
226 Glen Road; Miss E. Kerr, 1594 King Street W.;
Representative to R.N.A.O.. Miss A. Bodley, 43
Metcalf Street.

A. A., RIVERDALE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss E. Lyall, 290 St. George St., Toronto;
First Vice-President, Miss G. Gastrell, Isolation
Hospital; Second Vice-President, Mrs. Radford, 458
Strathmore Blvd.; Secretary, Miss Cora L. Russell,
laolation Hospital; Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. E.
Quirk, Isolation Hospital; Treasurer, Miss L. McLaugh-
lin, Isolation Hospital; Conveners of Standing Com-
mittees: Sick and Visiting, Miss S. Stretton, 7 Edge-
wood Ave.; Programme, Miss K. Mathieson, Isolation
Hospital: Representatives to Central Registry, Misses
G. Anderson, J. Henderson.

A. A., HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN,
TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. Goodson; Hon. Vice-Presidents,
Miss F. J. Potts, Miss H. Panton and Miss P. B.
Austin; President, Mrs. F. E. Atkinson; First Vice-
President, Mi.ss Petron Adam; Second Vice-President,
Miss Alice Grindley; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Mary Ingham; Recording Secretary, Miss Mary
Acland; Treasurei , Miss V. Marie Grafton, 534 Palm-
erston Blvd.; Councillors, Misses Louise RoKcrs,
Hilda Rose, Jean Beaton, Helen Needier, Mabel St.
John and Mrs. Harold McClelland.

A.A., ST. JOHN'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Sister Beatrice, St. John's Hospital;
President, Miss Haslett, 48 Howland Ave.; First Vice-
President, Miss Price, 6 St. Thomas St.; Second Vice-
President, Miss Richardson, 320 Avenue Rd.; Record-
ing Secretary, Miss Coleman, 119 Wellesley Cres.;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss Garnham, 26 Balmoral
Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Cook, 69 Gait Ave.; Convener,
Programme Committee, Miss Ramsden, 6 Carey Rd.;
Representative to The Canadian Nurse, Miss Pearson,
18 Riverside Ave.; Flowers and Sick Committee, Miss
Davis, 49 Brunswick. Ave.

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL,
TORONTO, ONT.

Hon. President, Rev. Sister M. Melanie; President,
Miss E. Morrison, 1.543 Queen Street West, Toronto;
First Vice-President, Miss A. O'Neill; Second
Vice-President, Miss L. Boyle; Treasurer, Miss M.
Heary, 158 Marion Street, Toronto; Recording
Secretary, Miss R. Rouse; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss O. MacKenzie, 43 Lawrence Avenue West,
Toronto; Councillors, Misses O. Kidd, M. Howard,
V. Sylvain, G. Davis; Constitutionals, Misses A. Hihn,
M. Howard, L. Boyle; Programme Committee, Misses
R. Jean-Marie, L. Dunbar, I. Voisin.

A.A., ST. MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President. Miss Essie Taylor, 20 Lauder Ave.,
Toronto; First Vice-President, Miss Ella Graydon:
Second Vice-President, Miss Ella O'Boyle; Third
Vice-President, ^iss Helen O'Sullivan; Recording

Secretary, Miss Roselle Grogan; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Marie E. McEnaney, 62 Aziel St.,
Toronto; Treasurer, Miss Helen Hyland, 137 Belsiie
Drive, Toronto; Directors, Misses E. M. Chalue, M. I.
Foy, Marcella Berger; Conveners of Standing Com-
mittees, Misses Ivy de Leon, Julia O'Connor, Hilda

Kerr.

A. A., VICTORIA MEM. HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. Forbes Godfrey; President,
Miss Annie Pringle; Vice-President, Miss Dorothv
Greer; Secretary, Miss Florence Lowe, 152 Kenilwortiii
Ave., Toronto; Treasurer, Miss Ida Hawley, 41
Gloucester St., Toronto.

Regular Meeting — First Monday of each month.

A. A., WELLESLEY HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss Edith Carson, 499 Sherbourne St.;
Vice-President, Miss Ruth Jackson, 80 Summerhill
Ave.; Treasurer, Miss. Lucille Thompson, 4, 118 Isa-
bella St.; Recording Secretary, Miss Mildred Mc-
Mullen. 133 Isabella St.; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss Evelyn McCullough, 1117 Danforth Ave.;
Exeeutive, Misses Edna Tucker, Betty Scott, Doris
Anderson, Audrey Lavelle; Correspondent to The
Canadian Nurse, Miss Waple Greaves, 65 Glendale
Ave.

A. A., TORONTO WESTERN HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss B. L. Ellis; President, Mits
R. M. Beamish; Vice-President, Miss L. Smith; Re-
cording Secretary, Miss F. Matthews; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss L. B. MacDougall; Representative to
The Canadian Nurse, Miss H. Milligan; Representative
to the Local Council of Women, Mrs. MacConnell;
Hon. Councillors, Mrs. MacConnell, Mrs. Yorke;
Councillors, Misses F. MacLean, Cooney, Steacy,
Stevenson, Wiggins, Gross, Wardlaw, and Mrs.
Bateman; Social Committee, Mrs. Fawns, Miss Wood-
ward, Miss Agnew; Flower Committee, Miss Lamont;
Visiting Committee, Miss A. Lowe, Miss Essex, Miss
Harshaw.

Meetings will be held the second Tuesday in each
month at 8 p.m. in the Assembly Room, Nurses'
Residence, Toronto Western Hospital.

A. A. .WOMEN'S COLLEGE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President. Mi.ss Harriett T. Meiklejohn;
President, Miss Vera Allen; Vice-President, Miss
Munns; Recording Secretary, Miss Bankwitz; Cor-
responding Secretary, Miss McAughtrie; Treasurer,
Miss Bessie Eraser; Representatives to Central Regis-
try, Miss Kidd, Miss Bankwitz; "The Canadian
Nur.se" Representative, Miss E. E. K. Collier, 45
Dixon Avenue, Toronto, Ont.

Meetings will be held the second Monday in each
month.

A. A., CONNAUGHT TRAINING SCHOOL FOR
NURSES, TORONTO HOSPITAL, WESTON

Hon. Pre.sident, Miss E. MacP. Dickson, Toronto
Hospital, Weston; President, Miss E. Eldridge; Vice-
President, Miss A.' Atkinson; Secretary, Miss E. L.
Barlow, Toronto Hospital. Weston; Treasurer, Miss
P. M. Stuttle.

A.A., GENERAL HOSPITAL, WOODSTOCK

Hon. President, Miss Frances Sharpe; President,
Mrs. Melsome; Vice-President, Miss Jefferson; Sec-
retary, Miss G. Boothby; Assistant Secretary, Miss
Green; Corresponding Secretary, Miss M. F. Costello,
67 Wellington St. N., Woodstock, Ont.; Treasurer,
Miss L. Jackson; Representative, The Canadian
Nurse, Miss A. G. Cook; Programme Committee,
Misses Mackay, Anderson and Hobbs; Social Com-
mittee, Miss Hastings and Miss M. Culvert; Flower
Committee, Miss Rickard and Miss Eby.

GRADUATE NURSES ASSOCIATION OF THE
EASTERN TOWNSHIPS

Hon. President, Miss H. S. Buck, Superintendent
Sherbrooke Hospital; President, Miss D. Stevens;
First Vice-President, Miss J. Fenton; Second Vice-
President, Miss Humphrey; Recording Secretary,
Miss D. Ingraham; Corresponding Secretary, Miss H
Hetherington; Treasurer, Miss M. Robins; Repre-
sentative, "The Canadian Nurse," Miss C. Hornby,
Box 324, Sherbrooke, P.Q.; Private Duty Represent-
ative, Miss E Buchanan

A. A., LACHINE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. L. Brown; President,
Miss M. A. McNutt; Vice-President, Miss J. C.
MoKee; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss E. J. Dewar, 558
Notre Dame Street, Lachine, Que.; Private Duty
Representative, Miss M. Lamb, 376 Claremont Ave.,
Montreal; Executive Committee, Miss Robinson,
Miss Goodfellow.

Meeting — First Monday of each month, at 0 p.m.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

MONTREAL GEADUATE NURSES' ASS'N.

Hon. President, Miss L. Phillips, 3626 St. Urbain St.;
President, Miss A. Kinder, Children's Memorial
Hospital; First Vice-President, Miss C. Ferguson,
Alexandra Hospital; Second Vice-President, Miss C. M.
Watling, 1230 Bishop Street; Secretary-Treasurer,
Miss Ethel Clark, T230 Bishop Street; Day Registrar,
Miss L. White, 1230 Bishop St.; Night Registrar, Miss

E. Clarke, 1230 Bishop St.; Convener, GrifEntown Club,
MissG. Colley, 261 Melville Avenue, Westmount, P.Q.

Regular Meeting — -First Tuesday, January, April,
October, and December^

A.A., CHILDREN'S MEM. HOSP., MONTREAL

Hon. Piesident, Miss A. S. Kinder; President, Mrs.

F. C. Martin; Vice-President, Miss E. Hillyard;
Secretary, Miss Grace R. Murray, 1434 Bishop St.;
Treasurer, Miss M. Flanders; Representative to "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Dora Parry; Sick Nurses
Committee, Miss C. Feron, Miss R. Miller; Members
of Executive Committee, Miss R. Osborne, Miss Gough.

A. A., MONTREAL GENERAL HOSPITAL

President, Miss M. K. Holt; First Vice-President,
Miss Frances Upton; Second Vice-President, Miss
Agnes Jamieson; Recording Secretary, Miss Inez
Welling; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Lottie
Urquhart, Apt. 53, 8 Amesbury Ave.; Treasurer,
Alumnae Association and Mutual Benefit Association,
Miss Isobel Davies; Hon. Treasurer, Miss H. M.
Dunlop; Executive Committee, Misses Strumm,
Handcork, Watling, Mathewson and Coleman;
Representatives, Private Duty Section, Misses Morrell,
M. N. Johnston and B. Noble; Representative, Local
Council of Women, Misses Colley and Marjorie Ross;
proxy, Miss Harriet Ross; Representative to The
Canadian Nurse, Miss Watling, Miss E. Ward; Sick
Visiting Committee, Mrs. Stuart Ramsay, Miss E.
Robertson, Miss N. Kennedy-Reed; Refreshments
Committee, Miss Reinauer and Miss D. Flint.

A. A., HOMOEOPATHIC HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mrs. H. Pollock; President, Mrs. J.
Warren; First Vice-President, Miss D. Smith; Second
Vice-President, Miss D. Campbell; Secretary, Miss M.
Bright; Asst. Secretary, Miss M. Hayden; Treasurer,
Miss D. Millar; Asst. Treasurer, Miss N. G. Horner;
Private Duty Section, Miss A. M. Porteous; The
Canadian Nurse Representative, Miss I. A. Hicks;
Social Committee, Miss M. Currie; Montreal Nurses'
Association, Misses D. Smith and M. Bright.

A.A., ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. Presidents, Misses Draper and Hersey; Presi-
dent, Mrs. Stanley; First Vice-Pres dent, Mrs. LeBeau;
Second Vice-President, Miss Gall; Recording Secretary,
Miss Grace Martin; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
K. Jamer, Royal Victoria Hospital; Treasurer, Miss
Burdon; Representative "The Canadian Nurse,"
Misa Flanagan; Representatives to Local Council of
Women, Mrs. Walker, Miss Drake; Sick Visiting
Committee, Miss AUder, Mrs. Walker; Programme
Committee, Mrs. Scrimger, Miss Campbell, Miss
Flanagan; Representatives to Private Duty Section,
Misses Palliser, McCallum, Steele; Refreshment
Committee, Misses Adams, McRae, Trenholme;
Executive Committee, Miss Hersey, Miss Campbell,
Mrs. Roberts, Miss Reid, Miss Forgey; Finance Com-
mittee, Misses Etter (Convener), Goodhue, McKibbon,
Wright, Steele.

A.A., WESTERN HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Miss Craig; President, Miss Marion
Nash; First Vice-President, Miss Birch; Second Vice-
President, Miss Edna Payne; Secretary, Miss Olga
McCrudden, 314 Grosvenor Ave.. Westmount, P.Q.;
Treasurer, Miss Jane Craig, Western Hospital;
Finance Committee, Miss MacWhirter, Miss Lillian
Payne, Miss Sutton; Programme Committee, Miss
Marjorie Reyner, Miss Crossley, Miss Lilly; Sick and
Visiting Committee, Miss Dyer, Miss Lillian Johnston;
Representatives to Private Duty Section, Miss Tyrell,
Misa Morrison; Correspondent, The Canadian Nurse,
Miss McOuat.

A.A., NOTRE DAME HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mother Dugas; Hon. Vice-Presi-
dents Mother Mailloux and Rev. Sister Robert;
President, Miss G. Latour; First Vice-President, Miss
M. de Courville; Second Vice-President, MissF. Filion;
First Councillor, Miss B. Lecompte; Second Councillor,
Miss F. Gariepy; Secretary, Miss Margot Pauze, 4234
St. Hubert St.; Asst. Secretary, Mrs. Choquette;
Treasurer, Miss L. Boulerice; Conveners of Committees:
Social, Miss E. Merizzi; Nomination, Misses A. Lepine,
A. Lalande, E. Rousseau; Sick Visiting, Misses A.
Martineau, G. Gagnon, B. Lacourse.

A.A., WOMAN'S GEN. HOSP, WESTMOUNT, P.Q.

Hon. Presidents, Miss E. F. Trench and Mi.ss F.
George; President, Miss L. Smiley; First Vice-President,
Mrs. Crewe; Second Vice-President, Mrs. Robertson;
Secretary, ; Treasurer and "The Canadian

Nurse" Representative, Miss E. L. Francis; Sick
Visiting, Mrs. Kirk, Miss N. J. Brown; Private Duty,
Mrs. Chisholm, Miss Seguin.

Regular monthly meeting, every third Wednesday,
at 8 p.m.

A.A., JEFFERY HALE'S HOSPITAL, QUEBEC

Hon. President, Mrs. .S. Barrow; President, Miss
Muriel Fischer; First Vice-President, Miss Daisy
Jackson; Second Vice-President, Miss Cecile Caron;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss H. A. Mackay; Record-
ing Secretary, Miss Gertrude Martin; Treasurer, Miss
Eunice MacHarg; Refreshment Committee, Miss Flora
Ascah, Miss Lyla Moore; Sick Visiting Committee,
Mrs. S. Barrow, Miss F. Imrie; "The Canadian Nurse"
Representative, Mrs. Harold A. Blanche; Private Duty
Section, Miss Ethel Douglas; Councillors, Misses E.
Fitzpatrick, Daisy Jackson, Flora Ascah, G. Mayhew,
C Kennedy.

A.A., SHERBROOKE HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss H. S. Buck; President, Mrs.
Guy Bryant; First Vice-President, Mrs. Reford
Stewart; Second Vice-President, Mrs. Roy Wiggett;
Recording Secretary, Miss Leila Messias; Correspond-
ing Secretary, Miss Nora Arguin, Sherbrooke, P.Q ;
Treasurer, Miss Alice Lyster; Correspondent to
"The Canadian Nurse," Miss Hilda Bernier.

MOOSE JAW GRADUATE NURSES' ASS'N

Hon. President, Mrs. Geo. Lydiard; President,
Miss Elizabeth Smit^; Vice-President, Mrs. M. A.
Young, Secretary-Treasurer, Miss May Armstrong,
1005 2nd Ave., N.E.; Social Convener, Miss French;
Press Convener, Mrs. W. H. Metcalfe; Programme,
Miss Diermert; Constitutions and By-Laws, JNIiss
Casey; Representatives, Private Duty, Miss =Rossie
Cooper; "The Canadian Nurse," Miss E. Lamond.

A.A., REGINA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Pearson; President, Miss Mary
Arnot; First Vice-President, Miss Dorothy Wilson;
Second Vice-President, Miss Helen Wills; Secretary,
Miss Katherine Morton; Asst. Secretary, Miss Marion
Sneed; Treasurer, Miss Myrtle Wilkins, 2300 Smith
St., Regina; Press Correspondent, Miss Muriel Taylor;
Programme Committee, Miss Ada Forrest.

A.A. ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, SASKATOON

First Hon. President, Rev. Sister Fennell; Second
Hon. President, Rev. Sister Weeks; President, Miss
Annie M. Campbell; Vice-President, Mrs. R. Roberts;
Secretary, Miss K. McKenzie, 101 1 Eastlake Ave.„'
Saskatoon; Treasurer, Miss E. Unsworth, 818, 11th
Street. Saskatoon; Executive, Mrs. C. W. Doran,
Misses A. Fentiman, and M. Roebuck.

Meetings, second Monday each month at 8.30 p.m.,
St. Paul's Nurses Home.

A.A., SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES,
McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL, P.Q.

Hon. President, Miss Mary Samuel; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Bertha Harmer; Hon. Members, Miss
M. F. Hersey, Miss G. M. Fairley, Dr. Helen R. Y.
Reid, Dr. Maude Abbott, Mrs. R. W. Reford; President,
Miss Martha Batson, Montreal General Hospital;
Vice-President, Miss George, Women's General
Hospital; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Eileen C. Flan- -
agan. Royal Victoria Hospital; Programme Committee,
Miss M. Armstrong, 1230 Bishop St., Montreal; Miss
Elsie Allder, Royal Victoria Hospital; Representative
to Local Council of Women, Misses Leggat and Orr,
Shriners' Hospital; Representatives to "The Canadian
Nurse," Public Health Section, Miss Hewton; Teaching,
Miss Sutcliffe, Alexandra Hospital; Administration,
Miss F. Upton, 1396 St. Catherine St. W.

A.A. OF THE DEPT. OF PUBLIC HEALTH
NURSING, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Hon. President, Miss E. K. Russell; President, Miss
Barbara Blackstock; Vice-President, Misa E. E.
Eraser; Recording Secretary, Miss L Weirs; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss C. C. Eraser, 423 Gladstone Ave.,
Toronto, Ont.; Conveners: Social, Miss E. Manning;
Programme, Miss McNamara; Membership, Miss
Lougheed.

A.A., HOSPITAL INSTRUCTORS AND AD-
MINISTRATORS, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Hon. President, Miss G. Hiscocks; Hon. Vice-
Presidents, (1) Miss K. Russell, (2) Miss A. M. Munn;
President, Miss E. Stuart; First Vice-President, Miss
E. Strachan; Second Vice-President, Miss E. Rothery;
Secretary, Mrs. C. S. Cassan, 136 Heddington Ave.;
Treasurer, Miss U. S. Ross, Hospital for Sick Children.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The Central Registry of
Graduate Nurses, Toronto

Furnish Nurses at any hour
DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Kingsdale 2136

Physicians' and Surgeons* Bldg.,

86 Bloor Street. West.

TORONTO

HELEN CARRUTHERS, Reg.N,

TiiiMittitiiiiitiitiiiiitiiintiiiiiiiiMiniiii

tllllMlllinillMIIIIIDIMIIttllllll

Montreal Graduate Nurses'
Association Register

NURSES CALLED DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Uptown 0907

LUCY WHITE, Reg.N., Registrar,
1230 BishoD Street,

MONTREAL, P.Q.

Club House Phone Up-5666.

BRONX REGISTRY AND
CLUB FOR NURSES

1195 Boston Eoad, New York City

Graduate nurses wanted for
private duty, also hospital
specializing; pleasant rooms
and kitchenette privileges for
nurses wishing to live at the
registry, also limited number
of practical nurses. Tele-
phone Kilpatrick 7640-7641.

ANNA M. BROWN, B.N., Prop.
Established 1911

THE

Manitoba Nurses' Central Directory

Registrar— ANNIE C. STARR: Reg. N.
Phone 30 620

753 WOLSELEY AVENUF.

WINNIPEG. MAN.

riitiiiittMiinimiiiiiiii)i>iiniiiiiiiiiiititiiiiHiiiiHtiiiiiiiiiii

I The Central Registry Graduate Nurses

I Phone Garfield 0382

I Registrar: ROBENA BURNETT. Reg.N.
I 33 Spadina.Ave., Hamilton, Ont.

School for Graduate Nurses |

McGILL UNIVERSITY

Session 1929-1930 I

Miss BERTHA HARMER, R.N., M.A.

Director |

COURSES OFFERED:

Teaching in Schools of Nursing |

Supervision in Schools of

Nursing

Administration in Schools of

Nursing

Public Health Nursing

Organization and Supervision I

of Public Health Nursing

A CERTIFICATE will be granted for I

the successful completion of an approved |

programme of studies, covering a period of =

ONE academic year, in the major course |

selected from the above |

A DIPLOMA will be granted for the success- |

ful completion of the mHJor course selected =

from the above, covering a period of TWO |

academic years. |

For particulars apply to : |

SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES |
McGill University, Montreal

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIMIIIIUIHIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMMIIIMIUMIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMHIIIMMIMIIIMIMHIlt^

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO |

THE PROVINCIAL UNIVERSITY OF I
ONTARIO I

COURSES IN NURSING |

I. Teaching and Administration. |

An eight-months' course for Graduate i

Nurses. i

II. Public Health Nursing. |

A nine-months' course for Graduate |

xS ursGS. -

III. Public Health Nursing. I

A four-year course — including hospit- |

al training — for high school grad- 1

uates. I

For detailed information apply to the |

Pecretary, Department of Public Health |

Nursing," or to the Director, University |

Extension, University of Toronto, Toronto |

.5, Canada. i

Names

l2/)o/.*35S
9/)w.«2'-s!

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying

Mark your clothe.s and
linen for safety from
losses, easy identification,
pood appearance. Cash's
Names are far superior
to any other kind of
marking — give you a
choice of many styles
and colours — neat —
permanent — economical.
Woven on fine cambric
tape.

"Fast to the Finish"
Trial Offer: Send lOc for
one (1 ozon of your own first
name woven in fast thread
on fine camViric tape.
Order frcm your dealer or write :

J. &r. J. CASH, INC.
61 Grier St., Belleville,
Ontario
to Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Obstetric Nursing

rilHE CHICAGO LYING-IN HOSPITAL offers a four-months' post-graduate
M. course in obstetric nursing to graduates of accredited trainine schools con-
nected with general hospitals, giving not less than two years' training.

The course comprises practical and didactic work in the hospital and practical
work in the Out Department connected with it. On the satisfactory completion of
the service a certificate is given the nurse.

Board, room and laundry are furnished and an allowance of $10.00 per month to
cover incidental expense.

Affiliations with accredited Training Schools are desired, as follows:

A four-months' course to be given to pupils of accredited training schools asso-
ciated with general hospitals.

Only pupils who have completed their surgical training can be accepted.

Pupil nurses receive board, room and laundry and an allowance of $5.00 per month.

ADDRESS

Chicago Lying-in Hospital and Dispensary

426 East 51st Street, CHICAGO

A Post-Graduate Training
School for Nurses

AND

An Affiliated Training
School for Nurses

The Massachusetts Eye and Ear
Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston,
offers to graduates of accredited
training schools a two months' course,
both theoretical and practical, in the
nursing care of the diseases of the
eye, ear, nose and throat. The course
includes operating room experience.
If desired, a third month may be
spent in the social service department.

This course is very valuable to
public health nurses, especially to
those in schools and industries.

Hospital capacity, 211 beds; Out-
patients daily average 226. A com-
fortable and attractive Nurses'
Home faces the Charles River. Al-
lowance to post-graduate students,
twenty (20) dollars a month and full
maintenance. The same course, in-
cluding the third month, is available
by application to students of ap-
proved schools.

For further information address: —
SALLY JOHNSON, E.N.,
Superintendent of Nurses

"PARAGON BRAND'^
Surgical Dressings

ABSORBENT GAUZES
BANDAGES
CHEESECLOTHS
DALMAPLAST

(Adhesive Plasters)

ABSORBENT COTTON
SANITARY TOWELS
MATERNITY PADS

SMITHS NEPHEW, LTD.

468 St. Paul St. W.

MONTREAL - - P. Que.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

FELLOWS' SYRUP

The first line of Body Defense assured through

"CHEMICAL TISSUE FOODS"

combined with the dynamic action of strychnine and quinine

For-

Hospital Sheetings

and

Pillow Cottons

I Uniform Fabrics

i Etc.

I Dominion Textile Company

I Limited

1 Head Office : MONTREAL
I

I Sales Offices:

I MONTREAL - - TORONTO

CLEANING
POLISHING
DISINFECTING

m CLEANSERS — Meteor Soft g

^ Soap, Detergent, Soluble, =

^ Soap Powder and Disinfect- g

M ing. =

m POLISHES — Lumowax for g

^ Floors ; Lumo for Metal and g

= Furniture. ^

m DEODORANTS — Nodor Block, m

s Crystal and Spray. =

m DISINFECTANTS — A wide g

= range for all purposes. =

g INSECTICIDES — Mort - a - m

^ Roach, Mort - a - Fly, and =

= ' Mort-a-Moth. s

m ELECTRIC SCRUBBING and m

m POLISHING MACHINES ~ g

= A size for anv requirement. =

g MOPPING EQUIPMENT — M

= Lawlor Tanks. Wringers, etc. s

m BRUSHES AND MOPS m

g PAPER SPECIALTIES =

Write for our new catalogue of
cleaning equipment and supplies.

ASSOCIATED CHEMICAL CO.

OF CANADA LIMITED

i WINNIPEG

imiiiiiiMiiMiiiiiiitiHi HI

VANCOUVER

389 St. Paul St. West
MONTREAL

15 Van Home St.
TORONTO

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

58 THE CANADIAN NURSE

A Monthly Journal for the Nurses of Canada
Published by the Canadian Nurses Association

Vol. XXVII. WINNIPEG, MAN.. FEBRUARY. 1931 No. 2

Registered at Ottawa. Canada, as aecond-cIaM matter.

Entered aa aecond-claa* matter March 19th. 1905. at the Post Office. Buffalo. N.Y.. under the Act of

Congresa. March 3rd. 1897.

Editor and Business Manager: —
JEAN S. WILSON, Reg.N., 511 Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

FEBRUARY, 1931

CONTENTS

PAGE

Recent Steps in Preventive Medicine - - - Dr. F. W. Jackson 59

Life in Canadian Labrador ------ Isobel Fleming 63

An Appreciation -..--..----69

Mental Hygiene for Nurses Dr. Harvey Clare 70

Nursing the Mental Patient E. M. Northmore 72

"State Health Insurance Dr. E. S. Moorhead 74

The Relief of Constipation - - . . - Dr. A. S. Munro 81

Department of Nursing Education:

How Public Health Nursing Can Be Taught in

A Hospital K. P. 83

Refresher Course, University of Toronto - - Winnie Chute 84

Centralised Lecture Committee of Toronto Forms

Instructors' Section ---.-.-.-85

St. Joseph's Hospital Nurses Home, Victoria, B.C. - Edith Franks 85

Department of Private Duty Nursing:

From a Private Duty Nurse's Diary - - - - J. T. 86

Sunlight at School Robert Forgan. M.D. 87

Department of Public Health Nursing:

Records — Their Value in Public Health Nursing - N. Emily Mohr 88

Nevi^s Notes ----.---.---94

Official Directory ---,,,-----99

Vol. XXVII.

FEBRUARY. 193i

No. 2

By Dr. F. W. JACKSON, Deputy Minister of Health for Manitoba.

Those of you who are fond of
poetry will probably remember
Tennyson's "Idylls of the King,"
and particularly that bit which runs
something like this :

"The old order changeth, yielding place

to new,
And God fulfils himself in many ways."
We might paraphrase this to read :
The old order changeth, yielding place to

new,
And the State fulfils itself in many ways.

A few centuries ago the only duty
of the State appeared to be to collect
taxes for the upkeep of those in auth-
ority. All this has changed, however,
and now we find that a very small
percentage of the moneys collected as
taxes are used for the glorification of
those in power.

At first, when the common people
demanded that the money so collected
should be used, at least to some ex-
tent, for themselves, no apparent
thought was given to any except those
who paid the taxes. By this I mean
that the money so allocated was used
practically entirely for the benefit of
the fit and well. The care of the sick
and afflicted was left entirely to char-
ity. If one was able to beg, he col-
lected the benevolence of the more
fortunate in his community.

All these are things of the past,
however, and now we find that the
State considers it has a duty to per-
form, not only to the well, but also to
the halt, the lame and the blind, and
it even goes farther and considers it
has a duty towards the destitute, the
raotherless and the homeless within its
gates. So "the old order change th"

(An address delivered before the First Con-
ference on Social Work in Manitoba, by Dr. F.
W. Jackson, Deputy Minister of Health for Mani-
toba, and formerly Director, Division of Disease
Prevention, Department of Health and Public
Welfare, Manitoba.)

and the State fulfils its duty to its
citizens in many new ways. In this
scheme of things the health of the
people plays an increasingly import-
ant role.

Public health was probably the first
of these new movements to receive
much serious attention from those in
authority. The protection of the
health of the people, as we know it,
was originated at the time of the pass-
ing of the Consolidated Public Health
Act in Great Britain in 1875. This
paved the way for practically all ad-
vances, especially from an adminis-
trative standpoint, that have been
made up to the present time. It is the
foundation upon which is built all
efficient health departments, and al-
though when first brought into effect
it was only meant to regulate the
metropolitan area of Great Britain,
particularly in reference to sanita-
tion, it has been added to and amend-
ed since that time until now it em-
braces all branches of public health
activities.

It is interesting to follow the evolu-
tions of public health. In the first
place the protection of the health of
the people was thought to consist of
the segregation of those actually suf-
fering from communicable disease,
and the proper disposal of the bodies
of those whose death was due to some
malady of an infectious nature. Not
much stock was taken of contacts
until it was found that contacts of
cases, in the great majority of in-
stances, contracted the disease. Then
we had rigid quarantine. No attempt
was made, however, to separate the
sick from the well, and the disease
was allowed to run its course until all
the members of the family who were
susceptible had contracted it.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

It was about this time, during the
Great Plague in London, that the
authorities started to make a deter-
mined effort to mark all houses in
which a case of the disease occurred,
which they did with red chalk, and
then set a watchman to see that no
one entered or left the place. This was
the forerunner of the present-day
placarding. At that time, however, the
regulation was received with great
bitterness of feeling by those among
the population who did not under-
stand such an action and who felt
they were being made ''prisoners of
the plague." To escape being put un-
der quarantine, they refused to report
the existence of illness in their homes,
consulted quack doctors instead of
physicians so the authorities would
not learn that illness had appeared
among them, and in many other ways
tried to hide the fact. At one time a
mob, led by a man mad with grief
and terror, rushed about London kill-
ing and frightening off the guards,
breaking open the houses and calling
to the inmates to come forth and no
longer be "prisoners of the plague."
The authorities had difficulty in dis-
persing this mob and placing the
leaders under restraint. However, in-
stead'of being discouraged, the auth-
orities only enforced their decrees
more rigorously as they realised this
was the only means at their disposal
whereby they might control the
disease.

The next advance was the isolation
of the patient actually suffering from
the disease, in addition to the quaran-
tine of all the members of the house-
hold. This still holds good in present-
day practice, particularly the isola-
tion of the patient.

About this time there had been a
means demonstrated whereby at least
one disease could be prevented. I
refer to Jenner's discovery in refer-
ence to smallpox prevention.

Science progressed, and as know-
ledge of the causes of disease widened,
the fact became evident that to con-
trol epidemics or try to prevent the
spread of disease was not enough;
rather we should try to prevent the

disease from occurring, or, in other
words, to practice preventive medi-
cine.

The great discoveries of Pasteur in
France, and Klebs, Loeffler and Koch
in Germany, in which they demon-
strated the organisms as the cause of
various communicable diseases, mark-
ed another forward step, and it is
upon this foundation that our present-
day knowledge of immunisation for
disease prevention firmly rests.

Through all this period sanitation
as a factor in the occurrence and
spread of disease was becoming more
pronounced, and with the establish-
ment of proper water supplies and
sewage disposal systems, water-borne
diseases gradually became less of a
problem in all well-organised urban
communities.

As public health workers came to
understand more about communicable
disease, both as to the cause and
methods of spread, schemes were
worked out which have resulted in
practically eliminating certain of
these diseases from civilised countries.
I refer particularly to yellow fever
and malaria. These two diseases have
been controlled, of course, by the eli-
mination of the particular mosquitoes
which in each case are responsible for
the spread of the disease.

With the preservation of health by
means of immunisation we enter an
entirely new field. As I have men-
tioned before, the discovery by Jen-
ner of vaccination for the prevention
of smallpox was a forerunner of our
present-day use of immunity-produc-
ing agents. These are now becoming
more or less legion.

For diphtheria we have, in the first
place, diphtheria antitoxin, which
will give immunity to an individual
for a period of from four to eight
weeks. Then we have diphtheria
toxoid, which will give permanent
immunity in approximately 90% of
individuals treated.

We have scarlet fever antitoxin,
which gives a like period of immunity
against scarlet fever that the diph-
theria antitoxin gives for diphtheria;
and we have scarlet fever toxoid,

TiHE CA^NADIAN NURSE

which some claim is of nearly as much
value in giving immunity against
scarlet fever as toxoid is for diph-
theria. This, however, has not been
definitely established.

We have a vaccine for whooping
cough, which is worthy of a trial to
protect contacts of this disease. No
doubt now remains of the possibility
of controlling measles by the use of
convalescent serum, and we have a
vaccine for protection against typhoid
which was of untold value for the
prevention of this disease during the
Great War.

In many places measles, in so far
as it is a cause of death, is pretty well
controlled by the use of convalescent
serum. This entails a considerable
amount of work and, in view of the
fact that a great many people con-
sider measles as only a trifling dis-
ease, widespread use of convalescent
serum has not been made.

Convalescent serum can be obtained
from anyone who has ever had
measles, and it has been definitely
proven that a small dose of this serum
given to an individual within one
week of being in contact with the dis-
ease will prevent the occurrence of
the measles in 85% of cases, whereas
85% of those who come in contact
with measles, if they have not had the
disease at some previous time and
have not had serum, will contract it.

In view of the fact that when
measles is epidemic in our province
the deaths from this cause exceed
those from scarlet fever, and do not
fall far short of those from diph-
theria, it would seem that we should
take advantage of this method of pre-
venting the occurrence of cases,
especially among the younger mem-
bers of our population.

You will probably remember that
twenty years ago typhoid fever was a
common malady during the summer
and fall months in Winnipeg. Our
hospitals were filled to capacity with
patients suffering from this disease.
Now it is difficult to find enough cases
of typhoid to properly instruct the
students in the diagnosis and treat-
ment of this disease, and those that

are available are generally from out-
side the city. This great improvement,
we must admit, has been brought
about by the great improvement in the
environment in which we live, but in
addition to this the use of typhoid
vaccine has played a very important
part in the control of this disease. In
an epidemic which happened in
Northern Manitoba during the spring
of 1929, out of seventy-odd cases
which occurred not a single one had
had typhoid vaccine ; whereas a great
many other individuals who had had
the vaccine and the same chance of
contracting the disease did not de-
velop it.

As you probably know, a regulation
was brought into force giving the De-
partment power to order the compul-
sory use of typhoid vaccine in all
those engaged in mining, lumber and
construction camps. This was done in
Northern Manitoba in June, 1929, and
since that time, despite the fact that
the germs of the disease are seeded
over the length and breadth of the
north country as a result of the epi-
demic in the spring of 1929, we have
only had four cases of typhoid re-
ported from this area, and in every
instance these occurred in individuals
who had not been given vaccine.

We think, despite the improvement
in the sanitation in this north coun-
try, the chlorination of the water,
etc., the major reason that typhoid
has become comparatively a thing of
the past is that almost the entire
population north of 53 has been im-
munized against this disease.

In so far as diphtheria is concerned,
it rests entirely with ourselves
wliethcr or not we have this disease
with us. The last fifteen years have
definitely demonstrated that we have
a simple, safe and comparatively sure
method of preventing this disease. I
refer to the administration of toxoid.
Already in Canada some 800,000 chil-
dren have been protected against
diphtheria by the use of this agent,
and in all those two and a half mil-
lion doses there has not been one un-
toward result reported. France has
administered some twenty million

THE CANADIAN NURSE

doses of this material, and in their
case also there has not been a single
untoward result reported.

]\Iany communities which have
taken it upon themselves to take some
stock in the prevention of diphtheria
have found that they have been able
to practically eliminate this disease
as a cause of disability and death.

One cannot see why objections
should be raised by any individual
or community against this simple,
safe and comparatively sure method
of protecting the child life of our
country against the ravages of this
dread disease, and the more one looks
into the possibilities the more one be-
comes convinced that a little effort on
the part of the Department and co-
operation on the part of the people
in the province will make it possible
to almost entirely eliminate cases of
diphtheria in our province, and cer-
tainly entirely remove it as a cause
of death. As the yearly average num-
ber of lives lost from this disease dur-
ing the last ten years has been 99, no
serious-minded citizen can afford not
to advocate the use of toxoid as a
protection against diphtheria.

Although public health has ad-
vanced remarkably during the last
twenty-five years, there is one point
on which we have retrogressed. I refer
to the abolishment of compulsory vac-
cination against smallpox. A very
cursory glance at the Epidemiological
Reports of the League of Nations,
which show the occurrence of com-
municable diseases in the various
countries of the world, will very
clearly demonstrate the fact, as it is
found in those countries where vac-
cination is still compulsory, that
small pox practically never occurs,
while in other countries, such as
Great Britain, Canada and United
States, where vaccination is only com-
pulsory in the event of an epidemic,
we find the number of cases occurring

really appalling, and we can rest as-
sured, before many generations have
passed, if vaccination is allowed to
lapse, we will have again the high
case and death rate that prevailed in
the time preceding the discovery of
vaccination by Jenner.

With regard to tuberculosis, there
is one side of the question which in-
terests me. I refer to the Grancher
system for the protection of childhood
against tuberculosis. This was started
in France in 1903, and the province
of Quebec decided last year to put it
iuto operation. It would appear that
it is working out successfully in this
province, and it has occurred to me
that it might be of value to our own.
The health workers in Quebec are
very enthUsia.stic about this system
and feel convinced that within the
next generation it will have a direct
effect in lowering the death rate from
this disease. The whole idea of this
scheme is to remove well children
from T.B. infected homes and place
them with foster parents in homes
free from the disease. The cost of this
is borne by the Department of Health
and the funds available for the work
are practically unlimited.

If we made full use of our present
knowledge in reference to disease
prevention by immunization only, we
could save at least from 125 to 150
deaths a year in Manitoba, in addi-
tion to the untold suffering and dis-
ability engendered by measles, whoop-
ing cough, scarlet fever, typhoid,
diphtheria and smallpox.

In closing, might I leave this
thought with you ? The welfare of our
people does not depend on the efforts
of any one branch of social service
alone, but by a combination of all our
activities and the exchange of know-
ledge and practical ideas we may hope
to make Manitoba the best province
ir which to live young and die old.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Life in Canadian Labrador

By ISOBEL FLEMING, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Life is spent in incidents and time
between incidents. In Labrador the
time between seems very short, for
Labrador days are filled with inci-
dents of intense interest. There is no
time or excuse for loneliness, that is,
in summer. Winter has a different
tale to tell.

It is usually the first of June be-
fore the great floes of glacial ice are
carried away from the coast by the
Arctic stream. Then navigation is
opened. Five miles from our town
— Harrington Harbour — stands the
telegraph station on the mainland,
with which we are connected by a
single three-party telephone. From
this we receive many rumours about
our old friend the freight and pas-
senger steamer which brought us
north from Quebec the year before :
as also many tales of schooners com-
ing from Halifax with provisions.
Finally, after much anxious waiting,
the first ship arrives. INIore than six
months have passed since her last
visit in the previous November.

The whole town welcomes the
arrival of the steamer, for it not only
brings news from the outside world,
but also much needed supplies of
canned milk, salt pork, flour, butter,
molasses, hospital supplies, and
especially that household god of the
fishermen — Canadian Leaf Tobacco.
This tobacco is grown in Quebec and
has been used from the earliest times
by the habitant. It is sold in large
ten-pound bales ; and once smclled it
can never be forgotten !

In other lands spring is the be-
ginning of vacation for colleges and
universities. From these come our
summer staff of assistants : doctors,
dentists, nurses, social workers,
teachers and wops.

Newcomers are regarded with some
suspicion. The conventional tourist-
attitude receives little toleration
from natives and old-timers; but a

year or so makes one an old timer.
Openly we sympathise with those
who have been sea-sick, but secretly
we scorn these inexperienced land-
lubbers who have just come from the
city.

The relics of other days remain in
many outlandish customs. Two weeks
of the Christmas season are spent in
what is called "mummering. " Young
and old array themselves in gro-
tesque and humorous costume, sere-
nade each other's homes and take toll
of their hosts in the way of refresh-
ment. And they receive a ready wel-
come : the latch-string is always out
for any who care to enter. Indeed,
Canadian Labrador, scattered com-
munity though it is, is almost like
one large family; for the terms Uncle
and Aunt commonly take the place of
]\Iister and Missus. Even newcomers
from the outside, or neighbours from
150 miles along the coast, soon learn
to drop the conventional Mister or
M'sieu (applied indifferently to
French or English), and adopt the
friendlier custom of saying "Uncle."
Uncle Esau would be distinctly sus-
picious of the person who continued
to call him "Mr."; and Uncle Jim
would not hesitate to correct any one
who dared such open disregard for
the niceties of Labrador etiquette.

Another characteristic that strikes
the uninitiated is the trading system.
A freight, mail and passenger steamer
makes the round trip from Quebec
each fortnight of the summer months.
Also English and French-Canadian
schooners from Quebec and from Hali-
fax regularly make three calls each
during the course of the summer. In
return for salt, foodstuffs, engines,
guns, clothing and fishing-gear, the
traders reload their ships with dry
salt codfish. The typical trader still
sails the seas in the old fashion. He
does not bother with such vanities as
schedules or time4ables. Steamers

THE CANADIAN NURSE

may come and aeroplanes may go, but
his only concern is that the wind may
blow for ever without taking toll of
him or his ship. He does not even use
an auxiliary engine. His business
methods also are equally lacking in
the modern ways of efficiency : he is
too busy in the running of his
romantic ship and the ordering of his
crew to give much attention to
prosaic book-keeping.

In the various villages along the
coast there are a few stores : some,
Hudson's Bay Company posts, others,
privately owned. Next to the ship's
cabin, the store is an excellent place
to spend a day, especially in the
spring, when news from the outside
world is passed around with that fam-
ous leaf tobacco. Here, on cabin
shelves or the store "backshop," there
is everything from a needle to an
anchor to be exchanged for furs or
cash, or credit on the coming season's
catch of codfish.

In the city, men are not so easily
lured to the market by a display of
plain goods, nor is any opportunity
given in the city store to spend a
sociable afternoon talking about the
ways of the world with one's neigh-
bours. It simply is not done. Nor is
one invited to "stay awhile" when
the business is finished. In Labrador
it is different. The purchasers have
often come from a great distance by
boat ; and they are accustomed to buy
enough tobacco and flour and fishing
twine to last half a year, with perhaps
a whole summer or winter outfit for
the family. Who will blame them if
they take a week or so each time they
are outfitted?

The wilds of Labrador have become
proverbial, but we have also heard of
their lure. Behind the bleak inhabited
coast is the great unexplored and al-
most impassable mountainous inter-
ior: a mysterious peninsula of over
four hundred thousand square miles.

Along the coast the climate does
not differ much, for it depends less on
latitude than on the ocean currents.
The cold Arctic current, with its vast
burden of blue glacial ice, sends the

thermometer creeping down into its
winter shelter. The fishermen learn a
lesson from the thermometer, and
leaving the exposed outer islands they
gather in little groups in their warm
winter cabins on the mainland.

The population of Labrador has
varied greatly throughout its history.
There are clear indications to show
that, long before Columbus discovered
America, or Jacques Cartier sailed
through the Straits of Belle Isle, this
coast was frequently visited by the
Norsemen. But the original inhabi-
tants both of Labrador and New-
foundland were the Esquimaux. They
had for their bitter enemies the na-
tion of Algonquin Indians, who occu-
pied the north side of the Gulf of St.
Lawrence (Canadian Labrador), and
who, on one occasion, were able to
muster an army of six thousand
braves to fight against them. Later,
the Esquimaux suffered severely at
the hands of the Palefaces, and were
driven to the northern shores of the
peninsula; so that today their terri-
tory begins about 250 miles north of
the Straits of Belle Isle. The Mora-
vian missionaries are said to have
done marvellous work in civilising
them.

Within the last few years Canada
has been overcoming the Northland
with radio and aeroplane, and her
patrol ships have been establishing
mounted police posts under the very
shadow of the Pole. Also she has been
justifying her claim to the Arctic re-
gions by patrolling these vast terri-
tories of Labrador and bringing the
Esquimaux under Canadian law. This
does not apply, however, to the inter-
ior of the peninsula, which — especi-
ally since a recent British decision —
has become the property of New-
foundland.

Someone has said that the real in-
habitants of the rugged coast of Lab-
rador are the birds. When one sails
among these islands it is a beautiful
and a frequent sight to see several
thousand eider ducks flying swiftly
over the surface of the water in a
long line extending for a mile or

THE CANADIAN NURSE

LABRADOR SCENES

THE CANADIAN NURSE

more; or on a summer's evening the
white-breasted murres and auks may
be seen perched sedately on some
rocky ledge. On one island of the
Straits (not far from the famous
Greenley Island of the unfortunate
Bremen landing) thousands of puf-
fins are nested. The puffin is a small
sea-bird having some of the bright
colouring of the parrot about the head
and beak. The beak, too, is like that
of the parrot, and is very powerful. It
seems strange that these sea-birds,
and other seagulls as well, should lay
eggs larger than those of the domestic
fowl. Many of the coast people gather
the eggs in spring, gathering as many
as a barrel of eggs for each family.
Labrador is, of course, a paradise for
the ornithologist and naturalist, and
during the summer many students of
bird life come to study these northern
birds among the rocky crags of the
islands, which have been set apart as
bird sanctuaries.

The present population of Labra-
dor, for 200 miles north of the Straits
of Belle Isle and the same distance
west along the north shore of the gulf,
is mostly of English descent. Further
west the French element prevails. In
some districts there are many half-
breeds, and on the Canadian Labrador
there are numerous Indian settle-
ments. In winter these Indians ex-
plore the interior to a considerable
distance, hunting for the valuable
pelts of fox, mink, mountain cat and
ermine. In summer they return to the
coast and live in little colonies near
the Hudson's Bay Company trading
posts. The English and French live,
for the most part, in separate vil-
lages, ranging in population from fifty
to four hundred.

Harrington Harbour, the head-
quarters for the Grenfell Mission, is
a central English village in Canadian
Labrador with a population of three
hundred. This settlement is on a
group of islands about five miles from
the mainland. Approaching Harring-
ton by sea, one observes a group of
islands rising like Gibraltars high out
of the water. These islands, like many

others scattered along the coast, are
formed of coarse red granite deeply
scored, and covered in places by thick
green moss and low shrubbery. The
ship passes through the harbour's
narrow winding entrance, with a per-
pendicular granite wall on the right,
and suddenly one sees the quiet little
village sheltered in the bowl of a
.semi-circle of hills. In the centre of
the village rises the Grenfell Hospi-
tal, a large, square, three-storied
building, and close to it are the Mis-
sion Hall and store, two Protestant
churches, and a school building.
Motor boats come out from all direc-
tions to meet us, and the anchor-
chain has hardly finished its message
of safe arrival when the boats begin
to tie up alongside and the fishermen
and the hospital staff clamber on
board.

Going ashore we are greeted by a
howling menagerie of dogs — the Lab-
rador orchestra. These obstreperous
animals provide many of the thrills
of team-travelling in winter, and in-
cidentally they drive many a house-
keeper to despair by their inveterate
thieving. Their power of endurance is
attested by the fact that Commaader
Byrd took more than eighty of these
dogs with him on his trip to the Ant-
arctic.

As there are no roads in the village,
we scramble over the uneven granite,
or wade through soft moss, from the
little wharf to the homes. Most of the
houses are neatly built of logs that
have been sawn by hand ; for until re-
cently all the lumber was cut with
the old-fashioned pit-saw. In the
white- washed workshop at the water's
edge — everyone lives a few yards from
the water's edge — may be seen an old
fisherman with his sons building a
boat. On the scaffolding is a log which
the boys are sawing into lumber : the
saw they use is much like the two-
handled cross-cut saw, but is worked
perpendicularly. To make lumber in
this fashion is obviously a difficult
and tedious job.

These people are dependent on the
cod-fish harvest; and fishing is as

THE CANADIAN NURSE

much a gamble as wheat-growing.
When the cod-fishing fails, there is
much poverty among the fishermen,
who, even in fat seasons, can afford
few luxuries. Of late years their situa-
tion has scarcely improved; for
though they have gasoline engines for
their boats and improved methods of
trapping fish, they have now a great
competitor to threaten their livelihood
— the steam trawler — which can take
from the sea tons of fish to the fisher's
pounds. The days of the shore fisher-
man may be passing. But in the mean-
time the work of the International
Grenfell Association continues.
Whether the fishers can solve their
economic problem in Labrador or may
be forced to abandon the coast, they
must have medical attention.

The hospital has two wards with
five beds in each. There is a sun-
balcony (with three beds), operating
room, dispensary, laboratory, and
doctor and dentist's offices: quite a
complete little medical station. There
may be few patients in hospital — pos-
sibly between five and ten ; but much
of the doctor's work lies in attending
to the villages along three hundred
miles of coast. In summer he travels
with the dentist in a little white
launch, the Northern Messenger, and
in winter he travels by dog-team.

The Grenfell Hospital at Harring-
ton was established in 1908. It Is
maintained by Canadian capital, and
as far as possible its staff is also
Canadian. The permanent staff con-
sists of doctor, nurse, housekeeper and
local helpers. In summer these are
supplemented by an assistant doctor,
a dentist, and a couple of university
boys called Wops, who are in search
of thrilling experiences and make
themselves generally useful.

Travelling in Labrador is a sure
road to adventure. Excursions have to
be carefully planned several days be-
fore making a trip of even a few
miles.

For some time I had wanted to visit
a nursing station at Mutton Bay,
forty miles east of us. It was mid-
winter, and the doctor was arranging

to start on his eastern trip as soon as
weather permitted. Our driver, Uncle
Esau, had a fine team of dogs ready
and in good condition for several
weeks of travel. I was warmly clad,
Labrador fashion, in a white cossack
with fur-trimmed neck, and hood and
breeches of a closely-woven duck ma-
terial which was wind and water-
proof. My mocassins were tanned
sealskin, which reached to the knees,
somewhat like a rubber boot, closed
at the top with a draw-string. The
doctor and the driver were similarly
outfitted. The komatik, a ten-foot dog-
sled, had the customary provision box
lashed on with sealskin thongs : this
box served also as a seat. Each of the
nine dogs was in sealskin harness,
and on a separate rawhide trace.
When we were ready to go, the lead
dog was shown the direction by the
driver pointing his whip and shout-
ing "Raddah, Raddah," to indicate
the left, or ''Ek, Ek," for the right.
The dogs needed no urging, for they
were howling to be off. They started at
amazing speed, but soon slowed down
to a steady run, which they continued
till we reached Aylmer Sound, ten
miles distant. Here we stopped to at-
tend several cases, and before our
work was done the day was too far
gone for further travel. We spent the
night pleasantly enough. The hospi-
tality made up for the discomfort of
the undersized feather-bed, and a
healthy appetite found small cause of
complaint in the plain fare of salt fish
or seal steaks, with potatoes, jam
from native berries, and strong tea
with canned milk.

We had been travelling from the
outer islands to the mainland. Next
morning we headed again towards the
islands and the open sea. It was still
early in the day when we arrived at
the little French village of Whale
Head. Again we attended some cases,
but as the weather showed some signs
of storm we hastily continued en
route for Mutton Bay. As we travelled
the men took turns at running beside
the komatik. Occasionally I, too,
would take a turn at the running, for

THE CANADIAN NURSE

the deep snow made travelling slow
and laborious, and running at least
kept one warm. While riding, it was
found better to sit with one's back to
the dogs, for we were running into
the rising storm. While seated in this
manner the komatik gave a sudden
lurch and threw me off headlong into
the snow. This was a great source of
mirth to my companions, and even the
dogs enjoyed the slight diversion.

After travelling several hours
through the storm we realised that
we were lost. If we had followed the
trail we should have reached Mutton
Bay by this time; but Uncle Esau
could find no landmark. The trail
should have led through a narrow
pass between the rugged hills which
guard the entrance to the bay. We
zig-zagged for hours between number-
less islands, trying to pick up the
trail. When we finally realised we
were lost we had unpleasant recol-
lections of a little wooden cross we
had passed earlier in the day : a grim
memorial erected on a bleak island to
a young lad who, the previous year,
had lost his way and frozen to death.
We knew the pass was not far away,
but were unable to find it. Finally we
were forced to stop ; and setting up
the komatik in a clump of spruce trees
for a shelter, we prepared to spend
the night. A fire was built, and
strong tea with stale bread did much
to raise our spirits. As the fire scarce-
ly kept us warm, we moved about to
gather wood for the fire and at the
same time to keep up our circulation.
Meanwhile the dogs lay curled up in
the snow, sleeping where they had
been loosed from the komatik, and the
falling snow soon turned them into
huge snowballs.

Shortly after midnight the storm
passed, and the moon rose in a clear
cold sky. Uncle Esau donned a pair
of snowshoes and set out to recon-
noitre. In a short time he returned
to tell us that the pass we had sought
in vain was just over the hill. We had
camped almost at the entrance ! We at
once re-hitched our team. The deep
snow made progress extremely diffi-

cult, but we soon reached the nursing
station, where there was warm food
and fire and — incomparable joy! —
soft beds and peaceful sleep.

On another occasion — this time in
mid-summer — we decided to try our
luck at cod-fishing. Immediately after
supper we donned rubber boots, coat
and hat, and borrowing a motor boat
and fishing gear we headed for Gull-
cliff Island to provide ourselves with
bait. In half an hour we passed round
the cliff, where twenty boats were al-
ready anchored, tied bow to stern. We
tied up at the end of the line, and
were soon followed by others. There
was much shouting and good-natured
horseplay among the men. Some
jumped from boat to boat, climbed
the mast to descend again head-first,
and performed other pranks and
stunts. It was dusk when our baitfish,
the squid, arrived on the scene. The
squid is a peculiar fish, with tentacles
waving about its head. In the twilight
it comes in swarms to the surface
water, where it is caught with a speci-
ally designed rosette jigger. It
clutches the jigger with its tentacles
and is at once pulled from the water,
and as it rises above the surface it
shoots a stream of black fluid intO'the
air, or into the face of the unsuspect-
ing novice. The fishermen love to tell
you that this is the secretary fish, and,
cutting one open, they show the beau-
tiful, white, paper-like flesh. Then the
transparent backbone is skilfully re-
moved: that can serve as a pen-quill.
Beside the backbone one sees a long
sac of black fluid, which the fishermen
call ink. In reality this is what the
squid throws in the face of his
enemies in the manner of a smoke-
screen.

Another day we took our borrowed
motor-boat and proceeded to the fish-
ing banks, five miles distant. The
chief trapping season was past, when
the fishing crews commonly catch sev-
eral tons of fish in one haul : now
hook, bait and line were used. After
fishing for some time and getting a
few fine cod, we began to weary of our
sport, especially as the fish, once they

THE CANADIAN NURSE

were caught, made no fight to get
away.

After visiting some of the fishing
boats we started homeward. The sky
had been dull and threatening, and as
we headed for the home harbour a
heavy fog settled over us. A fog on
land is often weird, but at sea, with
nothing visible but a small circle of
rough w^ater about the boat, the
phenomenon is distinctly unpleasant.
It was necessary for one of us to sit
in the bow of the boat and to peer
into the fog for signs of shoals. The
minutes passed slowly, and we pro-
gressed as slowly. Great was the relief
of our boatload of amateur seamen
when the steep entrance of the har-
bour loomed up before us in the fog
and we finally arrived at the familiar
landing.

Scarcely had we reached shore
when we heard a ship's foghorn blow-
ing at the mouth of the harbour. In a
few minutes a beautiful white steam

yacht came swiftly toward us, like an
apparition, out of the fog. Great was
the excitement, for it was Dr. Gren-
f ell's yacht, the Strathcona II. As
soon as anchor was dropped, we went
on board and took Dr. Grenfell and
his staff ashore. He had not been ex-
pected, but was doubly welcome to all
of us. His plain clothes and plain
manners did not hide the splendid
personality of that practical idealist;
and some of his unbounded enthus-
iasm passed into us. He regaled us
with endless ''experiences," spiced
with wit and sympathy. In the even-
ing he chatted with a group of the
townsfolk who gathered around him
in the mission hall. The next day,
Sunday, he conducted "prayers" in
the little United Church at the
water's edge. On Monday morning
early — good seamen start early — his
yacht sailed majestically out of the
harbour with colours flying, leaving
all of us inspired with the doctor's
great Vision of Service.

An Appreciation

The staff at National Headquarters
appreciated exceedingly the numer-
ous greetings and messages of good
wishes received from International
Headquarters, member organisations
of the International Council of
Nurses, and many individual nurses,
during the Christmas Season.

Numbered among these greetings
was a delightful card from Mrs.
Rebecca Strong, of Edinburgh. Can-
adian nurses will be especially
pleased to learn that Mrs. Strong
continues her interest in nursing and
has many happy memories of her
visit to Canada during the Sixth
Congress of the International Council
of Nurses.

Dame Maud McCarthy, who visited
us in 1926 for the unveiling of the
Nurses Memorial, is another of our
former guests from whom we heard
lately. Dame Maud, following the
unveiling ceremony, made a trip to
the Pacific Coast, visiting one or
more cities in each province, and she
refers with enthusiasm to her visit
to us when sending her best wishes
for 1931.

The Staff at Headquarters, on their
own behalf, and also for the Canadian
Nurses Association, wish to express
their many thanks for these kindly
messages of good will.

70 THE CANADIAN NURSE

Mental Hygiene for Nurses

By HARVEY CLARE, M.D., Superintendent of Homewood Sanitarium.

Mental hygiene is not the deep,
mysterious, scientific subject that
many of us think. It refers to the
general mental health oi the com-
munity. It also makes us ask our-
selves the question, "Can the mental
health of the community be im-
proved?" The term mental hygiene
makes us ask ourselves what we as
individuals should do to lessen the
evils that are caused by mental ill-
ness in our community.

These are big questions and can't
be discussed fully in any single
article. We know very well that in
every neighbourhood there are occa-
sional cases of mental disease, there
are eases of retarded and backward
children, and there may be cases of
epilepsy. Besides these, there are all
sorts of nervous, irritable, eccentric
and emotional people.

I think we all believe that in order
to raise the steady, sensible, confident
child the parents must be of the same
type. If the parents are of the emo-
tional, unsteady, and erratic type, or
if either of the parents are defective
or psychotic, we must watch out for
abnormal mental symptoms in the
children. Many parents are of this
abnormal type, and consequently we
must expect the appearance of many
abnormal types among the children.

I think it is safe to say that one in
every hundred children born will
show at some time a mental condition
that will cause concern to his family.
Some say that two or three in every
hundred are feeble-minded, but, if
so, the condition will not be so ser-
ious as to demand interference. One
in one hundred may not seem to you
a big proportion, but Canada has ten
million people and one in one hun-
dred would mean one hundred thou-
sand of these people suffer mentally
to such an extent that they need pro-
tection and assistance at some time.

The three conditions that cause this
mental helplessness are :

Definite mental disease or in-
sanity ;

Mental retardation or feeble-
mindedness ;

Epilepsy.
The two influences that contribute
chiefly to these conditions are
heredity and environment. The breed-
ing of animals proves to us that we
get exactly the same kind of offspring
as the type that we breed from. The
Mendellian theory also proves that
the hereditary influence is an actual
fact. When we consider the influences
of environment on the mental con-
dition we are compelled to acknow-
ledge that environment has as much
influence as heredity, and we also
realize th«t environment is much
more easily controlled. Every child
has a right to live and develop in an
atmosphere that is full of sunshine,
good nourishment, cheerfulness and
free from all forms of irritation. We
forget that children are often sub-
jected to influences that warp their
mental development. Babies are pam-
pered, petted and humoured until
they cry themselves black in the face.
They are told ghost stories, and
threatened with bears, witches an^ so
forth until they are afraid to go to
sleep or afraid to go into a room
alone. Boys and girls are whipped at
school because a question they can't
do shows the wrong answer. They are
ridiculed before the other members
of their class because of something
over which they have no control. They
are scorned and humiliated because
they may have to wear clothing that
may not be as good as that of the
other children. They are made to feel
badly because they have not as much
money for the penny bank as some
more fortunate child. These mental
traumas or injuries have very serious
influences upon the mental condition
of a child. He should have a chance
to grow up self-confident, frank, open
and free from deceit or secrecy. In
the homes many children are merely
machines, made to do certain physical
work, but never consulted concerning
their wishes or advised concerning

THE CANADIAN NURSE

their problems. The parent is self-
constituted an infallible god, and un-
questioned obedience is demanded of
the child. Some seem to think that
this is a good condition. To me it
seems that we should be trying to
train the reason and self-control of
the child. If he is never allowed^ to
plan anything for himself or to think
out problems for himself he will soon
begin to think that he is inferior. If
he does not use his intelligence and
his judgment, these qualities will de-
teriorate from lack of use; the de-
mand for unreasonable obedience will
produce resentment, and the fact that
other people are not placed in this
unfavorable condition will make him
jealous and envious.

The environment of crime or pov-
erty will certainly stunt and warp the
mental development.

What can we do to prevent the
faulty influences of bad heredity and
bad environment? Education of the
general mass of people is the most
important step : constant talking and
constant writing will gradually get
the people thinking for themselves on
this subject. We must have organiza-
tions everywhere, drawing attention
to the unhappy results of our present
conditions. No organization of this
kind would be complete without the
social service nurse. No one can
search out the hidden causes of men-
tal unrest and mental unhappiness
like a sensible and kindly nurse.

The nurse must understand these
unhappy mental conditions, she must
be familiar with them, she must be
able to recognize them with her eyes
shut. The only way to do this is to
live with these mental cases, to eat
with them, to sleep with them, to
work with them, to get their confi-
dence, to have them pour their un-
happy stories into her trained ears.
The social service nurse must be able
to dig down and find the cause of
their troubles and worries and in this
way the children may be saved from
many mental injuries.

I would say give me a good social
service nurse who understands chil-
dren, give her plenty of time and she

will come back and tell me why a
certain child is hard to control ; she
will tell me why another boy has
been cruel to animals; she will tell
me why a certain little girl tells lies
without any cause; she will under-
stand why the boy is at the foot of
the class and why he refuses to play.
How are nurses going to qualify
themselves for this important work?
Only those nurses who are thought-
ful, studious and interested will be
successful. Granted that we have the
right class of applicant nurse, I
would suggest one month of actual
ward work in a hospital for mental
diseases, with lectures everyday on
mental diseases; followed by one
month of actual ward work in a hos-
pital for feeble-minded children, with
lectures everyday on these con-
ditions ; and two months of follow-up
work from these hospitals. I mean
by this, going out to the homes of the
patients that are admitted and in-
vestigating thoroughly the conditions
that exist there, then reporting back
to the hospital as to the best remedy
for the trouble.

Anyone going into this work must
look upon the work as that of a mis-
sionary going to China, or a nun
going into a colony of lepers. There
is no honour in the work, there is
any amount of trouble and abuse.
Parents do not like their homes and
children investigated and the nurse
will be called a busybody and a
snooper. The family doctor will soon
complain that this nurse is interfer-
ing with his work. The municipal
council will say that she is trying to
run up expenses for them to pay.
The results will be very slow and
hard to see; after thirty or forty
years w^ork, she will, probably, be
able to look back and say, "Things
are a little better." If this work of
constant education and investigation
is kept up for one hundred years,
conditions would be a lot better, but
in the meantime, we must not become
discouraged and we must remember
tliat no one will be able to help us in
this work as can the trained nurse.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Nursing the Mental Patient

By ESTHER M. NORTHMORE, Superintendent of Nurses, Homewood Sanitarium,

Guelph, Ont.

The training of nurses for the care
of the mentally ill is very important.
The main fact to stress on the new
and inexperienced nurse is that the
patient is ill. This may be a little
difficult at first, as many of the pa-
tients are well physically, eat and
sleep well, and it is only experience
that will teach the nurse that the
patient is mentally ill. In the sani-
tarium we try to have these cases
lead as normal a life as possible.

Qualifications of a nurse in this
work are the same as in a general
hospital. Education is essential, quick-
ness of perception, tact and kindness,
and the nurse must be conscientious.
The nurse must have a sense of
humour, so as not to take patients'
worries too seriously. It is quite un-
necessary to display warmth and af-
fection and to coddle the patient or
to use endearing terms when address-
ing her.

It is easier to nurse the mental
patient away from her home, in a
hospital or sanitarium, away from re-
latives and inquiring friends. Visitors
should be limited, even in a sani-
tarium.

It depends very greatly on both
the mental and physical condition of
the patient just what nursing and
treatment she will require. If she is
well physically and able to be out of
bed and going about, a schedule will
be a splendid help to the nurse. A
patient will be impressed and will
usually try to follow it. The object of
a schedule is to keep her busy and
occupied, so she will not have time to
sit around and think about her home
and her condition.

It is better to start the day early.
Breakfast 7 and 8 a.m. Permit the
patient to rest.

9.30 a.m. — Spray bath, followed by
a massage or electrical treatments or
violet Ydiy. Have her rest for half an
hour.

10.30 a.m. — Get the patient out of
bed and dressed and ready for a walk.

Give some nourishment, liquid form,
e.g., cocoa, soup, milk.

11-12 a.m. — ^Walk in the fresh air.

12-1 p.m. — Reading or occupational
therapy.

1 p.m. — Luni?h or dinner.

2-4 p.m. — Rest in bed, followed by
nourishment or a cup of tea.

5-6 p.m. — Walk in the fresh air.

6.30 p.m. — Tea. After tea, reading
or fancy-work; sometimes a moving
picture or cards. Any amusement that
will keep the patient occupied.

9.30 p.m. — A warm tepid bath, fol-
lowed by a light massage and warm
drink. The. patient should be in bed
ready for sleep at 10 p.m. or shortly
after.

The nurse must make a schedule to
suit her patient. If she is restless and
cannot relax, the bath may last from
half to one hour. The patient is never
left alone while taking the bath.

If the patient is acutely excited and
hallucinated, the treatment will be
very different. It will be almost im-
possible to get her to co-operate. She
will be restless, may be irritable and
noisy, will not remain in bed. Th'ere
is great danger of this patient hurt-
ing herself or becoming exhausted.
The continuous bath treatment is
very beneficial in these cases. It may
be difficult to keep her in the tub. She
is placed in the bath on a canvas
cradle, with a rubber air pillow under
her head and a canvas cover over the
tub. The temperature of the water
must not be below 96 or above 98
Fahrenheit. The water is kept at this
temperature while she is in the tub.
If the patient is not too restless and
excited, cold compresses should be ap-
plied to the head every two minutes.
These will be very soothing to her.
The nurse will try and induce
patient to drink plenty of water and
take nourishment frequently during
the bath. The length of time spent in
the bath will depend upon the excite-
ment of the patient. Sometimes these
patients are removed for one hour,

THE CANADIAN NURSE

•given a rest, and if still restless and
excited, returned to the bath. The
nurse must be in constant attendance.
She must not turn her back on the
patient in case the latter should put
"her head under the water or get out
of the bath. The pulse must be watch-
ed constantly and must be recorded
•every fifteen minutes. Her colour
must be watched carefully and on any
signs of collapse she is removed from
the tub immediately. The dangers of
the continuous bath are : drowning,
burning or chilling of the patient,
exhaustion. The nurse must be very
careful and watch the patient closely.
Wh-en she is removed from the bath
she must be rubbed thoroughly with
a bathtowel, given a gentle alcoholic
rub and put to bed and kept warm.
Usually the patient will rest or sleep
after this treatment. Hot wet packs
are very beneficial, also massage and
electrical treatments, walks in the
fresh air if she is not too excited.
Nourishment is very important in the
nursing of these patients. The patient
is very often too excited and
busy listening to hallucinations and
answering them; she may have de-
lusions about her food, she may think
that there is poison in it, and very
often it is a difficult task for nurses
to get a sufficient amount of nourish-
ment in these patients. There may
be times when she will be fairly ra-
tional for a few minutes at a time.
The nurse must take this opportunity
to persuade her to eat or take nour-
ishment. If a patient will not take
her regular meals, she must have
nourishment every hour. Sometimes
these cases will resist all efforts to be
fed ; then gavage must be resorted to.
These patients use up so much energy
that if a sufficient amount of nourish-
ment is not taken they will become
exhausted. When the excitement
leaves, the patient is generally very
weak and exhausted and will require
very careful nursing to build her up.
Depression is another kind of
mental condition that the nurse has
to deal with. The student nurse must
be taught from the first that all de-
pressed patients have suicidal tenden-

cies. Many of these cases are mildly
depressed and are able to carry on
with the help of a nurse. It is this
type that the nurse will find the sche-
dule very useful for. Some of these
patients become very depressed, rest-
less, and agitated. They are very diffi-
cult cases to nurse. Many of them be-
come very suicidal. Suicide becomes
almost an obsession with them. They
think of nothing else. Very careful
and tactful nursing is required, as the
patient will resent being watched and
the nurse will have to be constantly
on the watch without appearing so.
The patient becomes worried and
feels that she is not trusted. This
cannot be stressed too strongly to the
student nurse. Very often the new
and inexperienced student will for-
get or cannot see why the patient
must be watched so closely, and may
leave the patient to herself long
enough for her to accomplish her aim.
In extreme cases of depression, the
patient will have to be kept in bed
night and day, removed only when
she will receive treatments. In most
cases it is better to get the patient
out of bed and try to get her inter-
ested and take her for walks in the
fresh air. It is better to walk in the
country and avoid the city and
crowds, in case she should take an
impulse and run and jump in front
of a street car, etc.

The usual treatments for the ner-
vous and mental cases are baths, mas-
sage, electrical treatments. Occupa-
tional therapy is very important.
These patients are usually too de-
pressed to read and it is rarely that
the nurse can get the patient's atten-
tion to read to her. Patients suffering
from depression usually have no ap-
petite and resist food. Great care
must be taken in the preparation of
the food for this type. Make it as at-
tractive as possible. Give a small
amount of food at a time, but give it
often. Try to cater to the patient's
tastes. If solid food is refused, liquid
nourishment must be given every
hour or more often, as only an ounce
or two may be taken at a time. In a
case of this kind the intake of fluids

THE CANADIAN NURSE

during the twenty-four hours should
be at least 100 to 150 ounces. The
nurse must keep an accurate record
of all food taken by the patient. As
insomnia is always present, the nurse
must try to induce sleep without the
use of drugs : try the tepid baths, hot
wet packs, light massage, warm
drinks. Remove any article of furni-
ture which might irritate the patient.
The nurse must be instructed not to
leave the patient alone for one min-
ute during the night or day.

All student nurses must be in-
structed early in their training that
in caring for the nervous and mental
cases they must not argue or contra-
dict the patient. They must learn that
the delusions and hallucinations are
very real. In nursing the mental
patient the main object is to see that
she has plenty of rest and sleep, fresh
air, and some exercise; that she takes
plenty of nourishment to try and

build her up physically. Many times,
after she has been built up physi-
cally, the mental condition will im-
prove. She must be kept occupied
with occupational therapy, such as
basketry, fancy-work, painting, etc.
The nurse who hasn't had training or
instruction in psychiatric nursing will
find the nursing of these cases very
difficult and almost impossible.

I regret to say that up to the pres-
ent the mental nurse has not yet re-
ceived her halo which her more
august sister in general nursing has
long since obtained, but I am con-
vinced that the day will come when
mental, or psychological nursing, as I
prefer to call it, will become the blue
ribbon of the profession.

(Elizabeth L. Macaulay, Matron, Kent
County Mental Hospital, Maidstone, in an
address before The British College of
Nurses on October 16th. 1929. From The
British Journal of Nursing, November,
1930.)

State Health Insurance

A Report on the Feasibility of the Introduction of a Contributory Health Insurance
Scheme to the Province of Manitoba

By DR. E. S. MOORHEAD, Chairman, Welfare Supervision Board, Department of
Health and Public Welfare, Winnipeg, Man.

It is impossible to enter on the sub-
ject of the application of Health In-
surance to the Province of Manitoba,
until we have made a short survey
of the trend of social economics, and
the remedial legislation which has
been brought into being during the
last fcAv decades to mitigate the dis-
abilities of those who work for a
daily wage.

May I take you back to an early
stage in English history, where you
"will find that much of the medical
service was supplied by the monks,
and hospital accommodation was pro-
vided in the monasteries.

We still have terms in medicine
which show this influence, such as
Friar's Balsam, Jesuit Bark from
which quinine is obtained, and
Monk's Hood or Aconite. St. Bar-
tholomew's Hospital was founded in

(An address, given before the First Conference
on Social Work for Manitoba, October, 1930.)

London by a monk in the year 1123.
We then take a jump to the reign oi
King Henry the Eighth. The Crown
seized the monasteries, ejected the
monks, and organised medical ser-
vice, as far as we know, ceased to
exist. After a long period, three
events took place which were associ-
ated with the beginning of a new
economic system in England. A
system which was to draw the in-
habitants from purely agricultural
pursuits.

These w^ere the developments of
industry; the migration from coun-
try to town, and the erection and
endow^ment of hospitals.

In the past, and until quite recent-
ly, the daily wage earners were in-
eluded in the penniless group when
sickness, accident or old age over-
took them. They were entirely de-
pendent on private or voluntary
charity, and it was almost obligatory

THE CANADIAN NURSE

on the wealthy to leave some form
of endowment to assist their less for-
tunate brethren. When the sufferings
of the poor became greater than the
relief supplied by voluntary organi-
sations, it was recognised that some
form of official recognition must be
taken, and some relief given. This
was administered in a crude and
unsympathetic manner by parish,
municipal or county officials, who
seemed to take pleasure in increasing
the distress of the poor by pointing
out the stigma attached to support
at the expense of the tax-payer.
Dickens in several of his books did
much to force this point of view on
the attention of England; and from
that time, though the progress has
been slow, a different outlook has
arisen. During the last fifty years,
it has come to be recognised that the
man who has spent his life, or has
become sick or injured in the service
of the industry of his country, is
entitled to something more than a
haphazard charity or begrudged
existence in a work or almshouse.
When this was accepted it appeared
that the State alone should be re-
quired to provide any comforts
necessary, but by degrees it came to
be acknowledged that such a scheme
could not be carried on indefinitely,
nor to the extremes which the social-
ist element demanded. It discouraged
thrift, it cast an increasing burden
on the tax-payer, and at a time when
industrial output was diminishing,
and huge expenditures had to be
met, the state decided that benefits
must be paid for, in part, by the re-
cipient of them. It is at this period
that we find plans brought forward
whereby benefits were secured by a
form of insurance; to which the in-
sured, the employer and the State
subscribed in varying proportions.
These were the steps which led by
slow degrees to the present state of
affairs in social economics. It must
be remembered that there is a mark-
ed difference in the application of the
regulations to the different subscrib-

ers, depending on the political out-
look of the party in power. On one
side, we have the condition in Russia
where all contributions are made by
the employer as opposed to Roumania
where the employee pays all the
premiums. There remains that con-
dition which we find in many of the
newer countries, when the state or
province assume the whole responsi-
bility, and the employer and the em-
ployee make their contributions in-
directly through general taxation. It
would be wise to make a brief study
of those systems which have proved
to be most popular in the older coun-
tries, with a view to fitting them into
the economic system of the younger
countries. Take the system where the
(.mployer. the employee and the state
contribute certain fixed sums per
week; this presupposes several pre-
mises. First, that a large percentage
cf the population can be placed in the
relative positions of employer and
employee. While this holds good in
highly industrialised communities, it
is not at all applicable to this coun-
try. Here, we have the farmer, who
for several months of the year may
be quite independent, even to the ex-
tent of being an employer of labour ;
during the remainder he may be an
employee working in a lumber camp
or other winter occupation. Second,
that a week's or a month's work will
represent a definite sum which w411
be paid at regular periods and over
a fixed number of months in the year.
We have two difficulties — the farmer
employer never knows until his crop
is sold what his average weekly wage
will be; in ease of local or general
disaster, the weekly wage may be
non-existent ; similarly, the employee
of a farmer may fail to recover the
wages which were promised to him
owing to such misfortunes as hail,
drought, or an unsold crop ; further,
while it has been possible in the past
for actuarial departments to make an
accurate estimate of the weeks of em-
ployment which may be expected by
every working man, the world-wide

THE CANADIAN NURSE

wave of unemployment has upset
all these calculations, and countries
are finding that the subscriptions of
the employer and employee are much
less than had been anticipated, and
that the only form of adjustment
which can be made, if the pledge
made to the employee is to be kept,
results in a larger share of the cost
being shouldered by the state. Third-
ly, the success of an insurance scheme
presupposes a reasonable fixity of
residence, or similar forms of admin-
istration in the different parts of the
Dominion. Both of these are marked-
ly absent in Canada. A fairly largo
percentage of the labouring popula-
tion is not fixed in its habitation, but
travels to whatever district offers for
the time being hopes of profitable
employment. For instance, we have
the migration of harvesters from
British Columbia, and eastern Can-
ada to the west w^here the work is
carried out by labourers over a
period of six to tAvelve weeks, after
which the migrants return to their
own homes. Finally, there is the lack
of uniformity in the legislation in the
different provinces. There is not, and
as far as one can see there is not
likely to be, any similarity of regula-
tions as it affects the various areas
which compose the Dominion. If a
man has acquired a status, and a pro-
vince an obligation, by the fact that
during a period of work the former
has parted with a sum of money
which is to be used for insuring him
against disabilities, it is unreasonable
that he should be penalised through
moving to another province, though
still living in the same country and
under the same flag. Yet, that is exact-
ly what would happen to him. To
judge by the number of traffic laws,
our legislators would appear to be cog-
nisant of the fact that the world has
taken to wheels, but they appear to
be unaware of the fact that wheels
which are functioning tend to reduce
both time and space. I think we all
agree that it is reasonable that the
man who is given medical assistance

and relief to carry him over a period
of illness should subscribe to it dur-
ing the period when he is able to
work. We then have to ask ourselves,
should the plan be put into practice
as a voluntary or a compulsory sys-
tem? Many countries have tried the
voluntary system and failed. One
alone, Denmark, has succeeded. It is
difficult for us living in the West to
appreciate the density of the agricul-
tural population, and equally difficult
to estimate the wonderful spirit of
co-operation found there. Denmark
is surrounded by thickly populated
countries highly industrialised, where
she finds a ready market for her pro-
duce; some years ago she was able
to overcome her chief competitor.
Ireland, in supplying eggs and butter
to the English market. Denmark has
something like 60 per cent, of her
population of three and a half mil-
lions insured against illness by the
voluntary system, but Manitoba has
no reason to suppose that she can
follow this example.

Let us now consider the compul-
sory system, first, as applied to the
employee, and second, as it concerns
the individual, be he farmer, watch-
maker, small store-keeper, etc., who
earns a small livelihood, while main-
taining his independence. The latter
may be just as much in need of medi-
cal assistance and subsistence during
illness as the employee. How are you
going to collect from him? You cer-
tainly cannot do it through the mails.
If he pays no attention to the weekly
notices sent him, are you going to put
a lien or mortgage on his property, or
will you hale him into court? The
courts would soon be clogged by the
numbers appearing for judgment. Are
you going to employ collectors or in-
spectors, travelling over the immense
districts which comprise the province
of Manitoba? The cost of collection
would probably be 50 to 75 per cent,
of the money turned in, and no sys-
tem of insurance could stand an over-
head like that. In England, highly
industrialised and thickly populated

THE CANADIAN NURSE

as it is, where only employees are
accepted, and where those employees
are frequently to be found to the
number of thousands in one estab-
lishment, the cost of collection and
administration is 12^ per cent. How
much more would it be for us with
our population which is mainly agri-
cultural and certainly wide-spread?
To set up a system which would only
include Winnipeg and other cities,
and would be limited to employees
is to approach the fringe of a difficult
problem, and leave the main body
untouched. Summed up as between
a system of health insurance entirely
supplied by the state, or one mainly
provided by employer and employee
and subsidised against emergencies
by the state, the latter is the better.
As between the compulsory and the
voluntary, the advantage lies with
the latter. In each ease it does not
appear to be possible to devise a col-
lecting machine which will be effi-
cient, moderate in cost, and able to
overcome the physical difficulties
found in the province of Manitoba.
In leaving this angle of the question
it seems appropriate to refer to the
means which other countries have
taken to solve somewhat similar diffi-
culties, difficulties which are entirely
due to physical causes. Three may
be mentioned, the Highlands and
Islands of Scotland ; certain com-
munities in the mountainous cantons
of Switzerland, and South Africa.
The National Health Insurance Act
of Great Britain is operative legally
over the whole of Scotland ; but it is
found that in certain sparsely popu-
lated districts where the inhabitants
are poor, and not engaged in any
steady industry, it would not be
feasible to collect the weekly dues,
and even if it were, no doctor could
afford to work for the income pro-
vided, more especially when long
distances and difficulties of transpor-
tation are taken into account. There-
fore, the state induces doctors to
settle in these areas by means of sub-
sidies. The scale of fees to be charged

by the doctor takes into considera-
tion the poverty of the patient, but
does not allow for the distance to
be travelled. That is, the fee is based
on the supposition that the doctor
lives near to his patient. The state
adds to the fees received a sufficient
sum to bring the income to $2,500.00
per annum. Travelling allowance and
house are also provided.

In some of the higher altitudes in
Switzerland there are communities
Avhich are shut off from other towns
to such an extent that they would be
unable, on account of snow, etc., to
procure a doctor at certain times of
ihe year, and unable to pay him for
the time and distance covered. In
such cases, younger doctors are in-
duced to abide for a time which is
usually limited by the necessity of
providing better education for grow-
ing children. The doctor is paid
partly by a tax assessed on every
member of the community, and part-
ly by a state subsidy. In the thinly
populated districts of South Africa
instead of a direct subsidy the
doctor's income from patients is in-
creased by giving him official or state
appointments such as health officer,
sanitary inspector, coroner, etc., but
the inducements to remain are not
as a rule very great.

There are two difficulties which
have developed in the working of the
Acts to which I must draw your at-
tention, for they may do a great deal
to militate against the success of it.
I will state a provisional case. A
farmer develops an attack of bron-
chitis in December; the doctor sees
him and satisfies himself that he has
the disease, advises him to stay in-
doors, and gives him some cough
medicine. At the end of the week
the doctor is asked to send some more
medicine, and the attack may easily
be made to last six or eight weeks.
It would come to an end promptly
if the patient found some profitable
occupation. Seeing, however, that he
has no work to do, that he might as
well be drawing sick pay, and that

THE CANADIAN NURSE

he always has a bit of winter cough,
you can see his point of view. You
cannot say that it is fraudulent, but
you can appreciate how much it will
add to the cost. The same condition
may arise in any case where there is
seasonal unemployment, or where
owinof to economic conditions a large
number are out of work. The man
who loafs at home with nothing to
do and no prospect of getting work
develops digestive troubles and vari-
ous neurosis, which he considers en-
title him to sick benefits. It is just
this state of affairs which has caused
a tremendoiis increase, about 100 per
cent, during the last ten years, in the
number of people who are receiving
medical services and sick benefits in
England. It is a condition for which
we have to be prepared if we under-
take a provincial health insurance
scheme, similar to those in Europe.
In my public ward service in the
General Hospital there are numbers
of adult men who on one plea or an-
other endeavour to remain as bed
patients during the worst months of
the winter, but suddenly get rid of
all their complaints as soon as milder
weather brings a promise of employ-
ment.

Then there is the bottle habit,
which also shows an alarming in-
crease, and the custom of visiting the
doctor for the weekly certificate and
another bottle, adds heavily to the
cost. There seem to be two reasons
for this. A bottle of medicine in the
kitchen or bedroom is an outward
and visible proof of an illness, which
might otherwise be questioned.
Secondly, there is the feeling that
one is getting something tangible in
return for the money that has been
paid. Some countries try to dis-
courage the habit by requiring the
patient to pay a definite' percentage
of the value of all medicines, etc.,
supplied to him.

It would add to the success of any
method of State Health Insurance
which might be introduced that it
should be applicable to the whole

province; in other words, that it
should fit both the industrial worker
8nd the farmer. Such a project would
at once introduce a difficulty which
nt present seems insuperable. The
industrial Avorker's outlook is based
on a pay day which occurs every
Aveek or every fortnight. He bases
his budget on an expenditure which
has to be met and settled at regular
intervals. His grocer, his butcher,
etc.. sell him goods on the under-
standing that he will not require
credit for longer than tM^o weeks.
He frequently buys his winter supply
of fuel by payments which are spread
over the whole year. If he indulges
in something expensive, or a luxury
such as a oar, a gramophone, etc., he
takes possession on condition that he
will make regular monthly payments.
His pay is, therefore, definitely
assigned in advance for either neces-
sities or luxuries, with little or no
leeway for any misfortune. To such
a man, sickness of more than ten
days duration is a disaster. His
credit, which was good as long as he
was working, at once ceases. He may
lose possession of his car, etc.. but.
much more important, he and '"his
family are lacking in the necessities
of life. To this man, sick benefits
must be combined with medical ser-
vices. As opposed to this there is the
farmer who might be said to have
one big pay-day per annum. There
will, of course, be smaller sums from
time to time when he sells milk, eggs
and butter, stock, etc., from the farm.
He is supposed to clear up his obli-
gations every fall, lay in whatever
will be necessary during the winter,
and arrange for his credit during the
year. For this man sickness does not
mean ejection for non-payment of his
rent; he has probably food and fod-
der sufficient for his family and stock
for some time ; in many districts, he
will have a good supply of fuel laid
in for little more than the labour of
getting it. The renewal of his cloth-
ing may have to be postponed. This
man, when ill, is not nearly as much

THE CANADIAN NURSE

in need of sick benefits as the indus-
trial worker in the city. Another
point which I had forgotten is that
the members of a farming community
are more neighbourly and more help-
ful to each other than are the shifting
members of a city block. I do not
say that sick benefits to the farmer
Avould not be convenient and helpful,
but he has not the same urgent need
for regular payments as has the in-
dustrial worker.

Having discussed the question from
the point of view of the sick man we
must now turn to the outlook of the
doctor, the druggist and the hospital.
I am supposing that competent ac-
tuaries Avould deal with the amount
of sickness that would ordinarily
arise in the province, and that from
this the amount of money necessary
to provide the various services would
be found. The hospital would cer-
tainly have to be reimbursed in case
of a deficit, since no hospital could be
allowed to close its doors for lack of
funds. Doctors could be expected to
undertake treatment on a whole-time
or part-time basis, or on something
like the panel system in England.
The whole-time doctor, appointed by
the state, drawing a fixed salary, en-
titled to a pension, as a civil servant
subject only to dismissal for gross
causes, while a success in institutions,
is looked at askance by the civil com-
munity to whoso houses he may be
summoned for sickness. The liberty
of personal choice has been removed :
there seems to be to the patient a
lack of sympathy in their misfor-
tunes, and a lack of understanding
of their difficulties. In place of a
family friend and physician, they
find a policeman who quarantines
them for infectious disease, and an
autocrat who announces that the
sickness is over and that no more
visits will be paid and no more bene-
fits received. Requests for medical
services at inconvenient times, or
where no real illness exists leave a
feeling of irritation on both sides

which is not beneficial to the smooth
working of the plan, A physician,
especially one who has been in prac-
tise for himself, rather resents the
interference of the state. There are
unnecessary forms and reports to be
made out ; medical inspectors visit
him from time to time, causing an-
noyance, and a disgruntled patient
may put him to a great deal of in-
convenience by sending a report to
headquarters bureau. As against that,
the security of tenure and salary,
and the certainty of a pension, with
a reasonable annual holiday do much
to modify the various drawbacks. I
do not think that this applies to the
municipal doctor, but I shall deal
with that later. The part-time doctor
is little more than a makeshift. He
is guaranteed certain gifts within the
power of the state, accompanied by
a certain salary, and he is expected
to make the balance of his livelihood
from the private patients whom he
treats. This is not always satis-
factory, because the income from
private practice frequently turns out
to be less than the estimate made by
the state. In return for certain bene-
fits the state requires him to look
after poor people who cannot afford
a fee; there is occasionally disagree-
ment over the border line cases. It
is characteristic of this type of ap-
pointment that it always appears to
be more attractive at the time of
application than it subsequenth'
turns out to be. From the point of
view of the doctor, this type of ap-
pointment has many drawbacks. He
is not a civil servant. There is no
security of tenure ; he feels that if ho
works hard and makes a success of
it, his subsidy may be reduced. Such
practices are usually to be found in
isolated districts where the amenities
of social life are few, and the outlook
for a wife and growing family dis-
heartening.

National Health Insurance in Eng-
land with its panel system is only
suited to industrial areas or thickly
populated rural areas. In a certain

THE CANADIAN NURSE

locality there are, let us say, fifty
doctors. Thirty-five of them announce
that they are willing to take patients
under the panel system. That means
that the names of these doctors are
put on a list, board, or panel. Let us
suppose that there are in this area
50,000 people who come under this
system by right of the fact that de-
ductions are made from their wages
for medical services and sick benefits.
Everyone of this 50,000 must sign up
with one of the thirty-five doctors,
provided the latter are willing to
take them. There are certain con-
ditions. No doctor can have more
than, I think, 2,000 names on his list.
There will be some patients whom
nobody wants, but as the doctors
have to give medical service to all
the insured, these are usually divided
amongst them. The doctors in most
cases are paid on a per capita basis,
and not on work done. Patients are
allowed the privilege of changing
their doctor, but with certain restric-
tions. The state lays down what ser-
vice is to be given, which consists
mainly of such attendance as can be
provided by a general practitioner.
He would not be required to do
major operations, or to attempt the
duties of an eye and ear specialist,
etc. There are several advantages.
First, and most important, there is
free choice on the part of patient
and doctor. If a doctor is open to
taking panel patients, then he prob-
ably wishes to get as big a list as
possible, therefore there will always
be the stimulus of doing his best
work, in order that he may acquire
a reputation which will induce pa-
tients to leave another doctor and
come on his list. Finally, it is to the
doctor's benefit to use every en-
deavour to prevent illness, seeing
that his pay per head per annum is
fixed, and that it is less trouble to
look after a well than a sick man.
There are, of course, complaints. The
patients want the service of special-
ists when their illness is such as to
require expert assistance. The doctors

feel that the bureaucratic hand of
the state is too much in evidence.
Too many reports to be made; too
many records to be filed; too much
disciplinary action in case of large
drug bills. On the whole, the system
appears to work fairly well, and
gives satisfaction to a large propor-
tion of fifteen or sixteen million,
people. I mentioned in an earlier part
of the report the fact that unemploy-
ment tended to increase the cost con-
siderably. I should also have men-
tioned that the rural practitioner is
allowed mileage. Even with this, as
I pointed out, there are certain areas
so sparsely populated that the panel
system would not work. There
emerge then the two great draw-
backs to the panel system of health
insurance as applied to Manitoba;
the impossibility of collecting the
regular dues from people who are not
in steady employment under a cor-
poration or owner; and the impossi-
bility of giving satisfactory service
over large areas, where the popula-
tion is too small to support a doctor
by its contribution.

There has been tried out of recent
years a new method, namely, ,the
municipal doctor, which seems able
to adjust itself satisfactorily to con-
ditions in the country. It is not neces-
sary for me to go into details. Rough-
ly, it consists of the payment of a
doctor for all services by means of
a land tax. The spirit of co-operation
which is so necessary for all these
plans, is further evident in the pro-
ject by Avhich municipalities are com-
bining to maintain a hospital, and
pay a competent surgeon and staff.

A provincial contributory system
of health insurance does not appear
to be feasible at present in Manitoba ;
it might be applied to the cities; it
would be too expensive for the aver-
age < country district ; and the un-
organised territories, far from con-
tributing for medical service, will
probably have to be helped out for-
some time by means of a state sub-
sidy.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The Relief of Constipation

By Dr. A. S. MONRO, Member of the Consulting Staff, Vancouver General Hospital

I am here today as a result of a
chance remark. A week ago, in dis-
cussing with the Director of Nursing
the advantages that would accrue to
the patient if the general direction
and responsibility in the use of laxa-
tives and general care of the bowels
were in the hands of the nursing staff,
she replied by asking me to address
you on this subject.

Modern medical research has clear-
ly incriminated the colon as a source
of more disease and physical suffering
than any other organ of the body.
The condition referred to is chronic
colonic stasis. Artificial conditions of
civilized life, sedentary habits, con-
centrated food stuffs, false modesty,
ignorance and neglect of bodily needs
have produced a crippled state of the
colon as an almost universal condi-
tion among civilized men and women.
Intestinal toxaemia or auto-intoxica-
tion is the most universal of all
maladies, and the source of auto-in-
toxication is the colon, with its seeth-
ing mass of food residues. In a per-
fectly functioning intestinal tract
three bowel movements a day is nor-
mal. The infants and children of to-
day are much better trained in this
respect than those of the older gen-
eration. It is not uncommon to find
children, who, as a result of proper
training from infancy, have more
than one bowel movement a day.

The food residue reaches the colon
in eight hours, and in doing so tra-
verses about twenty-five feet of in-
testines. It is now within about three
feet of the lower outlet, and one
would naturally suppose that an ad-
ditional three or four hours would
suffice to complete its passage
through the intestinal tract. How-
ever, this is not so in the ordinary

(A ten-minute address given to the staff
nurses at the weekly staff conference.
Vancouver General Hospital, November
11th, 1930.)

individual whose habit is one bowel
movement a day. In such an indivi-
4ual the passage through the colon
is of much longer duration. It has
been estimated that the final passage
of food residue in such a person takes
forty hours, or twenty times longer
.than it should.

My attention was first directed to
this subject about the close of the war.
We had in the Military Annex some
three hundred soldiers, many of them
Jiaving been bed patients for mcmths
or even years. The old methods of
relieving the bowels were found to
be entirely inadequate. The dietitian
worked out a very excellent laxative
diet, and this, supplemented by the
use of liquid petrolatum, gave excel-
lent results, and the patients were
grateful for the improvement brought
about by their use. The treatment,
then, of chronic colonic stasis, in the
vast majority of cases, consists in the
use of hulk in the diet and lubrication.
In the course of the past ten years
I have paid particular attention to
this matter in my private practice.
Seventy-five per cent, of adults suf-
fer from some degree of colonic stasis.
To these I have outlined the prin-
ciples governing the correction of this
^ailment and have embodied them in a
short list of directions which I hand
each one that requires it. If the in-
dividual who receives these directions
will carry them out faithfully and
systematically, he will, in a short
time, commence to benefit from them,
and in the course of a few weeks or
it may be months will be relieved from
.the necessity of taking medicine in
any form whatever. The improvement
in general health that will follow will
be most gratifying, and it is seldom
that, after having once achieved suc-
cess in this matter, they will allow
themselves to relapse into their for-
mer habits. To save time I will read
the directions:

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Dietetic and Other Directions for the
Relief of Constipation

1. Drink More Water: Commence the
day by taking two glasses, preferably hot,
before breakfast, and repeat this again
before lunch and dinner. If the use of
liquid petrolatum or similar laxative is
necessary, a good plan is to take it in a
bowl of warm water first thing in the
morning. Follow the drinking of the water
in the morning by taking twenty bending
exercises.

2. Use More Roughage in the Diet: e.g.,
Dina-mite, and use bran freely with every
meal. Spread it on the porridge, mix it
with soup — put it on meat and potatoes —
take it by itself — mix with water or milk.

Use white bread sparingly; use brown
bread — whole wheat bread — bran bread.
Take raw or cooked fruit with each meal.
Prunes in the morning — raw apples at
noon — a couple of figs at bedtime.

3. Enema: Should the bowels not move
by bedtime, take a simple soapsud enema.
This can be done very easily and without
any undue trouble before retiring.

4. Habit: The bowels are amenable to
routine and nothing is better than to form
a regular habit of moving the bowels at
the same time every day.

5. Exercises: In addition to the bending
exercises taken first thing in the morning,
nothing is more beneficial than a good
walk. Avoid riding whenever you can and
walk instead.

Massage: A great many obstinate cases
are materially assisted by massage of the
colon, which can be carried out by using
a ball and rolling it from the right iliac
region upwards, across, and down left side
of the abdomen.

6. Do Not Allow Any Day to Pass With-
out Having Moved the Bowels: Persistence
in this line of treatment will bring about
a regular movement of the bowels — grad-
ual elimination of the necessity of using
an enema. The amount of petrolatum can
be cut down, and finally the bowels should
move regularly by the simple use of plenty
of water and proper diet.

7. A very useful alternative to use with
the liquid petrolatum is a fruit laxative,
which is made as follow".: Take one pound
each of figs, prunes, dates, and raisins, to
which add two ounces of senna leaves.
Remove stones from the prunes and dates.
Mix well and put through a meat chopper.
Cut into suitable sizes and cover with
piece of waxed lunch paper if desired and
take one after each meal.

I may say that for years I myself
have used a very excellent combina-
tion every morning for breakfast. It
consists of a little "Dina-mite,"
which is cooked and served hot. This
is covered with whole krumbled

bran, and to this is added some fruit,
whatever may be in season; berries
in summer time ; baked apples, stew-
ed prunes, etc., in winter time. Over
all is poured cream or milk and the
whole mass mixed together. This is
a very palatable dish and contains a
large amount of roughage, and in
most instances is all that one re-
quires. To make the use of roughage
easy at the family table, I have re-
commended that bran be placed on
it at every meal, to be used in any
way the individual may elect. An-
other excellent laxative is whole lin-
seed. Four or five teaspoonfuls of
this taken at the close of a meal and
washed down with water or other
beverage, is a very excellent form
of roughage.

I have been asked the question,
what do I do in post-operative cases?
My plan varies according to the op-
eration. After an abdominal case I
generally use a double one, two,
three enema as soon as it is required.
Then as soon as the patient can take
it, liquid petrolatum is given in hot
water, p.r.n., until the bowels move
naturally. It may be necessary, be-
fore this has occurred, to again or-
der another enema. It case,- of
hemorrhoids, I have years ago dis-
carded the use of the tube. It is only
a source of aggravation and annoy-
ance to the patient. As soon as he is
able after the operation, petrolatum
is given in hot water several times a
day until a bowel movement occurs.
Very early also the use of a bulk
diet is ordered and this, with the con-
tinued use of petrolatum, will enable
the patient to have normal move-
ments without the use of an enema
within a few days.

In conclusion, I would impress
upon each one of you that you give
this subject your earnest considera-
tion, and if any of you suffer from
this disorder, practise this line of
treatment on yourself so that, hav-
ing fully mastered its possibilities,
you will be able to pass it on to your

patients.

Note re "Dina-mite": This is a laxative
put up by a local company. It is composed
of whole wheat, crushed linseed, and bran.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

i^partm^nt nf NurHtna Eburaltnn

National Convener of Publication Committee, Nursing Education Section,
Miss ANNIE LAWRIE, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.

How Public Health Nursing

The rapid development of nursing
in the social direction is a challenge
to those concerned in the teaching of
student nurses, as they must teach
them not only to minister to the sick,
but to function as an educative in-
fluence on the future health of the
patient. This, of course, introduces a
new phase of teaching, which calls for
organization :

1. Who is to be the agent on the
ward for such teaching?

2. What new considerations will be
necessary in the mental training of
the student to prepare her for her
added responsibility?

The solution of the first problem —
the selection of the agent — is an ex-
tremely difficult one under existing
hospital conditions. It is agreed that
the responsibilities of the charge-
nurse of today are already many and
great, and they do not permit her to
undertake a work of such import-
ance. Is it not necessary, then, to con-
sider the placing of this work in the
hands of a ward instructor, who
would be free to give her undivided
attention to it? May I suggest the
qualifications of such an instructor?
She should have a wide knowledge
of all branches of nursing, including
public health, with the ability and de-
sire to teach. She should be a woman
of vision, stimulating in character,
and she should also be well endowed
with an interest in humanity.

Before discussing the duties of such
an instructor, may I turn your atten-
tion to the student, the instructor's
teaching material? Let us assume
that she has been withheld from this
branch of training until her proba-
tion term has passed, during which
time she has been carefvilly moulded
in the preparation for her advanced
work. This brings us to our second
problem — ^the new considerations that
will be necessary in the mental train-
ing of this probation period. I would

Can be Taught in a Hospital

enumerate them as follows:

1. More emphasis on the study of
anatomy and physiology.

2. An introduction of the elements
of psychology.

3. A greater knowledge of elemen-
tary cooking.

4. A simple and an inspiring sur-
vey of the activities of the public
health field.

Throughout the study of these, and
all the other subjects of the probation
term, it will be necessary to have the
instructor emphasize to the student
her opportunities for "passing on"
health knowledge to her patient. Per-
severance in this on the part of the
instructor will result in creating the
health-teaching habit in the nurse, the
very crux of our aim.

Let us now picture the duties of
the ward instructor in relation to the
student nurse : A patient has been ad-
mitted; diagnosed, suspect tubercu-
losis. His medical and social history
and x-ray accompany him. The stu-
dent nurse to whose care he has been
allotted is instructed to read the his-
tory and to note the following points :
heredity, housing conditions (whether
crowded, properly ventilated, sani-
tary, and if sunshine is admitted), the
type of diet, type of occupation,
habits of living, and the present con-
dition of his health as shown by his
age, weight, cough, appetite, appear-
ance and mental attitude.

The nurse, haying the knowledge
which explains his admission, can
now approach the patient with a
sympathetic interest which will make
it easy to win his confidence. This
once gained, the nurse, throughout
her care, must take every opportunity
to demonstrate, directly or indirectly,
the health laws most applicable to his
condition. She will have many chances
during the day to do this if she is
alert. For example, incidental ex-
planation of any of the following:

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Why a bath is given.

The necessity of a clean mouth.

The value of the hospital diet
ordered.

Teaching the danger of having in-
fected food and milk in the home.

The importance of water drinking.

The value of regular habits in the
elimination of body wastes.

The reason for the care of infected
material from the body, such as
sputum, pus from wounds, etc.

The danger of dust as a germ car-
rier.

The meaning of the sterilization of

dishes or of any articles that have
come in contact with infected material.

The beneficial effect of the direct
rays of the sun on the human body;
its power to destroy the tuberculosis
germ.

The value of rest and sleep.

The importance of mental health;
how it can influence the proper
functioning of the body.

A record of such teaching should be
kept by the instructor, who through-
out must guide and stimulate the ef-
forts of the student nurse to sound
achievement. K. P.

Refresher Course, University of Toronto — Nov. 17 to 22, 1930

By WINNIE L. CHUTE, Instructor, Brantford General Hospital.

A request from the Registered
Nurses Association of Ontario for a
Refresher Course for supervisors and
instructors resulted in the Depart-
ment of Public Health, University of
Toronto, arranging and carrying out
such a course with marked success.

It was not an easy task to arrange
this programme as refresher courses
had been held for two groups of
nurses during 1930. The problem
confronting the Department was to
give this group what it needed with-
out duplicating former programmes.
This had to be done without calling
upon departments in the University
from which had been drawn lecturers
for previous courses, or groups in
hospitals in Toronto which had help-
ed with the former programmes.

The following is a brief outline of
the time-table as it was carried out;

A series of six one-hour talks on
teaching methods was given by Mr.
T. Mustard, of the Toronto Normal
School. The effect of a carefully
planned, well-presented lecture was
so noticeable on a group of students
under "Sir. ^Mustard that one could
appreciate the influence this would
have on the learning powers of stu-
dent nurses.

For a superintendent of an active
hospital to give practically half of
each day to a series of talks on Hos-

pital Administration was the contri-
bution given by Miss E. M. McKee,
Superintendent of the Brantford
General Hospital. Miss McKee spoke
on the administration of a small hos-
pital.

]\Iiss E. ]MacPherson Dickson, of
Toronto Hospital for Consumptives,
conducted two round-table talks on
the application of business law to
hospital management.

Under the title. The School for
Nurses, round tables were held' on
these subjects: Some Phases of
Training School Administration, con-
ducted by Miss Jean Gunn, of To-
ronto General Hospital; The Teach-
ing of Nursing Procedures, conduct-
ed by Miss Beatrice Ellis, Toronto
Western Hospital ; and Training
School Records and Case Studies,
also conducted by Miss Gunn.

Miss Ethel Johns, Director of
Studies of the Committee on Nursing
Organisation of New York Hospital,
gave three thought-provoking talks
on The Head Nurse of the Past, of
the Present, and of the Future.

Visits were made to the Toronto
General, Sick Children's and Toronto
Western Hospitals, where various
procedures were demonstrated by
doctors and nurses, and a Tea was
held in the Edith Cavell Home, To-
ronto Western Hospital.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Centralised Lecture Committee, Toronto, Forms Instructors' Section

An Instructors' Section of the Centralised
Lecture Committee for Student Nurses has
been formed, the object being to endeavour
to have a group meet, all of whom are inter-
ested in the discussion of problems common
to Instructors of Student Nurses, both
Practical and Theoretical.

The first meeting of this Section was held
in the Edith Cavell Residence, Toronto
Western Hospital, on October 13th, 1930,
when plans were formed for the coming year.
It was decided that meetings would be held
monthly, each hospital, in turn, being
responsible for the programme.

On November 6th the Isolation Hospital
provided, in addition to a tour of inspection,
interesting clinics on Scarlet Fever and

Diphtheria, where Tracheotomy has been
necessary. At this meeting eighteen mem-
bers were enrolled, including instructors and
others doing part-time teaching.

The Women's College Hospital was re-
sponsible for the December meeting, held in
the Residence on December 4th. A demon-
stration on catheterization and also methods
of sterilizing intravenous solutions was carried
out, after which the group was asked to dis-
cuss the procedures and offer solutions. Free
discussion followed, all feeling that a better
understanding of the procedures adopted by
the various schools would be obtained.

The January meeting is being held at the
Toronto General Hospital.

St. Joseph's Hospital Nurses' Home, Victoria, B.C.

By EDITH FRANKS, Victoria, B.C.

Completion of the new Nurses Home of St.
Joseph's Hospital marks another milestone
in the development of an institution that has
been of outstanding service in Victoria for
many years. It also sets a standard for
nurses' homes in the Province.

It was the dream and ambition of Sister
Mary Anna, Superintendent of Nurses at St.
Joseph's for many years, to build a home that
would provide adequate living quarters for
the student nurses, and also class rooms,
demonstration rooms, and laboratories for
their instruction and training. She passed on
with her desire unfulfilled. Such women are an
incentive to those who follow after, and the
Sisters who succeeded her took up the torch;
worked and planned with the vision of a new
nurses' home ever before them. Through the
untiring efforts of Sister Mary Mildred,
Superior, and Sister Mary Gregory, Super-
intendent of Nurses, the vision became a
tangible reality, and the result is a modern
three-story building, surrounded by natural
beauties unsurpassed in any other part of
Canada.

The entrance suggests the atmosphere of
dignity and charm that pervades the home in
all its appointments. To the right is a spacious
living room, with a huge fireplace at one end
opposite the door. The beamed ceiling and
polished floors give an air of solidity, while
the pretty rugs, tasteful draperies, cosy
chairs and deep couches add luxury to the
beautiful room. The room was furnished by
the Hon. Randolph Bruce, Lieutenant-
Governor of B.C.

On this floor, besides the suite of rooms for
the Superintendent of Nurses, there is the
bright sunny room facing west, containing
a fiction and reference library, an infirmary
containing two beds and a bath room ensuite,
for convalescing nurses or for those who may
be ill, but not ill enough to be sent to hospital.
Opposite to thLs is a diet kitchen, fully
equipped, where the nurses may make tea
or evening refreshments.

The Lecture Hall has its platform or stage
on this floor, and a few steps lead down to

the lecture hall proper, which is a very
commodious room 42 feet by 60 feet. It has
a splendid dancing floor, will accommodate
very large card parties, and it is intended to
have a .stage curtain so that the room may
be used for private theatricals and other
forms of entertainment.

The bedrooms on each floor are well
lighted and amply supplied with closet space.
Some are double, some single. The double
ones have two clothes closets so that the
clothing of each nurse may be kept separately.
On the third floor ten rooms are shut off with
double doors to ensure quietness for the night
nurses. On the second and third floors there
are little sitting rooms, tastefully furnished,
where the nurses may go to rest or to study.
Telephones are supplied on each floor.

In the basement, or ground floor, there is a
very spacious demonstration room and class
room equipped with every modern device for
teaching all the branches of nursing science.
Leading out of this is a chemical laboratory,
equipped by the Alumnae of St. Joseph's
Hospital. This is surely the last word in
laboratories. On the same floor is a diet
kitchen where cookery is taught and diet in
disease is studied.

Other conveniences that tend to make up a
modem, well-equipped nurses' home are an
incinerator with a chute from each floor; an
ample trunk room; and a hand laundry
equipped with set tubs, hot and cold water,
ironing boards, electric irons, and a drying
room, where the nurses may wash and iron
their "undies" and dainty things that cannot
be .sent to the laundry.

Nothing seems to have been forgotten or
neglected that might add to the comfort or
convenience of the pupil nurses. The air of
refinement and dignity that pervades the
whole place in all its appointments make it
a fitting place for our young girls to live.
We feel that here they live in a cultural
atmosphere, that tends to develop ease of
manner, a happy, quiet, lady-like demeanour
and the effacement of self by following the
example of the Sisters of St. Ann.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

i^partm^nt nf friuat? iutu Nuratng

National Convener of Publication Committee, Private Dvity Section,
Miss CLARA BROWN, 153 Bedford Road, Toronto, Ont.

From a Private Duty Nurse's Diary

"Miss T., will you take a country

case for Dr. B. of R ? A case of

bronchitis with a heart condition.

You will be met at T . The train

leaves Halifax at 2.30 p.m." R

is a beautiful, tiny fishing village on
the south shore of Nova Scotia.

As it was nearly train time when
called, I hastily packed a bag for a
country ease — besides plenty of uni-
forms and nursing articles, one must
be sure to put in a very heavy dress-
ing gown, as besides getting up many
times in the cold night, one nearly
always is glad of an extra bed cover-
ing.

After a very pleasant train ride

alonsr the seaside, I arrived at M ,

whore we changed to an eleetrie train

for T . It was quite dark when

we arrived at T . a lonely station.

After waiting a moment or two a
young man came up. "Are you the
nurse for Dr. B?" I replied in the
affirmative and was led to a Ford
car and, with many packages, was
settled in the back seat. The young
man and a friend got in. Away we
went in the darkness, driving it
seemed, endlessly, on a rough road,
and such curves! One took a deep
breath and wondered if we surely
would not go over on the next one.
However, at the end of an hour we
arrived at a small country house. T
was led up a narrow, almost perpen-
dicular stair to meet Mr. D , the

patient.

. I found I was to be on duty twenty-
four hours and sleep on a cot in the

patient's room, and wash and dress
in an adjoining room. Everyone
visiting the patient came through
This room. One day I had a narrow
escape as the minister came through
without knocking just as I finished
dressing.

The heating was by a coal kitchen
stove and a base burner. Very little
heat came upstairs. There was a tiny
wood stove in the patient's room
Cthe nurse carried up the wood) but
it smoked badly and was used only
when absolutely necessary. After
central heating and baths, trying to
keep warm and washing in very little
water in a hand basin proved hard-
ships.

The people, very unusual in that
part of the country, were poor man-
agers. Only a kettle was used for
heating the water and there was very
little in it at any time. There was
plenty of food, but I had to choke
my "feelings" before using cutlery
or dishes.

The patient was to have continuous
hot linseed poultices during the
night. I changed them frequently
until he slept easily toward morning.
It was cold going downstairs to make
them. Early the next morning T
went down. It was so cold. The base
burner had gone out and my pa-
tient's wife was struggling with por-
ridge on the kitchen stove, in which
the fire refused to burn. I sat shiver-
ing until nine o'clock when hot por-
ridge and tea warmed me up. I found
my patient always slept until 10

THE CANADIAN NURSE

o'clock so in future I didn't get
down so early.

There were two windows in our
room. One of them was blanketed
over. It was at the foot of the pa-
tient's bed and the head of my cot.
When a day or two later I cautiously
took the blankets down I discovered
it was a south window from which
was being shut out a wonderful sun-
shine. It was with great difficulty I
persuaded the patient to let me open
a window and let in the glorious sea
air. He progressed splendidly for
about a week and then seemed to get
a fresh cold, which of course was
from "opening the window." They
never opened a window during the
winter.

These people were unable to afford
a nurse so at the end of two weeks,
as the patient had improved con-

siderably, I was able to leave. He
could not see why he should pay my
travelling expenses: "nurses ought
to be so glad to get a country case
they should gladly pay their own
travelling expenses." — Mid-winter in
Nova Scotia.

Of course there were compensa-
tions. The people were very kind and
appreciative; excepting the patient.
He was trying at times, but as he
had been in bed off and on for about
a year, and had been a strong fisher-
man, one could imagine his resent-
ment at such confinement.

It was a beautiful country. I al-
ways took time off for walks when
possible, as otherwise I should have
been quite useless. The fresh crisp-
ness of the air, the salt tang and the
sunsets made one almost willing to
pay one's travelling expenses — but I
didn't tell the patient so. — J.T.

Sunlight at School

ROBERT FORGAN, M.D.

While doctors, industrialists and
farmers have been realising the value
of artificial sunlight, it cannot be
said that our health authorities have
been utilising it to the full. It is true
that the Ministry of Health wishes
to see the. use of sun-rays widely
extended; but it is for the Local
Authorities, the Borough Councils, to
make the first move in the matter.
The benefits of fresh air and sunlight
are recognised by education authori-
ties when they provide open-air
schools for children who are physi-
cally and mentally defective; and
these schools are so successful that
the attendance at them is actually
better than the attendance of normal
children at ordinary schools.
A Plea for the Health Child

I was greatly impressed by the re-
port of a Scottish school medical

officer who, some years ago, recom-
mended that, on the few fine sunny
days in winter time, the ordinary
schools should be closed, and the
children sent to play in the sunshine.
This, he declared, would benefit not
only the health but also the educa-
tional progress of the pupils. It cer-
tainly does seem absurd that we
should reserve the benefits of open-
air schools for the delicate and back-
ward children, and that artificial sun-
light should be employed by school
medical authorities merely to restore
health instead of to prevent disease.
The development of nursery schools
for the younger children will, we
trust, provide both natural and arti-
ficial sunlight for the toddlers whose
health now^adays is so often marred
before they reach school age.

(From Sunlight (Eng-.). Vol. 2, No. 1.)

THE CANADIAN NURSE

i^partmi^ttt nf fuhltr f ealtlj Nuratng

National Convener of Publication Committee, Public Health Section,

Records : Their Value in Public Health Nursing

By N. EMILY MOHR, Toronto, Ont.

Most workers in the social and
health fields keep records of some
kind, if for no other reason than to
supply certain simple statistics either
to the municipality, the government
or a voluntary board. These records
have usually been kept on a card on
which is printed the subjects on
which information is required with
perhaps a few lines left for remarks.
Gradually we are coming to see that
• if we have records at all they should
be made adequate and complete so
that the information recorded may
be of real and permanent value.

I shall introduce this subject on
Records under three main heads, as
follows :

1. Why records at all.

2. If records, what form should
they take.

3. The writing of records.
1. Why Records at all.

We hear objections to keeping
records expressed mainly in terms of
the time factor involved, the space
they take up over long periods of
years, the clerical assistance they
frequently involve and the expense
of installing records, filing cabinets
and extra office .space required. These
are objections worthy of considera-
tion for unless the results achieved
by the keeping of records are worth
while there is no justification for
them.

What are the aspects then that
make the keeping of records worth

(A paper given by Miss N. Emily Mohr,
Director. Social Service Exchange, Toronto,
at a Round Table Conference on Records
Refresher Course for Public Health Nurses,
University of Toronto, April, 1930.)

while? First there is the accurate
information which is obtained in this
way and recorded so that anything in
regard to a patient may not be de-
pendent on a nurse's memory or on
the nurse's actual presence. There
are workers in the public health nurs-
ing field as in others who have excel-
lent memories, but it is well known
that even the best memories are in-
fluenced by psychological factors,
coloured by personal reactions and
influenced by later developments.
Also workers (even nurses) become
ill or go on leave of absence, get
married or die, and frequently the
valuable information which they
carry around in their heads, is lost
to their successor or to others having
a legitimate interest in the welfare
of the patient.

Then the value of records as a
means of refreshing one's own mem-
ory, critically checking up one's own
work with the patient or his family,
getting the facts clear and before
seeing or visiting the patient again
making mental notes of those things
which are missing for a complete
history of the case, is considerable.
This practise of re-reading one's own
records also has a value in raising
the standard of one's own work. If
we approach our work in a spirit of
self-criticism and open-mindedness
we will make the greatest possible
use of our records for this purpose.

Another aspect of records we ought
to consider is that of passing on in-
formation. It is sometimes necessary
for a new nurse to take over a clinic
or a school or the visiting in a dis-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

trict, as a temporary arrangement.
Unless records are kept and unless
these are very complete and accurate,
the patient will suffer unnecessarily
through lack of knowledge and in-
telligent understanding on the part
of the new nurse. The same is true
when a nurse is permanently re-
placed. Then too, you may be doing
a specialised piece of work with a
patient and six months after dis-
charge another nurse under different
auspices, may be called on to give
another type of service. She will
want to understand the patient's past
illnesses and physical history, and so
the record becomes valuable for
reference saving the patient needless
questioning or the verifying of state-
ments made.

Finally, records are valuable as
sources of information in making
studies or in research work. Lately
we have heard a good deal about the
high maternal mortality rate. Certain
theories may be advanced in regard
to this condition, but if we wish to
make a study of say 500 cases in
different parts of the province in
order to arrive at the actual causes
and factors present, must we not turn
to records for our facts, and if there
are no records or if the records are
inadequate can we arrive at any
worth while conclusions?

We can, I think, proceed with the
assumption that records are not only
desirable but that they are essential
to the welfare of the patient, to good
work on the part of the nurse, and
to analysis and study for purposes
of improving methods and broaden-
ing the field of social usefulness. Do
these uses justify the time records
involve, the space they require and
the expense incurred?

2. // Records, What Form Should
They Take?
In the field of welfare, as in the
field of medical practice, we have
become rather highly specialised, and
we have today, particularly in our

large centres of population, a widely
varied field of social endeavour in
behalf of the individual suffering
from some social or health malad-
justment. We have Social Case Work
in all its various branches, Family
Care, Child Care and Protection,
Child Placing, Behaviour and Delin-
quency. Care of Homeless Men. Com-
munity Centres, Settlements, and
Social Research. In the field of Com-
munity Health we have various
branches also, dealing with such
specialised things as Maternity Care,
Health Education both in the home
and the school, Infant and Child
Welfare or Child Hygiene, Com
municable Diseases. Hospital Clinic
Work, Industrial Welfare, and Psy-
chiatric Social Work (although this
latter is not restricted to the nursing
profession).

Records being one of the necessary
tools in our welfare programme, no
matter what particular aspect we are
interested in. the tool naturally must
vary to fit the particular task with
which we are concerned. The kind of
record used by an organisation con-
cerned with the Care and Protection
of Children will be very different
from that used by one concerned with
the welfare of Homeless Men and
these again will differ widely from
the kind of record used by a nurse
doing health work in the schools. The
record necessary for a complete hist-
ory of a ^Maternity Welfare Case will
be very different from that required
for a psychiatric case. The emphasis
is on different things. At the same
time are there, perhaps, certain gen-
eral principles which may be arrived
at regarding the kinds of records
used?

As a general rule there are three
parts to a record: first, forms to be
filled in, such as will make quickly
available permanent facts likely to
be needed for reference (usually
printed and depending on the char-
acter of the service being supplied) ;

THE CANADIAN NURSE

second, general recording of facts
obtained or observed regarding the
patient (a current record usually) ;
and third, documents such as doctor's
reports, signed agreements regard-
ing examination or the administering
of an anaesthetic, correspondence,
etc. Should these parts be kept to-
gether or filed separately? If kept
together what is the best medium?
Should records be kept on cards or
en sheets? If on cards, what size of
card is best ? And are cards as adapt-
able to extensions of the record over
a period of years as some other form
would be? If a sheet type of record
is used and the various parts men-
tioned above are to be kept together,
what is the best medium for doing
this? Is it the open folder? In con-
sidering these questions we have to
think in terms not only of cost and
space but also in terms of quick
reference and adequate recording. In
the filing of records bulk is a real
problem, and although that may not
be a serious matter when there is a
small clientele, the question arises
whether we are ever justified in in-
stalling a system of records and files
which in later years will have to be
scrapped.

Another question is that of keep-
ing an index to one's files. Is an
ipdex always necessary or when does
it become necessary? If you have a
Central Index in your community
(commonly called a Social Service
Exchange) is an index of your own
still desirable?

In considering what form your
records should take, ask yourself also
Avhether or not the particular work
being done is of a temporary or ex-
perimental nature only, or is it per-
manent? You may be making a
health survey of a school population.
Will the records kept be the same as
those kept for the permanent regular
work of health supervisor in the
community, including that of all
school children? Again, is the work
you are engaged in something of a

fairly limited character, as for in-
stance the health supervisor of a
small factory personnel where the
nurse is responsible only for accident
work? Should the record for work
of this kind be the same as that of a
district nurse concerned with the
health of family groups, housing con-
ditions, sleeping arrangements and
health education, or the work of an
industrial nurse involving health
education and family adjustments?

A great many considerations enter
into the whole question of the form
a record should take, and a thorough
discussion of these considerations
should help us in making our de-
cisions. To use a certain form of
record just because someone else uses
it may lead us nowhere, really. On
the other hand, would it be an ad-
vantage to have a uniform type of
record which might be adaptable to
various organisations doing similar
types of work?

In deciding on the kind of record
to be used the points to be kept in
mind are :

(1) The adequacy of the record from
the point of vietv of a thoroug^h and
complete understanding of the patient's
condition, £,.nd from the point of view
also of your own organisation, what
your field of service is, and what your
community responsibility is.

(2) Easy reference both for purposes
of refreshing one's memory and for
possible impi"ovement of method.

(3) Growth or expansions in the field
of service.

3. The Wrifmg of Records.

Keeping in mind the reasons for
having records at all, namely, accur-
ate information regarding the pa-
tient; a complete picture of the case
with opportunities of refreshing
one's memory and as a basis for
plans of action or changes in plans;
the passing on of information to
others concerned ; and the supplying
cf facts for purposes of research or
special studies ; what are the factors
which enter into the ivriting of the
records?

Let us consider the material re-
quired in our records. We will sup-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

pose that there is some kind of print-
ed form to be filled in containing
those permanent facts needed for
ready reference. This is commonly
called a face card or face sheet. It
will contain such things as name of
patient, date of birth (year at least
— not just age), birthplace, present
and past addresses and room for sub-
sequent addresses, with date for each,
status, religion where that is requir-
ed, names and date of birth of other
members of immediate family, names
and addresses of near relatives with
kinship stated. These are the identi-
fying data. Then there may be other
permanent facts such as physical dv?-
fects, mental defects, occupation, ed-
ucation, etc.

In addition to the face sheet, there
may be a medical sheet or card. In
certain social agencies such, for in-
stance, as those giving care and pro-
tection to children, where a routine
physical examination is made, a
special medical sheet is generally
used with printed headings, etc. In
family case work, on the other hand,
this is not usually considered neces-
sary, the health situation being gen-
erally recorded in the body of the
general record. In a piece of work
where the main concern is the health
of the individual or where health
supervision is a primary responsibil-
ity, a medical or health sheet would
seem to be essential for ready refer-
once and quick review. Can this
sheet (or card), combined with or
added to the face sheet, constitute
the whole record? If so. then there
is no opportunity of recording the
changing environment of the patient,
his attitudes towards treatment or
towards education in hygiene, his re-
actions, and the descriptions, com-
parisons and relations which are
necessary to a complete understand-
ing of the M'hole case. Nor is there
any opportunity of recording plans
of treatment, action taken, and
changes in plans on the part of the
organisation or the individual nurse.

Are these things as important as the
face card information or the medical
sheet? Are we convinced of their
usefulness in a complete record of the
patients?

Now the mere filling in of forms
is hardly writing a record, and yet
this apparently simple procedure
should be done with great care. Why
should a nurse put "measles" after
"physical defects," and yet records
frequently show just such things.
The filling in of dates, too, is ex-
tremely important, and yet record
after record omits these. The writing
of a record is something we have to
learn; it is part of our technical
equipment, and in the work of a.
public health or welfare nurse, is
coming to be considered just as im-
portant as other technical require-
ments now taken for granted. Like
other technique it is not something
Avhich can be learned entirely from
a text-book but must be learned to
a large extent by doing. The text-
books for record writing are records
ihemselves. Two general principles
should be kept in mind: first, that
facts only should be recorded, and
second, that only things relevant to
the particular case should be record-
ed. Is there any value in putting
down your own opinion in regard to
any aspect of the case, or recording
an impression or generalised state-
ment?

Is there any value either in the
writing into the record of something
having no bearing on the case itself?
Perhaps the commonest form of this
is the tendency to put in things
which really belong to an office re-
cord or day book. Such entries as
"Called, no one at home" or "Call-
ed, could not get in," have no value
whatever. Remember always that the
purpose of the record is to interpret
your patient, not to show how busy
you yourself are. If you call at a
home and there is nothing to record,
then don't record it.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The current part of a record giving
such things as a description of the
patient's environment, the neigh-
bourhood he lives in, the conditions
surrounding his work, his personality
(facts, not opinions or impressions),
his attitude, his reactions and the
development of the ease, plans agreed
upon. etc.. takes usually the narra-
tive form, and may be entered either
in chronological form or in block
form, depending on the type of work
done and the kind of record you
desire. A common form is the chron-
ological one. making the entry under
the dates when action takes place.
These may be entered immediately,
or within a week's time, provided
that in the latter case careful notes
are kept so that one may not have
to denend on one's memory which is
so often influenced by subsequent
events, or unconscious prejudices. In
a case where visits are being made
daily or two or three times a week,
these may be combined in one entry
summarising whatever facts or occur-
Tences need to be recorded.

For this narrative part of a record,
a development, reallv. of our old
friend "Remarks." should there be
printed headings? If printed head-
ings, will the records become too
stereotyped, and will the nurse leave
out some time something which may
be of very great significance in a
later development of the case just
because there was no heading for
that particular thing? Is it better to
allow for individuality in the writinsr
of this current part of the record?
And if so. how can such a method
be guarded from becoming a hodge
podge with no logical sequence or a
narrow and limited affair with no
means of seeing one particular aspect
of the case in relation to the whole?

A general outline of the things one
should be on the look-out for will
probably be of great assistance. The
nurse then, before interviewing the
patient or visiting the home, will
have in her mind certain things on

which she will seek to obtain infor-
mation. These act as a guide, not as
things to be strictly adhered to, and
often of course, in cases of severe
illness of the patient or other adverse
circumstances, cannot be acted upon
until these conditions change. In
writing the record it is usually good
practice to describe in the beginning
how the patient came to the attention
of your organisation and the reasons
for his coming. Continue with a de-
scription of what the patient says in
regard to himself. Then, probably, a
paragraph on the type of work the
patient is doing and the conditions
of his work. There will be entries on
the medical sheet regarding the
doctor's examination and the record
will contain such facts as the advice
given by the doctor, comments by the
doctor, etc. "When a visit to the home
of the patient is made, an entry
under that date would probably give
a description of the type of neigh-
bourhood, the house and furnishings,
the income of the family and the rent
paid, the number of people living in
the house, sanitation, ventilation,
sleeping accommodation, with some
personal history of the patient^so
that a picture may be given of the
patient in his or her own environ-
ment. Other facts relevant to the
case will be recorded also.

Marginal headings or captions will
give the subject of each main para-
graph so that quick and easy access
may be had to any particular aspect
of the case you wish to review. These
also show you the gaps in your
history which later on you can fill in.
This procedure in record writing
allows for great elasticity, for check-
ing up one's own work and thus im-
proving one's methods, for better
supervision of the individual nurse
f where there is a large staff), and
most important of all, for a more
intelligent service to the patient.

Where a record becomes lengthy
some form of periodic summary
should be used, again probably under

THE CANADIAN NURSE

headings, the material for the sum-
mary being gathered from the record
as made from day to day. You may
have, of course, two or three sum-
maries, as a medical, psychiatric and
social summary, or you may combine
all in one general summary.

If you have a running record of
each of your cases, you can from
time to time evaluate your work —
see your successes as well as your
failures and know whether or not
you are following along the right
line or attending to all the various
aspects of your case. It is surely the
responsibility of every nurse in the
public health and welfare field,
whether giving bedside care, clinic
or district service, psychiatric ser-
vice, industrial welfare or health
supervision, to see that the patient
lias the best that it is possible to give:
the best advice, the best technical
care, the best personal service for
which she is equipped. A carefully
kept and properly written record is
a tool in the process which like all
other tools will be valuable or not
according to the efficiency with
which it is used.

Some means of preserving records
(once they are written) is also a

problem to be w^orked out, and in
considering this I think the great
question is, "Can we afford to con-
sign our records to oblivion?" This
in itself would carry us in to another
long discussion on methods of filing
and index systems, and other con-
siderations w^hieh although extremely
important to the subject of Records,
cannot be entered into this morning.

Here we return to the point from
which we started, namely, is this ma-
chinery of records and record keep-
ing a justifiable expenditure of time
and money and thought and if justifi-
able, what makes it so ?

In summing up this discussion of
Records it seems to me that the two
main reasons for keeping records are :

(a) As a tool in the process of one's
work.

(b) As a basis for comparison and
research at a later period.

If you as nurses are fully alive to
the value of this tool you will be able
to persuade your organisation, your
board or committee or whoever is
responsible, of that value, and you
will in the end refuse to work with-
out it, both for the sake of your pro-
fessional standards and for the sake
of your patients and the community
in which both we and the patients live.

BACK COPIES WANTED

In the November, 1930, number of "The Canadian Nurse" a request was made for
back copies of the journal to be sent to the International Council of Nurses, to complete
their collection.

In addition to about three-quarters of the missing copies, which have been supplied
by the National Office, we have received a number from subscribers, but still require
the following:

1916 — February, March, April, June.

1917 — January, February, April, May, June, July, September.

1918 — September.

1923— April.

1930 — February.

Anyone willing to donate or sell one or more of the copies required is requested to
communicate at an early date to, Canadian Nurses Association, 511 Boyd Building,
Winnipeg.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

N?ma Not?0

ALBERTA

MrNiciPAL Hospital, Grande Prairie:
Miss Ruth Hillbom (Misericordia Hospital,
Edmonton, Alta., 1929), has joined the
permanent staff of the Grande Prairie
Municipal Hospital.

MANITOBA

Brakdon: The Graduate Nurses Associa-
tion held its regular monthly meeting at the
home of Dr. and Mrs. S. Pierce when, after
a short business meeting, a social evening
was enjoyed, the entertainment being in the
hands of the "married ladies" group, and
the guests of honour being the doctors and
their wives. Those contributing to the
programme were Miss M. Finlayson and
Dr. S. Bolton, Miss O'Donnell and the Misses
Peggy Doran and Shielia Nixon. The
evening closed with dancing and games.

The Association held a surprise party in
the Nurses Residence recently in honour of
Miss C. Lynch and Mrs. Lawson Ferrier,
who are leaving Brandon. Miss Lynch goes
to the Mental Hospital at Ponoka, Alberta,
to assume the position of superintendent of
nurses, and Mrs. Ferrier will reside in Ed-
monton. The good wishes of the members
were expressed by Miss M. Gemmell, who,
with Miss C. Macleod presented Miss
Ljmch with a silver basket and Mrs. Ferrier
with a silver cake plate as tokens of re-
membrance from the Association.

A farewell dance, honouring Miss C.
Lynch, was held at the Nurses Residence of
the Mental Hospital, when Dr. T. A. Pin-
cock, on behalf of the members of the staff
of the hospital, presented Miss Lynch with
a set of sUver toiletware and a bouquet of
roses.

General Hospital, Winnipeg: Miss
Margaret McClung (1917), of Brandon,
Miss Louise Newcombe (1911), of St. Luke's
Hospital, Duluth, Minn., and Miss Mabel
Stutter (1919), of Henry Ford Hospital,
Detroit, Mich., visited in Winnipeg during
the Christmas season.

The Alumnae Association entertained at
the home of Mrs. J. A. Davidson (Pearl
Cameron, 1925), at a tea in honour of Miss
Kathleen Ellis, recently appointed Super-
intendent of Nurses, Winnipeg General
Hospital.

Mrs. A. D. Parker (Sylvia Haney, 1921),
entertained the 1921 class at a shower during
November in honour of Miss MjTtle Knittel,
whose wedding took place in December.

NEW BRUNSWICK
Chipman Memorial Hospital, St. Step-
hen: Miss L. Mersereau has accepted the
position of night supervisor of the Chipman

Memorial Hospital, succeeding Miss Bessie
Banfill, who has taken a position in the
Magdalen Islands. Before leaving. Miss
Banfill was guest of honour of the staff of
the hospital, when she was presented with a
handsome bathrobe and slippers. Miss Flor-
ence Cunningham, instructor, recently do-
nated one hundred dollars to the Elevator
Fund. This Fund was started with a gift
of money from a patient, and the object is an
electric elevator for the hospital. Miss
Alice Powers, who has spent the past year
with her sister, Mrs. Harry Simmons, has
accepted the position of public health nurse
in Fairfield, Maine, for three months.

Miss IVIargaret McFarlane, who has been
visiting her parents in St. Stephen, is now
relieving the V-.O.N. nurse in Digby, N.S.,
for three months.

Hotel DiEr Hospital, Chatham: No
effort was spared by the members of the
staff to make Christmas Day in the hospital
a happy one for the patients. Garlands of
red and green were hung in the rooms and
corridors and gaily decorated Christmas
trees stood on each floor. Santa Claus was
impersonated by the ladies of the Hospital
Aid who came heavily laden with gifts and
good things, bringing something for every
occupant of the hospital. Early Christmas
morning cheery carols were sung and later
in the day the Sisters' choir with the ac-
companiment of organ and violin rendered
beautiful Christmas hymns. Bountiful meals
on dainty trays was another feature of the
day, and the sunny afternoon brought
numerous visitors.

ONTARIO

Paid-up subscriptions to "The Canadian
Nurse" for Ontario, in January, 1931, were
1,192, four more than in December, 1930.

Appointments
Miss Martha Simmerling (Grant Mac-
Donald Training School, Toronto, 1930),
to the Construction Hospital, Homer, Ont.
Misses Irene Breckenridge and Helen Bab-
cock (Kingston General Hospital), to the
staff, Kingston General Hospital. Miss Pearl
Reid to night supervisor, Kingston General
Hospital, Isolation Hospital. Miss Miriam
Michell (Kingston General Hospital, 1927),
to Victorian Order of Nurses in Pictou,
N.S. Miss Mabel Grant (Brockville General
Hospital, 1930), to the staff of the hospital at
West Hudson, Kearny, N.J. Miss Lillian
Hint on (Oshawa General Hospital, 1928), has
resigned from the staff of the Toronto General
Hospital, having been appointed instructor of
nurses at the Oshawa General Hospital. Miss
Laura Webb (Toronto Western Hospital,
1919), has resigned her duties with the

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Social Service Department at Belleville,
Ont., and accepted a position with the PubUc
Health Department at Toronto.

District 1

Victoria Hospital, London: Miss Delia
Foster was re-elected President of the
Alumnae for a third term when the annual
meeting was held recently at the Gartshore
Nurses Residence. The First Vice-President
for 1931 is Miss Stuart, Second Vice-President
Miss Hueston; Treasurer, Miss C. Gillies;
Secretary, Mrs. Detiviler; Mrs. Millard,
Corresponding Secretary; Miss Richmond,
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse,"
and Miss Mary McVicar, Representative
to the Registry Board. Directors named are:
Miss Mary Yule, Miss Edith Smalhnan,
Mrs. Hedley Smith, Miss L. McGuggan,
Miss McDougall, and Miss Cryderman.
Miss Mary Jacobs, Miss Mabel Hardie and
Miss Mildred Thomas were appointed as
Alumnae Representatives to the London
Council of Social Agencies. The annual
reports for 1930 showed a year of gratifying
activity.

Florence Nightingale Association,
Windsor: Mrs. Haygarth, of the Provincial
Health Department, Toronto, was the guest
speaker for the January meeting of the
Florence Nightingale Association of \\'indsor
and adjacent municipalities, which was held
in the Prince Edward Hotel. Mrs. Hay-
garth's talk, entitled "The Gift of Life,"
which was illustrated with moving pictures,
was much appreciated. A report of the year
1930 shows much activity in the Association.
Monthly dinner meetings were held through-
out the year. These were well attended
and usually followed by a musical programme
or bridge, and were a splendid welcome to new
members. Many interesting talks were given
throughout the year by various members
of the Association and guest speakers.
On May 12th, 1930, the "Fourth Banquet"
of the Association was held, the guest speaker
being Miss Barbara Bartlett, Professor of
Public Health, Ann Arbor University, Mich.,
whose topic was "Florence Nightingale,
Pioneer in Public Health". Before dis-
banding for the summer months, the annual
picnic was held at Boblo Island. Several
of the rnembers gave assistance to the
V.O.N. Tag Day in October, and a baby's
outfit was contributed to the Home and
School Club of Tuscarora School for demon-
stration purposes. On November 4th a
tea and sale of cakes was held, each member
bringing a guest. This was a decided
success. Two weeks later a rummage sale
was held, and baby clothes were contributed
by members to V.O.N. Headquarters for
distribution to needj^ cases. Christmas cards
were sent to each patient in the Metropolitan
Hospital, and flowers to the nurses room
there; a barrel of apples to the children at
the Essex Covmty Sanatorium; a cheque to the
Goodfellow Club; and a cheque to the Rector
of St. Mark's Church for the soup kitchen
there.

District 4
General Hospital, Hamilton: . Miss
Hazel Tilling (1925), is in charge of a private
floor in Geneva Hospital, Geneva, N.Y.
A ver}'^ successful bazaar in aid of the Mutual
Benefit Fund was held in the Senior Residence
on November 5th, 1930.

District 5

Grant MacDonald Training School,
Toronto: The Alumnae held a concert and
dance recently in the nurses residence,
the proceeds of which will be devoted to the
Benefit Fund. Miss Ethel Cousineau and
Miss Phylis Ebert (1930), are taking a
post graduate course in obstetrics at the
Women's Hospital, Detroit, Mich.

Western Hospital, Toronto: The
annual meeting of the Alumnae Association
was held on December 9th, 1930, in the
Edith Cavell Residence. Reports were read
from various committees and the officers for
1931 were appointed. Miss Elizabeth Mc-
Diarmid (1910), addressed the meeting.

Mrs. Elizabeth Duff (1920), has resigned
her duties as operating room supervisor at
the Strathcona Hospital, Toronto.

General Hospital, Oshawa: At the
November meeting of the Alumnae, Dr. O. G.
Mills gave a very interesting talk on "La-
boratory Technique" which was much
appreciated by those present. At a special
meeting held on December 8th, 1930, the
nurses decided to hold their annual "At
Home" in the Masonic Temple on January

22nd. ^

District 6

NicHOLLS Hospital, Peterporo: The
Alumnae entertained about seventy guests
on the occasion of their annual banquet,
which was held in the Empress Hotel on
December 3rd, 1930. Solos were rendered
during the evening by Miss Joey and Miss
Parsons, members of the Alumnae, and Miss
Mclndoo, Superintendent of Belleville General
Hospital. A humorous reading was given
by Miss Watson, and this was followed by
the presentation of a silver flower basket of
mums to Miss Dixon, retiring President, in
appreciation of her services to the Alumnae.
The rest of the evening was spent in taking
an imaginary trip to Alaska and back under
the supervision of Dr. H. M. Yelland, with
the assistance of moving pictures which
were taken during his vacation last year.

General Hospital, Belleville: A very
successful rummage sale was held by the
graduate nurses on November 19th, 1930.

District 7

The regular meeting of District No. 7
was held in the Nurses Residence, Kingston
General Hospital, on November 28th, 1930.
After an interesting business meeting, Dr.
Wm. Hay, of Queen's University, gave an
in.structive address on Immunization. Tea
was served by the staff of the Kingston
General Hospital.

General Hospital, Brockville: The
sympathy of the Almnnae is extended to

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Miss Comellia Sheridan and Mis? Jennie
McLaughlin on the death of their father.

General Hospital, Kingston: The
annual meeting of the Alumnae was held on
December 9th, 1930, in the nurses residence.
New officers were chosen and plans were made
for the work of the coming year. Arrange-
ments were made for the distribution of
Christmas cheer, and donations this year to
the different organisations were increased.
Miss Bertha Maley has resigned her position
as Maternity Supervisor. Miss Olive Cain
and Miss Ena Bigford are doing general
duty at the Roosevelt Hospital, New York
City. On account of ill health, Miss Eliza-
beth Houston has had to resign her position
as night supervisor of the Isolation Hospital
District 8

Members of R.N.A.O. District No. 8
held an interesting meeting on November
6th, 1930, at the Ottawa General Hospital.
Reports of the Canadian Nurses Association
biennial meeting in Regina, an address
on "How to Spend and Save," by Mr.
H. E. North, Third Vice-President of the
Metropolitan Life Assurance Company, and
an interesting talk by Miss Gertrude Bennett
on "The Requirements of Education of
Nurses" added much to the meeting.

On October 25th, 1930, at the Chelsea
Club, Ottawa, a meeting was held by the
Public Health Section of District No. 8.
About sixty nurses were present, the follow-
ing groups of public health workers being
represented: city nurses, school nurses.
Provincial Department of Health, Victorian
Order of Nurses and industrial nurses.
Following the dinner. Dr. A. Grant Fleming,
Professor of Public Health and Preventive
Medicine at McGill University, addressed
the meeting on "The Role of the Public
Health Nurse in the Control of Communi-
cable Disease." Dr. T. A. Lomer gave
a graphic picture of present conditions
in Ottawa regarding communicable diseases,
particularly diphtheria. Dr. Paul Oloney,
District Medical Officer of Health, spoke
briefly on the diphtheria immunization
campaign being launched in a district
outside of Ottawa under the auspices of,
and by the help of, the Ottawa Branch
of the Victorian Order of Nurses. At the
close of the meeting, those present recorded
by a standing vote their willingness to
support this campaign.

Descendant of Sir Isaac Brock and wartime
nurse was the distinguished record of Mrs.
S. C. Archibald, formerly Miss Louise Brock,
who died in Saskatoon on October 24th,
1930, after a two days' illness. The late
Mrs. Archibald received her training at
St. Luke's Hospital, Ottawa, and served
overseas with the No. 1 Canadian Nursing

Division. She was President of the Women's
Association of Saskatoon.

Civic Hosiptal, Ottawa: A delightful
bridge party was given by the Alumnae, the
guests being received by Mrs. P. W. Dunning,
President, and Miss Gertrude Bennett,
Superintendent of Nurses. Dainty refresh-
ments were served by the members. Miss
Margaret McCallum was convener and her
assistants were Misses E. Curry, Beth
Graylin, Ruth Bell, Wynn Drake and D.
Gorman.

General Hospital, Ottawa: The Alum-
nae Ball of the Ottawa General Hospital was
held on November 18th, 1930, in the Chateau
Laurier. Several hundred guests attended.
The conveners were Misses Margaret Flynn
and Florence Nevins, assisted by Misses
Rose Fitzimmons, Y. Ijctellier, B. Belier,
K. Keane, J. Robert, A. Lapointe, M. Munroe,
P. Bissonnette and M. Chartrand and Mrs.
A. J. McEvoy.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

Graduate -Nurses Association: Miss
Millicent Mutch has returned to Prince
Edward Island after a pleasant visit at
Vancouver, B.C. Miss Jennie Hardy has
returned after spending the past year at
Edmonton, Alta. Miss Hardy has accepted
a po.sition with the Poly Clinic at Charlotte-
town. Miss Victoria Watts has returned
from a brief visit to Boston, Mass. Miss
Annie Mac Donald and Miss Veda Lamont
have resumed their duties at New Rochelle,
N.Y., after spending a pleasant holiday on
Prince Edward Island. Miss Ella B. Saint
(Prince Edward Island Hospital, Charlotte-
town, 1930) has accepted a position as night
supervisor at the Prince County Hospital,
Summerside, P.E.I.

QUEBEC

General Hospital, Montreal: The
annual meeting of the Alumnae Association
was held on J.anuary 9th, 1931. Miss Holt,
retiring President, gave a most inspiring
address in which she stressed the importance
of all members subscribing to "The Canadian
Nurse". The report of the Treasurer, Miss
Davis, was very satisfactory, showing a
surplus both in the Alumnae Association
and in the Mutual Benefit Association.

Miss Marion Boa (1919), has gone to
New Glasgow, N.S., to act in an advisory
capacity and to assist in the re-organisation
of the training school of the Aberdeen
Hospital.

Children's Memorial Hospital, Mont-
real: The Alumnae extends to Miss Grace
Murray (1927), deepest sjonpathy on the
death of her father.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

BIRTHS, MARRIAGES AND DEATHS

BIRTHS

BALFOUR— On December 10th, 1930, at
Regina, to Mr. and Mrs. William Balfour
(Goldie McDonald, Regina General Hos-
pital, 1915) a daughter.

BORhAM— On November 21st, 1930, to Mr.
and Mrs. H. H. Borham (Julia Swanson,
Winnipeg General Hospital, 1928) a son.

CAMPBELL— On November 10th, 1930, at
Uigg, P.E.L, to Mr. and Mrs. John Camp-
bell (Edith MacNeill, Prince Edward
Island Hospital, Charlottetown, P.E.I.,
1923), a son.

CROFT— Recently, at Oshawa, Ont., to Mr-
and Mrs. Richard Croft (Frances Smith,
Oshawa General Hospital, 1925), a daughter.

DAY — Recently, to Mr. and Mrs. Harold
Day (Edith Allen, Victoria Hospital,
London, Ont., 1928), a daughter.

GIBBS— On December 7th, 1930, at Ottawa,
to Mr. and Mrs. Harry Gibbs (Amy Poff,
Grant MacDonald Training School, Tor-
onto, 1928), a son.

HENDERSON— On November 16th, 1930,
at Regina, Sask., to Mr. and Mrs. A.
Henderson (Sue ^^'right, Royal Jubilee
Hospital, Victoria, B.C., 1922), a daughter.

KNOWLES— On December 17th, 1930, at
Ottawa, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. George
Knowles (Gladys Winters, Ottawa Civic
Hospital, 1929), a son.

MAWSON— On December 14th, 1930, at
Hamilton, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. Charles
Mawson (Dorothy Jackson, Hamilton
General Hospital, 1926), a son.

MAXWELL— On December 15th, 1930, at
Vancouver, to Mr. and Mrs. John Maxwell
(Doris Cowley, Vancouver General Hos-
pital), a daughter.

MOLKE— On December 1st, 1930, at New
Milford, N.J., to Mr. and Mrs. H.
E. Molke (Ethel Johnson, Grant Mac-
Donald Training School, Toronto, 1928),
twin sons.

MURCHISON— On August 14th, 1930, at
Belfast, P.E.L, to Mr. and Mrs. Angus
Murchison (Eva Ross, Prince Edward
Island Hospital, Charlottetown, P.E.L,
1925), a son.

ORRILL— On November 30th, 1930, at
Belleville, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. Jack
Orrill (Flossie Hannah, Belleville General
Hospital, 1923), a son.

READ — Recently, at London, Ont., to Dr.
and Mrs. Art Read (Kay Hyatt, Victoria
Hospital, London, Ont., 1924), a son.

REGAN— On November 14th, 1930, at
Hamilton, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd
Regan (Jean Forsythe, Hamilton General
Hospital, 1926), a son.

ROBINSON— On December 8th, 1930, at
Regina, Sask., to Mr. and Mrs. Homer
Robinson (Lucy Allingham, Regina Gen-
eral Hospital, 1925), a son.

ROSS— On December 5th, 1930, at Regina,
Sask., to Mr. and Mrs. D. D. Ross (Irene
McLanders, Regina General Hospital,
1919), a son.

SANDELL— On December 1st, 1930, to Mr.
and Mrs. Gordon Sandell (Eileen Le
Mesurier, Regina General Hospital, 1928),
a son.

SANDERSON— Recently, at London, Ont.,
to Mr. and Mrs. N. Sanderson (B. Smith,
Victoria General Hospital, London, Ont.,
1920), a daughter.

SHORE— On November 28th, 1930, at
Ottawa, to Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Shore
(Stella Ashfield, St. Luke's Hospital,
Ottawa, 1918), a daughter.

SMITH— On November 24th, 1930, at
Huntington, Va., to Rev. and Mrs.
Wm. Smith (Ruth Welstead, Toronto
Western Hospital, 1918), a daughter.

SPAFFORD— On June 7th, 1930, at Toronto,
to Mr. and Mrs. Earl Spafford (Evelyn
Stinson, Grant MacDonald Training School,
Toronto, 1929), a son.

SPEIRS— On November 15th, 1930, at
Winnipeg, Man., to Mr. and Mrs. Alex.
Speirs (Helen Lambert, Winnipeg General
Hospital, 1917), a son.

STYLES— On November 1st, 1930, at
Regina, Sask., to Mr. and Mrs. George
Styles (Ella Mathews, Maple Creek
Hospital, Maple Creek, Sask., 1916), a
daughter.

SUTHERLAND— On November 24th, 1930,
at CookstowTi, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs.
Sandford J. Sutherland (Margaret Gladys
McCullough, Toronto Western Hospital,
1925), a daughter.

TODD— On September 16th, 1930, at
Brockville, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. John
Todd (Luella Heagle, Brockville General
Ho.spital, 1926), a son.

WEESE— On December 7th, 1930, at Belle-
ville, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. Harold Weese
(Olive Brodshaw, Belleville General Hos-
pital, 1923), a daughter.

WILSON— On December 8th, 1930, at
Campbell's Bay, P.Q., to Mr. and Mrs.
Asa Wilson (Marie J. Smith, Ottawa Civic
Hospital, 1923), a daughter.

MARRIAGES

AITKEN— SHAW— In June, 1930, at Char-
lottetown, P.E.L, Mabel Shaw (Prince
Edward Island Hospital, Charlottetown,
1929) to Reginald Aitken.

BATEMAN— KIRK— In July, 1930, Minnie
Kirk (General and Marine Hospital, Owen
Sound, Ont., 1927) to Wm. Bateman, of
Kitchener, Ont.

BUCKNAM— TRAQUAIR— On December
8th, 1930, at Hamilton, Ont., Margaret
Traquair (Vancouver General Hospital) to
Earl Bucknam.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

CHRISTIAN— GRIMES — In November,
1930, at St. Johns, Nfld., Emma Grimes
(Children's Memorial Hospital, Montreal.
1930) to T. M. Christian, of St. Johns!
Nfld.

CAMPBELI^SEAFOOT — On December
20th, 1930, at Medicine Hat, Alta., Emma
Seafoot (Medicine Hat General Hospital,
1928) to Dr. Wilfred C. Campbell, of
Medicine Hat.

CLARKE— BISHOP — On October 15th,
1930, at Wellington, P.E.I., Grace Bishop
(Prince Edward Island Hospital, Charlotte-
town; 1926) to Norman Clarke, of St. John,
N.B.

COFFIN— PIGOTT— In July, 1930, Millie
Pigott (Prince Edward Island Hospital,
Charlottetown, 1923) to Chester Coffin, of
Brookline, Mass,

FLYNN— WILLIAMSON — On December
15th, 1930, at Ogdensburg, N.Y., Mabel
Gertrude Williamson (Lady Stanley In-
stitute, Ottawa) to Arthur Flynn, of
Morrisburg, Ont.

GILLINGER— WILLIARD — Recently, at
Flint, Mich., Grace Williard (Victoria
Hospital, London, Ont., 1927) to Dr. F.
Gillinger.

GRAY— MALEY— On December 25th, 1930,
at Winnipeg, Bertha Maley (Kingston
General Hospital, Kingston. Ont., 1927) to
Rev. Albert M. J. Gray, of McCready,
Man.

HOOD— KNOX— On December 20th, 1930,
at Harrisburg, Ont., Hazel Knox (Hamilton
General Hospital, 1929) to Roy Hood.

ROWLAND— DEAKIN— On December 8th,
1930, at The Pas, Man., Kathleen E.
Deakin (Vancouver General Hospital, 1927)
to Harold E. Howland, of Churchill, Man.

JACKS— GOODFELLOW — On December
17th, 1930, at Toronto, Isabel Goodfellow
(Hamilton General Hospital, 1930) to
Wilfred Jacks, of Stroud, Ont.

MATHESON— MacKinnon — On June
17th, 1930, at Charlottetown, P.E.I.,
Louise MacKinnon (Prince Edward Island
Hospital, Charlottetown, 1929) to David
Matheson, of Montague, P.E.I.

MATHESON — MASON — On September
23rd, 1930, at Bunbury, P.E.I., Bertha
Lois Mason (Prince Edward Island Hos-
pital, Charlottetown, 1924) to Stanley
Matheson, of Charlottetown, P.E.I.

McADAM— AYERST— On November 7th,
1930, at Kapuskasing, Ont., Hilda Maud
Ayerst (Hamilton General Hospital, 1920)
to Bruce McAdam, M.A., of Brantford,
Ont.

Mcdonald— STODDARD— On October
nth, 1930, at Detroit, Mich., Doris
Stoddard (Victoria Hospital, London, Ont..
1928) to Frank McDonald.

PRITCHARD— DONALDSON— On Nov-
ember 8th, 1930, at Newington, Ont., Aileen
Donaldson (St. Luke's Hospital, Ottawa)
to John R. Pritchard, M.D., of Ottawa.

RALPH— MOWAT— On December 10th,
1930, at Ottawa, Evelyn C. Mowat
(Ottawa Civic Hospital, 1930) to OrrvUle
A. Ralph, of Stittsville, Ont.

RITCHIE — RAEBURN — On December
24th, 1930, at Montreal, Margaret A.
Raeburn (Montreal General Hospital,
1925) to Dr. Robert N. Ritchie, of Roch-
Gstcr N Y

SIGVALDASON— McLEOD — On Decem-
ber 16th, 1930, at Winnipeg, Florence
McLeod (Winnipeg General Hospital,
1928) to Dr. Sigvaldason.

SMITH— GREIG— On December 31st, 1930,
at CopperclifTe, Ont., Margaret Greig
(Toronto Western Hospital, 1929) to
Harry W. Smith.

WALMSLEY— FLOYD — On December
23rd, 1930, at Winnipeg, Mary Floyd
(Winnipeg General Hospital, 1927) to
Major Frank Walmsley.

WAUGH— ROSS— On November 29th, 1930,
at Deloraine, Man., Marjorie Ross (Winni-
peg General Hospital, 1929) to Heber E.
Waugh.

WEEKES — BARTRAM — On November
8th, 1930, at Ottawa, Bernice Bartram
(Ottawa Civic Hospital, 1926) to Ludlow
Weekes, of Ottawa..

WHITTON— KNITTEL — In December,
1930, at Detroit, Mich., Myrtle Knittel
(Winnipeg General Hospital, 1931) to F. E.
Whitton, of Detroit, Mich.

WRIGHT— VICKERSON— On September
18th, 1930, at Tryon, P.E.I., Marion
Vickerson (Prince Edward Island Hos-
pital, Charlottetown, 1923) to David
Wright, of Montague, P.E.I.
DEATHS

BEATTY— On November 26th, 1930, at
Owen Sound, Ont., Effie Greig (Fergus
General Hospital, Fergus, Ont.), wife of
Reginald Beattv, in her twenty-ninth year.

BOWEN— On December 19th, 1930, at
Wheatley River, Florence Bowen (Prince
Edward Island Hospital, Charlottetown,
1925), after a lingering illness.

NASH — On January 5th, 1931, at Medicine
Hat, Alta., Alice Florence Nash (Medicine
Hat General Hospital, 1919).
SCHNEIDER— On December 31st, 1930, at
Montreal, Miss Maude Schneider (Mont-
real General Hospital, 1898).

Were you ever a patient? Were you ever
roused at five a.m. to have your face
washed? Did you have a clinical ther-
mometer stuck in your mouth every hour
or so? Perhaps not, but how many hun-
dred times have you waslied faces at five
a.m. or six a.m.? How many thousand
times have you stuck thermometers in
fevered mouths? Monotonous, that's it.
In a rut, tired, feeling dull, weary of the

eternal round? Then it's time for you to
come abroad. Not such a great under-
taking as you have Imagined if you take
a Conducted Tour, especially if you take
the Sixth All-Canadian Tour. Look on page
2 in the booklet and see two laughing
girls in officers uniforms, nurses both of
them, and the life of the Party. Join us
and take a fresh lease of life, and In the
meantime read the advertisement on in-
side bar-lc cover.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Affinal Strtrlary

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES
Secretary.. Miss Christiane Reimann, Headquarters:- 14 Quai des Eaux-Vives, Geneva,

Switzerland.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

Officers

Honorary President ISIiss M. A Snively, 50 Maitland Street, Toronto, Ont.

President Miss F. H. M. Emory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

First Vice-President Miss K. \V. Ellis, Winnipeg General Hospital, Winnipeg.

Second Vice-President-. J ...Miss G. M. Bennett, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.

Honorary Secretary Miss Nora Moore, City Hall, Room 309, Toronto, Ont.

Honorary Treasurer Miss R. M. Simpson, Parliament Bldgr,., Regina, Sask.

COUNCILLORS

Alberta: 1 Miss Eleanor McPhedran, Central Alberta Ontario: 1 Miss E. Murie! McKee, General Hospital,

Sanatorium, Calgary; 2 Misa Edna Anger, General Brantford; 2 Miss Edith Rayside, General Hos-

Hospital, Medicine Hat; 3 Miss B. A. Emerson, C04 pital, Hamilton; 3 Miss Ethel Cryderman, Jackson

Cirio Block, Edmonton. Bldg., Ottawa; 4 Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay

St. S., Hamilton.
British Columbia: 1 Miss M. P. Campbell, 118 Prince Edwardlsland: 1 Mrs. Arthur Allen.Summer-
Vancouver Block, Vancouver; 2 Miss M. F. Gray, side; 2 Sister SteFaustma.Charlottetown Hospital,

Dept. of Nursing, University of British Columbia; Charlottetown; 3 Miss Mona Wilson, Red Cross

3 Miis E. Breeze, 4662 Angus Ave., Vancouver; Pf^^^H''/^.^^^ ^°uP'"^-l*°." Street. Charlottetown;

t MiM O. V. Cotsworth, 1135 12th Ave. W., Van- 4 Miss Millie Gamble, ol Ambrose Street, Charlotte-

eourer. town-

Quebec: 1 Miss M. K. Holt, Montreal General Hos-
Manitoba: 1 Mrs. J. F. Morrison, 184 Brock St., pital, Montreal; 2 Miss E. Sharpe, Royal Victoria

Winnipeg; 2 Miss Mildred Reid, General Hospital, Hospital, Montreal; 3 Miss Isabel Man^on, School

Winnipeg; 3 Miss Isabell McDiarmid, 363 Langside for Graduate Nurses, McGill University, Montreal;

St. Winnipeg; 4 Mrs. Doyle, 5 Vogel Apartments, 4 Miss Christina Watling, 1480 Chomedy St., Mont-

Winnipeg, real.

„ _ ., ,,,. .T»»»». 1,, . Saskatchewan: 1 Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normal

NowBrunswick: 1 Miss A. J. MacMaster, Moncton School, Moose Jaw; 2 Miss G. M. Watson, City

Hospital, Moncton; 2 Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Hospital, Saskatoon; 3 Miss M. E. Grant, 922 9th

Dieu Hospital, Campbellton; 3 Miss H S. Dyke- ^ve.. Saskatoon; 4 Miss C. M. Munroe, Coronation

man, Health Centre, baint John; 4 Miss Mabel Court Saskatoon

McMuUin, St. Stephen. ' — ■

ADDITIONAL MEMBERS TO EXECUTIVE

Nova Scotia: 1. Miss Margaret E. MacKenzie, 315 (Chairmen National Sections)

Barrington St., Halifax; 2. Miss Ina May Jones, Nursing Education: Miss G. M. Fairley, Vancouver

Victoria General Hospital, Halifax; 3. Miss Anne General Hospital, Vancouver, B.C.; Public Health:

Slattery, Dalhousie Public Health Clinic, Morris St., Miss M. Moag. 1246 Bishop St., Montreal, P.Q.;

Halifax; 4 Miss Jean Trivett, 71 Coburg Road, Private Duty: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St.

Halifax. South, Hamilton, Ont.

Executive Secretary ..]\Ilss Jean S. Wilson

National Office, 511, Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

1 — President Provincial Aasociation of Nursaa. 3— Chairman Public Health Section.

2 — Chairman Nursing Ekiucation Sootion. 4 — Chairman Private Duty Section

NURSING EDUCATION SECTION

Councillors. — Alberta: Miss Edna Auger, General
Hospital, Medicine Hat. British Columbia: Miss
M. F. Gray, University of British Columbia, Van-
couver. Manitoba: Nliss Mildred Reid, Winnipeg
General Hospital, Winnipeg. New Brunswick: Miss
Margaret Murdoch, General Public Hospital, St.
John. Nova Scotia: Miss Ina May Jones, Victoria
General Hospital, Halifax. Ontario: Miss Edith
Rayside, General Hospital, Hamilton. Prince Ed-
ward Island: Sister Ste. Faustina. Charlottetown
Hospital, Charlottetown. Quebec: Miss Ethel
Sharpe, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal. Sas-
katchewan: Miss G. M. Watson, City Hospital,
Saskatoon.

Convener of Publications: Miss Annie Laurie, Royal
Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.

Winnipeg. New Brunswick: Miss Myrtle E. Kay
21 Austin St., Moncton, N.B. Nova Scotia:
Miss Jean Trivett, 71 Coburg Road, Halifax,
N.S. Ontario: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay
Street, S. Hamilton, Ont. Prince Edward
Island: Miss M. R. Gamble, 51 Ambrose St.,
Charlottetown, P.E.I. Quebec: Miss C. M. Wat-
ling, 1230 BLshop St., Montreal, Que. Saskat-
chewan: Miss C. M. Munro, Coronation Court,
Saskatoon. Sask .
Convener of Publications: Miss Clara Brown, 153
Bedford Road, Toronto, Ont.

PRIVATE DUTY SECTION
Chairman: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St. S

Hamilton, Ont.; Vice-Chairman: Miss Moya

MacDonald, 111 South Park St., Halifax, N.S.;

Secretary-Treasurer: Miss Mabel St. John, 379

Huron Street, Toronto, Ont.
Councillors. — Alberta :

British Columbia: Miss O. V.
Cotsworth, 1135 12th Avenue W., Vancouver, B.C.
Manitoba: Mrs. Doyle, 5 Vogel Apartments,

PUBLIC HEALTH SECTION

Chairman: Miss M. Moag, 1246 Bishop St., Montreal,
Que.; Vice-chairman: Miss M. Wilkinson, 410
Sherbourne St., Toronto, Ont.; Secretary-Treas-
urer: Miss I. S. Manson, School for Graduate
Nurses, McGill University, Montreal, Que.

Councillors. — Alberta: Miss B. A Emerson. 604
Civic Blk , Edmonton. British Columbia: Miss
Elibabeth Breeze, 4662 Angus Ave.. Vancouver.
Manitoba: Miss Isabell McDiarmid, 363 Langside
Street, Winnipeg, Man. Nova Scotia: Miss
.\nne Slattery, Dalhousie Public Health Clinic,
Halifax, N.S. New Brunswick: Miss H. S.
Dykeman, Health Centre, 134 Sidney St., St. John.
Ontario: Miss E. Cryderman, Jackson Bldg,
Ottawa. Prince Edward Island: Miss Mona
Wilson, Red Cross Headquarters, 59 Grafton Street,
Charlottetown. Quebec: Miss I. S. Manson,
McGill University, Montreal Saskatchewan: Miss
M. E. Grant, 922 9th Ave.. Saskatoon.

Convener of Publications :

100

THE CANADIAN NURSE

ALBERTA ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED
NURSES

President: Miss Eleanor McPhedran, Central
Alberta Sanatorium, near Calgary; First Vice-President,
Miss Edna Augei, Medicine Hat General Hospital,
Medicine Hat; Second Vice-President, Sister M. A.
Chauvin, General Hospital, Edmonton; Registrar
and Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Kate S. Brighty,
Parliament Buildings, Edmonton; Nursing Education
Committee, Miss Edna Auger, General Hospital,
Medicine Hat; Public Health Committee, Miss B. A.
Emerson, 604 Civic Block, Edmonton; Private Duty
Section, Miss Mildred Harvey, 319 7th Ave. A. So.,
Lethbridge, Alta.

GRADUATE NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
BRITISH COLUMBIA

President, Miss 'M. P. Campbell. R.N., 118 Van-
couYer Block, Vancouver; Second Vice-President,
Miss M. Mirfield, R.N., 1180 15th Ave.. W.. Van-
couver; Registrar. Miss H. Randal. R.N., 118 Van-
couver Block, Vancouver; Secretary, Miss M. Button,
R.N.. 118 Vancouver Block. Vancouver; Conveners of
Committees: Nursing Education, Miss M. F. Gray,
R.N.. Dept. of Nursing and Health, University of B.C..
Vancouver; Public Health, Miss E. Breeie, R.N., 4662
Angus Ave., Vancouver; Private Duty. Miss O. Cots-
worth. R.N., 1135 12th Ave.. W.. Vancouver; Coun-
cillors, Misses L. Boggs. R.N.. M. Ewart, R.N.. M.
Frank*, R.N., L. McAllister, R.N., G. Fairley, R.N.

MANITOBA ASS'N OF REGISTERED NURSES

President, Mrs. J. F. Moriison, 184 Brock St.,
Winnipeg; First Vice-President, Miss J. Houston,
Ninette Sanatorium; Second Vice-President, Miss C.
Macleod, General Hospital, Brandon; Third Vice-
President, Miss E. Robertson, Municipal Hospital,
Winnipeg; Recording Secretary, Miss Norah O'-
Shaughnessy, Provincial Health Department, Parlia-
ment Bldgs., Winnipeg; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Annie Beggs, 39-A Warton Lodge, Winnipeg; Treasurer,
Miss LaPorte, Miserecordia Hospital, Winnipeg;
Convener of Sections: Nursing Education, Miss Mildred
Reid, Winnipeg General Hospital; Public Health,
Miss Isabel McDiarmid, 363 Langside St., Winnipeg;
Private Duty, Mrs. Doyle, 5 Vogel Apts., Winnipeg ;
Registrar, Miss A. E. Wells, Provincial Health
Department, Parliament Bldgs., Winnipeg.

NEW BRUNSWICK ASSOCIATION OF
REGISTERED NURSES

President, Miss A. J. MacMaster, Moncton Hospital,
Moncton; First Vice-President, Miss Florence Coleman,
County Hospital, East Saint John; Second Vice-
President, Miss Margaret Murdoch, General Public
Hospital, Saint John; Hon. Secretary, Mrs. W. S.
Jones, Albert, N.B.; Councillors: Saint John, Misses
Sarah E. Brophy, H. S. Dykeman, E. J. Mitchell;
Saint Stephen, Misses Mabel McMullin, Myrtle
Dunbar; Moncton, Misses Marion MacLaren, Myrtle
Kay; Fredericton, Mrs. A. C. Fleming, Miss Kate
Johnson; Bathurst, Miss Edith Stewart; Chatham,
Sister Caroline Kenny; Campbellton, Sister Corinne
Kerr; Conveners of Sections: Nursing Education,
Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Dieu Hospital, Campbellton,
N.B.; Public Health, Miss H. S. Dykeman, Health
Centre, Saint John, N.B.; Private Duty, Miss Mabel
McMullin, St. Stephen, N.B.; By-Laws and Constitu-
tion, Miss Sarah Brophy, Fairville, N.B.; "The Can-
adian Nurse," Miss A. A. Burns, Health Centre, Saint
John, N.B.; Secretary- Treasurer, Registrar, Miss
Maude E. Retallick, 262 Charlotte St., West Saint
John.

REGISTERED NURSES ASSOCIATION OF
NOVA SCOTIA

President, Miss M. E. MacKenzie, 315 Barrington
St., Halifax; First Vice-President, Miss M. F. Camp-
bell, V.O.N. Home, Gottingen St., Halifax; Second
Vice-President, Miss I. B. Andrews, City of Sydney
Hospital, Sydney; Third Vice-President, Miss M. M.
Martin, Payzant Memorial Hospital, Windsor; Re-
cording Secretary, Mrs. D. J. Gillis, 23 Vernon St.,
Halifax; Treasurer and Asst. Secretary. Miss L. F.
Fraser. Eastern Trust Bldg., Halifax.

REGISTERED NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
ONTARIO (Incorporated 1925)

President, Miss E Muriel McKee, Brantford General
Hospital, Brantford ; First Vire-ftesident, Miss Mary
Millman, 309 City Hall, Toronto; Second Vice-
President, Miss Marjorie Buck, Norfolk General
Hospital, Simcoe; Secretary- Treasurer, Miss Matilda
Fitzgerald, Apt. 29, 917 St. Clair Ave. W., Toronto.

District No. 1: Chairman, Miss Nellie Gerard, 911
Victoria Ave., Windsor; Secretary- Treasurer, Mrs. L
J. Walker, 169 Richard Street, Sarnia. Dis-
trict No. 2: Chairman, Miss Marjorie Buck, Norfolk
General Hospital, Simcoe; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss
Hilda Booth, Norfolk Genera) Hospital, Simcoe. Dis-
trict No. 4: Chairman, Miss Edith Rayside, General
Hospital, Hamilton; Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs. Norman
Barlow, 134 Catherine Si., S., HamiLon. District No.
5: Chairman, Miss Ethel Greenwood, 36 Homewood
Ave., Toronto; Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs. F. E. Atkin-
son, 326 Beech Ave., Toronto. District No. 6: Chair-
man, Miss Florence Fitzgerald, 90 Chatham St., Belle-
ville; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Florence Mclndoo,
General Hospital, Belleville. District No. 7: Chair-
man, Miss Louise D. Acton. General Hospital, Kings-
ton; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Marjorie Evans, 103
Gore St., Kingston. District No. 8: Chairman, Miss
Alice Ahem, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., Ottawa;
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss A. C. Tanner, Civic Hospital,
Ottawa. District No. 9: Chairman, Miss Margaret
Kennedy, Box 233 Sturgeon Falls; Secretary-Treasurer,
Miss C. McLaren, Box 102, North Bay. District No.
10: Chairman, Miss Anne Boucher, 280 Park St., Port
Arthur; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Rona Wade,
McKellar General Hospital, Fort William.

ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED NURSES OF
THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC (Incorporated 1920)
Advisory Board: Misses M. A. Samuel. L. C. Phillips,
Mabel F. Hersey and Rev. Mother Mailloux; President.
Miss Mabel K. Holt, Montreal General Hospital;
Vice-President CEnglish). Miss Margaret L. Moag.
V.O.N. . Montreal; Vice-President (French). Mdlle
Rita Guimont, Hopital St. Lac, Montreal ; Hon.
Recording Secretary. Miss Grace R. Martin,
Royal Victoria Hospital. Montreal; Hon. Treasurer,
Miss Olga V. Lilly, Royal Victoria Montreal
Maternity Hospital; Other members. Miss C. V.
Barrett, Royal Victoria Montreal Maternity
Hospital; Miss C. M. Ferguson, Alexandra Hos-
pital, Montreal; Miss A. S. Kinder, Children's
Memorial Hospital, Montreal; Rev. Soeur Robert,
Hopital Notre Dame, Montreal; Mdlle. Anysie Deland,
Institute Bruchesi, Montreal. Nursing Education
Section (English), Miss Ethel Sharpe, Royal Victeria
Hospital, Montreal; (French), Rev. Soeur Augustine,
Hopital St. Jean-de-Dieu, Montreal; Private Duty
Section (English), Miss C. M. Watling, 1230 Bishop
Street, Montreal ; (French), Mile. Panef-Raymono,
652 Hartland Ave., Montreal; Public Health Section,
Miss Isabel S. Manson, School for Graduate Nurse«,
McGill University, Montreal; Board of Examiners,
Convener, Miss C. V. Barrett, R. V. H. M. M. H.,
Montreal; Executive Secretary, Registrar and Official
School Visitor, Miss E. Frances Upton, Suite 221,
1396 St. Catherine Street West, Montreal.

SASKATCHEWAN REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION. (Incorporated March, 1927.)

President, Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normal School,
Moose Jaw; First Vice-President, Miss McGill,
Normal School, Saskatoon; Second Vice-President,
Miss R. M. Simpson, Department of Public Health,
Parliament Buildings, Regina; Councillors, Sister
O'Grady, Grey Nuns' Hospital, Regina; Miss Mont-
gomery, iSanatorium, Prince Albert, Sask.; Conveners
of Standing Committees: Public Health, Miss M. E.
Grant, 922 9th Ave., Saskatoon; Private Duty, Miss
C. M. Munro, Coronation Court, Saskatoon; Nursing
Education, Miss G. M. Watson, City Hospital, Saska-
toon; Secretary-Treasurer and Registrar, Miss E. E.
Graham, Regina College, Regina.

CALGART ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

Hon. President, Mrs. Stuart Brown; President, Miss
J. B. von Gruenigan; First Vice-President, Miss Lynn;
Second Vice-President, Miss Barber; Treasurer, Miss
M. Watt; Recording Secretary, Mrs. B. J. Charles;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss Jackson; Registrar,
Miss D. Mott, 616 15th Ave. W.; Convener Private
Duty Section, Miss H. Richards.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

101

EDMONTON ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NUSSES

President, Mrs. K. Manson; First Vice-President,
Miss Welsh; Second Vice-President, Miss Blanche A.
Emerson; Recording Secretary, Miss Davidson;
Corresponding Secretarj', Miss M. Staley, 9004 103rd
St.; Treasurer, Miss S. C. Christensen, 11612 94th St.;
Registrar, Miss A. Sproule; Programme Committee,
Miss Ida Johnson; Sick Visiting Committee, Miss J.
Chinnick.

MEDICINE HAT GRADUATE NURSES'
ASSOCIATION

Regular Meeting — First Tuesday in month.

A. A., ROYAL ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL,
EDMONTON, ALTA.

Hon. President, Miss F. Munroe; President, Miss
I. Johnson; First Vice-President, Mrs. Godfrey;
Second Vice-President, MissG. McDiarmid; Recording
Secretary, Miss V. Chapman; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss M. Graham, Royal Alexandra Hospital; Treasurer,
Miss E. English, 306 Condell Blk., Edmonton

A.A., KOOTENAY LAKE GENERAL HOSPITAL,
NELSON, B.C.

VANCOUVER GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

President, Miss M. Duffield. 3760 11th Ave. W.;
First Vice-President, Miss E. Cameron; Second
Vice-President, Miss O. Cotsworth; Secretary, Mrs.
J. A. Westman, 4697 Belmont Ave.; Treasurer, Miss
L. Archibald; Councillors, Misses M. P. Campbell,
M. Button, J. Matheson, M. McLane, L. A. Stocker;
Conveners of Committees: Directory, Miss E. Frost;
Social, Misses M. G. Laird and Flahiff; Programme,
Misses F. Verchers, M. Kerr, M. Wisener; Sick Visiting,
Mies McLennan, Miss Rogerson; Ways and Means,
Mrs. M. Farrington, Misses 0. Kitteringham and L.
Brand; Creche, Local, Miss E. E. Lumsden. Re-
presentative to The Canadian Nurse, Miss M. Ewart;
Representative to Local Council of Women, Mrs.
Ramsay.

A.A., ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, VANCOUVER

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Superior; Hon. Vice-
President, Sister Therese Annable; President, Miss
Kitty B. Mosdell; Vice-President, Miss Elizabeth
Berry: Secretary, Miss Evelyn Dee; Asst. Secretary,
Miss Isabel Todd; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Mildred
A. Cohoon; Executive, Misses M. McDonald, B.
Geddes, E. Reilly, G. Armson, D. Hall, A. Webb, E.
Hanafin and A. Jordon.

A. A., VANCOUVER GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President. Miss Grace Fairloy; President, Mi.ss
Joan Hardy; First Vice-President, Miss Dorothy
Coughlin; Second Vice-President, Miss Mary McLean;
Secretary, Mrs. Percy Jones, 3681 2nd Ave. W.;
Assistant Secretary, Mrs. Hugh McMillan; Treasurer,
Miss Eva Webster, The \'ancouver General
Hospital; Committee Conveners: Refreshment, Mrs.
Fergu.son; Programme, Miss Hannon; Sewing, Miss
McLennan; Sick Visiting, Miss Hilda Smith; Re-
presentatives: Local Press, Mrs. McCallum; "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss .Stevenson; Women's Building.
Miss Whittaker; Membership, Miss L. Maxwell: Sick
Benefit Fund and Bond Committee, Mis.s Isobel
McVicar and Miss Bullock.

A.A., JUBILEE HOSPITAL, VICTORIA, B.C.

Hon. President, Miss L. Mitchell; President, Miss
E. Oliver; First Vice-President, Mrs. Chambers;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. Carruthers; .Secretary,
Miss S. Fatt, 601 Trutch St.; Assistant Secretary,
Miss B. Montague; Treasurer, Miss J. Paterson;
Convener, Entertainment Committee, Mrs. Lancaster;
Sick Nurses, Miss C. McKenzie.

BRANDON GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

Hon. President, Miss E. M. Birtles; Hon. Vice-
President, Mrs. W. H. Shillinglaw; President, Miss
M. Finlayson; First Vice-President, Miss H. Meadows;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. L. C. Ferrier; Secretary,
Mrs. S. Pierce; Treasurer, Miss I. Fargey, 302 Russell
.St., Brandon; Conveners of Committees: Social, Miss
T. Hill; Sick Visiting, Miss M. Trotter; Welfare Re-
presentative, Miss M. Houston; Private Duty, Miss D.
Longley; Blind, Mrs. Darrach; Cook Books, Miss
Gemmell; Press Representative, Miss A. Hicks;
Registiar, Miss C. Macleod.

A.A., ST. BONIPACE HOSPITAL, ST. BONIFACE,
MAN.
Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Mead, St. Boniface Ho«-

gital; Hon. Vice-President, Rev. Sr. Krause, St.
oniface Hospital; President, Miss S. Wright, 340
St. Johns Ave., Winnipeg; First Vice-President,
Miss E. Shirley, King George Apts.; Second Vice-
President, Miss I. Muir, 184 River Avenue; Secretary,
Miss Ellen M. Farrell, Ste. 6 Holyrood Crt., Winnipeg;
Treasurer, Miss B. Stanton, Ste. 37 Dalkeith Apts.;
Conveners of Committees, Social, Miss B. Mallory,
31 Fawcett St.; Refreshment, Miss J. Jonasson, 72
Sherburn St.; Sick Visiting, Miss R. McKay; Re-
presentative to Local Council of Women, Miss 8.
Wright; Representative to Manitoba Nurses Central
Directory Committee, Miss T. Chambers, 753 Wolseley
Ave.; Press and Publication, Miss M. Meehan, 753
Wolseley Ave.

Meetmgs — Second Wednesday etu-h month, S p.m.,
St. Boniface Nurses Residenc*.

A. A., WINNIPEG GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Mrs. W. A. Moody, 97 Ash St.;
President, Mrs. J. A. Davidson, 39 Westgate; First
Vice-President, Mrs. S. Harry, WinniF>eg General
Hospital; Second Vice-President, Miss I. McDiarmid,
363 Langside St.; Third Vice-President, Miss E.
Gordon, Research Lab., Medical College; Recoiding
Secretary, Miss C. Briggs, 70 Kingsway; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss M. Duncan, Winnipeg General Hos-
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. I. Graham, 99 Euclid St.;
Sick Visiting, Miss W. Stevenson, 535 Camden Place;
Programme, Miss C. Lethbridge, 877 Grosvenor Ave..
Membership, Miss A. Pearson, Winnipeg General
Hospital.

A.A., GALT HOSPITAL, GALT, ONT.

A.A., KITCHENER AND WATERLOO GENERAL
HOSPITAL

THE EDITH CAVELL ASSOCIATION OF
LONDON, ONT.

President, Miss Nora E. MacPherson, Victoria
Hospital; First Vice-President, Miss Anne M. Forrest;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. C. West; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss Annie P. Evans, 860 Richmond St.;
Social Secretary, Miss M. Bawden; Registry Board
Representatives, Miss M. Anderson, Mrs. Olive
Smiley; Programme Committee, Miss H. Bapty,
Miss fe. Morris, Mrs. G. GilUes; Representative, "The
Canadian Nurse," Mrs. John Gunn.

102

THE CANADIAN NURSE

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE ASSOCIATION,
TORONTO

President, Miss B. Hutchison; Vice-President, Miss
Helen Campbell; Secretary, Miss M. G. Colborne, 169
College St.; Treasurer, Miss Clara Dixon, 2111 Bloor
St. W.; Councillors, Misses Edith Campbell, H.
Meiklejohn, I. Wallace, Mary Walker, Irene Hodges
and Miss R. Sketch.

DISTRICT No. 8, REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Chairman, Miss Alice Ahern; Vice-Chairman, Miss

D. M. Percy; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss A. G. Tanner,
Ottawa Civic Hospital; Councillors, Misses M. Stewart.

E. A. Pepper, N. Lewis, Mary Slinn, G. Woods, and
Miss F. Nevins; Conveners of Committees: Member-
ship, Mi.ss N. Lewis; Publications, Miss F. Nevins;
Rnance, Miss E. A. Pepper; Nur.sing Education, Miss
G. M. Bennett; Private Duty, Miss M. Slinn; Public
Health, Miss D. M. Percy; Representative to Board of
Directors, R.N.A.O., Miss A. Ahern.

DISTRICT No. 10, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Chairman, Miss A. Boucher; First Vice-President,
Mrs. F. Edwards; Second Vice-President, Miss M.
Flannigan; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss R. Wade;
Conveners of Committees: Nursing Education, Miss
B. Bell; Public Health, Miss V. Lovelace; Private
Duty, Miss L Sheehan; Publication, Miss .1. Hogarth;
Membership, Miss C. McNamara, Miss M. Hethering-
ton; Social, Miss M. Racey, Miss V. Lovelace; Re-
presentative to Board of Directors Meeting R.N.A.O.,
Miss A. Boucher.

Meetings held first Thursday every month.

A. A., BELLEVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Regular meeting held first Tuesday in each month at
3.30 p.m. in the Nurses' Residence.

A. A., BRANTFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. Muriel McKee, Superin-
tendent; President, Mi.ss Marion Cuff; Vice-President,
Miss Madeline Waghorn; Secretary, Miss Hilda Muir;
Asst. Secretary, Miss Natalie Lockman; Treasurer,
Miss Jean Davidson; "The Canadian Nurse" Repre-
sentative, Miss Nellie Yardley; Press Representative,
Miss Anne Hardisty; Flower Committee, Miss Ida
Martin, Mi.ss Florence Stuart; Gift Committee, Mrs.
D. A. Morrison, Mrs. A. A. Matthews; Social Con-
vener, Mrs. W. H. Langton.

A.A., BROCEVILLEIGENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss A. L. Shannette; President
Mrs. H. B. White; First Vice-President, Miss M
Arnold; Second Vice-President, Miss J. Nicholson
Ttird Vice-President, Mrs. W. B. Reynolds; Secretary
Miss B. Beatrice Hamilton, Brockville General Hos
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. F. Vandusen, 65 Church St.
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss V
Kendrick.

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL,
CHATHAM, ONT.

Hon. President. Mother St. Roch; Hon. Vice-
President, Sister M. Loretta; President, Mrs. Pearl
Johnston; Vice-President, Miss Jean Lundy; Secretary,
Miss Irene Gillard, 52 Raleigh St., Chatham; Treasurer,
Miss Jean Bagnell; Executive, Misses Jessie Ross,
Katherine Dillon and Agnes Harrison; Flower Com-
mittee, Miss Felice Richardson and Mona Middleton;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss
Jessie Ross; Representative, District No. 1, R.N.A.O.,
Misa Hasel Gray.

A. A., CORNWALL GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Lj'dia Whiting; President^
Miss Mary Fleming; First Vice-President, Mrs.
Boldick; Second Vice-President, Miss Mabel Hill;
Secretary- Treasurer, Miss Helen C. Wilson, Cornwall
General Hospital; Representative to "The Canadian
Nurse," Miss Cora Droppo.

A.A. , ROYAL ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL, FERGUS

Hon. President, Miss Helen Campbell; President,
Mrs. Bean, 54 Rosemount Ave., Toronto; First Vice-
President, Miss Marian Petty; Second Vice-President,
Mrs. Ida Ewing; Treasurer, Miss Bertha Brillinger,
Toronto; Secretary, Miss Evelyn Osborne, 8 Oriole
Gardens, Toronto; Asst. Secretary, Mrs. N. Davidson,
Fergus Hospital; Press Secretary, Miss Jean Campbell,
72 Hendrick Ave., Toronto.

A.A., GUELPH GENERAL HOSPITAL

A.A., HAMILTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. C. Rajside, Hamilton
General Hospital; President, Miss Annie B. Boyd,
607 Main St. E.; Vice-President, Miss M. Ruchannan,
Hamilton General Hospital; Treasurer, Miss E. Bell,
1 Cumberland; Recording Secretary, Miss B. Aitken,^
44 Victoria Ave. S.; Secretary-Treasurer Mutual
Benefit Association, Miss L. Hannah, 25 West Ave. S.;
Executive Conmiittee, Mrs. N. Barlow (Convenei),
211 Sten.son St., Misses E. Baird, C. Chappel, M.
Pegg, Mrs. E. John.son; Programme Committee. Miss
Mary Ross (Convener), Mis.ses M. Watt, H. Baker,
E. Davidson, J. Lenz, M Harvey, C. Currah, Blanche
Pond; Flower and Visiting Committee, Miss Sturrock
(Convener), Misses Squires, Blanchard, Burnett.
Representatives to Local Council of Women, Mrs.
Hess, Misses Harley, Buckbee, Burnett; Representative
to R.N..\.0., Miss G. Hall; Representatives to "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Busconibe (Convener), Misses
Strachan and Carruthers; Representative to Women's
Auxiliary. Mrs. J. Stephen; Registry Committee,
Mrs. Hess (Convener), Misses Nugent, Hack, Gringer.

A. A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, HAMILTON,

Hon. President, Mother Martina; President, Miss
E. Quinn; Vice-President, Miss H. Fagan; Trea8u^er^
Miss I. Loyst, 71 Bay Street S. ; Secretary, Msss M.
Maloney, 31 Erie Avenue; Convener, Executive Com-
mittee, Miss M. Kelley; The Canadian Nurse, Mie*^
Moran.

A.A., HOTEL DIEU, KINGSTON, ONT.

Hon. President. Rev. Sister Donovan; President,.
Mrs William Elder, .Avonmore Apts.; Vice-President,.
Mrs. V. L. Fallon; Treasurer, Miss Millie MacKinnon;
Secretary, Miss Genevieve Pelow; Executive, Mrs. L.
Welch, Mrs. Cochrane, Mrs. L. E. Crowley ,| Misses
Millie Mackinnon, Evelyn Finn; Visiting Committee,
Misses Olive McDermott, C. MoGarry; Entertainment
Committee, Misses MacKinnon, Murphy, Bain,
Hamell, McCadden, Mrs. Ryan, Mrs. Fallon.

A.A., KINGSTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

First Hon. President, Miss E. Baker; Second Hon^
President, Miss Louise D. Acton; President, Mrs. S. F.
Campbell; First Vice-President, Mrs. G. H. Leggett;
Second Vice-President, Miss A. Baillie; Treasurer,
Mrs. C. W. Mallory, 203 Albert Street; Secretary,
Miss Betty Houston, General Hospital; Press Re-
presentative, Miss Mary Wheeler, General Hospital;.
Flower Committee (Convener), Airs. George Nicol.
355 Frontenao Street; Representative, Private Duty
Section, Miss A. McLc^. 27 Pembroke Street.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

103

KITCHENER AND WATERLOO REGISTERED
NURSES' ASSOCIATION
President, Miss V. Winterhalt; First Vice-President,
Miss M. Elliott; Second Vice-President, Mrs. W. Noll;
Treasurer, Mrs. W. Knell, 41 Ahrena St.W.; Secretary,
Miss E. Master, 13 Chapel St.; Representative to
"The Canadian Nurse," Miss Hazel Adair, Kitchener
and Waterloo Hospital.

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

A. A., VICTORIA HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Nora MacPherson, Superin-
tendent, Victoria Hospital School of Nursing; President,
Miss Delia Foster, 420 Oxford St.; First Vice-President,
Miss Mary Yul'-, 1.51 Bathurat St.; Second Vice-
President, Miss Christine Gillies, Victoria Hospital;
Treasurer, Miss Edith Smallman, 814 Dundas St.;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss Mabel Hardie, 182
Bruce St.; Secretary, Miss Isobel Hunt, 808 Princess
Ave.; Representative to The Canadian Nurse, Mrs.
S. G. Henry, 720 Dundas St.; Board of Directors,
Mrs. C. J. Rose, Mrs. W. Cummins, Misses H. Hueston,
H. Cryderman, E. Gibberd, A. MacKenzie; Repre-
sentatives to Registry Board, Misses M. McVicar,
S. Giffen, A. Johnston and W. Wilton.

A. A., NIAGARA FALLS GENERAL HOSPITAL

A.A., ORILLIA SOLDIERS' MEMORIAL
HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. Johnston; President, Miss
G. Went; First Vice-President] Aliss M. Payne;
Second Vice-President, Miss S. Dudenhoffer; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss M. B. MacLelland; Programme
Committee, Misses C. Newton, A. Reekie, E. Mitchell
ind B. McFadden.

Regular Meeting — First Thursday of each month.

A. A., OSHAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

A.A., ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, OTTAWA

A. A., LADY STANLEY INSTITUTE, OTTAWA

(Incorporated 1918)
Hon. President, Miss M. A. Catton, 2 Regent St.;
Hon. Vice-President, Miss Florence Potts; President,
Miss Mabel M. Stewart, Royal Ottawa Sanatorium;
Vice-President, Miss M. McNiece, Perley Home,
Aylmer Ave.; Secretary, Mrs. G. O. Skuce, Britannia
Bay, Ont.; Treasurer, Miss C. Slinn, 204 Stanley Ave.;
Board of Directors, Sliss E. MacGibbon, 114 Carling
Ave.; Miss C. Flack, 152 First Ave ; Miss E. McCoU.
Vimy Apts., Charlotte St.; Miss L. Belford. Perley
Home, Aylmer Ave.; "Canadian Nurse" Representative
Miss A. Ebbs, 80 Hamilton Ave.; Representatives to
Centra! Registry Nurses, Miss A. Ebbs, 80 Hamilton
Ave.; Miss Mary C. Slinn, 204 Stanley Ave.; Prest
Representative, Mrs. J. Waddell. 220 Waverley St.

A. A., OTTAWA CIVIC HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Gertrude Bennett; President,
Mrs. G. W. Dunning; First Vice-President, Miss
Evelyn Pepper; Second Vice-President, Miss Elizabeth
Graydon; Treasurer, Miss Winnifred Gemmill, 221
Gilmour St.; Recording Secretary, Miss Greta Wilson,
489 Metcalfe St.; Corresponding Secretary, Mies
Gertrude Moloney, 301 First Ave.; Councillors, Misses
Elizabeth Curry, Dorothy Kelly, Dorothy ^Ioxley,
Eklna Osborne; Representatives to the Central Registry,
Misses Inda Kemp, Dorothy Moxley; Convener of
Membership Committee, Miss W. Gemmill; Convener
of Flower and Visiting Committee, Miss D. Kelly;
Press Correspondent, Miss E. Pepper.

A. A., OTTAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

A. A., OWEN SOUND GENERAL AND
MARINE HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss B. Hall; President, Mrs. D. J.
McMillan, 1151 3rd Ave. W.; Vice-President, Miss C.
Thompson; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss A. Mitchell,
466 17th St. W.; Assistant Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs.
Toinlinson; Flower Committee, Miss M. Story, Miss
C. Stewart, Mrs. Frost; Programme Committee,
Misses Sim, C. Stewart; Press Representative, Miss M.
Morrison.

A.A., NICHOLLS HOSPITAL, PETERBORO, ONT.

Hon. President, Mrs. E. M. Leeson; President, Miss
H. M. Anderson; First Vice-President, Miss L. Simpson;
Second Vice-President, Miss M. Watson; Treasurer,
Miss L. Ball; Secretary, Miss I. Armstrong; Correspond-
ing Secretary, Miss H. Hooper, Peterboro Hospital;
Convener Social Committee, Miss A. Dobbin; Con-
vener of Flower Committee, Miss S. Armstrong.

A. A., SARNIA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss K. Scott; President, Miss C.
Lougher; Vice-President, Miss L. Seigrist; Treasurer,
Miss J. Hodgins; Secretary, Miss B. MacFarlane.

A.A., STRATFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss A. M. Munn; President, Miss
Hazel Crerar; Vice-President, Miss Myrtle Hodgins:
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Ivy Rennie : Convenor of
Social Committee, Miss Isabel Wilson: Correspondent
The Canadian Nurse, Miss Florence Kudoba.

A.A., MACK TRAINING SCHOOL
ST. CATHERINES

Hon. President, Miss Anne Wright, Superintendent,
General Hospital; President, Miss Helen Brown,
General Hospital: First Vice-President, Miss Marriott,
94^ Queenston St.; Second Vice-President, Mrs. E.
Dewar, 39 Marquis St.; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss
Florence McArter, General Hospital; Asst. Secretary-
Treasurer, Mrs. Charles Hesburn, 54 George St.;
"The Canadian Nurse" Representative, Miss Aleda
Brubaker, 29 Page St.; "The Canadian Nurse" Sub-
scriptions and Press Correspondent, Mrs. S. Ockenden,
4 Beech St.; Social Committee, Mrs. R. E. Elderkin
(Convener), Mrs. G. I. Zumstein, Mrs. F. Newman,
Mrs. N. Buchanan; Programme Committee, Miss
Tuch (Convener), Miss Moyer, Mrs. W. Durham.

A. A., MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, ST. THOMAS

Hon. Pre.sident, Miss Lucille .\rmstrong. Memorial
Ho.spital; Hon. Vice-President, Miss Mary Buchanan,
Memorial Hospital; President, Mi.ss Margaret Benja-
field, 39 Wellington Street; Fir.st Vice-President, Mr.s.
Frank Penhalo; Second Vice-President, Miss Bessie
Pollock; Recording Secretary, Mrs. John Smale, 34
Erie Street; Corresonding Secretary, Miss .Mice
Patrick, 33 Gladstone Axe; Trea.surer, Miss Bella
Mitchener, .50 Chestnut Street: "The Canadian Nur.se."
Mi.ss Isabella M. Leadbetter. Talbot Street; Executive,
Mis.ses Hazel Hastings, Lissa Crane, Mary Oke,
Mildred Jennings, Florence Treherne.

104

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A.A., TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Snively; Hon. Vice-ftesident,
Miss Jean Gunn; President, Miss Jeane Browne;
First Vice-President, Miss Anna Dove; Second Vice-
President, Miss Kathleen Russell; Secretary, Misa
McGregor, Ward 1, Toronto General Hospital; Treas-
urer, Miss McGeachie, Medical Arts Building, Bloor
St.; Asst. Treasurer, Miss Laura Lindsay; Councillors,
Mrs. Margaret Dewey, Misses Gordon and Dulmage;
Archivist, Miss Kniseley.

A. A., GRACE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. C. J. Curry; President, Mrs.
L. B. Hutchison; First Vice-President, Mrs. John
Gray; Recording Secretary, Miss M. Teasdale; Cor-
responding Secretary, Miss Lillian E. Wood, 3248
Yonge St., Toronto 12; Treasurer, Miss V. M. Elliott,
194 Cottingham St.; Representative to Central Regis-
try, Miss Devellin.

A. A., GRANT MACDONALD TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR NURSES, TORONTO, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Esther M. Cook, 130 Dunn
Ave.; President, Miss Jean Macpherson, 130 Dunn
Ave.; Vice-President, Miss Ida Weekes: Recording Sec-
retary, Miss K.M. Cuffe, 130 Dunn Ave.; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss lone Clift, 130 Dunn Ave.; Treasuier,
Miss M. AlcCullough, 130 Dunn Ave.

A. A., TORONTO ORTHOPEDIC HOSPITAL
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES

Hon. President, Miss E. MacLean; President,
Miss M. Devins, 42 Dorval Road; Vice-President.
Mrs.W. J. Smithers, 74 St. George Street; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss R. Hollingworth, 100 Bloor St. W.;
Representatives to Central Registry, Mrs. Proctor,
226 Glen Road; Miss E. Kerr, 1594 King Street W.;
Representative to R.N.A.O., Miss A. Bodley, 43
Metcalf Street.

A. A., RIVERDALE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss E. Lyall, 290 St. George St., Toronto;
First Vice-President. Miss G. Gastrell, Isolation
Hospital; Second Vice-President, Mrs. Radford. 458
Strathmore Blvd.; Secretary, Miss Cora L. Russell,
Isolation Hospital; Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. E.
Quirk, Isolation Hospital; Treasurer, Miss L. McLaugh-
lin, Isolation Hospital; Conveners of Standing Com-
mittees: Sick and Visiting, Miss S. Stretton, 7 Edge-
wood Ave.; Programme, Sliss K. Mathieson, Isolation
Hospital; Representatives to Central Registry, Misses
G. Anderson, J. Henderson.

A. A., HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN,
TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. Goodson; Hon. Vice-Presidents,
Miss F. J. Potts, Miss H. Panton and Miss P. B.
Austin; President, Mrs. F. E. Atkinson; First Vice-
President, Miss Petron Adam; Second Vice-President,
Miss Alice Grindley; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Mary Ingham; Recording Secretary, Miss Mary
Acland; Treasure!, Miss V. Marie Grafton, 534 Palm-
erston Blvd.; Councillors, Misses Louise Rogers,
Hilda Rose, Jean Beaton, Helen Needier, Mabel St.
John and Mrs. Harold McClelland.

A. A., ST. JOHN'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Sister Beatrice, S.S.J. D., St. John's
Convent, Major Street; President, Miss Cook, 464
Logan Ave.; First Vicf- President, Miss Holdsworth,
Islington 297; Second Vice-President, Miss Anderson,
468 Kingston Road; Recording Secretary, Mi.sa Frost,
450 Maybank Ave.; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Garnham, 26 Balmoral Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Slimon,
464 Logan Ave.; Press Representative, Miss Doherty,
7 Howland Ave.; Convener of Flowers and Sick, Miss
Davis, 51 Brunswick Ave.

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL,
TORONTO, ONT.

Hon. President, Rev. Sister M. Melanie; President,
Miss E. Morrison, 1543 Queen Street West, Toronto;
First Vice-President, Miss A. O'Neill; Second
Vice-President, Miss L. Boyle; Treasurer, Miss M.
Heary, 158 Marion Street, Toronto; Recording
Secretary, Miss R. Rouse; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss O. MacKenzie, 43 Lawrence Avenue West.
Toronto; Councillors, Misses O. Kidd, M. Howard,
V. Sylvain, G. Davis; Constitutionals, Misses A. Hihn,
M. Howard, L. Boyle; Programme Committee, Misses
R. Jean-Marie, L. Dunbar, I. Voisin.

A.A., ST. MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President. Miss Essie Taylor, 20 Lauder Ave.,
Toronto; First Vice-President, Miss Ella Graydon:
Second Vice-President, Miss Ella O'Boyle; Third
Vice-President, Miss Helen O'Sullivan; Recording

Secretary, Miss Roselle Grogan; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Marie E. McEnaney, 62 Aziel St.,
Toronto; Treasurer, Miss Helen Hyland, 137 Belsize
Drive. Toronto; Directors, Misses E. M. Chalue, M. I.
Foy, Marcella Berger; Conveners of Standing Com-
mittees, Misses Ivy de Leon, Julia O'Connor, Hilda
Kerr.

A.A., VICTORIA MEM. HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. Forbes Godfrey; President,
Miss Annie Pringle; '^'ice-President, Miss Dorothy
Greer; Secretary, Nliss Florence Lowe, 152 Kenilwortn
Ave., Toronto; Treasurer, Miss Ida Hawley, 41
Gloucester St., Toronto.

Regular Meeting — First Monday of each month.

A.A., WELLESLEY HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss Edith Carson, 499 Sherbourne St.;
Vice-President, Miss Ruth Jackson, SO Summerhill
Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Lucille Thompson, 4. 118 Isa-
bella St.; Recording Secretary. Miss Mildred Mc-
Mullen. 133 Isabella St.; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss Evelyn McCullough, 1117 Danforth Ave.;
Executive, Misses Edna Tucker, Betty Scott, Doris
Anderson, Audrey Lavelle; Correspondent to The
Canadian Nurse, Miss Waple Greaves, 65 Glendale

Ave.

A. A., TORONTO WESTERN HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss B. L. Ellis; President, Miss
Rahno Beamish, Toronto Western Hospital; Vice-
President, Miss L. Smith Recording Secretary,
Miss Matthews, 74 Westmount Ave.; Secretary-
Treasurer, ^Iiss Buckley, Toronto Western Hospital;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss
Milligan; Representative to Local Council of Women,
Mrs. McConnell; Hon. Councillors, Mrs. Yorke, Mrs.
McConncll; Councillors, Mi.ss McLean, Orthopedic
Hospital, Mis.ses Cooney, Steacy, Stevenson, Wiggins,
J. G. Smith, Devine; Social Committee, Miss Sharpe
(Convener), Misses Agnew, Woodward, Miles; Flower
Committee, Miss Lamont, Miss Ayerst; Visiting
Committee, Misses Lowe, Harshaw, Essex; Layette
Committee, Miss Cooper.

Meetings will be held the second Tuesday in each
month at 8 p.m. in the Assembly Room, Nurses'
Residence, Toronto Western Hospital.

A. A. , WOMEN'S COLLEGE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Miss Harriett T. Meiklejohn;
President, Miss Vera Allen; Vice-President, Miss
>Iunns; Recording Secretary, Miss Bankwitz; Cor-
responding Secretary, Miss McAughtrie; Treasurer,
Miss Bessie Fraser; Representatives to Central Regis-
try, Miss Kidd, Miss Bankwitz; "The Canadian
Nurse" Representative, Miss E. E. K. Collier, 45
Dixon Avenue, Toronto, Ont.

Meetings will be held the second Monday in eacU

month.

A. A., CONNAUGHT TRAINING SCHOOL FOR
NURSES, TORONTO HOSPITAL, WESTON

Hon. President, Miss E. MacP. Dickson, Toronto
Hospital, Weston; President, Miss E. Eldridge; Vice-
President, Miss A. Atkinson; Secretary, Miss E. L.
Barlow, "Toronto Hospital, Weston; Treasurer, Miss

P. M. Stuttle.

A.A., GENERAL HOSPITAL, WOODSTOCK

Hon. President, Miss Frances Sharpe; President,
Mrs. Melsome; Vice-President, Miss Jefferson; Sec-
retary, Miss G. Boothby; Assistant Secretary, Miss
Green; Corresponding Secretary, Miss M. F. Costello,
67 Wellington St. N., Woodstock, Ont.; Treasurer,
Miss L. .lackson; Representative, The Canadian
Nurse, Miss A. G. Cook; Programme Committee,
Misses Mackay, Anderson and Hobbs; Social Com-
mittee, Miss Hastings and Miss M. Culvert; Flower
Committee, Miss Rickard and Miss Eby.

GRADUATE NURSES ASSOCIATION OF THE
EASTERN TOWNSHIPS

Hon. President, Miss H. S. Buck, Superintendent
Sherbrooke Hospital; President, Miss D. Stevens;
First Vice-Presioent, Miss J. Fenton; Second Vice-
President, Miss Humphrey; Recording Secretary,
Miss D. Ingraham; Corresponding Secretary, Miss H
Hetherington; Treasurer, Miss M. Robins; Repre-
sentative, "The Canadian Nurse," Miss C. Hornby,
Box 324, Sherbrooke, P.Q.; Private Duty Represent-
ative, Miss E Buchanan.

A. A., LACHINE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President. Miss M. L. Brown; President,
Miss M. A. McNutt; Vice-President. Miss J. C.
McKee; Secretary- Treasurer. Miss E. J. Dewar. 558
Notre Dame Street. Lachine, Que.; Private Duty
Representative, Miss M. Lamb, 376 Claremont Ave.,
Montreal; Executive Committee, Miss Robinson,
Miss Goodfellow.

Meeting — First Monday of each month, at 9 p.m.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

105

MONTBEAL aHADUATE NUSSES' ASS'N.

Hon. President, Mias L. Phillips, 3626 St. Urbain St.;
President, Miss A. Kinder, Children's Memorial
Hospital; First Vice-President, Miss C. Ferguson,
Alexandra Hospital; Second Vice-President, Miss C. M.
Watling, 1230 Bishop Street; Secretary-Treasurer,
Miss Ethel Clark, 1230 Bishop Street; Day Registrar,
Miss L. White, 1230 Bishop St.; Night Registrar, Miss
E Clarke, 1230 Bishop St.; Convener, GriflBntown Club,
Miss G. Colley, 261 Melville Avenue, Westmount, P.Q.

Regular Meeting — First Tuesday, January, April,

October, and December.

A.A., CHILDEEN'S MEM. HOSP., MONTREAL

Hon. President, Miss A. S. Kinder; Pre.sident, Mrs.
F. C. Martin; Vice-President, Miss Ahce Adlington;
Secretary-, Miss M. Flander, Children's Memorial
Hospitaf; Treasurer, Miss H. Easterbrook; Repre-
sentative to "The Canadian Nurse", Miss \iola
Schneider; Sixk Nurses' Committee, Miss Ruth
Miller, Miss Alexander; Members of Executive Com-
mittee, Mrs. Moore. Miss B. Cleary; Social Committee,
Mi-sses Gough, Paterson. Bell, .\tkinson.

A. A., MONTREAL GENERAL HOSPITAL

President, Mrs. .\llan; First Vice-President, Mis-s .\.
Jamieson; Second Vice-President, Miss M. Mathewson;
Recording Secretary, Miss Inez Welling; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Anne Thorpe; Treasurer, Alumnae
Association and Mutual Benefit .\ssociation, Mis.s
Isabel Davies; Hon. Treasurer, Miss H. M. Dunlop;
Executive Committee, Misses M. K. Holt, F. E.
Strumm, J. Meigs, L. Urquhart, C. M. Watling;
Representatives, Private Duty Section^Misses Morrison
(Convener), R. Loggie, Melba Johnston, Winnifred
Spier; Representatives to "The Canadian Nurse,"
Misses C. M. Watling (Convener), N. Kennedy-Reid.
Ruth Hamilton; Representatives to Local Council of
Women, Miss G. Colley (Convener), Miss Marjorie Ross
(Proxy\ Miss Harriett Ross; Sick Vis'ting Comniitteo,
Mrs. Stuart Ramsey Convener), Misses L. Shepherd,
B Noble: Refreshmeni, Committee, Misses D. Flint(Con-
venen, M. 1. MoLcotl, Theodora McDonald, S. Fraser.

A.A., HOMOEOPATHIC HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mrs. H. Pollock; President, Mrs. J.
Warren; First Vice-President, Miss D. Smith; Second
Vice-Ptesident, Miss D. Campbell; Secretary, Miss M.
Bright; Asst. Secretary, Miss M. Hayden; Treasurer,
Miss D. Millar; Asst. Treasurer, Miss N. G. Horner;
Private Duty Section, Miss A. M. Porteous; The
Canadian Nurse Representative, Miss I. A. Hicks;
Social Committee, Miss M. Currie; Montreal Nurses'
Association, Misses D. Smith and M. Bright.

A.A., ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. Presidents, Misses Draper and Hersey; Presi-
dent, Mrs. Stanley; First Vice-President, Mrs. LeBeau;
Second Vice-President, Miss Gall; Recording Secretary,
Miss Grace Martin; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
K. Jamer, Royal Victoria Hospital; Treasurer, Miss
Burdon; Representative "The Canadian Nurse,"
Misa Flanagan; Representatives to Local Council of
Women, Mrs. Walker, Miss Drake; Sick Visiting
Committee, Miss Allder, Mrs. Walker; Programme
Committee, Mrs. Scrimger, Miss Campbell, Miss
Flanagan; Representatives to Private Duty Section,
Misses Palliser, McCallum, Steele; Refreshment
Committee, Misses Adams, McRae, Trenholme;
Executive Committee, Miss Hersey, Miss Campbell,
Mrs. Roberts, Miss Reid, Miss Forgey; Finance Com-
mittee, Misses Etter (Convener), Gooahue, McKibbon,

Wright, Steele.

A. A., WESTERN HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Miss Craig; President, Miss Marion
Nash; First Vice-President, Miss Birch; Second Vice-
Ftesident, Miss Edna Payne; Secretary, Miss Olga
McCrudden, 314 Gr-isvenor Ave.. Westmount, P.Q.;
Treasurer, Miss Jane Craig, Western Hospital;
Finance Committee, Miss MacWhirter, Miss Lillian
Payne, Miss Sutton; Programme Committee, Miss
Marjorie Reyner, Miss Crossley, Miss Lilly; Sick and
Visiting Committee, Miss Dyer, Miss Lillian Johnston;
Representatives to Private Duty Section, Miss Tyrell,
Miss Morrison; Correspondent, The Canadian Nurse,

Miss McOuat.

A.A., NOTRE DAME HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mother Dugas; Hon. Vice-Presi-
dents Mother Mailloux and Rev Sister Robert;
President, Mi."* G. Latour; First Vice-President. Miss
M. de Courville; Second Vice-President, MissF.Filion;
First Councillor, Miss B. Lecompte; Second Councillor,
Miss F. Gariepy; Secretary, Miss Margot Pauze, 4234
St. Hubert St.; Asst. Secretary, Mrs. Choquette;
Treasurer, Miss L. Boulerice; Conveners of Committees:
Social, Miss E. Merizzi; Nomination, Misses A. Lepine,
A. Lalande, E Rousseau; Sick Visiting, Misses A.
Martineau, G. Gagnon, B. Lacourse.

A.A. , WOMAN'S QEN. HOSP., WESTMOUNT, P.Q.

Hon. Presidents, Miss E. F. Trench and Miss F.
George; President, Miss L. Smiley; First Vice-President,
Mrs. Crewe; Second Vice-President, Mrs. Robertson;
Treasurer and "The Canadian Nurse" Representative,
Miss E. L. Francis; Sick Visiting, Mrs. Kirk, Miss
N. J. Brown; Private Duty, Mrs. Chisholm, Miss
Seguin.

Regular monthly meeting, every third Wednesday,
at 8 p.m.

A.A., JEFFERY HALE'S HOSPITAL, QUEBEC

Hon. President, Mrs. S. Barrow; President, Miss
Muriel Fischer; First Vice-President, Miss Daisy
Jackson; Second Vice-President, Miss Cecile Caron;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss H. A. Mackay; Record-
ing Secretary, Miss Gertrude Martin; Treasurer, Miss
Eunice MacHarg; Refreshment Committee, Miss Flora
Ascah, Miss Lyla Moore; Sick Visiting Committee,
Mrs. S. Barrow, Miss F. Imrie; "The Canadian Nurse"
Representative, Mrs. Harold A. Planche; Private Duty
Section, Miss Ethel Douglas; Councillors, Misses E.
Fitzpatrick, Daisy Jackson, Flora Ascah, G. Mayhew,
C. Kennedy.

A.A., SHERBROOKE HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss H. 8. Buck; President, Mrs.
Guy Bryant; First Vice-President, Mrs. Reford
Stewart; Second Vice-President, Mrs. Roy Wiggett;
Recording Secretary, Miss Leila Messias; Correspond-
ing Secret.iry, Miss Nora Arguin, Sherbrooke, P.Q.;
Treasurer, Miss Alice Lyster; Correspondent to
'"The Canadian Nurse," Miss Hilda Bernier.

MOOSE JAW GRADUATE NURSES' ASS'N

Hon. President, Mrs. Geo. Lydiard; President,
Miss Elizabeth Smiv^; Vice-President, Mrs. M. A.
Young, Secretary-Treasurer, Miss May Armstrong,
1005 2nd Ave., N.E.; Social Convener, Miss French;
Press Convener, Mrs. W. H. Metcalfe; Programme,
Miss Diermert; Constitutions and By-Laws, Miss
Casey; Representatives, F*rivate Duty, Miss Rossie
Cooper; "The Canadian Nurse," Miss E. Lamond.

A. A., REGINA GENERAL HOSPITAL

A.A. ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, SASKATOON

First Hon. President, Rev. Sister FenneU; Second
Hon. President, Rev. Sister Weeks; President, Miae
Annie M. Campbell; Vice-President, Mrs. R. Roberts;
Secretary, Miss K. McKenzie, 1011 Eastlake Ave.,
Saskatoon; Treasurer, Miss E. Unsworth, 818, 11th
Street, Saskatoon; Executive, Mrs. C. W. Doran,
Misses A. Fentiman, and M. Roebuck.

Meetings, second Monday each month at 8.30 p.m.,
St. Paul's Nurses Home.

A.A., SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES,
McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL, P.Q.

Hon. President, Miss Mary Samuel; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Bertha Harmer; Hon. Members. Miss
M. F. Hersey, Miss G. M. Fairiey, Dr. Helen R. Y.
Reid, Dr. Maude Abbott, Mrs. R. W. Reford; President,
Miss Martha Batson, Montreal General Hospital;
Vice-President, Miss George, Women's General
Hospital; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Eileen C. Flan-
agan, Royal Victoria Hospital; Programme Committee,
Miss M. Armstrong, 1230 Bishop St., Montreal; Miss
Elsie Allder, Royal Victoria Hospital; Representative
to Local Council of Women, Misses Leggat and Orr,
Shriners' Hospital; Representatives to "The Canadian
Nurse," Public Health Section, Miss Hewton; Teaching,
Miss Sutcliffe, Alexandra Ho.spital; Administration,
Miss F. Upton, 1396 St. Catherine St. W.
A.A. OF THE DEPT. OF PUBLIC HEALTH
NURSING, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Hon. President, Miss E. K. Russell; President, Mias
Barbara Blackstock; Vice-President, Miss E. E.
Fraser; Recording Secretary, Miss I. Weirs; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss C. C. Fraser, 423 Gladstone Ave.,
Toronto, Ont.; Conveners: Social, Miss E. Manning;
Programme, Miss McNamara; Membership, Miss
Lougheed.

A.A., HOSPITAL INSTRUCTORS AND AD-
MINISTRATORS, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Hon. President, Miss G. Hiscocks; Hon. Vice-
Presidents, (1) Miss K. Russell, (2) Miss A. M. Munn;
President, Miss E. Stuart; First Vice-President, Miaa
E. Strachan; Second Vice-President, Miss E. Rothcry;
Secretary, Mrs. C. S. Cassan, 136 Heddington Ave.;
Treasurer, Miss U. S. Ross, Hospital for Sick Children.

106

THE CANADIAN NURSE

I The Central Registry of |
I Graduate Nurses, Toronto |

I Furnish Nurses at any hour i

I DAYORNIGHT [

I Telephone Kingsdale 2136

I Physicians' and Surgeons' Bldg., |

I 86 Bloor Street, West, I

I TORONTO I

I HELEN CARRUTHERS, Reg.N, |

^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiitiiiniiiiiMititiiiiiiiiMiirniniiiiniiiiiMniiiiiiHiiiiiiHiiiiiiniliMiiiiiNiinmr.
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiMiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiitiitniiiiiiniiiiiiti iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiMiiiii^

Montreal Graduate Nurses'
Association Register

NURSES CALLED DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Uptown 0907

LUCY WHITE, Reg.N., Registrar,
1230 BishoD Street,

MONTREAL, P.Q.

Club House Phone Up -5666.

School for Graduate Nurses

McGILL UNIVERSITY
Session 1930-1931

Miss BERTHA HARMER, R.N., M.A.
Director

COURSES OFFERED:

Teaching in Schools of Nursing
Supervision in Schools of

Nursing
Administration in Schools of

Nursing

Public Health Nursing

Organization and Supervision

of Public Health Nursing

A CERTIFICATE will be granted for
the successful completion of an approved
programme of studies, covering a period of
ONE academic year, in the major course
selected from the above.

A DIPLOMA will be granted for the success-
ful completion of the major course selected
from the above, covering a period of TWO
academic years.

For particulars apply to :

SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES
McGill University, Montreal

BRONX REGISTRY AND
CLUB FOR NURSES

1195 Boston Road, New York City

ANNA M. BROWN, R.N., Prop.
Established 1911

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

THE PROVINCIAL UNIVERSITY OF
ONTARIO

COURSES IN NURSING
I. Teaching and Administration.

An eight-months' course for Graduate
Nurses.
II. Public Health Nursing.

A nine-months' course for Graduate
Nurses.
HI. Public Health Nursing.

A four-year course — including hospit-
al training — for high school grad-
uates.
For detailed information apply to the
Secretary, Department of Public Health
Nursing, or to the Director, University
Extension, University of Toronto, Toronto
5, Canada.

THE

Manitoba Nurses' Central Directory

Registrar— ANNIE C. STARR; Reg. N.
Phone 30 620

753 WOLSELEY AVENUE

WINNIPEG. MAN.

I The Central Registry Graduate Nurses I

{ Phone Garfield 0382

I Registrar: ROBENA BURNETT, Reg.N. I
I 33 Spa,dina Ave., Hamilton, Ont.

12 /)oz.* 35?

6/>w.«2»-S
3i)«.«r-2

,B>« i

Names

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying

Mark your clothes and
inen for safety from
losses, easy identification,
good appearance. Cash's
Names are far superior
to any other kind of
marking — give you a
choice of many styles
and colours — neat —
pormanent — economical.
Woven on fine cambric
tape.

"Fast to the Finish"
Trial Offer : Send 10c for
one <l ozcn of your own first
name woven in fast thread
on finf cambric tape.
Order from your dealer or write :

J. & J. CASH, INC.
51 Grier St., Belleville,
Ontario
to Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

107

Obstetric Nursing

THE CHICAGO LYING-IN HOSPITAL offers a fourmonths* post-graduate
course in obstetric nursing to graduates of accredited training schools con-
nected with general hospitals, giving not less than two years' training.

The course comprises practical and didactic work in the hospital and practical
work in the Out Department connected with it. On the satisfactory completion o'
the service a certificate is given the nurse.

Board, room and laundry are furnished and an allowance of $10.00 per month to
cover incidental expense.

Affiliations with accredited Training Schools are desired, as follows:

A four-months' course to be given to pupils of accredited training schools asso-
ciated with general hospitals.

Only pupils who have completed their surgical training can be accepted.

Pupil nurses receive board, room and laundry and an allowance of f 5.00 per month.

ADDRESS

Chicago Lying-in Hospital and Dispensary

426 East 51st Street, CHICAGO

A Post-Graduate Training
Scfiool for Nurses

AND

An Affiliated Training
School for Nurses

The Massachusetts Eye and Ear
Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston,
offers to graduates of accredited
training schools a two months ' course,
both theoretical and practical, in the
nursing care of the diseases of the
eye, ear, nose and throat. The course
includes operating room experience.
If desired, a third month may be
spent in the social service department.

This course is very valuable to
public health nurses, especially to
those in schools and industries.

Hospital capacity, 211 beds; Out-
patients daily average 226. A com-
fortable and attractive Nurses'
Home faces the Charles Eiver. Al-
lowance to post-graduate students,
twenty (20) dollars a month and full
maintenance. The same course, in-
cluding the third month, is available
by application to students of ap-
proved schools.

For further information address: —
SALLY JOHNSON, R.N.,
Superintendent of Nurses

Discriminating People Demand

WHITE CROSS

— -A vei-y absorbent, soft, pure white toilet
tissue for the bathroom. A minor appoint-
ment, but one appreciated by every inmate
of the home or institution.

WHITE CROSS i>;

made for those wlio
express a preference
for a better tissue.
Each roll is individ-
ually wrapped to ex-
clude dust and dirt.

At all the better
stores

Manufactured by
Interlake Tissue Mills Co., Ltd.

TORONTO, ONT.
Distributors —

Mid-West Paper Sales, Ltd.

WINNIPEG

Warehouses: Calgary, Edmonton, Regina

We carry also "Interlake" brand and Velva-
tissue. Interlake decorative crepe, paper nap-
kins and towels.

Plea*« mantion "The Canadian Nuraa" when replying to Advertisers.

108

THE CANADIAN NURSE

W^w WHITAKERS yTV

EYEBsfflRT

When
it comes to

Uniforms

We haoe what you Want

SMART
PRACTICAL
EASY TO WEAR

If your dealer cannot supply
you write us direct.

Catalogue sent on request.

Made by

Whitakers Limited

Sommer Bldg., 423 Mayor St.
MONTREAL, P.Q.

Telephone Lan. 8801

Number 1277

Shirt Waist Model, full cut gored
skirt, fine quality poplin, detach-
able pearl shank buttons.

Sizes 32 to 44.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

THE C A N A D I A N N U R S E

113

FELLOWS'

Clinically tested and proved

REMINERALIZATION

VITALITY

ENERGY

-'—'.. = all over the world.

FHXOWS'
Syrup

mPOPBDSPWTES

SYRUP

DEMINERALIZATION

CONVALESCENCE

NEURASTHENIA

SODIUM

C A LCI U M

POTASSIUM

MANGANESE and IRON

STRYCHNINE andQUININE

FELLOWS MEDICAL MANUFACTURING COMPANY. Inc.

26 Christopher Street, New York City.

Nurses' Cosloine Clolhs

IRONSIDE 29 30 in. HOPED ALE 36 in.

Guaranteed Fast Colors.

DURABLE — ECONOMICAL

Easy to Launder

Insist on

C^oeo

Fabrics — the Fabric with a

Guarantee behind it.

Stocked by all leading stores
Product of . . .

THE MONTREAL COTTONS LIMITED

MONTREAL

TORONTO

WINNIPEG

VANCOUVER

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

114

THE CANADIAN NURSP]

UNIFORMS

of noteworthy distinction
at Eaton 's

Well-known and popular lines that excel in
every- respect— in correct tailoring, in materials
that wear and wash admirably— and all at an
economy that is outstanding.

IflcUfjair uniforms, mado of firm white broad-
cloth, sketched, with detachable pearl buttons. Sizes
82 to 46. Mayfair value $3.95.

^atonia uniforms of sturdy JeanCloth in three
styles, including the new flare skirt. With detachable
buttons. Sizes 32 to'46. "Eatonia" value $2.75.

And this is just the beginning of the inclusive list
of uniforms at Eaton's.

Satania
Arch Relief Shoes

Specially designed to meet the requirements of the
muring profession — providing the utmost comfort,
smart appearance, and long wearability. Illustrated,
white canvas oxfords with Goodyear welted soles,
Cuban heels with rubber top-lifts. Also in black' kid
for nurses in training. Sizes 3 to 9. Widths AA to E.
"Eatonia" value pair $5.00.

Out-of-town orders will be filled carefully

and quickly by one of the Eaton Shoppers.

Address to the SHOPPING SERVICE,

T. Eaton Co. Toronto.

OBTAINABLE IN OUR TORONTO, MONTREAL
AND WINNIPEG STORES

T. EATON C^-Tc

CANADA

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

TpI|E CANADIAN NURJSE

115

The Security of Kotex

is what you value most

It absorbs correctly, safely; it is
shaped to fit; it is adjustable.

WHAT you really want in
sanitary protection — more
than any other one thing — is a
feeling of perfect safety and se-
curity. This is one of the most
important assurances Kotex gives
you.

Kotex, in the first place, is so
tremendously absorbent ... by
test, five times more so than the
finest of surgical cotton. And the
way it absorbs is important —
"lateral absorption" — a process
which makes the pad effective
not in just one area but over the
entire surface.

The delicate fibers of which
Kotex is made carry moisture
swiftly away from the surface,
leaving the protective area deli-

cate and comfortable for hours.
This distinguishes Kotex from
the ordinary pad. Gives it far
greater efficiency — and you far
greater comfort.

Wear it on either side

Kotex may be worn on either
side with equal efficiency, equal
comfort. No danger of embar-
rassment, no fear of inadequate
protection.

Its softness lasts. It deodor-
izes thoroughly and effectively.
Hospitals use it because of its
hygienic safety, its amazing ab-
sorbency. You'll find it wise to
specify Kotex next time you buy
sanitary protection.

Kotex Company of Canada,
Limited, Toronto, Ont.

IN HOSPITALS . . .

1 The Kote.x absorbent Is the
identical material used by sur-
geons in Canada's leading
hospitals.

2 Kotex is shaped to fit. It

gives inconspicuous protec-
tion.

3 Disposable . . . instantly,
completely.

A Can be wornon either side

with equal efficiency.

MADE IN CANADA

KOTev KOT^^

KOT€ X

The NewSanitary Pad which deodorizes

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

116 THE CANADIAN NURSE

A Monthly Journal for the Nurses of Canada
Published by the Canadian Nurses Association

Vol. XXVII. WINNIPEG. MAN.. MARCH, 1931 No. 3

Registered at Ottawa. Canada, as second-class matter.

Entered as second-class matter March 19th. 1905, at the Post Office, Buffalo, N.Y., under the Act of

Congress, March 3rd, 1897.

Editor and Business Manager: —
JEAN S. WILSON, Reg.N., 511 Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

MARCH, 1931

CONTENTS PAGE

The Malnourished Child - - - - - - Dr. H. Medovy 117

Mental Hygiene - Mrs. W. T. B. Mitchell 120

JxjVENiLE Diabetes - - - - - - I. M. Rabinowitch, M.D. 124

Caesarian Section ------ Dr. John J. MncPherson 129

Florence Nightingale Association Holds Farewell Dinner - - R.D. 133

Sister Monica Passes Away - - - - - - - - -135

Nursing Sister Peggy Doherty -------- 136

Miss Mary McCuaig _-_------- 136

Department of Nursing Education:

How May the Habit of Study be Encouraged in

tHe Student ------- Eugenie M. Stuart 137

Department of Private Duty Nursing:

The Significance of Registration for Nurses - E. Frances Upton 139

Department of Public Health Nursing:

Rural Fields ------ Eileen Wright Hamilton 144

News Notes ------------ 147

Official Directory ----------- 154

Vol. XXVII.

MARCH. 1931

No. 3

By DR. H. MEDOVY, The Out-patients' Department, Children's Hospital, Winnipeg.

Malnutrition is a much commoner
condition than is generally supposed.
Whether it is actually on the increase
or whether our standards of judging
children have changed, it is not easy to
say. Possibly both conditions hold.
The changed conditions in the modern
home have certainly not helped mat-
ters a great deal. In addition, we have
developed far beyond the stage where
normal height and normal weight were
considered sufficient evidence of good
nutrition. We have come to appreciate
more and more that nutrition is a
qualitative and not a quantitative
state. The "Height and Weight" day
served its purpose exceedingly well.
It succeeded in showing people that
there was a need for improving the
health of children of all economic
classes. But if it succeeded in bringing
to light a great deal of malnutrition
that needed attention, it also succeeded
in misleading a great many people into
the belief that because a child was of
normal height and weight he was well
nourished.

What does the malnourished child
look like? A typical picture of a fairly
severe case would be somewhat as
follows: The child is usually thin, but
he may be fat and flabby. His muscles
lack firmness. His skin is sallow or
wax-like. There may be circles under
his eyes. His posture is poor. Because
of lack of proper muscular develop-
ment, all his bony prominence may
stick out. The chest is flat ajid narrow,
the abdomen protruding. The general
expression is one of apathv. There are
two types of malnourished children,
the slow, listless type of child, slow
both mentally and physically, and the
hyper-irritable type, always on the go,
irritable, restless, and not on very

friendly terms with either food or sleep.

With this picture before you, let us
consider briefly some of the effects of
malnutrition, and first of all its effect
on mental health.

A prominent educationist has said,
"Millions of pounds sterling are wasted
yearly in England trjdng to educate
the child who is not physically fit for
education". This is not an idle state-
ment delivered for effect; it is a state-
ment the truth of which hias been
proven again and again. The war
taught us a very valuable lesson on
the effect of under-nutrition on children
in the war zones. The under-nutrition
of these children was the result of
prolonged living on a diet low in
quality and lacking in essential con-
stituents. An investigation was under-
taken, prompted by the complaints
made by the teachers of mental de-
terioration of the children. There was
a marked decrease in energy for mental
tasks, inability to concentrate, slow-
ness of comprehension, poor memory
and inattention. One teacher reported
that where she had been able to keep
the attention of her class thirty
minutes before the war, she now could
barely keep it for five. There was a
lowering of the whole standard of
school work. The number of children
failing to pass their grades was
doubled; the number doing superior
work dropped to one-half and the
number doing inferior work rose by
30%.

And what of its effects on disease?
Disease is sometimes at the back of
malnutrition. This malnutrition is
frequently associated with heart dis-
ease, nephritis and severe infections.
If it is, then usually, with proper
medical care, the cure of the disease

118

THE CANADIAN NURSE

means the disappearance of mal-
nutrition. More often, however, mal-
nutrition has its origin in bad living,
bad and insufficient food and bad
hygiene. What we dread is not disease
as a cause of malnutrition, but disease
that follows malnutrition. Let us take
tuberculosis as an outstanding ex-
ample. Tuberculosis is not always the
dread disease it is commonly pictured
as being. Tuberculosis may be present
in an individual, and yet that person
will show no apparent evidence of it.
As a matter of fact, most of us by the
time we reach the age of fifteen or
thereabouts, have the germ of tuber-
culosis in our system, and yet relatively
few of us develop manifest disease.
One of the most important factors in
holding tuberculosis at bay is bodily
resistance — and bodily resistance and
bodily nutrition are very closely re-
lated. Let me quote you a rather
similar example in nature. There
is a fungus which can and does in-
fect the corn-fields. If the soil is
good, the com grows and matures
normally even in the presence of the
fungus. If the soil is inferior, however,
the fungus grows wildly and destroys
the corn-fields. So also with tuber-
culosis; bodily resistance may become
so lowered by malnutrition that a
small amount of infection marches on
to become serious disease.

It is the latter problem that concerns
us today. The tuberculous death rate
in England has been observed to rise
and fall with the price of bread. Dr.
Stewart of Ninette, in a recent address
pointed out that tuberculous deaths
increased in poorly-fed war-time Brit-
ain, but not in the better-fed army,
even in all the horrors of the trenches.
In well-fed America the tuberculosis
death rate continued to decline
throughout the war. In Germany the
tuberculosis death rate rose very
markedly during the war, but has
since returned to a pre-war average.
"This disease that waxed to a scourge
ia war-time waned as rapidly once the
better conditions of peace-time were
restored." It is extremely sensitive to
changes in the standards of living.

All of which means that if we have
a child with tuberculous infection the

disease may never manifest itself so
long as the child is kept in good physic-
al condition. But if nutrition suffers, if
the food is bad or there is not enough
food, infection becomes disease and the
child becomes a hospital patient and a
financial burden on the community.

I should like to refer very briefly to
those diseases of malnutrition which
are directly related to diet. Medical
science has made rapid advances in this
field in the past twenty years. Rickets,
scurvy and pellagra have ceased being
the problems they were ten and fifteen
years ago. Thev can all be prevented
by simple dietary measures and if,
through ignorance or oversight they do
occur, they can be cured by the same
measures. It is difficult to believe now
that Vasco di Gama only achieved his
pioneer voyage around the Cape of
Good Hope at the cost of 100 deaths
from scurvy out of a crew of 160. With
the newer knowledge of nutrition, all
this could have been prevented, and by
the exhibition of fresh fruits and
vegetables not one of those men would
have died.

During the war Denmark was ex-
porting all its butter and butterfat, so
that Danish children subsisted practic-
ally entirely on pasteurized skimmed
milk. As a result, there was ai;
epidemic of blindness among the
children of Copenhagen. These infants
were at first treated in the Eye Depart-
ment of the hosoital without success,
since the cause of their blindness was
not at once apparent. They were all
poorly developed, weak and anaemic,
and some of the younger ones were
practically wasted. Then it was dis-
covered that they had been fed on
practically nothing but skimmed pas-
teurized milk, and the prompt ad-
ministration of fresh whole milk and
cod liver oil to supply tne missing
vitamins resulted in the restoration of
sight to a great many of these children.

And now let us consider for a few
minutes some of the causes of mal-
nutrition. The three great causes are
POVERTY, IGNORANCE and DIS-
EASE, and the greatest of these is
ignorance.

Disease, I think, we have considered
in sufficient detail. If definite disease is

THE CANADIAN NURSE

119

the cause of malnutrition, then the
cure of disease means the disappear-
ance of malnutrition.

Ignorance and Doverty, however, are
probably more often a cause of mal-
nutrition than even specific disease.
Ignorance is not confined to the poor
by any means, but poverty takes away
the defences by which the effects of
ignorance may be evaded.

It is relatively easy for the average
person to understand that a child may
be malnourished because of poverty
which makes it impossible for his
parents to purchase food and other
necessaries of life. But it is a little
difficult to believe that in homes of
fair economic comfort and even wealth,
malnutrition should exist. Yet it does.
Malnutrition is more frequently the
result of poor quality than insufficient
quantity of food.

Our target, therefore, narrows itself
down to poverty and ignorance. We
can, unfortunately, for the present at
least, neither cure nor prevent poverty.
But we can and must combat ignorance.

It must be obvious that the most
effective as well as the most economical
method of approach is through the
child. The child of today is the
parent of tomorrow. By working
with the child and teaching him the
principles of good food and good
hygiene, we are not only preventing
malnutrition in that child, but we are
also to a great degree preventing mal-
nutrition in the next generation. With
the expenditure of the same amount of
energy the results are much more
lasting if we deal directly with the
children than if we deal indirectly
through the parents.

Progress in Winnipeg so far has con-
sisted of follow-up work in conjunction
with out-patient clinics and of a few
nutrition classes held in various parts
of the city. More recently nutrition
classes have been started in a few of
the city schools. For the most part,
however, the work has been done in
conjunction with the hospital. Cases
of malnutrition, either alone or in
combination with other diseases, have
been picked out and sent to the
Nutrition Department for supervision.
The nutrition worker has followed

these cases to their homes and by
repeated visits and tactful discussion
has sought to gain the assistance and
co-operation of the mother in helping
to remedy the conditions which have
brought about the unfortunate state of
affairs. Very often it is a matter of
dire poverty which prevents the only
too willing mother from giving her
children proper and sufficient food.
More often, however, it is a case of
out-and-out ignorance, and the child
suffers, not from lack of sufficient food,
but rather from a lack of proper food.
In these cases a little explanation
flavoured with a good deal of tact, so
that the mother does not feel that she
is being dictated to, usually results in
the desired change in diet being
brought about, often without any
increase in the demands on the family
pocket-book.

The nutrition classes have produced
very gratifying results. The children
have a real desire to become physically
fit, and they often go home and re-
quest the things they formerly refused.
"If the parents at the same time are
taught the essentials so that they
provide what the child needs, and so
take advantage of the child's interest
and changed point of view, the
results in improved nutrition, general
health and habits of living are often
little short of spectacular" (Roberts).

And what of the future? Our work
so far has consisted largely in "salvag-
ing". We have picked out the mal-
nourished children and tried to cure
them. If our work is to be of lasting
benefit we must prevent rather than
cure. We must seek the well child and
keep it well. Nutrition work will
undoubtedly gradually shift from the
hospital to the school and the tendency
in the future will be to prevent rather
than to cure. A child who has been
malnourished and has been treated
for it, is never as well as a child who
has never been allowed to become
malnourished. With the pooling of
resources and increasing co-operation
between parents, children, nutrition
workers and educators, we may look
forward to an age when malnutrition
will be a rarity and good health and
bodily vigour the law of the land.

120

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Mental Hygiene

By MRS. W. T. B. MITCHELL, B.A., R.N„ Director of Parent Education, The Mental

Hygiene Institute; Chairman, Section of Education, Canadian Council

on Child and Family Welfare.

The story of the background upon
which Mental Hygiene developed is
at once informative, interesting and
essential, in order that we may see in
its proper perspective the progress of
the past three decades in the care and
treatment of the insane, the prevention
of mental disorder and the preserving
of Mental Health.

In the early ages, medicine was not a
science, but was largely concerned
with incantations, ceremonials, ex-
orcisms, to be used in freeing the sick
person from the demons that were
supposed to possess him. Folk lore,
the records of ancient civilisations and
the customs of primitive peoples
today, give many instances of belief in
the supernatural causes of mental
diseases, and methods of magic and
priestcraft to free the "insane" person
from the "spells and influences" that
were supposed to be operating to
cause his illness.

Because people usually fear what
they do not understand, we can
readily see how it came about that
people suffering from mental disease,
which was attributed to magical or
supernatural influences, were burned,
tortured, hanged or drowned in order
to protect the well people.

It was not until about the twelfth
century that any provision for hospital
care of the insane was made. Even
then, while in certain places the treat-
ment of patients was fairly humane,
in most places it was horribly cruel.
Garrison, in his "History of Medicine,"
says of the famous "Bedlam" hospital
and others, "the public was allowed to
view the insane, like animals in a
menagerie, upon payment of a small
fee".

During the sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries, many hospitals for
the insane were established, but there
was little improvement in the attitude
toward the mentally ill or their care.
If violent or disturbed or troublesome,
the patients were subjected to cruel

restraints of many sorts, caged, chained,
strapped to beds or walls, frequently
starved and usually beaten.

The eighteenth century brought the
first beginnings of speculations as to
the possible relation beween the
emotions — fears, great sorrows, angers
—as causative factors in mental dis-
order. Phillippe Pinel, in France, after
strenuous efforts and with great per-
sonal risks, succeeded in doing away
with the flagrant abuses and restraints
to which the mentally ill were sub-
jected, and providing for them humane
and intelligent treatment and psycho-
logical study.

The situation in America was prac-
tically the same. We are all familiar
with the "witchcraft" prosecutions of
Colonial days. The first institutional
care of the insane was provided in
Philadelphia in 1732. At this alms-
house, the insane were confined in
cells, and here too a small fee was
charged for allowing the curious to
gaze at or talk to them. As late as
1882, Mr. Stephen Smith, Commis-
sioner of Lunacy in New ^ York, says in
a report, "every form of appliance for
the restraint of the disturbed was to be
seen in common use," stocks, chains
and dungeons.

By 1850 the place of the state or
provincial hospital as the best pro-
vision for the custodial care of the
mentally ill, was recognised, and
throughout the United States and
Canada the number of such institutions
was gradually increased during the
nineteenth century. There has been
constantly, and still is, the problem of
inadequate housing provision, and the
belief in the necessity for physical
restraint for the mentally ill is very
slowly giving place to more intelligent
and scientifically humane methods of
control.

Upon this brief historical back-
ground, the story of the beginning and
rapid development of the Mental
Hygiene movement is a fascinating

THE CANADIAN NURSE

121

one. In 1908, Mr.^ Clifford Beers, a
graduate of Yale, who had been a
patient in both private and public
hospitals for the insane, published a
book which told in dramatic and
convincing manner his experiences in
these institutions. The book, "A
Mind that Found Itself," gives a very-
vivid picture of the cruelties and
abuses and illogical treatment to
which the mentally ill were subjected
at the beginning of the twentieth
century.

After his recovery, Mr. Beers deter-
mined to devote his life to attempting
to improve the care and treatment of
the insane, and to arouse public and
professional interest in the prevention
of mental diseases. Prominent people
who could give the necessary pro-
fessional and financial support became
identified with this plan and, in 1909,
the National Committee for Mental
Hygiene was formally organised. Since
then its development has been pheno-
menal, ramifications diverse and in-
fluence far-reaching. In June, 1930,
the First International Congress on
Mental Hygiene was held in Washing-
ton, and representatives from Mental
Hygiene organisations in thirty-six
countries were present.

The Canadian National Committee
for Mental Hygiene was organised in
1918. Dr. C. M. Hincks has been
associated with the Committee from
the beginning, and has acted as
Director since 1924, and his unusual
organising abilities and creative vision
have largely contributed to the rapid
growth and soundness of the Mental
Hygiene programme in Canada.

The Canadian National Committee
programme has three main objectives:

(1) Improvement of the care and
treatment of the insane and mentally
defective.

(2) Prevention of mental disorder
and maladjustment.

(3) Conservation of Mental Health.
In carrying out the first objective

(improvement, etc.), nine surveys of
provinces and cities have been under-
taken in order to arrive at a reasonable
estimate of the actual conditions as to
numbers of the mentally ill, defective

or maladjusted, and the kind of pro-
vision being made for them. Following
these surveys, recommendations for the
improvement and enlargement of men-
tal hospitals have been made and
carried out, advancement has been
made in raising the standards of care
and treatment, and stimulation has
been given to providing more adequate
training for nurses and attendants as
well as the medical profession, in the
understanding of mental disorder and
hygiene. The Committee has also
co-operated with governments and
boards of education in pro\iding for
special training and supervision for
the mentally deficient individuals, and
is still hopefully working toward more
adequate provision along these lines.
The surveys made, with the numerous
educational contacts that were neces-
sarily part of them, have succeeded in
gradually awakening the public feeling
in regard to the imperative need for
more exact knowledge about mental
disease, the care and education of the
mentally deficient and the prevention
of delinquency and crime.

The Canadian National Committee
for Mental Hygiene has sponsored and
supported the development of mental
hygiene clinics and institutes in various
Canadian cities, among the first being
those at Toronto and Montreal. These
clinics handle many adult problems of
maladjustment, but put their main
emphasis on helping with the treat-
ment of behaviour problems and
difficulties of adjustment of children,
adolescence, college young men and
women and family inter-relationships.
The number of such guidance and
treatment centers is being gradually
increased throughout Canada, and we
can look forward to the time when
every Canadian city will be so equip-
ped.

In following out the second objective,
i.e., prevention of mental disorder and
maladjustment, the National Com-
mittee has also stimulated and sup-
ported research programmes, directed
toward a better understanding of the
genesis of mental disorder and mal-
adjustment, toward therapeutic meth-
ods and techniques for their treat-

122

THE CANADIAN NURSE

ment, toward principles and measures
of prevention.

In carrying out the third objective —
conservation of mental health — the
Committee has organised programmes
of Parental Education through study-
groups. These groups are designed to
educate parents in fundamental prin-
ciples of Mental Hygiene and help
them to integrate these principles and
information in a practical way in the
day-by-day training of their children
thus conserving the mental health of
the developing individual.

While a great deal of the effort of
Mental Hygiene has been directed to
the care and treatment of the mentally
ill and maladjusted as already outlined,
because of the urgency of the need,
from the beginning there has been a
consistent programme of research
directed toward the better understand-
ing and prevention of mental ill-health
and maladjustment.

The approach of scientific workers to
the study of the causes of mental
disease and abnormal behaviour has
been from two angles. For a long time
it was thought that all mental disease
must have an organic basis, that is, was
caused by a specific physical ab-
normality of body, brain or physio-
logical processes. Research along
these lines continues, and it is de-
finitely known that certain types of
mental disorder are actually due to
infection or injuries to the nervous
system or to endocrine disfunction.
But there are many types of mental
disorder or maladjustment which it
has not been possible to explain on a
physical basis. Careful and exhaustive
studies of such disorders have resulted
in what we call the psychogenetic ex-
planation or cause of abormal be-
haviour. That is, we have gradually
come to recognise and accept the fact
that many cases of mental disease or
maladjustment do not suddenly appear
full-fledged, but that they have their
beginnings in early childhood, in
simple and comparatively unimportant
failures to adapt satisfactorily to life
experiences, to environmental influ-
ences and training; that these simple
emotional difficulties become more

complex and elaborated and inter-
active as time goes on and after a
more or less extended period of
incubation, we see the culmination in
behaviour problems of various sorts,
in warped and twisted personalities,
delinquency and crime and frank
mental disease. People are not born
stubborn, suspicious, hateful, queer,
difficult, vicious; such character traits
are developed as a result of the
experiences and methods of training
in their early and impressionable
years.

Accepting this fact and its implica-
tions, we are brought face to face with
a tremendous responsibility. We can
readily see that in the development of
his mental and emotional life, and the
conservatior\ of his mental health, the
child needs as much, if not more, care,
intelligent sympathy and understand-
ing and guidance as in the nurturing
of his body. If we want to conserve
his mental health and insure for him
wholesome personaHty development,
then we must provide for the develop-
ing individual, through intelligent in-
formed control of the training and
environment, the kind of experiences
that will enable him to build healthy
rather than unhealthy emotional habits.

As we all know, the training alid
environment of young growing children
are provided by their parents, teachers,
nurses and others who have intimate
contact with them during their plastic
years. In the pre-school period there
is no escape for the child from the
influences of the parents' relationships
to each other, their attitude toward
their children, the atmosphere they
provide, the training they give, the
standards they set up. The kind of
training, discipline or education that
the child experiences in the pre-school
period, determines largely the kind of
adjustment or mental health and the
type of personality developed. In the
hands of the parents lies the foundation
of the mental health of the child and
future adult.

During the school period the teacher
is daily faced with problems of unusual
behaviour. The child who is trying to
adjust himself to the daily-increasing

THE CANADIAN NURSE

123

demands made upon him by the
curriculum, the school discipline, phys-
ical changes within himself, and teach-
ers' attitudes, is apt to show the
effects of the resulting conflict between
his own wishes and desires and the
necessity for conforming to social
customs and standards in undesirable
forms of behaviour or the beginnings
of destructive personality traits. If the
teacher handles these difficulties, which
are merely symptoms of an underlying
conflict, intelligently and unemotion-
ally and constructively, she helps the
child achieve socially acceptable, yet
at the same time, individually satis-
factory adjustments. She conserves his
mental health.

We have stressed particularly the
Mental Hygiene importance of the
early years. White has said "childhood
is the golden period for Mental
Hygiene". This is the period of great-
est plasticity and impressionability,
and the time when habitual patterns
of response, desirable or undesirable,
healthy or unhealthy, are most readily
built into the developing personality.
This is the time w^hen intelligent
practice of the fundamental principles
of Mental Hygiene will ensure for the
child Mental Health.

And so we must face the tremendous
importance of providing through |lec-
tures, written material, through in-
dividual contact and study groups,
ways of educating and informing
parents about the Mental Health
hazards of childhood and how to avoid
them, of helping them re-educate
themselves and conserve their own
Mental Health. We must provide such
training for teachers as will give them
insight into behaviour difficulties and
personality maladjustments of child-
hood and techniques for the healthy
handling of them. We must provide
for all professions in which human
contacts loom large, nursing, social
work, industrial work, the essential
knowledge of Mental Hygiene that will
equip them to give special help in
problems of personality and social
contact.

Mental Hygiene is "oncerned with
the whole life adjustment of the

individual, since every period, infancy,
childhood, school period, adolescence,
adulthood and senility all have their
peculiar problems of adaptation. It
places great emphasis upon the im-
portance of understanding the whole
reacting individual in relation to the
total environment. It is a compre-
hensive attempt to create more favour-
able conditions of living for men and
women in all walks of life, and happier
and healthier adjustments to the
complicated social organisation of this
age.

It is not a new discipline, but
has drawn its techniques, methods,
materials and information from a
number of sciences — psychiatry, psych-
ology, physiology, medicine, sociology.
It has taken from each whatever has
seemed to be of value, and has syn-
thetised these contributions into a
practical method of re-educating human
nature and preserving Mental Health.

For instance, as a simple illustration,
take the matter of food habits. The
old method of following out the pre-
scribed diets for children was to coax,
force, frighten or bribe the child to eat
the things we felt were necessary for
his physical well-being. Parents were
terribly concerned when children re-
fused to eat and concentrated time and
attention on the problem, much to the
child's satisfaction and usually with
little constructive result.

Mental Hygiene determines first from
nutritionists what kinds and quantities
of foods are necessary to keep children
of varying ages healthy — from domestic
science the best ways of preparing these
foods so that they will be palatable and
tempting to the eye, yet retain their
vitamin activity — then makes a study
of the findings of the educationists re
rules of learning, value of repetition,
effects of fatigue on learning, takes
from Psychology information regarding
the value and necessity of pleasant
associations for the successful estab-
lishing of habits, re the interests of
children at different age levels, from
Physiology information regarding the
effect of strong emotions such as anger
or fear or fatigue on the digestive
processes, from Psychiatry information

124

THE CANADIAN NURSE.

and findings regarding the unhealthy
emotional effects of fault-finding or
blaming parental attitudes or too great
a parental concentration upon the
child, and from all these contributions,
Mental Hygiene arrives at a practical
method of food habit training that,
while insuring the child's physical
health, exercises desirable emotions in

the learning process, helps the child
establish his independence and pre-
serves his Mental Health.

Mental Hygiene is "not a speciality
confined within the province of mental
disorder but a life attitude with a fund
of useful information to make it
practicable."*

•Grove and Blanchard
Hygiene.

Introdu"tion to Mental

Juvenile Diabetes

By I. M. RABINOWITCH, M.D., Director, Department of Metabolism,
The Montreal General Hospital.

By juvenile diabetes, I mean dia-
betes mellitus occurring in children
of fifteen years of age or under.

The incidence of this condition is,
apparently, not very great. In the
following table are recorded the annual
admissions for diabetes at The Mont-
real General Hospital from January,
1923, to November, 1928.

Incidence of Juvenile Diabetes in the Clinic for

Diabetes at The Montreal General Hospital

from 1923 to 1928.

Total number

Children

Per cent

Year

of Diabetics

Number

of Total

1923

206

4.3

1924

184

6.5

1925

220

6.3

1926

296

3.3

1927

282

4.6

1928

271

5.1

Total-.

1,459

4.9

It will be observed that juveniles
represent about 5 per cent of the total
admissions. This incidence agrees fairly
closely with that found in Joslin's Clinic
at Boston, which was 5.7 per cent.
How relatively low the incidence of
juvenile diabetes is may be seen from
an analysis of standard life tables.
These show that children of 15 years
of age, or under, represent about 25
per cent of large populations. From
these premises it follows that the

(Reprinted from The Canadian Medical Journal,
May, 1929.)

(Read before the meeting of the Canadian
College of Physicians, April 8th, 1929.)

incidence of diabetes under the age
of 15 is less than one-sixth of that
obtained aft^r that age. That the
incidence of this condition is probably
even lower is suggested by the fact
that since the course of diabetes, in
the absence of treatment, tends to be
more rapid and fatal in children than
in adults, relatively more children than
adults tend to come to hospitals.

As to the cause, or causes, of diabetes
in children, it may be said that very
little is definitely known, though there
is much speculation. Time does not
permit a discussion of this phase of
the disease. The purpose of this
paper is to present the results of a
study regarding the outlook of the
diabetic child. Though it would be
interesting to include the experiences
of cases met with prior to the advent
of insulin, because of the different
methods of treatment, this, again,
would be time-consuming and would
serve very little for the present
purpose.

In order to properly estimate the
outlook of the juvenile diabetic, there
are three factors to consider. Each
of these is clearly recognised in prac-
tice and may best be defined in terms
of the questions put to the physicians
by the parents.

Shortly after a child is first seen in
deep coma, the question invariably
put by the parents is "Will the child
live?" After the child has been

brought out of coma and has lived

THE CANADIAN NURSE

125

for a short time as it improves in
health, as its mental and physical
states approach those the parents have
been accustomed to before the child
had diabetes, the question invariably
put is "Will it eventually be possible
to discontinue the use of insulin
and if so, when?" Should the child
be fortunate enough to be able to
eventually keep the urine free of
sugar and acetone bodies and the
blood sugar normal, without the use
of insulin, the question which comes
sooner or later is "Will it always be
necessary for the child to be on a
special diet?" Stated in more techni-
cal terms, the three questions to
consider are: —

(1) Is it possible to prolong the
life of the juvenile diabetic?

(2) Is it possible to improve car-
bohydrate tolerance? and

(3) Is it possible to produce a cure?
In order to attempt answers to

these questions, I purpose bringing
before you the experience we have had
with juvenile diabetics at The Mont-
real General Hospital since 1923.
During this period seventy-one chil-
dren were observed. This number
does not include eight children
who have been observed since the
present investigation was made in
November, 1928. Though the greater
part of my remarks will be confined
to our own experiences, it will not be
because I do not recognise the pro-
bability of other clinics having met
with similar conditions. I realise that
a consensus of experience would be a
more reliable source from which to
draw conclusions, but there are valid
reasons for confining my investiga-
tions to the limits mentioned.

Firstly, I intend to demonstrate
the results of comparative studies
made with reference to the influence
of many variables on the course of the
disease. Diet is one of these. Since
in no two chnics is the dietetic treat-
ment of diabetes exactly alike, by
making use of the experiences of
other clinics one would be introducing
variables, the influence of which would
be rather difficult, or I should say,
almost impossible, to measure. The

second and equally important reason
is that we know the different periods
of time for which the great majority
of these patients have been under
fairly constant observation. Having
been under observation, we should
have a fair idea as to whether they
have or have not followed treatment.
This, as is well known, is a most
important factor to consider in the
interpretation of results.

The answer to the first question,
that is, "Can the juvenile diabetic be
kept alive?" is the simplest and most
obvious, and will, therefore, be dealt
with first. The fact that a child may
be brought into a hospital in coma
during the night and the following
morning may be found plaving with
its toys speaks for itself. Of our 71
patients, 16 were admitted in, or
very near, coma, and of these 16 chil-
dren, 14 are alive today.

One case particularly is worthy
of note. This child, a girl of ten
years old, was first seen in 1923. At
that time she was in deep coma.
Her home surroundings are not the
most ideal, either with respect to
hygiene or food supply. Co-operation
on the part of her parents is practically
nil. It is almost impossible, in spite
of the efforts of our Social Service
Department, to have the child follow
treatment. On account of these con-
ditions, the hospital is an attractive
place, and she has been frequently
there, her name being found nine
times on our admission records. At
five of these admissions she was in
deep coma, and on four occasions very
near it.

That the juvenile diabetic can be
kept alive is still further demonstrated
by the fact that of these 71 children
admitted to our clinic during the last
five years, 67 are alive. Of the 5
deaths, 1 was due to an accident and
1 to pneumonia.

The answer to the second question,
that is, "Can carbohydrate tolerance
be improved?" is also not very diffi-
cult. Proof of improvement of car-
bohydrate tolerance may be regarded
as having been demonstrated by any
one of the following results :^ —

126

THE CANADIAN NURSE

(a) The child, having been found
to require insuhn, and having had it
for a period of time, can increase the
total caloric value, or the carbohydrate
content of the diet and at the same
time not increase the dose of insulin;
or

(b) After having been proved to
require insuUn, and having had it for
a period of time, the child can, with-
out decreasing the carbohydrate or
caloric content of the diet, reduce the
amount of insulin taken. (If, when
either the dose of insulin has been
decreased and the same diet main-
tained, or the diet has been increased
on the same dosage of insulin, the
urine fails to remain sugar-free and
the blood sugar normal, this is proof
that no increase of tolerance has
taken place) ; or

(c) The child, not requiring insulin,
and having had its carbohydrate
tolerance estimated, is found at a
later date to be able to increase its
diet, either as to carbohydrate or
caloric contents, and at the same
time faUs to show sugar in the urine
and keeps the blood sugar normal.

In the interpretation of the data
obtained in such a study there are
many variables to consider. It may,
however, be stated here that unlike in
adult diabetes, it can be definitely de-
monstrated that carbohydrate toler-
ance can be improved in children.
Of the 71 children, all of whom
required insulin on admission to the
clinic, 26 have been able to reduce the
dosage of insuUn and 7 have dis-
continued its use entirely. These
figures will be referred to again.

The answer to the third question,
"Can present day treatment result in
a cure?" cannot as yet be given
except in the negative, at least
from the experience of our clinic.
There is, however, no reason for the
answer to be emphatically in the
negative. As a matter of fact, there
are some encouraging signs to the
contrary. Firstly, as in adult dia-
betes, there is no clinical or experi-
mental evidence of an inherent tend-
ency for the juvenile diabetic to get

worse. Secondly, there is definite
evidence that carbohydrate tolerance
can be improved and, lastly, there is
no proof, cHnical or experimental, that
insulin loses its potency in time.

A most important point to bear in
mind is that there is no sharp line of
demarcation between improvement of
carbohydrate tolerance and cure. Since
carbohj^drate tolerance can be im-
proved, it is essential to study the
factors governing such imDrovement,
and it is the results of this study
which I regard as the most instructive
of those which I wish to demonstrate.

A first glance at our records showed
much confusion. In some cases it
was necessary to increase the doses
of insulin; in other cases it was not
only possible to decrease the amounts,
but to entirely discontinue its use.
In other instances no changes were
noted. It was also found that in
some cases the children had gained
weight; others lost weight; and in
others there was no change. The
same apphed to the question of
skeletal growth. In some cases the
rates of growth were normal ; in others
they were increased; while in others
the heights were stationary. A glance
at the laboratory records also showed
confusion. Judging from the blood-
and urinary data, the diabetes was
kept under control very well in some
cases; in others less so, and in others
not at all. An analysis of our plasma
cholesterol data, which we regard as
very important from the point of
view of prognosis, showed that in
some cases the values were normal;
in others they were below normal;
while in still others they were markedly
increased. In order, therefore, to
obtain a clearer picture, it was neces-
sary to assort the records as follows:

1. Age:

(a) On admission.

(b) At present.

2. Date of admission:

3. Period of observation (expressed in
terms of months).

4. Sex:

(a) Male.

(b) Female.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

127

5. Body weight:

(a) On admission.

(b) Classification on admission with
respect to being over, under, or of
normal weight.

6. Dosage of Insulin:

(a) On admission.

(b) Present dosage.

7. Degree of Control of Diabetes Judg-
ing from the Laboratory Data:

(a) Urine sugar free: blood sugar
normal.

(b) Urine sugar free; blood sugar
less than 0.18 per cent.

(d) Glycosuria twice a month.

(e) Glycosuria once a week.

(f) Glycosuria twice a week.

(g) Glycosuria daily, but free at
times.

(h) Glycosuria persistent.

This classification with respect to
the degree of control of diabetes may
appear arbitrary, but in my experience
has been found practical.

It is obvious that it is possible from
a rearrangement of the above data to
determine whether there is or is not
any relationship between any of the
factors mentioned and the course of
the disease. The data were first
arranged in order to determine whether
there was a relationship between the
control of glycosuria and insulin dos-
age. It was found that only those
patients who kept the urine free of
sugar, and the blood sugars normal
or near normal, were able to dis-
continue the use of insulin. Of 28
patients who had to increase the
dosage, 25 showed glycosuria at some
time or other, and 21 had glycosuria
more than once a week. This demon-
stration appears to me to be positive
proof of the importance of keeping
the urine sugar-free and the blood
sugar normal. This, I may say, is
contrary to the teaching of some
workers in this field. This will be
referred to again. From the clinical
point of view no differences could be
demonstrated between these children.
All felt and looked \ery well. Clini-

cally, it is today impossible to detect
any difference between the child whose
blood sugar is normal and whose
urine is free of sugar, and the child
who takes large amounts of food and
insuHn and has persistent glycosuria.
The data were then arranged to
determine whether there was any
relationship between body weight and
insulin dosage, and here we note
that the two conditions are related,
and that allowing the child to become
overweight interferes with improve-
ment of carbohydrate tolerance. Of
the 27 patients who became overweight
not one was able to discontinue the
use of insulm. Of the 44 children who
were normal or under weight, 22 were
able to decrease the amounts and 7 to
discontinue its use entirely. Of the
7 who were able to discontinue the
insulin, 5 were under weight. Clini-
cally there appeared to be no difference
between the children who had to
increase the amounts of insulin and
those who were able to reduce the
amounts or discontinue its use en-
tirely.

The data were then assorted in
order to demonstrate whether there
was or was not a relationship between
control of blood and urinary sugar and
body weight, and here the results were
striking. Of the 27 patients who were
overweight, only 4 kept their urine
free of sugar and their blood sugar
normal. Of the 44 patients who were
either of average or below the average
weight, 7 only had persistent glycosuria
and 10 had sugar in the urine not
oftener than twice a month.

The next step, the results of which
are regarded as the most instructive,
was an attempt to determine whether
there was a relationship between the
control of diabetes and the cholesterol
content of blood plasma. At this
point, it will be necessary to digress
briefly upon the relationship Ijetween
plasma cholesterol and diabetes in
general.

Of all measures available for the
estimation of progress of the diabetic
a knowledge of the plasma cholesterol
is, in my opinion, the best. Patients
may, on discharge from the hospital.

128

THE CANADIAN NURSE

have urine free of sugar and normal
blood sugar, yet may show plasma
cholesterol values above the normal.
The majority of such patients do not
appear to be well. The slightest
indiscretion in diet leads to glycosuria
which is not readily controlled. Such
patients are also more susceptible
than others to infection and, in the
case of adults, to gangrene. There is
a definite relationship between dura-
tion of life and plasma cholesterol.
If diabetics are classified according to
the degree of control of glycosuria,
one finds a definite relationship be-
tween the latter and plasma choles-
terol. These data are based upon a
study of two thousand blood ex-
aminations in 385 patients.

This demonstrates that as the dia-
betes is less and less controlled, that
is, as glycosuria becomes more and
more frequent, the plasma cholesterol
increases. That these results are not
accidental was shown in a statistical
study of the average values recorded.
For details concerning this statistical
study, may I refer you to the original
article (3).

In vew of these findings in adults,
the same study was made with juve-
nile diabetics. The children were
grouped in the same manner, and the
average plasma cholesterol values were
calculated for each group.

It is obvious that, because of the
small number of patients in each
group, limited significance must be
attached to these average values.
In order, therefore, to treat the data
statistically, all the children were
divided into two large groups, namely :

(a) those who had glycosuria; and

(b) those whose urine was sugar-
free.

With this classification there were
20 in the former and 26 in the latter
group. It was observed that there
was a definite difference between
average cholesterols of the two groups.
The corresponding cholesterol values
were 0.285 and 0.184 per cent, re-
spectively. For the statistical proof
that this difference was not the result
of chance may I refer you to the

original article (4). In other words,
children with glycosuria, that is,
children in whom the diabetes is not
controlled, tend to have high blood
cholesterol.

Further proof of this conclusion was
sought from another point of view.
An attempt was made to determine
whether there was any relationship
between plasma cholesterol and insulin
dosage. For this purpose the children
were divided into four groups, namely:

(a) those who have had to increase
the dosage of insulin;

(b) those in whom the amount re-
quired when first seen has remained
unchanged ;

(d) those ^yho were able to dis-
continue its use entirely.

The average plasma cholesterol per-
centages were then calculated for
each group. Again the number of
cases corresponding to each group was
small and in order to treat the data
statistically they were divided into
two large groups, as follows :

(a) those who were able to decrease
the dosage of insulin, and

(b) those who were not able to do so.
The results of this procedure showed -

that there was a definite difference
between the blood cholesterol values
of the two groups. Statistical treat-
ment showed that the ratio of the
difference between the means to the
probable error of their difference was
4.7. From this it may be calculated
that the chance agamst the accidental
occurrence of such a difference as
found between the means was about
650 to 1. That is, it is certain that
insulin dosage was related to plasma
cholesterol. In other words, children
with high blood cholesterols are, as a
rule, unable to reduce the amount of
insulin taken. Clinically, there ap-
pears to be no difference between those
children who had high plasma chol-
esterols and those whose blood was
normal.

This completes our investigation.
From all of the above observations
the following conclusions are drawn.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

129

Conclusions

1. The outlook of the child suffering
from diabetes raellitus, but properly
treated, is not only good, but much
better than that of the adult, since
proper treatment leads to improve-
ment of carbohydrate tolerance.

2. Proper treatment consists of:

(a) keeping the urine free of sugar;

(b) keeping the blood sugar normal;
and

3. The clinical picture (that is,
the attitude, the expression, the colour

and nutrition), is not a reliable index
of the true progress of the diabetic
child. It may be very misleading and
should receive very limited considera-
tion in the estimation of progress.

References

1. Glover, J. W., United States Life
Tables (1890, 1901, 1910, 1901-1910), Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington, 1921.

2. Rabinowitch, I. M., Quart. J. Med.,
21, 211, 1928.

3. Ibid., Arch. Int. Med. (in press).

4. Ibid., J. Am. M. Ass. (in press).

Caesarian Section

By DR. JOHN J. MacPHERSON, F.A.C.S.

Caesarian Section may be defined
as an obstetric operation for the de-
livery of a foetus by means of an
incision through the abdominal and
uterine walls. It is an operation hav-
ing for its object the saving of two
lives under adverse conditions, and
was designed to prevent general peri-
tonitis in neglected cases of contract-
ed pelvis and to preserve the life of
the foetus.

Previously to this, craniotomy was
the operation attended with the least
risk of infection. No one wishes to
perform such a cruel operation on a
living child.

It was generally asserted that
Julius Caesar was brought into the
world by means of Caesarian Section
and obtained his name from the
manner in which he was delivered.
This explanation can hardly be cor-
rect, as his mother, Julia, lived many
years after her son's birth and be-
sides, Julius was not the first of his
name since there is mention of a
priest named Caesar who lived
several generations before. In the
Roman law it was ordered that the
operation be performed upon women

(A paper given before the Annual Meeting of
the New Brunswick Association of Registered
Nurses at Campbellton, N.B.. September, 1930.)

dying in the last few weeks of preg-
nancy.

The history of Caesarian Section
may be said to extend over three
periods. The first dates from pre-
historic times to the beginning of
the sixteenth century. During this
period, the operation was occasion-
ally resorted to after the death of the
mother, in the hope of saving the
child, as the child often lives a few
seconds after the mother's death.

The first recorded operation was
performed in 1500 by a butcher by
the name of Jacob Nufer, of Switzer-
land, who operated upon his own
wife after she had been given up by
midwives and barbers in attendance.
The fact that the woman had five
spontaneous labours later would go
to show^ that this was not a true
Caesarian Section but probably the
simple removal of an extra uterine
child from the abdominal cavity.

The uterine incision was formerly
left unsutured as it was supposed
that sutures would not hold on ac-
count of uterine contractions ; results
were that most of the women died
from hemorrhage or infection.

Francois Rousset, a contemporary
of Paris, wrote a treatise upon the
subject in 1851, in which he gave the

130

THE CANADIAN NURSE

histories of a number of Caesarian
Sections, collected from different
sources. His article had the merit of
directing attention to the operation
and to the possibility of performing
it upon the living woman.

The first authentic operation was
done in 1610 by Trautman of Witten-
burg. During this period the uterus
was simply incised and the child ex-
tracted; results were, as before, the
woman died of hemorrhage or in-
fection.

Sutures were first employed by
Lebas in 1769, but did not come into
general use until 1882.

According to Budin not a single
successful Caesarian Section was per-
formed in Paris between 1787 and
1876. He points out that out of 11
Caesarian Sections performed in the
city of New York during that period
only one patient recovered.

The third period began in 1876,
when Porro advised amputating the
body of the uterus and stitching the
cervical stumps into the lower angle
of the abdominal wound in order to
lessen the danger of hemorrhage and
infection. In 1882, Sanger of Leipsic
showed that the uterine incision
could be sutured with safety, provid-
ed the suture material was sterile.
Since that time mortality attending
the operation has been steadily re-
duced.

The Indications for this operation
may be : Absolute or Relative. An
Absolute Indication is the presence
of some condition which renders
impossible any other method of
delivery, pelvic deformity, foreign
growths obstructing the pelvic canal,
cicatricial contraction of the vagina
and carcinoma of the cervix or
rectum.

The most common Relative Indica-
tions are a conjugate of 6 to 8 em. or
2^ to 3^ ins. and also tumours which
cause a moderate degree of pelvic
obstruction. Also when the prome-
tory of the sacrum is palpable per
vagina by the tip of the index finger,
A Relative Indication is the presence

of some condition which makes
doubtful the delivery of a living
child by the natural passages. In
some cases the question to be decided
is whether Caesarian Section or one
of the alternate operations will secure
best results. (Pubiotomy, forceps,
version, craniotomy.)

Deformities of the pelvis may be
detected by external and internal
palpation ; and by measurements both
external and internal of those di-
ameters of the pelvis which are ac-
cessible.

For taking pelvic measurements,
the examiner's fingers, a tape mea-
sure, and a pair of modified calipers,
known as a pelvimeter, are usually
employed. The pelvimeter was first
devised in 1775.

When examination reveals the
presence of an unusually large child,
or the patient presents a history of
previous difficult labours with dead
children, Caesarian Section should be
performed. In general, after consul-
tation with another physician, he
should leave the decision to the
woman or her husband, having ex-
plained to them the nature of the
ease.

The best time for operation is
within a week or so of the expected
date of labour. The patient should
be under observation for some days
before the operation is undertaken.
During this period the urine should
be examined, the diet restricted and
the bowels carefully regulated and
general tonics given.

I shall cite briefly a few of the
eighteen cases which I operated by
this method, giving you only such
history as is of interest.

1. A Primapara Eclampsia ; 7^
months pregnant, with a rickety
pelvis and a living child. Mother and
baby made good recovery.

2. Patient with deformity of the
perineum ; in fact, hardly any per-
ineum present. Had two previous
instrumental births, having in each
case a complete laceration of the
perineum, and after second delivery.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

131

had to have a secondary repair with
only fair results, and a vagina outlet
that presented nothing but cicatricial
tissue. Also had extensive albu-
menuria which necessitated special
treatment. The third time I delivered
her by Caesarian Section and tied off
the tubes, as it was doubtful if a
third complete laceration of the
rectum could ever be dealt with satis-
factorily, having already had three
repairs for two complete lacerations.

3. A patient with a generally con-
tracted pelvis who had given birth
to three still-born children, all in-
strumental, with patient very ill for
some time after delivery. I performed
two Caesarian Sections at intervals
of two years apart, on this woman,
having a living child in each case ;
the last operation sterilising her by
means of incising and ligating the
fallopian tubes and burying stumps
in the broad ligament.

4. "Was called to hospital to assist
another physician whose patient four
years previously had given birth to
a still-born child. High forceps. On
this present occasion instruments
were applied three or four times dur-
ing the night, with unsuccessful de-
livery and a child still viable. I per-
formed a Caesarian Section and, in
addition, a sub-total hysterectomy.
The reason for doing this hysterec-
tomy was in case of infection from
manipulation. The patient stood the
operation well and mother and child
made an uneventful recovery, with
no marked degree of shock as one
might expect under such conditions.

5. Patient, primapara, referred to
hospital from country after being
forty-five hours in fairly severe
labour. Examination revealed os
dilated about the size of a quarter.
Head not engaged. Occipito, po-
sterior position. History of several
vaginal examinations by two dif-
ferent physicians. A Caesarian Sec-
tion was performed on this woman.
The uterus was not removed. Mother
and child were discharged from hos-

pital twenty-one days after opera-
tion.

6. Next was a woman of 44 years
(;f age, admitted to hospital with a
history of fairly severe bleeding at
times for three weeks. Previously,
she had twelve normal births. Pelvic
examination revealed rigid os dilated
about size of index finger, with
placenta and lower uterine segment
just palpable. From history and ex-
amination of the case, woman was
seven months pregnant, showed very
anemic condition, child viable. A
Caesarian Section in this case was
thought advisable on account of the
condition of the cervix and fear of
having excessive hemorrhage when
dilation and version would be at-
tempted. A Caesarian Section was
performed. The woman was sterilised
on account of age and number of
children and also a fibrosis uteri. The
child died four hours after delivery.
The mother made a good recovery.

7. Patient, primapara. age 39, ad-
mitted to hospital with albumenuria
which did not yield to treatment,
showing clinical signs and symptoms
of approaching eclampsia. She had
a growth of a malignant nature of
the vagina and two palpable fibroids
of the uterus. A Caesarian Section
was performed on account of vaginal
lesions, albumenuria, fibroids, and
age of patient. In addition to a
Caesarian Section, two fibroids were
i-emoved. Patient was not sterilised
on account of her condition under
the anesthetic. Both mother and
baby survived.

Eleven succeeding cases were done.
Primiparas between ages of 33 and
40. Mothers and babies survived the
ordeal and were able to return home
after about 21 days in hospital.

Now I will describe the prepara-
tion and technique as it is carried out
in our hospital.

The patient is admitted, if possible,
two days before set date of operation,
and about a week before the expect-
ed time of labour. The night previous

132

THE CANADIAN NURSE

to operation, the abdomen and pubes
chould be shaved and scrubbed and
a sterile towel applied. A cathartic
is given that night and an enema in
the morning. The instruments re-
quired are the same as for an ordin-
ary abdominal laparotomy and also
those for hysterectomy, in case they
ere needed for uncontrollable hemor-
rhage, when a hysterectomy would
have to be resorted to. Also an extra
supply of tape sponges are necessary.
Three assistants are required. One,
to give the anesthetic, one to com-
press cervix and control hemorrhage
and one to attend the child. Also two
operating room nurses are necessary,
one of these to look after sterilised
instruments and ligatures and one to
look after tape sponges.

The patient is then taken up to the
kinesthetic room and after being par-
tially anesthetised, is catheterised
and the vagina swabbed out with a
2 per cent, solution of iodine, and
sterile gauze inserted in the vagin.i
loosely packed. She is then wheeled
across into the operating room and
the abdomen is sponged off as quick
ly as possible with ether and two
coats of 2 per cent, solution of iodine
{ind then she is draped.

Anaesthesia is completed only when
everything is set for the operation.
Gas is the anesthetic to be preferred
in these cases, but if ether is ad-
ministered sparingly and there is no
delay in the draping, the child will
stand the ether all right.

The position of the patient on the
operating table is slightly elevated,
Trendelenburg position. Everything
being set. a midline incision is made
about five inches above the umbilicus
and five below, extending through
the whole abdominal wall. The
uterus is delivered through this open-
ing and is held in this position by
the assistant, who controls the hem-
orrhage on either side, by firm com-
pression. Pads are inserted behind
the uterus and a vertical incision is
made midline of the uterus, well to-

wards the fundus and lengthened
with scissors. If the placenta is on
the anterior wall of the uterus, con-
siderable hemorrhage will take place
for a second or two until it is pushed
aside and the foetus extracted. Th?
cord is clamped with artery forceps,
cut and handed to the assistant ap-
pointed to attend to the child, and
recussitation carried out if necessary,
all arrangements for this procedure
having previously been made. The
time allotted for this part of the oper-
ation should not be longer than 90
seconds.

The placenta and membranes are
then expressed and it is very import-
ant to see that all the membranes or
portions of same are removed and
the OS dilated in order to have good
drainage. At this point one cc. of
pituitrin is injected into the uterus.
Hot sponges are applied to the uterus
in order to aid contractions. Closure
of the uterine Avail is now carried out.
1st — ^No. 2 chromic catgut placed in
large curved cutting needle, and
inserted about ^ inch apart, and
should include only the muscular
coat of the uterus. After all these
interrupted sutures are placed, the
operator then proceeds to tie each
individually. The peritoneal edges
nre then approximated by a second
layer of interrupted No. 1 chromic
sutures, placed at shorter intervals
than the first layer. After sutures
have been tied there should be no
hemorrhage either from uterine
wound or needle punctures. One cc.
of ergot is given intra-muscularly in
+he arm at this stage. The abdominal
cavity should then be sponged dry.
paying particular attention to the
renal fossae.

Having returned the uterus to the
abdominal cavity and placed in
proper position, the omentum is then
to be brought down and carried be-
hind instead of in front of it, in order
to avoid omental adhesions. The
abdominal incision is then closed in
the usual manner and a surgical

THE CANADIAN NURSE

133

dressing applied. The vaginal gauze
is then removed and a vulvar pad
applied.

After Treatment — After the patient
is returned to her room, before com-
ing out of the anesthetic, a largo
rectal saline is usually given. The
after treatment is much the same as
any abdominal operation During the
first 24 hours, morphine grains, i
every 4 fours should be given. The
child may be put to the breast after
24 hours. Special care should* be
given to the vulva in order to pi'e-
vent infection of the vagina.

The abdominal suture may be re-
moved on the 10th day. The patient
may be allowed out of bed on the
18th day and discharged from hos-
pital on the 21st day. An abdominal
support should be worn for about six
months after operation.

Prognosis — The mortality varies at
the present time from 2 to 14 per
cent., depending on the class of cases
operated on. This marvellous dimin-

ution in mortality is due to several
factors ; primarily, of course, it must
be attributed to the ever increasing
perfection of aseptic technique. At
rhe same time careful examination of
the pelvis before labour and the de-
termination to operate while the pa-
tient is in good condition, instead of
only after the failure of other meth
ods of delivery, have contributed
r.'.arkedly to the improvement.

The number of Caesarian Sections
that can be performed on the patient
are two or three, with a moderate
degree of safety on the part of the
mother; although as many as five are
reported to have been done. The
reason for this is that with every
Caesarian Section the uterine wall is
weakened and rupture of the uterus
may occur during pregnancy. Be-
sides, abdominal adhesions in general
increase with each operation, and we
all know that it is unwise to open an
abdomen more than three times, un
less it is a case of absolute necessity.

Florence Nightingale Association Hold Farewell Dinner

The dinner notices read as follows:

"The final meeting of the Florence
Nightingale Association will be in the
form of a dinner at the King Edward
Hotel, Monday, January 26th, at 7.30
p.m.

"Help to make this farewell even-
ing a success by being present in your
gayest mood and with your brightest
smile." — (Music and Drama).

A very delightful dinner took place
in the Blue Room of the King Edward
Hotel, Toronto, on Monday evening,
January 26th, that closed, in an at-
mosphere of music and drama, the life
of tbe Florence Nightingale Associa-
tion of Nurses in this city.

The room in which the dinner was
held, with its lovely colour enhanced
by shades of rose and gold, was most
attractive. Two long tables ran the
length of the room, with the head
table across the upper part. Fresh and
fragrant spring blossoms — daffodils,

tulips, narcissi and fresia — together
with the gowns of the guests, made a
pleasing picture. Animated faces and
beautifully coiffed heads were in evi-
dence, and the dinner itself was most
pleasing and attractively served.

Miss Bessie Hutchinson, the Presi-
dent of the Association, presided at
the dinner, and at her right hand, as
guest of honour, was Mrs. Goodson,
formerly Miss Brent of the Sick Chil-
dren's Hospital, who had a prominent
part in forming the association twenty
years ago. At Miss Hutchinson's left
was Miss Wardell, well known here
and throughout Ontario for her long
connection with the Central Registry
in this city and who was the first
secretary of the association, an office
she held for ten years. Others at the
head tables were : IMiss Jean Gunn of
the Toronto General Hospital, and
]\Iiss Edith Campbell of the Victorian

134

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Order of Nurses. About forty-five
guests were present and a pleasant
feature as the guests were seated was
the introduction of each guest by her
right hand neighbour. Her name,
school, position, and other interesting
details were given, so that everyone
was so well acquainted with each other
that an air of informality was evident,
and this was enhanced by the delight-
ful music provided by Miss Billy
Bell, who sang, and Miss Henson. her
accompanist. They were so generous
with their music, and so clever in
their choice of songs, and so informal
in their methods, that they drew the
guests close to each other and to
themselves.

The writer has been at many din-
ners of ''Women Avithout men," and
more particularly nurses' dinners, but
does not remember any where there
was so much sparkling conversation,
laughter and enjoyment.

Miss Jean Gunn, of the Toronto
General Hospital, was the speaker of
the evening. In a witty address, she
reviewed the history of the F.N.A.
since its organisation in March, 1910,
until 1930, when it was decided that
it was no longer necessary to have an
association of this kind in Toronto.
The address will appear in an early
issue, therefore it is not necessary to
mention it further except to say that
it was most interesting and complete,

Mrs. Goodson then spoke briefly,
and was followed by Miss Ethel
Greenwood of the Victorian Order of
Nurses and Miss Rubena Duff of the
Women's College Hospital, who put
on a skit entitled "The Beginning
and the End." The skit was in two
scenes, the first scene taking place in
the old General Hospital on Gerrard
Street in 1910. in which Miss Green-
wood wore the uniform of her school
(New York Ho.spital) of twenty years
ago, and Miss Duff the uniform of her
school (St. Luke's Hospital, Utica,
N.Y.), of the same period. They wore
wigs — ]\Iiss Duff's auburn and Miss
Greenwood's l)laek — to restore the
youthful lustre to their hair. In the
second scene they were dressed in

their usual costumes of 1930, the scene
taking place in the Women's College
Hospital — ]\Iiss Duff in her regulation
white uniform and Miss Greenwood
in the street costume of the V.O.N.
During the skit a good deal of history
both grave and gay was reviewed.
The "actresses" (?) indulged in
gentle satire and reminiscences. There
was considerable merriment, and from
the way it was received there was no
doubt of its success.

There was, amidst the laughter and
applause, a note of sentiment, and of
sadness, too. During the twenty years
of its existence, the F.N.A. numbered
on its list of members some of the
most outstanding women in the pro-
fession in Toronto. Some of these are
occupying pi'ominent positions else-
where in Canada or in the United
States : many remain in Toronto :
some have gone from this life.

It was impossible not to remember
the absent faces and not to think of
the happy associations during so
many years centred around the old
nurses' club on Sherbourne Street. It
was fitting that the close of the
"Flossies" should come this way. The
association passed into history with
song and laughter, with head erect
and all its flags flying.

At the close of the dinner. Miss
Harriet Meiklejohn moved a warm
vote of thanks to those who had pro-
vided the entertainment and to those
responsible for the arrangements.

Some of those present at the dinner were
as follows: Miss Bessie Hutchinson, Miss
G. Colbome, Miss Jean Gunn, Miss Helen
Locke, Miss Wardell, Mr&. Goodson, A'iss
Edith Campbell, Miss Harriet T. Meiklejohn,
Miss ^^'ilkinson, Miss Ruby Hamilton, Miss
McEwen, Miss Ethel Greenwood, Miss
Barbara Ross, Miss Violet Carrol, Miss
Zara Price, Mrs. Ena Paterson Manning,
Miss Luxon, Miss Louise Reid, Miss Dorothy
Reid, Mrs. Edwards, Miss Mary Keith, Miss
Menary, Miss C. McLennan, Miss Lily
Delaney, Miss Mole, Miss Hopkings, Miss
Helen Campbell, Miss Jean Campbell, Miss
Mary Benedict, Miss M. Lynch, Miss W.
Murray, Miss Secord, Miss Mary Smiley,
Mi&s M. Watt, Miss Greenaway, Miss Laura
Conlin, Miss Louise Blackmore, Miss Rubena
Duff, and others.

— R.D.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

135

Mother Monica Passes Away

On January 23rd, in her 80th year,
Mother Monica, for many years the
Superintendent of St. Joseph's Hos-
pital, Port Arthur, Ont., passed away
quite suddenly.

INIother Monica was the pioneer
superintendent of the pioneer hospi-
tal at the head of the Great Lakes.
She was one of a small band of
live Sisters who left Toronto in 1881.
going to Port Arthur to start a new
Roman Catholic Mission. A school was
first started. In 1883 the Sisters were
asked to start a hospital, and in 1884
a small two-storey building was con-
structed— the nucleus of the present
St. Joseph's Hospital. Mother Monica
was in charge. The need of a hospital
was great. There were no hospitals be-
tween Winnipeg and Toronto. The
Canadian Pacific Railway was only in
the course of construction at this
time.

The pioneer work of those early
days in the 'eighties and 'nineties
sounds unreal to the present genera-
tion of nurses. Mother Monica and
her Sisters often assisted doctors at
night operations, using lamps and
candles for illumination. Water was

brought daily in large barrels. Stoves
were used for heating purposes. But
the modern soon replaced these primi-
tive methods and by the end of ten
years the more strenuous years of
pioneer work had passed.

Financing was another great pro-
blem, and Mother Monica and her
Sisters made many hazardous trips up
and down the line of construction
camps, collecting money to carry on
their work of service. Many visits
were made to hospitals in the East
and in the United States for the pur-
pose of keeping in touch with mod-
ern advances and improvements in
hospital work.

Additions were made to St.
Joseph's Hospital several times dur-
ing Mother Monica's long period as
Superintendent, until the last build-
ing brought the capacity up to 200
beds. During all these years. Mother
Monica was always known to make
her daily rounds and visit each pa-
tient for a few minutes. Her great
human sympathy was very remark-
able and those who knew her feel that
a very good and great woman has
passed away from our hospital acti-
vities.

Nurses, Stay Home

Think twice before spending your
money and energy in seeking a job
away from your home community,
urged Colonel Arthur Woods, chair-
man of the President's Emergency
Committee for Employment, in a re-
cent radio talk. An excellent piece of
advice just now, and particularly ap-
plicable for nurses. Leaders are re-
commending that for the next
months, at least, you stay in the local-
ity where you are known by doctors,
hospitals, registry, and patients. Do
not go elsewhere in the expectation
of finding something better to do. Al-
most certainly you will meet in the
next town conditions similar to your

own, of a decrease in the number of
calls for nurses over that of the past
several years, and an increase in the
short-duration call of from one to
three days.

We call the attention of nurses of
other countries, and of our neighbours
in Canada, to this situation, urging
that they consider it before deciding
to seek their fortunes in the United
States. The present unemployment
peak, especially in private duty, un-
doubtedly would be a serious deter-
rent to the foreign nurse trying to
establish herself in this country.

(January, 1931, Bulletin, American Nurses
Association.)

136

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Nursing Sister Peggy Doherty

A flag-covered casket borne to the
nursing sisters' section of the sol-
diers' plot in the Edmonton cemetery
by members of the Canadian Legion
and lowered into the grave as the

MRS. HERBERT AVERY

Last Post sounded ended the earthly
life of Nursing Sister Peggy Doherty.
The pallbearers, one by one, placed
their last tribute, blood red poppies,
on the casket as the journey's end was
reached.

The Requiem Mass was sung at St.
Joseph's Cathedral by Rev. Father
Murphy, prior to the graveside ser-
vice, members of the Overseas Nurs-
ing Club and many of the medical
profession attending.

Mrs. Herbert Avery's life, describ-
ed by her fellow nurses as an adven-
ture in friendship and service, was
marked since the close of her nursing
career by letters that have come to
her from grateful former soldier pa-
tients all over the world. During her
distinguished service overseas she was
entertained by Princess Patricia, the
Hon. David and Mrs. Lloyd George
and other noted personages.

Leaving Ireland in 1913, Peggy
Doherty trained at the Polytechnic
Hospital in New York, joining her
mother in Edmonton on graduating
in 1915, w^hen she enlisted with a
unit of twelve nurses who were sent
to London under the C.A.M.C. and
detailed from there to duty. Return-
ing to England after the Armistice,
she was on duty at Basingstoke Hos-
pital until she returned to Canada in
June, 1919, marrying Herbert Avery
in 1921. Mr. and Mrs. Avery moved ■
to the coast in 1924. returning to Ed-
monton in 1929. For many months
previous to her death Mrs. Avery
suffered greatlv.

Miss Mary McCuaig Receives Appointment

Miss Mary McCuaig, until recently
nurse in charge of the Edmonton
Branch of the Victorian Order of
Nurses for Canada, has been appoint-
ed Western Supervisor of the Order,
replacing Miss Nan ]\IcMann, whose
resignation, owing to illness, was re-
gretfullv accepted last fall by the
National Office.

Miss McCuaig is a graduate of the
Toronto General Hospital School for
Nurses, and served overseas from
1915-1919. Following a period of in-
stitutional work she was granted a

Victorian Order scholarship for a
year's post-graduate work in public
health nursing at the University of
Toronto. Upon completion of this
course she took charge of the Lunen-
burg Branch of the Order, being
later transferred to Edmonton.

In addition to high professional
qualifications. Miss McCuaig brings to
her new work a love of the West and
an understanding of the West which
will help to make her appointment a
very happy one indeed.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

137

i^partm^nt of Nuratng lEburattnn

National Convener of Publication Committee, Nursing Education Section,
Miss ANNIE LAWRIE, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.

How May the Habit of Study be Encouraged in the Student

By EUGENIE M. STUART.

In hoping for any measure of suc-
cess in this project, the health of the
student must be a primary considera-
tion. Unless her physical condition is
such that she may concentrate on the
subject, the study hour might better
be abandoned; fatigue can seriously
affect the attitude of the student to'
the study. The teacher must decide
the capacity of the class, and the
amount of study which she may rea-
sonably expect from the individual
members.

External conditions, such as tem-
perature of the room, suitable ventila-
tion, proper lighting and accommo-
dation, must be considered. Forma-
tion of the habit of studying in
familiar surroundings — at the same
desk, in the same chair — should be en-
couraged. A prominent psychologist
tells us that for many years he has
studied with "The Fall of the Roman
Empire" on his desk, and that, al-
though he does not open this volume,
he cannot concentrate without it.

Readily accessible material is an-
other important factor in establishing
good practice. Whenever possible the
library should be a comfortable room
where the students may come — not
necessarily in uniform — and utilise
their spare time. The library being
open to the students suggests that
freedom and ease for study which is
essential to all pupils, especially the
student nurse. Where a librarv is

conducted on the basis of a lending
library it cannot also be a reference
library unless a sufficient number of
books be provided to fill the require-
ments. Again, here one nurse must act
as librarian and this duty consumes
valuable time. Where books and maga-
zines are locked the habit of study is
discouraged ; considerable time is lost
gaining access to materials. The re-
sults of an open, comfortable library
are readily seen in the use made of
the library.

Up-to-date text and reference books,
current literature and magazines
should be provided. Not alone should
books be provided, but they should be
catalogued in such a manner that
each student may easily find the re-
ference required. Mazagine articles
should also be filed under general
headings. In larger hospitals where
the library may be some distance from
the wards in which practical work is
carried on, a small ward library is
very helpful and convenient. The
standard text books, and one or two
text books dealing with the specific
condition treated in that department,
should be included in the library.

Our careful consideration should
next be given to the question, "Does
the student know how to study?"
Students vary greatly in their ability
not only to use a text book or a refer-
ence book, but to recognise and use
other sources of available help. They

138

THE CANADIAN NURSE

can be taught to draw upon their own
experience, from facts which are all
about them in the open book of the
wards, from the experience and exam-
ple of teacher or fellow-students, from
charts, magazines, state or municipal
bulletins, and museums. Students
must be taught how to use the text
books, the use of the index and table
of contents, the general plan of ar-
rangement into large topics and sub-
topics, the principles of presentation
and at the same time the fallibility
of all text books.

The student must be made to feel
the need of new material ; that is, we
must set before her some worthy in-
terest or motive. Once the student
realises this need she will exert an
effort on her own part to acquire
that material. Definite assignments,
either ward or class room, provide the
student with a motive for study. As-
signments should be most explicit and
detailed in the class where the pupil
is just learning to use text books. It
is important to remember here that
if, in our enthusiastic desire to
broaden the student's viewpoint and
to put them in touch with a wide
range of resources, we make our as-
signment too long or too difficult for
the time available or for the ability
of the student to accomplish with
satisfaction, we will defeat our own
purpose.

In the assigning of any particular
itudy three considerations must be
borne in mind: (1) interest values,
(2) content values, (3) procedure
values; and each of these values is
equally important and must be .judged
on this basis in the choice of a pro-
ject.

The Case Study is an assignment
from which the patient and student
derive great benefit. The headings
given in the Case Study Outline are
not intended to suggest that the stu-
dent gain this information by asking
questions— just getting so many facts.
On the contrary, these headings are
only a guide to the information which
would be helpful in understanding
the needs of the patients: they are

meant to stimulate interest and direct
keen observation, teaching the stu-
dents to interpret what their observa-
tions reveal, with a view toward more
intelligent and sympathetic nursing.

Again, the .student should be made
to realise that to teach is one of the
most important duties of all nurses.
She will then feel the need of the
knowledge which will enable her to
do so. It is not expected that the
young, inexperienced nurse will un-
derstand fully treatments, procedures,
etc., as discussed in the class room.
This can only come with a thorough
knowledge of other subjects and a
gradually widening experience. This
experience, however, will be of little
value without a knowledge of what to
observe, how^ to observe, what symp-
toms indicate" improvement, what the
reverse, which are of importance,
which are of none, and without a fre-
quent reference to and checking up
of experience with the text.

The asking of questions relating to
the patient should be encouraged and
the head nurse or the supervisor
should herself be so familiar with
literature regarding the question that
she may direct the attention of the
student in the proper direction.

The showing of films as a means of
arousing interest and stimulating
study is important. The film "The
Development of the Connaught
Laboratory" is not alone instructive,
but it awakens an interest in Pro-
fessor Fitzgerald's recent volume
"Practice of Preventive Medicine."

In the teacher's reception of the ef-
forts of study by the pupil, encour-
agement and cheerfulness are key-
notes. Honest, efficient work on the
part of the student should be candid-
ly and duly commended. Criticism
should be positive rather than nega-
tive, constructive rather than destruc-
tive.

In closing, may I quote Dr. Osier,
who has said, "To study the pheno-
mena of disease without books is to
sail an uncharted sea, while to read
books without patients is not to go to
sea at all."

THE CANADIAN NURSE

13&

i^partm^nt af Prtuat? iuty Nuratng

National Convener of Publication Committee, Private Duty Section,
Miss CLARA BROWN, 153 Bedford Road, Toronto, Ont.

The Significance of Registration for Nurses

By MISS E. FRANCES UPTON, Registrar and Executive Secretary.

"Every person," says a celebrated
document, ''has an inalienable right to
life, liberty and the pursuit of happi-
ness." Nevertheless, this right has
been subjected to certain restrictions.
Every individual has the right of life,
but not to such liberty of action as to
give the right to injure a fellow-being
or to so conduct the pursuit of happi-
ness as to inflict harm on others.

"A man who lives on a desert island
has unlimited and undisputed rights
and is a law unto himself. Such a
person is the only individual who
enjoys the questionable privilege of
absolute freedom. The moment a
second ship-wrecked sailor lands on the
shore, the rights of the first comer are
no longer paramount, and he can
secure and perpetuate the former
freedom only by force or murder."

The existence of a community
implies the existence of law; all laws
contemplate the existence of large
bodies of individuals living together,
whose relations to one another require
regulation. The greater the complexity
of the community and the diversity of
its pursuits, the more necessary does it
become to define and limit the rights of
the individual, so the community must
interfere on behalf of communal wel-
fare and restrict unlimited liberty,
which can be the undisputed possession
only of a Robinson Crusoe, since what
is liberty in a recluse becomes license
in the smallest hamlet.

Very early in our present civilisation,
to prevent the debasement of a

(Read before the Private Duty Section
A.R.N.P.Q. at their regular meeting on November
4th, 1930.)

precious metal, governments estab-
lished a standard of fineness which was
maintained by law. Thus in England
what is called a "hallmark" affixed to
a piece of silverware, establishes be-
yond question the rates of alloy and the
quantity of precious metal. In this
country, the same protection is given
by the word "sterling", which is in a
like manner a guarantee of quality
and a measure of value. The improper
use of either emblem is punishable by
fine and imprisonment. Such laws
protect the public from imposition, and
the honest silversmith from the com-
petition of the dishonest. If it were not
for this protection, the temptations to
fraud are so great that manufacturers
would soon vie with one another as to
how little silver they could put in one
article and have it pass muster as
silver. This was one of the earliest
forms of supervision, and was in fact
a sort of registration of the finished
product.

Registration and the issuing of
licenses to practise any particular
trade or profession are, in fact, "hall-
marks" of value of the education which
the individual has received and his or
her fitness to do business for the public.

As the complexity of our communal
life increased, it soon became evident
to the law makers that such govern-
mental supervision would have to be
extended to many different vocations,
because their pursuit by incompetent
persons would eventually become a
menace not to one or two individuals,
but to the public at large. For instance,
it is manifestly improper to allow an
engineer or pilot to take part in the

140

THE CANADIAN NURSE

management of a vessel designed to
carry passengers unless competency
has been clearly proved, since the in-
competency of either involves the
possibility of great loss of life. Then
the state assumes the right to restrict
the occupation of engineer and pilot to
such persons as are able to pass a
suitable examination and can show
that they possess the necessary quali-
fications.

The same principle has been extend-
ed to many other trades, where a
failure of due knowledge involves
risks to the public health or welfare.
In the profession of law, it has long
been the rule that an attorney must
pass an examination ordered and con-
ducted by the Court, before he is
allowed to practise, and this, no matter
how long has been his experience in a
law office.

Up to not a very great many years
ago there were no legal restrictions
placed upon the practice of medicine,
and it was only necessary for a man to
call himself doctor to enable him to
practise on the credulity of ignorance
of the public. The country was
flooded by "quacks" of all sorts. The
Indian herb doctor with his long hair
and broad-brimmed hat and a mixed
stock of various "Yarbs" and impud-
ence, flourished exceedingly, and wand-
ered about the country greatly to his
own profit, and to the delusion of
countless dupes. Every country fair
was a camping ground for unnumbered
"fakirs" with all sorts of remedie; for
all sorts of ills.

The patient always made the diag-
nosis, and the "quack" made his
remedy fit the disease. It soon
became evident that it was a manifest
absurdity to enforce an examination on
trades like the engineer and pilot and
yet permit hordes of quacks to per-
ambulate about the country and prey
upon the distresses and ignorance of
the community. Thus it was, no
doubt, a source of great satisfaction to
all medical schools when the Medical
Acts which are in force today became
law. Medical registration is now the
"hallmark" of fitness. The present
Medical Acts not only prevent the

fraudulent use of the title "Doctor," but
prevent persons Avhose lack of educa-
tion unfits them for habits of study
from entering a medical school.

That this has resulted in elevating
the general standard of the profession
no one will doubt. It has relieved the
doctor of the illegal competition of
persons who have put neither time nor
money into an education for the pur-
pose of properly qualifying themselves.
The advantages of medical registration
to the public are self-evident: the
State has taken upon itself to see that
all persons admitted to practise have
the necessary qualifications.

Regarding nursing legislation, this is
not a sudden development; it is the
natural culmination of the work which
Florence Nightingale began when she
started with her band of women for the
Crimea. Even her far-reaching insight
could not foretell the magnitude of the
change she was instituting. Her daunt-
less courage and unfaltering belief in
the sacredness of her calling gave her
the incentive for a work the results of
which we are beginning to realise.
Today, the whole nursing world is
concerned with the advancement and
betterment of nursing standards, and
such things can only be achieved
through state registration of nurses,
and by the combined efforts of all
registered nurses.

If the public needs to be protected
from the quack medicine man, is it not
equally important that it be saved, and
the nursing profession protected, from
the possible mistakes made by the
woman who, without having passed
within the doors of a hospital even,
will don a white uniform and call
herself a nurse.

Surely the "Sairey Gamps" have had
their day? They did their best, and we
believe that some of them were faithful
old souls, but the modern methods and
modern medicine and surgery have
been made possible by the modern
nurse. Read what some doctors have
said : "If doctors were forced to
relinquish all methods of therapy
except one, I think that one would be
good nursing." Another, "Three forces
have united to place the science and

THE CANADIAN NURSE

141

art of medicine on its present footing:
Anaesthesia, the Training School for
Nurses, and Bacteriology".

Good nursing is the outcome of good
nursing organisation, and the first signs
of the dawning of this group conscious-
ness in nurses were shown aboutl898.
The first evidence appeared in the
organisation of Alumnae Associations.
"To a woman the collective good is
always more important ' than the
individual good ; she must think of the
welfare of all her children, not of one;
she must recognise the whole, rather
than a part. To women team work is
all important."

As opportunities for intercourse with
each other increased, with the growth
of their numbers, some nurses during
these earlier days united primarily to
keep in touch with their own schools.
They visioned the advantage to be
gained by broader contacts. Tnese
small alumnae groups grew in size and
number, and then the national organ-
isations developed out of a union of
scattered groups.

The aims of union to any body of
people are: (a) strength to accomplish
projects for i)etterment; (6) mutual
protection from adverse influences;
(c) the moulding of ideals.

South Africa was the first country in
the world where nurses were able to
obtain registration; this took place in
1891. Registration was first advocated
in the United States of America in
1899, but the first bill was not passed
until 1903, in North Carolina. The
nurses of England went through a long
struggle known as the "Thirty Years
War" before they obtained their regis-
tration. The nurses of Finland have
carried on their struggle over twenty-
five years, and finally succeeded in
obtaining their registration in 1929.

The nurses of the U.S.A. have
registration in 48 states and the
District of Columbia. There is no
nurse registration in the State of
Nevada, as there are no nursing
schools in that state. The American
colonies of Hawaii and Porto Rico
have their nurse registration laws.

The first province in Canada to
secure registration for nurses was

Nova Scotia, in 1910. Manitoba
followed in 1913, Alberta in 1916,
Saskatchewan in 1917, British Colum-
bia and New Brunswick in 1918,
Quebec in 1920, Prince Edward Island
in 1921, and Ontario in 1922.

What is meant by nursing registra-
tion? Registration is a process by
which the public and the nurse are
protected by law from those who
cannot come up to a standard set by
the state. By the registration system,
schools are legally accredited only
when they conform to requirements
set by the law. Unless so accredited,
their graduates are not permitted to
be examined for R.N. certificates.

Reciprocity is an arrangement of the
law by which a nurse registered in one
state, province or country may be
given authority to practise under the
laws of a second state, province or
country without examination.

Nurse registration "Acts, Decrees or
Arrets" have been passed in thirty
countries of the world, covering ninety-
five provinces or states. The laws of
these countries differ in many ways
and degrees, and the administration of
these laws has been placed in various
hands.

Very few if any groups of nurses in
any comer of the world are quite
satisfied with their laws, yet much has
been accomplished with regard to
nursing progress and elevation of
nursing standards during the thirty-
nine years in which these registration
laws have been made.

One has only to live but one short
week, however, in any large city and
come in contact with the daily activi-
ties of our nursing world, to realise
that we have only begun.

Nursing laws have been made all
over the world, thanks to the efforts
and strenuous labour of our highly
respected and internationally known
pioneer leaders. These laws were made
after much deliberation and careful
consideration of the many points con-
cerned, because there were many
workers in the field who had contri-
buted considerably towards the wel-
fare of the various communities in
which they lived, but whose educa-

142

THE CANADIAN NURSE

tional qualifications did not come up
to present-day standards and demands
and for whom protection must be
provided.

Registration has therefore set the
minimum standard of education for
nurses, and nurses are accepted on this
standard: below this we do not
recognise the nurse as such.

To improve our laws and make
them worthy of professional status, is
our job — we, the nurses of today,
have in our hands the moulding of the
nurses of the future. We must raise
our nursing standards and demand
that our educational requirements
shall be such as will place our schools
on a sound professional basis. The
present-day needs must include a
stimulation of our professional re-
sponsibility.

Legislation for nurses places in the
hands of a given group the control of
nursing education in a given commun-
ity. It provides, through organisation
and membership fees, the machinery
whereby data is collected, schools
inspected, comparisons made, stand-
ards elevated and research carried out
for the betterment of nursing in that
community.

We must educate the public to know
the value of a highly qualified nurse,
and what to expect from her. To pro-
duce such a person we must see to it
that schools are conducted only in
hospitals that are worthy; that these
schools are conducted according to
set standards; that our nursiag in-
structors are better qualified than
formerly for the task in hand, and
that our administrators are qualified
for leadership in every sense of the
word.

What then do we need to do? To
establish a recognised standard of
professional education? We cannot
estabhsh our highest standards — only
a fair general average, at least at finst.
Our highest present standards are the
result of special intelligence and special
advantages, all have not the same, and
it would ])e no more reasonable to
expect all to suddenly conform to the
highest than it would be to expect the
bread to bake without being long

enough in the oven. We must first have
the higher education and then the law
to protect it. The one thing that is
needed first, before we can expect good
legislation, is a good technical educa-
tion.

We have a nursing registration law
in each province of Canada; none are
even yet approaching what they should
and no doubt will be, but they are the
thin edge of the wedge, well established,
and our duty now is to proceed slowly
but surely to raise them. We cannot
succeed, however, until every nurse in
our country who is eligible for registra-
tion avails herself of the honour and
flies her true colours.

We are at present, in our City,
much concerned with "Made in Can-
ada" goods,. and as registered nurses
we should concern ourselves with the
production of "Made in Canada"
nurses, that they may be the best
which can be produced, and which
will meet Canada's needs.

At present, we share the title
"Nurse" with all types of persons,
but we share the title "Registered
Nurse" only with those who come up
to an educational standard set by the
law — the law made by our nurses.

In the early days, Mrs. Bedford
Fenwick said, "the nurse question
is the woman question pure and simple,
and we can only secure professional
enfranchisement through registration
and self-government."

We regret to admit that there are
many nurses in our midst, who,
possessing the qualifications for regis-
tration, through indifference or petty
economy do not avail themselves of
the distinction and thereby signify
their willingness to share the re-
sponsibilities of our profession, and
to these may I be permitted to quote
Emerson, who said: "Human character
evermore publishes itself. The most
fugitive deed and word, the mere air
of doing a thing, the intimated pur-
pose, expresses character. If you act,
you show character; if you sit still,
if you sleep, you show it. You think
because you have spoken nothing
when others spoke, and have given no
opinion . . . that your verdict is

THE CANADIAN NURSE

143

still expected with curiosity as a
reserved wisdom. Far otherwise ; your
silence answers very loud. You have
no oracle to utter, and your fellow-
men have learned that you cannot help
them; for oracles speak."

Before closing may I say a few
words on what we may term the ethics
of registration. First of all, it has
been proved beyond a dt)ubt, that
registration is a good and desirable
thing, and that every nurse who is
eligible for such distinction and pro-
tection, should avail herself of such.
Secondly, after having obtained the
honour it should be the desire of each
nurse to hold it by living up to the
standards set and by renewing her
vows, so to speak, for without renewal
fees the machinery cannot function
and our cause is lost.

Lastly, it should be the desire of
each registered nurse, to understand,
to some degree, the problems con-
fronting the group in which she is
carrj'ing out her chosen work, there-
fore she should seek membership in
this group, whether it be near home
or in a foreign land, and to secure such
membership it is necessary that she
make application for registration wher-
ever she serves.

This is a point not thoroughly
understood by all nurses, and one
upon which too great stress cannot
be laid. It is absurd to think that a
nurse who is registered in Quebec,
for instance, should expect to practice

under the protection of the law of
British Columbia or vice versa, with-
out first ascertaining whether or not
she is desirable in the new community,
or eligible for recognition with regard
to registration. By seeking registra-
tion in a given community, you in-
dicate your desire to conform to local
standards, and place yourself in readi-
ness to help solve the local nursing
problems.

To assist with the development of
our professional responsibility, we
should keep ourselves in touch with the
nursing affairs, problems, and progress
in other lands, and in other parts of
our own land, and to do this we should
subscribe to and read our own national
nursing magazine, " The Canadian
Nurse," "The International Nursing
Review," and other nursing journals
if possible. On account of the
variety of standards and require-
ments for registration on this Con-
tinent, there is no such thing as
"Blanket Reciprocity" between pro-
vinces and states, each application
for registration by reciprocity must
therefore be considered on its own
merits.

Read, read, and then read some
more. We have many writers among
our North American Continent nurses
whose ideas are sound and can inspire
one to higher and bigger things, and
I feel certain that none of them will
mind if I especially recommend to
you the works of Miss Adelaide
Nutting.

144

T H E C ' A N A D I A N N U R S E

i^partmrut nf fublir Ifealtlj Nuratny

National Convener of Publication Committee, Public Health Section.

Rural Fields

By EILEEN WRIGHT HAMILTON, Preeceville, Saskatchewan.

Who wouldn't be a Victorian
Order nurse in the city?

Busy office, companionship, neat
list of calls, baby clinics, pre-natal
visits — that happy busy routine we
all have known and loved. But then,
who wouldn't be a Victorian Order
nurse in a rural field; although the
story I tell is so far removed from
that of the typical Victorian Order

thus knows intimately conditions in
both towns.

I might quote statistics of visits
made and climes held, but possibly
the nurse from the city would be more
interested in the recounting of actual
trips made — the joys and sorrows of
the daily routine in a rural district.

There was the time I was called
to minister to the needs of Bill Black.

A LKRAIXIAIV HOME

branch that it is hard to realize that
the same organization directs the
two types of work, each to its sepa-
rate need.

My work embraces the usual Vic-
torian Order programme within the
confines of the Preeceville munici-
pality in Saskatchewan, and includes
as well the school inspection in the
area. For this latter service the De-
partment of Health of Saskatchewan
supplies a Ford coupe and pays all
expenses. Headquarters are in each
of the two villages of the munici-
pality— Preeceville and Sturgis. The
nurse moves every two months and

My directions were explicit. "Go till
you reach the Stenen road, follow it
eighteen miles north, and there in
Bill's own neighbourhood get direc-
tions for the last two or three miles."
What could be simpler? Making sure
the tank was full of gas and the oil
all right, I set off at once. Here let
me pause to give a word of advice.
Should 3'ou find yourself in a rural
district, never start anywhere with-
out making sure your car is oiled and
greased and the tank full. You never
know where you will go before you
get through with your trip, and you
do not know with certainty when you
will arrive home.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

145

Reaching the Stenen road, I set my
trip tally, the better to know when
the eighteen miles had been covered.
At first a pleasant road on which
good speed was made. Then deep into
bush country, roads getting rougher
and speed slackening. At the end of
eighteen miles I had left the farm
homes behind and was deep in the
bush. Nowhere was there anyone to
ask where Bill Black lived, so I "kept
on going."

Finally there appeared a clearing,
a front yard full of cabbages and a
small sod dwelling. At first I saw no
signs of life, but as I came around
the corner of the house I saw a
woman using a hoe. She was not work-
ing in her garden. She was using the
hoe to draw her bread to the front of
a huge clay oven. She gave no sign
that she had seen me until sixteen
beautiful loaves were lined along the
shelf outside. I had long since learned
not to push matters, so I waited.
After a discussion on the merits of
brown bread, in which the woman
took no part, I inquired for Bill
Black. An eloquent shrug and hand
spread conveyed her complete lack of
knowledge on the subject. I went on,
wondering how much good my oration
on bread had done.

Next I met a team and wagon. I
hailed the driver and inquired for
Bill's residence.

"Yes. Him live bv me."

"How far?"

"Ten mile."

With more explicit directions I
drove on, and for another hour, dur-
ing which I went steadily forward,
the elusive Bill remained ten miles
away as often as I inquired.

During this time I was by no
means travelling due north. I turned
west to circle a slough, east because
the road did. Once I came to a cordu-
roy road, which as you know, is built
of poles about eighteen inches apart
to give bottom to the slough road.
Over this I wormed my way slowly.
Smoke from bush fires was smarting
my eyes, but I kept them carefully
trained on the poles close in front of

the car. I was thinking of the pos-
sibility of a broken spring, when sud-
denly I stopped the car with a gasp.
There, just a few yards ahead, was
a great hole where a plank bridge had
burned out. I dared not drive into it
and hope to drive out on the other
side. It was hopeless to try to turn off
just there. Have you ever reversed a
car over a corduroy road where a foot
to either side meant a sudden down-
ward plunge? Need I say that at the
first safe-looking spot for a descent I
took to the slough. There was no water
in it, but the ground was very
spongy. Thanks to a light, powerful
car I reached the far side safely, and
after three more miles of bush trail
1 halted in Mr. Black's front yard.

It was a case of pneumonia. An
hour later I left him comfortable and
happy again.

Once outside I decided there must
be some shorter way to Sturgis. One
of the boys piloted me three miles
through the bush where there wasn't
a vestige of a trail. We just followed
hay swamps. Then a neighbour di-
rected us for another two miles. Fol-
lowing a trail we had reached, I
finally came to the Woodlight school,
from which I readily found my way
to Sturgis, where I arrived at four
p.m. Perhaps my day was wasted —
perhaps not for Bill, who had spent
long days waiting for the nurse and
the relief she brought.

Our new Canadians are grateful
for our care and are always ready to
offer food and rest, or guide us for
miles. One cold night I came out and
found all the bedding a family pos-
sessed piled high over the radiator of
the car. I was profuse in my thanks,
although there was a goodly supply
of anti-freeze in the car.

What a boon a car is to a rural
nurse ! There are times, however,
when my little runabout won't fill
the bill, like the night we went to
Glenelder for Steve. When I first
heard of Steve he had been lying for
over a week with a badly broken
femur, and because the roads were
in a terrible condition, and the dis-

146

T HP] C A N A D I A N NURSE

tanee very great, no one would under-
take to remove him to hospital.

The Preeceville Baby Clinic was in
progress when I learned of Steve's
condition, so the moment the hall was
cleared I set out at once for one of
my never-failing friends who owned
a truck.

A short explanation, a hurried
supper and we were away. While we
stopped in Stenen to gather up a few
splints, bandages, etc., the driver set
the trip tally.

Such roads as we travelled ! Miles
stretched behind us and darkness set
in. Finally Steve's little home in the
bush came in sight.

We found Steve, a poor old man
over seventy years of age, suffering
intensely. We hastened to do what
we could to make him comfortable.
We had hoped to move him, mattress
and all, into the truck, but there was
a complication. How to get a four-
foot mattress with its suffering bur-
den through a two-foot door ! I turned
to my cheerful friend who had made
the rescue party possible.

"Have you ever constructed a
stretcher?" I asked him.

"No," he replied, "but this is
where I learn."

Out he went, a word to the men
outside, and I heard the roar of the
truck. He was soon back, having had
to make a short trip for nails. There
was the sound of chopping and soon
in came the men with two poles on
which they had nailed a double grey
blanket. In the meantime the neigh-
bours had filled the bottom of the
truck with hay and blankets.

It was a good stretcher, and finally
we did get it and Steve through the
door and into the truck. Someone
mounted guard and we were off on
our long journey to the hospital. Sud-
denly it occurred to me to inquire
how, on such short notice, two such
beautiful poles had been produced for
the stretcher. I learned to mj- dismay
that they were the top rails from the
little fence that enclosed Steve's front

yard. Still, Steve didn't begrudge his
poles, and he always wears a broad
smile when we meet.

I shall never forget that drive ! A
dense fog such as is seldom seen in-
land, settled down upon us. We low-
ered our lights and strained our eyes
in an effort to keep on the road, but
on we must go at all events.

When we arrived in Canora the
town was in darkness, but in one cafe
a light still burned. From this cafe we
telephoned the doctor, and promised
to return for coffee. We drove the re-
maining mile to the hospital, and be
it said to the credit of the staff, they
accepted our late arrival cheerfully
and gave Steve immediate care. He
had arrived tired, but in good condi-
tion.

How good our coffee tasted.
Warmed and much less sleepy we set
out for Sturgis where we arrived in
tlie cold, grey dawn. We had travelled
one hundred and nine miles.

So you see what travel time can
mean on a rural nurse's time-sheet,
and why we look with dismay at a
dailv time-sheet which reads "Cases
two.'"

Nor is life all one grand long ad-
venture in wooded solitudes. Our lit?-
tle villages are thriving and modern.
We step up to a well-equipped office
to interview the doctor, or down to
the town hall to conduct a baby clinic.
Sometimes we drive five miles or so
on a good highway to examine some
forty pupils in an up-to-date rural
school.

The board is made up of staunch
friends who understand local condi-
tions and who are always ready to
help and encourage one.

There is much variety in work of
this type. Perhaps the hardest thing
to face is the winter, when, owing to
deep snow, parts of the district are
inaccessible. Then a certain amount
of monotony is bound to creep in.

But rural life is life, just as in the
city. Try it, and you will see !

(V.O.N. News Letter, November, 1930.)

THE CANADIAN NURSE

147

N?m0 Not? a

ALBERTA

Edmonton: The annual business meeting
of the Edmonton Association of Graduate
Nurses was held in the Y.W.C.A. parlors,
January 21st, 1931. Miss J. Chinneck, con-
vener of the Nominating Committee, sub-
mitted to the meeting the slate of officers for
the ensuing year. Mrs. K. Manson was
re-elected President for the third term. Miss
Ward was elected Treasurer, and Miss C.
Davidson was re-elected Secretary for the
third term. A vote of thanks for her services
in the capacity of Treasurer for the past five
years was tendered Miss S. C. Christ ensen,
retiring Treasurer. Miss Sproule, Registrar,
gave an interesting report. Miss Sproule
showed the demand for private duty nurses
to be just half that of the previous year.
Hourly nursing was suggested as a solution,
and it was left to the private duty committee
to bring in a report after discussion.

Miss Mary McCuaig, Local Superintendent
of the V.O.N, in Edmonton, has been ap-
pointed Western Supervisor. This covers the
country west of the Great Lakes. Many
social functions have been given in Miss
McCuaig's honour, showing the esteem in
which she was held by her many friends in
Edmonton. The Association and fellow-
workers extend to Mi.ss McCuaig their
heartiest wishes for every success in her new
office.

Miss V. R. Shipman succeeded Miss Mary
McCuaig as Superintendent of V.O.N,
nurses in Edmonton. Miss Shipman is a
graduate of the Toronto General Hospital,
and holds a diploma in Public Health Nursing
from the University of Toronto. She has had
a broad experience in institutional and
public health work. Edmonton nurses wish
Mi.ss Shipman much success and happiness in
her work in that City.

Mi.ss K. S. Brighty, Superintendent of
Public Health Nurses, gave a talk to the
United Farm Women of Alberta at their
convention in Calgary, January 24th. Her
subject was "Maternal and Infant Welfare".
Miss A. L. Conroy, Lecturer for the Pro-
vincial Public Health Department, was in
charge of the Alberta Health Exhibit which
was shown at the U.F.W.A. Convention.
The many friends of Miss E. S. Fenwick,
Superintendent of Nurses, University Hos-
pital, will Vje sorry to hear of her recent
illness, from which, happily, she is making a
good recovery. Miss Elizabeth Ken well. Miss
A. E. Lord, and Miss Marion C. Story have
accepted po.sitions on the permanent staff of
the Public School Nursing Branch. Miss
Marion Graham has returned from Montreal
where she was taking special work in the
Royal Victoria Hospital, and is on the nursing
staff of the Royal Alexandra Hospital.

BRITISH COLUMBIA

Vancouver: The annual meeting of the
Vancouver Graduate Nurses Association took
place on January 14th, in the club rooms of
the Canadian National Institute for the
Blind, with Miss M. Duffield, President, in
the chair. Following the disposal of the
general business of the meeting, the election
of officers took place. One of the most
outstanding pieces of work done by the
Association during the past year was the
establishment of a relief fund for the un-
employed members of the profession. So far,
the scheme seems to be working very satis-
factorily. Membership in the Association is
steadily increasing. In the annua] report of
the President for 1930, Miss M. Duffield says
in part: "We can say, I think, that a great
many events of importance have happened
in the nursing world of Vancouver and
Canada since last Januar}^ In the first place,
the Private Duty Section brought into
operation, in Vancouver, after a great deal of
work and delay, the 10-hour duty, which has
proved very successful, and, as far as we are
able to discover, no one has suffered from
the change of hours. The nurses themselves
have benefited by having more time for
themselves."

Six delegates were sent to the general
meeting of the Canadian Nurses Association,
held in Regina in June, 1930. At this meeting
Dr. Weir, Director of the Survey on Nursing
Education in Canada, compared the status
of nurses in regard to education to that of
the members of other professions in a not
altogether complimentary way. Dr. Weir,
during 1930, issued questionnaires to the
nurses, but unfortunately there was much
delay in answering. Dr. Weir showed
great patience, although insistent that they
all be answered. To assist in this, the
Vancouver Graduate Nurses Association
decided to appoint a committee to deliver the
questionnaires to nurses who had not yet
answered them, the same committee collecting
the finished article the next day. This re-
sulted in 431 completed questionnaires being
received.

The Medical Association was asked to
co-operate with the Registrar as far as
possible in calling the nurses who had been
longest on the list, and they have most
cordially agreed to do this, and to help out
the employment situation in every way
possible.

Much appreciation is felt for the work
done by the Ways and Means Committee
during the year, for it was through their
efforts in raising funds that the Association
was able to give work to several nurses and
also help patients who would not have been
able to afford a special. In this way help was
provided two people at the same time, and
things on the whole were made a little easier.

148

THE CANADIAN NURSE

General Hospital, Vancouver: On
January 20th, 1931, the Alumnae held a
special meeting in the Rotunda of the Home.
Dr. Haywood, newly-appointed General
Superintendent of the Hospital, was present
and gave a most interesting and helpful
address on the question of our Sick Nurses
Benefit Fund, outlining a plan for group
insurance for Alumnae members which has
been tried and found satisfactory in Mont-
real. The meeting was well attended, and
after lengthy discussion it was decided to
appoint a committee to go more fully into
the question.

On February 3rd, at the regular meeting, this
committee reported that a letter was being
sent to all Vancouver General Hospital
graduates to try to interest as many as
possible in this splendid idea, and to find out
how many might be interested in it.

MANITOBA

Brandon: The regular meeting of the
Brandon Graduate Nurses Association was
held on February 3rd, at the home of Mrs.
Dr. Pierce. A most interesting report,
written by Miss Meadows, delegate from
the Private Duty Section to the annual
meeting of the Manitoba Association of
Registered Nurses, which was held in Winni-
peg, was read by Miss McLeod. The business
meeting was followed by an enjoyable social
hour.

St. Boniface Hospital: Miss Ellen M.
Farrell, former Secretary of the Alumnae
Association, has accepted a position on the
staff of the Surgical Department of the
Mental Hospital at Selkirk, Man.

Misericordia Hospital, "WiNxiPEr-: At
the monthly Alumnae meeting in January,
Dr. J. D. McEachem gave an interesting
illustrated lecture on "Closed Drainage for
Empyemia Cases". On the evening of
February 2nd the 1931 graduating class
entertained the Alumnae members at the
Nurses Home. Following a visit to the
different rooms of the home, luncheon was
served in the Reception Room. The sym-
pathy of the Alumnae is extended to Miss
Gertrude Boulton on the death of her father.

WiNNiPEr: Mrs. J. F. Morrison will head
the Manitoba Association of Registered
Nurses as a result of the elections held at the
ajinual meeting in the Parliament Buildings
recently. Increased activities during 1930,
resulting in the appointment of a paid
secretarj", were reported. The dinner meeting,
held at the Mikado tea-rooms, featured an
address by Father Morton, of St. Mary's
Cathedral, who spoke on "Self-Determina-
tion." Practice of self-control and inde-
pendent thinking led to the creation of an
invaluable habit, Father Morton said, which
would contribute to one's happiness and
success. Despite the limitations of heredity,
there were emotions and passions which the
individual could control through self-will.
Fifteen families which had been visited by
tuberculosis were given Christmas hampers,
the welfare committee reported. In addition

to giving relief where necessary, to members,
the Association has given training to four
native nurses in India, and paid the salary of
a trained nurse at Patna Hospital. The 1931
Executive Committee was elected as follows:
Miss J. Purvis. First Vice-President; Miss C.
Kettles, Second Vice-President; Mi s J.
McNally, Third Vice-President'. The Board
will consist of: Misses A. E. Russell, K. W.
Ellis, R. Dickie, A. Beggs, E. Ironside, E.
Parker, A. Besant, P. Brownell, A. D. McLeod.
Rev. Sister Meade, Rev. Sister Vincent,
Miss M. Reid is convener, Nursing Education;
Mrs. E. M. Dovle. Private Dutv; Miss I.
McDiarmid, Public Health; Miss. G. Hall,
Press and Pubhcations; Misses E. Carruthers,
A. LaPorte, Naser and JNIallory, Directory;
Miss C. Taylor, Social and Programme; Miss
W. Carruthers, Sick Visiting; Miss M.
Meehan, Membership; Mrs. J. F. Morrison,
Red Cross Enrolment. Miss F. Robertson
was appointed as representative to the Cen-
tral Council of Social Agencies; Miss Allan,
Victorian Order of Nurses; Miss AMllard Hill,
Local Council of Women ; Miss A. Bell,
Junior Red Cross; Miss M. Wannocott, New
Canadians.

NEW BRUNSWICK

Victoria Public Hospital, Fredericton:
At a recent meeting of the Graduate Nurses
Association it was decided to have a bridge
once a month, charging a small fee, in order
to raise funds for the Association. So far,
each bridge has been well attended and the
social evenings are greatly enjoyed.

Sx. Stephen: The members of the local
chapter of the N.B. Association of Registered
Nurses held their annual meeting in January.
Reports showed an increase in membership
and in funds. The following officers werQ-
elected: President, Miss M. McMuUen;
Vice-President, Miss CM. Boyd; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss M. Dunbar; Publications,
Miss M. McMuUen and Miss Helen Boone;
Entertainment, Miss Sherrard, Miss O'Brien,
Miss Bavis and Miss Cochrane.

Members of the Association sold tickets for
"The Cohens and Kelly s in Africa," which
was being shown at the Queen Theatre,
February 4th and oth, and candy was sold
in the lobby of the theatre. SSI. 00 was
realised from the sale of tickets and candy —
lots of fun and not very hard work!

Chipman Memorial Hospital, St. Step-
hen: Miss Helen Boone is a surgical patient
in the hospital. Miss S. Murphy and Miss
M. Kirkpatrick are engaged in private duty
work in St. John, N.B.

Fisher Memorial Hospital, Woodstock :
Miss Christina Hellman, night supervisor at
the Fisher Memorial Hospital, is convalescing
at her home in Meductic from a throat
operation performed by Dr. London, of
Montreal. Her many friends will be glad to
know that she is much improved in health.

General Puplic Hospital, Saint John:
The regular monthly meeting of the Alumnae
was held in the Nurses Home on February

THE CANADIAN NURSE

149

2nd. Mrs. J. Vaughan, President, wa-s in the
chair. After the routine business, the reports
for the bridge held in January were sub-
mitted. After all expenses were paid, there
was a balance of S165.00. This is to be used
as a nucleus for the amount required to
furnish a ward in the new hospital, which
responsibility has been undertaken by the
Alumnae.

ONTARIO

Paid-up subscriptions to "The Canadian
Nurse" for Ontario in February, 1931, were
1,187, five legs than in January, 1931.
Appointments

Miss Gertrude Spanner (Hospital for Sick
Children, Toronto, 1914), has been appointed
Dean of the School of Xursing of the Good
Samaritan Hospital, Los Angeles, CaUf.
Miss Marjorie Frances (Hospital for Sick
Children, Toronto, 1930) is taking post-
graduate work at Boston Children's Hospital.
Miss Helen Andenson ("Hospital for Sick
Children, Toronto, 1930) to the staff of the
Thistleto\ATi Branch of the Hospital for Sick
Children. Miss Helen McCallum (Ho.spital
for Sick Children, Toronto, 1930), in charge
of the infants' ward of the Children's Mem-
orial Hospital, Montreal. Misses Gertrude
Evans (Hospital for Sick Children, 1917) and
Dorothy Priestly (Hospital for Sick Children,
1926), to the staff of the Vancouver General
Hospital. Miss Lilian Hinton (Oshawa
General Hospital, 1928) has returned to the
Oshawa General Hospital as Technician.
District 1

The sixth annual meeting of the Registered
Nurses A.ssociation of Ontario, District 1, was
held in the Colonel Gartshore Nurses Resid-
ence of Victoria Hospital, London, on
January 24th. Two hundred nurses were in
attendance.

The invocation was given by the Rev. Dr.
Ross, of St. Andrews United Church, followed
by addresses of welcome from Msgr. Stanley,
Rector of St. Peter's Cathedral, and Mayor
Hayman, of London.

Splendid reports of the year's activities
were given by the Secretary-'Treasurer and by
Conveners of Sections.

The election of officers for the ensuing year
was as follows: President, Miss Nellie
Gerard, Windsor; Vice-President, Miss P.
Campbell, Chatham; Secretary-Treasurer,
Mrs. Mary Walker, Sarnia; Councillors, Miss
Anne Evans, London, Mi.ss Anna Boyle,
London, Miss Hazel Hastings, St. Thomas,
Miss F. C. Ritchie, Petrolea, Miss Mabel
Hay, Windsor, and Mrs. Jean Wilson,
Strathroy; Convener, Nursing Education
Section, Miss Mary Jacob, London; Public
Health Section, Miss Mabel Hardie, London;
Private Duty Section, Misses H. Hastings
and E. Reaman, St. Thomas.

Luncheon was served at the close of the
morning se.ssion, the Alumnae A.ssociations
of St. Joseph's Hospital, Ontario Hospital,
Victoria Hospital and the Edith Cavell
Association acting as hostesses.

The afternoon se.ssion was opened by Dr.
J. C. Fallis, Superintendent of Victoria

Hospital, who extended a cordial welcome.
He introduced the Hon. W. G. Martin,
Minister of Public Welfare, who gave an
interesting talk on his work. Miss Ruth
Lewis, M.A., Psychologist of Ontario Mental
Health Clinics for Western Ontario, chose as
her subject, "Some Aspects of a Mental
Health Clinic". Miss C. Gillies of the Eye,
Ear, Nose and Throat Department of
Victoria Hospital, gave a very practical
demonstration of cataract and mastoid
dressings. The afternoon session closed with
an address by Dr. Harold Little on the story
of cod liver oil — Sunshine and Viosterol. The
nurses attending the meeting were guests of
the Ontario Hospital at a delightful tea
following the afternoon session.

Victoria Hospital, London: Mrs. Edith
Millard (1930) has been appointed assistant
supervisor of the private pavilion. Miss Macie
Benbow (1929) has been appointed supervisor
of the military ward. A social service branch
has recently been opened in connection with
the Out-Patient Department. Miss Mildred
Thomas (1920) has been placed in charge.

^Memorial Hospital, St. Thomas: The
Annual Dance of the Alumnae Association,
held recently in the Masonic Temple, proved
a most successful event. Attendance was close
on four hundred. The programme included a
number of novelty dances and amusing
favours were pre.sented to the guests. The
long tables holding the buffet lunch were
decorated in the hospital colors, purple and
gold, while daffodils in white and gold, with
matching tapers, added an effective touch.
Miss L Matheson looked after the invitations;
Miss Hastings, the novelties; Miss Grant, the
music, and Mrs. F. Penhale was in charge of
the luncheon arrangements. Mrs. T. Keith
was convener of the reception committee.
Many guests from Toronto, London, Aylmer,
Tillsonburg, Springfield, Lambeth, Dutton,
Sheddon and surrounding districts were in
attendance. The success of the dance, made
possible by the energetic work of the Alumnae
members, will mean a substantial addition to
the Alumnae's fund for a new nurses' home.

District 2

Kitchener .\nd Waterloo Hospital: At
a recent meeting of representatives of District
2, Miss Bingeman, Lady Superintendent,
Freeport Sanatorium, was appointed con-
vener of the committee in charge of the
arrangements for the convention of the
Registered Nurses Association of Ontario, to
be held in Kitchener, Easter Week, April
9th to 11th, 1931.

On December 2nd, 1930, a reception was
held in the Nurses Home to welcome Miss K.
W. Scott, formerly Superintendent of the
Sarnia General Hospital, now Superintendent
of the Kitchener and Waterloo Hospital.

General Hospital, Woodstock: On
November 8th, 1930, members of the Alumnae
held a very succes.sful tea in the Nurses
Residence. Miss Lenora Armstrong (1920)
who has been engaged in missionary work in
Korea, is home on furlough. The graduate
nurses and student nurses were entertained by

150

THE CANADIAN NURSE

the doctors at an informal dance on Novem-
ber 25th, in the Eastern Star Rooms, the
g^iests being received by Miss Helen Potts,
Superintendent, and Miss Gladys Mill,
Assistant Superintendent .
District 4
Mack Training School, St. Catharines:
The Januarj- meeting of the Mack Training
School Alumnae was held at the Leonard
Nurses Home, January 7th. After a lengthy
business discussion, Mrs. Hagarth, of the
Public Health Department, Toronto, pre-
sented two very interesting films on "The
Gift of Life". Appreciation was extended to
Mrs. Hagarth by Mrs. W. Durham and Mrs.
Platts, after which the meeting adjourned.
The February meeting was held at the home
of Mrs. Chas. Hesburn, February 4th. After
the routine business, the hostess entertained
at a pleasant bridge of several tables, followed
by dainty refreshments.

District 5
Toronto: The January meeting of the
Centralised Lecture Committee for Student
Nurses (Instructors' Section) was held on
January 8th, at the Nurses' Residence,
Toronto General Hospital. Short papers on
the following subjects were read, discussion
following each: "Supplementary Teaching
Aids," "Illustrative Equipment for Class-
.room Teaching," and "Bedside Instruction
to Student Nurses".

Grant Macdonald Training School for
Nurses, Toronto: The annual meeting of
the Alumnae was held January 26th, when
the election of officers for 1931 took place.
While awaiting election returns, Mrs. Ash
read a paper on "Mothercraft Service". At
the close of the meeting refreshments were
served.

General Hospital, Oshawa : The annual
meeting of the Alumnae Association was held
at the nurses residence on January 5th, with
Miss A. Scott in the chair. Miss E. Hogarth
gave a report of the activities of the past
year, and the treasurer, Miss J. Cole, in her
financial statement, showed that the Alumnae
had a good balance on hand. Miss E. Hogarth
gave a report on the District 5 meeting held
in Toronto in November.

The annual "At Home" of the Association
was held on January 30th, 1931, at the
Masonic Temple, when a very pleasant
evening was enjoyed.

The sympathy of the Association is ex-
tended to Airs. (Dr.) B. A. Brown (Laura
Huck, 1921), on the death of her father.

Western Hospital, Toronto: The regular
monthly meeting of the Alumnae Association
was held in the Edith Cavell Residence,
January 13th, 1931. A large number of
members were present. The speaker of the
evening was Dr. Frank R. Scott, who gave
a particularly interesting address on the
subject of "Diseases of the Thyroid Gland".
St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto: Miss
Elizabeth Regan, Instructor, while on a
short holidaj' at London, Ont., recently, was
taken ill, having to undergo a major operation
in a London hospital. Her many friends will

be pleased to learn that Miss Regan made
favourable recovery, and was expecting to
return to her duties in Toronto some time
early in March.

The sympathy of the Alumnae is extended
to Mrs.' Thos."^E. Scully (Ann Dolan, St.
Michael's Hospital, Toronto), on the death
of her husband.

^^'o^IEN's College Hospital, Toronto:
The regular meeting of the Alumnae was held
at the Clinic House, Grenville St., on Decem-
ber 8th. After the brief business session, Miss
Anderson gave a detailed account of the
progress of the new building. Miss Anderson
has been President of the Board for many
years. Dr. Marian Kerr gave a most inter-
esting talk on her work at the "Rotunda" in
Dublin. At the January meeting. Miss
Roberts (1924) spoke on government work in
connection with the Women's Institute of
Ontario.

Miss McAughtrie (1930) leaves shortly for
Johns Hopkins Hospital to take up post-
graduate work. Miss Tillet, who sustained an
injury while taking a course in Montreal, has
been able to leave the hospital.
District 8

Civic Hospital, Ottawa: The second
annual meeting of the Alumnae Association
was held in the nurses residence, Friday,
January 16th. After the reading of the
various reports which testified to a very
successful year both socially and financially,
the following officers and committees were
elected for the ensuing year: Honorary
President, Miss Gertrude Bennett; President,
Miss Evelyn Pepper; First Vice-President,
Miss Elizabeth Graydon; Second Vice-
President, Miss Dorothy Moxley; Recording
Secretary, Miss Greta Wilson; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Eileen Graham; Treasurer,
Miss Winnifred Gemmill; Councillors, Mrs.
G. W. Duiming, Misses Elizabeth Curry,
Gertrude Moloney, Mary Lamb, Gladys
Moorehead; Membership Committee, Con-
vener, Miss Winnifred Gemmill, Miss E.
Webb, Miss Dorothy Kelly, Miss Lera Barry,
Miss Edna Osborne, Miss M. Do^vTiey, Miss
G. Froats; Flower and Sick Visiting Com-
mittee, Convener, Miss Margaret McCallum,
Miss Nichol, Miss Beryl Edey, Miss Martha
Macintosh, Miss Emily Fallas, Miss Elsie
Nesbitt, Miss Alma Lindsey; Representatives
to Central Registry, Mi.ss Myrtle Tanner,
Miss Inda Kemp; Correspondent to "Can-
adian Nurse" and Press Representative,
Miss Edna Osborne.

QUEBEC

The Montreal General Hospital: Mrs.
Kierstead has taken a position in the New-
port Hospital, Newport, Vermont. The
engagement is announced of Miss Lillian
Brissenden (1917), to Charles K. Morrison,
of Victoria, B.C. The wedding to take place
in Vancouver. Miss Messenger (1930), is
taking a post graduate course in the operating
room. Miss Pauline Brown (1927), has
resigned her position as a.ssistant in the
operating room, and has been succeeded bv
Miss Parker (1930). The sympathy of the

THE CANADIAN NURSE

151

Association is extended to Miss G. Doherty
on the death of her mother.

Sherbrooke Hospital: The annual
meeting of the Alumnae was held January
28th, at the ^MacKinnon Memorial, when 28
nurses sat down to a turkey dinner. Im-
mediately after dinner, several business
items were discussed and the election of
officers took place. Miss Jean Fenton has
resigned her position as Assistant Superin-
tendent, and accepted a position in the
Orleans County Hospital, Newport, Vermont,
as Superintendent. In her honour a very
enjoyable sleigh drive and party was
given by the staff and student nurses.
Sliss Fenton was presented with a hand-
some mahogany tray with silver handles,
from the staff, and a china tea service from
the student nurses; also a beautiful, fitted
leather suitcase from the staff of doctors.
Mrs. Nelson Lothop entertained in honour of
Miss A. I. McAuley, at a miscellaneous
shower; Mrs. G. Bryant, at a kitchen shower,
and Mrs. J. H. Bryant, at a "What to do"
part}', which proved very jolly and enjoyable.
Miss Vema Beane will succeed Miss Fenton as
Assistant Superintendent, and Miss Alfreda
Dearden will take Miss Beane's place as
supervisor of the operating room. Miss
Douglas, a recent graduate of the hospital,
will be night supervisor. The sympathy
of the Association is extended to Miss Norah
Arguin on the death of her father.

Jeffery Hale's Hospital: The following
members of the Alumnae attended the
annual meeting of the Registered Nurses
Association of the Province of Quebec:
Misses C. E. Armour, H. A. MacKay, M. E.
Savard, and Mrs. S. B. Baptiste.

Woman's General Hospital, West-
mount: The annual meeting of the Alumnae
was held on January 19th, 1931, for the
transaction of business and the election of
officers. The Association is much indebted
to the members of the medical staff who have
given addresses at the monthly meetings.
Dr. B. A. Conroy was the speaker in Novem-
ber and Dr. George Stream in December.
Both addresses were much appreciated.

Western Hospital, Montreal: At the
annual meeting, held on January 12th,
Miss Bertha Birch was elected president, and
a vote of thanks was extended to Miss Nash,
retiring president, after three years service.
Miss Macwhirter is in Woodstock owing to
the illness of her mother. Miss Ruth
Levitt spent Christmas and the New Year
with her mother in Montreal. Miss M.
Morrison is spending the winter months
at her home due to the illness of her sister.
The sympathy of the Alumnae is extended
to Miss Freda James, on the death of her
father, which occurred in Boston on January
27th, 1931.

SASKATCHEWAN

Regina: On January 8th, the regular
monthly meeting of the Registered Nurses
Association of Saskatchewan, Regina Branch,
was held at the Nurses Residence of the
Regina General Hospital, with forty-two
members present. Miss Ruby Simpson, of

the Public Health Staff, Regina, gave a
very interesting address on her six-weeks
post graduate course taken at several hos-
pitals in London, England. Miss A. M.
Hutt rendered two solos.

On January 17th, about 350 guests were
entertained at a tea given bj' the Regina
Branch of the Registered Nurses Association
of Saskatchewan, in the Nurses Residence of
the Regina General Hospital. Receiving
were: Miss Margaret McRae, President of
the Association, Miss Vera Pearson, Mrs.
S. R. D. Hewitt, and Mrs. W. M. Van
Valkenburg. Miss Ruby Simpson and Miss
Jean McKenzie had charge of the tea room.
Mrs. J. T. Waddell was convener of the
Refreshment Committee. Tables were

charmingly arranged with gleaming silver
and china, with centre baskets of roses,
iris and other flowers, interspersed with
maiden hair fern. $110.00 was realised
from the tea.

General Hospital, Regina: In con-
junction with the Regina General Hospital,
a Psychopathic Ward has been opened,
containing twenty-two beds. Miss Margaret
McDonald, graduate of the Winnipeg General
Hospital, has taken charge of this department
during the day, and Miss S. Hastings, also
a graduate of the Winnipeg General, during
the night. Miss Freda Trueman, of Regina,
and Miss Lillian Winn, of Wolseley (both
1929), have been patients at Fort San, Sask.,
for several months, and at Christmas time
were able to return to their homes. Miss
H. J. Smith (Winnipeg General Hospital,
1930), is taking a three-months post graduate
course in operating room technique and
management in the Regina General Hospital.

On January 13th, the Alumnae met at the
Nurses Residence for the purpose of election
of officers for 1931: Miss Dorothy R. Wilson
being chosen as Honorary President; Miss
IMyrtle Lythe, President; Miss Helen Wills,
First Vice-President; Miss Lily Smith,
Second Vice-President; Miss B. Calder,
Secretary; Assistant Secretary, Miss A.
Forrest; Treasurer, Miss A. Clarke; Press,
Miss M. E. Buker; Convener, Programme
Committee, Miss O. Morton; Refreshments,
Miss D. Kerr and Miss H. Wills; Sick
Nurses, Miss Grace Thompson.

Miss Mabel E. Buker, who has for some
time been a patient at Fort San, Sask., has
returned to Regina where she has taken a
position in the Records Department of the
Regina General Hospital.

City Hospital, Saskatoon: The nursing
staff of the hospital held a delightful re-
ception on January 28th in their newly
completed new home, when they were
"At home" to the Alumnae. The new
buUding is a most worthy addition to the
hospital unit, and the guests were escorted
by uniformed student nurses through the
beautiful rooms and offices. Miss G. M.
Watson, Superintendent of Nurses, was
assisted by Mrs. W. H. Clare in welcoming
the guests.

Mrs. H. Elliott (G. Lacheur), President
of the Alumnae Association is convalescing
after a recent iUness.

152

THE CANADIAN NURSE

BIRTHS, MARRIAGES AND DEATHS

BIRTHS

ANDERSON— On December 29th, 1930, at
Simcoe, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. Beverley
Anderson (Marion K. Smith, Hamilton
General Hospital, 1927) a son.

BAKER— In January, 1931, at Toronto, to
Dr. and Mrs. Stanley Baker (Dorothy
Barker, Hospital for Sick Children, Tor-
onto, 1926), a son.

BLAKELEY— On November 30th, 1930, at
Toronto, to Mr. and Mrs. F. Blakeley
(Grace Hards, The Wellesley Hospital,
Toronto, 1929), a daughter.

BUCHANAN— On January 16th, 1931, at
St. Catharines, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. Neil
Buchanan (Caroline Freel, St. Catharines
General Hospital), a son.

CARROLI.— On November 21st, 1930, at
Toronto, to Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Carroll
(Anna Carr, The Wellesley Hospital,
Toronto, 1927), a son.

COULTER— On January 21st, 1931, at
Vancouver, to Mr. and Mrs. John Coulter
(Margaret Turner, Edmonton General
Hospital), a daughter.

FARMER— On January 24th, 1931, to Mr-
and Mrs. E. Farmer (Margaret Campbell-
Ottawa Civic Hospital, 1926), a son.

FOX— On November 27th, 1930, at Toronto,
to Mr. and Mrs. A. M. Fox (Fern Johnston,
The Wellesley Hospital, Toronto, 1923), a
son.

HARVEY— On November 23rd, 1930, at
Sparta, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. W. Harvey
(Mildred L. Gregg, Memorial Hospital, St.
Thomas, Ont., 1928), a son.

HILLMAN— On December 15th, 1930, to
Mr. and Mrs. Fred Hillman (Rachel
Lawrence, Fisher Memorial Hospital,
Woodstock, N.B., 1926), a daughter.

GRANGER— On February 8th, 1931, at
Vancouver, to Mr. and Mrs. John Granger
(Freda Marlin, Vancouver General Hos-
pital), a daughter.

LEACH— On December 29th, 1930, at
Edmonton, Alta., to Mr. and Mrs. E.
Leach (Ruth Mae Hale, Royal Alexandra
Hospital, Edmonton, 1924), a daughter.

McLELLAND— On January 7th, 1931, at
Toronto, to Dr. and Mrs. Harold Mc-
Lelland (Maisie Leitch, Hospital for Sick
Children, Toronto, 1919), a daughter.

MAIN— In December, 1930, at Montclair,
N.J., to Mr. and Mrs. Orrin Main (Con-
stance Proctor, Hospital for Sick Children,
Toronto, 1926), a son.

MILES— Recently, at Windsor, Ont., to Mr.
and Mrs. Alfred Miles (Mary Drinwell,
Oshavva General Hospital, 1927), a son
(still-bom).

MILLS— In December, 1930, at Lachine,
P.Q., to Mr. and Mrs. John Mills (Gladys
Heartley, Jeffery Hales Hospital, Quebec,
1917), a daughter.

MULLINS— On December 16th, 1930, to
Mr. and Mrs. Mullins (Louise Wood.
Hamilton General Hospital, 1927), a
daughter.

PEGRUM— Recently, at Los Angeles, Calif,
to Mr. and Mrs. D. Pegrum (Marion
Phensey, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Ed-
monton, Alta., 1921,\ a son.

ROBERT— On February 4th, 1931, at
Windsor, Ont., to Dr. and Mrs. J. Terrence
Robert (Norah Gleeson, St. Michael's
Hospital, Toronto, 1925), a daughter.

SHREVES— On January 25th, 1931, at
Halifax, N.S., to Mr. and Mrs. Shreves
(Edith Glass, Jefferv Hales Hospital,
Quebec, 1918), a daughter.

SPARKES— On December 20th, 1930, at
Kamsack, Sask., to Mr. and Mrs. Ralph
E. Sparkes (Elsie Reid, Toronto General
Hospital, 1925), a daughter.

THOMAS— On January 16th, 1931, at St.
Stephen, N.B., to Mr. and Mrs. Allison
Thomas (Mary Stairs, Chipman Memorial
Hospital, St. Stephen), a daughter.

WATSON— On January 18th, 1931, at
Toronto, to Mr. and Mrs. Jas. Watson
(Florence Smith, The Wellesley Hospital,
Toronto, 1925), a daughter.

WHITE— On January 1st, 1931, at Edmon-
ton, Alta., to Mr. and Mrs. A. H. White
(Hazel Stuckey, Royal Alexandra Hospital,
Edmonton, 1921), a son.

WHITSIDE— On January 18th, 1931, at
Toronto, to Mr. and Mrs. Whitside (Rita
Hodgson, The Wellesley Hospital, Toronto,
1924), a daughter.

WILLIAMS— On November 30th, 1930, at
St. Thomas, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. Verne
L. Williams (Olga Oke, Memorial Hospital,
St. Thomas, 1925), a son.

YOUNG— In January, 1931, at Quebec, to
Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Young (Irene Fellows,
Jeffery Hales Hospital, Quebec, 1918), a
daughter.

MARRIAGES

BERHNARDT— SLIMMON — On August
20th, 1930, Stella Slimmon (Kitchener and
Waterloo Hospital) to Herman Bernhardt.

BIRD— WILLISTON— On December 24th,

1930, at New York, Edith Williston
(Victoria Public Hospital, Fredericton,
N.B.), to John Bird, of Edmunston.

BLAKE— BAXTER— On Januarv 19th,

1931, at Toronto, Faith Baxter (Hospital
for Sick Children, Toronto, 1927), to
William Edward Blake, of Hamilton, Ont.

BRADLEY— SCARLETT — On November
8th, 1930, at Detroit, Mich., Elizabeth
Scnrlett (Montreal General Hospital, 1916)
to Frank Bradley.

BRYANT— McAULEY— On January 28th,
1931, Ann Isobelle McAuley (Sherbrooke
Hospital, Sherbrooke, Que.) to J. H.
Bryant, of Sherbrooke.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

153

CONNORS— MATHESON — Recently, at
St. George, Mattie Matheson (Victoria
Public Hospital, Fredericton, N.B., 1923)
to Stanlej- Connors, of Toledo, Ohio.

FORREST— SHARPE — Recently, Emma
Sharpe (Chipman Memorial Hospital, St.
Stephen, N.B.\ to Harry George Forrest,
of Concord, N.H.

GERNHELDER— SANDERSON — On
September 3rd, 1930, Verna Sanderson
(Kitchener and Waterloo Hospital) to
George Gemhelder.

GIBSON— BERRIDGE— On January 15th,
1931, at Winnipeg, Ethel K. Berridge, to
James Gibson.

GILLESBY— RUSK— On December 25th,
1930, Grace Rusk (Owen Sound General
and Marine Hospital, 1923) to James
Gillesby, of Owen Sound, Ont.

HODKINSON— SAUNDERS — In Decem-
ber, 1930, at London, Ont., Jean Saunders
(Memorial Hospital, St. Thomas, Ont.,
1930), to WilHam Hodkinson.

LEE— GRAHAM— On January 19th, at
Vancouver, Dorothy F. Graham, 1931 (Van-
couver General Hospital) to William C. Lee.

LINDAMOOD— MILLER — Recently, at
Guelph, Ont., Mae Miller (Victoria Hos-
pital, London, Ont., 1926) to Western
Wilbert Lindamood, of New York.

McLEOD— McKECHNIE — On December
29th, 1930, at Toronto, Flora McKechnie
(Vancouver General Hospital) to Earl
McLeod.

MELLISH— HARTLEY — On September
24th, 1930, at Toronto, Ont., Viola C.
Hartlev (Women's College Hospital, Tor-
onto, 1930) to Rev. Gordon Day Mellish,
of Miners Bay, Ont.
MITCHELL— SADDINGTON— On Decem-
ber 20th, 1930, at Port Credit, Ont.,
Frances Saddington (The Wellesley Hos-
pital, Toronto, 1927) to Jas. Mitchell.

MUSHRALI^-HUNTER — Recently, at
Grand Falls, Christina Hunter (Victoria
PubUc Hospital, Fredericton, N.B., 1928)
to Mr. Mushrall.

NORMAN— HANSEN— On November 1st,

1930, Hilda Hansen (Grant MacDonald
Training School, Toronto, 1926), to Wm.
Norman, of Bayonne, N.J.

RANKIN— MURPHY— On January 29th,

1931, Anne L. Murphy (Jeffery Hales
Hospital, Quebec, 1920), to Robert Rankin,
of Montreal.

RICE— CiENDRON— On December 31st,
1930, P'ileen Gendron, Sherbrooke, Que.,
to Charles M. Rice, of Montreal.

SCOTT— KNOX— Recently, in Vancouver,
Elizabeth Knox (Vancouver General Hos-
pital, 1927), to David Reid Scott.

STALKER — AITCHESON — On Januarv
9th, 1931, at Toronto, Olive Atcheson
(The Welle.sley Hospital, Toronto, 1922),
to Ross Stalker.

TANTON— SCOTT— On December 26th,
1930, at Toronto, Myrtle Rose Scott
(Women's College Hospital, Toronto, 1924),
to Cvril Tanton. of Sundridge, Ont.

WASSON— JONES— On January 17th, 1931,
at West Vancouver, Florence G. Jones
(Vancouver General Hospital), to Everett
L. Wasson.

DEATHS

ANDERSON— On January 10th, at Simcoe,
Ont., Mrs. Beverley Anderson (Marion
K. Smith, Hamilton General Hospital,
1927).

BOLTON— In December, 1930, at St.
Thomas, Ont., Je.ssie Bolton (Arnasa Wood
Ho.spital, 1919), following an operation.

STUBBERFIELD— On February 6th, 1931,
at Petersburg, Fla., Edith Stubberfield
(St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto).

SUTHERLAND— On January 17th, 1931,
Mrs. Sutherland (Dorothy Lewis, Citj'
Hospital, Saskatoon, Sask., 1925). following
an operation.

ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED

NURSES FOR PROVINCE

OF QUEBEC

Examinations for Qualification.s as Regi.stered
Nurse in the Province of Quebec, will be held
in Montreal and elsewhere, on May 4th, 5th,
6th, 1931.

Those wi.shing to write, must apply for forms,
etc., to the Registrar, and all applications must
be in the office of the Association before April
1st. No application can be considered after
that date.

E. FRANCES UPTON, R.N.,

Executive Secretary and Registrar,

Room 221, 1396 St. Catherine Street West,

MONTREAL, P.Q.

EXAMINATIONS FOR REGISTRA-
TION OF NURSES IN
NOVA SCOTIA

are to take place Wednesday and Thurs-
day, 20th and 21st of May, 1931. Candi-
dates are requested to send for their ap-
plication forms at once and to return them,
accompanied by initial registration fee of
•tlO.OO, and, if already graduated, their
diploma, before 21st April, 1931.

Xo undergraduates may write unless
they have passed successfully all their
final Training School examinations and are
within six weeks of completion of their
time.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

154

1' H E CANADIAN NURSE

(fiflSdal Strprtorg

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES
Secretary.. Miss Christiane Reimann, Headquarters: 14 Quai des Eaux-Vivea, Geneva,

Switzerland.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

Officers

Honorary President Miss M. A. Snively, 50 Maitland Street, Toronto, Ont.

President Miss F. H. M. Emory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

First Vice-President Miss K. W. Ellis," Winnipeg General Hospital, Winnipeg.

Second Vice-President Miss G. M. Bennett, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.

Honorary Secretary Miss Nora Moore, City Hall, Room 309, Toronto, Ont.

Honorary Treasurer Miss R. M. Simpson, Parliament Bldp;n., Regina, Sask.

COUNCILLORS

Alberta: 1 Miss Eleanor McPhedran, Central Alberta Ontario: 1 Miss E. Muriel McKee, General Hospital,

Sanatorium, Calgary; 2 Miss Edna Auger, General Brantford; 2 Miss Edith Rayside, General Hot>

Hospital, Medicine Hat; 3 Miss B. A. Emerson, 604 pital, Hamilton; 3 Miss Ethel Cryderman, Jaekaon

Cirio Block, Edmonton. Bldg., Ottawa; 4 Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay

St. S.. Hamilton.
BrltUh Columbia: 1 Miss M. P. Campbell. 118 Prince Edwardlsland: l>Irs Arthur Allen.Summer-
Vancouver Block. Vancouver; 2 Miss M. F. Gray, side; 2 Sister Ste. Faustina Charlottetown Hospital,

Dept. of Nursing, University of British Columbia; Charlottetown; 3 Miss Mona Wilson, Red Cross

3 Miss E. Breeze, 4662 Angus Ave.. Vancouver; PfJ^I'i'i'^f,^"^ ^^uP"""-, T Street Charlottetown;

4 Miss O. V. Cotsworth, 1135 12th Ave. W., Van- 4 Miss Millie Gamble, ol Ambrose Street, Charlotte-
eourer. town.

Quebec: 1 Misa-M. K. Holt, Montreal General Hos-
Manitoba: 1 Mrs. J. F. Morrison, 184 Brock St., pital, Montreal; 2 Miss E. Sharpe, Royal Victoria

Winnipeg; 2 Miss Mildred Reid, General Hospital, Hospital, Montreal; 3 Miss Isabel Manson, School

Winnipeg; 3 Miss Isabell McDiarmid, 363 Langside for Graduate Nurses, McGill University, Montreal;

St. Winnipeg; 4 Mrs. Doyle, 5 Vogel Apartments, 4 Miss Christina Watling. 1480 Chomedy St., Mont-

Winnipeg, real.

„ ., ,,,. .T,.,»c. », . Saskatchewan: 1 Miss Elizabeth Smith. Normal

Now Brunswick: 1 Miss A. J. MacMaster, Moncton School, Moose Jaw; 2 Miss G. M. Watson, City

Hospital, Moncton; 2 Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Hospital, Saskatoon; 3 Miss M. E. Grant, 922 9th

Dieu Hospital, Campbellton; 3 Miss H S. Dyke- Ave.. Saskatoon; 4 Miss C. M. Munroe, Coronation

man. Health Centre. Saint John; 4 Miss Mabel Court Saskatoon

McMullin, St. Stephen. ' — '■

ADDITIONAL MEMBERS TO EXECUTIVE

Nova Scotia: 1. Miss Margaret E. MacKenzie, 315 (Chairmen National Sections)

Barrington St., Halifax; 2. Miss Ina May Jones, Nursing Education: Miss G. M. Fairley, Vancouver

Victoria General Hospital, Halifax; 3. Miss Anne General Hospital, Vancouver, B.C.; Public Health:

Slattery, Dalhousie Public Health Clinic, Morris St., Miss M. Moag, 1246 Bishop St., Montreal, P.Q.;

Halifax; 4 Miss Jean Trivett, 71 Coburg Road, Private Duty: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St.

Halifax. South, Hamilton, Ont.

Executive Secretary. ..Miss Jean S. Wilson

National Office, 511, Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

1 — President Provincial Association of Nurses. 3— Chairman Public Health Section.

2 — Chairman Nursing Education Section. 4 — Chairman Private Duty Section

NURSING EDUCATION SECTION
Chairman: Miss G. M. Fairley, Vancouver General
Hospital, Vancouver; Vice-Chairman: Miss M. F.
Gray, University of British Columbia, Vancouver;
Secretary: Miss E. F Upton, Suite 221, 1396 St.
Catherine St. West, Montreal; Treasurer: Miss M.
Murdoch, General Public Hospital, St. John, N.B.
Councillors. — Alberta: Miss Edna Auger, General
Hospital, Medicine Hat. British Columbia: Miss
M. F. Gray, University of British Columbia, Van-
couver. Manitoba: Miss Mildred Reid , Winnipeg
General Hospital, Winnipeg. New Brunswick : Miss
Margaret Murdoch, General Public Hospital, St.
John. Nova Scotia: Miss Ina May Jones, Victoria
General Hospital, Halifax. Ontario: Miss Edith
Rayside, General Hospital, Hamilton. Prince Ed-
ward Island: Sister Ste. Faustina, Charlottetown
Hospital, Charlottetown. Quebec: Miss Ethel
Sharpe, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal. Sas-
katchewan: Miss G. M. Watson, City Hospital,
Saskatoon.
Convener of Publications : Miss Annie Laurie, Royal
Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.

Winnipeg. New Brunswick: Miss Myrtle E. Kay
21 Austin St., Moncton, N.B. Nova Scotia:
Miss Jean Trivett, 71 Coburg Road, Halifax,
N.S. Ontario: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay
Street, S. Hamilton, Ont. Prince Edward
Island: Miss M. R. Gamble, 51 Ambrose St.,
Charlottetown, P.E.I. Quebec: Miss C. M. Wat-
hng, 1230 Bishop St., Montreal, Que. Saskat-
chewan: Miss C. M. Munro, Coronation Court.
Saskatoon, Sask .
Convener of Publications: Miss Clara Brown, 153
Bedford Road, Toronto, Ont.

PRIVATE DUTY SECTION
Chairman: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St. S.

Hamilton, Ont.; Vice-Chairman: Miss Moya

MacDonald, 111 South Park St., Halifax, N.S.;

Secretary-Treasurer: Miss Mabel St. John, 379

Huron Street, Toronto, Ont.
Councillors. — Alberta :

British Columbia: Miss O. V.
Cotsworth, 1135 12th Avenue W., Vancouver, B.C.
Manitoba: Mrs. Doyle, 5 Vogel Apartments,

PUBLIC HEALTH SECTION
Chairman: Miss M. Moag, 1246 Bishop St., Montreal,
Que.; Vice-Chairman: Miss M. Wilkinson, 410
Sherbourne St., Toronto, Ont.; Secretary-Treas-
urer: Miss I. S. Manson, School for Graduate
Nurses, McGill University, Montreal, Que.
Councillors. — Alberta: Miss B. A Emerson, 604
Civic Blk., Edmonton. British Columbia: Miss
Elibabeth Breeze, 4662 Angus Ave., Vancouver.
Manitoba: Miss Isabell McDiarmid, 363 Langside
Street, Winnipeg, Man. Nova Scotia: Miss
Anne Slattery, Dalhousie Public Health Clinic.
Halifax, N.S. New Brunswick: Miss H. S.
Dykeman. Health Centre. 134 Sidney St.. St. John.
Ontario: Miss E. Cryderman, Jackson Bldg.,
Ottawa. Prince Edward Island: Miss Mona
Wilson, Red Cross Headquarters, 59 Grafton Street,
Charlottetown. Quebec: Miss I. S. Manson,
McGill University, Montreal Saskatchewan : Mis
M. E. Grant, 922 9th Ave., Saskatoon.
Convener of Publications:

THE CANADIAN NURSE

155

ALBEETA ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED
NURSES

President: Miss Eleinor McPhedran, . Contral
Alberta Sanatorium, near Calgary; First Vice-President,
Miss Edna Augei, Medicine Hat General Hospital,
Medicine Hat; Second Vice-President, Sister M. A.
Chauvin, General Hospital, Edmonton; Registrar
and Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Kate S. Brighty,
Parliament Buildings, Edmonton; Nursing Education
Committee, Miss Edna Auger, General Hospital,
Medicine Hat; Public Health Committee. Miss B. A.
Emerson, 604 Civic Block, Edmonton; Private Duty
Section, Miss Mildred Harvey, 319 7th Ave. A. So.,
Lethbridge, Alta.

GRADUATE NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
BRITISH COLUMBIA

President, Miss M. P. Campbell, R.N., 118 Van-
couTer Block, Vancouver; Second Vice-President,
Miss M. Mirfield, R.N., IISO 15th Ave.. W., Van-
couver; Registrar, Miss H. Randal, R.N., 118 Van-
couver Block, Vancouver; Secretary, Miss M. Button,
R.N., 118 Vancouver Block, Vancouver; Conveners of
Committees: Nursing Education, Miss M. F. Gray,
R.N., Dept. of Nursing and Health, University of B.C.,
Vancouver; Public Health, Miss E. Breeze, R.N., 4662
Angus Ave., Vancouver; Private Duty, Miss O. Cots-
worth, R.N., 1135 12th Ave., W., Vancouver; Coun-
cillors, Misses L. Boggs, R.N., M. Ewart, R.N., M.
Franks, R.N.. L. McAllister. R.N.. G. Fairley, R.N.

MANITOBA ASS'N OF REGISTERED NURSES

President. Mrs. J. F. Morrison, 181 Brock St.,
Winnipeg; First Vice-President, Miss J. Houston,
Ninette Sanatorium; Second Vice-President, Miss C.
Macleod, General Hospital, Brandon; Third Vice-
President. Miss E. Robertson, Municipal Hospital,
Winnipeg; Recording Secretary, Miss Norah O'-
Shaughnessy, Provincial Health Department, Parlia-
ment Bldgs., Winnipeg; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Annie Beggs, 39-.4. Warton Lodge, Winnipeg; Treasurer,
Miss LaPorte, Miserecordia Hospital, Winnipeg;
Convener of Sections: Nursing Education, Miss Mildred
Reid, Winnipeg General Hospital; Public Health,
Miss Isabel McDiarmid, 363 Langside St.. Winnipeg;
Private Duty, Mrs. Doyle, 5 Vogel Apts., Winnipeg ;
Registrar, Aliss A. E. Wells, Provincial Health
Department, Parliament Bldgs., Winnipeg.

NEW BRUNSWICK ASSOCIATION OF
REGISTERED NURSES

President, Miss A. J. MacMaster, Moncton Hospital,
Moncton; First Vice-President, Miss Florence Coleman,
County Hospital, East Saint John; Second Vice-
President, Miss Margaret Murdoch, General Public
Hospital, Saint John; Hon. Secretary, Mrs. W. S.
Jones, Albert, N.B.; Councillors: Saint John, Misses
Sarah E. Brophy, H. S. Dykeman, E. J. Mitchell;
Saint Stephen, Mi.sses Mabel McMullin. Myrtle
Dunbar; Moncton, Mis.ses Marion MacLaren, Myrtle
Kay; Fredericton, Mrs. A. C. Fleming, Miss Kate
Johnson; Bathurst, Miss Edith Stewart; Chatham,
Sister Caroline Kenny; Campbellton, Sister Corinne
Kerr; Conveners of Sections: Nursing Education,
Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Dieu Hospital, Campbellton,
N.B.; Public Health, Miss H. S. Dykeman, Health
Centre, Saint John, N.B.; Private Duty, Miss Mabel
McMullin, St. Steplien, N.B.; By-Laws and Constitu-
tion, Mi.ss Sarah Brophy, Fairville, N.B.; "The Can-
adian Nurse," Miss A. A. Burns, Health Centre, Saint
John, N.B.; Secretary-Treasurer, Registrar, Miss
Maude E. RetalUck, 262 Charlotte St., West Saint
John.

REGISTERED NURSES ASSOCIATION OF
NOVA SCOTIA

President, Miss M. E. MacKenzie, 315 Barrington
St., Halifax; First Vice-President, Miss M. F. Camp-
bell. V.O.N. Home, Gottingen St., Halifax; Second
Vice- Pre -ident, Mi.ss I. B. Andrews, City of Sydney
Hospital. Sydney; Third Vice-President, Miss M. M.
Martin, Payzant Memorial Hospital, Windsor; Re-
cording Secretary, Mrs. D. J. Gillis, 23 Vernon St..
Halifax; Treasurer and Asst. Secretary, Miss L. F.
Fraser, Eastern Trust BIdg., Halifax.

REGISTERED NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
ONTARIO (Incorporated 1926)

President. Miss E Muriel McKee, Brantford General
Hospital, Brantford; First Vice-President, Miss Mary
Millman, 163 Glenrose Ave,, Toronto; Second Vice-
President. Miss Marjorie Buck. Norfolk General
Hospital. Simcoe; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Matilda
Fitzgerald. Apt. 29, 917 St. Clair Ave. W., Toronto.

District No. 1: Chairman, Miss Nellie Gerard. 911
Victoria Ave., Windsor; Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs. I.
J. Walker, 169 Richard Street, Sarnia. Dis-
trict No. 2: Chairman, Miss Marjorie Buck. Norfolk
General Hospital. Simcoe; Secretary-Treasurer, Misa
Hilda Booth, Norfolk General Hospital, Simcoe. Dis-
trict No. 4: Chairman, Miss Edith Rayside. General
Hospital, Hamilton; Secretary-Treasurer. Mrs. Norman
Barlow, 134 Catherine Si., S., HamiLon. District No.
5: Chairman, Miss Ethel Greenwood, 36 Homewood
Ave., Toronto; Secretary- Treasurer, Mrs. F. E. Atkin-
son, 326 Beech Ave.. Toronto. District No. 6: Chair-
man, Miss Harriet O. Stacey, Box 628, Trenton;
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss J'lorence Mclndoo, Gen-
eral Hospital, Belleville. District No. 7: Chair-
man, Miss Louise D. Acton, General Hospital, Kings-
ton; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Marjorie Evans, 103
Gore St., Kingston. District No. 8: Chairman, Miss
Alice Ahern, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., Ottawa;
Secretary-Treasurer. Miss A. C. Tanner, Civic Hospital,
Ottawa. District No. 9: Chairman, Miss Katherina
Mckenzie, 67 Sherbrooke St., North Bay; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss C. McLaren, Box 102, North Bay.
District No. 10; Chairman, Miss Anne Boucher, 280
Park St., Port Arthur; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss
>Iartha R. Racey, McKellar General Hospital, Fort
William.

ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED NURSES OF
THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC (Incorporated 1920)
Advisory Board: Misses Mary Samuel, L. C. Phillips.
M. F. Hersey, Mere M. V. Allaire, Rev. Soeur Augus-
tine; President, Miss Mabel K. Holt, Montreal General
Hospital; Vice-President (English), Miss C. V. Barrett,
Royal Victoria Montreal Maternity Hospital; Vice-
President (French), Melle. Rita Guimont, Hopital
Saint Luc, Montreal; Hon. Secretary, Miss Margaret
L. Moag, V.O.N., ^Iontreal; Hon. Treasurer, Miss
Olga V. Lilly, Royal Victoria Montreal Maternity
Hospital; Other members. Melles. Edna Lynch,
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, Montreal;
^Ielle. Maric-Anysie Deland, Institut Bruchesi.
Montreal; Mde. Caroline Vachon, Hotel-Dieu, Mont-
real; Rev. Soeur Marie-Rose Lacroix, Hopital St. Jean.
St. Jean, Que.; Rev. Soeur Bellemare, Hopital Notre
Dame, ^Iontreal; Conveners, Private Duty Section
(English), Mi.ss Sara Matheson, Hadden Hall Apts..
2151 Comte St., Montreal; (French), Melle Jeanne
L'Heureux, 774 Davaar Road, Outremont; Nursing
Education Section (English), Miss Flora Aileen George,
Woman's General Hospital, Montreal; (French),
Rev. Soeur Augustine, Hopital St. Jean-de-Dieu.
Gamelin, P.Q.; Public Health Section, Miss Marion
Nash, V.O.N. , 1246 Bishop Street; Board of Examiners.
Convener, Miss. C. V. Barrett, Mde. R. Bourque,
Melles. Lynch, Senecal, Misses Marion Nash, Rita
Sutcliffe; Executive Secretary, Regi.strar and Official
School Visitor, Miss E. Francis Upton, Suite 221,
1396 St. Catherine Street, West, Montreal.

SASKATCHEWAN REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION. (Incorporated March, 1927.)

President, Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normal School.
Moose Jaw; First Vice-President, Miss McGill,
Normal School, Saskatoon; Second Vice-President.
Miss R. M. Simpson, Department of Public Health,
Parliament Buildings, Regina; Councillors, Sister
O'Grady, Grey Nuns' Hospital, Regina; Miss Mont-
gomery, Sanatorium, Prince Albert, Sa.sk.; Conveners
of Standing Committees: Public Health, Miss M. E.
Grant, 922 9th Ave.. Saskatoon; Private Duty. Miss
C. M. Munro, Coronation Court, Saskatoon; Nursing
Education, Miss G. M. Watson, City Hospital, Saska-
toon; Secretary-Treasurer and Registrar, Miss E. E.
Graham. Regina College, Regina.

CALGART ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

Hon. President, Mrs. Stuart Brown; President, Miss
J. B. von Gruenigan; First Vice-President, Miss Lynn;
Second Vice-President. Miss Barber; Treasurer, Miss
M. Watt; Recording Secretary. Mrs. B. J. Charles;
Corresponding Secretary. Miss Jackson; Registrar,
Miss D. Mott. 616 1.5th Ave. W.; Convener Private
Duty Section, Miss H. Richards.

156

THE CANADIAN NURSE

EDMONTON ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

President, Mrs. K. Manson; First Vice-President,
Miss B. Emerson; Second Vice-President. Miss F.
Welsh; Secretary, Mi.ss C. Davidson; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss .1. G. Clow, lli:j8S2nd Ave.; Treasurer,
Miss L. Ward, 11328 102nd Ave.; Programme Com-
mittee, Miss A. L. Young, Miss I. .Johnson; Sick
Visiting Committee, Miss P. Chapman, Miss Gavin.
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Mi.ss M.
Griffith, 10S06 98th St.

MEDICINE HAT GRADUATE NURSES'
ASSOCIATION

Regular Meeting— Fir.st Tuesday in month.

A.A., ROYAL ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL,
EDMONTON, ALTA.

Hon. President, Miss F. Munroe; President, Miss
[. Johnson; First Vice-President, Mrs. Godfrey;
Second Vice-President, Mias G. McDiarmid; Recording
Secretary, Miss V. Chapman; Corresponding Secretary ,
Miss M. Graham, Royal Alexandra Hospital; Treasurer,
Miss E. English, 306 Condell Blk., Edmonton

A.A., KOOTENAY LAKE GENERAL HOSPITAL,
NELSON, B.C.

VANCOUVER GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

President, ]\Iiss M. Duffield, 226 Lee Bldg., \an-
couver; First Vice-President, Mi.ss G. Fairley, Van-
couver General Hospital; Second S'ice-President, Miss
J. Matheson; Secretary, Miss Perrin, 3629 2nd Ave. W.,
Vancouver; Treasurer, Miss L. Archibald, 536 12th
Ave. W., Vancouver; Conveners of Committees:
Council, Miss M. Button; Directory Committee, Miss
D. Bullock; Ways and Means, Miss R. McVicar;
Programme, Miss M. Kerr; Social, Miss Munslow;
Sick Visiting, Miss A. L. Maxwell; Local Council,
Miss M. Gray; Creche, Miss M. A. McLellan; Re-
presentatives: "The Canadian Nurse," Miss M. G.
Laird; Local Press, Rotating members of Board.

A. A., ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, VANCOUVER

A. A., VANCOUVER GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Grace Fairley; President, Miss
Joan Hardy; First Vice-President, Miss Dorothy
Coughlin; Second Vice-President, Miss Mary McLean;
Secretary, Mrs. Percy Jones, 36S1 2nd Ave. W.;
Assistant Secretary, Mrs. Hugh McMillan; Treasurer,
Miss Eva Webster, The Vancouver Genera!
Hospital; Committee Conveners: Refre.shment, Mrs.
Ferguson; Programme, Miss Hannon; Sewing, Miss
McLennan; Sick Visiting, Mi.ss Hilda Smith; Re-
presentatives: Local Press, Mrs. McCallum; "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Stevenson; Women's Building,
Miss Whittaker; Membership, Miss L. Maxwell; Sick
Benefit Fund and Bond Committee, Miss Isobel
McVicar and Miss Bullock.

A.A., JUBILEE HOSPITAL, VICTORIA, B.C.

Hon. President, Miss L. Mitchell; President, Miss
E. Oliver; First Vice-President, Mrs. Chambers;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. Carruthers; Secretary,
Miss S. Fatt, 601 Trutch St.; Assistant Secretary,
Miss B. Montague; Treasurer, Miss J. Paterson;
Convener, Entertainment Committee, Mrs. Lancaster;
Sick Nurses, Miss C. McKenzie.

BRANDON GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

Hon. President, Miss E. M. Birtles; Hon. Vice-
President, Mrs. W. H. Shillinglaw; President, Miss
M. Finbyson; First Vice-President, Miss H. Meadows;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. L. C. Ferrier; Secretary,
Mrs. S. Pierce; Treasurer, Miss L Fargey, .302 Russell
St., Brandon; Conveners of Committees: Social, Miss
T. Hill; Sick Visiting, Miss M. Trotter; Welfare Re-
presentative, Miss M. Houston; Private Duty, Miss D.
Longley; Blind, Mrs. Darrach; Cook Books, Miss
Gemmell; Press Representative, Miss A. Hickft;
Registiar, Miss C. Macleod.

A. A., ST. BONIFACE HOSPITAL, ST. BONIFACE,
MAN.

Hon. President, Rev, Sr. Mead, St. Boniface Hos-
pital; Second Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Krause, St.
Boniface Ho.spital; President, Miss E. Shirley, 28
King George Crt.; First Vice-Piesident, Miss E. Perry,
1628 Roy Ave., Weston; Second Vice-President, Miss
H. Stephens, 15 Ruth Apta.; Secretary, Mrs. Stella
Gordon Kerr, 7.53 Wolseley Ave.; Treasurer, Miss A.
Price, Ste. 18 Diana Crt.; Conveners of Committees,
Social, Miss T. O'Rourke, Ste. 48 Marlhurst Apts;
Refreshment, Miss C. Miller, Ste 2 St. James Park
Blk.; Sick Visiting. Miss T. Guville, 211 Hill St.,
Norwood; Representative to Local Council of Women,
Miss C. Code, 1238 Downing St., Miss C. Wright, 340
St. Johns Ave.; Representative to ]\Ianitoba Nurses
Central Directory Committee, Mrs. E. MacDonald,
369 Langside St.; Press and Publication, Miss M.
Meehan, 753 Wolseley Ave. |

Meetings— Second Wednesday of each month, 8 p.m.,
St. Boniface Nurses Residence.

A. A., WINNIPEG GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Mrs. W. A. Moody, 97 Ash St.;
President, Mrs. J. A. Davidson, 39 Westgate; First
Vice-President, Mrs. S. Harry, Winnipeg General
Hospital; Second Vice-President, Miss L McDiarmid,
363 Langside St.; Third Vice-President, Miss E.
Gordon, Research Lab., Medical College; Recording
Secretary, Miss C. Briggs, 70 Kingsway; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss M. Duncan, Winnipeg General Hos-
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. L Graham, 99 Euclid St.;
Sick Visiting, Miss W. Stevenson, 535 Camden Place;
Programme, Miss C. Lethbridge, 877 Grosvenor Ave.,
Membership, Miss A. Pearson, Winnipeg General
Hospital.

A. A., GALT HOSPITAL, GALT, ONT.

A. A., KITCHENER AND WATERLOO GENERAL
HOSPITAL

THE EDITH CAVELL ASSOCIATION OF
LONDON, ONT.

President, Miss Nora E. MacPherson, Victoria
Hospital; First Vice-President, Miss Anne M. Forrest;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. C. West; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss Annie P. Evans, 860 Richmond St.;
Social Secretary, Miss M. Bawden; Registry Board
Representatives, Miss M. Anderson, Mrs. Olive
Smiley; Programme Committee, Miss H. Bapty,
Miss E. Morris, Mrs. G. Gillies; Representative, "The
Canadian Nurse," Mrs. John Gunn.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

157

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE ASSOCIATION,
TORONTO

President, Miss B. Hutchison; Vice-President, Miss
Helen Campbell; Secretary, Miss M. G. Colborne, 169
College St.; Treasurer, M"iss Clara Dixon, 2111 Bloor
St. W.; Councillors, Misses Edith Campbell, H.
Meiklejohn, I. Wallace; Mary Walker, Irene Hodges
and Miss R. Sketch.

DISTRICT No. 3, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Chairman, Miss Alice Ahern; \'ice-Chairman,
Miss D. M. Percy; Secretary- Treasurer, Miss A. G.
Tanner, Ottawa Civic Hospital; Councillors, Misses
M. Stewait, M. Slinn, G. Woods, M. B. Anderson,
Amy Brady, Ella Rochon; Conveneis of Committees,
Membership, Mi.--s E. Rochon; Publications, Miss M.
Stewart; Nursing Education, Miss M. E. Andeison;
Private Duty, Miss Mary Slinn; Public Health, Miss
^larjorie Robertson; Representative to Board of
Directors, Miss A. Ahern.

A.A., ROYAL ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL, FERGUS

Hon. President, Miss Helen Campbell; President,
Mrs. Bean, 54 Rosemount Ave., Toronto; First \'ice-
President, Miss Marian Petty; Second Vice-President.
Mrs. Ida Ewing; Treasurer, Miss Bertha Brillinger,
Toronto; Secretary, Miss Evelyn Osborne, 8 Oriole
Gardens, Toronto; Asst. Secretary. Mrs. N. Davidson,
Fergus Hospital; Press Secretary, Miss Jean Campbell,
72 Hendrick Ave., Toronto.

A. A., GUELPH GENERAL HOSPITAL

DISTRICT No. 10, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Chairman, Miss A. Boucher; First Vice-President,
Mrs. F. Edwards; Second Vice-President, Miss M.
Flannigan; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss R. Wade;
Conveners of Committees: Nursing Education, Miss
B. Bell; Public Health, Miss V. Lovelace; Private
Duty, Miss I. 5heehan; Publication, Miss J. Hogarth;
Membership, Miss C. McNamara, Miss M. Hethering-
ton; Social, Miss M. Racey, Miss V. Lovelace; Re-
presentative to Board of Directors Meeting R.N.A.O.,
Miss A. Boucher.

M««tings held first Thursday every month.

A.A., BELLEVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Regular meeting held first Tuesday in each month at
3.30 p.m. in the Nurses' Residence.

A. A., BRANTFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. Muriel McKee, Superin-
tendent; President, Miss Marion CufT; Vice-President,
Miss Madeline Waghorn; Secretary, Miss Hilda Muir;
Asst. Secretary, Miss N.italie Lockman; Treasurer,
Miss Jean Davidson; "The Canadian Nurse" Repre-
sentative, Mi.ss Nellie Yardley; Press Representative,
Miss Anne Hardisty; Flower Committee, Miss Ida
Martin, Miss Florence Stuart; Gift Committee, Mrs.
D. A. Morrison, Mrs. A. A. Matthews; Social Con-
vener, Mrs. W. H. Langton.

A.A., BROCKVILLEjGENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss A. L. Shannette; President,
Mrs. H. B. White; First Vice-President, Miss M.
Arnold; Second Vice-President, Miss J. Nicholson;
Third Vice-President, Mrs. W. B. Reynolds; Secretary,
Miss B. Beatrice Hamilton, Brockville General Hos-
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. F. Vandusen. 65 Church St.;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss V.
Kendrick.

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL,
CHATHAM, ONT.
Hon. President. Mother St. Roch; Hon. Vice-
President, Sister M. Loretta; President, Mrs. Pearl
Johnston; Vice-President, Miss Jean Lundy; Secretary,
Miss Irene Gillard, 52 Raleigh St., Chatham; Treastirer,
Miss Jean Bagnell; Executive, Misses Jessie Ross,
Katherine Dillon and Agnes Harrison; Flower Com-
mittee, Miss Felice Richardson and Mona Middleton;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse." Miss
Jessie Ross; Representative, District No. 1, R.N.A.O.,
Miss Hazel Gray.

A.A., CORNWALL GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Lydia Whiting; President,
Miss Mary Fleming; First Vice-President, Mrs.
Boldick; Second Vice-President, Miss Mabel Hill;
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Helen C. Wilson, Cornwall
General Hospital; Representative to "The Canadian
Nurse." Miss Cora Droppo.

A. A., HAMILTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. C. Rayside, Hamilton
General Hospital; President, Miss Annie B. Boyd,
607 Main St. E.; Vice-President, Miss M. Buchannan,
Hamilton General Hospital; Treasurer, Miss E. Bell,
1 Cumberland Ave.; Recording Secretary, Miss B.
Aitken, 41 Victoria Ave. S.; Secretary-Treasurer Mutual
Benefit Association, Miss L. Hannah, 25 West Ave. S.;
Executive Committee, Mrs. N. Barlow (Convenei),
211 Stenson St., Misses E. Baird, C. Chappel, M.
Pegg, Mrs. E. Johnson; Programme Committee. Miss
Mary Ross (Convener), Misses M. Watt, H. Baker,
E. Davidson, J. Lenz, M Harvey, C. Currah, Blanche
Pond; Flower and Visiting Committee, Miss Sturrock
(Convener), Misses Squires, Blanchard, Burnett.
Representatives to Local Council of Women, Mrs.
Hess, Misses Harley, Buckbee, Burnett; Representative
to R.N.A.O., Miss G. Hall; Representatives to "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Buscombe (Convener), Misses
Strachan and Carruthers; Representative to Women's
Auxiliary. Mrs. J. Stephen; Registry Committee,
Mrs. Hess (Convener), Misses Nugent, Hack, Gringer.

A A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, HAMILTON,

Hon. President, Mother Martina; President, Mist
E. Quinn; Vice-President, Miss H. Fagan; Treasurer,
Miss I. Loyst, 71 Bay Street S. ; Secretary, Miss M.
Maloney, 31 Erie Avenue; Convener, Executive Com-
mittee, Miss M. Kelley; The Canadian Nurse, Miss
Moran.

A.A., HOTEL DIEU, KINGSTON, ONT.

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Donovan; President,
Mrs. William Elder, Avonmore Apts.; Vice-President,
Mrs. V. L. Fallon; Treasurer, Miss Millie MacKinnon;
Secretary, Miss Genevieve Pelow; Executive, Mrs. L.
Welch, ^Irs. Cochrane, Mrs. L. E. Crowley, Misses
Millie Mackinnon, Evelyn Finn; Visiting Committee,
Misses Olive McDermott, C. McGarry; Entertainment
Committee, Misses MacKinnon, Murphy, Bain,
Hamell, McCadden, Mrs. Ryan, Mrs. Fallon!

A. A., KINGSTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

First Hon. President, Miss E. Baker; Second Hon.
President, Miss Louise D. Acton; President, Miss
Oleira >L Wilson; First Vice-President, Mrs. G. H.
Leggett; Second Vice-President, Mrs. S. F. Campbell;
Third \'ice-President, Miss .\nn Baillic; Trea.surer,
Mrs. C. W. Mallory. 203 .\lbert St.; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss C. >Iilton, 404 Brock Sf.; Recording
Secretary, Miss Ann Davis, 96 Lower William St.;
Convener Flower Committee, Mrs. George Nicol, 355
Frontenac St.; Press Representative, Miss Helen
Babcook, Kingston General Hospital; Private Duty
Section, Miss Emma McLean. 478 Frontenac St.

KITCHENER AND WATERLOO REQISTERED
NURSES' ASSOCIATION

158

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

A.A., VICTORIA HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Nora MacPherson, Superin-
tendent, Victoria Hospital School of Nursing; President,
Miss Delia Foster, 420 Oxford St.; First Vice-President,
Miss Mary Yulf, 1.51 Bathurst St.; Second Vice-
President, Miss Christine Gillies, Victoria Hospital;
Treasurer, Miss Edith Smallman, 814 Dundas St.;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss Mabel Hardie, 182
Bruce St.; Secretary, Miss Isobel Hunt, 898 Princess
Ave.; Representative to The Canadian Nurse, Mrs.
S. G. Henry, 720 Dundas St.; Board of Directors,
Mrs. C. J. Rose, Mrs. W. Cummins, Misses H. Hueston,
H. Cryderman, E. Gibberd, A. MacKenzie; Repre-
sentatives to Registry Board, Misses M. McVicar,
S. Giffen, A. Johnston and W. Wilton.

A. A., NIAGARA FALLS GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. S. Park; President, Mrs.

F. Pow; First Vice-President, Mrs. H. R. Potter;
Second Vice-President, Miss L. McConnell; Treasurer,
Miss J. Smith; Secretary, Miss V. M. Elliott; Convener
Sick Committee, Mrs. V. Wesley; Asst. Convener Sick
Committee, Mrs. J. Taylor; Convener Private Duty
Committee, Miss K. Prest.

A. A., ORILLIA SOLDIERS' MEMORIAL
HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. Johnston; President, Miss

G. Went; First Vice-Presidenti Miss M. Payne;
Second Vice-President, Miss S. Dudenhoffer; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss M. B. MacLelland; Programme
Committee, Misses C. Newton, A. Reekie, E. Mitchell
»nd B. McFadden.

Regular Meeting^First Thursday of each month

A. A., OSHAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Mac Williams; P*resident, Miss
Ann Scott, 26 King Street E., Oshawa; Vice-President,
Miss Emily Duckwith; Second Vice-President, Mrs.
H. Harland; Secretary, Mrs. Mabel Yelland, 14
Victoria Apts., Simcoe St. S., Oshawa; Asst. Secretary,
Miss Jessie Mcintosh; Corresopnding Secretary, Miss
Helen Hutchison, 14 Victoria Apts., Simcoe St. S.,
Oshawa; Treasurer, Miss Jane Cole; Social Convener,
Miss Amber Sonley, Visiting and Flower Convener,
Mrs. M. Canning; Convener Private Duty Nurses,
Miss Margaret Dickie; Representatiye, Hospital
Auxiliary, Mrs. M. Canning, Mrs. E. Hare, Mrs. B.
A. Brown.

A.A., ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, OTTAWA

Hon. President, Miss Maxwell; President, Miss
Doris Thompson; Vice-President, Miss Diana Brown;
Secretary, Miss Isobel Allan, 408 Slater Street, Oitawa;
Treasurer, Mrs. Florence Ellis; Nominating Committee.
Misses Mina MacLaren, Hazel Lyttle, Katherine
T.-ibble.

A.A., LADY STANLEY INSTITUTE, OTTAWA
(Incorporated 1918)
Hon. President, Miss M. A. Catton, 2 Regent St.;
Hon. Vice-President, Miss Florence Potts; President,
Miss Mabel M. Stewart, Royal Ottawa Sanatorium;
Vice-President, Miss M. McNiece, Perley Home,
Aylmer Ave.; Secretary, Mrs. G. O. Skuce, Britannia
Bay, Ont.; Treasurer, Miss C. Slinn, 204 Stanley Ave.;
Board of Directors, Miss E. MacGibbon, 114 Carling
Ave.; Miss C. Flack, 152 First Ave.; Miss E. McColl,
Vimy Apts., Charlotte St.; Miss L. Belford, Perley
Home, Aylmer Ave.; "Canadian Nurse" Representative
Miss A. Ebbs, 80 Hamilton Ave.; Representatives to
Central Registry Nurses, Miss A. Ebbs, 80 Hamilton
Ave.; Miss Mary C. Slinn, 204 Stanley Ave.; Presi
Representative, Mrs. J. Waddell, 220 Waverley St.

A. A., OTTAWA CIVIC HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Gertrude Bennett; President,
Miss Evelyn Pepper; First Vice-President, Miss
Elizabeth Graydon; Second Vice-President, Miss
Dorothy Moxley; Treasurer, Miss Winnifred Gemmell,
221 Gilmour .St.; Recording Secretary, Miss Greta
Wilson, 489 Metcalfe St.; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss Eileen Graham, 41 Willara St.; Councillors,
Mrs. G. W. Dunning, Misses Elizabeth Curry, Gertrude

Moloney, Mary Lamb, Gladys Moorehead; Convener
of Flower and Sick Visiting Committee, Miss Margaret
McCallum; Pre.sg Correspondent, Miss E. Osborne.

A. A., OTTAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

A. A., OWEN SOUND GENERAL AND
MARINE HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss B. Hall; President, Mrs. D. J.
McMillan, 1151 3rd Ave. W.; Vice-President, Miss C.
Thompson; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss A. Mitchell,
466 17th St. W.; A.'»sistant Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs.
Tomlinson; Flower Committee, Miss M. Story, Miss
C. Stewart, Mrs. Frost; Programme Committee,
Misses Sim, C. Stewart; Press Representative, Miss M.
Morrison.

A.A., NICHOLLS HOSPITAL, PETERBORO, ONT.

Hon. President, Mrs. E. M. Leeson; President, Miss
II. M. Anderson; First Vice-President, Miss L. Simpson;
Second Vice-President, Miss M. Watson; Treasurer,
Miss L. Ball; Secretary, Miss I. Armstrong; Correspond-
ing Secretary, Miss H. Hooper, Peterboro Hospital;
Convener Social Committee, Miss A. Dobbin; Con-
vener of Flower Committee, Miss S. Armstrong.

A.A., SARNIA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss K. Scott; President, Miss C.
Lougher; Vice-President, Miss L. Seigrist; Treasurer,
Miss J. Hodgins; Secretary, Miss B. MacFarlane.

A. A., STRATFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss A. M. Munn; President, Miss
Iia«el Crerar; Vice-President, Miss Myrtle Hodgins:
Secretary- Treasurer, Miss Ivy Rennie : Convenor of
Social Committee, Miss Isabel Wilson: Correspondent
The Canadian Nurse, Miss Florence Kudoba.

A. A., MACE TRAINING SCHOOL
ST. CATHERINES

Hon. President, Miss Anne Wright, Superintendent,
General Hospital; President, Miss Helen Brown,
General Hospital; First Vice-President, Miss Marriott,
94^ Queenston St.; Second Vice-President, Mrs. E.
Dewar, 39 Marquis St.; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss
Florence McArter, General Hospital; Asst. Secretary-
Treasurer, Mrs. Charles Hesburn, 54 George St.;
"The Canadian Nurse" Representative, Miss Aleda
Brubaker, 29 Page St.; "The Canadian Nurse" Sub-
scriptions and Press Correspondent, Mrs. S. Ockenden,
4 Beech St.; Social Committee, Mrs. R. E. Elderkin
(Convener), Mrs. G. I. Zumstein, Mrs. F. Newman,
Mrs. N. Buchanan; Programme Committee, Miss
Tuch (Convener), Miss Moyer, Mrs. W. Durham.

A.A., MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, ST. THOMAS

Hon. President, Miss Lucille .Vrmstrong, Memorial
Hospital; Hon. Vice-President, Miss Mary Buchanan,
Memorial Hospital; President, Mi.ss Margaret Benja-
field, 39 Wellington Street; First Vice-President, Mrs.
Frank Penhale; Second Vice-President, Miss Bessie
Pollock; Recording Secretary, Mrs. John Smale, 34
Erie Street; Corresonding Secretary, Miss Alice
Patrick, 33 Gladstone .\ve.; Treasurer, Miss Bella
Mitchener, 50 Chestnut Street; "The Canadian Nurse,"
Miss Isabella M. Leadbetter, Talbot Street; Executive,
Misses Hazel Hastings, Lissa Crane, Mary Oke,
Mildred Jennings, Florence Treherne.

A. A., TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Snively; Hon. Vice-President,
Miss Jean Gunn; President, Miss Jeane Browne;
First Vice-President, Miss Anna Dove; Second Vice-
President, Miss Kathleen Russell; Secretary, Miss
McGregor, Ward 1, Toronto General Hospital; Treas-
urer, Miss McGeachie, Medical Arts Building, Bloor
St.; Asijt. Treasurer, Miss Laura Lindsay; Councillors,
Mrs. Margaret Dewey, Misses Gordon and Dulmage;
Archivist, Miss Kniseley.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

159

A.A., GRACE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. C. J. Curry; President, Mrs.
L. B. Hutchison; First Vice-President. Mrs. John
Gray; Recording Secretary, Miss M. Teasdale; Cor-
responding Secretary, Miss LilHan E. Wood, 3248
Yonge St., Toronto 12; Treasurer, Miss V. M. Elhott,
194 Cottingham St.; Representative to Central Regis-
try, Miss Devellin.

A. A., GRANT MACDONALD TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR NURSES, TORONTO, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Esther M. Cook, 130 Dunn
Ave.; President, Miss Jean Macpherson, 130 Dunn
Ave.; Vice-President, Miss Ida Weeks; Recording
Secretary, Mi.ss I. Ostic; Corresponding Secretary. Miss
M. Whittall; Treasurer, Miss McCuUough, 130 Dunn
Ave.; Social Convener, Miss P. Lawrence.

A.A., TORONTO ORTHOPEDIC HOSPITAL
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES

Hon. President, Miss E. MacLean; President, Miss
Hazel Young, 100 Bloor St. W.; Vice-President, Mrs.
W. J. Smithers. 3.5 Wilberton Road; Secretary-Treas-
urer, Miss R. Hollingworth, 100 Bloor St. W.; Re-
presentatives to Central Registry, Miss C. Grannon,
205 George St., and Miss M. Beston, 5 De Savery
Crescent; Representative to R.N.A.O., Miss A.
Bodley, 43 Metcalf St^

A. A., RIVERDALE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss E. Lyall, 290 St. George St., Toronto;
First Vice-President, Miss G. Gastrell, Isolation
Hospital; Second Vice-President, Mrs. Radford, 458
Strathmore Blvd.; Secretary, Miss Cora L. Russell,
Isolation Hospital; Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. E.
Quirk, Isolation Hospital; Treasurer, Miss L. McLaugh-
lin, Isolation Hospital; Conveners of Standing Com-
mittees: Sick and Visiting, Miss S. Stretton, 7 Edge-
wood Ave.; Programme, Miss K. Mathieson, Isolation
Hospital; Representatives to Central Registry, Misses
G. Anderson, J. Henderson.

A. A., HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN,
TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. Goodson; Hon. Vice-Presidents,
Miss F. J. Potts, Miss H. Panton and Miss P. B.
Austin; President, Mrs. F. E. Atkinson; First Vice-
President, Miss Petron Adam; Second Vice-President,
Miss Alice Grindley; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Mary Ingham; Recording Secretary, Miss Mary
Acland; Treasurer, Miss V. Marie Grafton, 534 Palm-
erston Blvd.; Councillors, MLsses Louise Rogers,
Hilda Rose, Jean Beaton, Helen Needier, Mabel St.
John and Mrs. Harold McClelland.

A.A., ST. JOHN'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Sister Beatrice, S.S.J.D., St. John's
Convent, Major Street; President, Miss Cook, 464
Logan Ave.; First Vice-President, Miss Holdsworth,
Islington 297; Second Vice-President, Miss Anderson,
468 Kingston Road; Recording Secretary, Mi.ss Frost,
450 Maybank Ave.; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Garnham, 26 Balmoral Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Slimon,
464 Logan Ave.; Press Representative, Miss Doherty,
7 Howland Ave.; Convener of Flowers and Sick, Miss
Davis, 51 Brunswick Ave.

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL,
TORONTO, ONT.

Hon. President, Rev. Sister M. Melanie; President,
Miss E. Morrison, 1.543 Queen Street West, Toronto;
First Vice-President, Miss A. O'Neill; Second
Vice-President, Miss L. Boyle; Treasurer, Miss M.
Heary, 158 Marion Street, Toronto; Recording
Secretary, Miss R. Rouse; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss O. MacKenzie, 43 LawTence Avenue West,
Toronto; Councillors, Misses O. Kidd, M. Howard,
V. Sylvain. G. Davis; Constitutionals, Misses A. Hihn,
M. Howard, L. Boyle; Programme Committee, Misses
R. Jean-Marie, L. Dunbar, I. Voisin.

A.A., ST. MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Margaret; Hon. \ice-
President, Rev. Sr. M. .\mata; President, Miss Essie
Taylor; First Vice-President, Miss Ella Graydon;
Second Vice-President, Mi.ss Helen Keaney; Third
Vice-President, Miss Celia H>Tes; Recording Secretary,
Miss MaeGreen; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Helen
O'SuUivan; Treasurer, Miss Helen Hyland. 137
Belsize Drive, Toronto; Directors, Misses Ella M.
Chalue, Marie I. Foy, Marcella Berger; Press and
Publications, Mi.ss Grace Murphy; Private Duty, Miss
Julia O'Connor; Public Health, Miss Hilda Kerr.

A. A., VICTORIA MEM. HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. Forbes Godfrey; President,
Miss Annie Pringle; Vice-President, Miss Dorothy

Greer; Secretary, Miss Florence Lowe, 152 Kenilworth
Ave., Toronto; Treasurer, Miss Ida Hawley, 41
Gloucester St., Toronto.

Regular Meeting — First Monday of each month.

A.A., WELLESLET HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss Edith Carson. 499 Sherbourne St.;
Vice-President, Miss Ruth Jackson, SO Summerhill
Ave.; Treasurer, Migs Lucille Thompson, 4, 118 Isa-
bella St.; Recording Secretary, Miss Mildred Mc-
Mullen. 133 Isabella St.; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss Evelyn McCuUough, 1117 Danforth Ave.;
Executive, Misses Edna Tucker, Betty Scott, Doris
Anderson, Audrey Lavelle; Correspondent to The
Canadian Nurse, Miss Waple Greaves, 65 Glendale

A. A., TORONTO WESTERN HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss B. L. Ellis; President, Miss
Rahno Beamish, Toronto Western Hospital; Vice-
President, Miss L. Smith Recording Secretary,
Miss Matthews, 74 Westmount Ave.; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss Buckley, Toronto Western Hospital;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss
Milligan; Representative to Local Council of Women,
Mrs. McConnell; Hon. Councillors, Mrs. Yorke, Mrs.
McConnell; Councillors. Miss McLean, Orthopedic
Hospital, Misses Cooney, Steacy, Stevenson. Wiggins,
J. G. Smith, Devine; Social Committee, Miss Sharpe
(Convener), Misses Agnew, Woodward, Miles; Flower
Committee, Miss Lament, Miss Ayerst; Visiting
Committee, Misses Lowe, Harshaw, Essex; Layette
Committee, Miss Cooper.

Meetings will be held the .second Tuesday in each
month at 8 p.m. in the Assembly Room, Nurses'
Residence. Toronto Western Hospital.

A. A., WOMEN'S COLLEGE HOSPITAL,
TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. H. M. Bowman; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Harriet Meiklejohn; President, Miss
Vera Allen; First Vice-President. Miss Munns; Second
Vice-Pre.sident, Miss Lougheed; Recording Secretary,
Miss Bankwitz; Corresponding Secretary, Mi.ss Blair,
64 Deleware St.; Assistant Secretary, Miss Clark, 64
Deleware St.; Treasurer, Miss Eraser; Representatives
to Central Registry, Miss Bankwitz, Miss Kidd;
Representative to District No. 5. Mi.ss Clarke; "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss E. E. K. Collier, 45 Dixon

Ave. — — ■ — ■ ■

A. A., CONNAUGHT TRAINING SCHOOL FOR
NURSES, TORONTO HOSPITAL, WESTON

Hon. Pre.sident, Miss E. MacP. Dickson, Toronto
Hospital, Weston; President, Miss E. Eldridge; Vice-
President, Miss A. Atkinson; Secretary, Miss E. L.
Barlow, Toronto Hospital, Weston; Treasurer, Miss
P. M. Stuttle.

A. A., HOTEL DIEU, WINDSOR, ONTARIO

President, Miss Angela Code, Maple Apts.; First
Vice-President, Miss Helen Piper; Second Vice-
President, Miss Alice Baillageon; Secretar>', Miss
Helen Slattery; Treasurer, Miss Evelyn Wolfe; Press
Correspondent, Mi.ss Mary A. Pinnegan.

A.A., GENERAL HOSPITAL, WOODSTOCK

Hon. President, Miss Frances Sharpe; President,
Mrs. Melsome; Vice-President, Miss Jefferson; Sec-
retary, Miss G. Boothby; Assistant Secretary, Miss
Green; Corresponding Secretary, Miss M. F. Costello,
67 Wellington St. N., Woodstock, Ont.; Treasurer,
Miss L. Jackson; Representative, The Canadian
Nurse, Miss A. G. Cook; Programme Committee,
Misses Mackav, Anderson and Hobbs; Social Com-
mittee, Miss Hastings and Miss M. Culvert; Flower
Committee, Miss Rickard and Miss Eby.

GRADUATE NURSES ASSOCIATION OF THE
EASTERN TOWNSHIPS

Hon. President. Miss H. S. Buck, Superintendent
Sherbrooke Hospital; President, Miss D. Stevens;
First Vice-President, Miss J. Fenton; Second Vice-
President, Miss Humphrey; Recording Secretary,
Miss D. Ingraham; Corresponding Secretary, Miss H
Hetherington; Treasurer, Miss M. Robins; Repre-
sentative, "The Canadian Nurse," Miss C. Hornby,
Box 324. Sherbrooke, P.Q.; Private Duty Represent-
ative, Miss Alice Lystcr.

A.A., LACHINE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. L. Brown; President,
Miss M. A. McNutt; Vice-President, Miss J- C.
McKee; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss E. J. Dewar, 558
Notre Dame Street, Lachine, Que.; Private Duty
Representative, Miss M. Lamb, 376 Claremont Ave.,
Montreal; Executive Committee, Miss Robinson,
Miss Goodfellow.

Meeting — First Monday of each month, at 9 p.m.

160

THE CANADIAN NURSE

MONTREAL GRADUATE NURSES' ASS'N

Hon. President. Miss L. C. Pliillips, 3626 St. Urbain
St.; President, Miss Agnes Jamieson, 1230 Bishop St.;
First Vice-President, Miss Jessie Robertson, 3546
Shuter St.; Second Vice-President, Miss Kate Wilson,
1230 Bishop St.; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Ethel
Clark, 1230 Bishop St.; Day Registrar, Miss Lucy
White, 1230 Bishop St.; Night Registrar, Miss Ethel
Clark, 1230 Bishop St.; Relief Registrar, Miss H. M.
Sutherland, 12 Selkirk Ave.; Convener Griffintown
Club, Miss Georgie Colley, 261 Melville Ave., West-
mount, P.Q.

Regular fleeting — First Tuesday of January, April,
October and December.

A. A., CHILDREN'S MEM. HOSP., MONTREAL

Hon. President, ^liss A. S. Kinder; President. Mrs.
F. C. Martin; Vice-President, Miss Alice Adlington;
Secretary, Miss M. Flander, Children's Memorial
Hospital; Treasurer, Miss H. Easterbrook; Repre-
sentative to "The Canadian Nurse", Miss Viola
Schneider; Sixk Nurses' Committee, Mi.ss Ruth
Miller. Miss Alexander; Members of Executive Com-
mittee, Mrs. Moore, Miss B. Cleary; Social Committee,
Misses Gough, Paterson. Bell. Atkinson.

A. A., MONTREAL GENERAL HOSPITAL

V President, Mrs. Allan; First Vice-President, Miss A.
Jamieson; Second Vice-President, Miss M. Mathewson;
Recording Secretary, Miss Inez Welling; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Anne Thorpe; Treasurer, Alumnae
Association and Mutual Benefit Association, Miss
Isabel Davies; Hon. Treasurer, Miss H. M. Dunlop;
Executive Committee, Misses M. K. Holt, F. E.
Strumm, J. Meigs, L. Urquhart, C. M. Watling;
Representatives, Private Duty Section, Misses Morrison
(Convener), R. Loggie, Melba Johnston, Winnifred
Spier; Representatives to "The Canadian Nurse."
Misses C. M. Watling (Convener), N. Kenned y-Reid,
Ruth Hamilton; Representatives to Local Council of
Women, Miss G. Colley (Convener), Mis.? Marjorie Ross
(Proxy), Miss Harriett Ross; Sick Visiting Committee,
Mrs. Stuart Ramsey Convener), Misses L. Shepherd,
B. Noble: Refieshmem, Committee, Mi.«sesD. Flint(Con-
veneri, M. I. McLcod. ThooHora ^IcDonald, S. Fraser.

A. A., HOMOEOPATHIC HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mrs. H. Pollock; President, Mrs. .1.
Warren; First Vice-President, Miss I. Garrick; .Second
Vice-President, Miss D. Campbell; Secretary, Mi.ss
M. Brighty; Asst. Secretary, Miss M. Hayden; Trea.s-
urer. Miss D. W. Miller; Asst. Treasurer, Miss N. G.
Horner; Private Duty Section, Miss A. M. Poiteous;
"The Canadian Nurse" Representative, Miss .\.
Pearce; Social Committee, Miss D. .Smith; Montreal
Nurses Association, Mi.ss D. .Smith, Miss M. Bright.

A. A. , ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. Presidents, Misses Draper and Hersey; Presi-
dent, Mrs. Stanley; First Vice-President, Mrs. LeBeau;
Second Vice-President, Miss Gall; Recording Secretary,
Miss Grace Martin; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
K. Jamer, Royal Victoria Hospital; Treasurer, Miss
Burdon; Representative "The Canadian Nurse,"
Miss Flanagan; Representatives to Local Council of
Women, Mrs. Walker, Miss Drake; Sick Visiting
Committee, Miss AUder, Mrs. Walker; Programme
Committee, Mrs. Scrimger, Miss Campbell, Miss
Flanagan; Representatives to Private Duty Section,
Misses Palliser, McCallum, Steele; Refreshment
Committee, Misses Adams, McRae, Trenholme;
Executive Committee, Miss Hersey, Miss Campbell,
Mrs. Roberts, Miss Reid, Miss Forgey; Finance Com-
mittee, Misses Etter (Convener), Goodhue, McKibbon

Wright, Steele .

A. A., WESTERN HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Miss Craig; President, Miss Birch;
First Vice-President, Miss Edna Payne; Second ^'ice-
President, Miss L. Sutton; Treasurer, Miss Jane Craig,
Western Hospital; Secretary, Miss Olga McCrudden,
314 Gro.svenor Ave., Westmount, P.Q.; Finance Com-
mittee, Mi.ss L. Johnston, Miss A. Yates; Programme
Committee, Miss Cross. Miss Williams: Sick and
Visiting Committee, Miss Dyer; Representative to
Private Duty Section, Mi.ss Taylor; Representative to
"The Canadian Nurse." Miss McOuat.

A. A., NOTRE DAME HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mother Dugas; Hon. Vice-Presi-
dents Mother Mailloux and Rev. Sister Robert;
President, Miss G. Latour: First Vice-President. Miss
M. de Courville; Second Vice-President, MissF. Filion;
First Councillor, Miss B. Lecompte; Second Councillor,
Miss F. Gariepy; Secretary, Miss Margot Pauze, 4234
St. Hubert St.; Asst. Secretary, Mrs. Choquette;
Treasurer. Miss L. Boulerice; Conveners of Committees:
Social, Miss E. Merizzi; Nomination, Misses A. Lepine,
A. Lalande, E. Rousseau; Sick Visiting, Misses A.
Martineau, G. Gagnon, B. Lacourse.

A.A., WOMAN'S GEN. HOS., WESTMOUNT, P.Q.

Hon. Presidents, Mi.ss E. F. Trench, Miss F. George;
President, Mrs. Crewe; First Vice-President, Miss N. J.
Brown; .Second Vice-President, Miss M. Forbes;
Recording Secretary, Miss L. Wallace; Corresoonding
Secretary, Miss L. Steeves; Treasurer and "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss E. L. Franris; Sick Visiting,
Miss L. .lensen, Miss K. Morrison; Private Duty, Mrs.
Chisholm, Miss L. Smdey.

Regular monthly meeting eveiy third Wednesday
at S p.m. _^^.^^^__

A.A., JEFFERY HALE S HOSPITAL, QUEBEC

Hon. President, Mrs. S. Barrow; President, Miss
Muriel Fischer; First Vice-President, Miss Daisy
Jackson; Second Vice-President, Miss Cecile Caron;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss H. A. Mackay; Record-
ing Secretary, Miss Gertrude Martin; Treasurer, Miss
Eunice MacHarg; Refreshment Committee, Miss Flora
Ascah, Miss Lyla Moore; Sick Visiting Committee,
Mrs. S. Barrow, Miss F. Iiurie; "The Canadian Nurse"
Representative, Mrs. Harold A. Blanche; Private Duty
Section, Miss Ethel Douglas; Councillors, Misses E.
Fitzpatrick, Daisy Jackson, Flora Ascah, G. Mayhew,
C. Kennedy.

A. A., SHERBROOKE HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss H. S. Buck; President, Mrs.
Guy Bryant; First Vice-President, Mrs. Reford
Stewart; Second Vice-President, Mrs. Roy Wiggett;
Recording Secretary, Miss Leila Messias; Correspond-
ing Secretary. Miss Nora Arguin, .Sherbrooke, P.Q ;
Treasurer, Miss Alice Lyster; Correspondent to
"The Canadian Nurse," Miss Hilda Bernier.

MOOSE JAW GRADUATE NURSES' ASS'N

Hon. President, Mrs. Geo. Lydiard; President,
Miss Elizabeth Smiv..; Vice-President, Mrs. ^I. A.
Young, Secretary-Treasurer, Miss May Armstrong,
1005 2nd Ave., N.E.; Social Convener, Miss French;
Press Convener, Mrs. W. H. Metcalfe; Programme,
Miss Diermert; Constitutions and By-T>aws, Miss
Casey; Representatives, Private Duty, Miss Rossie
Cooper; "The Canadian Nurse," Miss E. Lamond.

A. A., REGINA GENERAL HOSPITAL

A.A. ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, SASKATOON

First Hon. President, Rev. Sister F"ennell; Second
Hon. President, Rev. Sister Weeks; President, Miss
Annie M. Campbell; Vice-President, Mrs. R. Roberts;
Secretary, Miss K. McKenzie, JOll Eastlake Ave.,
Saskatoon; Treasurer, Miss E. Unsworth, 818, 11th
Street. Saskatoon; Executive, Mrs. C. W. Doran,
Misses A. Fentiman, and M. Roebuck.

Meetings, second Monday each month at 8.30 p.m.,
St. Paul's Nurses Home

A.A., SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES,
McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL, P.Q.

Hon. President, Miss Mary Samuel; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Bertha Harmer; Hon. Members, Miss
M. F. Hersey, Miss G. M. Fairlev, Dr. Helen R. Y.
Reid, Dr. Maude Abbott, Mrs. R. W. Reford; President,
Miss Martha Batson, Montreal General Hospital;
Vice-President, Miss George, Women's General
Hospital; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Eileen C. Flan-
agan, Royal Victoria Hospital; Programme Committee,
Miss M. Armstrong, 1230 Bishop St., Montreal; Miss
Elsie Allder, Royal Victoria Hospital: Representative
to Local Council of Women, Misses Leggat and Orr,
Shriners' Hospital; Representatives to "Tlie Canadian
Nurse," Public Health Section, Miss Hewton; Teaching,
Miss SutclifTe, Alexandra Hospital; Administration,
Miss F. Upton, 1396 St. Catherine St. W.

A.A. OF THE DEPT. OF PUBLIC HEALTH
NURSING, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Hon. President, Miss E. K. Russell; President, Miss
Barbara Blackstock: Vice-President, Miss E. E.
Fraser; Recording Secretary, Miss I. Weirs; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss. C. C. Fraser, 423 Gladstone Ave.,
Toronto, Ont.; Conveners: Social, Miss E Manning;
Programme, Miss McNamara; Membership, Miss
Lougheed.

A.A., HOSPITAL "INSTRUCTORS AND AD-
MINISTRATORS, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Hon. President, Miss G. Hiscocks; Hon. Vice-
Presidents, (1) Miss K. Russell, (2) Miss A. M. Munn;
President, Miss E. Stuart; First Vice-President, Miss
E. Strachan; Second Vice-President, Miss E. Rothery;
Secretary, Mrs. C. S. Cas.san, 136 Heddington Ave.;
Treasurer, Miss U. S. Ross, Hospital for Sick Children.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

161

The Central Registry of
Graduate Nurses, Toronto

Furnish Nurses at any hour
DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Kingsdale 2136

Physicians' and Surgeons' Bldg.

86 Bloor Street, West,

TORONTO

HELEM CARRUTHEPS, Reg N,

Montreal Graduate Nurses'
Association Register

NURSES CALLED DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Uptown 0907

LUCY WHITE, Reg.N., Registrar,
1230 BishoD Street,

MONTREAL, P.Q.

Club House Phone Up-5666.

School for Graduate Nurses

McGILL UNIVERSITY
Session 1930-1931

Miss BERTHA HARMER, R.N., M.A.

Director

COURSES OFFERED:

Teaching in Schools of Nursing
Supervision in Schools of

Nursing
Administration in Schools of

Nursing

Public Health Nursing

Organization and Supervision

of Public Health Nursing

A CERTIFICATE will be granted for
the successful completion of an approved
programme of studies, covering a period of
ONE academic year, in the major course
selected from the above.

A DIPLOMA will be granted for the success-
ful completion of the major course selected
from the above, covering a period of TWO
academic years.

For particulars apply to :

SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES
McGill University, Montreal

BRONX REGISTRY AND
CLUB FOR NURSES

1195 Boston Road, New York City

ANNA M. BROWN, R.N., Prop.
Established 1911

THE

Manitoba Nurses' Central Directory

Registrar— ANNIE C. STARR; Reg. N.
Phone 30 620

753 WOLSELEY AVENUE

WINNIPEG. MAN.

The Central Registry Graduate Nurses |

Phone Garfield 0382 |

Registrar: ROBENA BURNETT. Reg.N. I
33 Spadina Ave., Hamilton, Ont. |

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

THE PROVINCIAL UNIVERSITY OF
ONTARIO

II.

COURSES IN NURSING
Teaching and Administration.
An eight-months' course for Graduate

Nurses.
Public Health Nursing.
A nine-months' course for Graduate
Nurses.
III. Public Health Nursing.

GRADUATE NURSES ASSOCIA-
TION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

An examination for title and certi-
ficate of Registered Xurse of British
Columbia will be held April 29th, 30th,
and May 1st, 1931. Names of candi-
dates for this Examination must be in
the office of the Registrar not later
than March 30th, 1931.

Full particulars may be obtained
from:

HELEN RANDAL, R.N.
Registrar
118 Vancouver Blk., Vancouver, B.C.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

162

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Obstetric Nursing

ri-^HE CHICAGO LYING-IN HOSPITAL offers a four-months' post-graduate
X course in obstetric nursing to graduates of accredited training schools con-
nected with general hospitals, giving not less than two years' training.

The course comprises practical and didactic work in the hospital and practical
work in the Out Department connected with it. On the satisfactory completion o*
the service a certificate is given the nurse.

Board, room and laundry are furnished and an allowance of $10.00 per month to
cover incidental expense.

Affiliations with accredited Training Schools are desired, as follows:

A four-months' course to be given to pupils of accredited training schools asso-
ciated with general hospitals.

Only pupils who have completed their surgical training can be accepted.

Pupil nurses receive board, room and laundry and an allowance of $5.00 per month.

ADDRESS

Chicago Lying-in Hospital and Dispensary

426 East 51st Street, CHICAGO

A Post-Graduate Training
ScFiool for Nurses

AND

An Affiliated Training
Scliool for Nurses

The Massac'liusetts Eye and Ear
Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston,
offers to graduates of accredited
training schools a two months' course,
both theoretical and practical, in the
nursing care of the diseases of the
eye, ear, nose and throat. The course
includes operating room experience.
If desired, a third month may be
spent in the social service department.

This course is very valuable to
public health nurses, especially to
those in schools and industries.

For further information address: —
SALLY JOHNSON, R.N.,
Superintendent of Nurses

A SANITARY SAFEGUARD

WHITE CROSS

toilet tissue gives yini
hygienic comfort.

In the finest homes
and many of the lead-
ing hospitals Whito
Cross has supplanted
tissues of irritating
texture and uncertain
purity. For White
Cross is highly absni-
hent, daintily white
Each roll is protected

from dust and other impurities bj' a co
plete wrapper of white crepe.

For comfort and safety, use White Cross.
At the better stores everywhere.

Manufactured by |

Interlake Tissue Mills Co., Ltd. i

TORONTO, ONT. I

• I

Distributors — |

Mid-West Paper Sales Ltd. |

WINNIPEG I

Warehouses: Calgary, Edmonton, Beglna |

We carry also "Interlake" brand and Velva- |

tissue, Interlake decorative crepe, paper nai>- |

kins and towels. I

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

136

HYPERACIDITY

A result of failure of neutralization

"fN treating gastric hyperacidity
doctors find in milk of magnesia a
reliable, safe, effective laxative antacid
which can be given freely to patients of
all ages.

Phillips Milk of Magnesia neutralizes
three times as much acid as a
saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate and fifty times as
much as lime water. It does
not cause gas. It does not lose
its effectiveness even under
prolonged use. And, since con-

stipation is so often associated with

hyperacidity, the mild laxative action

of Phillips Milk of Magnesia is often

beneficial.

Nurses know that patients of all ages

find it palatable — easy to take.

When milk of magnesia is indic-
atedphysiciansprefer the Genu-
ine Phillips Milk of Magnesia,
made by The C/ias. H. Phillips
Chemical Co. It has remained
the standard for over fifty years.
Supplied in 12-ounce bottles.

"PARAGON BRAND
Surgical Dressings

ABSORBENT GAUZES

BANDAGES

CHEESECLOTHS

ELASTOPLAST

(Adhesive Plasters)

ABSORBENT COTTON
SANITARY NAPKINS
MATERNITY PADS

SMITHS NEPHEW, LTD.

378 St. Paul St. W.

MONTREAL - - P. Que.

THE VICTORIAN ORDER
OF NURSES FOR CANADA

is again prepared to offer for
the year 1931-32 a limited num-
ber of scholarships of $400.00
each to graduate registered
nurses wishing to take post-
graduate training in Public
Health Nursing at Canadian
Tniversities.

Applications sliould be in not
later than :\Iay 15, 1931.

For further information
apply to :

THE
CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT,

Victorian Order of Nurses
for Canada,

321 Jackson Building, Ottawa.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

104

THE CANADIAN NURSE

FYersmM

When
it comes to

Uniforms

We haoe what you want

SMART
PRACTICAL
EASY TO WEAR

If your dealer cannot supply
you write us direct.

Catalogue sent on request.

Made by

Whitakers Limited

Sommer Bldg., 423 Mayor St.
MONTREAL, P.Q.

Telephone Lan. 8801

Number 1277

Shirt Waist Model, full cut gored
skirt, fine quality poplin, detach-
able pearl shank buttons.

Sizes 32 to 44.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

171

Ask for Kotex

if you want real comfort in
sanitary protection

Don't think other sanitary pads can give
you the lasting softness Kotex provides

THERE are just no two ways
about it. If you want perfect
comfort and a real feeling of se-
curity, you must specify "Kotex"
when you buy sanitary pads.

Kotex, the original sanitary
pad, has made the progress you
would expect of the first of all
such manufactured comforts for
women.

It is actually five times more
absorbent than surgical cotton, by
test. The wonderful material of
which it is made (Cellucotton —
not cotton — absorbent wadding)
is laid in many air-cooled layers,

each individual layer a quick,
complete absorbent in itself.

These unique features
Kotex deodorizes — a fact of su-
preme importance to women who
consider daintiness essential to
charm.

It is scientifically designed, you
know. Rounded and tapered to
fit perfectly and inconspicuously
under the filmiest of frocks. And
it is so easily disposed of.

Be safe. Specify "Kotex" when
you order sanitary pads.

Kotex Company of Canada,
Limited Toronto, Ont.

1— Not a deceptive softness,
that soon packs into chaf-
ing hardness. But a deli-
cate, lasting softness.

2- The Kotex filler is far

lighter and cooler than
cotton, yet absorbs 5 times
as much.

i— Deodorizes, safely, thor-
oughly, by a special proc-

MADE IN CANADA

KOT^" '0^

KOTe X

The New Sanitary Pad which deodorizes

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" \A/hen reoivina to Advertisers.

172 THE CANADIAN NURSE

A Monthly Journal for the Nurses of Canada
Published by the Canadian Nurses Association

Vol. XXVII. WINNIPEG. MAN.. APRIL, 1931 No. 4

Registered at Ottawa. Canada, as second-class matter.

Entered as second-class matter March 19th. 1905, at the Post Office, Buffalo, N.Y., under the Act of

Congress, March 3rd, 1897.

Editor and Business Manager: — -
JEAN S. WILSON, Reg.N., 511 Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

APRIL, 1931

CONTENTS PAGE

Post-Operative Treatment of Mastoidectomy - - Dr. Dumont 173

Common Ground - - -- - - - - - Ethel I. Johns 177

Pre-Operative and Post-Operative Care of

Torticollis -------- Jean S. Bancroft 181

Libraries and Hospitals ----- Helen G. Stewart, Ph.D. 182

A i!^iMPLE Method of Artificial Feeding in Infancy \.' j/ nl^^J M D ^^^

Breath of Life (Reprint) H. J. Fells, B.A. 190

Scarlet Fever Anti-Toxin . . - Ellen Eraser Taylor, M.D. 192

Parliamentary Procedure --___- Alison Ewart 193

The Florence Niohtinoale Association of Toronto - Jean I. Gunn 195

New Nurses' Home in Saskatoon - -- - - - - - 197

Department of Nursing Education:

Case Study in Pediatrics ----- Marion L. Robinson 198

Department of Private Duty Nursing:

Private Duty Experience as an Asset in Public

Health Nursing ------ Mary Mathewson 200

The Night Nurse's Sleep (Reprint) - . - Marguerite Cecilton 202

Department of Public Health Nursing:

Then and Now - - - M. A. Twiddy 203

News Notes ..--..------ 204

Official Directory ----------- 209

Vol. XXVII.

APRIL. 1931

No. 4

®Ijp Pnat-O^ppratttiP ©reatm^ttt
of ilaatotJiprtomg

By DR. DUMONT.

Before discussing the post-opera-
tive treatment of a patient who has
undergone mastoidectomy, it may be
appropriate to consider the operation
that has been done and its purpose;
and to recall to you the importance
that must be paid to the anatomical
landmarks in the surgery of the
mastoid.

The operation has been done for
acute mastoiditis, inflammation and
infection, usually with pus formation,
of the cells of the mastoid, lying just
back of, and communicating with, the
middle ear. You will recall that the
mastoid portion of the temporal bone
is notable for its cellular consistency
and it is these that have become the
focus of an infection. The mastoid
antrum is the largest of these hollow
spaces and it is directly in communi-
cation with the middle ear. It is most
probable that infections of the middle
ear and of the mastoid have had their
origin in the nasopharynx. From
thence the bacteria have travelled up
the eustachian tube, infected the
middle ear, and when the bodily re-
sistance has been unable to curb the
invader at this point, entrance has
been made into the mastoid itself.
That a blood-borne infection of the
mastoid may occur at times cannot be
denied, but the more usual process is
an infection by direct extension.

The surgeon's purpose in entering
the mastoid is to remove all the dis-
eased tissues and to drain the infect-
ed area. The more thoroughly he does
his work, the better the result. When
it is remembered that just above the
operative site he may break into the

(Read at the annual meeting of the New
Brunswick Nurses Association at Oampbellton,
N.B., S^-ptember, 19.30.)

middle fossa of the skull and just be-
low and posteriorly he may easily go
into the large lateral sinus that is re-
turning blood from the brain, it will
be reco^ised that surgery of the
mastoid is not to be done by unskilled
hands. Even though the operator may
do no injury to the brain or its
vessels, he still runs the chance of
damaging the facial nerve, or the
ossicles of the middle ear or the semi-
circular canals, all of which struc-
tures lie within the reach of a care-
lessly directed curette.

There are two types of mastoid
operations : the simple mastoidect-
omy, the post-operative care of which
we are going to consider, and the
radical operation. The radical opera-
tion, as the name suggests, is a radical
procedure to relieve a chronic otitis
media with any of the complications
that may go with it. It converts the
middle ear and the mastoid antrum
into one cavity, does away with the
small ossicles that join the drum to
the internal ear, and closes off the
eustachian tube. It is done only
when all other methods have failed to
cure a chronically discharging ear, or
when complications demand its use.

In the simple operation the mastoid
cells and the mastoid antrum are
opened widely and all of the diseased
tissue is curetted out. It is very neces-
sary that a thorough job be done the
first time, or one will find himself
confronted with the unpleasant task
of reoperation. A sterile gauze wick,
either iodoform or plain, is placed so
that one end remains in the antrum,
the other end protruding from the
lower angle of the wound. The tissues
are brought together over this drain
and the skin is closed entirely except

174

THE CANADIAN NURSE

at the lower end where the wick
emerges. Where extensive damage
has been done to the bone or where
suppuration js abundant it may be
necessary to leave the wound open
and pack with iodoform gauze, allow-
ing granulation tissue to form in the
bottom as the pack is removed. How-
ever, this leaves extensive scarring
and is not at all necessary for the
usual case of simple mastoiditis. An-
other gauze wick is placed in the ex-
ternal auditory canal and a large
sterile gauze bandage either dry or
moistened with normal saline is placed
over the wound and the ear. The
dressing is held in place by a figure-
of-eight bandage.

The general post-operative treat-
ment of this patient is the same as
that following any major surgical
operation. He is placed in a warm
bed ; if need be, heat is applied to his
extremities and everything is done to
promote his comfort and to combat
the shock that the operation has en-
tailed. A careful temperature chart
should be kept which, perhaps more
than anything else, is a guide to the
surgeon in post-operative manage-
ment. For the first day the tempera-
ture may be quite high — even up to
104 degrees — but this should occasion
no undue alarm. Children particular-
ly are prone to such temperature in-
creases; they have such sensitive or-
ganisms that a marked increase in
temperature or pulse is not unusual
and should not cause excessive worry.
In very young children the fever may
last for several days or even for a
week. A fever persisting beyond this
time may of course spell some com-
plication, such as an infected trombus
of the lateral sinus, erysipelas, or
simply poor drainage. Pain after the
operation should be relieved by
codein — gr. "^" to gr. "1" or mor-
phine gr. ^ to :|^ as often as may be
indicaied. For the first few days a
liquid diet should be given; prefer-
ably warm liquids, as iced drinks are
liable to upset the very young patient.
A mild laxative, such as milk of mag-
nesia or fluid extract of cascara,

should be ordered on the second day.
The pain in the region of the ear
is naturally the most distressing of
the post-operative symptoms, and one
that calls for considerable ingenuity
to alleviate. The careful nurse will be
ready at all times to aid the patient
in moving his head from one position
to another, thereby materially reduc-
ing the pain that accompanies these
movements. The head should be
grasped firmly between the two hands
and placed gently in the new posi-
tion. A specially designed inflatable
rubber cushion has been used by a
number of surgeons in securing com-
fort after operation. This cushion is
designed so that the head is comfort-
ably supported and at the same time
all pressure is removed from the
operated area. This position, with
operative wound downward, promotes
drainage. You may visualise this
cushion better by comparing it with
the air cushion used so commonly in
the treatment of bed sores ; the princi-
pal difference being that the mastoid
cushion is in the shape of a horseshoe.
Let me say here that the post-oper-
ative comfort of the patient after
mastoidectomy, and likewise after any
major operation, depends almost en-
tirely on the skill exercised by the
attending nurse. Prompt answer to
calls, carefully smoothed pillows and
sheets, attention to unusual symp-
toms and detailed report to the
physician, a careful bedside manner,
attractive arrangement of trays, a
pleasantly ordered room, all these
things are most important in the
after care. Without these the most
skillful efforts of the attending phy-
sician and the most rapid healing of
wounds will be of little avail in
making the few weeks in the hospital
pleasant for the patient. This may be
his first and only hospital experience,
and he may always afterwards think
of his hospital room as a place in
which to undergo disagreeable ex-
periences ; or he may blame his phy-
sician for choosing such a poor insti-
tution. Fortunately, today hospitals
and nursing schools have become so

THE CANADIAN NURSE

175

standardised that good service is the
rule, and the doctor can confidently
expect excellent treatment for his
patients.

The wound during the first week
after the operation will require very
little dressing. The pain on moving
the patient's head and any manipula-
tions around the wound is very acute
during this time — in fact, in certain
cases the first few dressincrs may
have to be done after the patient has
heen given enough eras to render him
insensible to pain. Unless the patient
has considerable fever, or a large
amount of secretion accumulates in
the lower end of the wound, it is not
necessary to disturb the gauze wick
for four or five days. The outer
dressings should be removed daily.
On the second day. if the temperature
is high, the packing should be re-
moved and the pus let out. The secre-
tion may be exDressed by stroking
the wound lightly from above down-
ward. At times when there has been
considerable destruction of the bone
small spicules will annear at th'»
lower end of the wound and can be
removed easilv. When the s'^crefion
is very profuse a little suction may
be used, and the cavity flushed out
with a small amount of Carrel-Dakin
solution. This, vou will remember
is a solution of hypochlorite of soda
and was used ext<^nsively during the
war to keep wounds bacteria-free. It
depends on the production of nascent
chlorine for its remarkable anti
septic properties. While it is not used
bo extensively today as it was during
and following the war, it is still a
most valuable cleansinsr fluid for
wounds. When the flow of pus is very
free, it may even be necessary for
the surgeon to enlarge the openincr
somewhat and promote better drain-
age. However, if good foresight has
been used at the time of the opera-
tion, and if the operator has under-
stood the virulence of the infection
he has to deal with, this should rare-
ly be necessary.

In the more favourable cases with
little or no fever after the second
day, only the outer dressings are
changed daily and the wound in-
spected. By the fourth or fifth day
the packing will have become well
saturated with secretions and can
easily be separated from the sur-
rounding tissues. Before this time it
is rather firmly adherent and consid-
erable pain is caused by pulling on it.
The wick, after the fourth or fifth day,
is withdrawn daily, and pressure is
exerted from above downward on
the wound with a pad of sterile
gauze. This presses all secretions
down to the outlet. This procedure
is carried out until the wick is no
longer needed. The sutures of the
wound are removed on the fifth or
sixth day — sooner than this if the
wound should show any signs of in-
fection.

Two or more weeks after the oper-
ation the exudate from the lower
angle of the wound will have prac-
tically disappeared in the usual
course of events. The drain is then
left out, and the edges of the wound
are brought together by the use of n
small piece of adhesive plaster cor-
rectly applied. This is attached in
front to the back of the auricle and
posteriorly in such a way that the
ear is drawn slightly backward. If
the wound is clean, healing will take
place rapidly, and new epithelial
tissue will close over the wound
where the wick formerly emerged.

At times granulation tissue, a small
amount of which is present in all
healing wounds, mav be abundant
and is best dealt with by a few ap-
plications of 100 per cent, silver
nitrate. A boric acid powder dress-
ing and a tight bandage are applied
following this; only a few applica-
tions will be found necessary.

Again the amount of pus from the
mastoid cavity may be excessive and
quite difficult to handle. Long after
the expected closure of the wound

176

THE CANADIAN NURSE

this cavity may still be draining. We
have already spoken of suction and
the use of Carrell-Dakin fluid in
washing out the space. Another use-
ful measure is the filling of the cavity
with the ointment of ammoniated
mercury, which is not only a good
antiseptic, but also tends to promote
healing.

From three to six weeks is neces-
sary for the complete healing of the
mastoid wound. We may consider as
early recoveries those that heal in
three weeks. For no apparent reason
the healing may at times take much
longer than this.

It is needless to say that poorly
nourished individuals and those that
have poor resistance to disease and
infection will require the longer time
in healing. Much has been written
about the occurrence of mastoid
disease in undernourished infants
Any of you who have been engaged
in work in large pediatric wards will
recall the surprising incidence of
middle ear and mastoid infections in
this group of infants. The story is
very much the same — the baby has
been hard to feed since birth ; it may
have gained a little weight at the
start, but in a few weeks or months
has began to lose. It is brought to
the hospital as a feeding problem; in
a great number of cases middle ear
disease or mastoiditis or both will be
found. The course in the hospital is
as a rule discouraging. An emer-
gency mastoidectomy may be done ; at
times the bilateral operation is neces-
sary. The death rate is unfortunately
high ; the terminal picture is that of
a bronchopneumonia. Why the per-
centage of mastoid and middle ear
infections in these marasmic children
is so high constitutes a pediatric
problem of great importance. A num-
ber of the best pediatricians and
otologists in this continent and
abroad have tackled the problem,
and it is to be hoped that our know-
ledge will be so increased in the next
few years that we can save many of
these lives. The best we can say to-

day is that the undernourished body
affords very little resistance against
infection and it is well known that
the middle ear of the baby is highly
prone to disease. The care of these
infants after mastoidectomy presents
a real nursing problem and calls for
extreme devotion in the face of over-
whelming odds. That a fair percent-
age are saved is no doubt due as
much to the care of the nurse as to
the skill of the operator. Blood trans-
fusions in small amounts may be
necessary and at times are attended
with good results. The feeding of
these children post-operatively be-
comes a major problem; they are
often the victims of a continuous
diarrhea and many changes in the
feeding formula may be necessary to
control this distressing symptom.

In the foregoing paragraphs I have
tried to visualise for you the routine
after care of the simple mastoid
operation. It is needless to say that
a number of complications may occur
v/hich will cause these procedures to
vary greatly. The bilateral mastoid
operation may have been done, and
of course increases the difficulty of
the after care and makes the prog-
nosis more guarded. I have indicated
to you at least one of the difficult
types to care for after operation —
the undernourished, marasmic infant.
There are many other causes of a
poor resistance to infection; and
lactors that result in tardy healing
of the wound: syphilis, marked
anemia, tuberculosis, perhaps dia-
betes. Prompt and thorough treat-
ment of these underlying maladies
will do much in bringing about a
favourable healing of the mastoid.
Finally, it is well always to remem-
ber that we are dealing not only with
an area of diseased bone which for
ihe moment demands surgical and
nursing care, but more particularly
we are concerned with an individual
who is oftentimes critically ill and
whose life may depend on the amount
of resistance we are able to add to
his body's depleted store.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

177

Common Ground

By ETHEL I. JOHNS, Director, Committee on Nursing Organisation of New York City

Hospital, New York.

I am taking for granted that any
group of nurses provincially organ-
ised will be composite in its member-
ship and that in a meeting such as
this there will be representatives of
all the principal branches of nursing ;
further, that this drawing together of
the various groups presupposes a com-
mon background, common interests,
and a common aim.

For me the term Common Ground
has an undertone of meaning which
implies a pause for breath : an oppor-
tunity to stand still and to look back
over the road we have travelled, as
well as forward to that which lies be-
fore US; an overnight camp, as it
were, on common ground, and a
friendly talk about the adventures of
the day's march.

In the last quarter of a century
nursing has travelled fast and far.
There is possibly no other calling
which has developed more rapidly or
extensively. Now perhaps this period
of expansion is over and we are en-
tering another phase : a more difficult,
less spectacular phase, that of finding
our real level in the community of
which we are a part. That nurses are
vaguely conscious of this change is
shown by the surveys now being car-
ried on not only in Canada and the
United States, but even in certain
European countries.

In the United States the driving
force behind their survey and the
chief cause of unrest among Ameri-
can nurses is economic maladjust-
ment. There seems to be a general im-
pression that there is more competi-
tion than there used to be, and in
some phases of nursing much more
unemployment. It has been made clear
that not all nurses, whether institu-
tional, private duty, or public health,
manage to put by enough to keep
them in their old age It is claimed

(An address given before the Registered
Manes Association of Ontario (District Five),
Toronto, November 19, 1930.)

that there is over-production of
nurses, and that if the training
schools continue to pour out increas-
ingly large classes the unemployment
problem will become unmanageable.

On the other hand, the committee's
findings are being challenged. The
counter-claim is being made that
faulty distribution and not over-pro-
duction is the real trouble, that there
is plenty of work to do and not too
many people to do it if certain ad-
justments could be made. Influential
members of the public claim that if
hospitals, public health agencies, and
nursing organisations would get to-
gether and present their case, and
show a willingness to make a few
courageous experiments, the economic
situation would improve and the un-
employment problem be alleviated.

To what extent nursing conditions
in Canada are similar to those in the
United States can only be determined
when the final report of Dr. Weir's
survey is available. After hearing his
preliminary report in Regina last
summer my own impression is that
the similarity is marked so far as the
financial aspects of the situation are
concerned. In the United States it is
apparent that the private duty nurses
are feeling the pinch more than the
other groups. Whether that is true in
Canada you know better than I do.

The questions I should like to ask
are these : If it is admitted that cer-
tain changes are inevitable, both in
our educational system and in our
business methods, who should take the
responsibility of making these
changes? Is it desirable that the pri-
vate duty nurses should fight their
battle alone? Should hospital nurses
and public health nurses confine them-
selves to the problems of their own
particular group? Or should we all
get together and try to find common
ground? Your answers to these ques-
tions will show whether or not you are
a dyed-in-the-wool specialist.

178

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Do not misunderstand me. I am not
making any sweeping criticism of
specialization of function. It was in-
evitable, once the earlier years were
past, that nursing should develop
along specialized lines — that some
should choose hospital work, some bed-
side nursing, others public health,
or teaching. This development of
special skills and aptitudes is all to
the good. But now there seems to be
an increasing tendency toward spec-
ialisation, not only in function but in
form of organisation. By this I mean
a rather clear-cut distinction between
hospital nurses, teaching nurses, pub-
lic health nurses, private duty nurses,
with respect not only to their work
but to their professional group acti-
vity, and even to their professional
thinking.

There is something to be said for
flocking with one's own kind. One
cannot feel equally at home in all the
"sections." As a battle scarred vet-
eran of the hospital field, I feel at
home in that group. When it comes
to private duty my feelings are a bit
mixed. I have done private duty and,
in the innocence of my heart, once
offered some advice (in public) to pri-
vate duty nurses. To say that I was
properly chastened for my temerity
is to put it mildly. You have only to
consult the back numbers of The
Canadian Nurse to see what happened
to me. But even that didn't make me
stop. I still cherish as one of my hap-
piest memories a refresher course we
arranged for private duty nurses at
the University of British Columbia.
There never was a more responsive
group. They came early and they
stayed late. No use telling me that
private duty nurses are not interested
in education and administration.
They are, if you give them a chance.

If I must confess it, it is the public
health nurses who make my blood run
cold. I have a permanent inferiority
complex in that connection. Psycho-
analysis would probably trace it back
to the fact that in my long past train-
ing days we got no chance to "carry
the bag"— to get the feel of it — to

know the weight of it, as student
nurses do today. But I stand less in
awe of public healthers than I
once did. You see, in Europe I
had to do a little public healthing
myself. I know it will shock some of
my audience to know that, totally
without public health experience, and
clutching Mary Gardner's classic in
my hand as my only guide, I organ-
ised a sort of visiting nurse service
in a remote town in Hungary, up near
the Roumanian border. We needed
that service in connection with a
training school job — it just had to be
done and there was no one else to do
it. Later on a colleague from the Paris
office, a public health nurse, came out
to look the job over. She shuddered at
intervals and turned pale at others.
Fortunately, the records were in Hun-
garian, so she will never know how
bad we really were. However, when
the looking over was done, she said:
"Well, I wouldn't have believed a
hospital woman could even have made
a shot at it."

A year later I went out to look at
a training school job she had had to
see through. It was a good job, too —
but did I admit it? Certainly not.
What I said was, "Well, considering
a public healther did it, it is a won-
der it isn't worse." We grinned ami-
ably at each other, for perhaps we
had begun to learn that on the west-
ern side of the Atlantic these distinc-
tions are sometimes taken a little
more seriously than they need to be
in the Balkans.

If it is agreed that specialisation
ought not to go so far that it threat-
ens professional unity, what can be
done about it ? There can only be one
answer to that question. Seek com-
mon ground from the beginning.
Develop an educational system which
will give every pupil nurse an ele-
mentary understanding of all the
principal branches of nursing. You
will note that I say an elementary
understanding, not a specialised pro-
ficiency. Let her "carry the bag" un-
der the supervision of a public health
nurse who is also a teacher. The terms

THE CANADIAN NURSE

179

are not always synonymous, you
know. Let her watch at close range
and actually assist a private duty
nurse who is also a teacher, to care
for a patient in a middle class home.
Let her continue to undergo the
chastening influence of the regular
hospital grind — and when she has un-
dergone the wholesome discipline of
all three experiences, then, and then
only, let her specialise.

After the training days are over,
what then? Will the bond of under-
standing still hold? After all, what
common ground have we ? Would you
agree that we have a common interest
in learning to be nurses and in teach-
ing the women who shall succeed us
to be nurses? I am sure you will all
admit that we have. Are the public
health and private duty nurses right
if they say that hospital administra-
tion and nurse education are none of
their business? Does not the training
school still give basic training to
women desiring to enter the public
health field?

It is true that in Canada and in
some of the European countries not-
able experiments are being made in
orienting the course toward public
health from the beginning, but I know
of no experiment so drastic that it
aims to exclude hospital bedside ex-
perience entirely. The public health
nurse cannot dissociate herself from
what concerns her, both as pupil and
as teacher.

The training school gives, or claims
to give, basic training for private
duty nursing. Is it not remarkable
that it is the exception rather than
the rule to find a well-organised, well-
taught series of lectures and demon-
strations on the special problems and
the special skills of nursing in the
home given to student nurses by pri-
vate duty nurses? They alone are
qualified to give such instruction. Are
they always asked to do so? Do they
always respond when they are? And
yet a private duty section in any as-
sociation might well render a great
service by organising such a series,
and selecting from its membership

women capable of giving it. Perhaps
you have done it here. If so, I wish
you would let me have your outlines
and borrow your teachers for use in
other more backward parts of the con-
tinent.

It is certain that hospital executives
cannot claim the right to disregard
private duty problems. A large pro-
portion of private nurses work in hos-
pitals, and mutual understanding is
essential if a proper working rela-
tionship is to be established. It would
be interesting to make an experiment
or two in this connection. Suppose a
representative of the private duty
group went on duty in the training
school office for a week — just to see
what it feels like in that supposedly
peaceful haven on a busy Monday
morning, for example. And supposing
— just to even things up a little—
that one of the younger and more
self-confident of the training school
staff took a good, hard, 24-hour pri-
vate duty ease once in a while. Then
they could talk it over for the benefit
of their respective "sections" at the
next meeting of the Graduate Nurses
Association. It would be a lively meet-
ing, well worth attending, and it
might foster mutual respect for the
other fellow's point of view.

Surely the superintendent of
nurses, usually made responsible for
everything, from the elevator boy to
the chief surgeon, might be excused
from worrying about public health. It
hurts me to acknowledge it, but it is
just possible that the hospital execu-
tive might learn something from the
public health nursing executive about
staff education. There are public
health nursing services whose effi-
ciency is largely due to the enlight-
ened manner in which they instruct
their young recruits, and prevent
their old guard from getting set in
their ways and rusty in their think-
ing.

There was a time when nurses en-
gaged in the administrative and bed-
side nursing phase of hospital work
felt they had no responsibility for
teaching the pupils. That unhappy

180

THE CANADIAN NURSE

state of affairs is passing. There is
renewed emphasis on the importance
of the head nurse as a teacher, and
an effort is being made in progressive
hospitals to give her a chance to do
bedside teaching. It looks as though
administration and teaching insist on
mixing in spite of well meant efforts
to keep them apart.

There is nothing desperate about
our professional state : possibly no-
thing worse than growing pains.
After a period of extraordinary and
perhaps too rapid expansion, it may
be good for us to undergo a little
wholesome deflation. The survey
ought to show whether there is over-
production of nurses in Canada or
not. It will investigate faulty distri-
bution. We shall be better equipped
to interpret its findings and to put its
recommendations into practice if, in
the interval, our professional groups
get together and listen to each other's
troubles. We may find that hospital
and public health executives and pri-
vate duty leaders could work out
schemes which would benefit all con-
cerned. The public would be more in-
clined to listen to us and to help us
if we knew our own minds and spoke
with one voice. If in the process we
get a little mixed and are no longer
quite sure whether we are members
of the public, or hospital workers, or
nurse educators, or private duty
nurses, or public health nurses, no
great harm will have been done. Per-
haps we shall find that we are no
more and no less than just plain
nurses after all ; yes, and members of
the public too.

In closing, I should like to suggest
that your provincial organisation
ought to constitute a forum for in-
formal discussion of all common pro-
blems. Here, if anywhere, you find
common ground. The private duty
nurses meet with hospital executives,
and the public health nur§e with both.
Would you think me presuming if I
suggested a few topics? What would
you think of some frank talk about
the following questions?

1. Is the present situation with re-
spect to general duty in hospitals
satisfactory to —

(a) The hospital?

(b) The general duty nurse?

If not, why not ? Has this whole ques-
tion any relation to private duty
nursing? Could it be studied
together by both groups?

2. How should registries be organ-
ised and directed? Should registries
exercise any degree of supervision
over the nurses who obtain employ-
ment through them? Public health
nurses accept supervision and seem
to thrive on it. Have they any sug-
gestions to make in this connection
to the private duty group? Why not
talk it over together?

3. If it is true that nurses com-
monly fail to make provision for re-
tirement and old age, could a sound
contributory retirement allowance
scheme be worked out? That very
thing has been done for teachers. Why
not for nurses ? It is just here that the
nursing profession needs help. With-
out the advice and direction of ex-
perienced business men we shall not
succeed in putting our house in order.
Co-operative undertakings of any
kind are essentially business enter-
prises and must be established and
conducted in accordance with sound
business methods. We shall not be
called upon to sacrifice our profes-
sional independence nor our ideals in
education if we show a willingness to
face the issue squarely and to come
half way with respect to adjustments.
The people whom we serve are con-
tent that we shall specialise in our
skills as much as we like, but they
insist that, from the economic point
of view, we get together and help
them find a way out.

We must remember that people do
not understand what we call profes-
sional specialisation. To them a doc-
tor is a doctor, not a pediatrician or a
dermatologist. Similarly, a nurse is a
nurse, no matter what branch she
specialises in. To the public both are
people who may reasonably be ex-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

181

pected to help when one is ill, but
who, for some reason, do not always
fulfil that expectation. No branch of
nursing is so firmly established that it
is independent of all the others. Much
remains to be done before we can
really claim to be a profession at all.
Listen to what Dr. Weir has to say
about the quality of our teaching in
schools of nursing. If you have cour-
age, read his grisly comparative table,
which puts the nursing group at the
bottom of the list as far as intelli-
gence tests are concerned. Better get

together and do something about all
that. No one group can do it by them-
selves.

Those of you who know England
will remember the open fields one
finds even in London, which are
spoken of as the Common. They are
not parks, they are not gardens. They
are a sort of wild land, open to the
sky. Places where people have a com-
mon right to seek the sun and the air :
ground which, because it is shared by
all alike, becomes in some mysterious
way not common but holy ground.

The P re-Operative and Post-O per alive Care of Torticollis

By JEAN S. BANCROFT, Assistant Instructor, Children's Memorial Hospital, Montreal.

Pre-Opcrative Care
The patient is admitted to the hos-
pital usually two or three days before
operation to allow for adequate pre-
paration. In older children, massage
treatment and corrective exercises are
used before admission in an attempt
to correct pre-operatively as much of
the deformity as is possible.

After admission, the head is
shaved and the patient sent to the
plaster room for the application of a
short plaster cast reaching from the
neck to the waist, and a plaster cap
to include the head. These are re-
moved separately and kept in the
plaster room to dry.

The day following, a local prepara-
tion of ether, alcohol, and picric acid
is done. The area is covered with a
sterile towel, which is secured with a
bandage. The patient is then given
the routine preparation for general
anaesthetic.

Post-Operative Care
On returning from the operating
room, the patient is placed on a Brad-
ford frame and restrained with a
frame apron. Sometimes it will be
found necessary to restrain the hands
also.

The head is fixed in position with
two sand pillows, tilted slightly back-

ward, and rotated towards the affect-
ed side, thus over-correcting the de-
formity. A wide strip of adhesive may
be placed over the forehead and at-
tached to the sand pillows on either
side, thus fixing the head firmly in
position.

Two Days Post-Operative
The patient returns to the operat-
ing room and the plasters are applied ;
the plaster cap and jacket being in-
corporated by means of zinc strips
reinforced with plaster bandages. A
window is cut in the plaster to allow
for the dressing of the wound and the
removal of the sutures.

The patient is then placed in bed,
on a back rest, supported on either
side with pillows.

The plaster is not applied until the
second day post-operative to prevent
the possible soiling of the cast by
ether vomitus.

Seven Days Post-Operative
The sutures are removed.

Fourteen Days Post-Operative
The patient is usually discharged

in the plaster cast, which he continues

to wear for six weeks.
When it is bi-valved and removed,

massage treatment is instituted until

a complete cure is effected.

182

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Libraries and Hospitals

By HELEN G. STEWART, Ph.D.

It is a little difficult to talk about
libraries in a clear-cut, direct way,
because the idea of libraries has be-
come so sentimentalised in the past
generation or two, that before get-
ting down to tacks, one must clear
away a lot of sticky sentiment and
fog which surrounds it, and present
it as a practical, not to say urgent,
proposition.

People are so obsessed by the tradi-
tional values of books, that their real
place in modern civilisation eludes
them. The clouds of glory trailing
from the past have a habit of com-
pletely veiling the discrepancy be-
tween the funny little antiquated
assortments of odds and ends and
left-overs, so often dignified by the
name of Libraries, and the reading
needs of a modem community or in-
stitution.

Practically every hospital board in
the country is willing to admit on
principle that libraries have a place
in their general scheme of things be-
cause they have been brought up in
this belief. Yet those who are willing
and able to translate that principle
into a concrete policy, and more
especially to have those policies suffi-
ciently concrete to appear on their
actual budget as in the case of steno-
graphic help, or laboratory equip-
ment, are as hard to find as roses in
enow drifts. Some few books have
been purchased, but purchased for
a specific purpose. When one re-
alises that in the whole of British
Columbia, and I am speaking of
British Columbia in so far as the re-
port of the Library Survey Commit-
tee is concerned, when one realises
that in the year 1926 the immense
sum of $370.00 was expended by all
of the hospitals put together for
books and periodicals, one can realise

(Read at the annual convention of the British
Columbia Hospital Association, and a Joint Meet-
ing with The Western Hospital Association and
The Northwestern Hospital Association, Vancou-
ver, B.C., August, 1930.)

that as far as a purposeful policy is
concerned we have a long distance
to go. In this province of British
Columbia, according to a survey
made in 1927-28, well over one-third
of the forty-one hospitals from which
information was gathered reported
that they had made no provision
whatever for library service. The
rest maintained some sort of a collec-
tion, ranging in size from 50 to 70
volumes, but only one found a place
m its regular budget for reading
material. The total book stock of 25
institutions fell short of 5,000
volumes, and one gathers from the
Survey Report, that most of these
have been accumulated in a casual
fashion, through book drives and
private philanthropy.

I may say right here, that so far
as my own knowledge goes I do not
think that British Columbia is very
much behind certain other parts of
the world in that respect. The trouble
has been, to a certain extent at least,
that the world has got ahead of us,
and, in relation to the professional
hospital libraries, the little libraries
that are now operating under that
name are in many cases more or less
hang-overs from a distant past.
Boards and doctors and nurses have
been so obsessed in the past with the
idea of the traditional values that
they have failed utterly, in many
eases, to see the real value of, and the
real necessity for, the books in any
scheme which a modern world de-
mands from them. Just what these
needs are, it is not quite so easy
to say. Libraries, in so far as hos-
pitals are concerned have been, up
to date, desultory affairs, usually
casual. No mention was made in any
of these reports of librarianship, or
of any adequate facilities for selec-
tion and organisation. Indeed no
person seems to care enough about
the whole matter to keep any special
record of what these collections of

THE CANADIAN NURSE

183

books do to further the interests of
the institution. Some appear to be
set aside for staff use, and to contain
at least a few works of purely pro-
fessional interest. Some are earmark-
ed from the start for the patients.
In most cases, and now I am speaking
with very little direct knowledge, the
patients' library consists almost en-
tirely of books which have been don-
ated in one way or another, generally
by hospital auxiliaries or organiza-
tions of that kind.

j\Iost of the purchasing which is
done for the staff of the hospital is
done having regard to professional
books, but as far as I can gather, even
these books are purchased in a more or
less desultory fashion, without a very
large knowledge of the whole field of
professional literature or, on the other
hand, without any very technical use
of what we call the essential tools
of selection and organisation for pur-
chases of that kind. And while hos-
pitals the world over, with few ex-
ceptions, are in the same position as
we ourselves in this regard, the real
urgent need for some definite plan of
library service in hospitals, as in
certain other institutions, becomes
more and more acute every day.
There is an immense flow of books
coming from the publishers, which
never seems to end, hundreds, thou-
sands, tens of thousands, flowing out
every year, so that even the greatest
expert cannot do more than have a
nodding acquaintance with the out-
lying parts of her own particular
field. With the constant flux and
change which throws yesterday's
theories into the scrap heap, with the
increasing specialisation of special-
ists and the increasing need for
orientation and the expansion of com-
munity boundaries, some clearing
house of specialised information and
knowledge becomes more and more
imperative.

Whether you realise it or not, the
day of the vague, general, desultory
library is over. What is coming to
take its place is an effective tool.

shaped to the hand of its user. A
modem library is as much a matter
of supply and demand as is a modem
departmental store, and it requires
as much skill and subtlety in its suc-
cessful operation — which does not at
all mean that it must be put on a
purely materialistic basis, but that
its policies must be the result of
conscious effort and the measure of
its achievement not merely a matter
of wishful thinking. It must be pur-
poseful and focussed; adapted to the
needs of a special clientele and oper-
ated with as much knowledge of pro-
cesses and techniques as a laboratory
is operated. It is a difficult thing to
run a library on these lines. There
is nothing casual or desultory about
it. It is an expert's job. It is especial-
ly difficult to organise such a service
in small communities. It needs a
range and scope hard to attain ex-
cept where there are people and
money. Isolated efforts or small
units, however much enthusiasm goes
into them, are bound to fail, to be-
come stagnant pools or shallow
marshes instead of swift-flowing, use-
ful streams. It is partly because hos-
pital libraries have almost always
been little isolated efforts that so
many of them fail. I know very little
about hospital libraries and there-
fore I will probably make a number
of mistakes while here today, be-
cause hospital libraries are not a
speciality of mine, but I will say this,
that because public libraries and
ether kinds of libraries are going
through about the same stage as hos-
pital libraries are at the present time,
perhaps some of our own experiences
may be of a certain benefit to those
of the rest of you who are fumbling
about for some way out of a difficult
position.

My position at the present time is
m connection with a library experi-
ment which is being tried out in the
Eraser Valley. This experiment is
financed by the Carnegie Corporation
from New York City, and the reason
they are giving money to finance this

184

THE CANADIAN NURSE

experiment is simply because the
library focus has so changed in the
last number of years that the old
methods, which were adequate
enough a generation ago, have fallen
down and failed. The new methods
which are necessary in order to run
a library, particularly in a district
where the population is more or less
scattered, now demand a certain type
of focus without which almost any
kind of library project is doomed to
failure. Now hospital libraries, like
public libraries in rural communities,
have up to the present been isolated
units, cut off from their own kind.
They have worked by themselves and
through themselves and for them-
selves and those who have been re-
sponsible for them like "Elijah under
the Juniper Bush" have wrestled
away with their own problems not
knowing there was any person else
with the same problems or the same
interest. Both hospital libraries and
public libraries in small communities
are likely to see in the near future
a change very much for the better
through the use of these two ideas
of focus and federation, and it is
along these lines that progress may
be expected.

Before suggesting any of the prac-
tical ways, I think it might be very
well to discuss a -little more fully
for one moment what the hospital
libraries might do. What is their re-
sponsibility ; or what would they have
to take into consideration in the way
of operation before any concrete plan
was definitely adopted? As we have
said, the natural division at the
present time seems to be professional
and patient, but each of these classes
will stand a little dividing. As I see
it, although I know very little about
hospitals, a hospital library has not
only an opportunity, but a definite
responsibility for the supply of cer-
tain kinds of reading needs. First, in
connection with the student nurses
in training. A hospital accepts stu-
dents and exacts from them long
hours of service for a period of three

years on the strength of giving them
a professional education, but they
are not giving them in return a good
professional training. The craft part
of their training they can get prob-
ably well enough, in the way all other
apprentices do. But professional edu-
cation demands a knowledge of prin-
ciple as well and also an ability to
think creatively, and this cannot be
imparted to the students without a
minimum supply at least of the tools
of learning. There should be a suffi-
cient number of up-to-date text books
to give various points of view on the
actual subjects taught. There should
also be books giving the cultural
background of these subjects and
their relation to other knowledge;
material .linking up their professional
specialty with the social environment
in which they must practise it, and
finally a constant supply of material
to help their personal development
during these years of training. No
school professing academic stand-
ards can do less than this, in fairness
to its students and to its own pro-
fessional reputation.

No professional staff can grow and
progress today if cut off from the
thought of their kind. Once responsi-
bility for such mental alertness re^-
ed with the individual, but today it
is far from being an individual
matter. No big firm today would
dream of running a chemical labora-
tory, a patent office, a trust company
or an international banking concern
without having a highly effective
library at the centre of their organi-
sation— not only books, but hundreds
of magazines selected and classified
for the use of their busy and alert
staff. It is only the professionals,
once the centre of the reading tradi-
tion, who fail in this regard, or strain
their personal resources to the break-
ing point to keep up with the de-
mands upon them. Nurses and doctors
alike need service of this kind, and
indeed without it cannot possibly
hope to take the place expected of
them in their community. As in the

THE CANADIAN NURSE

185

case of the students, there is also the
matter of a broad, cultural reading
for the professional staff and those
who live an institutionalised life have
a right to expect that a part at least
of these needs will be satisfied by the
hospital itself.

Then there is the question of read-
ing for the patients. From a stand-
point of direct therapeutic value,
reading offers large possibilities
scarcely more than hinted at, at the
present time. Again my ignorance
stands in the way of saying anything
very definite about these possibilities,
but I am practically certain that be-
fore many years pass it will be quite
possible to make up reading diets in
the same way as one is able to now
make up regular food diets. It is
altogether likely that normal reading
needs call for certain vitamin con-
tents, certain calories, certain salts
and minerals, fluids and roughage, as
much as diets do, only no person
knows enough about them yet to say
what they are. Certainly from a
standpoint of suggestion and inspira-
tion, from a standpoint of purposeful
study, from a standpoint of making
up shortages and satisfying hungers,
books selected and organised and
administered properly can do much
for both the mind and the body of
all but those who are very, very ill.
But there must be a conscious plan
about it all.

There may be other uses for a
library, but it seems to me that a
hospital library might very well be
the professional centre in any event
for the reading matter for the whole
nursing and medical profession, and
with certain limitations, that is a
matter which could be worked out
later. If one takes anything like that
view of hospital libraries, if one ad-
mits for a moment that there is any-
thing like that responsibility which
I have mentioned resting upon them
— and it seems to me you cannot get
away from it — then the question
arises how can a hospital library be
operated in such a way that it can

fill some of these requirements? I
have stated the isolated hospital
libraries are almost doomed to failure
from the start. I think hospitals
might see their way clear to work out
the same sort of scheme that is being
tried in the Eraser Valley experi-
ment. That is, in place of having
little libraries, one in Chilliwack, one
in Mission, one in Abbotsford and
one in Haney, etc., the experiment
is to pool resources and to pool in-
terests, and with these pooled re-
sources to prepare a programme
which can support a larger scope and
range of books, a highly trained staff
and give to readers in the Valley a
number of books and a range of
books that would be absolutely im-
possible in any one of these isolated
library centres. There does not seem
to me to be any reason why, for
example, the hospitals in British
Columbia should not federate under
one large hospital library scheme by
having one large common stock of
books arranged in this way. We have
a rural bus which carries the books
from one branch to the other. I do
not see anything insuperable in the
way of some sort of regional depots
which would make it possible and
practicable, that is, to have the mini-
mum basic supply of books in each
of the hospitals and then a large
common stock which would keep
rotating so that the hospitals would
have the advantage of having one
highly trained staff which could
operate the whole thing, could or-
ganise, advise, help and classify. One
supervising staff could supervise and
arrange in the smaller hospitals
where a trained librarian would be
quite out of the question, and it
would seem that your problem could
be worked out with the maximum of
effect and with a minimum of cost.
If our present scheme in the Eraser
Valley can be put through, it will
give every person in the Eraser Val-
ley, no matter how far away from the
centres of population, by the end of
ihe five-year period, a choice of some-

186

THE CANADIAN NURSE

thing in the neighbourhood of 50,000
volumes, and I think we can do that
at a total cost eventually to the bor-
rower of something like 30 cents per
capita, which does not seem to me to
be exorbitant. That includes a high-
ly trained staff and also includes the
most up-to-date and best type of
library service which has been work-
ed out up to the present time.

If the hospitals in British Columbia
are at all interested in that sort of
thing, I would say that now is the
time when they can make that in-
terest rather effective. This demon-
stration of which I have been speak-
ing, is a demonstration which is
financed for a five-year period, and
during that five-year period it is our
business in the Eraser Valley to do
everything in our power to further
the library interests in any field. A
certain amount of work that should
be done in the hospitals is out of our
jurisdiction, that is the highly pro-
fessional type, but what we could do
during this five-year demonstration,
if the Hospital Association of British
Columbia wish to take advantage of
it, is first of all to place at its dis-
posal the experiences which we have
had in the working out of our own
problems; secondly, to help in the
way of suggesting the lines of tools,
etc., in selecting books, and I may
say that is a very highly specialised
type .of work at the present time;
thirdly, since our territory lies in the
Eraser Valley it is also within our
power to set up within the Valley a
hospital project, just as we intend to
set up a school project and variou.'?
special interest projects, which we
would work through on a regular
laboratory basis to the best of our
ability. It seems to me if the hospitals
would take advantage of this oppor-

tunity sufficiently to get their plans
made they would really reap a very
great deal of benefit from the gen-
erosity of the Carnegie Corporation,
and there is no reason why you
should not benefit from it as well as
others.

I would think if the Hospital As-
sociation wish to do anything along
that line, they should first of all form
some kind of a working organisation
within the Association which would
in the first place get a little more in-
formation about what actually exists
in the hospital libraries today. No
person knows very much about it.
No person knows what books are
considered educational, or how they
should be used. No person knows
what the 'real needs of the hospital
community are, and that is some-
thing which could be shown by a
committee gathering that informa-
tion together. Then there is a great
deal to be gained in the way of the
researches available in the realm of
professional matter. Hospitals are at
present getting no benefit at all from
such research. There could also be a
good deal done in the way of study-
ing the actual needs of your hos-
pitals. And then after these things-
were done, or while they were being
accomplished, a definite scheme could
be worked out whereby the assist-
ance of the Carnegie Corporation
could be gained in the project of
which I speak. I may say, as far as
we are concerned, we would give
every assistance to any such commit-
tee, and if there is any way that we
can help through this particular
matter of specialised libraries for the
hospital, you may call upon us for
anything that comes within our
legitimate field.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

187

A Simple Method of Artificial Feeding in Infancy

By H. P. WRIGHT, M.D., and A. K. GEDDES, M.D., Montreal.

Recent work has foeussed atten-
tion on simplified feeding in infancy.
There are many simple methods and
it is not improbable that a too simple
method may defeat our purpose by
depriving physicians of proper super-
vision during a period of life when
constant watchfulness is important.
Paradoxically, one begins to feel that
the reason why so many infants do
well on complicated formulae is not
on account of the merit of the various
formulae but because of the capacity
of the infant to make progress, pro-
vided it is supplied with the mini-
mum amount of fat, carbohydrate,
proteins, salts, vitamins, and total
fluid. We use the v;ord "minimum"
advisedly, because if more than this
minimum is supplied often there is
no apparent harm if each ingredient
does not fall below the requisite
amount. As a matter of fact, it is
since the value of the accessory food
factors has been appreciated that we
have learned the relative unimport-
ance of the actual food factors, pro-
vided alwaj'S that certain minimum
requirements are complied with and
that sufficient calories are supplied.

Berlin, the academic home of in-
fant feeding, well exemplifies this
argument, for at one end of the town
infants do well on protein milk and
its combinations and at the other
extremity, butterflour, under the en-
thusiasm of Czemy, is with equal
success used in the feeding of infants.

The story of our progress in infant
feeding at the Montreal Foundling
and Baby Hospital during the last
ten years is of interest; for with
every simplification our results have
improved, until today we feel that

(The Oanadian Medical Association Journal,
XXIII, 1930.)

our only remaining physiological
problem is that one related with in-
fections, and particularly those upper
respiratory infections which are dif-
ficult to handle wherever infants are
found gathered together. In the
autumn of 1928 we decided to try a
certain number of the infants on
selective feedings or, in other words,
to feed them by appetite from the
following formula:

Lactic Acid Whole Milk 20 ounces

Corn Syrup (50 per cent.) 2 ounces

Our results have been so uniformly
successful that it is thought worth
while to describe them.

It is well recognised that Marriott
has advocated some such feeding but
his actual procedure during the first
3'ear was not known to us. We make
no claim to originality but simply
wish to record a simple, satisfactory
method which we have been using.
After our success with lactic acid
milk we were encouraged to try the
same sort of feedings without acidifi-
cation, but this work has not pro-
gressed sufficiently to justify any
conclusions. We have had no experi-
ence with Weissenberg's citric acid
whole milk. We are continuing our
experimental feedings and at the end
of another year hope to have more
established ideas. In the meantime
we submit a method which is simple
and workable, although probably no
more simple or workable than many
others. This work is being carried on
at the Montreal Foundling and Baby
Hospital and no success could have
accrued had it not been for the very
efficient co-operation of Miss Law-
rence and her capable staff of nurses,
for we all know too well that there
is no food that can be successfully
fed to infants if they are not well
cared for.

188

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The caloric value of our standard
lactic acid milk is between 23 and 24
calories per ounce, or slightly higher
than breast milk, and the carbohyd-
rate and protein both in greater per-
centages than in breast milk.

Our first rule was that all babies
should be fed every four hours (5
feedings in the 24 hours) and for 20
minutes by the clock. Each baby,
under 3 months of age was held while
being fed. The ordinary anticolic
nipple was used with a fairly large
bole, so that one could reasonably
assume that the infant would get as
much as wanted during the 20
minutes.

Our second rule was that when a
baby took 32 ounces of this formula
in the 24 hours, cereals were offered
twice daily and vegetable broth once,
and the number of feedings was re-
duced to four. "When the child was
taking two platefuls of cereal it was
usually fed only three times a day.
This often meant in practice that in-
fants of four months of age were
eating cereal greedily, and at six
months were receiving only four
feedings in the 24 hours. Boiled
water was offered to all infants be-
tween feedings. The most extra-
ordinary variation in intake was
found, which will be referred to in
the case reports.

Cod liver oil was administered to
all infants from the day of admission
and rapidly increased up to 1 tea-
spoonful twice a day. Orange juice
was also given from admission and
quickly augmented to 1 tablespoon-
ful daily.

It may be of interest to note that
cod liver oil has never disagreed with
an infant in the Montreal Foundling
and Baby Hospital, although we
venture to affirm that there is no ex-
perienced physician who cannot re-
call in private practice eases when
patients seemed unable to take cod
liver oil without gastro-intestinal
symptoms.

It is not our contention that every
infant will do well on this type of
feeding, for it may require minor
variations, but then neither will
every infant do well on the breast
without these minor variations, and
we are inclined to believe that about
the same percentage will make an
uninterrupted progress on either
method of feeding, provided always
that the technique is good and no
parenteral or enteral infections sup-
ervene. Neither do we wish to be
understood as advocating that all in-
fants should be fed according to
appetite. Sedgewick and others have
emphasized the variation in the
amount taken at different feedings
from the breast. Because of this dif-
ference no one as yet has suggested
milking the mother's breast and
feeding equal amounts from a bottle
at regular intervals of three or four
hours. Whether it is better to make
the baby take a prescribed amount
at each feeding or to be guided by
the appetite must to some extent de-
pend on the type of baby.

Our conclusion, therefore, is that
it is perfectly safe to feed normal
babies during the first year by appe-
tite on lactic acid whole milk 20.
ounces with the addition of 2 ounces
of 50 per cent, corn syrup, at four
hour intervals^ five feedings in the
twenty-four hours, and for exactly
20 minutes at each feeding, boiled
water being offered between feed-
ings and the accessory food factors
supplied in adequate amounts. And
furthermore, we are inclined to be-
lieve that some such simplified feed-
ing as outlined above is safer to place
in the hands of the busy general prac-
titioner than one that requires to be
modified at regular intervals.

The following case reports are re-
presentative of those of twenty chil-
dren who up to this time have re-
ceived the feeding described. Only
two infants of the series failed to
make satisfactory progress; one had
congenital syphilis and the other a

THE CANADIAN NURSE

189

cerebral haemorrhage resulting from
birth injury.

Case 1
Philip W.. aged two weeks, admitted
December 26, 1928; weight 6 pounds. On
discharge fifty-two days later he weighed
9 pounds, an average gain of 7 ounces per
week. There was occasional regurgitation,
but no vomiting. An upper respiratory
infection in February had no effect upon
the fluid intake.

Case 2
Annie M., aged 3 weeks on admission-
weight 7 pounds 4 ounces; fifty-four days
later she weighed 10 pounds, an average
gain of 5.5 ounces per week. Except for
one mild upper respiratory infection, her
stay in hospital was uneventful. She took
from one to seven ounces at a feeding, the
duration of which varied from five to
twenty minutes. She had two to four pasty
stools per day. There was a moderate
amount of regurgitation and the record
says vomiting occurred seven times during
the fifty-four days.

Case 3
Evelyn W., aged 1 month on admission;
weight 7 pounds. In 4 months there was
a weight gain of 6 pounds, an average gain
of 6 ounces per week. Cereal was added to
the diet at age of 3 months. There were
no infections, and her progress was un-
eventful.

Case 4
Arthur T., aged 2 months on admission;
weight 9 pounds 2 ounces. Marked varia-
tions in milk intake, which ranged from
21 to 42 ounces per day. No vomiting;
very little regurgitation; one to five pasty
stools per day. The addition of cereal at
the age of 314 months was coincident with
an abrupt rise in the weight curve, but
there was no decrease in the quantity of
milk taken. During two upper respiratory
infections in November and December, he
continued to gain weight and to take the
usual quantities of milk. During a very
severe infection in April formula with-
drawn for two v/eeks. The illness caused
a loss in weight of 2 pounds 6 ounces in
2 weeks; this was recovered in the follow-

ing three weeks. The average weekly
weight increment for total seven-months'
period was 5 ounces.

Case 5
Warren T., aged 3 months; weight 8
pounds, a premature infant, admitted at
a.ge of 4 days, weighing 3 pounds 8 ounces.
He was given an evaporated milk formula
until his transfer at the age of 3 months
to the group receiving the special feeding.
The weight gain thereafter averaged 7.5
ounces per week. In March, an upper
respiratory infection, with otitis media
and fever, did not influence the food in-
take or the weight increment.
Case 6
Margaret H., aged 6% months on ad-
mission; weight 7 pounds 14 ounces;
length 22 inches; bilateral purulent
otorrhoea. The n.ilk intake varied from
28 to 44 ounces per day. The monthly
weight increments were: first month 3
pounds; second month 1 pound 13 ounces;
third month 3 pounds 11 ounces; fourth
month 2 pounds 10 ounces, giving a week-
ly average of about 10% ounces. At the
age of 9 months, length was 26 inches.
In February there was a recurrence of
the otorrhoea in the presence of a rising
weight curve.

Case 7
Walter W., aged 6 months on admission;
weight 13 pounds 4 ounces. He took huge
quantities of the formula without evidence
of discomfort. On four occasions, he took
over 50 ounces of milk in 24 hours, and
on one occasion drank 13 ounces in 20
minutes, four hours later 9 ounces, and
again 4 hours later 12 ounces. During an
acute upper respiratory infection, with
fever rising daily to 102° F. for a week,
he reduced his milk intake to a level of
21 to 35 ounces per day. His average gain
per week for a five months' observation
period was six and one-third ounces.
Case 8
Maisie C, aged 7% months on admis-
sion; weight 10 pounds. Large quantities
of the formula were taken in addition to
solids. Her average weekly weight gain
over an observation period of four months
v/as 9y2 ounces.

190

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The Breath of Life

By H. J. FELLS, B.A.

The breath of life, it will be re-
membered, was breathed into man's
nostrils. The civilised recipient, how-
ever, prefers to breathe through the
mouth, which neither in its shape nor
its properties is qualified for the task.
That man utilises the wrong instru-
ment is one of the ills of civilisation,
bringing far more dire results than
do the seven which a well-known
sociologist decided were sapping the
foundations of communal life.

It is, therefore, germane to the topic
to refer briefly to the evil effects of
breathing through the wrong cavity.
In principle it comes to this, that
breath inhaled through the nostrils
is as different from breath inhaled
through the mouth as distilled water
is different from that in a dirty pond.
The nose purifies the food of the
lungs, and it is even claimed that
there are mineral and vegetable
poisonous odours which can do no
harm if breathed through the nostrils,
but are fatal if inhaled through the
mouth. Mouth breathing also affects
the human frame, to the extent that
it is conducive to contracted chests
and stooping shoulders. That diseases
of the respiratory organs are more
likely to arise through mouth breath-
ing needs no stressing.

An interesting theory has been ad-
vanced— that mouth breathing dur-
ing sleep causes dental decay, since
the antiseptic qualities of the saliva
are absent from the mouth, which
goes dry when open. Further, the
developing teeth of a child ''feel"
each other (as it were) on top and
bottom gums when the mouth is kept
shut, and thus emerge in regular
formation. With mouth breathing
this desirable result is less likely to
happen. But all the dangers of mouth
breathing must not obscure the fact

that breathing in the form of talking
is an excellent exercise and con-
ducive to longevity. Those who ob-
ject to any interruption of a sedent-
ary mode of existence should, failing
the opportunity or lacking the pre-
dilection for talking, read aloud for
their own advantage even if to the
advantage of nobody else.

During the first half of the last
century, George Catlin prosecuted
most detailed researches amongst the
Indians of North America. He was
struck by the fact that amongst them
were born no idiots, no hunch-backs
and no deaf and dumb. No mothers
died at childbirth and infant mortal-
ity was practically negligible. Hav-
ing pondered considerably on this
happy state of affairs, he essayed the
conviction that the reason for it was
due to breathing through the nose.
He was drawn to this conclusion by
an Indian proverb — "No man is to be
feared who cannot shut his mouth,"

Catlin 's premise was that healthy'
life depended upon quiet, refreshing
sleep and that man was so construct-
ed that his lungs promoted the con-
dition in breathing during somno-
lence, since they regulated the diges-
tion and circulation of the blood, as
well as performing their main func-
tion. The lungs, however, depend for
their treble functioning on a supply
of air both soothed and temperate,
and such characteristics are acquired
only by air which passes through the
nose.

Indian squaws watch their babies
while sleeping to see that the mouth
is kept shut, and if necessary, press
together the lips of their children.
Indians sleep on their backs, and do
not permit that which serves as a
pillow to rest under their shoulders.
In this position the head is bowed a

THE CANADIAN NURSE

191

little forward, which aids in prevent •
ing the opening of the mouth.

A very spiritual conception of
breathing is held in the East by a
section of Hindus known as the
Yogis. By rhythmical breathing the
control of the body and spiritual de-
velopment are inter-related. Rhyth-
mical breathing might be described
as breathing in tune with the uni-
verse. By such harmony the body
assimilates the maximum of prana, or
absolute energy, which is in, but not
of, all forms of matter.

Western views do not go quite so
far as this, though a school of scien-
tific opinion recognises some corres-
pondence between breathing and
mentality (as in nervousness, which
chows itself in irregular breathing).
Breathing in its various forms ac-
companies all mental and emotional
activity. Talking, in one aspect, is
merely a modification of the normal
respiratory movement, yet speech is
the expression of the mind, even the
expression of the inexpressible, as in
St. John's conception of the Logos
or Word. Sobbing, laughing, shout-
ing, all are manifestations of emo-
tional states, yet have all their defi-
nite and unbreakable relationship
with the breath of life.

It has been said that normally West-
ern man uses only twenty to thirty
inches of air out of a possible two
hundred and thirty. The air capacity
of the lungs is scarcely appreciated,
though this is not surprising in view
of the fact that the air chambers,
into which the bronchial tubes finally
sub-divide, are estimated to number
seven hundred and twenty - five
million, covering a total surface of
two thousand square feet.

At rest the average volume of air
taken into the lungs each minute is
one to two gallons. During exercise,

however, as much as twelve to fifteen
gallons a minute are consumed. Ac-
cording to Yogi ideas, clavicular
breathing, or breathing by the rais-
ing of the collar bone, fills only the
top of the lung, rib expansion breath-
ing only the middle and abdominal
or diaphragmatic breathing only the
bottom.

These various methods of breathing
have all had their vogue, particularly
among singers. Many years ago
abdominal breathing was favoured,
and schools of singing had special
apparatus to bind the chest, or else
a form of pillory which pinioned the
ribs. It was even said that singers
practised in a horizontal position
with heavy weights upon their chest,
or if these were not forthcoming the
music master himself would sit upon
the chest of his pupil.

The Yogi way of breathing is a
combined movement of all three
motive forces, so that the lung is com-
pletely aerated. This, of course, does
not mean filled to its maximum capa-
city. It does not entail a phenomenal
alteration in the girth of the chest.
Such remarkable results as "strong
men" demonstrate in this connection
are not due in the slightest to the
act of breathing, but the cunning use
of certain extrinsic muscles of the
chest. Breathing exercises unfortun-
ately seem reserved largely for these
show purposes of chest expansion,
whereas they can be used not only in
the treatment of pulmonary diseases,
but also in affections of the heart,
for in such complaints attention
should often be concentrated on the
lungs. Even the fat may be suffering
from defective oxygenation of the
tissue due to inadequate breathing
while those with a phenomenal thirst
will, it is stated, lose the desire after
taking a few deep breaths.

(From New Health (Eng.), May, 1930.)

192

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Scarlet Fever Anti-Toxin

By ELLEN FRASER TAYLOR, M.D., Winnipeg Municipal Hospitals

Before giving the effects of scarlet
fever anti-toxin one should recall the
course of a fairly sick case of scarlet
fever. They begin by being feverish
and nauseated with perhaps head-
ache and chills. In one to three days
the throat becomes inflamed, with
sometimes a slight or heavy exudate
on the tonsils ; the soft palate be-
comes injected; the tongue heavily
coated — "the white strawberry
tongue;" a punctate rash appears on
the chest, rapidly spreading over the
body. These signs remain three or
four days and then gradually dis-
appear. The tongue, about the fourth
day, passes from the white to the red
strawberry type; desquamation be-
gins in the second week, taking in
many cases the rest of the quarantine
period to finish. At any time during
the disease complications, such as
adenitis, rhinitis, acute otitis media
and mastoiditis may occur, prolong-
ing the time in hospital to many
weeks or months.

Scarlet fever anti-toxin has chang-
ed the above picture very much. To
obtain the best results the serum
should be given early, as it appears
to do little or no good after the
fourth day. One ampoule, approxi-
mately 12 c.c, is injected intra-
muscularly the same as in diphtheria
and rarely needs to be repeated.

Within twenty-four to thirty-six
hours in the uncomplicated cases, the
temperature drops from 102°-103° to
99°-100°, the rash fades; the throat
symptoms become much easier; the
tongue changes the same as in the
untreated ; desquamation may not
take place if the rash was not well
marked before the anti-toxin was in-
jected. The patient makes an un-
interrupted recovery and is dis-
charged at the end of five weeks.

Those admitted with complications
respond well to the anti-toxin. Aden-
itis disappears in ten days or less
without suppuration; the aural dis-
charge from those with acute otitis
media clears in an average of thirty-
two days. An operation is necessary
when the mastoid cells are infected,
but the healing time is shortened.

A serum rash occurs in about ten
days in over fifty per cent, of the
cases, a few having serum sickness,
i.e., vomiting and adenitis. Calomine
and soda bicarbonate lotions relieve'
the mild rashes but pituitrin is needed
when the irritation is severe.

A study of five hundred cases over
a period of four years leads one to
believe that scarlet fever anti-toxin,
if given early enough, shortens the
initial stage and prevents complica-
tions, saving the patient both time
and money.

Disease should not be endured, or even cured, if it can be prevented. It is
wiser 1o maintain health than to regain it, and cheaper also. It is wiser to
pay for a non-skid tire than for a smash-up and a police court fine. It is better
to pay for safety in advance, and enjoy it, than to have calamity thrust upon
us to be paid for on the instalment plan.

"The Story of the Year 1929-1930."
(Ninette Sanatorium, Manitoba).

THE CANADIAN NURSE

193

Parliamentary Procedure

ALISON EWART.

Parliamentary procedure is the law,
both written and unwritten, for the
proper and orderly conduct of meet-
ings. The rules have not been adopted
in any arbitrary manner, but are the
result of the experience of adminis-
trative bodies during the last four
or five centuries. They have been
adopted because they have served
best, in the words of Thomas Jeffer-
son, "accuracy in business, economy
in time, order, uniformity, and im-
partiality."

Parliamentary procedure guaran-
tees democracy. It prevents the ma-
jority from exercising undue control
over the minority. When it is under-
stood by the majority it prevents the
rule of a minority. In a word, it
secures justice, courtesy, order, and
efficiency.

There are two kinds of societies or
organisations: societies which are in-
corporated by law and which must,
therefore, conform to aU the statutory
requirements of the country in which
they operate; societies which are
voluntary, or unincorporated, which
are not thus restricted and have
greater freedom in the adoption of
rules.

A society may become incorporated
by adopting the articles of association
in compliance with the conditions of
the law of the land, which makes pro-
vision for the incorporation of such a
society. Articles of association may
be changed and by-laws adopted or
amended only in the manner provided
by law. The advantages of being an
incorporated society are that the so-
ciety has the power to acquire and
convey real property and the ability
to bring legal action in the name of
the society.

A society, whether it is incorpor-
ated or not, should adopt a constitu-
tion and by-laws, the constitution in-

corporating what is fundamental to
the society and the by-laws containing
those details which may be changed
without affecting the general char-
acter or work of the society. The con-
stitution should be more difficult to
amend than the by-laws.

An organisation, or society, holds
four types of meetings — regular, spec-
ial, adjourned, and annual. At a re-
gular meeting a society is competent
to transact any business except that
which by its rules can only be trans-
acted at an annual meeting. For in-
stance, it is an almost universal cus-
tom to restrict the changing of the
constitution to an annual meeting,
and in many societies this rule also
applies to the by-laws.

At a special meeting no business
can be transacted except that which
is specified in the call for the special
meeting. Even the minutes of the pre-
ceding meeting cannot be approved,
unless this was specified in the call.

An adjourned meeting is simply a
continuation of another meeting. Any
business which was in order at the
former meeting is in order at any ad-
journment thereof.

Annual meetings are more formal
than ordinary meetings. They include
annual reports and the election of
officers. The minutes of the preceding
regular meeting may be read at an
annual meeting, and the minutes of
an annual meeting may be read at
the succeeding regular meeting.
The President:

Every society should have at least
four officers: a president, a vice-pre-
sident, a secretary, and a treasurer.
The president holds the position of
highest honour and the greatest re-
sponsibility. The success and the or-
derly conduct of the meetings depend
on him. It is absolutely essential that
he be impartial, and that he have a
thorough knowledge of parliamentary

194

THE CANADIAN NURSE

law. The president should be ad-
dressed as Mr. President. ]\Iadam
President, Mr. or Madam Chairman,
but never by name. He speaks of him-
self as "the chair," and he should
never refer to himself as "I" in
alluding to anything done while in
the chair. He may speak of himself
as "your president" when reporting
something that he has done outside a
meeting in his official capacity.

The duties of the presiding officer
are : to be regular and prompt in at-
tendance ; to call meetings to order
at the specified time ; to preserve or-
der; to entertain motions which are
in order, repeat them, and at the pro-
per time put them to vote; to repeat
the motion under consideration or to
have the secretary read it whenever
asked to do so by a member ; to an-
nounce the result of all votes.

It is customary for the presiding
officer to stand while he is stating a
motion, also while putting the motion
to the vote and declaring the result.
It is not customary to rise to recog-
nise a member who wishes to speak,
or to stand while the discussion is
going on. But if the assembly is very
large, he may better preserve order
by standing.

The presiding officer should see
that everyone's rights are observed,
that no disorderly conduct is permit-
ted, that motions not properly made
are either corrected or ruled out of
order; he, as well as the secretary,
should sign all formal communica-
tions sent out by the society.

The presiding officer generally has
the power of appointing standing
committees, and often the power of
appointing special committees. He is
usually a member ex officio of all com-
mittees. (These details should be
stated in the constitution.)

The presiding officer forfeits, how-
ever, the right to make, second, or dis-
cuss a motion. If he wishes to discuss
a motion, read a paper, or make an
address, he should call the vice-presi-
dent to the chair, and then address
the presiding officer, and observe the
same rules as the other members. He

does not forfeit the right to vote, but
it is not customary for him to vote
except when the vote is by ballot or
roll call. He seldom exercises the right
on a viva voce vote, even in the case
of a tie. When the voting is by roll
call, he gives his vote last. When the
voting is by ballot, his vote is de-
posited with the others. It is to be
noted that he is not compelled to vote
in the case of a tie.
Th e Vice-President :

The vice-president takes the chair
in the absence of the president or
when he is requested to do so by the
president. This request may be made
when the president gives his annual
address, takes part in the discussion
of a motion, or for some reason is un-
able to preside. If the president is
permanently absent, the vice-presi-
dent becomes acting president, with
all the powers and duties of president,
but without special provision, he does
not become president.
The Secretary:

The duties of the secretary are only
second to those of the president, but,
unlike the president, he does not for-
feit any rights of membership by
holding office. His duties are : to send
notices of meetings and to send out
all other notices; to call the meeting-
to order if the president and vice-pre-
sident are bath away, and to entertain
the motion for a temporary chair-
man ; to call the roll ; to keep accur-
ate record of all proceedings at the
meetings, in the form of minutes ; to
keep the constitution, by-laws, and all
papers belonging to the society; to
count the votes when the vote is taken
by raising hands or standing; to give
to the chairman of every special com-
mittee the names of the members of
his committee, and a copy of the mo-
tion referred to the committee ; to pre-
pare for the presiding officer an order
of business and a list of all commit-
tees that should report at the meet-
ing.
The Treasrirer:

The duties of the treasurer are to
collect the dues and fees and any
other moneys taken in by the society.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

195

to pay all bills for the society, and to
prepare a final statement for the an-
nual meeting. The treasurer's books
should be audited every year.
Procedure :

The order of business at a meeting
is as follows: The presiding officer
calls the meeting to order by striking
the table with the gavel and saying,
"The meeting will please come to or-
der." A quorum must be present be-
fore any business can be legally trans-
acted. (A quorum is the least number
of members who are permitted to
transact business. This number should
be stated in the constitution.)

The minutes of the last regular
meeting, and of any meetings which
have been held since, should be read
by the secretary. The minutes of one
meeting should be approved before
those of the next meeting are read.
The minutes should contain the name
of the organisation, the kind of meet-
ing, the place of meeting, the date and
hour of meeting, the name of the pre-
siding officer, the approximate num-
ber present, the motions stated and
how they were disposed of, the man-
ner of adjournment, and the signa-
ture of the secretary.

Communications from the presi-
dent come after the minutes. The pre-
siding officer, who is not at liberty to
make or discuss a motion, may now
present to the meeting his ideas or
wishes. His communication should be
written and he should read it stand-
ing, but without giving up his place

as presiding officer. If the president
has taken action for the society since
the last meeting, this is also the time
to report his action and state his rea-
sons.

The report of the treasurer and the
reports of the other officers follow.
The treasurer's report should be a
statement of receipts and disburse-
ments. It should be disposed of by a
motion that it be accepted and placed
on file ; or accepted and entered in the
minutes ; or that it should be referred
to an auditor.

The reports of committees come
next in order. The presiding officer
calls on the standing committees to
report in the order in which they were
appointed. Each committee may have
more than one report to give, but each
report should be disposed of before
another is read. Then the reports of
the special committees are heard in
the same way.

Unfinished business follows, which
includes any motions which were cut
off by adjournment, or by expiration
of time, or which have been postponed
until this meeting.

Miscellaneous business comes next
in order ; that is, the introduction and
transaction of business which has not
been brought up before this time.

The meeting closes with an an-
nouncement by the president that the
meeting stands adjourned, or a mo-
tion to adjourn may be made, second-
ed, and voted upon.

(Continued next month)

The Florence Nightingale Association of Toronto

By JEAN I. GUNN, Superintendent of Nurses, Toronto General Hospital.

A review of the history of the
Florence Nightingale Association
may be of interest, especially as it is
now to be disbanded. The many acti-
vities and responsibilities of the As-
sociation have gradually decreased,
due to the changes in other nursing
organisations, until the members felt
that the wisest plan was to discon-
tinue as a separate association. It is
of interest to note that the A.ssocia-
tion came into existence when verv

much needed and discontinued when
those many needs had been met in
other ways.

The Central Registry for Nurses,
which was and still is the only pro-
fessional registry in Toronto, was or-
ganised in 1900 and was managed by
a council to which each alumnae as-
sociation of the local schools for
nurses appointed two representatives.
Nurses who were not graduates of

196

THE CANADIAN NURSE

schools for nurses in Toronto were
not represented on the council. In
addition to this diflSculty, there was
the difficulty of membership in the
Graduate Nurses Association of On-
tario, and the Canadian Nurses Asso-
ciation. Individual membership was
not possible in these two organisa-
tions and all members were required
to belong to a federated association.

The Florence Nightingale Associa-
tion was organised on March 11,
1910, in an effort to provide a means
by which nurses living in Toronto,
but not graduates of any local school
for nurses, could participate in the
activities of their profession.

The presidents since organisation
have been: Miss Kennedy, 1910;
Miss McKenzie, 1911-1914; Miss
Pringle, 1914-1916; Miss Didsbury,
1916 ; Miss Annie Kinder, 1917-1918 ;
Miss Eunice Dyke, 1919-1920; Miss
Jean I. Gunn, 1920-1922 ; Miss Laura
Holland, 1923 ; Miss Barbara Black-
stock, 1924-1925; Mrs. Bowman,
1926 ; Miss Barbara Ross, 1927-1928 ;
Miss Gridley, 1929; Miss Hutchison,
1930.

The first secretary was Miss Jean
Wardell, who served the organisa-
tion from 1910 until 1919. The other
secretaries were: Miss Locke, 1919-
1922 ; Miss Cowan, 1923 ; Miss Grid-
ley, 1924-1927; Miss Carroll, 1928-
1929 ; Miss Colbome, 1930.

When an association disbands it
is a fitting time to check up its
accomplishments, and this Associa-
tion has to its credit many that are
decidedly outstanding. Possibly the
greatest of them was the provision
of a professional association through
which nurses from schools for nurses
located outside the city of Toronto
could take part in the nursing de-
velopment and activities of the local
registry, the Graduate Nurses Asso-
ciation of Ontario, and the Canadian
Nurses Association.

The financial undertakings of the
Canadian Nurses Association have
always been well supported, this As-
sociation contributing its full share

toward the purchasing of The Cana-
dian Nurse in 1917, the erection of
the Nurses' Memorial in Ottawa in
1926, and the financing of the Con-
gress of the International Council of
Nurses in 1929. The Association has
always taken a very definite interest
in community welfare and has contri-
buted towards the finances of local
welfare organisations, the Red Cross
Society and special appeals.

The members will look back with
pleasure and appreciation to the pro-
fitable meetings when they were ad-
dressed by well qualified speakers on
current events and professional
affairs. In this way the Association
has provided a definite contribution
to its members from an educational
standpoint. But, even more accept-
able has been the opportunities
offered for social intercourse, espe-
cially to the new member who had
not yet formed nursing associations
or made friends among the members
of her profession.

Changes occur in nursing as in all
professions, and the many changes
in the past ten years have had a
direct effect on the activities of the
Florence Nightingale Association.
Renovations in the Constitution of-'
the Central Registry of Toronto, in
the plan of membership of the Regis-
tered Nurses Association of Ontario,
and in the Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion, gradually changed the responsi-
bilities of this Association until prac-
tically the only reason for continuing
was to provide a means of social inter-
course. In these busy days and chang-
ing conditions the members felt that
the Florence Nightingale Association
of Toronto had served the purpose for
which it was organised and so could
quite honourably fade into nursing
history. In the minutes of the first
meeting it is recorded that "a spirit
of enthusiasm was apparent." This
spirit was maintained throughout the
twenty-one years of its existence, and
we hope will be carried by its mem-
bers to the other nursing organisa-
tions to which they will henceforth
owe allegiance.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

197

New Nurses Home for City Hospital, Saskatoon

On the afternoon of February 12th
the new nurses' home of the Saska-
toon City Hospital was thrown open
to the public for inspection.

For many years facilities in the
City Hospital for both housing and
instruction have not been of the
best, and although the new home will
not at once eliminate all these diffi-
culties, conditions will be greatly im-
proved. The hospital board will now
be relieved of the necessity of finding
rooms for the staff, for the new home
at the present time will house about
forty nurses, while sixty will remain
in the old building.

The building, which is so construct-
ed as to allow of additional floors be-
ing added as finances permit, at pres-
ent consists of one floor and a full-
sized basement, but these two have
been used to great advantage.

A neat entrance hall leads after a
few steps, to the main floor. Here one
enters the reception room, which is
small but inviting. To the right is the
nurses' room. Although this room
appears rather small, it is very bright
and cheerful, and tastefully furnished.

Next come the rooms that in the
future will be used as supervisors'
rooms, but which at present serve as
sleeping quarters for the nurses. Two
nurses share each room, in which are
two beds, a desk, dresser, and two
roomy closets.

At the north-east corner is the
matron's suite, consisting of three
charming rooms.

To the left of the entrance is the
business office, and a succession of bed-

rooms, including the suite of the
housemother.

A most up-to-date feature is the in-
cinerator— one of the latest ideas in
homes. With this system, all refuse
can be thrown direct to the furnace.

In the basement is a study, and the
long-needed hospital library. Then,
too, there is the fully equipped mod-
ern laundry; a dietetic laboratory; a
bacteriological and a science labora-
tory; all the latest of their kind in
Canada. It is expected that they will
do much to eliminate the difficulties
hitherto experienced in the teaching
of student nurses. It is expected, too,
that the fine lecture room will play an
important part in the developing of
the student nurse.

The room of greatest interest per-
haps i.s that devoted to a model
ward. This model, which is used for
demonstration purposes in the teach-
ing of students, contains several beds,
and is a complete counterpart of a
hospital ward. Everything which can
be found in an up-to-date, well-
ordered hospital can be found here.
In this room, also, all social functions
will be held, and the room is one of
the finest in the city for the holding
of socials or moderately sized dances.

The beauty and utility of this build-
ing makes it one of the finest institu-
tions in the city of Saskatoon, and the
nurses of the City Hospital may well
be proud of their new home, which,
it is hoped, will some day be con-
nected by subway to the main
hospital.

My Ideal Nurse

My ideal nurse is one who has four
great links in the chain of nursing —
religion, ethics, theory, and practice.
One of the links, poorly prepared,
tends to make all imperfect. She is
the one who puts forward her best
each day, counting that day lost in
which there has not been repeated
some benefit both for herself and for
those around her who are suffering.

"Loyalty" she must always have,
be it in a mansion or beside an
orphan's cot; "true womanhood" she
must show even under the constant
criticism of those who, by her good
example, may be drawn into the ranks.

These she must ever bear in mind
that she may be true to God, to her
womanhood, and to her ideal of nurs-
ing. A. T.

198

THE CANADIAN NURSE

i^partmwt nf NurHtny iEburatinn

National Convener of Publication Committee, Nursing Education Section,
Miss ANNIE LAWRIE, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.

Case Study in Paediatrics

By MARION L. ROBINSON, Student Nurse, Children's Memorial Hospital,

Montreal, P.Q.

Bahy L. — Age, seven months.

Diagnosis — Acute indigestion,
otitis media, mastoiditis.
Social History

Baby L., an only child of French-
Canadian parents, was for some un-
known reason, staying at a baby farm.
The father is a farmer. Both parents
are twenty-five years of age, and on
visiting the ward appear fairly intel-
ligent and very neat and clean.

The baby farm is reported to be
clean and tidy. The children are sup-
posed to play in the park across the
street. However, there are numerous
"Keep off the Grass" signs in this
park, and there is a keeper who
watches it all day so that the children
are not out of their own tiny yard at
the front of the house.

Mr. L. paid $20.00 a month for the
baby's board.

This woman had run a similar
home before, but the authorities had
made her close it because the children
were not properly cared for.
Medical History

Baby L. was admitted to the infant
ward on September 4th, with com-
plaints of vomiting, diarrhoea, anor-
exia, and lose of weight, cough and
cold. Up to this time he had never
been ill. He had been on a diet of
eight ounces of milk with sugar, water
given between meals, and had started
to take cream of wheat. On admission
to the ward he was given an intra-
peritoneal of 250 cc. of Hartmann's
solution for dehydration and was put
on a diet of lactic acid protein milk,
eight ounces, and given six feedings
per daj^ every four hours. He was
also given acidosis mixture between
feedings to prevent acidosis and to

add fluid to the body. The baby had
numerous green, watery stools. The
white blood count was 20,000 per cu.
mm.

His feeding was increased. He was
given mist, stramonium, drams one,
every four hours for cough, W'ith
fairly good results. A paracentesis
was done- on both ears to try to deter-
mine the cause of the high remittent
temperature, ranging from 102 de-
grees F. to 106 degrees F., which the
baby had been running. Both ears dis-
charged profusely (discharge puru-
lent). The child was very toxic and
irritable. His ears were irrigated with
boracic solution every four hours and
alcohol drops w^re instilled.

On September 13th, he was taken to
the operating room for simple mas-
toidectomy, both ears. He was given
morphine, gr. 1/24. On return to the
ward his condition was poor, pulse
rapid, he was cyanosed with tremors
of tongue and lower jaw, and the
pupils of his eyes were contracted.
This condition was diagnosed as
acute morphine poisoning. He was
given an intraperitoneal of 275 ce. of
Hartmann's solution immediately,
and in the evening a blood transfusion
of 120 cc. At night he was given a
sedative for restlessness, with poor
results.

On the following day his feeding
was changed to lactic acid protein
milk, twenty-eight ounces; corn
syrup, 50%, two ounces: six feedings
of five ounces, which he took poorly.
On September 19th his feeding was
again changed to reinforced protein
milk, and this he took better. On the
following day he was given reinforced
protein milk, twenty-eight ounces;

THE CANADIAN NURSE

199

corn syrup, 50%, two ounces. He took
this very poorly, and during all this
time he continued to have green,
watery stools and lost weight.

On September 20th his feeding was
changed to whole boiled milk, twenty
ounces; water, eight ounces; corn
syrup, 50%, two ounces; three tea
spoons lemon juice. At this time he
began to refuse all feedings and his
cough was very troublesome. On Sep-
tember 24th he was gavaged and this
was continued for all feedings until
October 3rd. He was given two in-
traperitoneals, one of 125 cc. and one
of 400 cc. Hartraann's solution, also
five interstitials of 125 cc. Hart-
mann's solution for dehydration. His
mastoid dressing was changed every
second day, and both had a sanguin-
eous, purulent discharge. At this time
he was given 100 cc. citrated blood
intraperitoneally. Special attention
was given to his back and buttocks to
prevent the skin from breaking down.
The baby was kept on his side as much
as possible and back rubbed with al-
cohol and powder. Buttock paste was
applied to buttocks each time diaper
was changed. As baby's condition be-
gan to improve he was given one
ounce of orange juice and ten drops
of cod liver oil twice a day.
Complications

The ear condition was no doubt a
complication. However, it may have
caused the diarrhoea and high fever.

The child's idiosyncrasy to mor-
phine, which caused the morphine
poisoning, was also a complication.
Prognosis

The prognosis is good, providing
the child is kept on a proper diet.
Nursing Care

The baby is given a bed bath every
morning and his back rubbed with
alcohol and powder. His buttocks are
covered with an application of but-
tock paste to keep the skin from
breaking down. The diapers are
changed frequently, to keep baby
clean and dry ; this also helps to
keep the skin in good condition and
keeps him from being so restless. He
is turned often from side to side. The

buttock paste is made from equal
parts of vaseline, zinc ointment, cold
cream, and enough balsam of peru to
give it a brown colour. It has great
healing powers, and if properly ap-
plied will relieve and prevent any
redness or soreness.
Diet

In addition to that mentioned
above, on October 6th his feeding was
changed to barley water, twenty
ounces ; sweetened condensed milk,
two ounces : seven feedings of three
ounces.

On October 11th he was given eva-
porated milk, fifteen ounces ; water,
fifteen ounces ; corn syrup, three
ounces : five feedings of five ounces.

On October 14th he was given cream
of wheat with same formula, and on
October 18th soup was added to diet.

On October 28th, evaporated milk,
fifteen ounces; water, fifteen ounces;
boiled milk, five ounces; corn syrup,
three ounces; cream of wheat, five
tablespoons; Ferri Catalytic, one tea-
spoon, in formula.

The feedings were changed to try
and find a feeding which would be
easily assimilated and meet the body
requirements.

Convalescence

As the baby began to improve, I
noticed him trying to raise his head
to watch those around him, so the
head of the bed was elevated and he
was quiet and happ.y for hours dur-
ing the day, watching us at our work.
He also was given a rattle, which
proved a great delight to him and
which helped to stop many crying
spells.

Problems Met With

1. His refusal to take any feeding
by nipple, pippette or spoon.
2. Irritability.

What I Learned From a Study of
This Case

1. The different feedings given for
such a case.

2. Different methods of feeding an
infant.

3. Experience in giving interstitials
and the effect obtained from them.

4. The symptoms of morphine poi-
soning.

200

THE CANADIAN NURSE

i^partm^nt af Prtuat^ iuty Nursing

National Convener of Publication Committee, Private Duty Section,
Miss CLARA BROWN, 153 Bedford Road, Toronto, Ont.

Private Duty Nursing Experience as an Asset in Private

Health Nursing

By MARY MATHEWSON, University Library, University of Toronto

We are living in an age when
world conditions seem to ''change
visibly before our very eyes." The
situation in the field of private duty
nursing cannot be attributed alone
to the present world wide depression.
Community conditions have been
changing rapidly with the develop-
ment of industry and the growth of
large cities. The resultant over-
crowding, poor housing, unemploy-
ment and lowered earning power
have added to the burden of sickness
and ill health.

It is estimated that two per cent,
of the population is sick all the time.
Only fifteen per cent, of those who
are ill are able to provide for privat';
nursing care and yet approximately
sixty per cent, of graduate nurses
are engaged in this branch of the
work. Nevertheless, the other eighty-
five per cent do have critical ill-
nesses and really need the care of a
graduate nurse although they are
unable to meet the expense. It is
equally certain that the private duty
nurse is only making a bare living
at best and cannot afford to reduce
her fees. Some other system must be
evolved, for the situation is serious
for the general public as well as the
nurse.

In recent years, a great deal has
been learned concerning the preven-
tion of disease and the improvement
of health. Epidemics are fortunately
rare and the duration of sickness has
been shortened in many cases. The
infant mortality rate has been sub-
stantially reduced. In spite of these
facts, twenty per cent, of present
illness is said to be preventable. This

(Read at the annual meeting of the Association
of Registered Nurses of P.Q., Montreal, Private
Duty Section.)

certainly should not be the case with
the fund of scientific knowledge at
our disposal. The problem is to assure
the understanding and every day
practice of this newer scientific medi-
cine by the masses.

A mother does not know by intui-
tion how to care for her baby, but
must be taught, and certainly the
neighbour who "knows all about
babies because she has buried six"
is -not the best teacher.

The graduate nurse is the logical
person for this task. Already at work
in this great field of preventive medi-
cine and positive health are groups
of graduate nurses called public
health nurses, but they are still far
too few in number.

Public health nursing does not
mean only bedside care for the sick
poor as so many people, even doctors
and nurses, I am sorry to say, irii-
agine. It covers a much broader
field, and has for its aims the care
of the sick, the prevention of disease
and the promotion of health. The
public health nurse deals with indi-
viduals from infancy to old age
through pre-natal clinics, infant and
pre-school work, school and indus-
trial nursing, tuberculosis and mental
hygiene service as well as bedside
care of the sick in their own homes.

It would seem within the bounds
of possibility that eventually nursing
care and health education may be
available for all through some form
of health insurance. Whatever
scheme is developed to meet the sit-
uation, the public health nursing
services must be developed to fill the
need. Consequently, there will be
golden opportunities for those who
are prepared. Do not let us wait, like

THE CANADIAN NURSE

201

Micawber, for something to turn up.
Now is the time to take stock of our-
selves and make plans for the future.

Of what value will our private
duty experience be to us in this new
scheme of things?

After all, good nursing is the same
at all times and in all places ; it must
just be adapted to circumstances.
The actual nursing care of a patient
is the same by the public health nurse
as by the private duty nurse, except
that in the poorer home there are
fewer conveniences with which to
work. There is need for greater in-
genuity and less time can be spent
with each patient. To those accus-
tomed to working in hospitals and
comfortable homes it is a revelation
that so much can be done to make
a patient comfortable in a poor home
with the means at hand. With clean
newspaper (which may be used for
everything from wastepaper baskets
to rubber sheeting), a kitchen chair
for a back rest and a suitcase or even
a bureau drawer for a baby's bed.
miracles can be performed.

The private duty nurse already
has scientific knowledge and profes-
sional skill. Her outlook has been
broadened by contact with many
individuals and many homes. She has
worked with many physicians. She
has learned to think and act quickly
and surely in emergencies. She has
seen the patient return to health
away from the unnatural restraint
of the hospital and has helped in the
readjustments necessary after a long
illness. She has learned to observe
v/ithout appearing to observe and to
adapt herself to her surroundings.

These qualifications certainly are
decided assets upon which to build
a successful public health nursing
career. Let us face the fact that
present hospital training without
supplementary study does not fit one
ior satisfactory public health nurs-
ing. The very nature of our training
schools makes it inevitable that the
emphasis is laid on the sick, or abnor-
mal rather than the normal. A public
health nurse is essentially a health

teacher. She must know her subject
and how to teach it. She must get
below the surface of effects to find
causes. Do nurses know health? Do
we know what a person who enjoys
the optimism of health is like? Cer-
tainly this is not the type of person
met in the hospital wards.

The first requisite then, is to know
what actually constitutes health, the
rules for maintaining health, what
happens when these rules are broken,
the signs of incipient disease and the
ability to so enthuse others that they
will adopt our point of view as their
own. At first it may seem incredible
that a nurse going into a home, osten-
sibly to give nursing care to a mother
with pneumonia, will discover in one
visit that there are two bedrooms in
that home without windows, that the
children are all undernourished and
potential tuberculosis subjects, that
the family diet is largely bread, pie
and coffee and that the twelve-year-
old daughter is being taxed beyond
her strength in her effort to care for
her mother as well as the other
children.

Certainly no novice could note all
these facts nor have the knowledge
£jnd tact to start active relief meas-
ures at once. The nurse who has no
knowledge of preventive medicine
could probably care for the mother,
but it is very likely that she would
not even realise the other equally
important points, nor would she
know how to cope with them.

Training for this work may be ob-
tained at a university giving a post
graduate course or if this is impos-
sible, through carefully supervised
experience as a staff nurse. Even a
few months of such experience can
give an entirely new point of view.
The inexperienced nurse who at-
tempts to work alone without super-
vision will, at best, gain her experi-
ence at the cost of valuable time and
many mistakes. She will probably
never even realise the opportunities
which are knocking at her very door.

The nurse who goes into public
health nursing because the hours are

202

THE CANADIAN NURSE

short or the evenings are free is sel-
dom successful enough to satisfy
either herself or her superiors. For
the right nurse who is truly interest-
cd the opportunities and satisfaction
found in the work are unbounded.

Nursing is so closely bound up
with the very necessities of life itself
that it must change with changinu:
years. The systems and methods of

today may pass but the leaders of
our profession will be equal to the
task of evolving new systems which
will be better fitted to meet the con-
ditions of the future. There will be
"newer and wider channels of use-
fulness, better care for the sick,
better protection for the well, and
lastly, better and more hopeful lives
for the nurses themselves." Let us
riot be found unprepared.

The Night Nurses' Sleep

Many night nurses find it ex-
tremely difficult to sleep in the
day-time, especially during the sum-
mer months, when it is often hot
and there is no darkness till nine or
ten o'clock. Almost by instinct, sleep
comes most easily with the darkness,
and it is difficult for some people to
reverse the natural sequence of sleep-
ing and waking. Yet it is a great
factor in both the nurse's health and
her patients' well-being that she
should go on night duty fresh and
rested. There are several methods of
inducing sleep, but one that has
proved invaluable and yet remains
almost unknown is to cover the eyes
with a bandage of black velvet fold-
ed double. This at once makes per-
fect darkness and leaves the sleeper
free to have her windows open and
■ her blinds up, allowing of an abund-
ance of fresh air — a most important
point. The already tired mind, un-
conscious even of a flood of sunshine
in the room, is satisfied with the arti-
ficial suggestion of night, and sleep
follows as a natural consequence.

Several sleep-inducers are at the
same time harmless, delightful and
very efficient. One or two raw lettuce
leaves eaten just before settling
down will often work wonders.
Tilleul tea, made by infusing a few
lime blossoms in a china tea-pot and
drunk either sweetened or plain is a
French remedy for sleeplessness. A
drink of orange water is another use-
ful means of getting to sleep.

A sagging mattress is often a cause
of wakefulness, because the spine is

distorted and this sets up a general
irritation of the whole nervous sys-
tem. Blocking the head of the bed
is a device worth knowing, for it
drives the blood away from the head
and so dulls the activities of the
brain. Very light covering and a
warm bottle to the feet (even in hot
weather, provided that the covering
is particularly light) will aid this
even further.

When sleep seems unusually far
away, it is a good plan to start going
to bed all over again : a warm bath,
a freshly made bed, a soothing drink,
a spray of eau de Cologne, light mas-
f-age to the abdomen It is well worth
doing, even in the middle of fhe
afternoon.

It is well to remember that sleep,
like most other things, is largely a
m.atter of habit. Therefore, no stone
should be left unturned by the night
nurse to ensure making a good start.
One good day's sleep paves the way
for another, and the habit of sleep-
ing well in the daytime begins surely
and soundly to form. Resorting to
drugs, however mild, is not a good
thing to do. The best of them do
not encourage natural sleep — in fact,
they tend actually to break the
habit ; for only so long as their action
lasts is the mind really at rest ; and
another thing, which is very often
ignored, most of them are diaphor-
etic in action, which, as all nurses
know, is not a good thing to induce
in excess in the normal healthy state.
— Marguerite Cecilton, in. Nursing
Times.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

203

S^partmrut nf Jpubltr l|ealtlj Nuratng

National Convener of Publication Committee, Public Health Section.
MARY F. CAMPBELL. 344 Gottingen Stieet, Halifax, N.S.

Then and Now

By M. A. TWIDDY, Penticton, B.C.

When I graduated as a public
health nurse I had many definite
ideas about "how I would organise
in a new district." First. I would
have a good-sized photograph on the
front page of the local paper, at least
a month before I was scheduled to
arrive, with the announcement of such
arrival, all my credentials, etc., pub-
lished. T had visions of closing hos-
pitals and seeing all the people living
a strictly hygienic life. All children
would drink milk, eat lettuce, and be
in bed at eight every night. As a re-
sult of my public health programme,
there would be no cancers, tubercu-
losis, or infectious diseases in the dis-
trict. All this, and even more, was to
be quite fully accomplished in at
least four or five years. These visions
came in spite of being warned in
classes that we must expect the work
to move slowly, etc. : but / would make
things hum when I started a district
of my own. I would get school work
well established; hold a baby clinic
each week, with all the babies in
town attending ; have a monthly T.B.
clinic ; be in every home and know
every man. woman and child by their
first name within a year.

So much for untried theories— as
for something practical, that is an-
other story.

When I arrived in the district T
found that many had not seen tho
paper containing my advance notice,
and had never heard of me. "A
public health nurse, what does she
do anyway?"

After much explaining for a few
months to small groups and in homes,
people began to knoAv me, and some-
thing of the work I was trying to do.
T soon found out that great distances,
weather, and many other factors
Avould prevent me from having baby

clinics for some time, in fact, I was
in one district three years before I
even had a weighing station running
properly. I had for a long time to
be content with seeing a few babies
in the homes. There was no doctor
to take charge of the T.B. clinic so
that plan had to be abandoned for
the time being. Many people could
not afford to pay the doctor and
dentist, so correction of defects in
children had to be delayed. So one
works on for months, amidst this
delay and that, and finally must feel
resigned to report about one-third of
the originally planned work accom-
plished.

Experience is a good teacher. It
may be an expensive and slow
method of obtaining knowledge, but
one learns many interesting lessons
as a public health nurse. It is sur-
prising from whom, and under what
circumstances, these lessons come, in
the school of experience. Day after
day, and week after week, knowledge
accumulates. Wisdom may linger
when it comes to making use of the
lessons, but if the public health nurse
maintains her sense of humour she
will have gone far towards success.
She must never mind disappoint-
ments, but look for the silver linings
that are always to be found .some-
where, firm in her conviction that
eventually will dawn that day so well
described by Alfred, Lord Tennyson :

"All diseases quenched by Science, no
man halt, or deaf, or blind;

Stronger ever born of weaker, lustier
body, larger mind."

Perhaps I have allowed the pen-
dulum to swing too far the other
way, and am now content with too
little, but I do believe that I have at
last really learned that "Rome was
not built in a day."

204

THE CANADIAN NURSE

N^ms Notps

ALBERTA

Cal'^ary: The annual dance of the Calgary
Graduate Nurses Association, held in Penley's
Hall, February 10th, was one of the most
successful ever held by the organisation.
The guests were received by Mrs. Stuart-
Brown, Miss Ashe, Miss I. Jackson, and Miss
A. Casey.

Miss Margaret J. Kerr is taking a post-
graduate course in New York City.

Edmonton: The regular meeting of the
Edmonton Association of Graduate Nurse?
was held on February 18th in the Y.W.C.A.
parlors. Twenty-eight members were present.
Miss K. Connor, of the Normal School
staff, was the speaker, giving the nurses
an outline of methods used in teaching health
and prevention of disease.

Miss Olive Grant, Provincial Public Health
Nurse, is in charge of the recently organised
Infant Welfare Centre at Stanmore, Alta.
Miss Hazel K. Brunker has returned from
Honolulu, and is spending the winter with
her mother at Wainwright, Alta. Miss
Lois Humber has gone to Trail, B.C. Miss
Amy Conroy, lecturer, attached, to the
Public Health Nursing staff of the Provincial
Department of Health, has commenced her
home nursing lecture itinerary for the year.
There are eighty-one centres to be visited,
extending from the Peace River in the north
to the boundary on the south. Miss Conroy
lectured to 4,750 women last year, and she
hopes to welcome many newcomers this year.

During the winter season at the Agri-
cultural Colleges throughout the Province
Miss Elizabeth Davidson, Miss Rowena
Elves and Miss Ethel Jones acted as in-
structors in health education.

Royal Alexandra Hospital: One of the
first festivities in honor of the 1931 graduating
class was a Valentine Dance given in the
Nurses Home of the Royal Alexandra
Hospital, by the Intermediate Class, on
Tuesday evening. The decorations were
carried out with true Valentine spirit —
Cupid and his darts, as well as hearts large
and small, were everywhere.

During the evening. Miss Marion Joslin,
on behalf of the Intermediates, presented each
member of the 1931 class with a lovely
little hypodermic set, as a token of their
esteem and affection. Assisting in the re-
ceiving of the guests were Mrs. A. F. Anderson
and Miss Margaret Cameron with Miss
Annie Lawrie.

Miss Laufey Einarson, Claas 1929, is
taking post graduate work at McGill Univer-
sity, Montreal.

Miss Helen Booth, Class 1929, left in
February for Montreal to take a Public
Health Course at McGill.

Miss Ethel Brown, Class 1926, has accepted
a position on the staff of the Municipal
Hospital at Pouce Coupe, B.C.

Miss Lois Humber is leaving shortly for
her new position in the Hospital at Trail, B.C.

BRITISH COLUMBIA

The following list gives standing in order of
merit of nurses writing the recent examination
for the title and certificate of Registered
Niu-se of British Columbia:

First Class — 80% and over: Misses I. M.
Collier, Vancouver General Hospital; E.
Buckham, Vancouver General Hospital.

Second Class— 65% to 80%: Misses M. J.
Burry, A. E. Newcombe (G. E. Minhinnick,
R. Towmsend, equal). M. C. Green (W. F. B.
Emery, E. W. Hevs, equal). F. A. Garthome,
P. G6oding, S. I." Seldon, C. L. Fox (H. E.
DufBeld, D. A. Hargreaves, equal), A. F.
Smith, H. D. Hocking, R. Kirkendale, K. E.
Richmond, L. M. Parker (T. Birtley, E. M.
L. Harman, D. T. Laurance, equal), V. M.
Dyer (H. M. Apps, D. M. Fmch, equal), A. M.
Simser (V. P. Denike, M. J. Dickson, equal),
W. M. Parker, A. McCarthy, E. D. Mait-
land, E. M, Hardy (M. L. Sutherland, C. M.
Frith, K. A. Seaman, equal).

Passed— 50% to 65%: Misses E. F.
Crichton, E. I. Cole, C. W. Boyd. G. R.
Price, M. A. McMahon (H. M. Annis,
M. F. Guild, equal), N. Allevn, J. Mm-ray,
M. C. Webb (S. M. Keeler^ A. S. North,
equal), E. M. Smith, M. Whitehouse, M. G.
Gould (M. E. Campbell, M. E. Little, equal),
C. McCreight (M. A. Dixon, M. K. Oatway,
equal).

Passed with Supplemental: Miss M. S.
Wankling.

Vancottver: The regular monthly meet-
ing of the Vancouver Graduate Nurses
Association was held on the evening of
February 11th, in the Chemistry Building
of the Vancouver General Hospital; routine
business occupied the greater part of the
time. The Ways and Means Committee
announced that the sale of tickets in a
drawing for a Ford sedan car was under way.
The committee hopes to sell about 5,000
tickets at fifty cents each. Any surplus
is to be used for the General Hospital Alumnae
Association's Sick Benefit Fund, and it is
hoped that in this way a large contribution
can be made. Following the disposal of the
business, the meeting adjourned to the
Auditorium as guests of the Board of Directors
of the hospital, for refreshments.

Victoria: The annual meeting of the
Victoria Graduate Nurses Association was
held at "the Nurses Home, Royal Jubilee
Hospital, on February 4th, 1931.

The following officers were elected for the
ensuing year: President, Miss Edith Franks;
First Vice-President, Miss Meta Hodge;
Second Vice-President, Miss Harriet O'Brien;
Secretary, Miss Stella Herbert; Treasurer,
Miss Winnifred Cooke; Councillors, Misses
Ethel Morrison, Helen Cruikshanks, E.
Kenney, Frances Hook, Ellen Cameron.

After the routine business was concluded,
a very pleasant social hour was spent in the
reception room, where refreshments were
served. The pupil nurses very 'graciously

THE CANADIAN NURSE

205

,-uppIied Ihe entertaimnent for the evening,
giving an excellent programme of musical
numbers and readings.

On February 14th, Miss L Mitchell,
Superintendent of Nurses, Royal Provincial
Jubilee Hospital, entertained the new ex-
ecutive of the association at a bridge tea,
given in honor of Mrs. Phyllis Kirkness, the
retiring secretary. After an hour spent
playing bridge, tea was served in front of the
fire in the spacious reception room of the
nurses home. The table was centred with
a bowl of daffodils.

MANITOBA

St. Boxiface Hospit.\l: The Alumnae
monthly meeting was held at the Nurses
Home, St. Boniface Hospital; on March 11th,
with Miss Shirley, President, in the chair.
Reverend Father D'Eschambault was the
speaker of the evening, and gave a very
interesting talk on the early history of the
French settlers of the north west. The
third year students were the guests of the
Alumnae, and at the conclusion of the meeting
a social hour was enjoyed, Miss Dorothy
McGavin and Miss M. Anderson, student
nurses, adding to the pleasure of the evening
with several musical numbers.

The Alumnae held a successful silver tea
recently, at the home of Mrs. (Dr.) J. Picard.
Miss H. Miller (1931), has made a successful
recovery after a recent illness. Miss Emma
Kuneman (1929), has accepted a position as
staff nurse in St. Anthony's Hospital, The
Pas, Man.

NEW BRUNSWICK

Hotel Dieu Hospital, Chatham: On the
evening of February 10th, the student niu-ses
spent a very pleasant hour in company with
several members of the Alumnae. A short
but interesting programme, consisting of
essays and readings was given by the students.
An enjoyable and very sharply contested
debate was also held by the class, the subject
argued being, "That diets are more potent
in the cure and prevention of disease than
are drugs." In giving the decision of the
judges, the chairman. Rev. Father Ryan,
stated that though the problem of deciding
the winning side proved a perplexing one,
for obvious reasons the final vote was given
in favour of the affirmative. Besides the
members of the nursing staff and the Alumnae,
there were present: Reverend Fathers
Crumley, Ryan and Williams, Doctor A. J.
Losier, and Mr. B. Irving. With the ex-
ception of Dr. Losier, who was called away
during the entertainment, these gentlemen
acted as judges in the debate.

At the end of the programme, a very
dainty luncheon was served by the SLsters
on the nursing staff.

Saint John: The Saint John Chapter of
the Registered Nurses As.sociation at its
meeting of February 23rd, held at the
nurses home of the Saint John Tuberculosis

Hospital, was addressed by Dr. R. J. Collins,
superintendent of the hospital, who, with
the assistance of Dr. Busby, showed motion
pictures to illustrate methods of early de-
tection and diagnosis of tuberculosis, and
gave a demonstration of pneumothorax
treatments. Miss E. J. Mitchell was in the
chair, and the meeting was well attended.

ONTARIO

Paid-up subscriptions to "The Canadian
Nurse" for Ontario in March, 1931, were
1,111, seventy-four less than in February,
1931.

Appointments

Adeline Mae Hammill (Grace Hospital,
Toronto, 1930), to night supervisor at the
Plummer Memorial Public Hospital, Sault
Ste. Marie, Ont. Robena Buchanan (Oshawa
General Hospital, 1926), to night supervisor,
Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital, North
Bay, Ont.

Misses I. Mick, O. Gerker, and M. Colster
to floor duty nursing, the new pavilion,
Toronto General Hospital. Misses A. Watt
and M. Kyles to the staff of the Riverdale
Hospital, Toronto.

District 1

Hotel Dieu Hospital, Windsor: Miss
Alice Arnold; well-known and much beloved
private duty nurse of Windsor, and a graduate
of the Hotel Dieu Alumnae, passed away
suddenly a few moments after coming off
duty on January 20th, 1931. Miss Arnold
had done private duty work in Windsor
ever since her graduation in 1921, and will
be greatly missed by all who knew her for
her cheerfulness of spirit and untiring effort.
Her sudden death was a shock to all her
friends. Miss Arnold held many offices in
her Alumnae Association, and was councillor
for District No. 1 when it was first organised.
The funeral was held from her father's home
in Chatham, Ontario, and was attended by
a number of nurses from the Hotel Dieu
acting as a guard of honour. Among the
numerous tokens of sympathy was one from
the Sisters of Hotel Dieu in whose esteem
Miss Arnold was held most highly.
District 2

A meeting of District No. 2 Registered
Nur«es' Association of Ontario was held on
February 9th, at Woodstock. Representa-
tives were present from Paris, Owen Sound,
Simcoe, Gait, Ingersoll, Brantford, and
Woodstock. An attractive programme was
arranged. Dr. Krupp gave a very splendid
illustrated address on China, Korea and
Ceylon, following an address by Miss Leona
Armstrong, a missionary with the United
Church who is home on furlough from Korea.
Dr. Ballantyne brought greetings from the
Medical Society of Woodstock to the meeting.
Dr. Tennant, of the Mental Hospital,
Woodstock, who was to have given an address
on the choice of nurses for mental hygiene
work, was unfortunately called out of town.
A report of the Membership Committee was

206

THE CANADIAN NURSE

presented by Miss Muriel Nichol, Convener.
MLss Hilda Muir spoke on the progress of the
Nurses Education Fund Committee; Miss
Jessie Wilson presented the report of the
Nominating Committee for officers for the
Association. Miss E. M. McKee was ap-
pointed convener of Publications Committee.
The delegates were entertained at a very
delightful luncheon at the Woodstock General
Hospital. They were welcomed by Miss
Helen Potts, Superintendent, and the nurses
of the Alumnae Association of the Wood-
stock Genera] Hospital.

General Hospital, Brantford: The
Alumnae held a very interesting meeting
on January 3rd, when Dr. C. C. Alexander
gave an instructive talk on tuberculosis.
An important item of business transacted
was the formation of a Private Duty Council
to be elected each year to deal with private
duty problems of those nurses on the Registry
conducted by the Alumnae of the hospital.

Mrs. F. McLean (Edna Clark), of Bramp-
ton, was a recent visitor to the Brantford
General Hospital.

General Hospital, Guelph: Miss K.
McRae, C.P.H.N., London, 1930, is doing
school nursing in Renfrew. Misses Ethel
Eby and S. Scales are taking a course in
public health nursing at Western University,
Ix)ndon, Ont. Miss J. Pierson is at Royal
Victoria Hospital, Montreal, taking post
graduate work in obstetrics and surgery.
Miss Marion Wood recently completed a
post-graduate course in surgery at Toronto
Western Hospital. Miss Alice M. Plow-
right sailed for England late in January
and will in future make her home in London.
Miss M. Singer is spending the winter in
California, and Miss E. Dennis in Florida.
Miss Isabel Henderson will spend the next
several weeks touring Scotland. Miss L.
Featherstone has resigned her position as
supervisor of Harper Hospital, Detroit,
Mich., to take post-graduate work in Women's
Hospital, New York City.

The Alumnae Association is donating a
desk-set for the doctors' sitting room in the
hospital.

District 4

General Hospital, Hamilton: Sincere
sympathy is extended by the members of
the Alumnae to Miss Annie Boyd (President),
and Miss Daisy Boyd on the death of their
mother.

District 5

Toronto: The February meeting of the
Instructor's Section of the Centralised
Lecture Committee for Student Nurses was
held in the Nurses Residence of the Ortho-
pedic Hospital. A questionnaire had been
prepared previously and sent to each school,
and representatives were ready with these,
completed.

Each subject of the curriculum was
considered — the number of hours of in-
struction, laboratory work, etc., compared
and discussed. In this way, much interesting
information was interchanged.

Case histories — their educational value,
was introduced by Miss Strachan and dis-
cussed by the group, the general opinion
being that these are of value as a method
in assisting the student to consider the patient
as an individual, to increase her powers of
observation, to become familiar with text
and reference books, and to understand the
reasons for various treatments.

Grace Hospital, Toronto: Miss Jean
I. C. Anderson (1927), has recently returned
to Toronto from Baltimore, Md., where she
completed a post-graduate course in surgery
and operating-room technique at the Johns
Hopkins Hospital.

Western Hospital, Toronto: The
regular meeting of the Alumnae was held
on February 10th, and took the form of a
social evening at the home of Mrs. F. A.
Spence (Jean Bennett, 1916). During the
evening bridge was played and a most
enjoyable time was spent.

Members of the Alumnae will be sorry
to learn of the death of Miss Isabella Riddell
(1899), who, after a long illness, passed away
in the Toronto Western Hospital on February
23rd. Miss Riddell was a member of the
first graduating class of the Toronto Western
Hospital. Of the five members who formed
that class. Miss Riddell is the only deceased.
District 8

Ottawa: Candlelight, firelight, flowers and
small cosy tables conspired to create a
delightful atmosphere for the dinner meeting
of the Public Health Group of District No.
8, held at the Tyndale Inn, Ottawa, on
February 12th. About forty nurses were
present, representing the following groups —
Ottawa Board of Health Nurses, School
Nurses, Industrial Nurses, Provincial De-
partment of Health Nurses, and Victorian
Order Nurses.

The speaker for the evening was Dr.
Helen MacMurchy, who chose as her subject
"The Art of Getting Things Done." This
address, grave, humorous and whimsical in
turn, was much enjoyed by those present.

Seated at the head table with Dr. Mac-
Murchy were. Miss Gertrude Bennett, Miss
Gertrude Garvin, Miss Mabel Stewart,
Miss Elizabeth MacGibbon, Miss Frances
Lyons, Miss Mary Slinn, Miss Elizabeth
Smellie, Miss Dell MacGregor and Miss
Dorothy Percy, Chairman of the Public
Health Group. As the meeting was an
annual one, a report of the activities of the
Group since organisation in March, 1930,
was given by Miss MacGibbon, Secretary-
Treasurer; and the following officers were
elected for the ensuing year: Chairman,
Miss Marjorie Robertson; Vice-Chairman,
Miss Alison Dickison; Secretary-Treasurer,
Miss Elizabeth MacGibbon.

QUEBEC

Montreal: At the annual meeting of the
Montreal Graduate Nurses As.sociation, held
on January 13th, in the Club Hall, a motion
was. passed to the effect that four outstanding

THE CANADIAN NURSE

207

members of the Association, Miss E. Baikie,
Past President; Miss Helen Des Brisay,
Past President; Miss Annie Colquhoun, Past
President; and Miss Helen Hill, a Charter
Member, be made Honorary Members of the
Association.

General Hospital, Montreal: Miss
Charland (1927), has taken a position with
the Toilet Laundry Company. MLss D.
Mignot (1930), has joined the Montreal
V.O.N. Miss Lottie Urquhart (1913). is
relieving at The Royal Edward Institute.

School for Graduate Nurses, McGill
University, Montreal: Miss Dorothy
McCarogher (1927), who resigned her po-
sition with the Child Welfare Association,
Montreal, last June, spent four months in
London, England, taking a short course in
dentistry and anesthetics in preparation for
work in Africa, leaving London in January
to take up missionary work under "The
University Mission" in Central Africa,
arriving in Zanzibar early in February.

Miss Reita Brooks (1930), is doing school
nursing in Timmins, Ont. Miss Marjory
Fleming (1930), is in charge of the Child
Welfare Department, Victorian Order of
Nurses, Calgary, Alta. Miss Anna May
(1930), is on the staff of the Henry Street
Settlement, New York City. Miss Marian
Mercer (1930), with the Victorian Order of
Nurses, Brampton, Ont. Miss Emily Groen-
wald (1930), instructor, Guelph General Hos-
pital, Guelph, Ont. Miss Edith Ames (1930),
instructor. Saskatoon City Hospital, Saska-
toon, Sask. Miss La Verne Leach (1930),
night supervisor, Alexandra Hospital, Mont-
real. Miss Marjorie Dobie (1927), who is at
present at International House, New York,
submitted the design which was accepted
for the Crest of the Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion.

A very delightful tea was given by the
Montreal nurses of the Alumnae, at the
Women's Hospital, to this year's students.

The late Miss Louise Dickson left a be-
quest of one thousand dollars to the Flora
MadeUne Shaw Memorial Fund, School for
Graduate Nurses, McGill University. Miss
Dickson had always taken a great interest

in the efforts to raise money for this Fund,
which is used for two scholarships each year
to nurses who wish to attend the School.
The Flora Madeline Shaw Memorial Fund
Committee is planning to hold a bridge on
April 17th, in the Ritz-Carlton Hotel, Mont-
real, at which it is hoped a sum sufficient to
cover the yearly scholarship will be raised.
The Committee will welcome contributions
from nurses, and it is hoped that all graduates
of the School for Graduate Nurses, McGill
University, will lend their aid in the reaching
of this objective. Nurses not able to attend
the bridge in Montreal are asked to contribute
to the Fund in some other way.

SASKATCHEWAN

The Saskatchewan Registered Nurses An-
nual Convention and Institute will be held
in Moose Jaw, April 8th, 9th, and 10th, 1931.

Miss Mary E. Gladwin, of Rochester,
Minn., will be the chief speaker. The
tentative programme includes three addresses
by Miss Gladwin; one by Dr. Goodwin, of
Moose Jaw, and others on superannuation
for nurses and psychiatric nursing.

C.A.M.C.

Alperta: At the annual meeting of the
Overseas Nursing Sisters' Club, Mrs. G. G.
Stewart was returned to office as president.

Manitopa: The annual meeting of the
Nursing Sisters' Club was held at Deer
Lodge Hospital, on the evening of February
2.5th. The meeting was well attended —
Miss McGillvary, President, in the chair.
After the reports of the various committees
had been received, the election of officers took
place, the following members being returned
to office: President, Miss S. Pollexfen; Vice-
President, Mrs. C. Davidson; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss T. O'Rourke; Social Con-
vener, Mrs. T. Cavanagh; Press and Pub-
licity, Miss N. Shaughnessy; Sick Visiting,
Miss E. Bayliss; Memorial, Miss Billyard;
Membership, Miss McGillvary. Extra

members: Mrs. Morrison, Mrs. McLeod,
Miss Dickie. At the close of the meeting
refreshments were served by the members
of the Deer Lodge Hospital staff.

Long, long corridors, rows and rows of
beds; flushed faces, pain-wracked bodies,
trays, medicines, baths, thermometers, and
so the long day goes on, but,

There's a peak that beckons
A port that calls,

A lake that lures, and a sea that thralls,
And I want to get out of my own four walls.
And beat it away to somewhere!

And why not this summer make the "some-
where" EUROPE, and that with the Sixth
All Canadian Party. You'll find details on
page 000.

NURSES wishing to take

Examinations for Registration
of Nurses in Nova Scotia

Apply to:

L. F. FRASER, Registrar,

Registered Nurses Association of

Nova Scotia

10 Eastern Trust Bldg.

HALIFAX, N.S.

208

THE CANADIAN NURSE

BIRTHS, MARRIAGES AND DEATHS

BIRTHS

BARNES— On February 2oth, 1931, to
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Barnes (Elinor
Davies, Hamilton General Hospital, 1923),
of Edmonton, a daughter.

BARNES— In December, 1930, at Yorkton,
Sask., to Dr. and Mrs. Leslie Barnes
(Mabel Walcott, Toronto Western Hos-
pital, 1920), a daughter.

CHARLEY— On February 13th, 1931, at
Edmonton, Alta., to Mr. and Mrs. James
Charley (Edith Williams, Pembroke Hos-
pital, Pembroke, Ont., 1914), a daughter.

CRAKE— On February 14th, 1931, at
Toronto, to Mr. and Mrs. Cliff Crake
(Gladys Elmira Clarke, Grace Hospital,
Toronto, 1921), a daughter.

DICKSON— Recently, to Mr. and Mrs. J.
Dickson (N. O'Mara, St. Boniface Hos-
pital, St. Boniface, Man., 1925), a daughter.

DUNN— On January 2nd, 1931, at Toronto,
to Mr. and Mrs. Cecil Dunn (Grace
Hospital, Toronto, 1922), a daughter.

HODGINS— On January 29th, 1931, to
Mr. and Mrs. Hodgins (Laura Belle
Turrell, Hamilton General Hospital, 1926),
a son.

MACDONALD— On March 9th, 1931, to
Mr. and Mrs. E. C. MacDonald (Mary
Cumberland, Calgary General Hospital,
1920), a son.

MURRAY— On February 16th, 1931, at
Miami, Florida, to Mr. and Mrs. A.
H. Murray (Flora MacBeath Adams,
Soldiers Memorial Hospital, Campbellton,
N.B., 1925), a son. Baby died

NARTER— Recently, to Mr. and Mrs. Roy
Narter (Aline Vieville, St. Boniface Hos-
pital, St. Boniface, Man., 1924), a son.

NIX— On February 4th, 1931, at Edmonton,
Alta., to Dr. and Mrs. H. Nix (Viola Mae
Ferguson, Royal Alexandra Hospital, 1927),
a son.

POWER— On October 1st, 1930, at Toronto,
to Mr. and Mrs. Fred Power (Olive Mary
Noble, Grace Hospital, Toronto, 1921), a
son.

SARJEANT— On October 3rd, 1930, at
Toronto, to Dr. and Mrs. P. A. Sarjeant
(Elsie Mary Reid, Grace Hospital, Toronto,
1918), a son.

SMART— On March 2nd, 1931, to Mr. and
Mrs. Allan Smart (Doris Lewis, Montreal
General Hospital, 1926), a son.

MARRIAGES

BRYANT — MACAULEY — In January,
1931, at Sherbrooke, Que., Ann I. Mac-
Auley, of Gould, P.Q., to Clifford Bryant,
Sherbrooke.

COLQUETTE— BURNETT— On February
28th, 1931, at Albany, N.Y., Ina Burnett
(Toronto Western Hospital, 1929), to
Bruce Colquette.

JACKS— GOODFELLOW— On December
17th, 1930, at Toronto, Ont., Isabel
Goodfellow (Hamilton General Hospital,
1930), to Wilfred O. Jacks, of Stroud, Ont.

JOYCE— HENRY— On September 18th,
1930, at Vancouver, B.C., E. Lillian A.
Henry (Vancouver General Hospital, 1930),
to Stephen L. Joyce, of Powell River, B.C.

KOHLI— CAMERON— On September 7th,
1930, at Meaford, Ont., Annie M. C.
Cameron (Grace Hospital, Toronto, 1928),
to Frank Kohli, Hespeler, Ont.

KYL&-HESSELI^On January 24th, 1931,
Gladys Hessell (Montreal General Hos-
pital, 1928), to V. Kyle.

LANGSDON — EPPLE — Recently, Anne
Epple (St. Boniface Hospital, St. Boniface,
Man., 1929), to J. Langsdon, Sacramento,
Calif.

LAWRENCE— THOMPSON— On February
14th, 1931, at West Shefford, P.Q., Aleida
Thompson (Toronto Western Hospital,
1925), to Irving Lawrence, of West Shefford.

MALCOLM— DUCKWORTH— On January
7th, 1931, at Duzdab, S.E. Persia, Hilda
Duckworth (Grace Hospital, Toronto,
1927), to George Malcolm, of Duzdab,.

McGregor— FLATT— On October 9th,
1930, at Toronto, Myrtle Belle Flatt
(Grace Hospital, Toronto, 1927), to Thomas
Gerald McGregor, of Toronto.

OLDALE— DAVIS— On August 5th, 1930,
at New Westminster, B.C., Jessie M.
Davis (Royal Columbian Hospital, New
Westminster, 1928), to Thomas J. Oldale,
Jr., of Powell River, B.C.

siLVERWooD — Mcpherson — On

February 14th, 1931, at London, Ont.,
Nora E. McPherson (Hamilton General
Hospital, 1913), to Albert E. Silverwood.
VILLENEUVE— McLEOD — On October
20th, 1930, at Ottawa, Aliva McLeod
(Ottawa Civic Hospital, 1928), to O. F.
Villeneuve, Max-ville, Ont.

DEATHS

DUNCAN— On February 21st, 1931, sud-
denly, at Hamilton, Ont., Jessie Gordon
Duncan (Hamilton General Hospital, 1912).

McMULLEN— On February 5th, 1931, at
Kingston, Ont., Mrs. David McMuUen
(Jean Coral Lennan, Toronto Western
Hospital, 1916), of Frankford, Ont.

RIDDELL— On February 23rd, 1931, at
Toronto, Isabella Riddell (Toronto Western
Hospital, 1899).

ROSS— On January 20th, 1931, at Buffalo,
N.Y., Amelia Hull Ross (Grace Hospital-
Toronto, 1918).

I'HE CANADIAN NURSE

200

(Sffirtal Wnntot^

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES
Secretary.. Miss Christiane Reimann, Headquarters: 14 Quai des Eaux-Vives, Geneya,

Switzerland.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

Officers

Honorary President Miss M. A. Snively, 50 Maitland Street, Toronto, Ont.

President Miss F. H. M. Emory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont

First Vice-President Miss K. W. Ellis, Winnipeg General Hospital, Winnipeg

Second Vice-President Miss G. M. Bennett, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.

Honorary Secretary Miss Nora Moore, City Hall, Room 309, Toronto, Ont.

Honorary Treasurer Miss R. M. Simpson, Parliament Bldgs., Regina, Sask.

COUNCILLORS

Alberta: 1 Miss Eleanor McPhedran, Central Alberta Ontario: 1 Miss E. Muriel McKee, General Hospital,
Sanatorium. Calgary; 2 Miss Edna Auger, General Brantford; 2 Miss Edith Rayside. General Hot-
Hospital, Medicine Hat; 3 Miss B. A. Emerson, 604 pital, Hamilton; 3 Mias Ethel Cryderman, Jackaon
Cirio Block, Edmonton. Bldg., Ottawa; 4 Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay

St S.. Hamilton.

BritUh Columbia: 1 Mlas M. P. Campbell. 118 Prince Edwardlsland: 1 Mrs Arthur Allen.Summer-

Vancouver Block. Vancouver; 2 Miss M. F. Gray. side; 2 Sister Ste. Faustina Charlottetown Hospital.

Dept. of Nursing. University of Britiah Columbia; Charlottetown; 3 Miss Mona Wilson, Red Crosa

3 Miaa E. Breeze. 4662 Angus Ave.. Vancouver; "f?^*l'i'*/ f">. ^^uP'^-^,'"," Street Charlottetown;

4 Miaa O. V. Cot.worth, 1135 12th Ave. W.. Van- * Miss Milhe Gamble, ol Ambrose Street. Charlotte-
eouver. town.

Quebec: 1 Miss M. K. Holt, Montreal General Hoc-
Manitoba: 1 Mrs. J. F. Morrison. 184 Brock St.. pital, Montreal; 2 Miss Flora A. George, The
Winnipeg; 2 Miss Mildred Reid, General Hospital. Woman'.s General Hospital, Westmount; 3 Miss
Winnipeg; 3 Miss Isabell McDiarmid, 363 Langside Marion Nash, 1246 Bishop Street. Montreal; 4 Miss
St. Winnipeg; 4 Mrs. Doyle, 5 Vogel Apartments, Sara Matheson, Haddon Hall Apts.. 2151 Comte
Winnipeg. Street, Montreal.

_ ., ,,. .,,.,, ,. Saskatchewan: 1 Miss Elizabeth Smith. Normal

New Brunswick: 1 Miss A. J. MacMaster, Moncton School, Moose Jaw; 2 Miss G. M. Watson, City

Hospital. Moncton; 2 Sister Corinne Kerr. Hotel Hospital. Saskatoon; 3 Miss M. E. Grant. 922 9th

Dieu Hospital, Campbellton; 3 Miss H S. Dyke- Ave.. Saskatoon; 4 Miss C. M. Munroe. Coronation

man. Health Centre, Saint John; 4 Misa Mabel Court Saskatoon

McMuUin. St. Stephen. ' — '-

ADDITIONAL MEMBERS TO EZECUTIVB

Nova Scotia: 1. Miss Margaret E. MacKenzie, 315 (Chairmen National Sections)

Barrington St., Halifax; 2. Miss Ina May Jones, Nursing Education: Miss G. M. Fairley, Vancouver

Victoria General Hospital, Halifax; 3. Miss Anne General Hospital, Vancouver, B.C.; Public Health:

Slattery, Dalhousie Public Health Clinic, Morris St., Miss M. Moag, 1246 Bishop St., Montreal. P.Q.;

Halifax; 4 Miss Jean Trivett, 71 Coburg Road. Private Duty: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St.

Halifax. South. Hamilton. Ont.

Executive Secretary _ Miss Jean S. Wilson

National Office, 511, Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

1 — Preaident Provincial Aaaoeiation of Nurses. 3 — Chairman Public Health Section.

2 — Chairman Nursing Education Section. 4 — Chairman Private Duty Section

NURSING EDUCATION SECTION
Chairman: Miss G. M. Fairley. Vancouver General
Hospital, Vancouver; Vice-Chairman: Miss M. F.
Gray, University of British Columbia, Vancouver;
Secretary: Miss E. F Upton, Suite 221. 1396 St.
Catherine St. West, Montreal; Treasurer: Miss M.
Murdoch. General Public Hospital, St. John, N.B.
Councillors. — Alberta: Miss Edna Auger, General
Hospital, Medicine Hat. British Columbia: Miss
M. F. Gray. University of British Columbia, Van-
couver. Manitoba: Miss Mildred Reid , Winnipeg
General Hospital, Winnipeg. New Brunswick: Miss
Margaret Murdoch, General Public Hospital, St.
John. Nova Scotia: Miss Ina May Jones, Victoria
General Hospital, Halifax. Ontario: Miss Edith
Rayside. General Hospital. Hamilton. Prince Ed-
ward Island: Sister Ste. Faustina, Charlottetown
Hospital, Charlottetown. Quebec: Miss Ethel
Sharpe, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal. Sas-
katchewan: Miss G. M. Watson. City Hospital.
Saskatoon.
Convener of Publications : Miss Annie Laurie. Royal
Alexandra Hospital, Ekimonton. Alta.

Winnipeg. New Brunswick: Miss Myrtle E. Kay,
21 Austin St.. Moncton, N.B. Nova Scotia:
Misa Jean Trivett, 71 Coburg Road. Halifax,
N.S. Ontario: Miss Isabel Macintosh. 353 Bay
Street, S. Hamilton. Ont. Prince Edward
Island: Miss M. R. Gamble, 51 Ambrose St.,
Charlottetown, P.E.I. Quebec: Miss Sara Mathe-
son, Hadden Hall Apts., 2151 Comte St., Montreal,
Que. Saskatchewan: Miss C. M. Munro. Corona-
tion Court, .Saskatoon, Sask.
Convener of Publications: Misa Clara Brown, 153
Bedford Road, Toronto, Ont.

PRIVATE DUTY SECTION
Chairman: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St. S.

Hamilton, Ont.; Vice-Chairman: Miss Moya

MacDonald. Ill South Park St.. Halifax. N.S.;

Secretary-Treasurer: Miss Mabel St. John, 379

Huron Street, Toronto, Ont.
Councillors. — Alberta :

British Columbia: Miss O. V.
Cotsworth, 1135 12th Avenue W , Vancouver. B.C.
Manitoba: Mrs. Doyle. 5 Vogel Apartment*.

PUBLIC HEALTH SECTION

Chairman: Miss M. Moag, 1246 Bishop St.. Montreal,
Que.; Vice-Chairman: Miss M. Wilkinson, 410
Sherbourne St.. Toronto, Ont.; Secretary-Treas-
urer: Miss I. S. Manson, School for Graduate
Nurses, McGill University, Montreal, Que.

Councillors. — Alberta: Miss B. A Emerson, 604
Civic BIk., Edmonton. British Columbia: Miss
Elibabeth Breeze. 4662 Angus Ave., Vancouver.
Manitoba: Misa Isabell McDiarmid, 363 Langside
Street. Winnipeg. Man. Nova Scotia: Miss
Anne Slattery. Dalhousie Public Health Clinic.
Halifax, N.S. New Brunswick: Misa H. S.
Dykeman. Health Centre, 134 Sidney St.. St. John
Ontario: Misa E. Cryderman. Jackaon Bldg,
Ottawa. Prince Edward Island: Mias Mona
Wilson, Red Cross Headquarters, 59 Grafton Street.
Charlottetown. Quebec: Miss I. S. Manson.
McGill University, Montreal Saskatchewan: Mia
M. E. Grant, 922 9th Ave., Saskatoon.

Convener of Publications: Mis.s Mary Campbell,
Victoria Order of Nurses, 344 Gottingen St., Halifax
N.S.

210

THE CANADIAN NURSE

ALBERTA ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED
NURSES

President: Miss Eleanor McPhedran, Central
Alberta Sanatorium, near Calgary; First Vice-President,
Miss Edna Augei, Medicine Hat General Hospital,
Medicine Hat; Second Vice-President, Sister ^I. A.
Chauvin, General Hospital, Edmonton; Registrar
and Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Kate S. Brighty,
Parliament Buildings, Edmonton; Nursing Education
Committee, Miss Edna Auger, General Hospital,
Medicine Hat; Public Health Committee. Miss B. A.
Emerson, 604 Civic Block, Edmonton; Private Duty
Section, Miss Mildred Harvey, 319 7th Ave. A. So.,
Lethbridge, Alta.

GRADUATE NURSES' ASSOCIATION Of
BRITISH COLUMBIA

President, Miss M. P. Campbell, R.N., 118 Van-
eouTer Block, Vancouver; Second Vice-President,
Miss M. Mirfield, R.N., 1180 15th Ave., W., Van-
couver; Registrar, Miss H. Randal, R.N., 118 Van-
couver Block, Vancouver; Secretary, Miss M. Button,
R.N., 118 Vancouver Block, Vancouver; Conveners of
Committees: Nursing Education, Miss M. F. Gray,
R.N., Dept. of Nursing and Health, University of B.C.,
Vancouver; Public Health, Miss E. Breeze, R.N., 4662
Angus Ave., Vancouver; Private Duty, Miss O. Cots-
worth, R.N., 1135 12th Ave., W., Vancouver; Coun-
cillors, Misses L. Boggs, R.N., M. Ewart, R.N., M.
Franks, R.N., L. McAllister, R.N., G. Fairley, R.N.

MANITOBA ASS'N OF REGISTERED NURSES

President, Mrs. .J. F. Morrison, 184 Brock Street;
First Vice-President, Miss J. Purvis, General Hospital,
Portage la Prairie; Second Vice-President, Miss C.
Kettles, General Hospital, Dauphin, Man.; Third
Vice-President, Miss McNally, General Hospital,
Brandon, Man.; Conveners of Committees: Press and
Publication, Mis.s G. Hall, Miss M. Meehan; Social
and Programme, Mi.ss Cory Taylor; Sick ^'isiting,
Misses W. Carruthers. A. Starr, G. Thompson and M.
Frost; Conveners of Sections: Private Duty, Mrs. S.
Doyle, o ^'ogel Ants., Winnipeg; Nursing Education,
Miss Slildred Reid, Winnipeg General Hospital; Public
Health, Miss Isabel McDiarmid, 363 Langside St.,
Winnipeg; Executive Secretary and Treasurer and
Registrar, Mrs. Stella Gordon Kerr, 753 Wolseley
Avenue, Winnipeg.

NEW BRUNSWICK ASSOCIATION OF
REGISTERED NURSES

President, Miss A. J. MacMaster, Moncton Hospital,
Moncton; First Vice-President, Miss Florence Coleman,
County Hospital, East Saint John; Second Vice-
President, Miss Margaret Murdoch, General Public
Hospital, Saint John; Hon. Secretary, Mrs. W. S.
Jones, Albert, N.B.; Councillors: Saint John, Misses
Sarah E. Brophy, H. S. Dykeman, E. J. Mitchell;
Saint Stephen, Misses Mabel McMuUin, Myrtle
Dunbar; Moncton, Misses Marion MacLaren, Myrtle
Kay; Fredericton, Mrs. A. C. Fleming, Miss Kate
Johnson; Bathurst, Miss Edith Stewart; Chatham,
Sister Caroline Kenny; Campbellton, Sister Corinne
Kerr; Conveners of Sections: Nursing Education,
Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Dieu Hospital, Campbellton,
N.B.; Public Health, Miss H. S. Dykeman, Health
Centre, Saint John, N.B.; Private Duty, Miss Mabel
McMullin, St. Stephen, N.B.; By-Laws and Constitu-
tion, Miss Sarah Brophy, Fairville, N.B.; "The Can-
adian Nurse," Miss A. A. Burns, Health Centre, Saint
John, N.B.; Secretary-Treasurer, Registrar, Miss
Maude E. Retallick, 262 Charlotte St., West Saint
John.

REGISTERED NURSES ASSOCIATION OF
NOVA SCOTIA

President, Miss M. E. MacKenzie, 315 Barrington
St., Halifax; First Vice-President, Miss M. F. Camp-
bell, V.O.N. Home, Gottingen St., Halifax; Second
Vice-President, Miss I. B. Andrews, City of Sydney
Hospital. Sydney; Third Vice-President, Miss M. M.
Martin, Payzant Memorial Hospital, Windsor; Re-
cording Secretary, Mrs. D. J. Gillis, 23 Vernon St.,
Halifax; Treasurer and Asst. Secretary, Miss L. F.
Fraser, Eastern Trust Bldg., Halifax.

REGISTERED NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
ONTARIO (Incorporated 1926)

President, Miss E. Muriel McKee, Brantford General
Hospital, Brantford; First Vice-President, Miss Mary
Millman, 163 Glenrose Ave., Toronto; Second Vice-
President, Miss Marjorie Buck, Norfolk General
Hospital, Simcoe; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Matilda
Fitzgerald, Apt. 29, 917 St. Clair Ave. W., Toronto

District No. 1: Chairman, Miss Nellie Gerard, 911
Victoria Ave., Windsor; Secretary- Treasurer, Mrs. I
J. Walker, 169 Richard Street, Sarnia. Dis-
trict No. 2: Chairman, MLss Marjorie Buck, Norfolk
General Hospital, Simcoe; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss
Hilda Booth, Norfolk General Hospital, Simcoe. Dis-
trict No. 4: Chairman, Miss Edith Rayside, General
Hospital, Hamilton; Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs. Norman
Barlow, 134 Catherine St., S., HamiLon. District No.
5: Chairman, Miss Ethel Greenwood, 36 Homewood
Ave., Toronto; Secretary- Treasurer, Mrs. F. E. Atkin-
son, 326 Beech Ave., Toronto. District No. 6: Chair-
man, Miss Harriet O. Stacey, Box 628, Trenton;
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Florence Mclndoo, Gen-
eral Hospital, Eolleville. District No. 7: Chair-
man, Miss Louise D. Acton, General Hospital, Kings-
ton; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Marjorie Evans, 103
Gore St., Kingston. District No. 8: Chairman, Miss
Alice Ahem, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., Ottawa;
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss A. C. Tanner, Civic Hospital,
Ottawa. District No. 9: Chairman, Miss Katherine
McKenzie, 67 Sherbrooke St., North Bay; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss C. McLaren, Box 102, North Bay.
District No. 10: Chairman, Mi.ss Anne Boucher, 280
Park St., Port Arthur; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss
Martha R. Racey, McKellar General Hospital, Fort
William.

ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED NURSES OF
THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC (Incorporated 1920)

Advisory Board: Misses Mary Samuel, L. C. Phillips,
M. F. Hersey, Mere M. V. Allaire, Rev. Soeur Augus-
tine; President, Miss Mabel K. Holt, Montreal General
Hospital; Vice-President (English), Miss C. V. Barrett,
Royal Victoria Montreal Maternity Hospital; Vice-
President (French), Melle. Rita Guimont, Hopital
Saint Luc, Montreal; Hon. Secretary, Miss Margaret
L. Moag, A'.O.N., Montreal; Hon. Treasurer, Miss
Olga V. Lilly, Royal Victoria Montreal Maternity
Hospital; Other members, Melles. Edna Lynch,
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, Montreal;
Melle. Marie-Anysie Deland, Institut Bruchesi,
Montreal; Mde. Caroline Vachon, Hotel-Dieu, Mont-
real; Rev. Soeur Marie-Rose Lacroix, Hopital St. Jean,
St. Jean, Que.; Rev. Soeur Bellemare, Hopital Notre
Dame, Montreal; Conveners, Private Duty Section
(English), Miss Sara Matheson, Hadden Hall Apts.,
2151 Comte St., Montreal; (French), Melle Jeaiyre
L'Heureux, 774 Davaar Road, Outremont; Nursing
Education Section (English), Miss Flora Aileen George,
Woman's General Hospital, Montreal; (French),
Rev. Soeur Augustine, Hopital St. Jean-de-Dieu,
Gamelin, P.Q.; Public Health Section, Miss Marion
Nash, V.O.N. , 1246 Bishop Street; Board of E.xarainers,
Convener, Miss. C. V. Ban-ett, Mde. R. Bourque,
Melles. Lynch, Senecal, Misses Marion Na.sh, Rita
Sutcliffe; Executive Secretary, Registrar and Official
School Visitor, Miss E. Francis Upton, Suite 221,
1396 St. Catherine Street, West, Montreal.

SASKATCHEWAN REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION. (Incorporated March, 1927.)

President, Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normal School,
Moose Jaw; First Vice-President, Miss McGill,
Normal School, Saskatoon; Second Vice-President,
Miss R. M. Simpson, Department of Public Health,
Parliament Buildings, Regina; Councillors, Sister
O'Grady, Grey Nuns' Hospital, Regina; Miss Mont-
gomery, Sanatorium, Prince Albert, Sask.; Conveners
of Standing Committees: Public Health, Miss M. E.
Grant, 922 9th Ave., Saskatoon; Private Duty, Miss
C. M. Munro, Coronation Court, Saskatoon; Nursing
Education, Miss G. M. Watson, City Hospital, Saska-
toon; Secretary-Treasurer and Registrar, Miss E. E.
Graham, Regina College, Regina.

CALGARY ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

Hon. President, Mrs. Stuart Brown; President, Miss
J. B. von Gruenigan; First Vice-President, Miss Lynn;
Second Vice-President, Miss Barber; Treasurer, Miss
M. Watt; Recording Secretary, Mrs. B. J. Charles;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss Jackson; Registrar,
Miss D. Mott. 616 15th Ave. W.; Convener Private
Duty Section, Mrs. R. Hayden.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

211

EDMONTON ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

President, Mrs. K. Manson; First Vice-President,
Miss B. Emerson; Second Vice-President, Miss F.
Welsh; Secretary, Miss C. Davidson; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss J. G. Clow, 11138 82nd Ave.; Treasurer,
Miss L. Ward, 11328 102nd Ave.; Programme Com-
mittee, Miss A. L. Young, Miss I. Johnson; Sick
Visiting Committee, Miss P. Chapman, Miss Gavin.
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss M.
Griffith, 10806 98th St.

MEDICINE HAT GRADUATE NURSES'
ASSOCIATION

Regular Meeting — First Tuesday in month.

A.A., ROYAL ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL,
EDMONTON, ALTA.
Hon. President, Miss F. Munroe; President, Miss
I. Johnson; First Vice-President, Mrs. Godfrey;
Second Vice-President, Miss G. McDiarmid; Recording
Secretary, Miss V. Chapman; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss M. Graham, Royal Alexandra Hospital; Treasurer,
Miss E. English, 306 Condell Blk., Edmonton

A.A., KOOTENAY LAKE GENERAL HOSPITAL,
NELSON, B.C.

VANCOUVER GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

President, Miss M. Duffield, 226 Lee Bldg., Van-
couver; First Vice-President, Miss G. Fairley, Van-
couver General Hospital; Second Vice-President, Miss
J. Matheson; Secretary, Miss Perrin, 3629 2nd Ave. W.,
Vancouver; Treasurer, Miss L. Archibald, 536 12th
Ave. W., Vancouver; Conveners of Committees:
Council, Miss M. Dutton; Directory Committee, Miss
D. Bullock; Ways and Means, IVIiss R. Mc Vicar;
Programme, Miss M. Kerr; Social, Miss Munslow;
Sick Visiting, Miss A. L. Maxwell; Local Council,
Miss M. Gray; Creche, Miss ^L A. McLellan; Re-
presentatives: "The Canadian Nurse," Miss M. G.
Laird; Local Press, Rotating members of Board.

A. A., ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, VANCOUVER

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Superior; Hon. Vice-
President, Sister Therese Annable; President, Miss
Kitty B. Mosdell; Vice-President, Miss Elizabeth
Berry; Secretary, Miss Evelyn Dee; Asst. Secretary,
Miss Isabel Todd; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Mildred
A. Cohoon; Executive, Misses M. McDonald, B.
Geddes, E. Reilly, G. Armson, D. Hall, A. Webb, E.
Hanafin and A. Jordon.

A. A., VANCOUVER GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Grace Fairley; President, Miss
Joan Hardy; First Vice-President, Miss Dorothy
Coughlin; Second Vice-President, Miss Mary McLean;
Secretary, Mrs. Percy Jones, 3681 2nd Ave. W.;
Assistant Secretary, Mrs. Hugh McMillan; Treasurer,
Miss Eva Webster, The Vancouver General
Hospital; Committee Conveners: Refreshment, Mrs.
Ferguson; Programme, Miss Hannon; Sewing, Miss
McLennan; Sick Visiting, Miss Hilda Smith; Re-
presentatives: Ivocal Press, Mrs. McCallum; "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Stevenson; Women's Building,
Miss Whittaker; Membership, Miss L. Maxwell: Sick
Benefit Fund and Bond Committee, Miss Isobel
McVicar and Miss Bullock.

A.A., JUBILEE HOSPITAL, VICTORIA, B.C.

BRANDON GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

Hon. President, Miss E. M. Birtles; Hon. Vice-
President, Mrs. W. H. Shillinglaw; President, Miss
M. Finlayson; First Vice-President, Miss H. Meadows;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. L. C. Ferrier; Secretary,
Mrs. S. Pierce; Treasurer, Miss L Fargey, 302 Russell
St., Brandon; Conveners of Committees: Social, Miss
T. Hill; Sick Visiting, Miss M. Trotter; Welfare Re-
presentative, Miss M. Houston; Private Duty, Miss D.
Longley; Blind, Mrs. Darrach; Cook Books, Miss
Gemmell; Press Representative, Miss A. Hicks;
Registiar, Miss C. Macleod.

A. A., ST. BONIFACE HOSPITAL, ST. BONIFACE,
MAN.

Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Mead, St. Boniface Hos-
pital; Second Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Krause, St.
Boniface Hospital; President, Miss E. Shirley, 28
King George Crt.; First Vice-Picsident, Mi.ss E. Perry,
1628 Roy Ave., Weston; Second Vice-President, Miss
H. Stephens, 15 Ruth Apts.; Secretary, Mrs. Stella
Gordon Kerr, 753 Wolseley Ave.;Treasuier, Miss A.
Price, Ste. 18 Diana Crt.; Conveners of Committees,
Social, Miss T. O'Rourke, Ste. 48 Marlhurst Apts;
Refreshment, Miss C. Miller, Ste 2 St. James Park
Blk.; Sick Visiting, Miss T. Guville, 211 Hill St.,
Norwood; Representative to Local Council of Women,
Miss C. Code, 123S Downing St., Miss C. Wright, 340
St. Johns Ave.; Representative to Manitoba Nurses
Central Directory Committee, Mrs. E. MacDonald,
369 Langside St.; Press and Publication, Miss M.
Meehan, 753 Wolseley Ave.

Meetings — Second Wednesday of each month, 8 p.m.,
St. Boniface Nurses Residence.

A. A., WINNIPEG GENERAL HOSPITAL

§ital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. L Graham, 99 Euclid St.;
ick Visiting, Miss W. Stevenson, 535 Camden Place;
Programme, Miss C. Lethbridge. 877 Grosvenor Ave.,
Membership, Miss A. Pearson, Winnipeg General
Hospital.

A. A., OALT HOSPITAL, QALT, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Jamieson; President, MIm M.
King; First Vice-President, Miss I. Atkinson; Second
Vice-President, Mrs. D. Scott; Secretary, Mrs. F.
Roloefson; Treasurer, Miss G. Rutherford; Programme
Committee: Convener, Mrs. E. V. Brown, Misa Hop-
kinson and Miss Blogden.

A. A., KITCHENER AND WATERLOO GENERAL
HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss ^L Snider; President, Miss
L. McTague; First Vice-President, Mrs. V. Snider;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. R. Petch; Secretary,
Mi.ss T. Sitler, 32 Troy St.; Asst. Secretary, Miss J.
Sinclair; Treasurer, Miss E. Feny; "The Canadian
Nurse", Miss E. Hartlieb.

THE EDITH CAVELL ASSOCIATION OF
LONDON, ONT.

President, Miss Nora E. MacPherson, Victoria
Hospital; First Vice-President, Miss Anne M. Forrest;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. C. West; Secretary-
Treastirer, Miss Annie P. Evans, 860 Richmond St.;
Social Secretary, Miss M. Bawden; Registry Board
Representatives, Miss M. Anderson, Mrs. Olive
Smiley; Programme Committee, Miss H. Bapty,
Miss E. Morris, Mrs. G. GiUies; Representative, "The
Canadian Nurse," Mrs. John Gunn.

212

THE CANADIAN NURSE

rLOBENCE NIGHTINGALE ASSOCIATION.
TORONTO

DISTRICT No. S, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Chairman, Miss Alice Ahern; Vice-Chairman,
Miss D. M. Percy; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss A. 0.
Tanner, Ottawa Civic Hospital; Councillors, Misses
M. Stewait, M. Slinn, G. Woods, M. B. Anderson,
Amy Brady, P^Ua Rochon; Conveners of Committees,
Membership, Mias E. Rochon; Publications, Miss M.
Stewart; Nursing Education, Miss M. E. Anderson;
Private Duty, Miss Mary Slinn; Pubhc Health, Miss
Marjorie Robertson; Representative to Board of
Directors, Miss A. Ahern.

DISTRICT No. 10, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Chairman, Miss A. Boucher; First-Vice President,
Mrs. F. Edwards; Second Vice-President, Miss V.
Lovelace; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss M. Racey;
Conveners of Committees: Nursing Education, Miss
B. Bell; Public Health. Miss L. Young; Private Duty,
Miss I. Sheehan; Publication, Miss M. Flannagan;
Membership, Miss M. Sideen, Miss D. Elliott; Social:
Miss E. Hamilton, Miss Chiver-Wilson, Miss E. Mc-
Tavish; Representatives to Board of Directors Meeting,
R.N.A.O., Mrs. F. Edwards.

Meetings held first Thursday every month.

A. A., BELLEVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Regular meeting held first Tuesday in each month at
3.30 p.m. in the Nurses' Residence.

A. A., BRANTFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. Muriel McKee, Superin-
tendent; President, Miss Marion Cuff; Vice-President,
Miss Madeline Waghorn; Secretary, Miss Hilda Muir;
Asst. Secretary, Miss Natalie Lockman; Treasurer,
Miss Jean Davidson; "The Canadian Nurse" Repre-
sentative, Miss Nellie Yardley; Press Representative,
Miss Anne Hardisty; Flower Committee, Miss Ida
Martin, Miss Florence Stuart; Gift Committee, M[rs.
D. A. Morrison, Mrs. A. A. Matthews; Social Con-
vener, Mrs. W. H. I.angton.

A. A., BROCKVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss A. L. Shannette; President
Mrs. H. B. White; First Vice-President, Miss M
Arnold; Second Vice-President, Miss J. Nicholson
Third Vice-President, Mrs. W. B. Reynolds; Secretary
Miss B. Beatrice Hamilton, Brockville General Hos'
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. F. Vandusen, 65 Church St.
Representative to "The Canadian Nur«e," Miss V
Kendrick.

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL,
CHATHAM, ONT.

Hon. President. Mother St. Roch; Hon. Vice-
President. Sister M. Loretta; President, Mrs. Pearl
Johnston; Vice-President. Miss Jean Lundy; Secretary,
Miss Irene Gillard, .52 Raleigh St., Chatham; Treasurer,
Miss Jean Bagnell; Executive, Misses Jessie Ross,
Katherine Dillon and Agnes Harrison; Flower Com-
mittee, Miss Felice Richardson and Mona Middleton;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse." Miss
Jessie Ross; Representative, District No. 1, R.N.A.O.,
Miss Hazel Gray.

A.A., CORNWALL GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Lydia Whiting; President,
Mias Mary Fleming; First Vice-President, Mrs.
Boldick; Second Vice-President, Miss Mabel Hill;
Secretary- Treasurer, Miss Helen C. Wilson, Cornwall
General Hospital; Representative to "The Canadian
Nurse," Miss Cora Droppo.

A. A. , ROYAL ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL, FERGUS

Hon. President, Miss Helen Campbell; President.
Mrs. Bean, 54 Rosemount Ave., Toronto; First Vice-
President, Miss Marian Petty; Second Vice-President.
Mrs. Ida Ewing; Treasurer, Miss Bertha Brillinger,
Toronto; Secretary, Miss Evelyn Osborne, 8 Oriole
Gardens, Toronto; Asst. Secretary. Mrs. N. Davidson,
Fergus Hospital; Press Secretary, Miss Jean Campb«ll
72 Hendrick Ave., Toronto.

A. A., GUELPH GENERAL HOSPITAL

A. A., HAMILTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. C. Rayside, Hamilton
General Hospital; President, Miss Annie B. Boyd,
607 Main St. E.; Vice-President, Miss M. Buchannan,
Hamilton General Hospital; Treasurer, Miss E. Bell,
1 Cumberland Ave.; Recording Secretary, Miss B.
Aitken, 44 Victoria Ave. S.; Secretary-Treasurer Mutual
Benefit Association, Miss L. Hannah, 25 West Ave. S.;
Executive Committee, Mrs. N. Barlow (Convenei),
211 Stenson- St., Misses E. Baird, C. Chappel, M.
Pegg, Mrs. E. Johnson; Programme Committee. Miss
Mary Ross (Convener), Misses M. Watt, H. Baker,
E. Davidson, J. Lenz, M Harvey, C. Currah, Blanche
Pond; Flower and Visiting Committee, Miss Sturrock
(Convener), Misses Squires, Blanchard, Burnett.
Representatives to Local Council of Women, Mrs.
Hess, Misses Harley, Buckbee, Burnett; Representative
to R.N.A.O., Miss G. Hall; Representatives to "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Buscombe (Convener), Misses
Strachan and Carruthers; Representative to Women's
Auxiliary. Mrs. J. Stephen; Registry Committee,
Mrs. Hess (Convener), Misses Nugent, Hack, Gringer.

A A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, HAMILTON,

Hon. President, Mother Martina; President, Mias
E. Quinn; Vice-President, Misa H. Fagan; 'Treasurer,
Miss I. Loyst, 71 Bay Street S.; Secretary, Miss M.
Maloney, 31 Erie Avenue; Convener, Executive Com-
mittee, Miss M. Kelley; The Canadian Nurse, Misf
Moran. '

A. A., HOTEL DIEU, KINGSTON, ONT.

' Hon. President, Rev. Sister Donovan; President,
Mrs. William Elder, Avonmore Apts.; Vice-President,
Mrs. V. L. Fallon; Treasurer, Miss Millie MacKinnon;
Secretary, Miss Genevieve Pelow; Executive, Mrs. L.
Welch, Mrs. Cochrane, Mrs. L. E. Crowley, Misses
Millie Mackinnon, Evelyn Finn; Visiting Committee,
Misses Olive McDermott, C. McGarry; Entertainment
Committee, Misses MacKinnon, Murphy, Bain,
Hamell, McCadden, Mrs. Ryan, Mrs. Fallon.

A. A., KINGSTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

First Hon. President, Miss E. Baker; Second Hon.
President, Miss Loui.se D. Acton; President, Miss
Oleira M. Wilson; First Vice-President, Mrs. G. H.
Leggett; Second Vice-President, Mrs. S. F. Campbell;
Third Vice-President, Miss Ann Baillie; Treasurer,
Mrs. C. W. Mallory, 203 Albert St.; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss C. ^lilton, 404 Brock St.; Recording
.Secretary, Miss Ann Davis, 96 Lower William .St.;
Convener Flower Committee, Mrs. George Nicol. 355
Frontenac St.; Press Representative, Miss Helen
Babcook, Kingston General Hospital; Private Duty
Section, Miss Emma McLean. 478 Frontenac St.

KITCHENER AND WATERLOO REGISTERED
NURSES' ASSOCIATION

President. Miss V. Winierhalt; First Vice-President,
Miss i\I. Elliott; Second Vice-President, Mrs. W. Noll:
Treasurer, Mrs. W. Knell, 41 Ahrens St.W.; Secretary,
Miss E. Master, 13 Chapel St.; Representative to
"The Canadian Nurse," ^Iiss Hazel Adair, Kitchener
and Waterloo Hospital.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

213

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

Hon. President, Sister M. Pascal; Hon. Vice-Presi-
dent, Sister M. St. Elizabeth; President, Miss A.
Boyle; First Vice-President, Mrs. J. Nolan; Second
Vice-President, Miss L. Morrison; Recording Secretary,
Miss S. Gignac; Correspondence Secretary, Miss L.
McCaughey; Treasurer, Mi.'ts Beger, 27 Yale Street;
Representative Board of Central Registry, Misses E.
Armishaw, F. Connelly.

A.A., VICTOEIA HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Nora MacPherson, Superin-
tendent, Victoria Hospital School of Nursing; President,
Miss Delia Foster, 420 Oxford St.; First Vice-President,
Miss Mary Yule, 151 Bathurst St.; Second Vice-
President, Miss Christine Gillies, Victoria Hospital;
Treasurer, Miss Edith Smallman, 814 Dundas St.;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss Mabel Hardie, 182
Bruce St.; Secretary, Miss Isobel Hunt, 898 PrincesB
Ave.; Representative to The Canadian Nurse, Mrs.
S. G. Henry, 720 Dundas St.; Board of Directors,
Mrs. C. J. Rose, Mrs. W. Cummins, Misses H. Hueston,
H. Cryderman, E. Gibberd. A. MacKenzie; Repre-
sentatives to Registry Board, Misses M. McVicar,
S. Giffen. A. Johnston and W. Wilton.

A. A., NIAGARA FALLS GENERAL HOSPITAL

A.A., ORILLIA SOLDIERS' MEMORIAL
HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. Johnston; President, Miss
0. Went; First Vice-PresidentI Miss M. Payne;
Second Vice-President, Miss S. Dudenhoffer; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss M. B. MacLelland; Programme
Committee, Misses C. Newton, A. Reekie, E. Mitchell
»nd B. McFadden.

Regular Meeting — First Thursday of each month.

A. A., OSHAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Mac Williams; President, Miss
Ann Scott, 26 King Street E., Oshawa; Vice-President,
Miss Emily Duckwith; Second Vice-President, Mrs.
H. Harland; Secretary, Mrs. Mabel Yelland, 14
Victoria Apts., Simcoe St. S., Oshawa; Asst. Secretary,
Miss Jessie Mcintosh; Corresopnding Secretary, Miss
Helen Hutchison, 14 Victoria Apts., Simcoe St. S.,
Oshawa; Treasurer, Miss Jane Cole; Social Convener,
Miss Amber Sonley, Visiting and Flower Convener,
Mrs. M. Canning; Convener Private Duty Nurses,
Miss Margaret Dickie; Representative, Hospital
Auxiliary, Mrs. M. Canning, Mrs. E. Hare, Mrs. B.
A. Brown.

A.A., ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, OTTAWA

Hon. President, Miss Maxwell; President, Miss
Doris Thompson; Vice-President, Miss Diana Brown;
Secretary, Miss Isobel Allan, 408 Slater Street, Ottawa;
Treasurer, Mrs. Florence Ellis; Nominating Committee,
Misses Mina MacLaren, Hazel Lyttle, Katherine
Ti-ibble.

A. A., LADY STANLEY INSTITUTE, OTTAWA
(Incorporated 1918)

Hon. President, Miss M. A. Catton, 2 Regent St.;
Hon. Vice-President, Miss Florence Potts; President,
Miss Mabel M. Stewart, Royal Ottawa Sanatorium;
Vice-President, Miss M. McNiece, Perley Home,
Aylmer Ave.; Secretary, Mrs. G. O. Skuce, Britannia
Bay, Ont.; Treasurer, Miss C. Slinn, 204 Stanley Ave.;
Board of Directors, Miss E. MacGibbon, 114 Carling
Ave,; Miss C. Flack, 152 First Ave.; Miss E. McColl,
Vimy Apts., Charlotte St.; Miss L. Belford, Perley
Home, Aylmer Ave.; "Canadian Nurse" Representative
Miss A. Ebbs, 80 Hamilton Ave.; Representatives to
Central Registry Nurses, Miss A. Ebbs, 80 Hamilton
Ave.; Miss Mary C. Slinn, 204 Stanley Ave.; Press
Representative, ^Ir8. J. Waddell, 220 Waverley St.

A. A., OTTAWA CIVIC HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Gertrude Bennett; President,
Miss Evelyn Pepper; First Vice-President, Miss
Elizabeth Graydon; Second Vice-President, Miss
Dorothy Moxley; Treasurer, Miss Winnifred Gemniell,
221 Gilmour St.; Recording Secretary, Miss Greta
Wilson, 489 Metcalfe St.; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss Eileen Graham, 41 Willard St.; Councillors,
Mrs. G. W. Dunning, Misses Elizabeth Curry, Gertrude

Moloney, Mary Lamb, Gladys Moorehead; Convener
of Flower and Sick Visiting Committee, Miss Margaret
McCallum; Press Correspondent, Miss E. Osborne.

A. A., OTTAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Flavie Domitille; President,
Miss Juliette Robert; First Vice-President. Miss C.
McDonald; Second Vice-President, Mrs. A. Latimer;
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Stella Kearns, 478 Cumber-
land Ave., Ottawa; Membership Secretary, Miss
Pauline Bissonnette; Representatives to Local Council
of Women, Mrs. C. L. Devitt, Mrs. A. Latimer, Mrs.
E. Viau and Miss F. Nevins; Representatives to
Central Registry, Miss L. Egan and Miss A. Stackpole;
Representative to The Canadian Nurse, Miss Juliette
Robert.

A. A., OWEN SOUND GENERAL AND
MARINE HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss B. Hall; President, Mrs. D. J.
McMillan, 1151 3rd Ave. W.; Vice-President, Miss C.
Thompson; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss A. Mitchell,
466 17th St. W.; Assistant Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs.
Tomlinson; Flower Committee, Miss M. Story, Miss
C. Stewart, Mrs. Frost; Programme Committee,
Misses Sim, C. Stewart; Press Representative, Miss M.
Morrison.

A.A., NICHOLLS HOSPITAL, PETERBORO, ONT.

A. A., 8ARNIA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss K. Scott; President. Miss C.
Lougher; Vice-President, Miss L. Seigrist; Treasurer,
Mias J. Hodgins; Secretary, Miss B. MaoFarlane.

A. A., STRATFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss A. M. Munn; President, Mias
Basel Crerar; Vice-President, Miss Myrtle Hodgins:
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Ivy Rennie : Convenor of
Social Committee, Miss Isabel Wilson: Correspondent
The Canadian Nurse, Miss Florence Kudoba.

A. A., MACK TRAINING SCHOOL
ST. CATHERINES

Hon. President, Miss Anne Wright, Superintendent,
General Hospital; President, Miss Helen Brown,
General Hospital; First Vice-Ptesident, Miss Marriott,
94 i Queenston St.; Second Vice-President, Mrs. E.
Dewar, 39 Marquis St.; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss
Florence McArter, General Hospital; Asst. Secretary-
Treasurer, Mrs. Charles Hesburn, 54 George St.;
'"The Canadian Nurse" Representative, Miss Aleda
Brubaker, 29 Page St.; "The Canadian Nurse" Sub-
scriptions and Press Correspondent, Mrs. S. Ockenden,
4 Beech St.; Social Committee, Mrs. R. E. Elderkin
(Convener), Mrs. G. I. Zumstein, Mrs. F. Newman,
Mrs. N. Buchanan; Programme Committee, Miss
Tuch (Convener), Miss Moyer, Mrs. W. Durham.

A.A., MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, ST. THOMAS

Hon. President, Miss Lucille Armstrong, Memorial
Hospital; Hon. Vice-President, Miss Mary Buchanan,
Memorial Hospital; President, Miss Margaret Benja-
field, 39 Wellington Street; First Vice-President, Mrs.
Frank Penhale; Second Vice-President, Miss Bessie
Pollock; Recording Secretary, Mrs. John Smale, 34
Erie Street; Corresonding Secretary, Miss Alice
Patrick, 33 Gladstone Ave.; Treasurer, Mi.ss Bella
Mitchener, 50 Chestnut Street; "The Canadian Nurse,"
Miss Isabella M. Leadbetter, Talbot Street; Executive,
Misses Hazel Hastings, Lissa Crane, Mary Oke,
Mildred Jennings, Florence Treherne.

A. A., TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Snively; Hon. Vice-President,
Miss Jean Gunn; President, Miss Jeane Browne;
First Vice-President, Miss Anna Dove; Second Vice-
President, Miss Kathleen Russell; Secretary, Miss
McGregor, Ward 1, Toronto General Hospital; Treas-
urer, Miss McGeachie, Medical Arts Building, Bloor
St.; Asst. Treasurer, Miss Laura Lindsay; Councillors,
Mrs. Margaret Dewey, Misses Gordon and Dulmage;
Archivist, Miss Kniseley.

214

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A. A., GRACE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

A. A., GRANT MACDONALD TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR NURSES, TORONTO, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Esther M. Cook, 130 Dunn
Ave.; President, Miss Jean Macpherson, 130 Dunn
Ave.; Vice-President, Miss Ida Weeks; Recording
Secretary, Miss I. Ostic; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
M. Whittall; Treasurer, Miss McCullough, 130 Dunn
Ave.; Social Convener, Miss P. Lawrence.

A. A., TORONTO ORTHOPEDIC HOSPITAL
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES

Hon. President, Miss E. MacLean; President, Miss
Hazel Young, 100 Bloor St. W.; Vice-President, Mrs.
W. J. Smithers, 35 Wilberton Road; Secretary-Treas-
urer, Miss R. HoUingworth, 100 Bloor St. W.; Re-
presentatives to Central Registry, Miss C. Grannon,
205 George St., and Miss M. Beston, 5 De Savery
Crescent; Representative to R.N.A.O., Miss A.
Bodley, 43 Metcalf St.

A. A., RIVERDALE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss Carrie Field, 185 Bain .\ve., Toronto;
First Vice-President, Miss Gertrude Gastrell, Riverdale
Hospital; Second Vice-President, Mrs. H. W. Thomp-
son, 34 Burnside Drive; Secretary. Mrs. H. E. Radford,
458 Strathmore Blvd.; Treasurer, Miss Margaret
Floyd, Riverdale Hospital; Board of Directors — Com-
mittees: Sick and Visiting, Mi.ss S. Stretton, 7 Edge-
wood Ave.; Programme, Miss K. Mathieson, Riverdale
Hospital; Membership, Miss Murphy, Weston Sani-
tarium, Weston; Mrs. E. G. Berry, 97 Bond St.,
Oshawa; Press and Publication, Miss C. L. Russell,
General Hospital, Toronto.

A. A., HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN,
TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. Goodson; Hon. Vice-Presidents,
Miss F. J. Potts, Miss H. Panton and Miss P. B.
Austin; President, Mrs. F. E. Atkinson; First Vice-
President, Miss Petron Adam; Second Vice-President,
Miss Alice Grindley; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Mary Ingham; Recording Secretary, Miss Mary
Acland; Treasurei, Miss V. Marie Grafton, 534 Palm-
erston Blvd.; Councillors, Misses Louise Rogers,
Hilda Rose, Jean Beaton, Helen Needier, Mabel St.
John and Mrs. Harold McClelland.

A.A., ST. JOHN'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Sister Beatrice, S.S.J.D., St. John's
Convent, Major Street; President, Miss Cook, 464
Logan Ave.; First Vice-President, Miss Holdsworth,
Islington 297; Second Vice-President, Miss Anderson,
468 Kingston Road; Recording Secretary, Miss Frost,
450 Maybank Ave.; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Garnham, 26 Balmoral Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Slimon,
464 Logan Ave.; Press Representative, Miss Doherty,
7 Howland Ave.; Convener of Flowers and Sick, Miss
Davis, 51 Brunswick Ave.

A. A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL,
TORONTO, ONT.

Hon. President, Mother M. Pascal; Hon. Vice-
President, Sister Ste. Elizabeth; President, Miss
Madalene Baker; First Vice-President, Miss Olive
O'Neil; Second Vice-President, Miss Florence Connelly;
Recording Secretary, Miss Stella Gignac; Correspond-
ing Secretary, Miss Gladys Gray; Treasurer, Miss Erla
Berger; Press Representative, Miss Lillian Morrison.

A.A., ST. MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Margaret; Hon. Vice-
President, Rev. Sr. M. Amata; President, Miss Essie
Taylor; First Vice-President, Miss Ella Graydon;
Second Vice-President, Miss Helen Keaney; Third
Vice-President, Miss Celia Hyres; Recording Secretary,
Miss MaoGreen; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Helen
O'Sullivan; Treasurer, Miss Helen Hyland, 137
Belsize Drive, Toronto; Directors, Misses Ella M.
Chalue, Marie I. Foy, Marcella Berger; Press and
Publications, Miss Grace IMurphy ; Private Duty, Miss
Julia O'Connor; Public Health, Miss Hilda Kerr.

A.A., VICTORIA MEM. HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. Forbes Godfrey; President,
Mi* Annie Pringle; Vice-President, Miss Dorothy

Greer; Secretary, Misw Florence Lowe, 152 Kenil worth
Ave., Toronto; Treasurer, Miss Ida Hawley, 4)
Gloucester St., Toronto.

Regular Meeting — First Monday of each month.

A.A., WELLESLE7 HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss Edith Carson, 499 Sherbourne St.;
Vice-President, Miss Ruth Jackson, 80 Summerhill
Ave.; Treasurer, Mist Lucille Thompson, 4, 118 Isa-
bella St.; Recording Secretary, Miss Mildred Mc-
Mullen, 133 Isabella St.; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss Evelyn McCullough, 1117 Danforth Ave.;
Executive, Misses Edna Tucker, Betty Scott, Doris
Anderson, Audrey Lavelle; Correspondent to The
Canadian Nurse, Miss Waple Greaves, 65 Glendale

A. A., TORONTO WESTERN HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss B. L. Ellis; President, Miss
Rahno Beamish, Toronto Western Hospital; Vice-
President, Miss L. Smith Recording Secretary,
Miss Matthews, 74 Westmount Ave.; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss Buckley, Toronto Western Hospital;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss
Milligan; Representative to Local Council of Women,
Mrs. McConnell; Hon. Councillors, Mrs. Yorke, Mrs.
McConnell; Councillors, Miss McLean, Orthopedic
Hospital, Misses Cooney, Steacy, Stevenson, Wiggins,
J. G. Smith, Devine; Social Committee, Miss Sharpe
(Convener), Misses Agnew, Woodward, Miles; Flower
Committee, Miss Lamont, Miss Ayerst; Visiting
Committee, Misses Lowe, Harshaw, Essex; Layette
Committee, Miss Cooper.

Meetings will be held the second Tuesday in each
month at 8 p.m. in the Assembly Room, Nurses'
Residence, Toronto Western Hospital.

A.A., WOMEN'S COLLEGE HOSPITAL,
TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. H. M. Bowman; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Harriet Meiklejohn; Piesident, Miss
Vera Allen; First Vice-President, Miss Munns; Second
Vice-President, Miss Lougheed; Recording Secretary,
Miss Bankwitz; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Blair,
64 Deleware St.; Assistant Secretary, Miss Clark, 64
Deleware St.; Treasurer, Miss Fra.ser; Representatives
to Central Registry, Miss Bankwitz, Miss Kidd;
Representative to District No. 5, Miss Clarke; "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss E. E. K. Collier, 45 Dixon

Ave. — — — ■

A. A., CONNAUGHT TRAINING SCHOOL FOR
NURSES, TORONTO HOSPITAL, WESTON

A. A., HOTEL DIEU, WINDSOR, ONTARIO '

President, Miss Angela Code, Maple Apts.; First
Vice-President, Miss Helen Piper; Second Vice-
President, Miss Alice Raillageon; Secretary, Miss
Helen Slattery; Treasurer, Miss Evelyn Wolfe; Press
Correspondent, Miss Mary A. Pinnegan.

A. A., GENERAL HOSPITAL, WOODSTOCK

GRADUATE NURSES ASSOCIATION OF THE
EASTERN TOWNSHIPS

Hon. President, Miss H. S. Buck, Superintendent
Sherbrooke Hospital; President, Miss D. Stevens;
First Vice-President, Miss J. Fenton; Second Vice-
President, Miss Humphrey; Recording SecretaiT,
Miss D. Ingraham; Corresponding Secretary, Miss H
Hetherington; Treasurer, Miss M. Robins; Repre-
sentative. "The Canadian Nurse," Miss C. Hornby,
Box 324, Sherbrooke, P.Q.; Private Duty Represent-
ative, Miss Alice Lyster.

A.A., LACHINE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. L. Brown; President,
Miss M. A. McNutt; -Vice-President, Miss J. C.
McKee; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss E. J. Dewar, 558
Notre Dame Street, Lachine, Que.; Private Duty
Representative, Miss M. Lamb, 376 Claremont Ave.,
Montreal; Executive Committee, Miss Robinson,
Miss Good fellow.

Meeting — 'First Monday of each month, at 9 p.m.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

215

MONTREAL GEADUATE NUKSES' ASS'N

Hon. President, Miss L. C. Phillips, 3626 St. Urbain
St • President, Miss Agnes Jamieson, 1230 Bishop St.;
First Vice-President, Miss Jessie Robertson, 3546
Shuter St.; Second Vice-President, Mi.ss Kate Wilson
1230 Bishop St.; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Ethel
Clark, 1230 Bishop St.; Day Registrar, Miss Lucy
White, 1230 Bishop St.; Night Registrar, Miss Ethel
Clark, 1230 Bishop St.; Relief Registrar, Miss H. M.
Sutherland, 12 Selkirk Ave.; Convener Griffintown
Club, Miss Georgie CoUey, 261 Melville Ave., West-
mount, P.Q. . ^ , r T A 1

Regular Meeting — First Tuesday of January, April,

October and December^

A A., CHILDEEN'S MEM. HOSP., MONTREAL

Hon. President, Miss A. S. Kinder; President, Mrs.
F C Martin; Vice-President, Miss Alice Adlington;
Secretary, Miss M. Flander, Children's Memorial
Hospital; Treasurer, Miss H. Easterbrook; Repre-
sentative to "The Canadian Nurse", Miss Viola
Schneider; Sick Nurses' Committee, Miss Ruth
Miller. Miss Alexander; Members of Executive Com-
mittee, Mrs. Moore. Miss B. Cleary; Social Committee,
Misses Cough, Paterson, Bell, Atkinson.

A. A., MONTREAL GENERAL HOSPITAL

President, Mrs. Allan; First Vice-President, Miss A.
Jamieson; Second Vice-President, Miss M. Mathewson;
Recording Secretary, Miss Inez Welling; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Anne Thorpe; Treasurer, Alumnae
Association and Mutual Benefit Association, Miss
Isabel Davies; Hon. Treasurer, Miss H. M. Dunlop;
Executive Committee, Misses M. K. Holt, F. E.
Strumm, J. Meigs, L. Urquhart, C. M. Watling;
Representatives, Private Duty Section, Misses Morrison
(Convener), R. Loggie, Melba Johnston, Winnifred
Spier; Representatives to "The Canadian Nurse,"
Misses C. M. Watling (Convener), N. Kennedy-Reid,
Ruth Hamilton; Representatives to Local Council of
Women, Miss G. Colley (Convener), Miss Marjorie Ross
(Proxy\ Mi.ss Harriett Ross; Sick Vis'ting Committee,
Mrs. Stuart Ramsey Convener), Misses L. Shepherd,
B. Noble: Refreshmeni Committee, Misses D. Flint(Con-
venen, M. 1. McLcod, Theodora McDonald, S. Fraser.
A. A., HOMOEOPATHIC HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mrs. H. Pollock; President, Mrs. J.
Warren; First Vice-President, Miss I. Garrick; Second
Vice-President, Miss D. Campbell; Secretary, Miss
M. Brighty; Asst. Secretary, Miss M. Hayden; Treas-
urer, Miss D. W. Miller; Asst. Treasurer, Miss N. G.
Horner; Private Duty Section, Miss A. M. Porteous;
"The Canadian Nurse" Representative, Miss A.
Pearce; Social Committee, Miss D. Smith; Montreal
Nurses Association, Mi.ss D. Smith, Miss M. Bright.

A.A., ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. Presidents, Misses Draper and Hersey; Presi-
dent, Mrs. Stanley; First Vice-President, Mrs. LeBeau;
Second Vice-President, Miss Gall; Recording Secretary,
Miss Grace Martin; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
K. Jamer, Royal Victoria Hospital; Treasurer, Miss
Burdon; Representative "The Canadian Nurse,"
Misa Flanagan; Representatives to Local Council of
Women, Mrs. Walker, Miss Drake; Sick Visiting
Committee, Miss Allder, Mrs. Walker; Programme
Committee, Mrs. Scrimger, Miss Campbell, Miss
Flanagan; Representatives to Private Duty Section,
Misses Palliser, McCallum, Steele; Refreshment
Committee, Misses Adams, McRae, Trenholme;
Executive Committee, Miss Hersey, Miss Campbell,
Mrs. Roberts, Miss Reid, Miss Forgev; Finance Com-
mittee, Misses Etter (Convener), Goodhue, McKibbon,

Wright, Steele.

A.A., WESTERN HOSPITAL, MONTREAL
Hon. Pre.sident, Mi.ss Craig; President, Miss Birch;
First Vice-President, Miss Edna Payne; Second Vice-
President, Miss L. Sutton; Treasurer, Miss Jane Craig,
Western Hospital; Secretary, Miss Olga McCrudden,
314 Grosvenor Ave., Westmount, P.Q.; Finance Com-
mittee, Miss L. Johnston, Miss A. Yates; Programme
Committee, Miss Cross, Miss Williams; Sick and
Visiting Committee, Miss Dyer; Representative to
Private Duty Section, Miss Taylor; Representative to
"The Canadian Nurse," Miss McOuat.
A. A., NOTRE DAME HOSPITAL, MONTREAL
Hon. President, Mother Dugas; Hon. Vice-Presi-
dents Mother Mailloux and Rev. Sister Robert;
President, Miss G! Latour; First Vice-President, Miss
M. de Courville; Second Vice-President, MissF.Filion;
First Councillor, Miss B. Lecompte; Second Councillor,
Miss F. Gariepy; Secretary, Miss Margot Pauze, 4234
St. Hubert St.; Asst. Secretary, Mrs. Choquette;
Treasurer, Miss L. Boulerice; Conveners of Committees:
Social, Miss E. Merizzi; Nomination, Misses A. Lepine,
A. Lalande, E. Rousseau; Sick Visiting, Misses A.
Martineau, G. GaKnon, B. Lacourse.

A.A., WOMAN'S GEN. HOSP, WESTMOUNT, P.Q.

Hon. Presidents, Mi.ss E. F. Trench, Miss F. George;
President, Mrs. Crewe; First Vice-President, Miss N. J.
Brown; Second Vice-President, Miss M. Forbes;
Recording Secretary, Miss L. Wallace; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss L. Steeves; Treasurer and "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss E. L. Francis; Sick Visiting,
Miss L. Jensen, Miss K. Morrison; Private Duty, Mrs.
Cbisholm. Miss L. Smiley.

Regular monthly meeting every third Wed., 8 p.m.

A.A., JEFFERY HALE'S HOSPITAL, QUEBEC

Hon. President, Mrs. S. Barrow; President, Miss
Muriel Fischer; First Vice-President, Miss Daisy
Jackson; Second Vice-President, Miss Cecile Caron;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss H. A. Mackay; Record-
ing Secretary, Miss Gertrude Martin; Treasurer, Miss
Eunice MacHarg; Refreshment Committee, Miss Flora
Ascah, Miss Lyia Moore; Sick Visiting Committee,
Mrs. S. Barrow, Miss F. Imrie; "The Canadian Nurse"
Representative, Mrs. Harold A. Blanche; Private Duty
Section, Miss Ethel Douglas; Councillors, Misses E.
Fitzpatrick, Daisy Jackson, Flora Ascah, G. Mayhew,

C. Kennedy.

A. A., SHERBROOKE HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss H. S. Buck; President, Mrs.
Guy Bryant; First Vice-President, Mrs. Roy Wiggett;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. Nelson Lothrop; Record-
ing Secretary, Miss Evelyn Warren; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Nora Arguin; Trea.surer, Miss Alice
Lyster; Correspondent to "The Canadian Nurse,"
Miss Kathleen Hatch; Committee, Miss Sutton, Miss
Ella Marrisette, Mrs. Davey.

MOOSE JAW GRADUATE NURSES' ASS'N

Hon. President, Mrs. Geo. Lydiard; President,
Miss Elizabeth Smit..; Vice-President, Mrs. M. A.
Young, Secretary-Treasurer, Miss May Armstrong,
1005 2nd Ave., N.E.; Social Convener, Miss French;
Press Convener, Mrs. W. H. Metcalfe; Programme,
Miss Diermert; Constitutions and By-Laws, Miss
Casey; Representatives, Private Duty, Miss Rossie
Cooper; "The Canadian Nurse," Miss E. Lamond.

A. A., REGINA GENERAL HOSPITAL

A.A. ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, SASKATOON
First Hon. President, Rev. Sister Fennell; Second
Hon. President, Rev. Sister Weeks; President, Misa
Annie M. Campbell; Vice-President, Mrs. R. Roberts;
Secretary, Miss K. McKenzie, 1011 Eastlake Ave.,
Saskatoon; Treasurer, Miss E. Unsworth, 818, llth
Street, Saskatoon; Executive, Mrs. C. W. Doran,
Misses A. Fentiman, and M. Roebuck.

Meetings, second Monday each month at 8.30 p.m..

St. Paul's Nurses Home.

A.A., SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES,
McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL, P.Q.
Hon. President, Miss Mary Samuel; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Bertha Harmer; Hon. Members, Miss
M. F. Hersey, Miss G. M. Fairley, Dr. Helen R. Y.
Reid, Dr. Maude Abbott, Mrs. R. W. Reford; President,
Miss Martha Batson, Montreal General Hospital;
Vice-President, Miss George, Women's General
Hospital; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Eileen C. Flan-
agan, Royal Victoria Hospital; Programme Committee,
Miss M. Armstrong, 1230 Bishop St., Montreal; Miss
Elsie Allder, Royal Victoria Hospital; Representative
to Local Council of Women, Misses Leggat and Orr,
Shriners' Hospital; Representatives to "The Canadian
Nurse," Public Health Section, Miss Hewton; Teaching,
Miss Sutcliffe, Alexandra Hospital; Administration,
Miss F. Upton, 1396 St. Catherine St. W.
A.A. OF THE DEPT. OF PUBLIC HEALTH
NURSING, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
Hon. President, Miss E. K. Russell; President, Miss
Barbara Blackstock; Vice-President, Miss E. E.
Fraser; Recording Secretary, Miss I. Weirs; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss C. C. Eraser, 423 Gladstone Ave.,
Toronto, Ont.; Conveners: Social, Miss E. Manning;
Programme, Miss McNamara; Membership, Mia*
Lougheed. ^^^^^^^

A.A., HOSPITAL INSTRUCTORS AND AD-
MINISTRATORS, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Hon. President, Miss G. Hiscocks; Hon. Vic»-
Presidents, (1) Miss K. Russell, (2) Miss A. M. Munn;
President, Miss E. Stuart; First Vice-President, Mis*
E. Strachan; Second Vice-President, Miss E. Rothery;
Secretary, Mrs. C. S. Caaian, 136 Heddingtoa Ave.;
Treasurer, Miss U. S. Ross, Hospital for Sick Children.

216

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The Central Registry of
Graduate Nurses, Toronto

Furnish Nurses at any hour
DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Kingsdale 2136

Physicians' and Surgeons* BIdg.

86 Bloor Street, West.

TORONTO

HELEN CARRUTHERS, Reg.N,

tViontreal Graduate Nurses'
Association Register

NURSES CALLED DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Uptown 0907

LUCY WHITE, Reg.N., Registrar,
1230 BishoD Street,

MONTREAL, P.Q.

Club House Phone Up-5666.

tmiiuiuiitHuiuHuiniiiiiuiiiiniiiiiHiMi

BRONX REGISTRY AND
CLUB FOR NURSES

1195 Boston Boad, New York Olty

ANNA M. BROWN, E.N., Prop.
Establlslied 1911

THE

Manitoba Nurses' Central Directory

Registrar— ANNIE C. STARR; Reg. N.
Phone 30 620

753 WOUSELEY AVENUE

WINNIPEG. MAN.

I The Central Registry Graduate Nurses

I Phone Garfield 0382

I Registrar: ROBENA BURNETT. Reg.N.
I 33 Spadina Ave., Hamilton, Ont.

School for Graduate Nurses

McGILL UNIVERSITY
Session 1930-1931

Miss BERTHA HARMER, R.N., M.A.
Director

COURSES OFFERED:

Teaching in Schools of Nursing
Supervision in Schools of

Nursing
Administration in Schools of

Nursing

Public Health Nursing

Organization and Supervision

of Public Health Nursing

A CERTIFICATE will be granted for
the successful completion of an approved
programme of studies, covering a period of
ONE academic year, in the major course
selected from the above.

A DIPLOMA will be granted for the success-
ful completion of the mnjor course selected
from the above, covering a period of TWO
academic years.

For particulars apply to:

SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES
McGill University, Montreal

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

THE PROVINCIAL UNIVEESITT OF
ONTARIO

COURSES IN NURSING
I. Teaching and Administration.

An eight-months' course for Qradnata
Nurses.
II. Public Health Nnrslng.

A nine-months' course for Graduate
Nurses.
III. Public Health Kursing.

A four-year course — including hospit-
al training — for high school grad-
uates.
For detailed information apply to the
Secretary, Department of Public Health
Nursing, or to the Director, UniversitT
Extension, University of Toronto, Toronto
5, Canada.

aiUIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINHIIHIintUIIHIIIimtlMIIHII

IMIIIIIIIIIIMHIIlllllltllMlllllMllitMlttltMinnMiniU

When Ordering From Your Suppliers Specify

"Maple Leaf"

(BRAND)

ALCOHOL

For Every Hospital Use

Highest Quality Best Service

Medicinal Spirits, Rubbing Alcohol,

Iodine Solution, Denatured Alcohol,

Absolute Ethyl B.P., Anti-Freeze

Alcohol.
Sold by all leading Hospital Supply Houses

Canadian Industrial Alcohol Co. Ltd.

Montreal Toronto Corbyville

Winnipeg Vancouver

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

217

POWDERED
WHOLE MILK

(Recognizing the im-
portance of scientific
control, all contact
with the laity is pre-
dicated on the policy
that KLIM and its
allied products be used
in infant feeding only
according to a physi-
cian's formula.)

is a convenient and easily prepar-
ed milk for the "Relief Bottle"

The practice of giving one supplementary bottle
per day to breast-fed infants is fast growing in
favour. The "relief bottle" accustoms the
infant to feeding from a bottle and lessens the
difficulty of weaning later on. This supple-
mentary bottle is popular because it releases the
mother for rest, and other matters for which she
otherwise would have little time.

The use of Klim as the best milk for supple-
mentary feedings is steadily increasing. This
pure, fresh, powdered milk is economical as
there is no waste in preparing even the smallest
quantities. It is quickly prepared and measure-
ments are accurate. The absolute uniformity
of Klim makes easy the maintenance of exactness
of formulae.

Samples and Literature sent on request.
Asli for Booklet.

CANADIAN MILK PRODUCTS Limit.ed

115 GEORGE ST. TORONTO

REGISTRATION OF NURSES
Province of Ontario

Examination

Announcement

An examination for the Regis-
tration of Nurses in the Province
of Ontario will be held in May.

Application forms, information
regarding subjects of examina-
tion, and general information
relating thereto may be had upon
written application to

Miss A. M. MUNN, Reg.N.
PapTliament Bldgs., Toronto

Please mention "The Canadian Nurae" when replying to Advertisers.

Flora Madeline Shaw
Memorial Fund

for the
ADVANCEMENT OF
NURSING EDUCATION

The Committee in charge is pleased
to announce a second scholarship of
$500.00 to Registered Nurses possessing
High School Certificate Graduates of
McGill School for Graduate Nurses
wishing to take a second year in the
school will be considered eligible for
scholarships.

Applications must be in before June
1st, 1931. For further information
plea e write to

E FRANCES UPTON, R.N.,

Chairman of Committee

Room 221, 1396 St. Catherine St. W.

MONTREAL

218

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Obstetric Nursing

rW"^HE CHICAGO LYING-IN HOSPITAL ofifers a four-months' post-graduate
JL course in obstetric nursing to graduates of accredited training schools con-
nected with general hospitals, giving not less than two years' training.

The course comprises practical and didactic work in the hospital and practical
work in the Out Department connected with it. On the satisfactory completion o^
the service a certificate is given the nurse.

Board, room and laundry are furnished and an allowance of $10.00 per month to
cover incidental expense.

Affiliations with accredited Training Schools are desired, as follows:

A four-months' course to be given to pupils of accredited training schools asso-
ciated with general hospitals.

Only pupils who have completed their surgical training can be accepted.

Pupil nurses receive board, room and laundry and an allowance of $5.00 per month.

ADDRESS

Chicago Lying-in Hospital and Dispensary

426 East 51st Street, CHICAGO

A PERSONAL SAFEGUARD

Your personal health
makes it imperatire
that you avoid the
use of harsh, irritat-
ing toilet tissue.

WHITE CROSS

should be your bath-
room tissue. White
Cross is soft, absor-
bent as cotton and
daintily white.

It comes to vou individually wrapped. Just
ask for White Cross tissue.

At the better stores everywhere.

A Post-Graduate Training
School for Nurses

AND

An Affiliated Training
School for Nurses

The Massaelmsetts Eye and Ear
Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston,
offers to graduates of accredited
training schools a two months' course,
both theoretical and practical, in the
nursing care of the diseases of the
eye, ear, nose and throat. The course
includes operating room experience.
If desired, a third month may be
spent in the social service department.
This course is very valuable to
public health nurses, especially to
those in schools and industries.

Hospital capacity, 211 beds; Out-
patients daily average 226. A com-
fortable and attractive Nurses'
Home faces the Charles Kiver. Al-
lowance to post-graduate students,
twenty (20) dollars a month and full
maintenance. The same course, in-
cluding the third month, is available
by application to students of ap-
proved schools.

For further information address: —
SALLY JOHNSON, R.N.,
Superintendent of Nurses

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

Manufactured by
Interlake Tissue Mills Co.

TORONTO, ONT.

Ltd. I

Distributors — |

Mid-West Paper Sales Ltd. |

WINNIPEG I

Warehouses: Calgary, Edmonton, Ecgina f

We carry also "Interlake" brand and Velva- |

tissue, Interlake decorative crepe, paper nap- |

kins and towels. i

THE CANADIAN NURSE

225

FELLOWS' SYRUP

The first line of Body Defense assured through
"CHEMICAL TISSUE FOODS"

combined with the dynamic action of strychnine and quinine

^^:

FELLOWS MEDICAL MFQ CO.. Inc.

26 Christopher Street

New York City

Samples on
request

M^^

Mm' Costome Cloths

IRONSIDE 29/30 in. HOPEDALE 36 in.

Guaranteed Fast Colors.

DURABLE — ECONOMICAL

Easy to Launder

Insist on

COOCQ

Fabrics — the Fabric with a

Guarantee behind it.

Stocked by all leading stores
Product of . . .

THE MONTREAL COTTONS LIMITED

MONTREAL

TORONTO

WINNIPEG

VANCOUVER

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

226 THE CANADIAN NURSE

Acidosis in Children

Phillips Milk

of Magnesia

the ideal

Ljaxative- Antacid

1 HILLIPS' Milk of Magnesia neu-
tralizes three times as much acid as
a saturated solution of sodium bi-
carbonate and fifty times as much as
lime water. It does not distend the
stomach or cause flatulence of the
bowels. It retains its effectiveness
even under prolonged use. It has

mild yet thorough laxative
action while sweetening the
entire intestinal tract. Safe
;'or use in modifying milk
for infants. Readily taken
by both children and adults.
Always palatable.

When Milk of Magnesia is indicated,
physicians prefer genuine Phillips'
Milk of Magnesia, made only by The
Chas. H. Phillips' Chemical Co. for
more than fifty years.

SuppHed in 12 ounce size with the
Phillips' signature on every bottle.

Annual Subscription $2.00

Combined rate with

The American Journal of Nursing
$4.75

"PARAGON BRAND"
Surgical Dressings

511 BOYD BUILDING
WINNIPEG, MAN.

Geo. F. Hemsley Co. Ltd.

1101 Chenneville St., Montreal

ABSORBENT GAUZES
BANDAGES
CHEESECLOTHS
ELASTOPLAST

(Adhesive Plasters)

ABSORBENT COTTON
SANITARY NAPKINS
MATERNITY PADS

We specialize in |

HOSPITAL BADGES. I

""'' ^r??.^pT«f'!r»™^. 1 I SMITH & NEPHEW, LTD.

LL/loS flNS and RINGS i | =
I 1 378 St. Paul St. W. |

Designs on request I | MONTREAL - - P. Que. f

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers

THE CANADIAN NURSE

227

When you specify Kotex

you are sure of soft sanitary protection

Because Kotex absorbs correctly, it gives com-
fort and a feeling of perfect safety for hours.

HOURS spent at a bridge
table; other hours at the
theatre, at the opera ; at an office
desk! The problem of sanitary
protection becomes more and
more complicated as the modern
woman extends her varied inter-
ests. Kotex makes such handi-
caps a thing of the past.

Lateral absorption—
a Kotex feature

In order that a sanitary pad ful-
fill its purpose satisfactorily, it
must absorb not only in one con-
centrated spot but the full length
of the pad. This Koter does
. . . the long, delicate fibers of
Cellucotton (not cotton) absor-
bent wadding, of which Kotex
is made, serve to carry moisture

swiftly away from the center
and away from the surface.
This makes for delicate, last-
ing comfort. It permits perfect
adjustment. Kotex is soft —
and it stays soft. It does not
pack into hard, chafing discom-
fort after use.

Wear it on either side with
equal protection. There is
never any likelihood of em-
barrassment from wrong ad-
justment.

Kotex is specified by hospi-
tals where the most rigorous
sanitary care is taken. It is
treated to deodorize. Specify
Kotex when you buy sanitary
pads. Kotex Company of Can-
ada, Limited, Toronto, Ont.

IN HOSPITALS . . .

The Kotex absorbent is the
identical material used by
surgeons in Canada's leading
hospitals.

Kotex is soft. . . Not merely
an apparent softness, that
soon packs into chafing hard-
ness. But a delicate, lasting
softness.

Can be worn on either side
with equal comfort. No em-
barrassment.

Disposable . . . instantly,
completely.

MADE IN CANADA

K OT e X

The New Sanitary Pad treated
to deodorize

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

228 THE CANADIAN NURSE

A Monthly Journal for the Nurses of Canada
Published by the Canadian Nurses Association

Vol. XXVII. WINNIPEG. MAN., MAY, 1931 No. 5

Registered at Ottawa, Canada, as second-class matter.

Entered as second-class matter March 19th, 1905, at the Post Office, Buffalo, N.Y., under the Act of

Congress, March 3rd. 1897.

Editor and Business Manager: —
JEAN S. WILSON, Reg.N., 511 Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

MAY, 1931

CONTENTS PAGE

Intimate Sketch of Life of Florence Nightingale - Margaret Rhynas 229

The Achievements of Florence Nightingale - - Helen M. Bradshaw 232

EDITORIAI..S ------------- 234

Parliamentary Procedure, Part II. - - - - - Alison Ewart 237

A Vacation in Quebec --.--.- Blanche Hume 244

Universities— A Review ---- 248

The History of Nursing Society of Montreal - Ethel M. Hillyard 249

Department of Nursing Education:

Psychology in Medicine and its Application to

Nursing - -•- - - - - - Dr. J. Tanzman 250

Psychology and Nursing -- ._.-__- 253

Suggested Curriculum for use in Schools of Nursing

IN Canada ------- Grace M. Fairley 251

Department of Private Duty Nursing:

The Intangible Things in the Kit Bag of a Private jE. G. Dwane i 255
Duty Nurse - - - - \H. Hetheringtonj

Department of Public Health Nursing:

An Institute on Maternal Care - t - - Alice Thomson 257

The Public Health Nurse Apostrophizes Her

Hat Harrielte S. Wilson 260

News Notes --_--__----- 261

List of Books and Pamphlets on Florence Nightincale - _ - 266

Official Directory -- - - - - - - - - - 267

Vol. XXVII.

MAY. 1931

No. 5

intimate ^k^trlj of iCtf? of

By MARGARET RHYNAS, President, Ontario Hospital Aids Association

Florence Nightingale was the
younger daughter of Frances, daugh-
ter of William Smith, M.P., and
William Edward Shore Nightingale,
and was born during her parents'
three years' stay in Italy, on May
12th, 1820.

On their return to England, the
Nightingales procured a desirable
home at Embley, on the edge of New
Forest.

As Florence grew older, she be-
came the possessor of a family of
dolls. She was fond of nursing them,
pretending they were very sick ;
sometimes dreadful accidents would
happen to them and she would bind
up their limbs with strips of linen
and give them great care.

Soon Florence grew to be a young
lady, and when not engaged in study,
would visit the tenants on her
father's estate. If she found illness
m any of the homes, she would set
about nursing them, making special
dainties for them and trying to bring
them back to health. Once, too, her
pet sheep-dog became very ill and
Iter kind hands ministered to the
needs of her faithful companion. So
it would seem that from early child-
hood Florence Nightingale had an
inborn desire to care for and relieve
the sick and suffering.

Years passed, and this bright young
iady had finished her college educa-

tion and was going to London with
her mother and sister to be presented
at Court. But as Florence was not
socially inclined, she begged leave to
spend most of the time visiting the
hospitals — so real was her desire to
learn the art of nursing the sick and
seeing firsthand just how they were
cared for in hospitals. In those days
7iurses were not very efficient, and
methods usually incomplete, and
it became the desire of this noble
woman's heart to study this art and
do all in her power to advance her
knowledge in what was later to be
her life work. After much opposition
from her mother, Florence was per-
mitted to enter into and study nurs-
ing in hospitals in England. Kaiser-
worth, France and Italy, deciding
later to work out a system for train-
ing nurses.

Florence's inward life had never
been satisfied by the outward beauty
or the pleasures with which she was
surrounded. A friend of the family
once wrote of her: "On every time
I saw her, from a girl of sixteen of
high promise, I saw her ripening con-
stantly for her work, the great mis-
sion she was later called upon to
fulfill."

Lady Lovelace (Byron's daughter^
in her verses — a portrait taken from
life — gives a picture of the impres-
sion made by Florence Nightingale
upon Lady Lovelace (when Florence

230

THE CANADIAN NURSE

was yet unknown) . The first and last
verses are:

"I saw her pass and paused to think.

She moves as one on whom to gaze
With calm and holy thoughts that link

The soul to God in prayer and praise.
She walks as if on heaven's brink

Unscathed thro' life's entangled maze.

In future years, in distant climes,

Should war's dread strife its victims
claim,
Should pestilence, unchecked betimes
Strike more than sword, than cannon
maim,
He who reads these tuneful rhymes will
trace
Her progress to undying fame.

These lines were written in 1851 —
very prophetic words indeed. Lady
Lovelace died in 1852.

At thirty Florence wrote in her
diary (1850) "The age at which
Christ began His mission." No more
childish things, no more vain things.

One can readily realise nothing dis-
tracted her from her great mission.
Florence wrote in her diary on the
occasion of a visit to Cairo, "Oh,
God ! Thou who puttest into my heart
this great desire to devote my life to
the sick and suffering, I offer it to
Thee; do with it what is for Thy
service."

It was not long until war broke
out in Crimea, and on October 19th,
1854, a letter was received by
Florence Nightingale from the Brit-
ish Secretary for War, Sidney Her-
bert, asking her to consider going to
Crimea under British military orders.
After a decisive interview, she sailed
on October 25th, 1854, with a group
of less than forty nurses, proceeding
to Scutari General Hospital and Bar-
rack Hospital, to open the first chap-
ter of what was immortal history —
written in deeds — by this Angel of
Mercy, the heroine of the Crimea.

It is said that before Florence
Nightingale reached the wounded
m.en, forty out of every hundred died,
and afterward the death rate was
reduced to two out of every hundred.

Her name became a household word
throughout the land, for the magnifi-
cent work she accomplished at the
Crimea.

Always in the wards when the rest
had retired for the night, this min-
istering angel would pass, her slender
form gliding along each corridor,
carrying her lamp — thus she became
known as the Lady with the Lamp;
and the simple camp lantern became
the symbol of Florence Nightingale,
and was the inspiration of the poem
hy Longfellow: "The Lady with the
Lamp."

It is said the soldiers, all of whom
had learned to respect and love this
woman of power and sympathy,
would kiss the shadow of her form
on the bed as she made her solitary
rounds in the dimly lighted wards.

In 1855 Florence Nightingale re-
ceived the jewel which is now to be
seen in the museum of the United
Service Institution, and which is a
large badge bearing a St. George's
cross and the Royal Cypher, with a
crown in diamonds and the word
"Crimea" with the inscription
"Blessed are the merciful" sur-
rounding it, and on the reverse side
is inscribed "To Florence Nightin-
gale, as a mark of esteem and grati-
tude for her devotion to the Queen's
brave soldiers, from Victoria R.
November 1855."

At the close of the war a large sum
of money was raised as a gift to
Florence Nightingale, and great pre-
parations were made for her home-
coming. A man-of-war was sent to
bring her home. Her modest heart
did not want fame. She returned
quietly to her father's home where
she might rest and regain her lost
health.

The gift of money, £40,000, which
she thanked England for, was ac-
cepted only on one condition — that
it be used to establish a nurses'
training home (for prior to this no
school existed). In establishing the

THE CANADIAN NURSE

231

school, Florence Nightingale chose St.
Thomas's Hospital, London, chiefly
because Mrs. Wardroper, the matron,
was an outstanding woman. St.
Thomas's Hospital was large, rich
and well managed, and when in 1860
candidates for training were asked
ior, fifteen w^ere accepted, and in
June. 1860, the first probationer reg-
istered. The school was the Florence
Nightingale (Memorial) Training
School for Nurses.

When the first group of Canadian
nurses (about 100 in number) went
overseas to the Great War in 1914
(this Avas the first time that nurses
went wnth Canadian troops). General
Jones (who was then the Director
General of IMedical Service, of which
the nursing service was an integral
part) said his greatest worry was
what to do with the nursing sisters
on arrival in England, as provision
had only been made for the troops,
but it was a more difficult matter to
dispose satisfactorily of 100 nurses.
However, on arrival at Plymouth a
letter was handed to him and this
contained an invitation from Miss
Lloyd-Still, matron of St. Thomas's
Hospital, asking the 100 nurses to
become guests of St. Thomas's
Hospital until such time as they
were detailed to military hospitals.
Is it not a strange co-incident that
our first group of Canadian nursing
sisters should be guests in the
Florence Nightingale Training School
Home on their first arrival overseas ?
Miss Smellie, who is Chief of the
Victorian Order of Nurses in Canada,
v.^hen in England last summer (1930),
dined with ]Miss Lloyd-Still and ]Miss
Smellie learned at this time that
Lord Kitchener had asked Miss
Lloyd-Still to extend hospitality to
the first Canadian sisters on their
arrival in England.

In 1859 Florence Nightingale wrote
"Notes on Nursing." Harriet Marti-
neau said of it "A work of genius;
it is so real and intense that it will,
I doubt not, create, before it has

finished its work, an order of
nurses." In the days following the
Crimea War, Florence Nightingale's
authority on hospital hygiene and
hospital construction ruled para-
mount.

In 1859 Miss Nightingale was in-
strumental in conjunction with the
British War Office and Ministers in
investigating and recommending and
directing schemes for the reorgani-
sation of military hospitals, and
establishing sanitar-v works to meet
the needs of India; also making
codes, rules and plans.

It was throusfh the inspiration of
Florence Nisrhtinffale that the "^'^i'"-
torian Nurses of England was estab-
lished as a National Society in 1870,
for aid of the sick and wounded in
the Franco-Prussian War. Sir John
Lawrence, it is said, called Florence
Nightingale the "Health Mission-
ary." One of her pet quotations was
"True knowledge of anything,
whether in Heaven or on earth, can
only be gained by a true love of the
Idea in it."

M. Henri Dunant. a Swiss, in 1850
initiated the International Red Cross
Society, which led to volunteer nurs-
ing in war. He crave Florence Night-
ingale the entire credit for the in-
spiration he received to conceive this
great venture.

Florence Nightingale was the first
woman on whom was conferred the
Order of Merit.

Florence Nightingale, whose work
revolutionised nursing methods and
hospital conditions the world over,
and whose name will over be a sacred
and cherished memory to the civilis-
ed world, died in London on August
13th, 1910, at the age of ninety years.

Is it any wonder, then, we pause
on May 12th to honour the birth of
this great woman, known and be-
loved to all the world ; and on August
the 13th bow our heads, and thank
God for the life and achievements of
this departed heroine?

232

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The Achievements of Florence Nightingale

By HELEN M. BRADSHAW, The Montreal General Hospital School for Nurses

In considering the achievements of
Florence Nightingale, whether in
their chronological order, or in order
of importance, we must begin with
nursing. It was the starting point
for all else, the open sesame to the
arena from which women had been
rigidly excluded.

At thirty-one. thwart'^d and denied
the scope for the exercise of excep-
tional organising ability, she saw
"nothing desirable but death." There
v/as that in her which knew itself
capable of accomplishment. It is easy
to suppose that she, how^ever dimly,
knew even at that time that she could
do real things if given the oppor-
tunity. No wonder, then, despairing
of the chance ever presenting itself in
a form which she could take advant-
age of, all unprepared as she was, she
saw death as preferable to the frus-
tration of such powers as she was
conscious of possessing.

The goal of her ambition was to be
of service to humanity. To the clear-
thinking, observant woman, nursing
offered an immediate field of action.
Hospitals all over the world — and
she had personally investigated the
conditions of a great many of them
— cried out for reform. Notwith-
standing the opposition of her rela-
tions, she never gave up the hope of
some day learning the nurses' craft,
and at thirty-two succeeded in break-
ing down their opposition to the ex-
tent of being allowed to spend three
months at the Fliedner's Hospital at
Kaiserworth. From this time she was
launched on her career. Like the
camel of the fable, she had got her
nose inside the tent, and before long
the tent had been completely invaded
and men were finding her a power
to be reckoned with on their own
ground.

But all this was not accomplished
without almost super-human effort.
From Kaiserworth she went to a
nursing institute in Paris, and after
leaving there was appointed superin-
tendent of a nursing home in Harley
Street, where she still was when the
Crimean opportunity came. Every-
one is too familiar with her exploits
at Scutari for it to be necessary to
go into it in detail here. What she
achieved there she called, ''mere
child's play" compared with other
work, but it was this work at Scutari
that endeared her to thousands, and
made her name a household word
throughout the British Empire ; this
work too that gave her the reputa-
ion that was to be such a valuable
weapon in dealing with officials like
Lord Panmure. The field had widen-
ed, no longer were opportunities for
serving humanity to be sought, they
crowded in upon her so, that a whole
lifetime seemed too short to accom-
plish half of what she desired to do'

With her health shattered by her
Crimea experiences, she yet managed
to do more work each day than most
of the ablest men. With the help of
Sir Sidney Herbert, she persuaded
the authorities of the necessity for a
Royal Commission to investigate hos-
pital and barrack conditions. She was
determined that the disastrous hap-
pening of the Crimea should not re-
peat themselves. As a result of the
commission, better barrack accom-
modation and military hospital con-
struction followed : the Army Medi-
cal School was founded and the in-
ternal administration of military
hospitals was entirely reorganised.
While all these improvements at the
time dealt only with military hos-
pitals, the effect was far-reaching on
all hospitals throughout the English-
speaking world.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

233

In 1859 she published "Notes on
Nursing, ' ' completely revolutionising
the existing theories on hospital con-
struction and management. She fol-
lowed this up with the founding of
a training school for nurses at St.
Thomas's Hospital in 1860. The in-
terest of the general public was
aroused. No longer would it be con-
tent with the Gamp type of nurse
and the former conditions of its hos-
pitals. St. Thomas's was to be the
home of modern nursing. The nurses
in training were chosen with a view
to their being able to carry the good
work further afield : they were to be
the founders of hospitals on similar
lines all over the English-speaking
world, leavening the lump of poor ad-
ministration and superseded methods.

To the ordinary mortal, all this
would have afforded exercise enough
for brain and strength ; but Florence
Nightingale was no ordinary mortal :
India and conditions there next
claimed her attention. A Royal Com-
mission did for India what the com-

mission had done for the British
Army and from it developed schemes
of sanitation affecting large areas
unconnected with military camps.

By some people this is considered
her greatest work, but if by her
greatest work we mean that which
is most far reaching, what she did
for hospitals must rank first, affect-
ing as it does all English-speaking
communities.

If men owe her an everlasting debt
of gratitude, women owe her an even
greater, and no woman more so than
the nurse of today. She showed Eng-
land that a woman's mind need not
compare unfavourably with a man's;
that a calling which had been con-
sidered fit only for the lowest type
of woman could be dignified into a
calling fit for gentlewomen and
women of" ability.

The work begun by her goes on
today, goes on in ever-widening
circles, to which there will be no end
save with the end of time.

Fiftieth Anniversary

The School for Nurses, Toronto General Hospital

The School for Nurses, Toronto
General Hospital, is fifty years old
this spring, and is celebrating this
jubilee in connection with graduation,
which is to be held on June 11th.

It is hoped that a very large num-
ber of graduates can be brought to-
gether for the three days which this
celebration will occupy, namely, June
10th, 11th and 12th. The programme
will include a garden party the day
previous to graduation, and a dinner
the night following. A tour of the

hospital, lectures, clinics and demon-
strations of nursing procedures will
also be arranged.

All graduates of the school are
urged to immediately communicate
with the Training School Office, To-
ronto General Hospital, giving their
addresses and years of graduation, on
receipt of which further information
will be sent, and to send in the ad-
dress of any graduate which may not
be known to the Training School
Office or the Alumnae Association.

234

THE CANADIAN NURSE

lEJiitortals

NATIONAL HOSPITAL DAY

It is indeed an honour and tribute
to the nursing profession that the
birthday of our beloved Florence
Nightingale should have been chosen
as National Hospital Day. The idea
was conceived by Mr. Matthew Foley,
a layman and an enthusiastic worker
for better hospital service.

The first National Hospital Day
took place on May 12th, 1921, just ten
years ago. The value of the movement
was immediately realised, and year
after year it has grown and developed
until today we recognise in its cele-
bration endless opportunities for
bringing about better health for the
people of the community. The original
thought in the mind of the founder
was to promote ethical and educa-
tional publicity in connection with
hospital work; to familiarise the citi-
zens of every community with the
hospital service available, with the ob-
ject of establishing and maintaining
community and individual confidence
in hospitals and of securing better
understanding with municipal and
government bodies, allied organisa-
tions, community clubs and other
groups.

Statistics give ample evidence that
the movement has been worth while
and that hospitals have achieved, for
the people, certain important results.
Because of a proper knowledge of
hospital accommodation and service,
patients are coming to the hospital
earlier in their illness and are coming
in a better frame of mind. That the
results under these conditions are bet-
ter is evidenced by the gradual de-
crease in the days stay in hospital
by the average patient. It is logical to
believe that in a community which
has become hospital conscious, the
hospital will receive sympathetic sup-
port in its efforts to improve its facili-
ties or enlarge its service.

The recognition of the hospital as
a health centre gives excellent oppor-

tunity for all health agencies in the
community to participate in the pro-
gramme, each presenting their work
and its relation to the hospital and
the community. What a golden oppor-
tunity for the medical officer of health
of the community to arrange for brief
but pointed talks on such subjects as
The Cancer Problem, the Value of the
Diagnostic Chest Clinic, The Mental
Hygiene Clinic, The Venereal Disease
Clinic, The Child Welfare Clinic, and
so on.

Here and there throughout the hos-
pital, spaces can be allotted for a
raothercraft demonstration, a pre-
natal exhibit, a Junior Red Cross dis-
play, and a special exhibit from the
Federal or Provincial Department of
Agriculture. Health books from the
insurance companies, and other litera-
ture, can be distributed — visitors are
always glad to receive pamphlets to
read in the quiet of their home.

To make National Hospital Day
successful, so that from year to year
the citizens continue to take part in
its celebration, requires the careful
planning of a programme which will
include the participation of every
group of health workers. It requires
the early commencement of a pub-
licity campaign which will reach out
to every member of the community.
This can be accomplished in many
ways — by invitation to the members
of all churches, to the presidents of
all organised groups of men and
women in the community, by such ad-
vertising as asking high school stu-
dents to prepare posters for use in
store windows, street cars and buses,
by soliciting the co-operation of mer-
chants to make special displays or
loan their window space for special
exhibits, by inviting local newspapers
and radio stations to assist. The
greater the diversity of interest en-
listed, the greater will be the assur-
ance of a successful National Hospital
Day for your community.

E. M.McK.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

235

BRITISH EMPIRE RED CROSS
DAY

At the first British Empire Red
Cross Conference held in London,
England, last May, it was decided to
invite every part of the Empire to
unite in celebrating May 12th, the
birthday of Florence Nightingale, as
Empire Red Cross Day. It is now well
known that Henri Dunant, the found-
er of the Red Cross, freely acknow-
ledged that Florence Nightingale
inspired in his mind the great ideal
which was later crystallized in the
organization of the Red Cross.

Nurses in Canada have become ac-
customed to celebrating "Hospital
Day" on May 12th, and there need
be no conflict whatsoever between this
and Red Cross Day.

We have one practical suggestion to
make for all the members of regis-
tered nurses' associations in Canada.
Celebrate the birthday of Florence
Nightingale by enrolling for Red
Cross emergency service. This may be
done through the secretary of the pro-
vincial nurses' association, who will,
on request, supply all the necessary
information. Over 500 nurses are al-
ready enrolled, and their names are
on file in the Red Cross offices. May
12th of this year would be an excel-
lent day for all the other registered
nurses in Canada to signify their
willingness to serve their country in
case of disaster.

J. E. B.

ANOTHER STEP FORWARD
In this number of TJie Canadian
Nurse appears a description of an In-
stitute on Maternity Care, which was
given in Toronto recently. This was
a matter of local interest and import,
but circumstances make it also an
affair of wider significance for Cana-
dian nurses.

At present medical science is de-
veloping so rapidly that various as-
pects of medical and public health
practice are in a constant state of
formation and transformation. This
fact concerns the public health nurse
as well as all other workers in the

medical field and lends additional
difficulty to the matter of her prepara-
tion for her work. At best the public
health nurse has had to start her
share in this work with scant prepara-
tion, and it is evident that she should
have constant opportunity to acquire
further knowledge and wisdom. It
appears that the brief period of study
which we are beginning to call an
' ' institute ' ' may serve one part of our
need in a quite admirable fashion. It
means that for a period of two or
three days some one special phase of
work may be reviewed in an intensive
fashion; the most recent findings of
research workers may be presented to
a class; and the practical experience
of all may be brought to bear upon
the methods and matter under discus-
sion. The discussion of a group such
as this never becomes academic or
theoretical, for the sense of the actual
situation and its difficulties is far too
acute to allow that to happen. Hence
the practical value .of such conference
is really very great.

The particular matter of interest
about the recent Institute on Mater-
nity Care as given in Toronto is that
the whole programme of teaching was
arranged and presented by a national
organisation, namely, the Victorian
Order of Nurses. The Order assigned
for this purpose Miss Ethel Cryder-
man, a member of its supervising
staff and one who has had unusual
training in this field of maternal care.
As the need for such instruction is
country-wide, nothing could be more
opportune than the readiness on the
part of the Victorian Order to give
this service. It must be quite safe to
say that the Order has, among nurs-
ing organisations, an unusually exten-
sive experience in this field of mater-
nal care. Therefore when the Victor-
ian Order speaks, it does so from a
secure background of experience —
a most successful experience, as sta-
tistics show that both the maternal
and the infant death rate (i.e., during
the first month of life) of cases cared
for by the Order is decidedly lower
than these same maternal and infant

236

THE CANADIAN NURSE

death rates for the country at large.
This wealth of experience and know-
ledge was sifted down and to it were
added the most authoritative and ap-
plicable findings from similar work in
other countries. From this a selection
was made to meet the immediate
needs of the nurses in the field. At the
time that the Institute was given, the
Canadian group gladly acknowledged
its debt to the Maternity Centre of
New York for the help received there
in preparing for this work; for the
latter organization has been a pioneer
in this particular field of teaching.

The debt to English teaching in mid-
wifery and mothercraft was also
acknowledged by the leader, who has
herself been a student of both these
training courses in London.

It was evident during the two days
of the Institute that the group and
its leader were seeking wisdom as
well as knowledge : therefore it is safe
to predict that a notable service can
be rendered by the Victorian Order
of Nurses if it is able to respond to
further demands for this work. These
matters are of great importance in
our national educational programmes.

E. K. R.

'* Universities'' by Dr. Flexner

Readers of this number of The
Canadian Nurse will find herein a re-
view of Dr. Abraham Flexner 's re-
cently published book called "Uni-
versities, American, English and
German." All those who are interest-
ed in the matter of university educa-
tion, and particularly those who are
making claims upon the university
for assistance in educational pro-
grammes, will want to read this book.
American, English and Canadian re-
viewers are all calling attention to it
as an extremely important publica-
tion. Not that we must necessarily
accept all of the author's opinions —
that, for the moment, is a secondary
matter — but the claim upon our at-
tention lies in the fact that here

is much authoritative information
which shows quite clearly the direc-
tion, or directions, in which our uni-
versities are being drawn. Canadian
nurses ow'e it to themselves, and to
their profession, to avail themselves
of all possible information upon this
subject, and a book such as this offers
a rare opportunity. We know that,
in our educational programmes, we
want help and guidance from the
university ; just what form that help
should take is not an easy matter to
decide, but it is safe to assume that
our demands will be intelligent in
proportion to the care that we take
to understand the whole question of
university development. We cannot
afford to ignore this book. — E.K.R.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

237

Parliamentary Procedure

By ALISON EWART, University Library, University of Toronto

PART II

Committees :

Committees are an integral part of
a smooth running society. A com-
mittee is a small group of members
chosen to do some special work.
"Work may be thus subdivided, and
a committee may give the subject
referred to it careful attention which
the society as a whole could not do.
Committees may be appointed by the
chair, by ballot, or some other man-
ner of vote by the meeting. They are
generally made to consist of odd
numbers in order to prevent a tie
vote.

Standing committees are those ap-
pointed for a specified period of time,
usually for a year, for the perform-
ance of certain duties. Usually the
committee is named with reference to
the duties it performs, i.e., the finance
committee, or the library committee.
The common method of appointment
is for the newly-elected president to
appoint all standing committees.

The duties of a special committee
are temporary. For appointment a
motion should be made that a com-
mittee be appointed for the purpose
named in the motion, or that a motion
be referred to a committee. The
number to serve on the committee
should next be settled, and the
manner of their appointment. If the
presiding officer appoints the com-
mittee, he may do so at once, or later.
If later, he should see that the secre-
tary is informed of the names of the
members chosen.

The first member of the committee
to be appointed is the temporary
chairman, and he should convene the
committee, which may then elect its
chairman. It is the duty of the chair-
man to name the time and place of
meeting, and to see that everyone on
the committee is notified. A quorum
of the committee must be present for
action. (Without other provision, a
majority of the committee makes a

quorum.) Committees may have
motions and votes at their meetings,
and observe the same formality as a
meeting of the society. They may ap-
point a secretary and keep minutes.
But if the committee is small, the
custom is for it to confer informally,
merely keeping memoranda for mak-
ing a report.

Committees have no power except
what is given them by the society.
If the society gives a committee
power to act, then it may act and
report to the meeting afterwards,
but it must have special authority
from the society to do anything ex-
cept report.

The report of the committee should
be addressed to the society, and
should contain a definite report of
the work done and the information
procured, or specific recommenda-
tions to the meeting. The report
should be signed by all the members
of the committee who agree with it.
It should be presented by the chair-
man of the committee. It may be
read by him or by the secretary of
the society.

A standing committee should re-
port whenever its duties make a re-
port necessary. A special committee
should report at the first regular
meeting after its appointment. If the
report is not ready when called for,
the chairman of the committee should
ask for more time. The society has
a right to discharge a special com-
mittee and take action without wait-
ing for its report.

After the report of the committee
is read, a motion should be made with
respect to it. It is customary to
make a motion upon the report as a
whole. The motion may be made to
accept the report. If there is a re-
commendation to be adopted in the
report, then the motion can be that
the report be accepted and the re-
commendations adopted. Should a
change be desired in the recommen-

238

THE CANADIAN NURSE

dations, amendments can be offered,
but although the recommendations of
the committee can be amended by the
meeting, the report of the committee
as such cannot be amended; that is,
the meeting cannot change the report
of the committee, but it may change
the recommendations before adopt-
ing them.

After the report has been accepted,
the meeting continues the considera-
tion of the question at the point
where it was interrupted by being
referred to a committee, having now
the benefit of the committee's report
to help in deciding which way to
vote. If one or two motions to
amend were pending at the time the
matter was referred to a committee,
they are considered in the same way
as they would have been if the ques-
tion had not been referred to a com-
mittee.

Non-concurring members of a com-
mittee may prepare a minority report
(only with the consent of the commit-
tee as a whole. — Ed.) The chairman
of the committee should tell the meet
ing that there is a minority report,
immediately after he reads his own
report. The meeting is not obliged
to hear this report, but it usually
does. The report should be signed by
the members of the committee who
agree with it.

A committee of the whole is really
the meeting itself in session as a
committee. Committees of the whole
had their origin in the House of
Commons in the reign of James I.
At that time, the speaker, the clerk,
and the sergeant-at-arms were nom-
inated by the king, so the House con-
ceived the idea of sitting as a com-
mittee of the whole ; the speaker, the
clerk, and the sergeant-at-arms were
excluded, and there was then no
record book to divulge the actions or
discussions of the House to the king,
hnd perfect freedom of debate was
possible.

Resolving a meeting of today into
a committee of the whole has this
same advantage, that it gives greater

liberty for discussion by the tempor-
ary freedom from the rules restrict-
ing debate. Morever, motions made
and votes taken do not become part
of the permanent record of the
society.

To go into a committee of the
whole, the meeting votes on a njotion
to the effect that the meeting resolve
itself into a committee of the whole
for the purpose stated in the motion.
The president then calls some one to
the chair, and takes his place as a
member of the committee, and the
rules governing standing and special
committees govern the committee of
+he whole.
Motions (See page 243) :

The method of procedure in bring-
ing a motion before a meeting is :
(1) The member secures the floor by
rising and awaiting recognition from
the presiding officer, who usually
speaks the member's name. The pre-
siding officer recognises the person
who rose first in the case of several
people wishing to speak at the same
time ; (2) The motion must be second-
ed; (3) The motion must be stated
by the chair. No motion is before the
meeting until it has been stated by
the chair; (3) Discussion follows;
(4) The motion is put to the vote by
the presiding officer, and the affirma-
tive and negative votes are both
taken; (4) The result of the vote is
announced by the presiding officer.

An ordinary main motion is one by
which business is introduced. Its
object is to bring business before the
meeting. Any new business is brought
up with this motion. Only one main
motion can be under consideration
at a time, and another cannot be
offered until the first has been dis-
posed of. An ordinary main motion
is the lowest motion in rank. It may
be superseded by a privileged main
motion or by any subsidiary motion.

A subsidiary motion relates to some
other motion. It is only made when
a motion is already before the meet-
ing. Its purpose is to change the
main motion or other motion that is

THE CANADIAN NURSE

239

already under consideration, or to
dispose of it in some way. It is higher
in rank and takes precedence over
the motion to which it relates. It is
used to modify, delay action, or
otherwise to dispose of the main mo-
tion or certain other motions.

An incidental motion is used not
to modify the main motion, but to
settle any question incidental to and
arising out of the motion. Incidental
motions take precedence of all mo-
tions except those classified as privi-
leged main motions.

Sometimes circumstances arise in
the meeting that are not connected
with the main motion, but are so im-
portant that they ought to be settled
immediately. A motion may be made
to handle this emergency, which is
called a privileged main motion be-
cause it has the privilege of inter-
rupting the main business. While it
is under consideration, the ordinary
main motion and all pending motions
relating to it are held in abeyance.
Privileged main motions take prece-
dence over all other motions.

As some motions are more import-
ant in their use than others, it has
become customary to use them in a
certain definite order. This order is
called the rank or precedence of
motions. An ordinary main motion
is the lowest motion in rank. The
following subsidiary motions are the
motions most frequently used after
an ordinary main motion has been
made, arranged according to their
rank, number one being lowest, and
number six highest. (1) To amend
the main motion; (2) To amend the
amendment; (3) To refer to a com-
mittee; (4) To postpone to a definite
time; (5) The previous question;
(6) To lay on the table.

When any one of these motions
has been made, only a motion higher
in rank, that is, one coming after it
in the list, is in order. For instance,
if motion number 4, to postpone to
a definite time, has been made, the
only motions in order are 5, the pre-

vious question, and 6, to lay on the
table.

For example, the main motion be-
fore the meeting is "that the society
buy a new rug and chair for the club-
room." An amendment is made that
the motion be amended "by striking
out 'and chair'." Another member
moves that the question be referred
to a committee. A member not in
favour of the motion moves "to lay
the motion on the table." Another
member moves "to postpone further
consideration of the question until
next month." The chair rules this
cut immediately because it is lower
in rank than the motion to lay on
the table.

There are now four motions pend-
ing: the motion to lay on the table
being undebatable is put to the vote
i<nd lost. The motion to refer to a
committee is put to the vote and lost
The amendment to strike out "and
chair" is put to the vote and carried.
The main motion amended to read
"that the society buy a new rug" is
now put to the vote. Notice, there-
fore, that the last motion stated by
the chair is always the first one voted
upon.

The motion to amend is a motion
to change a motion already made.
You can amend by inserting, striking
out, or substituting. A motion to
amend must not change the purpose
or fundamental character of the
main motion. If the motion to amend
is carried, the change is made in the
main motion and the amended mo-
tion is then before the meeting for
consideration. For example, the or-
dinary main motion is "That a com-
mittee be appointed to buy a rug
and a chair for the clubhouse."
Amendments to that motion may be :
' ' to amend by inserting ' of five ' after
committee;" "to amend by striking
out 'and chair';" to amend by sub-
.stituting 'chesterfield for chair'."
The amendment must be seconded
and if, for instance, the amendment
"to insert five after committee" be

240

THE CANADIAN NURSE

carried, the chairman says, "the mo-
tion to amend is carried, and the
motion now before the meeting is,
that a committee of five be appointed
to buy a rug and a chair for the
library. ' '

Another amendment cannot be
made before the first amendment is
disposed of unless it is one to change
the amendment under discussion. A
second amendment must be a motion
to amend the first amendment only.
For example, the main motion is
"that the club buy a chair." The
amendment is "to insert 'leather'
before chair." The amendment to
the amendment is "to substitute
'walnut' for 'leather'." The order
of voting is on the second amend-
ment, then on the first amendment,
which may or may not have been
changed, and finally on the original
motion with the amendments which
may have been adopted.

The motion to refer ^o a committee
is made in order to give a committee
the opportunity to obtain informa-
tion or to make recommendations. It
is used whenever special information
is desired about the main motion. If
this motion is passed, no further
action can be taken on the main mo-
tion until it has been referred back
by the committee.

The motion to postpone further
consideration of the main motion to
a definite time has the purpose of
providing a more favourable time for
the consideration of the motion, and
it is, therefore, made by those friend-
ly to the main motion. An affirmative
vote temporarily disposes of all mo-
tions pending, and the motion or
motions postponed come up again
under the head of unfinished busi-
ness.

The previous question means "I
move that debate now cease and vot-
ing begin," If this motion is passed,
all debate on the motion or motions
it is applied to must stop, and a vote
be ordered at once. It is used when
a lengthy discussion seems to be lead-

ing nowhere. It takes away the right
of debate, therefore it requires a
two-thirds vote to pass it. It cannot
be debated nor amended, and it is
always in order when a debatable
question is under immediate con-
sideration.

Sometimes, while certain business
is before the meeting, some other
matter of greater importance or
needing immediate attention, comes
up. The motion to lay on the table
meets this emergency. It is a quick
way of setting aside the main motion
since it can be neither amended nor
debated. A motion to bring from the
table the motion laid there must be
made and passed before the matter
can be considered again.

As we have said above, an inci-
dental motion is used to settle any
question incidental to and arising
out of the main motion. One of the
most usual incidental motions is the
privilege any member has of risinsr
to a point of order, that is the privi
lege of correcting any procedure that
is not according to parliamentary
rules. The mover of this motion can
interrupt the speaker or chairman
and no second is required. The chair
must recognise such a demand at
once. For instance, the presiding
officer may have entertained a motion
that was not in order, or may have
failed to call for the negative vote
on a motion. Any member may rise
and say, without waiting for recog-
nition, "I rise to a point of order."
The member who has the floor when
the point of order is raised will sit
instantly. The chair says, "Will the
member please state his point of
order." The member replies, "My
point of order is that the chair failed
to call for the negative vote." The
chair admits that "The point of
order is well taken, and the chair
stands corrected." If the chair does
not think the point well taken, he
says so. If he is not sure of his
ground, he may ask for information,
or submit the question to the meet-
ing.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

241

If the chair makes a decision on a
point of order, the member has the
right of appeal, that is, he can appeal
from the decision of the chair to the
decision of the meeting. The chair
then says, "An appeal has been made
from the decision of the chair. Shall
the decision of the chair be sustain-
ed?" A tie vote supports the chair,
and the chair itself may vote to make
the vote a tie. An appeal cannot be
made on a point of order raised while
a vote is being taken, or while an
appeal or a motion to adjourn is
pending.

If anyone objects, no person can
read papers or books as part of the
discussion on a debatable motion. If
an objection is made, a vote to read
papers must be taken to allow it.
Such a motion is not debatable.

Sometimes a long or complex main
motion is offered. Any member has
the privilege to ask for the consider-
ation of this motion in sections. The
motion to this effect is that the ques-
tion be divided and the motion to
divide must state what division is
intended. If the motion to divide is
passed, and the main motion is
divided, the different parts are con-
sidered and disposed of in turn.

Any member has the right to with-
draw his own motion before it is
stated by the chair without further
ceremony. If the motion is under
consideration the mover may ask to
have it withdrawn before a vote is
taken, and this motion does not re-
quire a second. If there is no objec-
tion, the chair declares the motion
withdrawn. If there is an objection,
a vote must be taken,

A motion to provide for the manner
of voting may be made at any time
prior to the taking of the vote. The
motions have precedence as follows:
(1) viva voce vote (lowest in rank
and yielding to the others) ; (2) di-
vision of the house; (3) yeas and
nays; (4) balloting. This motion is
amendable but not debatable.

It is possible to use a motion to
suspend rules on a particular rule

covering a particular case, but, of
course, no organisation can suspend
a rule that is a provision of its con-
stitution or a rule whereby the result
will be contrary to the fundamental
principles of parliamentary law or
the law of the land.

Privileged main motions, as we
have pointed out, have the privilege
of interrupting the main business.
"When a definite programme has been
arranged, it frequently happens that
the discussion goes on into the time
set for the other features. Under
these circumstances, it is quite right
for any member to call this to the
chair's attention by a call for the
Order of the day. The chair must
recognise this call even if it inter-
rupts a speaker on the floor. If any-
one thinks the discussion is more
important than the programme to
follow, a vote may be called. The
motion for the Order of the day is
not debatable.

If something occurs which inter
feres with the rights or privileges of
the meeting as a whole, or of one or
more members, the question of privi-
lege may be raised by any member.
Questions of privilege usually arise
from the whispering or disorderly
conduct of members or from unsatis-
factory conditions of the room in
which the meeting is held. This mo-
tion does not require a second and
it is usually handled directly by the
chair. It is used in the following
manner: Any member, without wait-
ing to be recognised, says, "I rise to
a question of privilege." The chair
answers, "State your question of
privilege." The member explains,
"I request that the door be closed so
that we may hear the speaker." The
chair responds, "Your privilege is
granted. "Will some one close the
door." Sometimes the question of
privilege cannot be handled directly
by the chair, as for example: A
member rises and says, "As a ques-
tion of privilege, I move that all
those who do not belong to the society
be asked to withdraw from the meet-

242

THE CANADIAN NURSE

ing. " This motion is seconded, and
the chair states it: "As a question
of privilege it is moved and seconded
that all those who do not belong to
the society be asked to withdraw
from the meeting. Is there any dis-
cussion?"

If there is no future meeting pro-
vided for, a motion to fix the time
and place to which to adjourn should
be made before the meeting closes,
in this form: ''I move that when we
adjourn, w^e adjourn to meet at the
University Women's Club on March
3, 1931." This motion is amendable.
It is debatable M^hen it is made as an
ordinary main motion, but not when
it is a privileged main motion, i.e.,
not when it interrupts another
motion.

The motion to adjourn may be an
ordinary main motion ; that is, it may
be made when no other motion is
pending, or it may be a privileged
main motion ; that is, it may be made
when another motion is pending.
When a motion to adjourn is pending,
the only motion which can be made
is the motion to fix the time or place
to which to adjourn, or a motion to
amend this last motion, or a motion
to decide the method of voting. Points
of order may also be raised, or a ques-
tion of privilege. The motion to ad-
journ cannot be offered while a mem-
ber is speaking nor while a vote is
being taken. The motion to adjourn
is never debatable and cannot be
amended. It must be seconded and
carried by a majority vote. Motions
pending when the motion to adjourn
is carried come before the next meet-
ing as unfinished business ; but no
motions are considered as pending at
the next meeting except the main mo-
tion and motions to amend. The
motion to adjourn is not in order
when it has just been defeated, or
when a motion to fix time and place
is pending.

Motions in writing become resolu-
tions, given in this form, "Resolved

that the club spend part of every
meeting in the discussion of current
events." If it is desired to give rea-
sons for offering the resolution, these
reasons precede the resolution, and
are called the preamble. Each reason
is put in a separate paragraph begin-
ning with the word "whereas," and
the last one should close with the
words "Therefore be it resolved."
For instance, "Whereas a knowledge
of current events is necessary for
every cultured person, therefore be it
resolved that a discussion of current
events become a part of every meet-
ing." The form of presenting a reso-
lution is as follows : The member says :
"I move the adoption of the follow-
ing resolution," reads it, and hands
it to the chairman. The chair states
it: "It is moved and seconded the
following resolution be adopted.
(Reads it.) Is there any discussion?"

Debate on a motion consists of such
an interchange of views as will enable
the meeting to arrive at an intelligent
understanding of the motion under
consideration before voting on it. De-
bate follows the stating of the motion
by the chair and precedes voting. It
is the prerogative of every member to
try, within the prescribed rules of de-
bate, to persuade others to his views,
and there are no general parliament-
ary rules limiting the number of times
nor the length of time anyone may
speak. It is customary, however, to
allow the member who has made the
motion to be the last speaker. No per-
sonalities are allowed in debate. When
alluding to other members in debate, a
member should not speak of them by
name, but as "the member who has
just spoken," or by some other de-
criptive phrase. Members must not
intrude their private affairs into the
meeting, must not interrupt a mem-
ber speaking, call "question," or pass
between the presiding officer and any
member who has the floor. In short,
members must observe the ordinary
courtesies of life, however hot the de-
bate becomes.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

243

There are several methods of vot-
ing on a motion. The vote is by silent
assent whenever the chair assumes to
declare the wishes of the meeting
without the formality of taking a vote,
as when the chair says, "It is so
ordered." This method is generally
used in approving the minutes.

The simplest and easiest way of
voting is by viva voce, and this meth-
od is generally used in preference to
any other. The president says, "Those
in favour of the motion will please
say 'aye'." "Those opposed, 'no'." If
any member thinks the decision of
the chair when stating the result of
the vote is incorrect, he should im-
mediately rise and say, "I call for a
division of the house." This requests
that the vote be taken again, and
should always be heeded.

Voting by division of the meeting
is a method which takes more time
than a viva voce vote, but it is more
accurate. The chair says "raise the
right hand," or "stand," and the
secretary counts.

"When the vote is by roll-call, the
presiding officer says, "Those in
favour of the motion will say 'aye,'
those opposed 'no,' the secretary will
call the roll." This is the way to take
the vote when a record is to be kept
of the vote of each member.

The advantage of voting by ballot
is, of course, secrecy. The ballots may
be either printed or written. In the
case of voting for new members, a box
with black and white balls is often
used. The usual method of electing
officers is by ballot, although the cus-
tom is not obligatory.

A motion is lost when the vote is
a tie, on the principle that it requires
a majority to carry a motion. The
exception is that a tie vote on an ap-
peal sustains the chair.

In the election of officers, it is usual
to have a nominating committee, but
in any case nominations may be made
from the floor, unless there is a by-
law to the contrary. It is not necessary
to second nominations. Nominations
should not be closed until at least two
names are mentioned. To close the

nominations, it is necessary for some-
one to make a motion that the nomin-
ations be closed. This motion must be
seconded, stated by the chair, and
voted upon.

MOTIONS
Ordinary Main Motions:
Subsidiary Motions:

1. To amend the main motion.

2. To amend the amendment.

Not amendable.

3. To refer to a committee.

4. To postpone to a definite time.

5. The previous question.

Not debatable.

Not amendable.

Kequires a two-thirds vote.

6. To lay on the table.

Not debatable.
Not amendable.

Incidental Motions (No order of pre-
cedence) :

Points of Order:

Does not require recognition nor
seconding.

Not debatable.

Not amendable.
Appeal:

Does not require recognition.

Not debatable if the decision is ren-
dered on a non-debatable question.

Not amendable.
To read papers:

No second required.

Not debatable.
To divide a motion.
To withdraw a motion:

No second required.

Not debatable.

Not amendable.
To provide for the manner of voting:

Not debatable.
To suspend a rule:

Not debatable.

Eequires a two-thirds vote.

Privileged Main Motions:

The order of the day:

Does not require recognition nor
seconding.

Not debatable.

Not amendable.
Question of privilege:

Does not require recognition nor
seconding.

Not debatable.
To fix time and place to adjourn:

Not debatable when made as a privi-
leged main motion.
To adjourn:

Not debatable.

Not amendable.

244

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A Vacation in Quebec

By BLANCHE HUME, Toronto, Ontario

A holiday spent among people
whose language you do not speak, and
with the written form of which you
are none too familiar, partakes of the
nature of an adventure, even though
the distance from home be only the
length of a province away.

This particular vacation began in
a teacup, a very nice teacup, proffered
by an attentive waiter in a tea-room
of the Royal York on an afternoon in
June.

"I seem to see you walking along a
woodland path beside a body of
water," said the friend whose guest
I was, gazing earnestly into the
empty cup. *'No, not Muskoka, nor
Georgian Bay, nor Temagami. This
place, though rural, is adjacent to a
city."

"Quebec," thought I, my mind un-
expectedly taking flight, to come to
rest, a second later, on the citadel
that dominates Cape Diamond. ''Que-
bec," I said aloud, "rural Quebec
preferably, but at any rate some place
where one may watch French verbs
gambolling about on the green. A
nice quiet French hotel, perhaps. Do
you know of any such?"

"There is," said my friend, 'Chat-
eau Bel-Air,' at Ste. Petronille, in the
Island of Orleans, twenty minutes by
ferry from Quebec city. The proprie-
tor is Mr. Edwin Eraser. He sounds
Scotch, but I seem to recall that Mon-
sieur Eraser did not speak English
very fluently, if at all."

The Island of Orleans. Shades of
the early discoverers ! Why had I not
thought of it before? I would write
Monsieur Eraser that very night, ask-
ing his rates for French atmosphere
and a view of Quebec.

In due course there arrived a letter
from Monsieur Eraser, or perchance
from Madame, whom I rather suspect
of being the official correspondent. It
was written in French, which I was
delighted to be able to translate quite
easily. The situation was ideal, they
promised, the service good, and I
"would even find among the guests

those who would be pleased to show
(montrer) me French." The letter-
head was embellished by a little pic-
ture of the Chateau, nestling beside
the St. Lawrence, its many verandahs
— which I soon learned to refer to as
"galleries" — overlooking the broad
expanse of river.

Such a cheerful little Redcap took
charge of my bag at the Union Sta-
tion ! He was extraordinarily interest-
ed in my prospective arrival in Montr
real the following morning. "Why, I
would see R 100, of course, a sight one
could not afford to miss. He himself
intended to stay up all night, if neces-
sary, when the giant airship came to
Toronto. He had been in the navy
during the Great War, he informed
me. There had been sixteen killed on
his ship.

When I left the train at Montreal
the following morning the walls of
Bonaventure Station were decorated
with posters announcing excursion
rates to the airport. A later train, I
found on inquirj% would get me into
Quebec in time to catch a boat for the
Island before dark. So I went to Saint
Hubert, notwithstanding the immin-
ence of rain and the fact that I had,
as usual, decided to leave my um-
brella at home, a thing which it were
better not to do if one is going to Ste.
Petronille in August, where le Bon
Dieu keeps a storm factory to sprinkle
the unwary. And I saw the monster
silver skyship moored to its conning
tower and heard the folk about me
marvel in an unfamiliar tongue — far
too long unfamiliar in a "bi-lingual"
country — of "Air Sank," which,
phonetically speaking, was what I
myself was proudly calling R Cent a
few days later.

The thrill of anticipation, and per-
haps, a tiny bit of apprehension, ac-
companied me aboard the Island ferry
as we made the trip across the misty
St. Lawrence to the island of my
dreams. On arrival, Ma.dame. the
chatelaine of Chateau Bel-Air, a
kindly, dark-eyed lady, who obviously

THE CANADIAN NURSE

245

spoke no English, escorted me to my
room. A bright-eyed little French-
Canadian maid arrived simultaneous-
ly with a pitcher of water, which I
subsequently found to be warm water.
The room was clean and neat as a
new pin, without being luxurious as
to its appointments. Its window over-
looked a flower-bed in which nastur-
tiums were blooming ; and a winding,
tree-lined street, the main street of
Ste. Petronille, meandered away into
the misty distance. I was a bit dis-
appointed, even though the prospect
was a pleasant one, for on the op-
posite side of the house was the noble
St. Lawrence, grey enough now, but
with a potential blueness which I
could very well visualise, and the an-
ticipated view of the mellow old fort-
ress. I would wait till morning, I de-
cided, and then if I could summon
French enough to my aid would find
out whether a room with a view of the
river were available.

Meantime there was dinner, and an
excellent dinner it was, with brown-
eyed little French-Canadian maids in
smiling attendance, and one end of
the salle a manger forming a frame
for loveliness of sea and sky and land.
An English-speaking lady from Bos-
ton, possessed like myself of an in-
adequate knowledge of French, but
with an open mind and an apprecia-
tion of the historical background of
our surroundings, made one of my
two agreeable companions that night
at dinner. The other, a French-Cana-
dian, though expatriated for many
years, spoke English and French with
equal facility. Probably because of
this, she was of immediate interest to
me. Besides Mile. X. had quite ob-
viously a droll sense of humour; she
made interesting little moues when
she talked — probably acquired from
pronouncing the rounded vowels of
her native tongue — and she had eyes
that laughed always, even though her
mouth did not always follow suit. I
decided at once that I liked her, and
I hoped she might like me, a little.

I had further practice in French
when Mile. X. asked me to take a

Vv^alk with her that afternoon. She
was apparently much interested in
my desire to learn her language, and
we carried on a conversation which to
me, at least, was entirely fascinating,
and which, I feel sure, must have
caused her considerable amusement,
although it was nobly concealed be-
hind a characteristically polite exter-
ior. On my return, I went at once to
my room, consulted the French gram-
mar which had been my frequent
companion for the few weeks preced-
ing my departure for the Island, and
thus consolidated the gains made dur-
ing the day. Among the latter I
counted my interview with Monsieur
Eraser, to whom I had suggested a
room with Vet endue magnifique du
fleuve St. Laurent, et la ville de Que-
bec. Monsieur consulted Madame, who
seemed disconcerted by the request.
There was no other room on that floor,
I gathered. What about the floor
higher up? Madame 's face brightened
as one who sees a great light. There
was a room on the third floor, said
Monsieur, with a tourelle. "Would I
care to see it? I would, and we did,
and it was with difficulty I refrained
from falling on Monsieur's neck and
weeping tears of joy and triumph.
For the room with the tourelle, which
was to be my home for the next two
weeks, was, I felt quite sure, the most
desirable room in the house. The
tourelle was a lovely little turret with
four windows overlooking an enchant-
ing view of the river and the fortress.
In addition the room had two gabled
windows. From one a view of the sun-
set was obtainable ; from the other one
might, if so inclined, see the sun rise
or watch the silver path of the moon
by night. One could lie in bed and see
the fortress in the distance trans-
figured by the sun or by night
glimpse its ramparts encircled by two
collars of electric lights, beyond which
lighted streets like golden streamers
projected themselves apparently into
the sky. By day one sometimes looked
out one window to find the rain de-
scending in sheets, while out the other
the sun was shining, with in between

246

THE CANADIAN NURSE

a lovely arc-en-ciel. Sometimes one
saw riding majestically into a sunset
of rose and amber a painted ship,
white from stem to stern, an ocean
liner bound for across the sea or mak-
ing for the home port of Montreal.

They were lovely days that followed.
Not that they w^ere full of action, not
that we "did" things which one dis-
cussed dramatically afterwards. The
Island was a veritable lotus land.
There w^as about the Chateau always
an air of exclusive and contented
leisure. It seemed quite the thing to
sit on the gallery and do nothing, and
the French women from Quebec and
Montreal knew how to do it grace-
fully. When they spoke they talked in
quiet, cultivated tones, mostly in
groups of two or three, often a mother
and daughter or a mother and two
daughters making a self-contained
little group. There was no noisy talk
or laughter on the galleries or in the
corridors, no jazz, no raucous radio
or gramophone. There was no dance
hall on the Island. Monsieur le cure
would not have tolerated that, nor in-
deed would the dwellers in the lovely
summer homes of the Quebecois.
Every morning — it came about so
naturally and gradually that I scarce-
ly realised my good fortune — there
was for me a little French lesson with
dear Madame Y. Sometimes we used
my "Hugo's Simplified" as a text-
book; sometimes it was a book of
conies; sometimes Madame brought
down her word-book and we read the
lists aloud, she pronouncing the Eng-
lish and I the French, with frequent
revisions on either side. Sometimes I
wrote a little vignette concerning the
people I had met or something lovely
I had seen on the Island — there was
loveliness everywhere there, it seemed,
it was only a matter of which bit you
selected. One day I even wrote a little
rhyme in French to the rhythm of
^'En roulant ma houle." Madame
read it through gravely and then pro-
nounced Sentence: "It is not hanal."
One day she asked me to walk with
her to ' ' the home of her mother, ' ' and
instead of the lesson on the gallery we

would talk by the way. So while we
made our way to the fine old manor-
house, now rented to strangrs, we
chatted away like old friends, both
finding a charm, I am sure, in a new
friendship that was slowly but surely
forming in spite of the obstacles of
language.

Even in this quiet place — rich, how-
ever, in historical significance — had
not Jacques Cartier, who called there
in 1635, named it the Island of
Bacchus, because of its profusion of
wild-grape vines ; and had not Champ-
lain, another visitor, spoken of it as
a "pleasant place" — even here there
were little daily happenings, unex-
pected contacts with the past, too
slight to-be recorded here, but which
contributed to one's own private sense
of satisfaction. There was, too. a trip
to Quebec with Mile, and attendance
at my first French "talkie." There
was a never-to-be-forgotten day when
three of us motored in leisurely fash-
ion around the island, stopping here
and there while one of the party, an
artist, put on canvas a delectable lit-
tle sketch of an old manor-house or a
simple cottage set in the midst of a
riot of summer flowers. There was a
visit to "Moulin Gosselin" at St.
Laurent, where Madame so kindly
showed us the old mill-wheel and other
appurtenances of days long past, and
a call at Maison Mauvide, through
whose museum of treasures we were
conducted by Judge Pouliot, and
smiling, handsome Madame Pouliot.
There was attendance at the parish
church set on the hill, where Father
Paradis preached to his flock; Father
Paradis with his greying hair and his
shy, boyish manner, never relinquish-
ed since academic days ; Father Para-
dis to whom the Protestant listened
so intently, feeling for the first time
that her ears were really opening to
the sounds of this beautiful new
language.

There was Sunday afternoon, spent
alone on the beach behind the walled
garden of Mr. Horatio Walker, the
artist, who has immortalised the
Island and its habitants. Just beyond

THE CANADIAN NURSE

247

the walls on a lovely curving beach I
sat myself down. Behind me there
rose a tree-covered slope, whereon I
recognised old Ontario friends, the
oaks, maples and birches, with many
early autumn flowers growing around
their bases. Sunshine and frequent
precipitation had made of the Island
a veritable garden of the Lord, while
other parts of the continent were arid
as a desert. Here one could depend
almost every day upon a little sum-
mer shower. There would be a sudden
clouding of the sky, a hurried down-
pour, then a clearing, sunshine, a rain-
bow perhaps, and a quick absorption
of the dampness, leaving only a re-
newed greenness of shrubbery, lawn
and garden. Beyond the pebbled
beach stretched a broad band of
marsh, green as the hills of Ireland,
then the river, not so blue as on the
opposite side of the village. At its
feet on the opposite shore were group-
ed the little houses of the habitants,
rose, primrose and grey blending
with the green verdure to make a
mosaic of lovely colour. Above the
houses there ran back for some dis-
tance small farms, probably of market
gardeners, who bring their colourful
products to market each week. If you
are awake early enough, and curious,
you can see the Island ears piled high
with produce bound by motor and
ferry for the old market on the wharf
at Quebec : great bunches of carrots
like monster bouquets of marigolds,
vegetables, fruits and dairy products
for which the Island farms are fam-
ous. Beyond the little farms across the
river, wooded land stretched back to
the stately Laurentians, a range of
mountains blue as the cloak of my
dear Madame Y., or the pictures of
Maxfield Parrish, blue as a winter sky
when in the air clear and cold sparkle
the stars of midnight. Cumulus
clouds above the mountains are white
and softly grey, with in between clear
blue sky, a pretty blue, though not so
richly deep as the blue of the moun-
tains. Presently the sun shines direct-
ly on the falls of Montmorency, oppo-
site which I am seated. Even from

this distance I can see the movement
of the waters. It is as though someone
had suddenly turned on an electric
switch and flooded with light, first the
falls, then the houses, the little farms
and the woods in turn. But already
the fickle sky is changing, the soft
dove grey becomes ominously darker.
I think it best to return toute de suite
to my Chateau, and the thought is
justified, for no sooner do I reach its
portals than the heavens are opened ;
down comes the rain.

The days pass, one or two more and
I shall be leaving the enchanted
Island. It is the night of August 13.
Just as I am dropping off to sleep I
am wakened by an unsual sound.
Usually one hears only the soft swish-
swish of the water caressing the
foundations of the Chateau — I think
if velvet were vocal it would make just
that sound. Suddenly I think of some-
thing it might be. I leap from my bed
and there, a few yards away, above
'^L'Anse du Fort," in the misty
moonlight but showing clearly above
the lighthouse, is the silver ship
RIOO. I watch the dirigible until its
lighted portholes blend into one and
it appears as merely another star in
the midnight sky.

A writer in Le Figaro, the reading
of which I owe to one of my French-
Canadian friends, said recently that
man consecrates the best of his time
to remembrance and to hope, which
will perhaps serve as an excuse for
this reminisence of an enjoyable vaca-
tion. Not for a moment did I repent
the decision to go to the Island, nor
even the necessity of going alone. One
does not master a language in two
weeks, at least not outside of a corres-
pondence school, but in those two en-
chanting weeks I provided myself
with a store of "souvenirs" for the
winter months, and with a lovely new
hobby, the study of French, and gain-
ed as well, I like to think, some de-
lightful French-Canadian friends,
whose hospitality and whose kindness
to the stranger were as charming as
the Island of Orleans was beautiful.

248

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Universities

By ABRAHAM FLEXNER, Oxford University Press, Toronto, 1930.

Abraham Flexner's book entitled
Universities will not be a best seler
as far as the general reader is con-
cerned, but one would be safe to pre-
dict that it will be widely read and
discussed in academic circles. It is
the book of the year. The ears of
many, if not all, universities will
tingle, or ought to. Governors, re-
gents, deans and professors will have
much food for thought.

It would be unfair to the author
to suggest as a sub-title the educa-
tional racket, yet much of what is said
upon the subject of American uni
versities might be so categorised. In
his attack upon the extension sys-
tems and upon the "service" depart-
ments of universities, Dr. Flexner is
at his best. Correspondence courses
and high pressure salesmanship of
the largest and best known univer-
sities come in for rapier thrusts of
ridicule. For sheer enjoyment and
interest no book could have a duller
title.

The first section of the book deals
with "the idea of a modern univer-
sity." Dr. Flexner is singularly
qualified to express an opinion in this
regard for it is one qualified by sin-
cerity, scholarship and maturity. A
university is an organism, "an ex-
l)ression of the age, as well as an in-
fluence operating upon both present
and future." Naturally the American
universities interest us more than
those of England and Germany since
the forces which are determining
their character are common to both
United States and Canada. "Struggle
and instability are at the moment the
striking characteristics of American
life," "a seething chaos in which
things get the better of ideas." Uni
versities must grow with the times,
that is desirable and essential, but
where must the line be drawn so that
they may not represent an "astonish-
ing medley of excellence and trivial-
ity?" The greatest of the American

universities, Columbia, Harvard,
Yale and Chicago have succumbed to
the pressure of the times in zealously
offering educational "service" to the
public. Columbia offers to home
groups, through personal instruction^
accounting, agriculture, biblical liter-
ature, boy scouting, fire insurance,
juvenile story writing, manufactured
gas. These are among the subjects
advertised as "home study courses of
university grade." Subjects counting
for a degree may include funda-
mental problems in clothing, recent
research in cookery, food etiquette
and hospitality, principles of home
laundering, gymnastics and dancing,
for men including practice in clog
dancing. In the Department of Home
Economics and Household Adminis-
tration, Chicago has granted the
M.A. degree for these on "Photo-
graphic studies on Boiled Icing,"
"Trends in History Advertising,"
"Buying Women's Garments by
Mail," "Style Cycles in Women's
Undergarments," "A Time and Mo-
tion Comparison on Four Methods of
Dishwashing." No specific mention
is made of schools of nursing, how-
ever, one who advocates their in-
clusion within a university, with the
granting of a degree comparable to
the B.A., is given pause, when schools
of vocational character, such as
schools of journalism, librarianship
and optometry are severely denounc-
ed. Universities must "train intelli-
gence, capable of being applied in
any field whatsoever. They have re-
sponded, as was right and sound, to
the call and pressure of the age. But
this is not all they have done. They
have thoughtlessly and excessively
catered to fleeting, transient, and
immediate demands; they have mis-
taken the relative importance to
civilization of things and ideas ; they
have failed, and they are in my
opinion, more and more failing to
distinguish between ripples and
waves."— D. P.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

249

The History of Nursing Society of Montreal

By ETHEL M. HILLYARD, Children's Memorial Hospital, Montreal

The History of Nursing Society of
IMcGill University held its first meet-
ing for the season 1930-1931 on No-
vember 10th, 1930, in the Faculty
Room of the Medical Building, Dr.
Maude Abbott of the Medical Faculty,
Miss B. Harmer of the School for
Graduate Nurses, and Miss Lecompte
of the University of Montreal being
amongst those present. Miss Batson,
cf the ^Montreal General Hospital,
was asked to take the chair.

Previous to this meeting the His-
tory of Nursing Society had been con-
trolled by the students then attend-
ing the School for Graduate Nurses,
but there had been some dissatisfac-
tion, due to the lack of continuity of
oflficers. A new scheme of organisation
was adopted, the officers to be chosen
from graduates and students of the
university schools, from graduates of
the French and English hospitals, the
directors of the university schools as
well as the lecturers in History of
Nursing being members ex-officio.

]\Iiss Batson was elected president,
and Miss Lecompte vice-president.

As the officers and members are
drawn from all nursing circles in
Montreal, the name of the society was
changed to "The History of Nursing
Society of Montreal."

A very successful second meeting
was held in the Medical Building of
McGill University on Saturday. Feb-
ruary 28th. at 3 p.m. The meeting was
exceptionally well attended by both
French and English nurses.

The subject of the meeting was
''Great Names in the History of
Nursing," and splendid papers, illus-
trated with slides and pictures, kind-
ly loaned by Dr. Maude Abbott, were
presented by the students of the
nursing departments of McGill Uni-
versity and the University of Mon-
treal.

St. Francis of Assisi was the first
discussed, and amongst the chief
items of interest were the valuable
pictures Dr. Abbott had collected
in Europe, showing the church built
over the tiny chapel of former days,
and other fitting memorials the ad-
mirers of St. Francis had erected to
his memory.

St. Louis of France, and St. Vin-
cent de Paul, familiar names to the
student of nursing history, were not
forgotten, and slides were shown of
each. Especially interesting were the
pictures showing the Abbaye du
Royaumont, reconstructed as the Scot-
tish Women's Hospital during the
days of the Great "War.

A very interesting and inspiring
paper was read by Miss Lecompte on
Mme. de Chantal, a French woman,
remembered for her devoted care to
the sick and poor.

The success of our society has been
greatly due to Dr. Abbott, who, when
our interest has wavered, has inspired
us, and has always been ready to help
the members in obtaining information
for their papers.

250

THE CANADIAN NURSE

National Convener of Publication Committee, Nursing Education Section,
Miss ANNIE LAWRIB, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.

Psychology in Medicine and its Application to Nursing

By Dr. JOSEPH TANZMAN, Saint John, N.B.

Psychology is one of the basic
sciences which has been developed
only in the last fifty years, although
it had been studied and practised for
centuries back. From manuscripts, it
was found that Aristotle performed
experiments in psychology, and simi-
lar work was done in later periods ;
but it was not until 1875 that this
subject was placed on a scientific
basis, and since then a considerable
amount of research has been carried
out. So much so, that today almost
all departments of industry and all
professions make use of its principles.
One need only study the present day
advertisements to readily appreciate
the lines along which the principles
of psychology are used. The several
healing cults, such as faith healers,
drugless healers and quacks, are ex-
perts in applied psychology, and in
spite of the critical remarks from our
profession, they have done good work
— particularly in the hysterical class
of individuals. The able use of sug-
gestion by these people affects the
personality in such a way that the
individual cannot help but react
according to the demands made.

In previous centuries the physicians
also used suggestion and through
simple complexities, resulting from
fear and awe on the part of the pa-
tients, who were impressed by the
ability of their healer to deal with
the super-natural and chemicals, ob-
tained good results.

It would seem, from the way it is
discussed, that psychology is a sub-

(Read at a meeting of the Saint John Chapter of
the New Brunswick Association of Registered
Nurses.)

ject for only those who believe them-
selves cultured. This, however, should
not be and is not the case, because it
is a practical study essential in the
curriculum of any profession. Ever
since the term has come within my
understajiding, I have often observed
things from a psychological view-
point. The result was the frequent
application of the principles of this
science almost unknowingly. I be-
lieve that success in any branch of
endeavour depends greatly on the
ability to apply the principles of
psychology.

The question is often put: ''What
is psychology?" The answers are
many, owing to the fact that each
expert makes a definition of his own.
For our purpose it is sufficient to say
that it is the study of behaviour, the
study of the reactions of an indi-
vidual to environment, or the study
of the individual as a whole, and not
in part as is the case in physiology.
The two sciences, however, are close-
ly related, and both depend on a
knowledge of anatomy (particularly
the brain and nervous system in the
case of psychology).

The behaviour of the human being
plays an important role in medicine
and a good nurse or physician should
appreciate this fact, and know the
character of the patient as Avell as
the character of the pulse. The skill
of applying psychology in the care
of the sick, has great influence upon
the progress of the disease in many
instances. It has been said that there
if? a human as well as the pharmaceu-
tical factor in every patient and it

THE CANADIAN NURSE

251

remains for us to determine and re-
alise this point.

We treat the stomach, the lungs and heart

As if these things were set apart.

We treat the kidney, the liver and feet,

And all the while ourselves we cheat.

We sneer at our brother (I beg pardon

please)
And haply think we are treating disease.
We work along the well-trodden plan,
And somehow forget we are treating a

man.

One should know the character of
the individual so that one may adjust
oneself to the situation, and hence
make oneself friendly rather than
antagonistic. This especially is the
duty of the nurse, who is with the
patient constantly, and is in the
position to observe closely the mental
trend. Ditferent individuals vary in
the limits of patience, but it is usual-
ly the more patient one who achieves
one's aim. One can almost state that
as far as the nurse is concerned, the
application of psychology is equival-
ent to the combination of tact and
patience in dealing with the sick.
To be able to control the patient's
behaviour is indeed an accomplish-
ment. Many difficult problems con-
front us. Some of these you all know :
namely, a patient refusing to take
medicine, the difficult second stage
of labour, the nervous type of patient
?nd the neurasthenic, the incurable
or protracted illnesses.

The nurse and physician should
develop the ability to overcome such
difficult situations. This acquirement
will be facilitated by the familiarity
with the science of psychology.

One may learn a certain amount
of practical psychology through close
and repeated observations without
necessarily studying the fundamen-
tals of science. Sir William Osier
exemplified this fact His remarkable
knowledge of behaviour reactions of
people, both sick and healthy, was
obtained by repeated observation,
and in a great measure formed the
basis of his success as a teacher and
therapeutist.

One notes the effect on a patient
when the physician or nurse arrives
on the scene ; the great mental relief
resulting from the extreme confi-
dence placed in both. This is a psy-
chological response and is favourable
to the welfare of the patient. The
nurse and physician should recipro-
cate by justifying this confidence,
and in an harmonious way strive
with the patient for an ultimate cure.
The relief of pain and suffering does
not always lie in the use of drugs.
But a word or an act will greatly
comfort one's mind so that extreme
suffering will be made endurable.

The old family physician was a
practical psychologist — he knew his
patient even in good health, which
fact does not often obtain now,
especially in a big city. This interest
in the family affairs of his patients
placed him in a position of general
counsellor as well as medical adviser.
The faith in this man was implicit,
and as a result, co-operation on the
part of his patients was always as-
sured. The thought of such a man
looking after their welfare afforded
groat comfort and satisfaction to the
patients. The psychological response
was favourable and aided consider-
ably in relief of physical and mental
stress.

Both nurse and physician should
observe reactions to certain situa-
tions on the part of their patients.
Note their feelings, emotions, expres-
sions of thought, degree of memory
and all the various factors that go
to make up the personality and I
refer to personality in the psycho-
logical sense, and not to the atti-
tude of the individual with dignity
and corpulence. In this way they
will be in the position to aid the pa-
tient mentally, possibly by a mere
suggestion. They will refrain from
poor prognostication in the patient's
presence. They will avoid discussions
of serious complications or other ill-
nesses, knowing that the patient's

252

THE CANADIAN NURSE

state of mind is such, that he attri-
butes any symptoms or sign to his
own condition. The feeling of de-
pression is rather unfavourable as
you are well aware. They will aim
to instill hope into the patient and
attempt to get his co-operation. They
will apply psychology so that they
will be an inspiration to the patient,
rather than a depressing factor.

Especially helpful is the basic
knowledge of this science in the
handling of mental cases and those
bordering on mental diseases. Herein
lies the principle of psychiatry, the
etudy and treatment of mental
diseases. The increasing number of
unfortunate individuals suffering
mental instability, should emphasize
the need of proper understanding
of the functional aspects of brain
lesions, and it is only by a knowledge
of the normal responses that the ab-
normal reactions may be gauged.
Familiarity with the normal will
quickly bring to light any unfavour-
able change in the personality of the
patient, and the nurse and physician
should constantly be on the lookout.
Early adjustment resulting from
proper observation will often pre-
vent catastrophes or help mitigate
the degree of mental deterioration.

Of course there are other factors
in nursing that are essential in the
general care of patients ; but it is the
wide knowledge of all phases of the
profession combined with experience
that makes for a successful career.

Often times one is confronted with
irrationality of the patient. It is im-
portant in such cases to note the
nature of the delirium — the kind of
ideas running through the mind —
are they disconnected or associated?
Are they centred about one thing?
The knowledge of these facts may
lead to the etiology of the disease,
and if one is taught the types of
thought one is always on the "qui
vive" for the proper information.
Psychology is based on such obser-
vations.

May I, therefore, make this plea
for the promotion of this branch of
science in the education of a nurse
who I am sure will find much more
interest in her training if she is
taught how and what to study in
the patients' mental makeup, in ad-
dition to the specific ailment. It will
not alone raise the standard of nurs-
ing but will inculcate a feeling of
personal interest rather than the
somewhat mechanical methodicity.

• A relatively recent addition in
medicine, is psychotherapy. Here a
knoM^edge of the personality dealt
with enables the expert to make or
advise adjustments in the life of the
patient so that restoration of relative
normality may be obtained. Psycho-
analysis is resorted to as an aid in
determining the cause. The method
is tedious but often bears fruit, and
certainly must give one a sense of
satisfaction in knowing that a dis-
tressed mind is put at rest. I cannot
explain the details of this psycho-
analysing as I am not familiar with
the subject, however, I was convinced
of its authenticity by being experi-
mented with along these lines. Occu-
pational therapy is another phase of
adjustment to the situation. This
also is the result of observations dealt
with in the study of behaviour.

In this so-called mechanical age
when the tendency is to develop
skilled artisans, great scientists,
specialists, the behaviour of indi-
viduals is almost lost sight of. Each
one does just so much in a mechanical
fashion. The cultural, aesthetic, fine
and beautiful things in life recede
into the background. Every indi-
vidual is a mere unit struggling for
existence in the keen competition.
Life has become almost entirely
physical except for the occasional
awakening to other phases. Combin-
ation of the study of the sciences of
which psychology is one, will in an
intelligent way help to make one
appreciate these facts and as a result,
make this life more human.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

253

Psychology and Nursing

(Contributed)

We are living in an age of applied
science. Electricity, chemistry and
mathematics are being used in the
practical work of everyday life. A
short while ago they were merely
the toys of the scientist. Today they
contribute to our modern progress.

As a science, psychology is one of
the youngest but it is perhaps the
most ancient in interest. From time
immemorial men have been interested
in the behaviour of their fellowmen.
What other people do, say, and think
has always occupied the centre of
interest in human beings. The study
of mental aspects of life probably
liad it.s incentive in the desire to
know how to deal with others.

In more recent years the subject
has proved to be of universal value.
The conversion of bare facts into
practical use is the task of applied
psychology. The understanding of
human nature enables the psychol-
ogist to be of assistance to mankind
and we find men of the most varied
occupations turning to this new
science. The advertiser uses psychol-
ogy to modify the behaviour of the
general public, so that after reading
his advertisements, they will buy his
goods in preference to other people's.
Controllers of traffic are able by
its aid to predict the behaviour of
crowds. In the sick room and the
ward there is also behaviour to be
controlled.

There is the patient who refuses
his medicine. His behaviour needs
modification. There is the sleepless
patient with the sedative habit. All
he may need is a nurse who is capable
of using psychology. Any one with
nursing experience can add to these,
innumerable instances.

Our present knowledge of the sub-
ject has been gained by methods

which are based on that most reliable
faculty — observation — and for this
reason nurses who must apply obser-
vation in every moment of their
waking life are, perhaps unwittingly,
psychologists of no mean order.

Observation may be of one's own
personal experience — introspection
— or on the other hand we may
examine the experiences of other
people by studying their behaviour
and very soon we shall arrive at the
conclusion that there is a strong
similarity between our own be-
haviour and that of others, under
given circumstances.

Besides this, the nurse has access
10 an unique and invaluable source
of training either in public hospitals
or private homes for mental patients.
Here one can observe certain types
cf behaviour crystallised in extreme
form, and in addition one is given
constant practise in the control and
prediction of behaviour. It is a ques-
tion if a nurse can be considered
adequately trained for the nursing
of mentally normal patients if her
training has been devoid of this
special preparation and experience.
It has been suggested that the gen-
eral nurse has more need for a special
course in nervous and mental nurs-
ing than the mental nurse has for
general and surgical training.

At the present day most nurses
would take exception to that sug-
gestion and yet all will agree that
there must be considerable mental ad-
justment and a better knowledge of
this newer science as applied to nurs-
ing before we can follow the teaching
of the psychologist who wrote :

"There is no mysterious difference
between the working of the be-
iiaviour of an individual in health
and disease. The strange ideas and

254

THE CANADIAN NURSE

behaviours of the mental patient arc
not due to a disturbed soul or the
afflictions of a mind. Rather they
are disorders of behaviour."

From this viewpoint one will read-
ily see why training with these pa-

tients is invaluable to the nurse and
the reason why it is essential to have
some knowledge of the elementary
facts of psychology in order to be
able to predict and control the be-
haviour of mentally normal patients.

Suggested Curriculum for use in Schools of Nursing

Canada

By GRACE M. FAIRLEY, Chairman, Nursing Education Section,
Canadian Nurses Association

A committee of the Nursing Edu-
cation Section is at the present time
preparing a curriculum which it is
hoped will be helpful to superinten-
dents and instructors in planning the
practical and theoretical education
of the student nurse. While consider-
ably broader than the average pro-
vincial minimum curriculum, it is
sufficiently elastic to allow of adjust-
ments to meet local needs.

Before recommending its adoption
this committee (which of necessity
is small) will have it reviewed, criti-
cised and endorsed by the members
of the Nursing Education Section of
the Canadian Nurses Association.
Meanwhile, excerpts from the "Re-
port of the Education Committee of
the International Council of Nurses"
have been printed and are being sent
to the provincial sections and pro-
vincial inspectors of schools of nurs-
ing, to give an opportunity of study-
ing it before the suggested curric-
ulum is available.

Many of the larger schools in the
Dominion have adopted curricula
much more comprehensive and varied
than the one referred to, but on the
other hand, there are many superin-
tendents who have expressed the
wish to have some guide in enlarging
and developing their course from its
present form.

There is also the realisation that
in fairness to the students, with the
raising of educational requirements
for entrance to schools, and the con-
stant interchange of graduates from
one province to another, an effort
must be made to bring professional
standards in nursing to the point
that they are acceptable in all pro-
vinces and to the best hospitals.

It has been suggested that ques-
tions and answers relative to any
phase of this curriculum be published
from month to month in this Depart-
ment and members are requested to
contribute suggestions or criticisms.

HEALTH BY RADIO

During the past four months ten-minute
health taiks by radio have been broadcast
under the direction of the Department of
Health and Public Welfare for the Province
of Manitoba. Among the speakers have been
Miss E. A. Russell, Director of Public
Health Nursing Service, and Miss A. E.
Wells, of the Health Education Service.

A CORRECTION

In the April number there was published
an article entitled "Private Duty Nursing
Experience as an Asset in Public Health
Nursing," by Miss Mary Matthewson,.
who is engaged in Child Welfare Work in
Montreal, and not at the Library of the
University of Toronto, as announced.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

255

i^partmral af l^vixtaU iutu Nuraing

National Convener of Publication Committee, Private Duty Section,
Miss CLARA BROWN, 153 Bedford Road, Toronto, Ont,

The Intangible Things in the Kit Bag of a Private Duty Nurse

By E. GERALDINE DWANE and HELEN HETHERINGTON, Sherbrooke, P.Q.

The private duty nurse packs her
bag ready for the expected call. Into
it goes her uniforms, reference books,
and all the paraphernalia of her craft.
The bag is full and heavy to carry,
nevertheless there are other most im-
portant things that must go with her.
They take no room, nor add to the
weight, but without these intangible
assets no nurse can expect profes-
sional success, nor is the outlook for
her patient a happy one.

The first and perhaps the funda-
mental requirement of a successful
private duty nurse is the background
of a good home training. The girl who
has been brought up by a fine mother,
and taught from her earliest days
self-control, unselfishness and per-
sonal daintiness, in a home where the
rule of the house is courtesy and clean
living, is the material the nursing
profession requires. Fortunate indeed
is the nurse who has also had a wise
father to broaden her outlook on life
and to instruct her in the principles
of business honour — that no honour-
able person diyulges business or pro-
fessional secrets; that it is dishonest
to contract debts without the pros-
pect of meeting them; to face facts,
and stand up to difficulties without
whining or hiding behind an alibi ; to
be a good sport and give others a fair
chance.

The girl with such training never
develops into a nurse who regards the
Florence Nightingale pledge as a
mere form, or whose ideas of "mine
and thine," whether concerning per-
sonal property or the other woman's
husband, are vague.

A nurse with such a background is
fitted for private duty. There is no
other professional relationship call-

(Read at the annual meeting of the Associa-
tion of Registered Nurses of the Province of
Que'bec, Private Duty Section.)

ing for such close personal intimacy
as that of the private duty nurse, her
patient, and her patient's family. In
other branches of the nursing profes-
sion a clever girl with good technical
skill need not be hampered by a poor
background. The work does not re-
quire such prolonged and intimate
personal contact. A smart uniform
and correct professional manner can
cover a multitude of sins, but no
veneer is proof against the long hours
of isolation with one person. The pa-
tient sees through the pretense if no-
body else does.

Secondly, she takes to her patient
the trained observation and technical
skill acquired by three long years of
study in a hospital where the stan-
dards both for education, and char-
acter are exacting and an almost mili-
tary discipline prevails.

Then into the kit bag must go sym-
pathy, courage and patience: for the
wise nurse looks on her patient not
just as a case to be cared for like a
hospital dummy, with robot-like pre-
cision, but as a suffering human who
looks to her for comfort and help, as
a little child to his mother. She knows
that after the days of the crisis are
past, comes the weary time when it is
hard to arouse either the courage or
the desire to live. Then it is that all
the finest qualities the nurse holds in
reserve must be summoned. Then all
her courage, firmness, cheerfulness, is
required : not the senseless, annoying
optimism of the Pollyanna type, nor
the boisterous, tiring cheerfulness of
high animal spirits and a lack of un-
derstanding, but the cheer that comes
from courage, determination and
high ideals. Also into the bag must go
the tact that keeps all the members
of a family satisfied, while admitting
only those whose visits have proved

256

THE CANADIAN NURSE

beneficial; the insight that can sense
when a mental worry is retarding re-
covery, and the understanding that
will try to remove it; and lastly, a
sufficient knowledge of psychology to
help the patient toward health
through his mental attitude.

The well-equipped nurse must cer-
tainly carry in her kit bag a keen
sense of humour. This does not refer
to the fund of funny stories, in more
or less doubtful taste, that every
nurse collects on her wanderings, but
to that protective armour which pre-
vents her taking too seriously either
herself or the petty annoyances which
her work inevitably brings. A sense
of humour has been defined as "a
nice sense of proportion." It is that
sense which enables the nurse to put
the attempted love-making of the
sentimental male convalescent in its
true place, a symptom of a certain
degree of recovery, to be treated with
a dose of commonsense p.r.n.

Then experience must be added to
the contents of the kit bag. Each case
teaches something that may be useful
to another. No two people are alike,
and the private duty nurse acquires
a liberal education in the vagaries of
human nature.

There must also be, in the equip-
ment of a private duty nurse, a well
chosen element of outside interest.
She must have something other than
"shop talk" to offer her patient. Un-
fortunately, the very nature of the
work, the concentration it requires
and the isolation it entails, tends to
force the mind into a narrow profes-
sional groove. There is little time,
money or nervous energy left after
working hours for the pursuit of cul-
tural fads.

But nature offers beauties without
cost to the woman with seeing eyes,
and there is the whole world of fine
books at her door offering rest, recrea-
tion, and entree to the fine and inter-
esting side of life; while newspapers
will bring word of what is happening
in the outside world. There is nothing
that makes a point of contact between
an educated patient and a nurse more

satisfactory that a mutual love of
good reading.

Then lastly we find, tucked away in
the bag, love of her work. Ninety-six
nurses out of one hundred, asked to
suggest a crest for the Private Duty
Section, would approve of a ball and
chain rampant, quartered with whips
and a galley slave: motto, "I loathe
private nursing." But that is just a
"bluff"; they love their work and
are, like fire horses, at the sound of
the call, wild to go. Nothing but real
love of the work would keep any
woman in it. The hours are longer,
the work is harder and more nerve
exhausting, and the total earnings
smaller, than in any other work un-
dertaken by educated women. Still,
she sticks to her job. Often not only
is she so tired "her noble expression
aches," but she aches through to her
very soul, and her one idea of heaven
would be to go to bed and never get
up again. But after a little rest, back
she goes for more punishment.

And then our private duty nurse
leaves her case, taking her kit bag
with her. But in it she takes away
with her intangible things gained dur-
ing her stay, and which reward her
as much as the fee she has earned.
The joy of work well done and a fight
well fought; possibly the friendship
of a dear, unselfish woman who
has unconsciously taught her nurse a
lesson of courage and showed her a
finer outlook on life ; the kindly, toler-
nnt viewpoint of a man who is really
a gentleman ; maybe the love of a
pathetically patient sick child ; or the
mellow wisdom of the aged nearing
Life's golden gate.

Even if the adult patient has been
a selfish, inconsiderate bully, deter-
mined to get his pound of flesh —
plus; the child spoiled and undiscip-
lined; or the "old body" an impos-
sibly cranky crab, there is a warm
sense of satisfaction in the knowledge
that she has done her work well, to
say nothing of the relief of knowing
that she is not obliged to live with
such people, that penalty being re-
served for their unfortunate families.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

257

i^partm^nt nf Pttbltr ll^altlf Nursing

National Convener of Publication Committee, Public Health Section,
MARY F. CAMPBELL, 344 Gottingen Street, Halifax, N.S.

An Institute on Maternal Care

By ALICE THOMSON, Convener. Maternity Care Committee, Community Health
Association of Graater Toronto

Toronto has been very much in-
lerestcd in the subject of Maternal
Care during this past winter. A com-
mittee of the Academy of Medicine
b.as studied the situation from a
medical point of view. The Child
Welfare Council and Local Council
of Women have sent out letters to
clubs and organisations, offering
them speakers on the subject in order
that lay groups may be as well in-
formed as possible. The nursing
group represented in the Community
Health Association of Greater To-
ronto, realising that Maternal Care
is a field in which all nurses interest
ed in community welfare must par-
ticipate, decided that something in
the nature of a refresher course in
this subject would be helpful. Miss
Smellie, Chief Superintendent of the
Victorian Order of Nurses for Can-
ada, was approached and agreed to
allow a member of her staff to con-
duct an Institute on Maternal Care
lor Toronto nurses.

On Ma'rch 11 and 12 Miss Cryder-
man conducted this Institute for 40
nurses representing the following
organisations: Infants' Home, To-
ronto General Hospital Social Service
Department, Department of Public
Health Nursing, University of To-
ronto, Ontario Department of Health.
Toronto General Hospital Obstetrical
Department, Hospital for Sick Chil-
dren, Red Cross, Victorian Order of
Nurses. St. Elizabeth Nurses, To-
ronto East General Hospital Out-
patient Department.

Through the usual generosity of
]\Iiss Gunn the sessions were held in
the new classroom of the Toronto
General Hospital Training School for
Nurses. From every angle this was

an ideal location. The classroom is
on the top floor of the nurses' new
residence, formerly the Private Pa-
tients Pavilion, and in addition to
being easy of access, is bright, sunny
and quiet.

The Institute was opened by Dr.
G. P. Jackson. Medical Officer of
Health, and Miss Smellie, Chief Sup-
erintendent of the Victorian Order
of Nurses for Canada. Dr. Jackson
stressed the importance of the nurs^^
in a maternal care programme and
also expressed his gratification that
the Victorian Order had consented
to bring the stimulation of their ex-
perience and training to Toronto
nurses. Miss Smellie felt that the
Victorian Order of Nurses was the
logical organisation to do this sort
of thing in the maternal care field
as this is a national problem and the
Victorian Order nurses do a great
deal of obstetrical work throughout
Canada.

The Institute was held in six ses-
sions over a period of two days. In
the first session Miss Cryderman out-
lined the general maternity situation
and discussed relationships — giving
the maternal mortality and morbidity
statistics for Toronto and Canada —
and quoting Dr. B. P Watson, of
Columbia T^niversity, who states that
most complications of child birth are
preventable. Adequate maternal care.
Miss Cryderman stated, consists of
the folloAving:

1. Medical examina^on early in
pregnancy.

2. Medical supervision throughout
pregnancy.

3. Instruction to the mother
throughout pregnancy.

4. An aseptic delivery.

258

THE CANADIAN NURSE

5. Care and instruction after de-
livery.

6. Medical examination six weeks
after delivery.

7. Health supervision of the baby.
The nurse has a responsibility in

this field because of her training and
her ability to make a good contact
with mothers. In order to be a suc-
cess, however, she must have a
thorough knowledge of obstetrics,
must have a general knowledge of
her community and its needs, must
be convinced of the possibilities of
instructional work in this field and
must be able to gain the confidence
of those with whom she comes in
contact.

The second session of the Institute
dealt with details of the nurse's re-
sponsibility for pre-natal care. She
may instruct mothers by visiting
them in their homes, by conducting
classes for groups and by arranging
for conferences with individual
mothers in her office. In home visit-
ing she should have what was de-
scribed as social technique, remem-
bering always that she is a guest in
the home. She should carry as much
illustrative material as possible and
should teach by demonstration when-
ever possible. It was stated that
patients who need this instruction
may be found by the reports of
neighbours, other health agencies,
insurance companies or hospitals. A
knowledge of the value of pre-natal
teaching may be spread by news-
paper articles and by the nurse's in-
troducing the subject in every visit,
whatever the nature of the visit mav
be.

Classes for mothers afford an ex-
cellent opportunity for teaching.
They cannot take the place of home
visiting but are a good supplement
for this work. The advantage of
classes is that mothers are often in
a more receptive mood when they are
away from their own homes, and
when they have made a certain
amount of effort to seek the teach-
ing. It is also possible to display

more equipment to a class than a
nurse can carry into homes.

Miss Marjorie Bell, nutrition
worker, Victorian Order of Nurses,
Montreal, addressed the evening ses-
sion on the Nutrition of Pregnancy.
She stressed the need for calcium in
the mother's diet, stating that a
woman requires one and one-half
times as much calcium when she is
pregnant as when she it not. She
should get this from fruit, vegetables
and milk. About four cups of milk
daily should be taken. Miss Bell also
drew attention to the fact that cal
cium to be effective in bone-making
must be complemented by vitamine
D. This the mother may get from
sunshine, and also from cod liver oil.
Since cod liver oil may cause nausea,
Miss Bell recommended Ostogen or
Ergosterol.

Miss Bell told of the plan of or-
ganisation in Montreal by which she
is attached to the staff of the Vic-
torian Order of Nurses, and acts as
a supervisor of nutrition work, in-
structing the nurses in the principles
of nutrition and visiting problem
cases. (See The Canadian Nurse,
October, 1930.— Editor.)

In the fourth session the discussion
of the details of pre-natal teaching
was continued. Suitable clothing,
with a maternity dress if possible,
was mentioned as a factor in the
mother's physical and mental well-
being. The need for sufficient rest
and sleep and fresh air and exercise
was brought out. It was also stated
that the pre-natal period is the best
time to teach the principles of breast
feeding and the care of the breasts.
Care of the teeth during pregnancy
is important. Under the heading
elimination, the care of the skin was
discussed, also the need of drinking
more water to assist the kidneys, and
proper care to assist bowel elimina-
tion.

In the fifth session of the Institute
Miss "Winter, of the Victorian Order
of Nurses, Toronto, explained and
demonstrated the preparation for

THE CANADIAN NURSE

259

confinement in the home and the
technique of a visit to give post-
partum care in the home. Following
this Miss Cryderman outlined th3
care required for the six weeks after
confinement, stressing the need for
a complete physical examination at
the end of this time. It was also
pointed out that if the mother had
not had pre-natal supervision she
might be taught its value at this
time. Also during this period she
should be taught the need of ad-
equate supervision for her baby.

Dr. Cosbie, lecturer in obstetrics at
the Toronto University, attended the
last session to answer questions of a
medical nature or questions dealing
with relationships. The first question
raised was the one of the cost of pre-
natal care. Dr. Cosbie feels that if
patients cannot afford the full cost,
they should be referred by their
doctors to a nursing organisation to
have pre-natal supervision, including
blood pressure and urinalysis. If
defects are found patients would
then be referred back to doctors.
Patients should be told the value of
medical supervision and of what it
consists. They should also be told the
danger signals of pregnancy in order
to know what action to take should
one of these symptoms occur.

An interesting feature of this
afternoon's session was a tea given

by Miss Gunn for the members of the
Institute. It was held in the library
of the residence on the same floor as
the lecture room and afforded an
excellent opportunity for the nurses
to talk informally — as well as being
a very pleasant half hour of relaxa-
tion and enjoyment.

The Institute was brought to a
close by Miss Smellie, who asked the
group for suggestions for future in-
stitutes and spoke of the interest of
the Victorian Order of Nurses in con-
ducting discussions of this nature.

It is difficult to know how far-
reaching the results of the Institute
will be to the nurses who participat-
ed and to those with whom they come
in contact. There have been expres-
sions of appreciation from every
member of the group of the excellent
material presented by Miss Cryder-
man and also of the excellent manner
in which the discussions were con-
ducted. There have been requests
that the Institute be repeated as soon
as possible. It is hoped that this can
be arranged. In the meantime the
Community Health Association of
Greater Toronto and the Victorian
Order of Nurses for Canada are
happy if the Institute has helped to
create a deeper interest in maternal
care and a clearer knowledge of the
field.

The Watcher

For Mother's Day

Slie always leaned to watch for us,
Anxious if we were late,

In winter by the window.
In summer by the gate.

Her thoughts were all so full of us-

She never could forget !
And so I think that where slie is

She must be watching vet.

And though we mocked her tenderly,
Who had such foolish care,

The long way home would seem more
safe
Because she waited there.

Waiting till we come home, to her.

Anxious if we are late —
Watching from heaven's window.

Leaning from heaven's gate.

— Margaret Widdemer.

260 THE CANADIAN NURSE

The Public Health Nurse Apostrophizes Her Hat

Dear hat, you've braved a thousand
Miles "the battle and the breeze,"

But, now that spring is hastening on,
You '11 not suit days like these.

I wore you when the days were cold,
When oft I thought I'd freeze,

"When Jack Frost walked along with
me
My crimson nose to squeeze.

I wore it on that fateful day, as

On my way I sped
To find the why and wherefore

Of the spots on Jennie's head.

For Jennie's mother liked me not,
She thought me very horrid.

And chased me from her own door-
step
With words both fast and torrid.

But still I wore you day by day
As duller grew your colours ;

I wore you on my way to school
And on my wav to Tullers.

This family, you will well recall,
Of reasons had a number

For why they should not come to
school,
"We're bringing in the lumber."

"Our mother's sick, we all must stay
To wait upon her daily."

"The baby's ill, we all must go
To call for Dr. Bailey."

"We vaccinated were last month,
Our arms are, oh! so painful;

Our mother says we may remain
For schooling is not gainful.''

But now, dear hat, we two must part.

You see I have a reason:
I need a hat that'll cool my brains

All through the summer season.

You will admit my job is such
To make one feel quite mad.

But, of all jobs, I really think
'Tis the best one to be had.

Harriette S. Wilson.

— Courtesy Toronto Glola

A life-size doll plays an important part in the Red Cross Home Nursing demonstration of the correct pro

cedure for baby's bath. In the above photograph the nurse is demonstrating before a Red Cross Horn

Nursing class at Danforth Public Library, Toronto Ontario.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

261

Nf ma Nntfs

NXIRSES— ATTENTION

At a meeting of the Executive Committee,
Canadian Nurses Association, held on Decem-
ber 4th, 1930, the following resolution was
passed: "That a request be made by the
Canadian Nurses Association to the Statisti-
cal Department of the Canadian Government
asking that when the Dominion census of
1931 is made, there be an enumeration of
the women engaged in any form of nursing
under the two classifications: (1) Graduate
Nurses; (2) Non-Graduate Nurses (practi-
cal)."

A copy of this resolution was forwarded to
the Dominion Statistician, in acknowledge-
ment of which the following reply was
presented to the Executive Committee on
March 17th, 1931.

"In the forthcoming census we will segre-
gate nurses as between graduates and non-
graduates, as you request. In the last
census we grouped together 'nurses' and
'nurses in training.' As you will appreciate,
we are dependent in making compilations
of this kind on the information given to the
census enumerator. Any assistance your
Association could render to the end that all
graduate nurses should describe themselves
as such would be helpful."

Nurses are asked to keep in mind the re-
quest made in the foregoing letter when
interviewed by the census enumerator
within the next month or two. Not only will
they assist this federal officer, but they will
also aid in providing a means whereby
accurate information can be obtained by
the Canadian Nurses Association, as fre-
quently a request is made to the Association
for the number of graduate nurses in the
Dominion.

ALBERTA

Caloart: The Calgary Association of
Graduate Nurses held a bridge in the Union
Milk Company Eeception Hall on February
19th, 1931, which was much enjoyed by a
large number of nurses and their friends.

The Private Duty Section of the Associa-
tion held a most enjoyable bridge on February
20th, at the home of the convener, Mrs. R.
Hayden. A short business meeting was
held at the close of the social programme.

Medicine Hat: Officers elected for 1931
for the Medicine Hat Graduate Nurses
Association are: President, Mrs. Mary Tobin;
First Vice-President, Mrs. C. Anderson;
Second Vice-President, Miss L. Green;
Secretary, Miss M. E. Hagerman; Treasurer,
Miss Edna Auger; Convener of Membership
Committee, Mr,. C. Wright; Correspondent,
"The Canadian Nurse," Miss F. Smith.

BRITISH COLUMBIA

The annual meeting of the British Columbia
Graduate Nurses Association was held in
the Nurses Residence of the Royal Columbian
Hospital, New Westminster, on April 6th
and 7th, 1931.

At 10 a.m. on April 6th business meetings
were held of the Public Health Nursing,
Nursing Education and Private Duty Nursing
Sections. Miss E. G. Breeze took the chair
at the meeting of the Public Health Nursing
Section. Miss Rita Gilley, of Essondale
Mental Hospital, gave a most interesting
paper on "Occupi tional Therapy," in which
she pointed out the tremendous action that
occupation has on the mental condition, and
even the simplest thing gives the patients
thoughts which take them out of themselves.
This paper was received with enthusiasm, and
was enjoyed by those present. Miss Mar-
garet Duffield gave a paper on "Post-graduate
Courses for Public Health Nurses," and
pointed out the advantages which a nurse
was entitled to who took post-graduate
work, also the necessity of keeping up with
the times by the taking of courses which are
for the advancement of the profession.
The outcome of the paper was that a com-
mittee was formed to inquire into the
advisability of putting on a summer course
at the University of British Columbia.
This course, it is hoped, will be taken full
advantage of, and enquiries are on foot to
find out how many will be willing to patronize
it if it should be started in the coming year.

The Nursing Education Section, which
was the most largely attended, had more
interested nurses present than for some
time. Miss Mabel Gray was in the chair.
Reports were given from the different
committees and also demonstrations of
nursing procedures.

The Private Duty Nursing Section, with
Miss Olive Cotsworth in the chair, was well
attended, and great enthusiasm was shown
in the work. Papers were read on the
accomplishments of the Private Duty Section
during the past year.

The afternoon was started with an in-
vocation by the Rev. Canon Gretton.
Then the president's address was given by
Miss M. P. Campbell, who presented the
work which had been accomplished through-
out the year by the Graduate Nurses Associa-
tion, dwelling on Dr. Weir's Survey, from'
which it is hoped reports will soon be avail-
able. Miss Campbell gave a most interesting
report. The secretary's report was given by
Miss Mabel Dutton, and the registrar's
report by Miss Helen Randal, followed by
a very splendid address by Sister John
Gabriel, on nursing education and the
difficulty in selecting applicants for training,
as, of course, both their mental capacity

262

THE CANADIAN NURSE

and their ability to carry on the work have
to be considered. So much is demanded
now of nurses that their standard must be
high, and the superintendents in selecting
their nurses have to make a very careful
choice if they desire their schools to hold the
standard which is expected of them. Sister
John Gabriel pointed out all the difficulties
attendant on this selection, and it was
realised by her listeners that today is one of
the most difficult periods in nursing educa-
tion.

In the evening a dinner was held in the
Georgian Club, Vancouver, the speaker
being Dr. Irlma Kennedy on "Psychiatric
Nursing." Dr. Kennedy is so graphic and
descriptive in her delivery that at the end
of her talk those present felt very doubtful
as to whether they really are mentally
efficient. However, her talk was most
stimulating and enjoyable, and all considered
that it was much too short.

On Tuesday, April 7th, in the morning a
visit was made to the Essondale Mental
Hospital, which was most interesting to all
who took part in it. At 2 p.m. joint meetings
of the Public Health Nursing, Nursing
Education and Private Duty Nursing Sec-
tions were held, and the speakers were Miss
Ethel C. Pipes, Dietitian of the Vancouver
General Hospital, who gave a talk on "The
4 F's," and then Dr. W. A. Robertson,
who gave a splendid address on "Emotional
Man and How to Nurse Him." Dr. Robert-
son was most descriptive of the nurse's
little shortcomings and how to overcome them.
His talk was greatly enjoyed. Dr. Coleman
then spoke on "The Widening Conception
of Professional Service," remarking that the
nursing profession set itself a higher standard
than the ordinary lay standard, in con-
sequence of which nurses have to live on a
much finer plane if they do not wish to fall
from public favour. A great deal is expected
of the nurses and they must not destroy
this expectancy of the public. He also
pointed out that they had a very satisfactory
profession as they did see results from their
work, whereas in his profession it was mostly
done in faith, as no results were ever known
of the work which he did. Dr. Coleman
was most humourous and sympathetic, and
he made one have a very fine idea of what
work is, and his description of all work was
most enlightening. Tea was then served
by the New Westminster Nurses Association
and hospital staff.

In the evening reports of the Inspector of
Training Schools and all the other reports
were given. The unfinished business was
disposed of and then the election of officers
took place. This was followed by a drama-
tisation of "Public Health Nursing of Many
Lands," by the Alumnae Association of
Public Health Nurses of the University of
British Columbia. This little dramatic scene
was exceptionally well enacted, and it de-
monstrated "Miss Florence Nightingale"
receiving reports from her successors in
different fields of nursing, especially the Public
Health field. There were reports of what

Belgium, New Zealand, Australia, Canada,
England, United States of America, India,
Jugo-Slavia, etc., were doing in the PubUc
Health field, and "Miss Nightingale" re-
ceived them very graciously, and was most
interested in the progress which has been
attained.

This ended the most enjoyable meeting,
the best which has taken place for some time.

Vancouver : The regular monthly meeting
of the Vancouver Graduate Nurses Associa-
tion was held in the Auditorium of the Van-
couver General Hospital, on March 4th.
The Directory Committee's report was given
by Miss Bullock. The Treasurer's report
showed a total balance of over $800.00.
The Ways and Means Committee reported
successful progress in the sale of tickets on
the Ford car, proceeds of which are to go
towards swelling the Sick Benefit Fund.
The Committee expected that all tickets
would be sold by the 1st of April. The
report of the Special Committee dealing
with the question of limiting members of
the registry in order to give sufficient work
to all who pay the required fee, was given.
After some discussion it was decided that
the committee continue their investigation
and study of the problem. Following the
business meeting. Miss Freda Daly gave an
enjoyable programme consisting of readings
and songs from Shakespeare.

Jubilee Hospital, Victoria: On March
9th, 1931, the Alumnae Association held
their annual meeting, all officers of the pre-
ceding year being re-elected by acclamation.
A bursary, to be given to an Alumnae
member for post-graduate work, has received
much discussion, and it is hoped that it
may be presented to the most deserving
applicant during the coming year. With this
in view, the Alumnae are pleased that 1930
proved so successful a year, both financially
and from the point of new memberships.

MANITOBA

General Hospital, Winnipeg: On April
1st, 1931, the regular monthly meeting of
the Alumnae Association was held at the
Nurses Home. Mrs. H. M. Speechly,
Director of the Manitoba Division of the
Canadian Red Cross, gave a most interesting
talk on the work the society is doing in the
Province.

Miss Josie Howson (1929), has accepted a
position on the staff of the Pine Falls Hospital,
at Pine Falls, Manitoba. Miss Minnie
Frost (1907), has returned to Winnipeg after
spending the winter months in Vancouver.
Miss Edith Deason (1913), Miss Ethel
Wilson (1929j, and Misses Rose Preloski,
A. Howard, and Edna McFarlane (1930),
have accepted positions on the hospital
staff.

NEW BRUNSWICK

General Hospital, Saint John: On
March 6th, 1931, members of the Alumnae
Association held a bridge and dance at the
Pythian Castle. The proceeds, about $230,
will go towards the fund for furnishing a

THE CANADIAN NURSE

263

ward in the new hospital. Members of the
Alumnae are glad to learn that Miss McGrath
is now convalescing, having been confined
to the Isolation Hospital, with diphtheria.
The sympathy of the Alumnae is extended to
Misses Margaret and Mary Murdoch on the
death of their mother; to Mrs. J. J. Mitchell
(Frances O'Keefe), on the death of her
brother, Rev. David S. O'Keefe, Rector of
St. Gertrude's Church, Woodstock, N.B.;
and Miss Augusta McGrath, on the death of
her sister. Much regret was felt by the
members on the death of Miss Phyllis Greene,
a senior nurse, which occurred on February
23rd, 1931. Miss Greene was at her home
on sick leave, and while there developed
meningitis. She was taken to the Fredericton
Hospital, where she passed away.

ONTARIO

Paid-up subscriptions to "The Canadian
Nurse" for Ontario in April, 1931, were
1047. sLxty-four less than in March, 1931.

Appointments

Miss Bessie Wilstonhonly, St. George, to
the staff of the Victorian Order of Nurses,
Edmonton, Alta. Miss Jessie Patterson
(Women's College Hospital, 1925), to the
Public Health Staff, Swansea.

The sLxth annual meeting of the Registered
Nurses Association of Ontario was held in
Ivitchener, April 9, 10 and 11. The host-
esses— District No. 2 and the Kitchener
nurses — had made delightful arrangements
for the meeting and entertainment. The
general sessions were held in the ballroom of
the Hotel Walper, the open meeting in the
Kitchener and Waterloo Collegiate and the
section meetings in the City Hall.

Thursday morning and afternoon, and the
latter part of Saturday morning were devoted
to business meetings and reports of com-
mittees. At the open meeting, addresses of
welcome were given by the Mayor, and
Rev. Father W. B. Mayer, and were re-
sponded to by Miss E. Muriel McKee,
president of the Registered Nurses Associa-
tion of Ontario. Greetings from the Ontario
Medical Association were given by Dr.
^^'a^d Woolner, president. The address of
the evening was given by the Hon. Dr. J. M.
Robb, Minister of Health for Ontario, who
spoke particularly on the need of greater
health work, advocating county health
units; and of the inadvisability of conducting
schools of nursing which cannot give the
student nurse an adequate experience or
training. He spoke of the responsibility
of the superintendent of nurses toward the
health and well-being of her students.

Friday morning was devoted to section
meetings and round tables. The Nursing
Education Section dLscus.sed various reports,
among them the report of the Council on
Nursing Education, and held a round table
on problems of common interest. The
Private Duty Section had a round table on
common problems. The Public Health Sec-
tion held a round table conference on "The
Place of Nutrition in a Public Health Nursing

Programme," led by Miss M. Bell, Nutrition
Supervisor, Victorian Order of Nurses,
Montreal. In the afternoon the Private
Duty and Public Health Sections held open
sessions which were addressed by Dr. F. B.
Mowbray, Hamilton, on "The Cancer Pro-
blem," and by Dr. R. G. Annour, Toronto,
on "Suggestive Elements in Medical Care,"
respectively. Saturday morning, at the
Nursing Education Section open meeting
Miss Jean I. Gunn gave a paper on "Does
the Supply of Nurses in Ontario exceed the
Demand?" This paper was not only the
summing up of material gained by ex-
tensive study and research, but was also full
of suggestive ideas for further study and
action.

The officers for the coming year are.
President, Miss Mary B. Millman, Toronto;
First Vice-President, Miss Marjorie Buck,
Simcoe; Second Vice-President, Miss Priscilla
Campbell, Chatham; Secretarv-Treasurer,
Miss Matilda Fitzgerald, Toronto. The
next meeting is to be held in Ottawa.

The Board of Directors was entertained
at a high tea at Freeport Sanitorium, on
Wednesday, and the Kitchener nurses gave
a high tea to the whole association on
Thursday, when Miss Mabel Dunham,
the local librarian, spoke on a romance in the
life of Florence Nightingale, which touches
on the history of Waterloo County. Miss
Elizabeth Smellie, Ottawa, gave a delightfully
whimsical account of her recent visit to
Europe at the banquet on Friday evening.

The total registration of members and other
nurses was over 350. The meetings were
well attended and there was interested and
helpful discussion. It was felt that this
annual meeting had been a very successful
one, no little credit being due to the retiring
president, Miss IVIcKee, and to the splendid
arrangements made by the hostesses.
District 2

Miss Hilda Muir, Convener, Permanent
Education Fund, R.N.A.O., District No. 2,
has issued letters to members of the District
asking for a subscription of $1.00 a year.
The District obligation for 1930 is $146.00.

Brantford: The Home Nursing Com-
mittee of the Canadian Red Cross, Ontario
Divi<5ion, Brantford Branch, has been very
active during the past winter. Miss E. M.
McKee Ls Convener of the Committee. Miss
M. Henderson and Mrs. Morrison McBride
were responsible for organising the classes,
which were taught by Miss H. Kerr, Miss
C. Good, Miss W. Argue, Miss W. Chute,
Miss Florence Keffer, Miss Frances Batty,
Miss Nellie Yardley, and Mrs. A. Doherty,
Registered Nurses. Miss H. Murison, Diet-
itian, Brantford General Hospital, taught
invalid cooking and food values. Dr. George
Harris gave lectures on Infant Feeding,
Dr. W. L. Hutton on Hygiene and Sanitation,
and Dr. R. W. Ivnight accidents and emer-
gencies.

Miss Winnifred Argue, of the staff of the
Victorian Order of Nurses, Brantford, who
had a three-months' leave of absence to take
a special course with the Victorian Order in

264

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Montreal, has returned and is resuming her
duties.

Miss Beatrice MacDonald, who has been
relieving on the staff of the Victorian Order
of Nurses, Brantford, for the last three
months, has resumed her work as private
duty nurse. Miss Henrietta Kerr, of the
Victorian Order of Nurses staff, Brantford,
has conducted two mothercraft classes this
year, with an enrolment of some thirty-two
children. The Florence Nightingale Club
provides prizes and a reception for the children
at the completion of their course of instruc-
tion.

General Hospital, Brantford: Miss H.
Miller (1928), has recently completed a
three months' special course with the Vic-
torian Order of Nurses in Montreal, and has
been appointed to the staff of the Order at
Sudbury, Ont. Miss Reita Graham (1929),
who has been critically ill, is now convalescing
at the Brantford General Hospital.

General Hospital, Guelph : The regular
meeting of the Alumnae Association was held
in the class-room of the nurses residence
on March 3rd. Dr. Annie Ross, of the
Ontario Agricultural College, who has re-
cently returned from a trip through the
Holy Land, gave a most interesting illustrated
talk on her journey.

District 5

Grant MacDonald Trainin'^ School:
A very successful bridge and dance was held
by the Alumnae Association on March
18th, 1931. The nurses home was tastefully
decorated in St. Patrick style, and buffet
supper was served.

Western Hospital, Toronto: At the
March meeting of the Alumnae Association,
it was decided that a dinner dance be held
the last week in April in honour of the
graduating class of 1931. Dr. Margaret
Patterson gave an interesting talk on "Nurs-
ing in the Orient." Teas and showers were
given by many friends of Miss Evelyn
Mable Knowles (1922), prior to her marriage
and honeymoon trip to Europe. Mr. and
Mrs. Shaw will be away three months.
On their return they will reside in Winnipeg.
Miss Frances I. Wiltsie (1930), is on a
vacation trip to Bermuda.

Women's College Hospital: At the
monthly meeting of the Alumnae Association,
the graduating class was given the opportunity
of hearing Miss Barbara Blackstock, who
gave a most interesting address on visiting
housekeepers. During the evening Miss
Piper (1929), was given a travelling clock.

Miss Piper leaves shortly for Bolivia, South
America, where she will be engaged in
nursing with the Baptist mission.

QUEBEC

Jeffery Hale's Hospital, Quebec: The
Alumnae Association extends to Miss Alma
Wolff sincerest sympathy on the death of
her father.

Western Hospital, Montreal: Dr. F.
G. Gurd gave a most interesting talk to the
Alumnae Association, the subject being his
recent visit to Europe. Miss Florence
Martin, of New York, spent a few days in
Montreal recently. The sympathy of the
members of the Alumnae is extended to Mrs.
Robertson on the death of her sister, Miss
Dorothy Rowley.

General Hospital, Montreal: Miss K.
Messenger (1930), is in charge of the operat-
ing room of the Sweetsburg Hospital, Sweet-
burg, P.Q. Miss J. Webster, night superin-
tendent, and Miss Denniston, assistant
instructor, are both patients in the Hospital.
The Assooiation regrets that Mrs. Allan
(Miss McCammon, 1918), has found it
necessary to resign as President of the
Alumnae Association.

SASKATCHEWAN

The City Hospital, Saskatoon: The
March meeting of the Alumnae Association
took the form of a social evening. The
social committee, with the help of Mrs.
Elliott, arranged a most enjoyable evening,
and those present had a very jolly time.
The 1929 class was entertained recently by
Mrs. Drake, in honour of her sister, Mrs.
Ralph Winram (Dick Rutherford), who,
with her baby son, is visiting in Saskatoon.
Other members of the 1929 class who en-
tertained informally for Mrs. Winram were
Mrs. J. Taylor, Mrs. Lloyd, and Mrs.
Pendleton. Miss Greta Munroe has been
confined to her bed for a considerable time
with a severe attack of rheumatism. Misses
G. Emmerson and E. Andrews (1931), have
recently been appointed to the nursing staff
of The City Hospital.

C.A.M.C.

Members of the Overseas Nursing Sisters'
Association of Canada will be glad to learn
that the General Directory will shortly be
put in the hands of the printers, and it is
hoped that it will be ready for distribution
early in May.

BIRTHS, MARRIAGES AND DEATHS

BIRTHS

BEWELL— On February 14th, 1931, to
Mr. and Mrs. James Bewell (Mabel
Estabrook, Toronto General Hospital,
1925), a daughter.

BOWMAN— On February 26th, 1931, at
Owen Sound, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs.
Nelson Bowman (Harriet Warner, General
and Marine Hospital, Owen Sound), a

DUFF— On March 10th, 1931, at Brooklyn,
N.Y., to Mr. and Mrs. Harold Duff (Grace
Gier, Toronto Western Hospital, 1921), a
son.

FLECK— On February 10th, 1931, to Mr.
and Mrs. Douglas Fleck (Norma Byrnes,
Toronto General Hospital, 1928), a son.

GASS— On March 4th, 1931, to Mr. and Mrs.
Gass (Beryl Young, Toronto General
Hospital, 1919), a son.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

265

HOWARD— On February 21st, 1931, at St.
John, N.B., to Mr. and Mrs. John Howard
(Hazel Stirritt, St. John General Hospital,
1921), a son.

HOWARD— On February 11th, 1931, at
Brooklyn, N.Y., to Mr. and Mrs. J. A.
Howard (Jean Beattie, Calgary General
Hospital, 1921), twin boys.

IRWIN— On April 10th, 1931, at Winnipeg,
to Mr. and Mrs. H. Irwin (Olive Ray,
Winnipeg General Hospital, 1921), a
daughter.

LAMONT— On February 28th, 1931, at
Glassville, N.B., to Mr. and Mrs. William
Lamont (Isabel Wiley, Fisher Memorial
Hospital, Woodstock, 1927), twins, a boy
and girl.

LOCiaVOOD— On January 7th, 1931, at
Moose Jaw, Sask., to Mr. and Mrs. W. W.
Lockwood (Jean Motta, Winnipeg General
Hospital, 1926), a daughter.

MAY— On January 20th, 1931, at Hamil-
ton, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. Sydney James
May (Ida Tucker, Hamilton General
Hospital, 1927), a son.

McCONNELL— On February 4th, 1931, to
Mr. and Mrs. McConnell (Clara Wheatley,
Toronto General Hospital, 1922), a
daughter.

McCUTCHEON— On February 6th, 1931,
at Westmount, P.Q., to Mr. and Mrs.
Marshall McCutcheon (Rose Benson,.
Women's General Hospital, Westmount,
1925), a daughter.

McGOWAN— In March, at Kilmuir, P.E.I. ,
to Mr. and Mrs. M. McGowan (Loma
Weatherbie, Jeffery Hale's Hospital, Que-
bec, 1929), a daughter.

O'SHAUGHNESSY— On February 26th,
1931, at Montreal, to Dr. and Mrs. P.
O'Shaughnessy (Audley Eraser, Montreal
General Hospital, 1924), a son.

REID— On March 13th, 1931, at Orangeville,
Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. Eugene J. Reid
(Eva Lee, Hamilton General Hospital,
1929), a son.

REID— On February 9th, 1931, to Mr. and
Mrs. Gordon H. Reid (Edith Murphy,
Toronto General Hospital, 1919), a son.

SNYDER— On March 24th, 1931, at De-
troit, Mich., to Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Snyder
(Jean Fretz, Hamilton General Hospital,
1921). a daughter.

TACKABERRY— On March 27th, 1931, at
Owen Sound, Ont., to Dr. and Mrs. W. J.
Tackaberry (Sadie Mjdes, Owen Sound
General and Marine Hospital), a son.

WARRENER— On March 16th, 1931, to
Dr. and Mrs. W. P. Warrener (Jean Hay,
Toronto General Hospital, 1924), a
daughter.

MARRIAGES

BENNER— MITCHELI^-On March 14th,
1931, at Owen Sound, Ont., Alice Mitchell
(Owen Sound General and Marine Hos-
pital, 1924), to John Benner, of Owen
Sound.

BOLTON— MACPHERSON— On February
14th, 1931, Jean MacPherson (Grant
MacDonald Training School for Nurses,
1928), to James Bolton, of Montreal.

GRONDIN — LABELLE — On April 6th,
1931, at Montreal, Gertrude Labelle
(Montreal General Hospital, 1925), to
Maurice Grondin, of Montreal.

HALI^LOWNDES— On March 12th, 1931,
at Toronto, IMildred B. Lowndes (Toronto
General Hospital, 1929), to Wm. Hall, of
Ayr, Ont.

MUNIZ— EVERETT— In December, 1930,
at Mt. Kisco, New York, Jane Everett
(Fisher Memorial Hospital, Woodstock,
1929), to Herbert Muniz.

O'DONNELL— MOSS— On February 7th,
at Winnipeg, Elizabeth Moss (Winnipeg
General Hospital, 1927), to Ted O'Donnell.

RICHARDSON— HALLOWAY— On Febru-
ary nth, 1931, at Chicago, 111., Helen
Halloway (Winnipeg General Hospital
1925), to Robert Richardson. At home
Apt.. K3, 7430 North Damen Ave.,
Chicago.

SHAW— KNOWLES— On March 17th, 1931,
at Toronto, Evelyn Mable Knowles,
(Toronto Western ' Hospital, 1922), to
Hugh Shaw.

URE— GLENN Y— On February 9th, 1931,
at Hamilton, Ont., Corrine Glenny (Hamil-
ton General Hospital, 1926), to Wilfred
Ure, of Woodstock, Ont.

WILLIAMS — M ALCOLMSON — On April
11th, 1931, at Hamilton, Ont., Elizabeth
Podeen Malcolmson (Hamilton General
Hospital, 1914), to R. Shieldon Williams, of
West Hartley, England.

DEATHS

GREEN— On February 23rd, 1931, at
Fredericton, N.B., Phyllis Greene (General
Hospital, St. John, N.B.).

REGISTRATION OF NURSES, PROVINCE OF ONTARIO

Examination Announcement

An examination for the Registration of Nurses in the Province of
Ontario will be held in May.

Application forms, information regarding subjects of examination, and
general information relating thereto may be had upon written application to
Miss A. M. MUNN, Reg.N. Parliament Bldgs., Toronto

266

THE CANADIAN NURSE

LIST OF BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS ON FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Through the courtesy of the Hospital Library and Service Bureau, American Hospital
Association, the Journal is able to pubUsh the following hst of books and pamphlets on Florence
Nightingale, which our readers will find of value for future reference.

Adams, E. C. and

Foster, W. D.
*Aikens, Charlotte A.

Heroines of Modern Progress. 1922. Macmillan, New York City.

(Character sketch p. 120-140.) $1.50.
Lessons from the Life of Florence Nightingale. 1915. Lakeside

Pub. Co., New York City. Paper, 40c.
Florence Nightingale; An Appreciation. 1914. Nat'l. Organ, for

Pub. Health Nursing. New York City. Paper.
Lost Commander — Florence Nightingale. 1929. Doubleday, Doran

& Co., Garden City, N.Y. $3.00.
Evolution of Public Health Nursing. 1922. Saunders, Phil.

(Florence Nightingale p. 85-101). $3.00.
Grace Darling and Florence Nightingale. A. Flanagan Co., Chicago.

10c.
Twelve Notable Good Women of the Nineteenth Century. 1900.

Dutton, New York City.
Life of Florence Nightingale. 2v. 1913. Macmillan, New York

City. $7.50.
Short Life of Florence Nightingale, with additional matter. 1925.

Macmillan, New York City. $3.50.
Around the Black Sea. 1911. Doran, New York City. (Florence

Nightingale p. 313-324.)
Short History of Nursing. 1920. Putnam, New York City.

(Florence Nightingale p. 117-141.) $3.50.
Florence Nightingale Tableaux. i920. Macmillan Co. Paper, 30c.
Outlines of Nursing History. 1923. Saunders, Phil. (Florence

Nightingale p. 63-92.) $3.00.
Florence Nightingale. 1920. Macmillan Co., New York City.

$1.40.
Health Heroes — Florence Nightingale. 1928. Metropolitan Life

Insurance Company, New York City. Paper, free.
Florence Nightingale; A Cameo Life Sketch. 1912. Women's

Freedom League, London, England.
*Is That Lamp Going Out? To the heroic memory of Florence

Nightingale. 1911. Hodder, New York City.
Lady With the Lamp and Her Inheritors, n.d. Nat'l. Organ, for

Pub. Health Nursing. New York City.
Heroines That Every Child Should Know. 1915. Grosset, New

York City. $1.00.
Story of Florence Nightingale. 1912. F. A. Owen Pub. Co., Dans-

ville, N.Y. Paper, 15c.
While I Remember. 1921. Doran, New York City. $3.50.
Florence Nightingale, a biography. 1914. T. Nelson & Sons, New

York City. $1.25.
Makers of Nursing History. 1928. Lakeside Pub. Co., New York

City. (Florence Nightingale p. 20-21.) $1.50.
Florence Nightingale, the Wounded Soldier's Friend. 1911. Part-
ridge, London, England.
Roll Call of Honor; A New Book of Golden Deeds. 1913. T. Nelson

& Sons, New York City. $2.50.
Victors of Peace. 1928. T. Nelson & Sons, New York City. 60c.
Happy Women. 1913. Putnam & Sons, New York City. $1.50.
Florence Nightingale, A Drama. 1922. Macmillan, New York City.

$1.25.
Florence Nightingale, the Angel of the Crimea: a story for young

people. 1909. Appleton, New York City. $1.75.
Eminent Victorians. 1918. Putnam, New York City. (Florence

Nightingale p. 135-204). $3.50.
Eminent Victorians. Garden City Pub. Co., Garden City, L.I.,

New York. $1.00.
Life of Florence Nightingale. 1917. Macmillan, New York City.

$2.00.
Wounded Soldier^s Friend. 1917. Headley, London, England.

(Florence Nightingale p. 152.)
Story of Florence Nightingale, n.d. Whittaker, New York City.
Nurses and Nursing, 1927. Harvard University Press, Cambridge,
Mass. (Florence Nightingale p. 50-76.) $2.00.

•Out of print and may bp bought through second-hand dealers.
••The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York City, will furnish a film:"Life of Florence Nightingale,"
free to hospitals and schools of nursing, with sufiQcient booklets "Health Heroes" for general distribution.

*Aldis, M.

Andrews, Mrs. Mary R.

Brainard, Annie M.

Buehler, J. R. and
Allison, S. B.
*Carey, Rosa N.

*Cook, Sir Ed. T.

Cook, Sir Ed. T.

*Curtis, W. E.

Dock, Lavinia L. and
Stewart, Isabel M.
EUiot, G., ed.
Goodnow, Minnie

Hall, Eleanor F.

♦*Hallock, Grace T.
and Turner, C. B.
Holmes, Marion

Mabie, H. W.

McFee, Mrs. Inez N.

McKenna, Stephen
*Matheson, Annie

Pennock, Meta R. ed.

Pollard, Eliza F.

Quiller-Couch, Sir A. T.

Quiller-Couch,
Reed, Myrtle
Reid, E. G.

Sir A. T.

Richards, Mrs.

Lam"a E. (Howe)
Strachey, G. Lytton

Strachey, G. Lytton

*Tooley, Mrs. Sarah A.

Wakeford, Constance

*Wentle, W. J.
Worcester, Alfred

THE CANADIAN NURSE

267

Affinal itrprtarg

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES
Secretary.. Miss Christiane Reimann, Headquarters: 14 Quai dee Eaux-Vivea, Geneva,

Switzerlimd.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

Officers

Honorary President Miss M. A. Snively, 50 Maitland Street, Toronto, Out.

President Miss F. H. M. Emory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

First Vice-President Miss K. W. Ellis, Winnipeg General Hospital, Winnipeg.

Second Vice-President Miss G. M. Bennett, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.

Honorary Secretary Miss Nora Moore, City Hall, Room 309, Toronto, Ont.

Honorary Treasurer Miss R. M. Simpson, Parliament Bldgs., Regina, Sask.

COUNCILLORS

Alberta: 1 Miss Eleanor McPhedran, Central Alberta Ontario: 1 Miss E. Muriel McKee, General Hospital,
Sanatorium, Calgary; 2 Miss Edna Auger, General Brantford; 2 Miss Edith Rayside, General Hot-

Hospital, Medicine Hat; 3 Miss B. A. Emerson, 604 pital, Hamilton; 3 Miss Ethel Cryderman, Jackson

Cirio Block, Edmonton. Bldg., Ottawa; 4 Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay

St. S.. Hamilton.

Brltlih Columbia: 1 Miss M. P. Campbell, 118 Prince Edward Island : 1 Mrs. Arthur Allen. Summer-
Vancouver Block, Vancouver; 2 Miss M. F. Gray, side; 2 Sister Ste. Faustma, Charlottetown Hospital,
Dept. of Nursing, University of British Columbia; Charlottetown; 3 Miss Mona Wilson. Red Cross

3 Miss E. Breeze. 4662 Angus Ave., Vancouver; Headquarters, 59 Grafton Street, Charlottetown;

4 Miss O. V. Cotsworth, 3.563 32nd Ave. W., Van- 4 Miss Millie Gamble, 51 Ambrose Street, Charlott*-
eourer. town.

Quebec: 1 Miss M. K. Holt, Montreal General Ho»-
Manitoba: 1 Mrs. J. F. Morrison, 184 Brock St., pital, Montreal; 2 Miss Flora A. George, The

Winnipeg; 2 Miss Mildred Reid, General Hospital, Woman's General Hospital, Westmount; 3 Miss

Winnipeg; 3 Miss Isabell McDiarmid, 363 Langside Marion Nash, 1246 Bishop Street, Montreal; 4 Miss

St. Winnipeg; 4 Mrs. Doyle, 5 Vogel Apartments, Snra Matheson, Haddon Hall Apts., 2151 Comte

Winnipeg. Street, Montreal.

„ ^ „. .,■.,■ A T -K, -M , »T » Saskatchewan: 1 Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normai

New Brunswick: 1 Miss A J. MacMaster, Moncton School, Moose Jaw; 2 Miss G. M. Watson, City

Hospital, Moncton; 2 Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Hospital, Saskatoon; 3 Miss M. E. Grant, 922 9th

Dieu Hosp.tal Campbellton; 3 Miss H S. Dyke- Ave., Saskatoon; 4 Miss C. M. Munroe, Coronation

?i'"Jv ^•®'''*i' Centre, Saint John; 4 Miss Mabel Court, Saskatoon.

McMulhn, St. Stephen.

ADDITIONAL MEMBEBS TO EXECUTIVE

Nova Scotia: 1. Miss Margaret E. MacKenzie, 315 (Chairmen National Sections)

Barrington St., Halifax; 2. Miss Ina May Jones, Nursing Education: Miss G. .M. Fairley, Vancouver

Victoria General Hospital, Halifa.x; 3. Miss Anne General Hospital, Vancouver, B.C.; Public Health:

Slattery, Dalhousie Public Health Clinic, Morris St., Miss M. Moag, 1246 Bishop St., .Montreal, P.Q.;

Halifax; 4 Miss Jean Trivett, 71 Coburg Road, Private Duty: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St,

Halifax. South, Hamilton, Ont.

Executive Secretary ..Miss Jean S. Wilson

National Office, 511, Boyd Buildini;, Winnipeg, Man.

1 — President Provincial Association of Nursss. 3 — Chairman Public Health Section.

2 — Chairman Nursing Education Ssetion. 4 — Chairman Private Duty Section

NURSING EDUCATION SECTION
Chairman: Miss G. M. Fairley, Vancouver General
Hospital, Vancouver; Vice-Chairman: Miss M. F.
Gray, University of British Columbia, Vancouver;
Secretary: Miss E. F Upton, Suite 221, 1396 St.
Catherine St. West, Montreal; Treasurer: Miss M.
Murdoch, General Public Hospital, St. John, N.B.
Councillors. — Alberta: Miss Edna Auger, General
Hospital, Medicine Hat. British Columbia: Miss
M. F. Gray, University of British Columbia, Van-
couver. Manitoba: Miss Mildred Reid , Winnipeg
General Hospital, Winnipeg. New Brunswick: Miss
Margaret Murdoch, General Public Hospital, St.
John. Nova Scotia: Miss Ina May Jones, Victoria
General Hospital, Halifax. Ontario: Miss Edith
Rayside, General Hospital, Hamilton. Prince Ed-
ward Island: Sister Ste. Faustina, Charlottetown
Hospital, Charlottetown. Quebec: Miss Flora A.
George, Woman's General Hospital, Westmount,
P.Q. Saskatchewan: Mi.ss G. M. W'atson, City
Hospital, Saskatoon.
Convener of Publications : Miss Annie Lawrie, Royal
Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.

Winnipeg. New Brunswick: Miss Myrtle E. Kay»
21 Austin St., Moncton, N.B. Nova Scotia:
Miss Jean Trivett, 71 Coburg Road, Halifax,
N.S. Ontario: Miss Isabel Macintosh. 353 Bay
Street, S. Hamilton, Ont. Prince Edward
Island: Miss M. R. Gamble, 51 Ambrose St.,
Charlottetown, P.E.I. Quebec: Miss Sara Mathe-
son, Hadden Hall Apts., 2151 Comte St., Montreal,
Que. Saskatchewan: Mi.ss C. M. Munro, Corona-
tion Court, Saskatoon, Sask.
Convener of Publications: Miss Clara Brown, 153.
Bedford Road, Toronto, Ont.

PRIVATE DUTY SECTION
Chairman: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St. S.

Hamilton, Ont.; Vice -Chair man: Miss Moya

MacDonald, 111 South Park St., Halifax, N.S.;

Secretary-Treasurer: Miss Mabel St. John, 370

Huron Street, Toronto, Ont.
Councillors. — Alberta:

British Columbia: Miss O. V.
Cotsworth, 1135 12th Avenue W., Vancouver. B.C.
Manitoba: Mrs. Doyle, 5 Vogel Apartments,

PUBLIC HEALTH SECTION

Councillors. — Alberta: Miss B. A Emerson, 804
Civic Blk.. Edmonton. British Columbia: Miss
Elibabeth Breeze. 4662 Angus Ave.. Vancouver
Manitoba: Miss Isabell McDiarmid, 363 Langside
Street, Winnipeg, Man. Nova Scotia: Miss
Anne Slattery, Dalhousie Public Health Clinic,
Halifax. N.S. New Brunswick: Miss H. S.
Dykeman, Health Centre, 134 Sidney St.. St. John.
Ontario: Miss E. Cryderman. Jackson Bldg.,
Ottawa. Prince Edward Island: Miss Mona
Wilson, Red Cross Headquarters, 59 Grafton Street,
Charlottetown. Quebec: .Miss .Marion Nash, 1246
Bishop Street, Montreal. Saskatchewan: Miss
M. E. Grant, 922 9th Ave.. Saskatoon.

Convener of Publications: Miss Mary Campbell,
Vietoria Order of Nurses, 344 Gottingen St., Halifax
N.S.

268

TH,E CANADIAN NURSE

ALBERTA ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED
NURSES

QKADUATE NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
BRITISH COLUMBIA

President, Miss M. P. Campbell, R.N., 118 Van-
courer Block, Vancouver; Second Vice-President,
Miss M. Mirfield, R.N., 1180 15th Ave., W., Van-
couver; Registrar, Miss H. Randal, R.N., 118 Van-
couver Block, Vancouver; Secretary, Miss M. Dutton,
R.N., 118 Vancouver Block, Vancouver; Conveners of
Committees: Nursing Education, Miss M. F. Gray,
R.N., Dept. of Nursing and Health, University of B.C.,
Vancouver; Public Health, Miss E. Breeze, R.N., 4662
Angus Ave., Vancouver; Private Duty, Miss O. Cots-
worth, R.N., 1135 12th Ave., W., Vancouver; Coun-
cillors, Misses L. Boggs, R.N., M. Ewart, R.N., M.
Franks, R.N., L. McAllister, R.N., G. Fairley, R.N.

MANITOBA ASS'N OF REGISTERED NURSES

President, Mrs. J. F. Morrison, 184 Brock Street;
First Vice-President, Miss J. Purvis, General Hospital,
Portage la Prairie; Second Vice-President, Miss C.
Kettles, General Hospital, Dauphin, Man.; Third
Vice-President, Miss McNally, General Hospital,
Brandon, Man.; Conveners of Committees: Press and
Publication, Miss G. Hall, Miss M. Meehan; Social
and Programme, Miss Cory Taylor; Sick Visiting,
Misses W. Carruthers. A. Starr, G. Thompson and M.
PVost; Conveners of Sections: Private Duty, Mrs. S.
Doyle, 5 Vogel Apts., Winnipeg; Nursing Education,
Miss Mildred Reid, Winnipeg General Hospital; Public
Health, Miss Isabel McDiarmid, 363 Langside St.,
Winnipeg; Executive Secretary and Treasurer and
Registrar, Mrs. Stella Gordon Kerr, 753 Wolseley
Avenue, Winnipeg.

NEW BRUNSWICK ASSOCIATION OF
REGISTERED NURSES

President, Miss A. J. MacMaster, Moncton Hospital,
Moncton; First Vice-President, Miss Florence Coleman,
County Hospital, East Saint John; Second Vice-
President, Miss Margaret Murdoch, General Public
Hospital, Saint John; Hon. Secretary, Mrs. W. S.
Jones, Albert, N.B.; Councillors: Saint John, Misses
Sarah E. Brophy, H. S. Dykeman, E, J. Mitchell;
Saint Stephen, Misses Mabel McMullin, Myrtle
Dunbar; Moncton, Misses Marion MacLaren, Myrtle
Kay; Fredericton, Mrs. A. C. Fleming, ^liss Kate
Johnson; Bathurst, Miss Edith Stewart; Chatham,
Sister Caroline Kenny; Campbellton, Sister Corinne
Kerr; Conveners of Sections: Nursing Education,
Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Dieu Hospital, Campbellton,
N.B.; Public Health, Miss H. S, Dykeman, Health
Centre, Saint John, N.B.; Private Duty, Miss Mabel
McMullin, St. Stephen, N.B.; By-Laws and Constitu-
tion, Mi.ss Sarah Brophy, Fairville, N.R.; "The Can-
adian Nurse," Miss A. A. Burns, Health Centre, Saint
John, N.B.; Serretarv-Treasurer, Registrar, Miss
Maude E. Retallick, 262 Charlotte St., West Saint
John.

REGISTERED NURSES ASSOCIATION OF
NOVA SCOTIA

President, Miss M. E. MacKenzie, 315 Barrington
St., Halifax; First Vice-President, Miss M. F. Camp-
bell, V.O.N. Home, Gottingen St., Halifax; Second
Vice-Pre ident, Mi.ss I. B. Andrews, City of Sydney
Hospital Sydney; Third Vice-President, Miss M. M
Martin, Payzant Memorial Hospital, Windsor; Re-
cording Secretary, Mrs. D. J. GiUis, 23 Vernon St.,
Halifax; Treasurer and Asst. Secretary, Miss L. F.
Fraser, Eastern Trust Bldg., Halifax.

REGISTERED NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
ONTARIO (Incorporated 1925)

President, Miss E. Muriel McKee, Brantford General
Hospital, Brantford; First Vice-President, Miss Mary
Millnian. 163 Glcnrose Ave., Toronto; Second Vice-
President, Miss Marjorie Buck, Norfolk General
Hospital, Simcoe; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Matilda
Fitzgerald, Apt. 29, 917 St. Clau- Ave. W., Toronto

District No. 1: Chairman, Miss Nellie Gerard, 911
Victoria Ave., Windsor; Secretary- Treasurer, Mrs. I
J. Walker, 169 Richard Street, Sarnia. Dis-
trict No. 2: Chairman, Miss Marjorie Buck, Norfolk
General Hospital, Simcoe; Secretarv-Treasurer, Miss
Hilda Booth, Norfolk General Hospital, Simcoe. Dis-
trict No. 4: Chairman, Miss Edith Rayside, General
Hospital, Hamilton; Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs. Norman
Barlow, 134 Catherine Su, S., Hamilton. District No.
5: Chairman, Miss Ethel Greenwood, 36 Homewood
Ave., Toronto; Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs. F. E. Atkin-
son, 326 Beech Ave., Toronto. District No. 6: Chair-
man, Miss Harriet O. Stacey, Box 628, Trenton;
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Florence Mclndoo, Gen-
eral Hospital, Belleville. District No. 7: Chair-
man, Miss Louise D. Acton, General Hospital, Kings-
ton; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Marjorie Evans, 103
Gore St., Kingston. District No. 8: Chairman, Miss
Alice Ahern, Metropohtan Life Insurance Co., Ottawa-
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss A. C. Tanner, Civic Hospital!
Ottawa. District No. 9: Chairman, Miss Katherine
McKenzie, 67 Sherbrooke St., North Bay; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss C. McLaren, Box 102, North Bay.
District No. 10: Chairman, Miss Anne Boucher, 280
Park St., Port Arthur; Secretary- Treasurer, Miss
Martha R. Racey, McKellar General Hospital, Fort
William.

ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED NURSES OF
THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC (Incorporated 1920)

Advisory Board: Misses Mary Samuel, L. C. Phillips,
M. F. Hersey, Mere M. V. Allaire, Rev. Soeur Augus-
tine; President, Miss Mabel K. Holt, Montreal General
Hospital; Vice-President (Engli.sh), Miss C. V. Barrett,
Royal Victoria Montreal Maternity Hospital; Vice-
Pre.sident (French), Melle. Rita Guimont, Hopital
Saint Luc, Montreal; Hon. Secretary, Miss Margaret
L. Moag, V.O.N. , Montreal; Hon. Treasurer, Miss
Olga V. Lilly, Royal Victoria Montreal Maternity
Hospital; Other members. Melles. Edna Lynch,
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, Montreal;
Melle. Marie-Anysie Deland, Institut Bruchesi!
Montreal; Mde. Caroline Vachon, Hotel-Dieu, Mont-
real; Rev. Soeur Marie-Rose Lacroix, Hopital St. Jean,
St. Jean, Que.; Rev. Soeur Bellemare, Hopital Notre
Dame, Montreal; Conveners, Private Duty Section
(English), Miss Sara Matheson, Hadden Hall Apts.,
2151 Comte St., Montreal; (French), Melle Jeanne
L'Heureux, 774 Davaar Road, Outremont; Nursing
Education Section (English), Miss Flora Aileen George,
Woman's General Hospital, Montreal; (French),
Rev. Soeur Augustine, Hopital St. Jean-de-Dieu,
Gamelin, P.Q.; Public Health Section, Miss Marion
Nash, V.O.N., 1246 Bishop Street; Board of Examiners,
Convener, Miss. C. V. Ban-ett, Mde. R. Bourque,
Melles. Lynch, Senecal, Misses Marion Nash, Rita
Siitcliffe; Executive Secret.nry, Registrar and Official
School Visitor, Mi.ss E Francis Upton, Suite 221,
1396 St Catherine Street, West, Montreal.

SASELATCHEWAN REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION. (Incorporated March, 1927.)

President, Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normal School,
Moose Jaw; First Vice-President, Miss McGill,
Normal School, Saskatoon; Second Vice-President,
Miss R. M. Simpson, Department of Public Health,
Parliament Buildings, Regina; Councillors, Sister
O'Grady, Grey Nuns' Hospital, Regina; Miss Mont-
gomery, Sanatorium, Prince Albert, Sa.sk.; Conveners
of Standing Committees: Public Health, Miss M. E.
Grant, 922 9th Ave., Saskatoon; Private Duty, Miss
C. M. Munro, Coronation Court, Saskatoon; Nursing
Education, Miss G. M. Watson, City Hospital, Saska-
toon; Secretary- Treasurer and Registrar, Miss E. E.
Graham, Regina College, Regina.

CALGARY ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

Hon. President, Mrs. Stuart Brown; President, Miss
J. B. von Gruenigan; First Vice-President, Miss Lynn;
Second Vice-President, Mis.s Barber; Treasurer, Miss
M. Watt; Recording Secretary, Mrs. B. J. Charles;
CorresDonding Secretary, Miss Jackson; Registrar,
Miss D. Mott, 616 15th Ave. W.; Convener Private
Duty Section, Mrs. R. Hayden.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

269

EDMONTON ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

MEDICINE HAT GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

President, Mrs. Mary Tobin; First Vice-President,
Mrs. C. Anderson; Second Vice-President, Miss L.
■Green; Secretary, Miss M. E. Hagerman, City Court
House, 1st Street; Treasurer, :Miss Edna Auger;
Convener of New Membership Committee, Mrs. C.
Wright; Convener of Flower Committee, Miss M.
Murray; Correspondent, "The Canadian Nurse," Miss
F. Smith.

Regular meeting First Tuesday in month.

A.A., R07AL ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL,
EDMONTON, ALTA.
Hon. President, Miss F. Munroe; President, Miss
I. Johnson; First Vice-President, Mrs. Godfrey;
Second Vice-President, Miss G. McDiarmid; Recording
Secretary, Miss V. Chapman; Corresponding Secretary,
Misa M. Graham, Royal Alexandra Hospital; Treasurer,
Misa E. English, 306 Condell Blk., Edmonton

A.A., KOOTENAT LAKE GENERAL HOSPITAL,
NELSON, B.C.

VANCOUVER GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

President, Miss M. Duffield, 226 Lee Bldg., Van-
couver; First Vice-President, Miss G. Fairley, Van-
couver General Hospital; Second Vice-President, Miss
J. Matheson; Secretary, Miss Perrin, 3629 2nd Ave. W.,
Vancouver; Treasurer, Miss L. Archibald, 536 12th
Ave. W., Vancouver; Conveners of Committees:
Council, !\Iis3 M. Button; Directory Committee, Miss
D. Bullock; Ways and Means, Miss R. McVicar;
Programme, Miss M. Kerr; Social, Miss Munslow;
Sick Visiting, Miss A. L. Maxwell; Local Council,
Miss M. Gray; Creche, Miss M. A. McLellan; Re-
presentatives: "The Canadian Nurse," Miss M. G.
Laird; Local Press, Rotating members of Board.

A. A., ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, VANCOUVER

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Superior; Hon. Vice-
President, Sister Therese Annable; President, Miss
Kitty B. Mosdell; Vice-President, Miss Elizabeth
Berry: Secretary, Miss Evelyn Dee; Asst. Secretary,
Miss Isabel Todd; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Mildred
A. Cohoon; Executive, Misses M. McDonald, B.
Geddes, E. Reilly. G. Armson, D. Hall, A. Webb, E.
HanaQn and A. Jordon.

A. A., VANCOUVER GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Grace Fairley; President, Miss
Joan Hardy; First Vice-President, Miss Dorothy
Coughlin; Second Vice-President, Miss Mary McLean;
Secretary, Mrs. Percy Jones, 3681 2nd Ave. W.;
Assistant. Secretary, Mrs. Hugh McMillan; Treasurer,
Miss Eva Webster, The Vancouver General
Hospital; Committee Conveners: Refreshment, Mrs.
Ferguson; Programme, Miss Hannon; Sewing, Miss
McLennan; .Sick Visiting, Miss Hilda Smith; Re-
presentatives; Local Press, Mrs. McCallum; "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Stevenson; Women's Building,
Miss Whittaker; Membership, Miss L. Maxwell; Sick
Benefit Fund and Bond Committee, Miss Isobel
McVicar and Miss Bullock.

A.A., JUBILEE HOSPITAL, VICTORIA, B.C.

BRANDON GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

Hon. President, Miss E. M. Birtles; Hon. Vice-
President, Mrs. W. H. Shillinglaw; President, Miss
M. Finlayson; First Vice-President, Miss H. Meadows;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. L. C. Ferrier; Secretary,
Mrs. S. Pierce; Treasurer, Miss L Fargey, 302 Russell
St., Brandon; Conveners of Committees: Social, Miss
T. Hill; Sick Visiting, Miss M. Trotter; Welfare Re-
presentative, Miss M. Houston; Private Duty, Miss D.
Longley; Blind, Mrs. Darrach; Cook Books, Miss
Gemmell; Press Representative, Miss A. Hicka;
Registrar, Miss C. Macleod.

A.A., ST. BONIFACE HOSPITAL, ST. BONIFACE,

^ MAN. , ^ ^ ._ _.__

Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Mead, St. Boniface Hos-
pital; Second Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Krause, St.
Boniface Hospital; President, . Miss E. Shirley, 28
King George Crt.; First Vice-Picsident, Miss E. Perry,
1628 Roy Ave., Weston; Second Vice-President, Miss
H. Stephens, 15 Ruth Apts.; Secretary, Mrs. Stella
Gordon Kerr, 753 Wolseley Ave.;Treasuier, Miss A.
Price, Ste. 18 Diana Crt.; Conveners of Committees,
Social, Miss T. O'Rourke, Ste. 48 Marlhurst Apts;
Refreshment, Miss C. Miller, Ste 2 St. James Park
Blk.; Sick Visiting, Miss T. Guville, 211 Hillj St.,
Norwood; Representative to Local Council of Women,
Miss C. Code, 1238 Downing St., Miss C. Wright, 340
St. Johns Ave.; Representative to Manitoba Nurses
Central Directory Committee, Mrs. E. MacDonald,
369 Langside St.; Press and Publication, Miss M.
Meehan, 753 Wolseley Ave. •!« tf

Meetings — Second Wednesday of each month, 8 p.m.,
St. Boniface Nurses Residence.

A. A., WINNIPEG GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Mrs. W. A. Moody, 97 Ash St.;
President, Mrs. J. A. Davidson, 39 Westgate; First
Vice-President, Mrs. S. Harry, Winnipeg General
Hospital; Second Vice-President, Miss L McDiarmid,
363 Langside St.; Third Vice-President, Miss E.
Gordon, Research Lab., Medical College; Recoiding
Secretary, Miss C. Briggs, 70 Kingsway; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss M. Duncan, Winnipeg General Hos-
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. L Graham, 99 Euclid St.;
Sick Visiting, Miss W. Stevenson, 535 Camden Place;
Programme, Miss C. Leth bridge, 877 Grosvenor Ave.,
Membership, Miss A. Pearson, Winnipeg General
Hospital.

A.A., GALT HOSPITAL, GALT, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Jamieson; President, Misa M.
King; First Vice-President, Miss L Atkinson; Second
Vice-President. Mrs. D. Scott; Secretary, Mrs. F.
Roloefson; Treasurer, Miss G. Rutherford; Programme
Committee: Convener, Mrs. E. V. Brown, Misa Hop-
kinson and Miss Blogden.

A. A., KITCHENER AND WATERLOO GENERAL
HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Mi.ss M. Snider; -President, Miss
L. McTague; First Vice-President, Mrs. V. Snider;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. R. Petch; Secretary,
Miss T. Sitler, 32 Troy St.; Asst. Secretary. Miss J.
Sinclair; Treasurer, Miss E. Ferry; "The Canadian
Nurse", Miss E. Hartlieb.

THE EDITH CAVELL ASSOCIATION OP
LONDON, ONT.

President, Miss Nora E. MacPherson, Victoria
Hospital; First Vice-President, Miss Anne M. Forrest;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. C. West; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss Annie P. Evans, 860 Richmond St.;
Social Secretary, Miss M. Bawden; Registry Board
Representatives, Miss M. Anderson, Mrs. Ohve
Smiley; Programme Committee, Miss H. Bapty,
Miss is. Morris, Mrs. G. Gillies; Representative, "The
Canadian Nurse," Mrs. John Gunn.

270

THE CANADIAN NURSE

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE ASSOCIATION,
TORONTO

DISTRICT No. 8, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Chairman, Miss Alice Ahern; Vice-Chairman,
Miss D. M. Percy; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss A. G.
Tanner, Ottawa Civic Hospital; Councillors, Misses
M. Stewait, M. Slinn, G. Woods, M. B. Anderson,
Amy Brady, Ella Rochon; Conveners of Committees,
Membership, Miss E. Rochon; Publications, Miss M.
Stewart; Nursing Education, Miss M. E. Anderson;
Private Duty, Miss Mary Slinn; Public Health, Miss
Marjorie Robertson; Representative to Board of
Directors, Miss A. Ahern.

DISTRICT No. 10, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Meetings held first Thursday every month.

A. A., BELLEVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Regular meeting held first Tuesday in each month at
3.30 p.m. in the Nurses' Residence.

A.A., BRANTFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. Muriel McKee, Superin-
tendent; President, Miss Marion Cuff; Vice-President,
Miss Madeline Waghorn; Secretary, Miss Hilda Muir;
Asst. Secretary, Miss Natalie Lockman; Treasurer,
Miss Jean Davidson; "The Canadian Nurse" Repre-
sentative, Miss Nellie Yardley; Press Representative,
Miss Anne Hardisty; Flower Committee, Miss Ida
Martin, Mi.ss Florence Stuart; Gift Committee, Mrs.
D. A. Morrison, Mrs. A. A. Matthews; Social Con-
vener, Mrs. W. H. Langton.

A.A., BROCEVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss A. L. Shannette; President,
Mrs. H. B. White; First Vice-President, Miss M.
Arnold; Second Vice-President, Miss J. Nicholson;
Third Vice-President, Mrs. W. B. Reynolds; Secretary,
Miss B. Beatrice Hamilton, Brockville General Hos-
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. F. Vandusen, 65 Church St.;
Representative to "The Canadian Nur»e," Miss V.
Kendrick.

A. A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL,
CHATHAM, ONT.

Hon. President. Mother St. Roch; Hon. Vice-
President. Sister M. Loretta; President, Mrs. Pearl
Johnston; Vice-President. Miss Jean Lundy; Secretary,
Miss Irene Gillard, .52 Raleigh St., Chatham; Treasurer,
Miss Jean Bagnell: Executive, Misses Jessie Ross,
Katherine Dillon and Agnes Harrison; Flower Com-
mittee, Miss Felice Richardson and Mona Middleton;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss
Jessie Ross; Representative, District No. 1, R.N.A.O.,
Miss Hazel Gray.

A. A., CORNWALL GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Lydia Whiting; President,
Miss Mary Fleming; First Vice-President, Mrs.
Boldick; Second Vice-President, Miss Mabel Hill;
Secretary- Treasurer, Miss Helen C. Wilson, Cornwall
General Hospital; Representative to "The Canadian
Nurse," Miss Cora Droppo.

A. A. , ROYAL ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL, FERGUS

Hon. President, Miss Helen Campbell; President,
Mrs. Bean, 54 Rosemount Ave., Toronto; First Vice-
President, Miss Marian Petty; Second Vice-President»
Mrs. Ida Ewing; Treasurer, Miss Bertha Brillinger,
Toronto; Secretary, Miss Evelyn Osborne, 8 Oriole
Gardens, Toronto: Asst. Secretary, Mrs. N. Davidson,
Fergus Hospital; Press Secretary, Miss Jean Campbell,
72 Hendrick Ave., Toronto.

A. A., GUELPH GENERAL HOSPITAL

A. A., HAMILTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. C. Ravside, Hamilton
General Hospital; President, Miss Annie B. Boyd,
607 Main St. E.; Vice-President, Miss M. Buchannan,
Hamilton General Hospital; Treasurer, Miss E. Bell,
1 Cumberland Ave.; Recording Secretary, Miss B.
Aitken, 44 Victoria Ave. S.; Secretary -Treasurer Mutua
Benefit Association, Miss L. Hannah, 25 West Ave. S.;
Executive Committee, Mrs. N. Barlow (Convenei),
211 Stenson St., Misses E. Baird, C. Chappel, M.
Pegg, Mrs. E. Johnson; Programme Committee. Miss
Mary Ross (Convener), Misses M. Watt, H. Baker,
E. Davidson, J. Lenz, M Harvey, C. Currah, Blanche
Pond; IHower and Visiting Committee, Miss Sturrock
(Convener), Misses Squires, Blanchard, Burnett.
Representatives to Local Council of Women, Mrs.
Hess, Misses Harley, Buckbee, Burnett; Representative
to R.N.A.O., Miss G. Hall; Representatives to "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Busconibe (Convener), Misses
Strachan and Carruthers; Representative to Women's
Auxiliary. Mrs. J. Stephen; Registry Committee,
Mrs. Hess (Convener), Misses Nugent, Hack, Gringer.

A A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, HAMILTON,

Hon. President, Mother Martina; President, Miss
E. Quinn; Vice-President, Miss H. Fagan; "Treasurer^
Miss I. Loyst. 71 Bay Street S.; Secretary, Miss M.
Maloney, 31 Erie Avenue; Convener, Executive Com-
mittee, Miss M. Kelley; The Canadian Nurse, Miat
Moran.

A. A., HOTEL DIEU, KINGSTON, ONT.

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Donovan; President,
Mrs. William Elder, Avonmore Apts.; Vice-President,
Mrs. V. L. Fallon; "Treasurer, Miss Millie MacKinnon;
Secretary, Miss Genevieve Pelow; Executive, Mrs. L.
Welch, Mrs. Cochrane. Mrs. L. E. Crowley, Misses
Millie Mackinnon, Evelyn Finn; A'isiting Committee,
Misses Olive McDermott, C. McGarry; Entertainment
Committee, Misses MacKinnon, Murphy, Bain,
Hamell, McCadden, Mrs. Ryan, Mrs. Fallon.

A. A., KINGSTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

First Hon. President, Miss E. Baker; Second Hon.
President, Miss Louise D. Acton; President, Miss
Oleira M. Wilson; First Vice-President, Mrs. G. H.
Leggett; Second Vice-President, Mrs. S. F. Campbell;
Third Vice-President, Miss Ann Baillie; Treasurer,
Mrs. C. W. Ma'lory, 203 Albert St.; Corresponding
■Secretary, Miss C. ^lilton, 404 Brock St.: Recording
Secretary, Miss Ann Davis, f)6 Lower William St.;
Convener Flower Committee, Mrs. George Nicol. 355
Frontenac St.; Press Representative, Miss Helen
B.abcook, Kingston General Hospital; Private Duty
Section, Miss Emma McLean. 478 Frontenac St.

KITCHENER AND WATERLOO REGISTERED
NURSES' ASSOCIATION

President, Miss V. Winierhalt; First Vice-President,
Miss M. Elliott; Second Vice-President, Mrs. W. Noll:
Treasurer, Mrs. W. Knell, 41 Ahrens St.W.; Secretary,
Miss E. Master, 13 Chapel St.; Representative to
"The Canadian Nurse," Aliss Hazel Adair, Kitchener
and Waterloo Hospital.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

271

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

A.A., VICTORIA HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Nora MacPherson, Superin-
tendent, Victoria Hospital School of Nursing; President,
Miss Delia Foster, 420 Oxford St.; First Vice-President,
Miss Mary Yule, 1.51 Bathurat St.: Second Vice-
President, Miss Christine Gillies, Victoria Hospital;
Treasurer, Miss Edith Smallman, 814 Dundas St.;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss Mabel Hardie, 182
Bruce St.; Secretary, Miss Isobel Hunt, 898 Princess
Ave.; Representative to The Canadian Nurse, Mrs.
S. G. Henry, 720 Dundas St.; Board of Directors,
Mrs. C. J. Rose, Mrs. W. Cummins, Misses H. Hueston,
H. Cryderman, E. Gibberd. A. MacKenzie; Repre-
sentatives to Registry Board, Misses M. McVicar,
8. Giffen, A. Johnston and W. Wilton.

A. A., NIAGARA FALLS GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. S. Park; President, Mrs.

A. A., ORILLIA SOLDIERS' MEMORIAL
HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. Johnston; President, Miss

G. Went; First Vice-President, Miss M. Payne;
Second Vice-President, Miss S. Dudenhoffer; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss M. B. MacLelland; Programme
Committee, Misses C. Newton, A. Reekie, E. Mitchell
»nd B. McFadden.

Regular Meeting — First Thursday of each month

A. A., OSHAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Mac Williams; President, Miss
Ann Scott, 26 King Street E., Oshawa; Vice-President,
Miss Emily Duckwith; Second Vice-President, Mrs.
H. Harland; Secretary, Mrs. Mabel Yelland, 14
Victoria Apts., Simcoe St. S., Oshawa; Asst. Secretary,
Miss Jessie Mcintosh; Corresopnding Secretary, Miss
Helen Hutchison, 14 Victoria Apts., Simcoe St. S.,
Oshawa; Treasurer, Miss Jane Cole; Social Convener,
Miss Amber Sonley, Visiting and Flower Convener,
Mrs. M. Canning; Convener Private Duty Nurses,
Miss Margaret Dickie; Repre.sentative, Hospital
Auxiliary, Mrs. M. Canning, Mrs. E. Hare, Mrs. B.
A. Brown.

A.A., ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, OTTAWA

A.A., LADY STANLEY INSTITUTE, OTTAWA
(Incorporated 1918)
Hon. President, Miss M. A. Catton, 2 Regent St.;
Hon. Vice-President, Miss Florence Potts; President,
Miss Mabel M. Stewart, Royal Ottawa Sanatorium;
Vice-President, Miss M. McNiece, Perley Home,
Aylmer Ave.; Secretary, Mrs. G. O, Skuce, Britannia
Bay. Ont.; Treasurer, Miss C. Slinn, 204 Stanley Ave.;
Board of Directors, Miss E. MacGibbon, 114 Carling
Ave.; Miss C. Flack, 152 First Ave.; Miss E. McColl,
Vimy Apts., Charlotte St.; Miss L. Belford, Perley
Home, Aylmer Ave.; "Canadian Nurse" Representative
Miss A. Ebbs, 80 Hamilton Ave.; Representatives to
Central Registry Nurses, Miss A. Ebbs, 80 Hamilton
Ave.; Miss Mary C. Slinn, 204 Stanley Ave.; Press
Representative, Mrs. J. Waddell, 220 Waverley St.

A. A., OTTAWA CIVIC HOSPITAL
Hon. President, Miss Gertrude Bennett; President,
Miss Evelyn Pepper; First Vice-President, Miss
Elizabeth Graydon; Second Vice-Pre.sident, Miss
Dorothy Moxley; Treasurer, Miss Winnifred Gemmell,
221 Gilmour St.; Recording Secretary, Miss Greta
Wilson, 489 Metcalfe St.; Corre.sponding Secretary,
Miss Eileen Graham, 41 Willard St.; Councillors,
Mrs. G. W. Dunning, Misses Elizabeth Curry, Gertrude

Moloney, Mary Lamb, Gladys Moorehead; Convener
of Flower and Sick Visiting Committee, Miss Margaret
McCallum; Press Correspondent, Miss E. Osborne.

A. A., OTTAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

A. A., OWEN SOUND GENERAL AND
MARINE HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss B. Hall; President, Mrs. D. J.
McMillan, 1151 3rd Ave. W.; Vice-President, Miss C.
Thompson; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss A. Mitchell,
466 17th St. W.; A.ssistant Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs.
Tomlinson; Flower Committee, Miss M. Story, Miss
C. Stewart, Mrs. Frost; Programme Committee,
Misses Sim, C. Stewart; Press Representative, Miss M.
Morrison.

A.A., NICHOLLS HOSPITAL, PETERBORO, ONT.

Hon. President, Mrs. E. M. Leeson; President, Miss
H. M. Anderson; First Vice-President, Miss L. Simpson;
Second Vice-President, Miss M. Watson; Treasurer,
Miss L. Ball; Secretary, Miss L Armstrong; Correspond-
ing Secretary, Miss H. Hooper, Peterboro Hospital;
Convener Social Committee, Miss A. Dobbin; Con-
vener of Flower Committee, Miss S. Armstrong.

A. A., SARNIA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. Lee; President, Miss L.
Siegrist; Vice-President, Miss J. Hodgins; Treasurer,
Miss M. Wood; Secretary, Miss S. Trea; "The Canadian
Nurse," Miss D. Shaw; Committees, Flower, Miss H.
Abra; Programme, Misses A. Silverthorne, C. Medcraft,
Mrs. S. Elrick; Social Miss B. MacFarlane, Mrs.
Kennedy.

A. A., STRATFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss A. M. Munn; President, Misa
Hasel Crerar; Vice-President, Miss Myrtle Hodgins:
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Ivy Rennie : Convenor of
Social Committee, Miss Isabel Wilson: Correspondent
The Canadian Nurse, Miss Florence Kudoba.

A.A., MACE TRAINING SCHOOL
ST. CATHERINES

Hon. President, Miss Anne Wright, Superintendent,
General Hospital; President, Miss Helen Brown,
General Hospital; First Vice-President, Miss Marriott,
94i Queenston St.; Second Vice-President, Mrs. E.
Dewar, 39 Marquis St.; Secretary-Treasurer, Misa
Florence McArter, General Hospital; Asst. Secretary-
Treasurer, Mrs. Charles Hesburn, 54 George St.;
"The Canadian Nurse" Representative, Miss Aleda
Brubaker, 29 Page St.; "The Canadian Nurse" Sub-
scriptions and Press Correspondent, Mrs. S. Ockenden,
4 Beech St.; Social Committee, Mrs. R. E. Elderkin
(Convener), Mrs. G. I. Zumstein, Mrs. F. Newman,
Mrs. N. Buchanan; Programme Committee, Misa
Tuch (Convener), Miss Moyer, Mrs. W. Durham.

A.A., MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, ST. THOMAS

Hon. President, Miss Lucille Armstrong, Memorial
Hospital; Hon. Vice-President, Miss Mary Buchanan,
Memorial Hospital; President, Miss Margaret Benja-
field, 39 Wellington Street; First Vice-President, Mrs.
Frank Penhale; Second Vice-President, Miss Bessie
Pollock; Recording Secretary, Mrs. John Smale, 34
Erie Street; Corresonding Secretary, Miss Alice
Patrick, 33 Gladstone Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Bella
Mitchener, 50 Chestnut Street; "The Canadian Nurse,"
Miss Isabella M. Leadbetter, Talbot Street; Executive,
Misses Hazel Hastings, Lissa Crane, Mary Oke,
Mildred Jennings, Florence Treherne.

A. A., TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Snively; Hon. Vice-President,
Miss Jean Gunn; President, Miss Jeane Browne;
First Vice-President, Miss Anna Dove; Second Vice-
President, Miss Kathleen Russell; Secretary, Misa
McGregor, Ward 1, Toronto General Hospital; Treas-
urer, Miss McGeachie, Medical Arts Building, Bloor
St.; Asst. Treasurer, Miss Laura Lindsay; Councillors,
Mra. Margaret Dewey, Misses Gordon and Dulmage;
Archivist, Miss Kniseley.

272

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A. A., GRACE HOSPITAL, TOEONTO

Hon. President, Ms. C. J. Currj'; President, Mrs.
L. B. Hutchison; First Vice-President, Mrs. John
Gray; Recording Secretary, Miss M. Teasdale; Cor-
responding Secretary, Miss Lilhan E. Wood, 3248
Yonge St., Toronto 12; Treasurer, Miss V. M. Elliott,
194 Cottingham St.; Representative to Central Regis-
try, Miss Devellin.

A. A., GRANT MACDONALD TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR NURSES, TORONTO, ONT.

Hon. President,, Miss Esther M. Cook. 130 Dunn
Ave.; President, Miss Ida Weeks, 130 Dunn Ave.;
Vice-President, Miss Sadie McLaren; Recording
Secretary, Miss I. Ostic; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
M. Whittall; Treasurer, Miss McCuUough, 130 Dunn
Ave.; Social Convener, Miss P. LawTence.

A. A., TORONTO ORTHOPEDIC HOSPITAL
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES

Hon. President, Miss E. MacLean; President, Miss
Hazel Young, 100 Bloor St. W.; Vice-President, Mrs.
W. J. Smithers, 35 Wilberton Road; Secretary- Treas-
urer, Miss R. HoUingworth, 100 Bloor St. W.; Re-
presentatives to Central Registry, Miss C. Grannon,
205 George St., and Miss M. Beston, 5 De Savery
Crescent; Representative to R.N.A.O., Miss A.
Bodley, 43 Metcalf St.

A. A., RIVERDALE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss Carrie Field, 185 Bain Ave., Toronto;
First Vice-President, Miss Gertrude Gastrell, Riverdale
Hospital; Second Vice-President, Mrs. H. W. Thomp-
son, 34 Burnside Drive; Secretary, Mrs. H. E. Radford,
458 Strathmore Blvd.; Treasurer, Miss Margaret
Floyd, Riverdale Hospital; Board of Directors — Com-
mittees: Sick and Visiting, Miss S. Stretton, 7 Edge-
wood Ave.; Programme, Miss K. Mathieson, Riverdale
Hospital; Membership, Miss Murphy, Weston Sani-
tarium, Weston; Mrs. E. G. Berry, 97 Bond St.,
Oshawa; Press and Publication, Miss C. L. Russell,
General Hospital, Toronto,

A. A., HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN,
TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. Goodson; Hon. Vice-Presidents,
Miss F. J. Potts, Miss H. Panton and Miss P. B.
Austin; President, Mrs. F. E. Atkinson; First Vice-
President, Miss Petron Adam; Second Vice-President,
Miss Alice Grindley; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Mary Ingham; Recording Secretary, Miss Mary
Acland; Treasurei, Miss V. Marie Grafton, 534 Palm-
erston Blvd.; Councillors, Misses Louise Rogers,
Hilda Rose, Jean Beaton, Helen Needier, Mabel St.
John and Mrs. Harold McClelland.

A.A., ST. JOHN'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Sister Beatrice, S.S.J. D., St. John's
Convent, Major Street; President, Miss Cook, 464
Logan Ave.; First Vice-President, Miss Holdsworth,
Islington 297; Second Vice-President, Miss Anderson,
468 Kingston Road; Recording Secretary, Miss Frost,
450 Maybank Ave.; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Garnham, 26 Balmoral Ave,; Treasurer, Miss Slimon,
464 Logan Ave.; Press Representative, Miss Doherty,
7 Howland Ave.; Convener of Flowers and Sick, Miss
Davis, 51 Brunswick Ave.

A. A. . , ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO , ONT.

Hon. President, Rev. Si.ster M. Melanie; President,
Miss E. Morrison, 1543 Queen Street West, Toronto;
First Vice-President, Miss A. O'Neill; Second Vice-
President, Miss L. Boyle; Treasurer, Miss M. Heary,
1.58 Marion Street, Toronto; Recording Secretary .Aliss
R. Rouse; Corresponding Secretary, Miss O, MacKenzie
43 LawTence Ave. West, Toronto; Councillois, Misses

0. Kidd, M. Howard, V. Sylvain, G. Davis; Constitu-
tionals, Misses A. Hihn, M. Howard, L. Boyle; Pro-
gramme Committee, Misses R. Jean-Marie, L. Dunbar,

1. Voisin.

A. A., ST. MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Margaret; Hon. Vice-
President, Rev. Sr. M. Amata; President, Miss Essie
Taylor; First Vice-President, Miss Ella Graydon;
Second Vice-President, Miss Helen Keaney; Thifd
Vice-Pre.sident, Miss Celia Hyres; Recording Secretary,
Miss MacGreen; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Helen
O'SuUivan; Treasurer, Miss Helen Hyland. 137
Belsize Drive, Toronto; Directors, Misses Ella M.
Chalue, Marie I. Foy, Marcella Berger; Press and
Publications, Miss Grace Murphy; Private Duty, Miss
Julia O'Connor; Public Health, Miss Hilda Kerr.

A.A., VICTORIA MEM. HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. Forbes Godfrey; President,
MiM Annie Pringle; Vice-President, Miss Dorothy

Gre«r; Secretary, Miss Florence Lowe, 152 Kenilwortb
Ave., Toronto; Treasurer, Miss Ida Hawley, 41
Gloucester St., Toronto,

Regular Meeting — First Monday of each month.

A.A., WELLESLEY HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss Edith Carson, 499 Sherbourne St.;
Vice-President, Miss Ruth Jackson, 80 Summerhill
Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Lucille Thompson, 4, 118 Isa-
bella St.; Recording Secretary, Miss Mildred Mc-
Mullen, 133 Isabella St.; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss Evelyn McCullough, 1117 Danforth Ave.;
Executive, Misses Edna Tucker, Betty Scott, Doris
Anderson, Audrey Lavelle; Correspondent to The
Canadian Nurse, Miss Waple Greaves, 65 Glendale

Ave.

A. A., TORONTO WESTERN HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss B. L. Ellis; President, Miss
Rahno Beamish, Toronto Western Hospital; Vice-
President, Miss L. Smith Recording Secretary,
Miss Matthews, 74 Westmount Ave.; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss Buckley, Toronto Western Ho.spital;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse." Miss
Milligan; Representative to Local Council of Women,
Mrs. McConnell; Hon. Councillors, Mrs. Yorke, Mrs.
McConnell; Councillors, Miss McLean, Orthopedic
Hospital, Misses Cooney, Steacy, Stevenson, Wiggins,
J. G. Smith, Devine; Social Committee, Miss Sharpe
(Convener), Misses Agnew, Woodward, Miles; Flower
Committee, Miss Lament, Miss Ayerst; Visiting
Committee, Misses Lowe, Harshaw, Essex; Layette
Committee, Miss Cooper.

Meetings will be held the second Tuesday in each.
month at 8 p.m. in the Assembly Room, Nurses'
Residence, Toronto Western Hospital.

A. A., WOMEN'S COLLEGE HOSPITAL.
TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. H. M. Bowman; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Harriet Meiklejohn; Piesident, Mis»
Vera Allen; First Vice-President, Miss Munns; Second
Vice-President, Miss Lougheed; Recording Secretary,
Miss Bankwitz; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Blair,
64 Deleware St.; Assistant Secretary, Miss Clark, 64
Deleware St.; Treasurer, Miss Eraser; Representatives
to Central Registry, Miss Bankwitz, Miss Kidd;
Repiesentative to District No. 5, Miss Clarke; "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss E. E. K. Collier.

Meetings at 74 Grenville St., second Monday in each

month.

A. A., CONNAUGHT TRAINING SCHOOL FOR
NURSES, TORONTO HOSPITAL, WESTON

Hon. President, Miss E, MacP. Dickson, Toronta
Hospital, Weston; President, Miss E. Eldridge; Vice-
President, Miss A. Atkinson; Secretary, Miss E. L,
Barlow, Toronto Hospital, Weston; Treasurer, Miss-
P. M. Stuttle.

A.A., HOTEL DIEU, WINDSOR, ONTARIO

President, Miss Angela Code, Maple Apts.; First
Vice-President, Miss Helen Piper; Second Vice-
President, Miss Alice Baillageon; Secretary, Miss
Helen Slattery; Treasurer, Miss Evelyn Wolfe; Press
Correspondent, Miss Mary A. Finnegan.

A. A., GENERAL HOSPITAL, WOODSTOCK

Hon. President, Miss Frances Sharpe; President,
Mrs. Melsome; Vice-President, Miss Jefferson; Sec-
retary, Miss G. Boothby; Assistant Secretary, Mis*
Green; Corresponding Secretary, Miss M. F. Costello,
67 Wellington St. N., Woodstock, Ont.; Treasurer.
Miss L. Jackson; Representative, The Canadian
Nurse, Miss A. G. Cook; Programme Committee,
Misses Mackay, Anderson and Hobbs; Social Com-
mittee, Miss Hastings and Miss M. Culvert; Flower
Committee, Miss Rickard and Miss Eby.

GRADUATE NURSES ASSOCIATION OF THK
EASTERN TOWNSHIPS

Hon. President, Miss H. S, Buck, Superintendent
Sherbrooke Hospital; President, Miss D. Stevens;
First Vice-President, Miss J. Fenton; Second Vice-
President, Miss Humphrey; Recording Secretary,
Miss D. Ingraham; Corresponding Secretary, Miss H
Hetherington; Treasurer, Miss M. Robins: Repre-
sentative, "The Canadian Nurse," Miss C. Hornby,
Box 324. Sherbrooke, P.Q.: Private Duty Represent-
ative, Miss Alice Lyster.

A. A., LACHINE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. L. Brown; President.
Miss M. A. McNutt; Vice-President, Miss J. C.
McKee; Secretary- Treasurer, Miss E. J. Dewar, 558
Notre Dame Street, Lachine, Que.; Private Duty
Representative, Miss M. Lamb, 376 Claremont Ave.,
Montreal; Executive Committee. Miss Robinson,.
Miss Goodfellow.

Meeting — First Monday of each month, at 9 pjn.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

273

MONTREAL GRADUATE NURSES' ASS'N

Hon. President, Miss L. C. Phillips, 3626 St. Urbain
St.; President, Miss Agnes Jamieson, 1230 Bishop St.;
First Vice-President, Miss Jessie Robertson. 3546
Shuter St.; Second Vice-President, Mi.ss Kate Wilson,
1230 Bishop St.; Secretary-Trea<?urer, Miss Ethel
Clark, 1230 Bishop St.; Day Registrar, Miss Lucy
White, 1230 Bishop St.; N'ight Registrar, Miss Ethel
Clark, 1230 Bishop St.; Relief Registrar, Miss H. M.
Sutherland, 12 Selkirk Ave.; Convener GrifEntown
Club, Miss Georgie CoUey, 261 Melville Ave., West-
mount, P.Q. , ,. , .1

Regular Meeting — First Tuesday of January, April,

October and December.

A.A., CHILDREN'S MEM. HOSP., MONTREAL

Hon. President, Miss A. S. Kinder; President, Mrs.
F. C. Martin; Vice-President, Miss Alice Adlington;
Secretary, Miss M. Flander, Children's Memorial
Hospital; Treasurer, Miss H. Easterbrook; Repre-
sentative to "The Canadian Nurse", Miss Viola
Schneider; Sick Nurses' Committee, Miss Ruth
Miller, Miss Alexander; Members of Executive Com-
mittee, Mrs. Moore. Miss B. Cleary; Social Committee,
Misses Gough, Paterson, Bell, Atkinson.

A. A., MONTREAL GENERAL HOSPITAL

President, Mrs. Allan; First Vice-President, Miss A.
Jamieson; Second Vice-President, Miss M. Mathewson;
Recording Secretary, Miss Inez Welling; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Anne Thorpe; Treasurer, Alumnae
Association and Mutual Benefit Association, Miss
Isabel Davies; Hon. Treasurer, Miss H. M. Dunlop;
Executive Committee, Misses M. K. Holt, F. E.
Strumm, J. Meigs, L. Urquhart, C. M. Watling;
Representatives, Private Duty Section, Misses Morrison
(Convener), R. Loggie, Melba Johnston, Winnifred
Spier; Representatives to "The Canadian Nurse,"
Misses C. M. Watling (Convener), N. Kennedy- Reid,
Ruth Hamilton; Representatives to Local Council of
Women, Miss G. CoUey (Convener), Miss Marjorie Ross
(Proxy), Miss Harriett Ross; Sick Visiting Committee,
Mrs. Stuart Ramsey Convener), Misses L. Shepherd,
B. Noble; Refreshment Committee, Misses D. Flint(Con-
vener;, Si. I. McLeod, Theodora SicDonald, S. Fraser.

A. A., HOMOEOPATHIC HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mrs. H. Pollock; President, Mrs. J.
Warren; First Vice-President, Miss I. Garrick; Second
Vice-President, Miss D. Campbell; Secretary, Miss
M. Brighty; Asst. Secretary, Miss M. Hayden; Treas-
urer, Miss D. W. Miller; Asst. Tieasurer, Miss N. G.
Horner; Private Duty Section, Miss A. M. Porteous;
'"The Canadian Nurse" Representative, Miss A.
Pearce; Social Committee, Miss D. Smith; Montreal
Nurses Association, Miss D. Smith, Miss M. Bright.

A. A. , ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. Presidents, Miss E. A. Draper, Miss M. F.
Hersey; President, Mrs. E. H. Stanle.v; First Vice-
President. Mrs. G. LeBeau; Second Vice-President,
Miss E. Gall; Recording Secretary, Miss E. MacKean;
Secretary-Treasurer, ^Iiss K. Jamer; Convener. Fin-
ance Committee, Miss B. Campbell; Representatives to
Local Council, Sirs. V Linnell, Mrs. G. Porter; Con-
vener Sick Visiting Committee, Miss A. Deane;
Convener Programme Committee, Mrs. F. A. C.
Scrimger; Convener Private Duty Representatives,
Miss M. MacCallum; Convener Refreshments Com-
mittee, Miss Adams; Executive Committee, Mi.ss M. F.
Hersey, Miss Goodhue. Miss E. Reid, Mrs. Roberts,
Miss B. Forgey, Miss M. Etter; "Canadian Nurse"
Representative, Miss E. Flanagan.

A.A., WESTERN HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Miss Craig; President, Miss Birch;
First Vice-President, Miss Edna Payne; Second Vice-
President, Miss L. Sutton; Treasurer, Miss Jane Craig,
Western Hospital; Secretary, Miss C)lga McCrudden,
314 Grosvenor Ave., Westmount, P.Q.; Finance Com-
mittee, Miss L. Johnston, Miss A. Yates; Programme
Committee, Miss Cross, Miss Williams; Sick and
Visiting Committee, Miss Dyer; Representative to
Private Duty Section, Miss Taylor; Representative to
"The Canadian Nurse," Miss McOuat.

A. A., NOTRE DAME HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mother Dugas; Hon. Vice-Presi-
dents Mother Mailloux and Rev. Sister Robert;
President, Miss G. Latour: First Vice-President. Miss
M. de Courville; Second Vice-President, MissF.Filion;
First Councillor, Miss B. Lecompte: Second Councillor,
Miss F. Gariepy; Secretary, Miss Margot Pauze, 4234
St. Hubert St.; Asst. Secretary, Mrs. Choquette;
Treasurer, Miss L. Boulerice; Conveners of Committees:
Social, Miss E. Merizzi; Nomination, Misses A. Lepine,
A. Lalande, E. Rousseau; Sick Visiting, Misses A.
Martineau, G. Gagnon, B. Lacourse.

A.A., WOMAN'S GEN. HOSP, WESTMOUNT, P.Q.

Hon. Presidents, Miss E. F. Trench, Miss F. George;
President, Mrs. Crewe; First Vice-President, Miss N. J.
Brown; Second Vice-President, Miss M. Forbes;
Recording Secretary, Miss L. Wallace; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss L. Steeves; Treasurer and "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss E. L. Francis, 1210 Sussex
Ave., Montreal; Sick Visiting, Miss L. Jensen, Miss K.
Morrison; Private Duty, Mrs. Chisholm, ^TissL. Smiley.

Regular monthly meeting every third Wed., 8 p.m.
A. A., JEFFERY HALE'S HOSPITAL, QUEBEC

Hon. President, Mrs. S. Barrow; President, Miss
Muriel Fischer; First Vice-President, Miss Daisy
Jackson; Second Vice-President, Miss Cecile Caron;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss H. A. Mackay; Record-
ing Secretary, Miss Gertrude Martin; Treasurer, Miss
Eunice MacHarg; Refreshment Committee, Miss Flora
Ascah, Miss Lyla Moore; Sick Visiting Committee,
Mrs. S. Barrow, Miss F. Imrie; "The Canadian Nurse"
Representative, Mrs. Harold A. Blanche; Private Duty
Section, Miss Ethel Douglas; Councillors, Misses E.
Fitzpatrick, Daisy Jackson, Flora Ascah, G. Mayhew,

C. Kennedy.

A. A., SHERBROOKE HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss H. S. Buck; President, Mrs.
Guy Bryant; First Vice-President, Mrs. Roy Wiggett;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. Nelson Lothrop; Record-
ing Secretary, Miss Evelyn Warren; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Nora Arguin; Treasurer, Miss Alice
Lyster; Correspondent to "The Canadian Nurse,"
Miss Kathleen Hatch; Committee, Miss Sutton, Miss
Ella Marrisette, Mrs. Davey.

MOOSE JAW GRADUATE NURSES' ASS'N

Hon. President, Mrs. Geo. Lydiard; President,
Miss Elizabeth Smit..; Vice-President, Mrs. M. A.
Young, Secretary-Treasurer, Miss May Armstrong,
1905 2nd Ave., N.E.; Social Convener, Miss French;
Press Convener, Mrs. W. H. Metcalfe; Programme,
Miss Diermert; Constitutions and By-Laws, Miss
Casey; Representatives, Private Duty, Miss Roaaie
Cooper; "The Canadian Nurse," Miss E. Lamond.
A.A., REGINA GENERAL HOSPITAL

A.A. ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, SASKATOON

First Hon. President, Rev. Sister Fennell; Se<iond
Hon. President, Rev. Sister Weeks; President, Mias
Annie M. Campbell; Vice-President, Mrs. R. Roberts;
Secretary, Miss K. McKenzie, 1011 Eastlake Ave.,
Saskatoon; Treasurer, Miss E. Unsworth, 818, 11th
Street, Saskatoon; Executive, Mrs. C. W. Doran,
Misses A. Fentiman, and M. Roebuck.

Meetings, second Monday each month at 8.30 p.m.,

St. Paul's Nurses Home.

A.A., SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES,
McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL, P.Q.

Hon. President, Miss Mary Samuel; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Bertha Harmer; Hon. Members, Miss
M. F. Hersey, Miss G. M. Fairley, Dr. Helen R. Y.
Reid, Dr. Maude Abbott, Mrs. R. W. Reford; President,
Miss Martha Batson, Montreal General Hospital;
Vice-President, Miss George, Women's General
Hospital; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Eileen C. Flan-
agan, Royal Victoria Hospital; Programme Committee,
Miss M. Armstrong, 1230 Bishop St., Montreal; Miss
Elsie AUder, Royal Victoria Hospit.il; Representative
to Local Council of Women, Misses Leggat and Orr,
Shriners' Hospital; Representatives to "The Canadian
Nurse," Public Health Section, Miss Hewton; Teaching,
Miss SutclifTe, Alexandra Hospital; Administration,
Miss F. Upton, 1396 St. Catherine St. W.
A.A. OF THE DEPT. OF PUBLIC HEALTH
NURSING, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Hon. President, Miss E. K. Russell; President, Miss
Barbara Blackstock; Vice-President, Miss E. E.
Fraser; Recording Secretary, Miss I. Weirs; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss C. C. Fraser, 423 Gladstone Ave,
Toronto, Ont.; Conveners: Social, Miss E. Mannitig;
Programme. Miss McNamara; Membership, Mim
Lough eed .

A.A., HOSPITAL INSTRUCTORS AND AD-
MINISTRATORS, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Hon. President, Miss G. Hiscocks; Hon. Vice-
Presidents, (1) Miss K. Russell, (2) Miss A. M. Munn;
President, Miss E. Stuart; First Vice-President, Miss
E. Strachan; Second Vice-President, Miss E. Rothery;
Secretary, Mrs. C. S. Cas.>»an, 136 HeddingtoB Ave.;
Treasurer, Miss U. S. Ross. Hospital for Sick Children.

274

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The Central Registry of
Graduate Nurses Joronto

Furnish Nurses at any hour
DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Kingsdale 2136

Physicians' and Surgeons' Bldg.

86 Bloor Street, West.

TORONTO

HELEN CARRUTHERS. Reg.N.

Montreal Graduate Nurses'
Association Register

NURSES CALLED DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Uptown 0907

LUCY WHITE, Reg.N., Registrar,
1230 BishoD Street,

MONTREAL, P.Q.

Club House Phone Up-5666.

School for Graduate Nurses

McGILL UNIVERSITY
Session 1930-1931

Miss BERTHA HARMER, R.N., M.A.
Director

COURSES OFFERED:

Teaching in Schools of Nursing
Supervision in Schools of

Nursing
Administration in Schools of

Nursing

Public Health Nursing

Organization and Supervision

of Public Health Nursing

A CERTIFICATE will be granted for
the successful completion of an approved
programme of studies, covering a period of
ONE academic year, in the major course
selected ^rom the above.

A DIPLOMA will be granted for the success-
ful completion of the major course selected
from the above, covering a period of TWO
academic years.

For particulars apply to:

SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES
McGill University, Montreal

BRONX REGISTRY AND
CLUB FOR NURSES

1195 Boston Road, New York Olty

ANNA M. BROWN, R.N., Prop.
Establisbed 1911

THE

Manitoba Nurses' Central Directory

Registrar— ANNIE C. STARR; Reg. N.
Phone 30 620

753 WOLSELEY AVENUE

WINNIPEG. MAN.

I The Central Registry Graduate Nurses

I Phone Garfield 0382

I Registrar: ROBENA BURNETT. Reg.N.

IMMIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIMMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMItlllMIMIIIIillltllMIMMIMinillllilMMIMIir

i UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

1 THE PROVINCIAL UNIVEBSITY OT

I ONTARIO

I COURSES IN NURSING

I I. Teaching and Administration.

I An eight-months' course for Gradnate

i Nurses.

I II. PuhUc Health Nursing.

I A nine-months' course for Graduate

I Nurses.

I III. Public Health Nursing.

I A four-year course — including hospit-

I al training — for high school grad-

i uates.

I For detailed information apply to the |

1 Secretary, Department of Public Health i

I Nursing, or to the Director, University I

I Extension, University of Toronto, Toronto I

I 5, Canada. f

^IIIIIIIIIIIHIIXOIIMIIIIIIIII

33 Spadina Ave., Hamilton, Ont.

When Ordering From Your Suppliers Specify

"Maple Leaf"

(.BRAND)

ALCOHOL

For Every Hospital Use

Highest Quality Best Service

Medicinal Spirits, Rubbing Alcohol,

Iodine Solution, Denatured Alcohol,

Absolute Ethyl B.P., Anti-Freeze

Alcohol.
Sold by all leading Hospital Supply Houses

Canadian Industrial Alcohol Co. Ltd.

Montreal Toronto Corby ville

Winnipeg Vancouver

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

275

Obstetric Nursing

THE CHICAGO LYING-IN HOSPITAL oflfers a four-months' post-graduate
course in obstetric nursing to gradaates of accredited training schools con-
nected with general hospitals, giving not lesB than two years' training.

Board, room and laundry are furnished and an allowance of $10.00 per month to
cover incidental expense.

Affiliations with accredited Training Schools are desired, as follows :

A four-months' course to be given to pupils of accredited training schools asso-
ciated with general hospitals.

Only pupils who have completed their lurgical training can be accepted.

Pupil nurses r''^ board, room and laundry and an allowance of $5.00 per month.

ADDRESS

Chicago Lying-in Hospital and Dispensary

426 East 51st Street, CHICAGO

A Post-Graduate Training
School for Nurses

AND

An Affiliated Training
School for Nurses

The Massachusetts Eye and Ear
Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston,
offers to graduates of accredited
training schools a two months ' course,
both theoretical and practical, in the
nursing care of the diseases of the
eye. ear, nose and throat. The course
includes operating room experience.
If desired, a third month may be
spent in the social service department.

This course is very valuable to
public health nurses, especially to
those in schools and industries.

For further information address: —
SALLY JOHNSON, R.N.,
Superintendent of Nurses

Consider this Responsibility!

I HARSH TISSUE

I which tends to irritate
1 the skin is dangerous
I to health. Guard

i against these tissues
I of uncertain purity by
I ordering White Cross
I tissue for your bath-
i room, thus providing
I a very absorbent, pure
5 white and strong crepe
i tissue.

Soothing softness and all the qualities desired
are contained in the individually-wrapped roll of
White Cross.

Sold at the Better Stores

Manufactured by

Interlake Tissue Mills Co., Ltd.

TORONTO, ONT.
Distributors —

Mid-West Paper Sales Ltd.

WINNIPEG

Warehouses: Calgary, Edmonton, Begins

We carry also ' 'Interlake' ' brand and Velva-
tissue, Interlake decorative crepe, paper nap-
kins and towels.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

276

THE CANADIAN NURSE

W^w WHITAKERS /T>

If you lik^ smartness
in your uniforms

go to

your favorite store

and ask to ^^^ '^^

EVERSMART
UNIFORMS

If your dealer cannot supply you,
write us direct.

Catalogue gladly
sent on request.

Whitakcrs Limited

Sommer Bldg., 423 Mayor St.
MONTREAL, P.Q.

Telephone Lan. 8801

Number 1170

One piece model. Rows of pin tucking
from neck to hem in front. Collars and
cuffs tucked to match. Fine ocean pearl
detachable buttons. Made of fine pop-
lin. White only.

Sizes 32 to 44.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

281

"Cock-a-doodle-do! YOU can't crow like me! Nurse
doesn't rub YOU with the nice, soft, silky powder that
makes me feel so chirpy."

And the Chief Chemist tells you why

Johnson's Baby Powder is so superior. The finest grade of imported
Italian Talc is used — so different from the inferior talcs used in some
baby powders.

Rub a little Johnson's Baby Powder between your thumb and finger —
then do the same with another powder. You'll soon know if it's made
with inferior talc.

In order that you may test Johnson's Baby Powder, we will send you a
full-size tin, free of charge.

COUPON
Johnson & Johnson, Limited,

Pius IX Boulevard, Montreal, Que.

Gentlemen :

Please send me, free, a full-size tin of Johnson's Baby Powder.
I want to see if it is all you claim for it.

Name

I/ade in Canada ■ Address -

City Province

Jolinson y Johnson Product

Please mention "The Canadian Nurs?" vvhfn replying to Adv«rtiMrs«

282

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

283

You feel at ease

because Kotex is shaped to fit

Then, too, Kotex absorbs scientifically,
giving more secure protection.

WHEN you realize how
individual a problem
sanitary protection is, you ap-
preciate the fact that Kotex is
so made that you can adjust
it to your changing needs.

That, of course, is only one
of the advantages of Kotex. It
is shaped to ht inconspicuously
under any frock, no matter how
close-fitting. It is treated to
deodorize — keeps one feeling
dainty and immaculate at times
when that is more than ever nec-
essary. It is soft — not only at
first, but during hours of use.

Why Kotex stays soft
Kotex owes its unique depend-

ability and comfort to the fact
that it absorbs laterally. The
soft, delicate fibers of which it
is made carry moisture rapidly
away from the surface, leaving
the pad soft and delicate and
the sides unpenetrated, thus pre-
venting chafing and irritation.

Kotex can be worn on either
side. It will serve with equal
comfort, with no possibility of
embarrassment. Adjust it (you
can, you see, because of the layer
construction) to meet changing
requirements. Dispose of it
quickly, easily. Buy it at any drug,
dry goods or department store.
Be safe. Specify "Kotex".

1 The Kotex absorbent is the
identical material used by sur-
geons in Canada's leading
liospitals.

2 Kotex is soft . . . Not merely
an apparent softness, that
soon packs into chafing hard-
ness. But a delicate, lasting
softness.

3 Can be worn on either side
with ecjual comfort. No em-
barrassment.

A Disposable, instantly, com-
pletely.

KOTex K^^^^

KOTe X

MADE IN CANADA

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

284 THE CANADIAN NURSE

A Monthly Journal for the Nurses of Canada
Published by the Canadian Nurses Association

Vol. XXVII. WINNIPEG. MAN.. JUNE, 1931 No. 6

Registered at Ottawa. Canada, as second-class matter.

Entered >• second-class matter March 19th. 1905, at the Post Office, Buffalo, N.Y.. under the Act of

Congress, March 3rd, 1897.

Editor and Business Manager: —
JEAN S. WILSON, Reg.N., 511 Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

JUNE, 1931

CONTENTS PAGE

Heredity and Environment - - _ _ Mrs. W. T. B. Mitchell 285

Progress in Dermatology ------ Dr. J. F. Burgess 293

The Cancer Problem — (Part 1) Dr. F. B. Mowbray 295

A Day With the Margaret Scott Nursing Mission - Olive Thomas 300

Immigration Medical Service ----- Dr. Grant Fleming 302

Department op Nursing Education:

School Differences - - - - - - - Marion Myers 304

Efficiency in Operating Room Technique - - Sister Mary 306

Department of Private Duty Nursing:

The Contribution of Sodium Amytal to Surgery Dr. L. H. Appleby 309

Department of Public Health Nursing:

Public Health Work in County Units in Quebec Anysie M. Deland 311

First District Nursing IN Saint John - - Agnes D. Carson 313

News Notes .-__-_-----_ 31,5

Official Directory ..-- 323

Vol. XXVII.

JUNE. 1931

No. 6

*l|^r^httg an& Snutrflttm^nt

By Mrs. W. T. B. MITCHELL, B.A., R.N., Director of Parent Education,
The Mental Hygiene Institute, Montreal, P.Q.

Much has been written about the
relative importance of heredity and
environment as determiners of char-
acter, behaviour and development of
personality. Some people firmly be-
lieve that all differences in the physi-
cal and mental make-up of people are
determined by their individual in-
heritance alone. Many others just as
firmly believe that heredity plays lit-
tle or no part in the development of
diverse, physical, mental and social
characteristics, but that environ-
mental influences bring about all these
differences. Still others are inclined to
accept the premise that what the in-
dividual is to become is determined,
not alone by the hereditary poten-
tialities of his endowment, but also by
the conditions under which those po-
tentialities operate.

One's personal understanding of
this important question will certainly
influence one's practice. If we think
of heredity as a force that inevitably
shapes the individual, do what we
may, it is only reasonable to adopt a
fatalistic attitude, a "why worry"
attitude, towards questions of environ-
ment and training. If the development
of desirable or undesirable behaviour,
happy or unhappy social responses is
entirely beyond the control of the
parent or educator, it would seem
foolish to be concerned about what

* All illustrations reproduced from "Biological
Basis of Human Nature," by Dr. H. S. Jennings.
Permission of Dr. Jennings and W. W. Norton &
Co., copyright owners.

happens to the child from day to day.

On the other hand, if we tend to
over-estimate the importance of en-
vironment and think of it as a creative
factor that may be manipulated so as
to bring about successfully whatever
results or attainments we may desire,
for the developing individual, we are
sure to be disappointed in our ex-
pectations, and his unsuccessful ef-
forts and strivings to accomplish
something for which he has no in-
herited equipment will result in un-
happiness, wasted effort, feelings of
failure, frustration and behaviour
difficulties.

A more encouraging way of think-
ing about heredity and environment
would be to consider heredity as a de-
terminer of potentialities only; po-
tentialities that may be developed,
that may be discouraged, that may be
modified, that may be redirected,
through intelligent manipulation of
the environmental influences. Such an
understanding of these two factors as
in interactive relationship would in-
sure that those who findertake the
problem of educating or socialising
the child would approach the task
with an actively responsible attitude.
Accepting the limitations of the in-
dividual inheritance, they would con-
sciously use the environment and
training as stimulating, modifying
and selective forces for the best and
most wholesome nurture of the innate
capacities, interests and abilities. Such
an understanding would also add sup-

286

THE CANADIAN NURSE

port to the work of those whose efforts
are directed to social and intellectual
betterment and whose efforts are fre-
quently belittled by some geneticists.

This approach to an understanding
of heredity and environment would
seem to be the current trend of scien-
tific thought and research in these
fields. Since clear information and
real understanding of this topic is
essential to all who have educational
contacts with children, nurses, teach-
ers, doctors, parents, it will be help-
ful to review briefly what foundations
there are for such a limited yet en-
couragingly constructive viewpoint.
No attempt will be made to weigh all
the evidence in the long-continued
controversy of Heredity versus En-
vironment, but simply to present the
conclusions which have been arrived
at during the past few years and
which seem to have definite relation
to the problems of child development.

Heredity
Many theories have been advanced
to explain the way in which heredi-
tary characteristics are carried from
one generation to the next. We know
that transmission of inherited factors
is by way of the nuclei of the germ
cells — the mother's egg cell and the
father's sperm cell. In the nucleus of
each germ cell are small particles
called chromosomes, and it is these
chromosomes that appear to carr^-^
whatever it is that determines the de-
velopment of the individual constitu-
tion. These chromosomes are trans-
mitted unchanged from parent to
child, but the countless particles or
determiners carried by them may be
combined and re-combined in hun-
dreds of ways and it is these unpre-
dictable combinations that bring
about such diverse and apparently
inconsistent residts- in the individual
heredity. At the present time the
theory which seems to most satisfac-
torily answer this question of deter-
miners for students in this field is the
gene theory. This theory has been
scientifically worked out in some de-
tails by Thomas Hunt Morgan in his

experimental research with the fruit
fly. The gene theory is based on the
acceptance of the gene as the unit of
all inheritance, the determiners or ele-
ments of germinal organisation which
continue from one generation to an-
other.

We know that everyone begins life
as a simple, tiny cell, a fertilised eg^.
This cell is formed by the union, at
the time of conception, of two separ-
ate contributions, one from either par-
ent. Following this union, or fertili-
sation, the cell divides repeatedly,
producing finally the entire body.
What brings about so stupendous a
development ?

Careful observation has established
that development of a new individual
is brought about by the interaction of
thousands of small particles, with
themselves, with other parts of the
cell, and with additional substances,
all under the influence of environ-
ment. These small particles are called
genes, and in the fertilised egg they
are arranged in a regular and con-
stant order. The genes might be liken-
ed to strings of beads, each bead hav-
ing its invariable place in the string
and its invariable role to play as a
co-operant part that will act with
other genes to form a unit character
or attribute. The pieces, each contain-
ing many genes, into which the string
is divided, are the chromosomes. Half
of the chromosomes present in the
fertilised cell are contributed by the
father, and half by the mother. That
is, each of our parents gives us a com-
plete set of genes, arranged so that
we have in the fertilised cell a double
string of genes, each of the two strings
containing all the materials that are
necessary for producing an indivi-
dual. The mother contributes all the
materials necessary for producing one
kind of individual, the father all the
materials necessary for producing an-
other kind of individual. This double-
ness, this pairing of the genes, is of
the greatest practical importance and
gives us the answer to many of the
problems and paradoxes of humanity.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

287

Diagram to illustrate the arrancenient and action
of the genes in the genetie system. The genes,
represented by the spindle-shaped bodies arranged
in consecutive order, in long paired strings — ^the
chromosomes. — one string (P) of the pair comes
from the father, the other (M) from the mother;
thus the genes themselves aie in pairs, one member
of each paii from the father, one from the mother.
The genes shown in white are to be conceived as
defective genes.

Different pairs of genes have differ-
ent functions in development. But the
two members of any pair of genes
(one of the pair l)eing contributed by
either parent) while having the same
general function, such as influencing
the growth of the body, may differ in
the way they function. For instance,
the genes influencing growth contri-
buted by the mother may function to
produce tallness, those of the father
may function to insure shortness.
Genes from the father may tend to
produce a poor brain, from the mother
they may tend to produce a good
brain.

Each unit characteristic, such as
the quality of the brain, the height of
the individual, is the result of the
interaction and activity of hundreds
of genes. In the fruit fly we know that
at least fifty genes work together to
produce the red colour of the eye.
Each of the co-operating genes is
necessary — if any of them are altered
the red colour is not produced.

We must understand this clearly.
The idea of hereditary representative
units, each standing for a single later
characteristic, is not acceptable. What

actually happens is that the chemicals
or substances present in a particular
combination of genes interact in a
complex way and every later char-
acteristic is a long-deferred and in-
direct product of this interaction. Any
defectiveness, alteration or absence of
a single gene, of the parts making up
the combination, is sufficient to alter
the later characteristics.

The advantages of such an arrange-
ment are obvious, and the insurance
offered by it seems to be the chief bio-
logical ground for our having two
parents instead of one. When one
gene of a pair is defective, and the
other is not, the latter produces nor-
mal development. It is usually accept-
ed that if two parents are defective in
the same hereditary characteristics,
all the children will inherit this de-
fect.

In cases where the defect is due to
a peculiarity of the same paired gene,
in both parents, the children will he
defective, in this gene, but fortunate-
ly this is not usually the case. If the
defect is due to peculiarities in differ-
ent genes contributed to the develop-
ment of a characteristic, the normal
genes will dominate the defective
ones, and none of the children will
inherit the defective feature. That is,
when the two genes of a pair have the
same general function, but vary in the
way they function, the final effect is
not a compromise of intermingling,
but what usually happens is that one
prevails or is dominant over the other.

White bead is defective or recessive.

Fattier has two defective genes (personally de-
fective).

Mother has one defective gene, (normall.

(a) Child receives defective gene from both parents
and is defective.

(b; Child receives one of pair of genes from father
and one from mother. It therefore has one
normal gene, and since this is dominant, the
chUd is not personally defective in this respect.

288

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Generally speaking, defective or
disadvantageous genes are recessive;
that is, they are not operative when
they are paired with a normal or
dominant gene. The individual may
thus be personally normal, but may
carry about with him defective genes,
which are recessive, but which may ba
given to some of his children.

That is, a child may not "take
after" either parent, but may show
defects or attributes that neither of
them possess, simply because they
have been carriers of unpaired, reces-
sive genes which have become domin-
ant when paired in the child or be-
cause the two parents have contri-
buted supplementary normal genes to
the defective genes of the other
parent.

White genes represent defectiveness.
Father and mother nnrmal themselves but carrier'!
of defective genes in the same pair.

(a) Child receives one defective gene from each

parent, making: a pair, and will be personally
defective.

(b) Child receives one defective gene from one

parent, a normal gene from the other parent.
Defective gene will be recessive — normal gene
dominant, and child will be normal but will be
a carrier of defectiveness.

normal.

FathT, with paired defective genes (2nd pair), is
personally defective.

Mother, with paired defective genes (4th pair), is
personally defective.

Child receives one defective gene from each parent,
but has no pair of genes that are defective,
hence the defective genes are recessire, the
normal genes dominant, and the child is
personally normal.

The fact that one may be a carrier of
recessive genes accounts for many of
the seemingly unexplainable appear-
ances or characteristics that are very
diverse from the parents or immediate
ancestors. On this basis will be ex-
plained the production by two feeble-
minded parents of normal children*
— genius with inferior parents.

In view of the above explanation
of the gene theory, we can readily see
that any pair of parents may produce
literally thousands of different gene
combinations, each combination co-
operating to determine a child of dif-
ferent heredity. There is no way of
controlling the kind of combination
that will be given any particular child

*"In this connection I should like to call attention to a statement made by H. S. Jennings
in his 'Prometheus,' a statement that has been widely quoted and usually misunderstood.
Jennings says: 'It is a commonly received dogma that if the two parents are defective in the
same hereditary characteristic, all the offspring will have this defect. But this need not occur.
It will be true only if the defective characteristic is due to a peculiarity of the same gene in
the two parents.' As they stand, these sentences are sound, orthodox genetics, but the
inferences that have been drawn from them have been particularly fallacious. One psychi-
atrist gleaned from them the notion that Jennings does not believe in the inheritance of feeble-
mindedness. Two psychologists and two sociologists whose papers I have happened to see
have assumed that various kinds of defective genes (affecting mentality) exist, that unions of
these defectives give normals, and that these normals continue to produce normals. Jennings,
who was writing about defective mentality in making his statements, forgot to mention that there is
no valid evidence to suggest the existence of more than one defective gene. He also neglected to
point out that, if two defective genes should be discovered and the two types of defective
individuals thus provided for should mate, the consequences would be even more serious
than anything we know at present. The results of this union would be normals, if we assume
complete dominance of the normal mentality, or dullards if dominance were incomplete;
but they would carry two possibilities for defectiveness in their germ cells instead of one.
And if the double genes for defectiveness, nnn^n^, behaved as analogous cases usually have
behaved in genetic investigations, the individuals characterised by the double recessive con-
dition would be a sad lot indeed, for the effects would be cumulative." — (Extract from "The
Inheritanc^e of Mental Characteristics,'" by Dr. E. M. Beat, "Mental Hygiene," January, 1931.)

THE CANADIAN NURSE

289

of any two parents and consequently
it is impossible to predict, except in a
few respects, just what kind of chil-
dren will be produced by a pair of
parents. We must remember, too, that
the string of genes is divided into seg-
ments or chromosomes and because of
the many possible paternal and ma-
ternal rearrangements, the gene re-
combinations, are made easy and in
fact inevitable.

Because the gene defects of closely
related parents are likely to be in the
same pairs, the mating of close rela-
tives is apt to result in more frequent
pairing of defective genes, with con-
sequent more frequent defects in off-
spring.

Superior individuals are the result
of particularly fortunate combina-
tions of genes, and superior indivi-
duals who have mated are apt to have
more superior genes in common,
which will pair and pass on as domin-
ants or determiners in their children's
heredity. The general level of inherit-
ed determiners passed on to these
children is apt to be high, but, realis-
ing that superior people may be car-
riers of unmanifested or recessive
defective genes, and also knowing that
each new organism inherits a unique
and unpredictable re-combination of
genes, we see how even superior par-
ents may produce defective children.
We can no longer accept the old say-
ing, "Like begets like."

At present the most important re-
sult of the experimental science oi:
genetics has been to show that the
characteristics of the individual de-
pend on the unique combination of
co-operant genes that the particular
individual receives or inherits from
his parents, and that changes in the
gene combination bring about changes
in the resulting characteristics.

All types of characteristics, physio-
logical, structural, chemical, sensory,
mental, are dependent on gene com-
binations, and the altering of any of
the gene combinations brings about
changes in the resulting character-
istics.

For instance, the general eflBciency
of the brain is dependent on genes.
The interaction of many genes is
necessary to build up a normal mind
or brain. If any of the fundamental
genes are defective the brain and
mind are defective; if any of the
genes are altered, the quality of the
brain is altered. (See footnote, page
288). Such conclusions cannot help
but be encouraging to parents and
others who have the welfare of the
race at heart, since it makes it im-
possible to predict what will be the
character of a child of any pair of
parents. Parents cannot be sure that
their children will be superior, infer-
ior, or gifted, or lacking in any parti-
cular characteristic. Parents may
hope for a favourable- re-combination
of genes in their children.

Environment

Acceptance of the fact that char-
acteristics depend upon combinations
of genes does not imply that these
characteristics may not be altered by
environment. It simply means that in-
dividuals will react diversely to en-
vironment !

It is the nature of living things
that each organism inherits the capa-
city to become modified or changed in
the process of interaction between it-
self and the environment. We know
that once conception or fertilisation
of the gene cell has taken place, the
heredity of the particular individual
is closed. Nothing that can happen to
the developing embryo can change
its essential heredity — the particular
combinations of genes it is given. We
do know, however, that the conditions
under which it develops in its earlier
stages, that is, the surroundings of the
cell, the cells in contact with it and
the hormones that bathe it (the in-
ternal environment) can affect the
same set of genes so that they give
rise to quite different characteristics.
For in.stance, an individual that
would otherwise be a cretin, because
of the gene deficiencies of its inherit-
ance, can be caused to become a nor-
mal, intelligent person when fed the

290

THE CANADIAN NURSE

required thyroid. Also, circulating the
male hormone in the body of an in-
dividual that would normally become
a female will largely transfer the in-
dividual into a male. But the thing to
be remembered here is that the genes
themselves are not changed — they re-
main defective and are transmitted
to the descendants unchanged. We
merely bring about developmental
changes by altering the internal en-
vironment.

The study and possibilities of the
influence of the various hormones in
controlling and modifying develop-
ment is an intriguing one, and al-
ready some progress has been made in
this direction. The exact nature of
pre-natal influences and the degree to
which they may affect the growing
embryo are still open to investiga-
tion. No attempt will be made here to
go into any detailed discussion of the
development of the individual during
the pre-natal period except to point
out some common misconceptions as
to what influence factors in the ex-
ternal environment or experiences
that the mother has during pregnancy
can have upon the growing embryo
before Mrth.

After fertilisation in the fallopian
tubes the ovum begins to segment and
meanwhile is carried toward the
uterus. When it reaches the uterus it
becomes attached to the mucous mem-
brane on the inner surface of that or-
gan. The portion of the uterus wall
where the ovum becomes attached
eventually develops into the placenta,
through which nutritive materials
and oxygen pass from the maternal
to the foetal blood, and through which
the foetal waste products are given
off to the maternal blood. There is
no direct connection between the
blood of the mother and that of the
foetus and the interchange of foods
and waste occurs by osmosis or per-
meation.

Since there is only this indirect
path of communication between the
mother and child, by way of the blood
stream and no nerve connection of

any sort, we have no scientific basis
for believing that structural changes,
produced in the unborn child, can be
attributed to strong emotion-produc-
ing experiences (maternal impres-
sions, so-called) of the mother, such
as are frequently reported.

The balanced nourishment of the
mother is an essential condition for
the balanced nourishment of the
foetus. Its growth and development
are dependent, not only upon the germ
cells which produced it, but also upon
the food, hygiene, attitudes, and con-
ditions of life of the mother, inas-
much as these factors influence her
general health, and consequently the
nutrition of the child.

It has been suggested that since
there is a permeation of substances in
solution through the placental walls,
congenital deformities may be the re-
sult of altered maternal internal
secretions, and this may be true. But
explaining a structural alteration,
limb mutilation, nevi or birthmarks of
the developing embryo as caused by
some specific mental experience of the
mother is mythical and quite un-
founded scientifically.

In this connection it might be well
to clear up some questions as to
whether certain diseases, tuberculosis,
cancer, etc., are inherited. It is pro-
bable that there is no disease what-
ever, acute or ehronic, infectious or
non-infectious, whose occurrence is
not influenced by the nature of the
individual's genetic constitution or
heredity. But we should interpret this
in terms of a particular kind of en-
vironment, acting upon a particular
type of hereditary make-up. That is,
the incidence of most diseases is in-
fluenced both by the conditions of life
and also by the nature of an indivi-
dual's constitution. An individual
eould not develop tuberculosis if the
tubercle bacilli were not present as
stimulants in the environment. On the
other hand, we certainly have indivi-
duals who inherit, as part of their
particular co-operant gene combina-
tions, a particularly favourable cul-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

291

ture medium for the growth of the
tubercle bacilli. Consequently we do
not inherit disease of this sort, but
we may inherit a suscepiibility to cer-
tain diseases.

Having thus briefly discussed some
of the controversial points re factors
influencing the individual's heredity
and pre-natal growth, we will concern
ourselves briefly with a consideration
of the influence upon hereditary con-
stitution and make-up of the external
environment, the physical conditions,
training and people contributing to
the child's experience in his growing-
up period. Are the characteristics of
the individual altered by the physical
and social conditions under which he
develops? Let us quote from Jen-
nings :

"What happens in any object — a piece of
steel, a piece of ice, a machine, an organism —
depend? on the one hand upon the material of
which it is composed; on the other hand upon
the conditions in which it is found. Under the
same conditions objects of different material
behave diversely; under diverse conditions
objects of the same material behave diversely.
Anything whatever that happens in any
object has to be accounted for by taking into
consideration both these things. Neither the
material constitution alone, nor the condi-
tions alone, will account for any event what-
ever; it is always the combination that has
to be considered.

Organisms are like other objects in this
respect; what they do or become depends
both on what they are made of, and on the
conditions surrounding them. The depend-
ence on what they are originally made of we
call heredity. But no single thing that the
organism does depends alone on heredity or
alone on environment; always both have to
be taken into account. . . . Heredity is not
the simple, hard-and-fast thing that old-
fashioned Mendelism represented it. . . .

Not only what the cell within the body
shall become, but what the organism as a
whole shall become, is determined not alone
by the hereditary materials it contains, but
also by thfe conditions under which these
materials operate. Under diverse conaitions
these same sets of genes will produce very
diverse results. It is not true that a given set
of genes must produce just one set of char-
acters and no other. It is not true that
because an individual inherits the basis for
a set of characteristics that he must have
those characteristics. In other words, it is
not necessary to have a certain characteristic
merely because one inherits it. It is not true
that what an organism shall become is deter-

mined, fore-ordained, when he gets his supply
of chemicals or genes in the germ cells, as
the popular \\Titers on eugenics will have us
believe. The same set of genes may produce
many different results depending on the
conditions under which it operates. True it is
that there are limits to this ; that from one set
of genes under a given environment may
come a result that no environment can pro-
duce from another set. But this is a matter of
limitation, not of fixed and final determina-
tion; it leaves open many alternative paths.
Every individual has many sets of "innate" or
"hereditary" characters; the conditions under
which he develops determine which set he shall
bring forth. . . .

Clearly, it is not necessary to have a character-
istic 7nerely because one inherits it. Or more
properly, characteristics are not inherited at
all; what one inherits is certain material that
under certain conditions will produce a
particular characteristic; if those conditions
are not supplied, some other charactei istic is
produced.

Some of the fruit flies inherit in the usual
Mendelian manner an inconvenient tendency
to produce supernumerary legs. But if those
inheriting this are kept properly warmed, they
do not produce these undesirable appendages.
In the cold, only those individuals acquire
the extra legs that have inherited the gene to
which such are due; but even they need not
do so if conditions are r'ght. . . .

Beyond all other organisms man is char-
acterized by the possession of many sets of
inherited characteristics; the decision as to
which shall be produced depending on the
environment. . . . — (Extract from "Here-
dity and Environment," Dr. H. S. Jennings,
Scientific Monthly, September, 1924.)

It would seem that perhaps the
most striking evidence of the effect of
environment on children who have the
same heredity would be found in a
study of identical twins. Identical
twins are two individuals who have
developed from the division of one
fertilised egg cell, consequently they
have the same strings of genes — the
same heredity. Any differences that
might be observed between the two
members of a pair of identical twins
would certainly have to be attributed
to something other than gene diver-
sity. Many studies of identical twins
have been made — cases in which twins
have been reared apart and in which
the environment has been different for
the two members of the pair. The con-
clusions of these studies vary in great
degree. Some investigators found
great differences in mental and emo-

292

THE CANADIAN NURSE

tional development of the twins,
which they attributed to the influence
of the home training and environ-
ment; other investigators have found
that regardless of environmental in-
fluences or markedly different types
the twins have maintained a remark-
able similarity of mental and emo-
tional development. The very different
conclusions reached by people of un-
questioned research skill illustrates
the highly controversial nature of the
question of the influence of environ-
ment on development and the extreme
complexity of the problem.

Realising all the foregoing facts,
what should be our attitude toward
environment and training?

As educators, all who have intimate
and prolonged contact with growing
individuals must have some clear idea
of what their function is. If the en-
vironment and training are under-
stood and accepted as stimulating,
modifying and selective forces, for the
best and most wholesome nurture of
the inherited potentialities, then edu-
cators need to know a great deal about
how these forces can be best used to
help the individual attain most whole-
some, satisfying and complete indivi-
dual and social growth.

Life is a constant process of growth
and adjustment — internal and exter-
nal, individual and social. Forces
within the personality press for
growth and expression. Often these
expressions are not compatible with
the demands and expectations of
society. Some compromises must be
brought about. The task of the edu-
cator is to help bring about this com-
promise or adjustment in ways that
are at the same time individually ex-
pressive and satisfying and socially
acceptable. Any discriminating per-
son realises that feeling; thought and
action are social products though the
nature of their organisation may be
dependent upon the nature of the in-
dividual heredity.

The socialising of the child begins
at birth through the operation of en-
vironmental factors. He is born into
a home, a race, a nation and a times,
and varying with this social heritage,
organised pressure is brought to bear
to make him think, feel and act in con-
formity with the standards and cus-
toms of those groups with which he
comes in contact.

Training and education are so de-
signed as to discourage in him be-
haviour which does not meet with the
approval of the group, and to foster
in him trends which the group up-
holds as desirable.

The personal and social goal of life
is the attainment of maturitij : mental,
emotiona4, physical and social matur-
ity. Maturity results from healthy
adjustment in all phases of the think-
ing, doing, feeling personality react-
ing to environmental influences at
progressive stages of growth and de-
velopment.

We must know how to insure
healthy adjustment, and this implies
that we know and appreciate the en-
vironmental demands and influences:
what their probable effect is upon
different types of individuals; to be
able to select those that are particu-
larly suited to the nurture of various
types ; to be able to patiently observe
the slow unfolding of the inner self
and appreciate its unique expression.
We must appreciate that all phases of
the individual's life are interdepen-
dent. We cannot have a well-balanced
mature personality unless we take
into consideration both his inherited
equipment, his individual urges and
drives and his surroundings. To pro-
vide the best environment and train-
ing for the individual calls for exact
knowledge, imagination and thought.
It is the duty of every person who
has educative contacts with the young
to know all she can about individual
make-up and environmental in-
fluences.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

293

Progress in Dermatology

By J. F. BURGESS, M.B., Dermatologist to the Montreal General Hospital,
Lecturer in Dermatology, McGill University.

The concept of Dermatology as a
branch of medicine has changed
much in recent years. Newer methods
in diagnoses, more modern researches
as to causative factors in production
of many dermatoses and at the same
time, ever changing methods of treat-
ment have indeed altered the whole
aspect of dermatology today as com-
pared with dermatology of twenty-
five or even ten years ago. It is an
ever changing picture.

The science of dermatology, when
v^iewed as a panorama over the past
hundred years, has followed a some-
what natural course. The physicians
of the earlier period who specially
treated skin diseases were concerned
with the great variety of lesions in
the skin which they observed, and
therefore we find that up to a period
coinciding roughly with the first part
of this century a large varied nomen-
clature was evolved in which similar
diseases were given different names
by original investigators and to-
day many skin conditions are call-
ed by a variety of names, as for
example. Ulcus rodens. Acne rodens,
Jacobs ulcer, etc. Furthermore, this
was further complicated by the fact
that many variations of the same
disease, as we know today, were
thought to be entirely different der-
matological conditions and this fur-
ther added to an already complicated
dermatologieal classification. While
undoubtedly in the earlier days the
causation of many diseases was well
understood, due to the highly-trained
clinical observations of such pioneers
in dermatology as Hebra, Erasmus
Wilson, Biett, etc., many diseases
were treated on purely empiric
grounds.

Such a clinical classification, based
as it was on the character of the skin

lesions as viewed with the naked eye,
though indeed most confusing, was
a very necessary beginning of the
science of dermatology. Such a class-
ification, dealing as it does with ele-
mentary lesions, tends to be more
intricate and more detailed than
possibly occurs in other branches of
medicine or surgery. This is due to
the fact that individual lesions were
always under direct observation and
their evolution could be studied and
further minor variations were more
aptly observed and labelled. As a
result of this, it is a fact that today
very few diseases remain to be
studied. On the other hand the con-
ception of many of these has natural-
ly been vastly changed owing to
more extensive laboratory and clini-
cal investigation.

Following this earlier period, the
natural trend of progress was to-
wards the elucidation of the cause of
skin diseases, and indeed the earlier
work was mostly towards the investi-
gation of external agents. Sabour-
aud's great work on the ringworm
fungi as the cause of ringworm of the
.scalp, or porrigo, as it was earlier
called, may be cited and following
this the discovery that similar fungi
were responsible for body lesions,
particularly of the hands and feet,
a condition which one hears of today,
commonly called ''Athlete's Foot."
More and more attention was paid to
the pathology of the skin and by
histological study, conditions which
clinically were far apart, have been
brought together in a causative sense.
Today we find the aid of the patho-
logical laboratory indispensible for
the accurate diagnosis of many skin
conditions. More and more is this
the case. Such co-operative work be-
tween the pathological laboratory

294

THE CANADIAN NURSE

and clinical investigation in the
dermatologieal department is neces-
sary for the good conduct and care
of the skin patient.

The increasing knowledge of light
rays has added to the armamentor-
mm of the dermatologist in recent
years. The discovery of the Finsen
Light and the action of the Ultra
Violet Rays of the spectrum in the
past twenty years has been more and
more utilised in the modern treat-
ment of various skin conditions.
Particularly is this so with tuber-
culosis of the skin in its many forms
such as scrofuloderma, lupus vul-
garis, etc., and it is also utilised in
the treatment of the more superficial
infections of the skin. The x-ray is
of the greatest aid in the treatment
of skin diseases today. Earlier.
Sabouraud demonstrated its use in
the treatment of ringworm of the
scalp and from that period it has
been found that many superficial
lesions in the skin react to mild ex-
posure of the x-ray. It is particularly
valuable in the treatment of acne and
chronic thickened eczematous patches
of the skin. It should be realised,
however, that it ought to be used as
an adjunct in the treatment of such
conditions; it should not be used
empirically so as to interfere wath
the proper investigation of the pa-
tient from a standpoint of causation
of the condition.

There is of recent years an increas-
ing tendency for closer investigation
into the causation of skin diseases.
Many skin conditions occur in indi-
viduals in whom the most careful
clinical examination does not yield
any indication as to the presence of
mild or serious diseases. Hence, there

has been an increasing study of the
individual from the standpoint of
biochemical changes and there is un-
doubtedly an increasing knowledge
to be obtained from such a study.
Metabolism of food, particularly car-
bohydrates, has been shown to have
a close relationship with certain skin
diseases, notably eczema and various
acute infections. Hence, it is that
diet is becoming more and more im-
portant as a factor in the produc-
tion of some dermatoses. Metabolic
studies having to do with the func-
tion of the endocrine glands, has also
led to positive findings and there-
fore it is that certain skin conditions,
although on first impressions appar-
ently only local, are frequently of
internal origin and the proper care
of such cases depends on this view
point.

Other physical agents are being
utilised. The ever increasing know-
ledge of the effects of radium on cer-
tain cells in tumor growths has led
to its more frequent application, par-
ticularly in carcinoma, and this is
important in dermatologieal practice
as such lesions of the skin may so
readily be exposed to radium. Small
doses are often eflficacious in the de-
struction of both benign and malig-
nant growths as verrucae, keratoses,
naevi and carcinomata. Diathermy is
also of great value in the destruction
of certain skin tumors and so it is
that the best results are obtained
when all the different means of treat-
ment are available and the individual
case may be treated either singly or
by a combination of these methods as
the experience of the physician indi-
cates.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

295

The Cancer Problem

By Dr. F. B. MOWBRAY, McGregor-Mowbray Clinic, Hamilton, Ont.

Cancer is probably the greatest
problem before the medical profes-
sion, the nursing profession and the
public today. Cancer is the most ser-
ious modern scourge of mankind. It
takes a larger toll in pain, disability
and death from the adult population
than any other disease, except heart
disease, and the death rate from can-
cer is increasing. It has advanced
sixty per cent, in the last twenty-five
years, and it is now estimated that at
least 110,000 persons die from cancer
in the United States each year, and
that at the present time there are at
least 300,000 cases of cancer in the
United States. In other words, one
woman in every eight, and one man
in every eleven beyond the age of
forty Avill die of cancer. It has so
many ramifications that it is quite
impossible in a short time to discuss,
even inadequately, a few of these.

Only within the last few years has
cancer been considered a public healtli
problem. This old attitude is probably
due to the fact that cancer is of itselL'
not an infectious disease, and there-
fore the public health authorities have
not considered it as coming within
their department of medicine. Then,
too, there is the other important fact
that the public believe cancer is not
preventible and is not curable. That
both these statements are untrue in
many cases is well known. It is most
important that the public come to
recognise the fact that cancer is fre-
quently preventible, and even after
development is, in many cases, entire-
ly curable, depending largely upon
the type of cancer and the time and
efficiency of treatment. Owing to im-
provements in diagnosis and treat-
ment of cancer, the proportion of
cures is much higher than it was even
twenty years ago, so that now this
disease should definitely be included

(Delivered at the annual meeting, 1931, He-
gistered Nurses Association of Ontario.)

in the programme of public health or-
ganisations. Increase in the know-
ledge of cancer within the last few
years has resulted in many move-
ments toward its eradication.

Sweden took the initiative about
fifteen years ago, when far-sighted
physicians realised that radiation
therapy had an important future and
induced the government to purchase
a large amount of radium, which was
placed at the disposal of very able
men. The result of this is that the
Institute of the Government of
Sweden is probably now the leading
cancer institution in the world and
publishes the very best statistics on
the cure of some forms of cancer. The
government estal)lished this institu-
tion, devoted to radiation treatment
and to the diagnosis of cancer in all
its forms, and went so far as to make
it obligatory that the people of
Sweden should go there for treatment,
the government paying the railway
fares. They have also provided a very
efficient follow-up system. Norway is
almost equal in its organisation, and
Denmark follows closely. England has
been very backward in the matter of
dealing with the cancer problem in a
large way. A number of years ago the
Ministry of Health, after a survey of
the conditions of the treatment of
cancer in Great Britain, issued a pam-
phlet stating that it was a matter of
grave concern to the Ministry that
English physicians were so backward
in regard to new methods of diagnosis
and treatment of cancer. Massachu-
setts has taken the lead in the United
States, and the Massachusetts General
Hospital has become a well-established
cancer centre, to which all the cancer
patients may be referred and the very
best in diagnosis and treatment of-
fered them. The city of Buffalo has
followed in the same line, and the
Gratwick Laboratories are well known
and their work is of excellent quality.

296

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Our own Minister of Health in On-
tario is at this very time taking active
steps to deal with this problem.

As our knowledge has improved, we
realise that cancer is not a single
disease, and we distinguish between
various forms of carcinoma, sarcoma,
and other malignant tumors, and we
know that each of these types is an
entire clinical entity. We know that
all these types of growth are united
by the^ fact that they consist essen-
tially in malignant growth of cells,
but they differ very markedly in
cause, in clinical course, in prognosis
and in indications for treatment. One
of the great obstacles in the develop-
ment of a real attack on the cancer
problem has been the fact that we do
not know the cause of cancer. We have
no satisfactory proof of the nature of
malignant cell growth.

Neither have we sufficient know-
ledge of the nature of normal cell
growth, and we must realise that can-
cer is so intimately bound up in ordi-
nary growth of cells that it is well
worth considering the phenomenon of
growth as we all know it. When one
considers that each of us began by the
fusion of two single cells, and yet one
of us may be six feet tall and another
four feet — one may be two hundred
pounds in weight and another
seventy-five pounds — one may have
blue eyes and fair hair, and another
one be a pronounced brunette, and
still each of those individuals arose
from two cells, which cells control
their entire physical and mental
make-up which in the adult indivi-
duals show such extremes of range.
All our properties, physical, mental
and moral, are bound up in two single
cells. What a tremendous ability for
variation those two cells must have
possessed ! If that is so in the normal
way, is it not remarkable that some
deviation from the usual does not oc-
cur much more frequently? There
must be some very efficient regulator
of growth within each individual
which determines the size, shape and
contour of every part. There is some-
thing within our own body which

causes cells of their various compon-
ent parts, under normal conditions,
to develop only in their proper loca-
tion; that is, bone cells grow only in
bone; muscle cells only in muscle;
nerve in nerve; skin in skin, and so
forth, and yet one never invades the
domain of the other under normal
conditions. There must be some very
potent regulator which accomplishes
this. Then, too, in the healing of
wounds ; for instance, of the skin, the
repair takes place only to the normal
level of the surrounding tissue and
does not go beyond it. There must
therefore be something which starts
the growth of repair and something
which stops it as soon as the defect is
remedied: Whenever any cells are
found growing outside their normal
home, then something has happened
to this regulator. Growth is not a
function of the adult human body,
apart from maintenance and repair.
There is some radical departure from
normal when cells suddenly acquire
an ungovernable tendency to grow.
This new capacity may exist in any
degree from that possessed by the
lowly wart, which increases slowly
and does no harm except by its ugly
appearance, to that of the most malig-
nant cancer which destroys life in a
short period.

A tumour begins as a rebellious,
riotous overgrowth of cells, at first
located in the tissue in which they
begin their growth. Should this over-
growth be confined only to the tissues
of origin and never spread beyond
that tissue, it is a benign tumour, but
when this overgrowth extends into
neighbouring structures as well as be-
ing carried to and developing in
structures far distant, then it is a
malignant tumour, or cancer.

The Nature and Cause of Cancer

What is it that starts the cell on
its malignant career? What unusual
irritation causes a group of cells so to
develop as to run riot throughout the
whole body? We do not know. Under
the microscope one can see the birth
of a cancer, one can trace its growth

THE CANADIAN NURSE

297

and see it spread, one can see it invade
and destroy healthy tissue, one can
distinguish a cancer cell from the nor-
mal cell, and grade and classify can-
cer cells themselves. Thus we know a
great deal about cancer, but the chap-
ters we are most interested in are
closed. We do not know the cause.
Perhaps the easiest example to follow
in tracing the cause of cancer is to
look upon it as a local rebellion of a
group of discontented cells within
that commonwealth of working cells
which form the human body. These
rebellious cells throw off all restraint,
and if the local riot be not promptly
checked by heroic measures it may
develop into a generalised invasion
which destroys the whole common-
Avealth. You may ask, what is it that
generates this discontent and brings
on the rebellion of cells? Again we
must answer we do not know, but
likely some evil influence has entered
their lives, changing their character
and transforming them from law-
abiding cells to lawless destroyers.
Whether this evil influence be gener-
ated within the body, or whether it is
the result of some external parasite,
or whether it is the lack of some pro-
tective substance within the body it-
self, we do not know. As far as one
can tell, the only parasite of cancer
is the cancer cell itself, and these cells,
whether of cancerous or non-cancer-
ous type, really act as a parasite upon
the parent organ. The only difference
between the cancer and the non-cancer
is that the former is more invasive
and more destructive than the latter.

Another conception of cancer, and
one which strikes me as being reason-
able, is that the cancer may be the
expression of some great need of the
body, the lack of which substance per-
mits this uncontrollable overgrowth,
which eventually brings about the
death of the individual. This need
probably is greater as age advances,
because cancer is much more common
in adult and later life than in youth,
so that if we could understand that
need or lack and do something to
satisfy it we might be able to prevent

the development of the disease. I be-
lieve we take too much for granted
in assuming that cancer arises inde-
pendently of the rest of the body. Its
object may be primarily defensive and
compensatory on account of some lack
within the body. Most physicians of
wide experience can recall cases of
cancers evidently of independent ori-
gin arising in different parts of the
body. I can recall one case who had
a cancer of the breast removed. About
three years later she had a malignant
tumour of the ovary removed, and
she died about two years after that
from a malignant growth of the colon.
In my mind this would tend to indi-
cate that this patient had some dis-
turbance of her bio-chemical make-up
which permitted or produced these
growths.

It is well known that certain forms
of tumour growth, which of them-
selves are not malignant, are closely
related and frequently are the fore-
runner of actual cancer. These pre-
cancerous conditions evidently pro-
duce some disturbance within the pa-
tient which stimulates or permits the
formation of cancer. It is well known
that the eradication of these pre-can-
cerous conditions prevents the forma-
tion of the growth itself. Although in
themselves not malignant, they are in
some way associated with the develop-
ment of malignancy. They are betwixt
and between. Thus the first chapter of
the life history of a cancer is frequent-
ly not its birth but its pre-natal, pre-
cancerous development. The life of
every living thing begins before it is
born, and cancer is no exception to
that rule.

There is no single and specific cause
of cancer as yet known. It always be-
gins as a local disease, and as such is
removable and curable. It is not a
blood disease and is in no way con-
tagious. It chooses to attack damaged
parts rather than healthy ones. When
once begun it seldom dies out, but
continues to grow until it destroys the
life of the patient. We may speak of
causes, some predisposing, other ac-
cessory, which in some way not under-

298

THE CANADIAN NURSE

stood, are related to the origin of can-
cer. These include :

(1) Hereditary disposition.

(2) Age.

(3) Development defects.

(4) Irritation and injury.

(5) Bio-chemical stimuli.

I believe that of all these the bio-
chemical stimulus is the most import-
ant and also the least understood.
There are those who believe that can-
cer is due to diet, or our civilisation,
or some germ, but nothing has been
proven in support of these claims. No
doubt different cancers are due to dif-
ferent combinations of causes. Experi-
ments with animals where breeding
can be controlled as either to elimin-
ate or concentrate on hereditary fac-
tors show that they may be bred with
an inborn tendency to develop or not
to develop cancer.

Regarding the direct influence of
heredity, I suppose this factor enters
into many diseased conditions, and it
behooves those who have a family his-
tory of cancer to be especially careful
in eliminating all possible predispos-
ing causes, because if we accept
heredity as a possible factor then we
must pay close attention to all the
early and curable stages in such peo-
ple. After all, the onus must be on the
patient himself to remember this fact
and to submit to regular and careful
examination.

Age has some definite relation to
the development of cancer. Whereas
cancer may develop at any age even
before birth, the liability increases as
age advances, or put in another way,
as the tissues become worn out. With
our present hustle and hurry, the
wear and tear on our bodies is in-
creased and shows up at an earlier
age, and therefore we are seeing more
cancers in younger adults than for-
merly. On the other hand the life of
modern man has been lengthened
from ten to fifteen years. This in-
crease in years ought to be the best
years in most lives — years ripe in ex-
perience and fruitful work, and it is
in these years that cancer concen-
trates its attack. Thus the very ex-

tending of life by preventive medi-
cine has extended the period of the
cancer attack. The risk of malign-
ancy becomes greater with advanc-
ing years, and unquestionably much
of the so-called increasing rate of
cancer is due to the lengthened life
of the race. We are now at the point
v/here cancer is the greatest destroy-
er of human life during its most pro-
ductive years.

One can say without question that
many cancers w^ould never have de-
veloped had greater care been taken
to protect the tissues from local in-
jury and irritation. The patient with
a sore on his lip, kept irritated by
the use .of tobacco, or any other
irritant, as well as the individual
who irritates his stomach with too
hot or too irritating drinks, is simply
inviting a cancer. Fortunately the
great majority of sores and injuries
never become malignant, but chronic
irritation in any form is a definite
forerunner of cancer, especially those
arising from the surfaces of the body.
Here prevention can do a great deal.
The irritation of many physical and
chemical agencies over a long period
are known to produce cancer. Soot
has long been known as the cause of
chimney sweeps' cancer, while the
sarcoma of the finger of needle-
women due to constant pricking with
the needle, the carcinoma of the skin
^een in workers in mineral oil, tar,
pitch and arsenic, are recognised as
occupational causes of cancer. The
elimination of these knoAvn irritants
if^ a public duty and should not be
neglected. Local irritants can ex-
plain many of our external and some
of our internal types. The chronically
mflamed breast — the result of some
injury, the chronically inflamed
uterus— the result of birth or other
injuries, or infection, are all within
the field of prevention, and our
people must learn that these con-
ditions are potential cancers and that
prevention is much better than cure.
As to bio-chemical stimuli, of
which we have spoken, I feel that

THE CANADIAN NURSE

299

this is a tremendously important sub-
ject and probably accounts for many
cancers arising from glandular or-
gans. Our knowledge of bio-chemis-
try is still in its infancy but a great
field of research is open to the work-
ers of the future.

Some food enthusiasts will argue
that diet is an important factor, and
some vegetarians take rather extreme
views in the matter However, in the
animal kingdom grass eaters, flesh
eaters, and mixed eaters are all sub-
ject to cancer. A vegetarian diet
does not protect against cancer
neither does flesh eating predispose
to it. Primitive races are liable to
cancer although not to the same ex-
tent that we are; because we have a
little higher development, and there-
fore are a little more liable to de-
rangement, and because we live to a
riper age and thus prolong the cancer
period.

The Growth of Cancer
Pathologists tell us that cancer
grows by the subdivision of cells to
form more cancer cells, and that it
spreads by direct invasion of the
nearby tissue and also by invading
lymph and blood vessels, through
which they are carried to distant
parts where they continue their
growth. This explains the very wide-
spread dissemination of cancer. We
have first the local extension, and
secondly the distant growth or metas-
tases. The more rapid the growth the
more malignant and the more rapidly
fatal. The earlier a growth invades
lymph and blood vessels the more
hopeless it becomes from the stand-
point of cure. There is a period in the
development of every cancer in which
removal of the original growth will
totally eliminate it and bring about a
cure, but just as soon as distant
growths (metastases) develop, the
probability of cure is tremendously
diminished. In the local spread of
cancer there is a zone of malignant
cells in contact with normal healthy
cells. Some evil influence passes from
the cancer cells to the adjacent nor-
mal cells, which probably changes
these cells into pre-cancerous ones and

gradually converts them into malig-
nant ones. Thus a neglected cancer is
continually extending its borders by
infecting cell after cell with cancer.
There is no doubt that the continued
growth and spread of the disease is
due to some substance which the can-
cer itself generates. What it is we do
not know, but it is a fact that once a
cancer has started to grow, a power-
ful stimulus to growth comes from
the tumour itself. The tendency is for
this growth to become more and more
extensive and the poisonous products
from it more and more harmful, and
death of the whole body is the result.
There are unquestioned cases where
cancer has cured itself, or in other
words where the cancer cells have of
themselves died out. A cancer is a liv-
ing thing and like all other living
things cannot go on forever, and it is
quite reasonable that certain cancers
run their life course and die before
they have actually killed the indivi-
dual carrying them. Most of us can
recollect cases of undoubted cancer
which have recovered without treat-
ment. In these cases, the "quacks"
usually get the credit, but the growths
have no doubt been of the type men-
tioned. Perhaps not one growth in ten
thousand does this, but enough of
them have done it to make one posi-
tive. No doubt some cancers, like some
individuals, are born with less vitality
than others. Those with lower vitality
grow slower and the body resistance
is able to combat them more or less
successfully, whereas in those with
great vitality the body is soon over-
whelmed and succumbs. We all have
seen cancers run a tremendously
rapid course, whereas we can recall
others in which the course was very
slow, and nature would have required
only a very little assistance to have
cured the process. Perhaps in the fu-
ture someone may discover the aid
which nature requires to overcome
this great menace, and perhaps some
day someone may develop an immuni-
sation against cancer. Cancer is a
thing which must be fought to a fin-
ish. Either it must be destroyed, or
the patient will be.

(Concluded in next issue.)

300

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A Day with the Margaret Scott Nursing Mission

By OLIVE THOMAS, Student Nurse, Winnipeg General Hospital, Winnipeg, Man.

I am going to try to give you an
outline of a day spent at the
M.S.N.M. When first asked to do this,
my answer was, "I cannot," but the
superintendent very thoughtfully re-
minded me of the text, "I can do all
things through Christ which strength-
eneth me."

Silence throughout the home until
suddenly at 6.30 a.m.: "Is that the
rising gong already ? Why ! I only
just went to sleep. Oh, well! I'll have
another ten minutes' nap." But not
really so, for every two or three min-
utes we must look to see that we have
not overslept. Finally, at 7 a.m.,
everyone is up and there is a general
hustle and bustle, for no one must be
late for prayers. "Yes, there is the
second gong," and down we go, one
fastening up an apron, another pull-
ing down her sleeves, now a bobby pin
here or there, and as we are about to
enter the room the cuffs find their
proper places and finally we appear
in full uniform in a dignified and
sedate manner.

We are now gathered for morning
prayers. Then comes breakfast, to
which we all do full justice. If a nurse
has been called out during the night
she is invariablv asked, "Did vou get

your baby?" "Yes, Miss L ."

"Very good, you may have your
breakfast. No baby, no breakfast,"
she then adds very seriously but with
a twinkle in her eye.

Breakfast over, we all pass into the
office, where the superintendent and
her assistant plan and outline the
work for the morning, while each stu-
dent nurse sees that her bag is com-
plete with all the necessary supplies.
The time is now our own and there is
a bed to make, room to tidy, report to

(Read at annual meeting, 1931, Margaret Scott
Nursing Mission, Winnipeg.)

complete, history to write up, a letter
to be answered, or perhaps we just sit
in front of the fireplace and talk.

8.30 a.m. — ^With bag over our arm,
a slip in hand with instructions re the
morning's work, each girl, light-heart-
ed and cheerful, sets out on her task.
We know that Mrs. Scott is watching
us from her room as we start off and
we feel that her spirit is with us as
we go about our work.

"Where are you going this a.m.?"
"What car do you take?" "I go to
Talbot Avenue." "Oh! I go the other
way." "Anyone else want a 96? No?
Well, here's my car, I must run.
Goodbye, girls, good luck ! See you at
dinner." This is the general conver-
sation on the way to the street car.

Our first call is usually a mother
and a new baby. "Oh! here is the
nurse!" is the usual greeting which
we hear. Now we have a good hour's
work before us. We first turn our at-
tention to Mrs. R. and she is cared for
just as though she were in hospital.
Things are not as convenient and
sometimes we do not have very much
to work with. A flour sack is a very
useful article. It may be a sheet, a
face towel, face cloth, pillow case,
bandage and often a diaper for baby.
Now comes the baby, and we usually
have an audience of the entire house-
hold. Surely this is the most wonder-
ful baby. Our work is very much
among the foreign clement and they
certainly love these dear wee mites.
"Nurse, can he open his eyes?" is a
favorite question for the little ones
in the. family, or, "Can he cry?" This
he answers for himself, for being a
boy and ever loyal to his sex, he raises
his voice and strongly objects to all
attention until the bath is over. Now
baby is dressed and we place him in
his little bed beside the happy and
beaming face of the young mother.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

301

We re-pack our bag, fill in the pa-
tient's chart, don hat and coat, and
off to the next call.

Some days we have two or three
such visits, or we may go to a young
man who has spent some months in a
hospital, has recovered from a serious
operation, and now requires a daily
visit to irrigate and dress the wound.

It is now nearing 12 noon. We
search for a phone and call the mis-
sion. "Nurse speaking. I am

at . Where do you wish me to

go?" "A new call has just come in,
a child very sick at 37^ King Street.
Will you go there, please?" We rush
out and hail a passing street car, and
off we go to another part of the city.
We find No. 37 — so we know 37i must
be at the back or in the lane.

How important we feel as we enter
and ask, "Anyone sick? Did you call
a nurse ? ' ' We are then led up a dark,
narrow stairway, down a dark hall,
and there in a little old bed in the
corner lies a sick child. One look and
you know that he is ill. You do all you
possible can for him and you feel you
can diagnose the case, as you leave
with a swab in your bag — off to the
City Hall.

Home for dinner. Entering we are
greeted by the appetizing odour of
home cooked food. A hasty brush up,
and how we do welcome the sound of
the dinner gong! We all gather
around the one table and, as I have
often expressed it, "We are just one
big family."

1.45 p.m. — Dinner over and the
time is again our own until 2.30.
With slips in hand and bags over our
arm we are off on the afternoon's
errands of mercy. Very often these
visits are to chronic cases — those with
rheumatism, paralysis, sleeping sick-
ness, or pneumonia, pleurisy, etc. An
old woman whom I visited last week
has a bad heart condition. She lives
alone in one little room, waits on her-
self entirely, but does enjoy a visit
from the nurse, if it's for nothing
else but a chat. "Nurse, if I only had
a tea-pot we would have a cup of tea ;
but mj' tea-pot is broken." When I

came home and told my story to Miss

S , she said, "Why, I have one

here on the shelf, given me a year or
more ago, and I never use it. You
must take that to her." How pleased
the old lady was when I arrived next
day with the much desired tea-pot.
You know it never seems to matter
w^hat story we bring home or what we

want. Miss L or Miss S says,

"Why, there is one there on the
shelf." Some day we shall come home
wanting a cook-stove and there is sure
to be one right there on the shelf!

6 p.m. — We gather for supper and
we make a great effort to be in on
time. The evenings are our own to
enjoy as we will. Those who stay at
the Home spend the time as any
family would, writing letters, sewing,
reading, telling jokes, and sometimes
we gather about the piano for a sing-
song. About 9 p.m. we have cocoa and
biscuits and cheese.

By 11 p.m. silence in the Home once
more, for after the day's duty and
plenty of fresh air we are all ready
for a good night's sleep.

Suddenly the telephone rings, and
from downstairs we hear: "Yes, the
address please. What number did you
say? Dr. Who? Yes, thank you, we
will send a nurse at once."

The nurse on call is soon wide
awake, hustles into uniform, and in
less than ten minutes she is on her
way in a taxi, travelling at a record
speed through the deserted streets at
3 a.m., arriving in good time to wel-
come a new little stranger into the
world.

Three or four hours later, mother
and babe, comfortably lying side by
side, the delighted family looking on,
the nurse once more packs her bag and
leaves, carrying with her this happy
picture.

You ask, "Do you enjoy this
work?" We consider it a privilege to
be able to enter these homes, to help
those unable to help themselves, and
to cheer many a lonely person. This
is a joy which only those entering in
the capacity of a nurse can fully ap-
preciate.

302

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Immigration Medical Service

By A. GRANT FLEMING, M.D., Medical Director. The Canadian National Committee

for Mental Hygiene

The medical service for the exam-
ination of immigrants was organized
in, 1902 to carry out the amendments
made in that year to the Immigration
Act. These amendments provided for
the exclusion of certain classes of indi-
viduals, called "prohibited classes,"
and for the imposition of penalties on
vessels which landed persons who
would come within the classes not to
be admitted.

Until the Department of National
Health was organised in 1919, this
medical service was provided by the
Department of Immigration. Since
that date, it has been one of the
functions of the Department of Na-
tional Health.

The system of medical examination
of immigrants, as taken over by the
Department of National Health, was
that of examining at the Canadian
ports of arrival. For obvious reasons,
this examination was, at best, far from
being as complete and thorough as
such examination should be. In addi-
tion to the examination not being
i?atisfactory, the system was severe
upon those immigrants who had come
in good faith and who found them-
selves being deported as they fell un-
der the restrictions of the "prohibited
classes."

Examination Overseas

In order to secure a better medical
examination and to eliminate the
hardships of the immigrant, the De-
partment of National Health, in the
year 1924, inaugurated the provision
of such medical examinations, on a
voluntary basis, in the British Isles.
This allowed the prospective emigrant
to ascertain whether or not he and his
family were eligible for admission to
Canada as immigrants before break-

ing up his home and severing his ties
in the home-land.

At first, the examinations were
made by one of an official roster of
physicians who were residents of the
British Isles and of European ports.
The examination was optional, except-
ing for certain individuals for whom
it was compulsory.

Later, .the medical examination was
made compulsory for all prospective
emigrants, with the exception of those
from the Scandinavian countries.
Canadian physicians, employed by the
Department of National Health, were
stationed at the larger centres in the
British Isles and Europe, exclusive of
the Scandinavian countries.

The Department of National Health
acts merely in an advisory capacity
to the Department of Immigration
and Colonization, the latter being re-
sponsible for the administration of
the Immigration Act and Regulations.
The Department of National Health
examines the prospective or actual
emigrants, and classifies them accord-
ing to section 111 of the Immigration
Act, w^hich deals with "prohibited
classes." The acceptance or rejection
of each individual as an immigrant
rests with the Department of Immi-
gration.

The more fully developed plan for
the overseas medical examination has
now been in practice since the fiscal
year 1928-29, and a study of the re-
sults is timely.

In that year, 154,658 prospective
emigrants were examined overseas, of
whom 85,873 were British and 68,785
Continentals. Of the total number,
14,232 were found to belong to the
"prohibited classes," their distribu-
tion being 12,125 British and 3,107
Continentals. Of this number, 726

THE CANADIAN NURSE

303

British were so classified because of
mental diseases or defects, and 284
for constitutional psychopathic infer-
iority.

This would seem to be conclusive
evidence of the need for and value of
the overseas medical service. When
iinmigrants are examined at the port
of arrival, it is not possible to take the
time or to make the repeated exam-
inations without detaining the indivi-
duals. Whereas, if the examination is
made at or near the home town of the
prospective emigrant, second or third
examinations may be made with a
minimum of inconvenience and with
the added advantage of viewing the
individual in his normal surround-
ings.

There is no system of examination
that is perfect and there is a limit to
medical skill in detecting conditions
which the prospective emigrant may
desire to conceal. Who can say that a
person has had occasional seizures if
he or she denies their occurrence?

It follows that if the overseas exam-
inations are doing their part, there
should be, first of all, a great reduc-
tion in the number of rejections at the
ports of arrival and also in that of
deportations on account of conditions
developing later, causing the person
to become a public charge.

System Is Justified
What we find is that for the two
years before the present system was
put into practice, the numbers certi-
fied as prohibited were 638 and 742.
For the two years the system has been
in force, the numbers are 263 and
196.

These last figures may seem com-
paratively high, in view of what is be-
ing done overseas, but they are largely
explained by considering the numbers
who arrive at the ports without hav-
ing been examined overseas. For ex-
ample, of the 30 certified as mental
cases during the past year at the ports
of arrival, 13 had not been examined
overseas.

The more we consider the subject,
the firmer becomes the conviction that
Canada is well advised to continue the
organisation now in operation, which
provides for the medical examination
of prospective immigrants overseas by
or under the direction of Canadian
physicians employed by the Canadian
Government for this service. It would
seem unfortunate to allow this service
to disintegrate just because immigra-
tion is down at present. The service
should, it seems, be preserved and
strengthened, and this period of quiet
provides the opportunity for doing so.
(Mental Health, February, 1931.)

Sister M. Xavier

The death occurred at St. Mary's
Hospital, Kitchener, Ontario, on April
17th, of Sister ^I. Xavier, who for al-
most seven years had been the super-
intendent of nurses at that institu-
tion.

Sister M. Xavier joined the Sisters
of St. Joseph sixteen years ago, and
after three years entered St. Joseph's
Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, as a stu-
dent nurse. After her graduation she
became superintendent of nurses at
St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, On-
tario, and continued in that capacity
till the opening of St. Mary's Hospi-
tal, Kitchener, at which time she took

up the position which she held until
the time of her death.

Sister ]\1. Xavier was a member of
the first class in the course for
Teachers and Administrators in
Schools of Nursing at the University
of Toronto. While there her cheery
disposition and whole-hearted enthus-
iasm endeared her to every member
of the class.

In the passing of Sister M. Xavier
the nursing profession has lost a
valued member, and the student nurse
an earnest teacher and sympathetic
friend.

304

THE CANADIAN NURSE

National Convener of Publication Committee, Nursing Education Section,
Miss ANNIE LAWRIE, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Kdniontcui, Alta.

School Differences

By MARION MYERS, Instructor of Nursing, General Hospital, Moose Jaw, Sask.

In this present trend of advance-
ment in nursing education, which has
caused schools of nursing to emerge
from the "sweat shop" of crude ap-
prenticeship and take on recognised
teaching methods, two factors might
be mentioned as the primary agents
of this forward movement.

First, a realisation of deficiencies
due to inadequate training; secondl}^,
arising from this, a more united effort
on the part of graduate nurses to im-
prove the status of schools of nursing.

With such an objective, the larger
hospitals (those with not less than
300 beds) with schools of nursing, are
gradually taking their place with
other recognised educational institu-
tions. With a first rate theoretical pro-
gramme correlating well with organ-
ised clinical work, the hospital school
presents an educational programme
unsurpassed in any other field of
teaching, and the student has early
and constant contact with the realities
of her future vocation. If experience
is an asset, students of nursing secure
it to a degree rarely attained by those
of other professions before the time
of graduation, and only later secured
by them at a greater cost, due to the
wide gap between the field of experi-
ence and the class-room and labora-
tory.

But though the schools of nursing
in the large centres offer this attrac-
tive and seemingly well-balanced edu-
cational programme, the smaller hos-
pitals, away from medical schools, en-
counter some difficulties in arranging
an adequate programme. Few schools,
large or small, have sufficient funds at
their disposal to permit of lecturers
other than the instructor of nursing.

In many cases even she is deemed an
unnecessary liability, the work being
carried on by the superintendent of
nurses. The other teachers are re-
cruited from the medical staff.

A doctor who is a member of the
university lecturing staff is honoured
professionally; therefore, he aims to
become a successful teacher and de-
velops teaching methods and art. He
is a specialist, but due to this new
phase of his work he becomes a stu-
dent, then a professor. The results of
his teaching must reflect upon the
students, and a school able to draw
its lecturers from such a source is in-
deed fortunate.

With such a school, how do schools
without this academic connection com-
pare? Their medical lecturers are, of
course, chosen from their attending
staff. Each of these men may belong
to several open hospitals and be called
upon to lecture at them separately,
often on different subjects. Each
school shares his attention, the qual-
ity of the lectures varying according
to the subject he likes best or the one
in which he is most interested. This
doctor gives liberally of his time and
experience, but due to office hours,
hospital, city and country rounds, to
saj^ nothing of the pending maternity
case ready to materialise at any
moment, he has an over-crowded pro-
gramme, and as a result, the duty lec-
tures are given at the end of a weary-
ing day for both lecturer and student.
The system is far from adhering to
either the laws of health or of learn-
ing.

The foundation of progress in any
field consists of co-operation, organ-
isation, tools and system. If teaching

THE CANADIAN NURSE

305

so handicapped is to accomplish its
purpose, these qualities must be de-
veloped to a considerable degree.

The first consideration necessary is
the amalgation of schools for lectur-
ing purposes. This should limit the
doctor to one subject and provides
more time for preparation of mater-
ial. The uniting of the different hospi-
tal groups will increase the size of the
class and should result in stimulation
and wholesome competition. As the
failure of the doctor to keep a lecture
appointment would mean inconven-
ience to more than one hospital, it is
not so likely to occur.

Improved teaching equipment may
be arranged for and purchased under
the direction of a joint committee
representative of all schools taking
part in this centralised teaching sys-
tem, each sharing equally in the ex-
penses, with the possibility of selling
their share should they wish at any
time to sever connections. To secure
a lecture room of sufficient size, and
with suitable furnishings, often pre-
sents a problem ; the room is not, per-
haps, so hard to procure, but cup-
board space is not always available to
care for the necessary teaching equip-
ment.

Arrangement of lectures; the time
at which the course is to start and
finish ; hours, number of lectures, etc.,
may well be planned by the committee
and handled through the medical
board. The lecturers should be chosen
annually and required to conform to
the programme for a year or refuse
office. The admission of students and
assembling of classes must rest with
the school authorities, each student
being afforded the maximum benefit
of all educational advantages avail-
able.

Clinical Material : The teaching
hospital shares its clinical subjects
equally with medical students and
nurses, thus the same subject pro-
vides two aspects of teaching. Very
careful records are taken by the house
doctor. This gives the instructor ex-
cellent material to correlate with the
students' theoretical course in medi-

cine, surgery, gynaecology, etc. Again,
the internes may be depended upon
to give demonstrations of lumbar
puncture, intravenous, etc., in the
true setting, making such a complete
picture that it will be implanted very
vividly on the mind of the student for
future use when she is far remote
from the walls of the institution.

In the other type of hospital, minus
the medical school and frequently
supporting an "open" service, the
lack, or absence, of internes makes
this teaching almost impossible. The
material is there, but organised in-
struction becomes more complicated.
Frequently, the majority of patients
employ a private doctor. This makes
them independent and sometimes re-
sentful, and even suspicious, of bed-
side teaching. To them, nurses and
doctors are born, not made, and to
their mind a complete nursing system
exists for their benefit alone. The de-
mands of this type of patient often
far exceeds their financial status of
hospitalisation.

The clinical departments are not as
a rule clearly defined. One floor or
ward may contain medicine, surgery,
etc. Careful checking is most neces-
sary to determine what clinical ex-
perience the nurse has had. This in-
vestigation, if carried out faithfully,
is perhaps an advantage, as the stu-
dent 's stay on a certain floor is deter-
mined by the case method rather than
by time alone.

In actual practical experience this
type of hospital ranks high. Here
many procedures, which, in the larger
school, are performed by internes, fall
to the lot of the nurses, who in turn
are responsible to the attending doc-
tor, and this added responsibility in-
creases their power of observation
and their technical ability. Again, the
doctors are more individual in treat-
ment— each follows the dictation of
his own experience and regulates his
methods accordingly. Thus nurses
must keep pace with wide and varied
forms of treatment and drug admin-
istration. More material is provided
for imagination and research from

306

THE CANADIAN NURSE

the nursing point of view, giving rise
to variations in nursing procedures.

Due to the smaller size of the in-
stitution, nurses are continually com-
ing in contact with other departments,
as maternity, x-ray, drug and clinical
laboratories. This provides a constant
interchange of experiences, which is
very helpful if received at the right
period of training, a factor unfortun-
ately left largely to chance, but one

which helps to round out the general
experience.

In conclusion, each hospital should
have its contribution to make. The
larger hospital school is by no means
the sole benefactor. The small may
offer opportunities especially benefi-
cial to the senior students, which the
large one cannot give. Only through
reorganisation and co-operation will
a more complete training be attained.

Efficiency in Operating Room Technique

By SISTER MARY, Superintendent, Halifax Infirmary, Halifax, N.S.

To deal with the sub.iect of operat-
ing room technique in its entirety is
not our aim; neither do we propose
to advance any new points of proced-
ure, but rather to offer a few sugges-
tions of simple and practical methods
which we have found conducive to
economy of time, space, and energy in
our daily operating room experience.

One of the fundamentals of an effi-
ciently conducted operating room con-
sists in the practice of keeping the
same supervisor as long as possible,
so that she may be accustomed to the
preferences, and acquainted with the
methods, of the individual surgeons.
If the supervisor knows just what
needles, etc., a surgeon prefers, and
his ordinary method of procedure, de-
lay during the operation will thus be
avoided by anticipation of his require-
ments. Routine work in the operating
room is well organised when not fre-
quently upset by change of super-
visors, and this assures the student
nurses a methodical surgical training.

In addition to the regular morning
routine work, the day's operation list

will, to a certain extent, regulate the
preparative measures to be considered.
Certain instruments for the second
operation on the list, for instance,
may be set out even before the first
is in progress. Many of the requisites
for the later operations may be in
readiness and thus delay between the
operations is lessened, to the conven-
ience and- satisfaction of all concerned.

Perhaps the greatest consideration,
after strict aseptic observances, is
economy of time during operations.
This is an extensive topic, and falls
into many subdivisions, concerning
which some practical suggestions may
be of help.

A time-saving plan, perhaps well
known and practised, is that of the
elimination of separate wrappers, by
having all the articles required for the
operation, such as sheet, sponges,
tapes, towels, etc., done up in one
wrapper. By this plan the time ordin-
arily required for the individual un-
wrappings, as well as the space occu-
pied by the separate packages, is
saved.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

307

The time taken to drape the sheet
over the patient, although seemingly
brief in itself, may be still further
shortened by the following method :
The sheet before being sterilised is
pleated, three pleats on each side of
the opening; it is then folded from
the bottom up and from the top down,
still leaving the opening visible ; it is
then folded in two, the top distin-
guished by being of much less thick-
ness. The surgeon, hands being ster-
ile, may place the sheet immediately
with the opening over the operative
area, unfold it without delay, and the
sheet unpleating falls directly into
position. This saves the delay occa-
sioned by difficulty in finding the
opening in the ordinary folded sheet,
and the spreading of the sheet after
the opening is finally in position.

It is well also, and a point of prac-
tical importance, to have always in
readiness a sterile kit of intravenous
apparatus, the needles being in a test
tube to prevent injury to the rubber
tubing. In an emergency, very often
an intravenous is necessary, and there
is no delay if the apparatus is already
sterile and wrapped in a complete kit.
Closely associated with the sterile in-
travenous apparatus, a sterile ''cut-
ting down set" (consisting of scalpel,
scissors, tissue forceps, a couple of
haemostats, small sponges, small skin
needles threaded with silkworm gut)
also immediately available, saves a
great deal of time in cases where it
is necessary to cut into the vein.

Another device of time economy
and order — a suspension table over
the main operating table and on a
level with the patient, holds a well-
covered instrument tray containing,
in two rows of neatly-arranged, well-
separated sets, the ordinary instru-
ments used for operation.

First Row : Haemostats, Allis
clamps, Mayo-Ochsner clamps, curved
clamps.

Second row: Towel clamps (over
whicli the wound towels are placed),
needle holder with small round needle
always threaded (in case the surgeon

should require an extra stitch not
anticipated), sponges, catgut for
ligating, retractors.

Too many instruments should not
be put on this tray, but should be
supplied from time to time as the
supply diminishes in the progress of
the operation.

Near the operative area, directly in
reach of the surgeon's hand, are
placed — scalpel, dissecting scissors,
dissecting forceps.

A sterile hypodermic set, with am-
poule and file bound to the outside of
wrapper, should be in readiness for
emergency use during the operation.

The surgeon and assistants may
put on their own caps and masks be-
fore scrubbing, since it is no longer
deemed necessary that these should
be sterile. This practice in regard to
the masking saves time for the un-
sterile nurse. The cap and masks,
however, if not kept for the special
use of each surgeon, should be boiled
before being presented to another
surgeon.

A difficulty experienced by the
sterile nurse is that of being scrubbed,
ready too soon, and becoming tired
before the surgeon arrives, or, on the
other hand, causing delay by waiting
until the surgeon's arrival and then
taking the time to scrub. Both of these
may be eliminated by the preparation
of scrubbing the arms, elbows and
nails, using gauze rather than the
brush, for perhaps seven or eight
minutes, and then when the surgeon
arrives doing the final scrubbing of
the hands with the brush and dipping
the hands in alcohol or alcohol and
biniodide, 1-1000.

During the operation, to save time
for the sterile nurse, the unsterile
nurse may assist in passing requisites,
if she uses long sterile forceps, kept in
alcohol when not in use.

These are merely ^ few points, per-
haps all in use already, but which are
capable of practical application in any
operating room, however small, or
whatever its inconveniences.

308

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Jlill

llli

I Mi

lllli^ lilii

XfJ ' ' — '

^ III J.I

itIJt

^!"m'""i"""'*'i

Muiiir.

;ral Hospital.

Cupboard containing drugs for the teaching of Materia Medica, the Montreal General

Hospital School for Nurses.

Scholarships Offered

II.

Alberta Association of Registered
Nurses

The Alberta Association of Regis-
tered Nurses offer a scholarship for
1931 of five hundred ($500) dollars
for university post-graduate work in
any branch of nursing.

The applicant must be a registered
nurse from an accredited training
school in Alberta. She must make ap-
plication to the secretary of the As-
sociation for the scholarship, together
with statement of her academic stand-
ing, stating definitely the post-grad-
uate course she intends to take and
the university giving the course, not
later than July 15th, 1931. Kate
Brighty, Secretary-Treasurer, Parlia-
ment Buildings, Edmonton, Alta.

Graduate Nurses Association of
British Columbia

A scholarship of $500.00 is offered
by the Graduate Nurses Association
of British Columbia, giving opportun-
ity for a year's course for nurses in
any Canadian university, Bedford
College, London, England, or a post-
graduate course in a Canadian hospi-
tal, approved by the committee, to a
registered nurse of British Columbia.

Arrangements will be completed in
time for successful applicant to enter
autumn session, 1931.

Application forms, with informa-
tion regarding this scholarship, will
be sent to every member shortly.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

309

i^partm^nt nf Prtuat^ iutjj Nursing

National Convener of Publication Committee, Private Duty Section,
Miss CLARA BROWN, 23 Kendal Ave., Toronto, Ont.

The Contribution of Sodium Amytal to Surgery

By LYON H. APPLEBY, M.D., F.R.C.S., Vancouver, B.C.

To the busy operating surgeon, do-
ing ease after case each morning,
patients, to> some extent, lose their
identity. Mrs. Jones's goitre is just
another thyroid to the surgeon, who
too often forgets that to Mrs. Jones
the removal of this goitre — which she
may have carried for years — repre-
sents one of the most important events
in her life ; one which she has long
dreaded, put off for years, and to
which she comes full of fear and ap-
prehension.

The same surgeon — in the after-
noon, engrossed in the trials of his
consulting room oi* relaxing some-
where on a golf course — is only too
anxious to forget his vomiting post-
operatives of the morning, and the
most meticulously careful surgeon is
very often the most negligent in re-
ducing to an absolute minimum his pa-
tient's pre-operative apprehensions.

Though sporadic attempts have been
made here and there, probably to Dr.
G. W. Crile, of Cleveland, goes the
credit of making the first real effort
to eliminate, as far as possible, the
psychic trauma from which all pre-
operatives suffer. Dr. Crile 's method
of operating in the patient's room,
the witholding from the patient the
day and hour of operation, the pre-
liminary hypnosis and his method of
anoci-association, were some of the
first steps in the right direction.

To my mind, the great contribution
which sodium amytal has made to
surgery has been the forcing into the
consciousness of the operating surgeon
a better appreciation of the mental at-
titude of their patients immediately
preceding a surgical operation.

To a patient, perhaps already phy-
sically at a low ebb from disease, the
trip unstairs on the carriage, the
white tiled rooms, the gowned nurses

and anaesthetists, the formidable gas
machine and the screaming tonsil
child "going under" in the next
room, must take its toll from the ner-
vous system already frayed by fear;
so that the nauseating odour of the
induction (often delayed a few min-
utes while something is got ready)
comes as a relief.

Sodium amytal is not an anaes-
thetic as ordinarily used, but it is a
hypnotic of amazing potency. It is
used solely to produce unconscious-
ness, after which the patient is
anaesthetised in the ordinary way. It
is given intravenously; a dram being
dissolved in 10 c.c. of sterile water.
The dose can be judged for each case
to a nicety and should be just twice
the number of cubic centimetres re-
quired to put a patient to sleep. If a
patient falls asleep after 4 c.c. have
been received, the dose for that pa-
tient is 8 c.c. If she or he falls asleep
after 2 c.c, the dose is only 4 c.c.

The sodium amytal patient drops
asleep without warning. There is no
choking, coughing or excitement stage
of any kind and I have yet to hear a
patient say he remembered even get-
ting sleepy ; there being no humming,
light-headedness or "departure" so
well known in all other forms of
anaesthesia. It should invariably be
given in the patient's own room after
having been prepared elsewhere.
There is no memory then of having
left the room. The carriage ride, the
operating or anaesthetic rooms are
not seen; the patient being quietly
asleep. Anaesthesia is then induced in
the ordinary way.

The advantage of such a procedure
must be obvious ; the patient need not
even know she is to have her opera-
tion. It eliminates almost all fear,
which frequently is of the anaesthetic
and not of the operation.

310

THE CANADIAN NURSE

It does much more. Patients who
have had sodium amytal do not per-
spire on the operating room table.
They are returned to their beds bone
dry as opposed to the drenching sweat
which all ether patients undergo as a
natural phenomena of ether anaes-
thesia ; and this is true even though
the patient may have received pro-
longed ether anaesthesia for the op-
eration. Blood pressure drops some-
what, usually about fifteen points per
hundred millimetres of mercury; not
nearly so much as under spinal
anaesthesia. Blood sugar temporarily
goes up and quickly returns to nor-
mal. This is common with all anaes-
thesia.

But if sodium amytal is to some
extent a godsend in the induction of
anaesthesia, its effect on the post-
operative is equally wonderful.
Whereas it is the rule for post-opera-
tives under ordinary anaesthesia to
vomit, I have done uearly seven hun-
dred operations in the past two years
using it for induction and I have had
only nine patients vomit at all. Now
vomiting hurts, and hurts a lot. The
strain of vomiting, sometimes pro-
longed for twenty-four hours or more,
is a real hardship, appreciated only
by those who have been through it, of
whom I am one. Ether or chloroform,
or any inhalation anaesthesia, is irri-
' tating to bronchial mucus and there
is always a certain amount of cough-
ing while a patient is recovering con-
sciousness, and this causes pain.

Sodium amytal patients, as a rule,
sleep eight to ten hours after a dose
as above described; thus giving them
sufficient time to eliminate all the
ether or chloroform from their sys-
tems, so that when they quietly waken
they do not move or struggle coming
out, and, as a rule, relish a cup of
clear tea or a drink of water — which
under ordinary circumstances would
precipitate a further spell of vomit-
ing. Furthermore, there is frequently
a period of amnesia following a return
to consciousness, so that a patient
wakening up at four o'clock after an
eight o'clock operation may talk to
you, drink a cup of tea, do what she

is told and fall off to sleep again and
not remember having previously
awakened. The post-operative day is
often not even remembered ; and who
wouldn't be glad to forget it?

Sodium amytal may also be given
by mouth. In surgery, the intraven-
ous method, with its certainty of ab-
sorption, the accuracy with which the
dose for each individual case may be
gauged (and it cannot be foretold)
and the great rapidity of its action,
make it the method of choice. The
average patient is asleep in 60 seconds
when the drug is given as it should
be at the rate of 1 c.c. per minute.
The great field for oral administra-
tion is -undoubtedly obstetrics.

Sodium amytal is filling a hitherto
unrecognised gap in anaesthesia. The
smooth, rapid induction, without
struggling, without sensation, with-
out even knowing you are going to
sleep, administered in the patient's
own room, with nothing to smell, has
robbed the operating room of much
of its terror. I have rarely seen a pa-
tient move so much as a finger dur-
ing induction, as opposed to the
struggle of ordinary anaesthesia. The
smooth, unperspiring post-operative
convalescence, the almost complete
absence of vomiting and the extra
eight hours' sleep have robbed the
post-operative room of at least half of
its misery. But it has done, and is
doing, more than that. It has develop-
ed in the mind of the surgeon using
it a better and more sympathetic ap-
preciation of the patient's mental re-
action to approaching operations ; and
once we, as surgeons, do come to ap-
preciate how much these operations
actually mean to the patient, our
natural reaction will be to use every
available means of allaying our pa-
tients' fears, of rendering their in-
ductions more pleasant and their first
post-operative day less arduous.

It is undoubtedl}^ a little more
trouble. The anaesthetists kick about
it ; but even if it does take extra time,
it is a real boon to the patient, and,
after all, in whose interests are we
working ?

THE CANADIAN NURSE

311

National Convener of Publication Committee, Public Health Section.
MARY F. CAMPBELL, 344 Gottingen Street, Halifax, N.S.

Public Health Work ^n County Units in Quebec

By ANYSIE MARIE DeLAND, G.M.E.

The Director of the Provincial
Bureau of Health for Quebec gave the
following explanation of a Health
Unit in his recent annual report :

"The Health Unit is a system that
has proved its value in England and the
United States, showing its superiority
to all others. It consists in establishing
in one or two adjoining counties a
small hygiene grdup, composed of a
full-time doctor, two or more visiting
nurses, a sanitary inspector charged
with authority to educate the municipal
employees, and a secretary to do the
clerical work."

Recent development of these units in
the Province of Quebec is due to the
assistance given the provincial public
health authorities by the Rockefeller
Foundation, when in 1926 the Units
of Beauce, Lake St. Jean and St.
Johns, Quebec, commenced operation.
Their success was so great that by
1930 the original number of units had
increased to twenty-three.

The following statistics show these
satisfactory results: In Beauce
County the general mortality fell
from 14.6 per 100 in 1926 to 11.8 per
100 in 1928; in Lake St. Jean from
14.8 to 12.1, and in St. Johns from
12.4 to 11.8. At the same time the rate
of mortality in contagious diseases
decreased in Beauce from 211.9 per
100,000 in 1926 to 59.1 ; in Lake St.
Jean from 174.4 to 53.5; and in St.
Johns from 74 to 60.4.

The medical organisation of Health
Units is very interesting, but this
would be deviating from the subject
under discussion. May it be sufficient
to draw attention to the existence of
the portable clinics for anti-tubercu-
lar work. In the absence of anti-tuber-
cular dispensaries, investigations and

(Paper read at Annual Meeting of Association
of Registered Nurses for the Province of Quebec,
January, 19.31.)

diagnoses are made with all the neces-
sary precision, even a portable fluoro-
scope being available to help with
clinical examinations. The number of
contagious tubercular patients found
by this travelling doctor is consider-
able.

The part the public health nurse
plays in the country districts in pro-
tecting the health of the people is
widely appreciated. This nurse re-
quires a very special training. Quali-
ties one would not demand in a health
helper in large towns are absolutely
necessary in the country, for on her
greatly depends the success of the
Health Unit.

Every unit puts an automobile at
the disposal of the nurses — two, three,
four and even five — dependent upon
the population and the area to be cov-
ered. In the Province of Quebec, vil-
lages are frequently quite distant
from one another and there is a great
advantage in a nurse being able to
travel without fatigue, her work al-
ready being sufficiently strenuous.

Frequently the nurses .share the
work, one going to the schools and the
other to the homes. They instruct the
teachers, who in their turn teach hy-
giene to the pupils. They select the
apparently weak children with physi-
cal defects and advise them to go to
their family physician. They search
for children who have come in con-
tact with tubercular parents or other
tubercular patients. If any glandular
trouble is discovered the children are
examined by the specialist connected
with the portable clinic. Finally, an
endeavour is made to impart as much
knowledge of hygiene as possible to
help to develop these little boys and
girls into men and women of excellent
health.

312

THE CANADIAN NURSi:

When a nurse enters a home to see
why a child is absent from school, or
for any other reason, she should, ac-
cording to instructions from the
Director of the Provincial Hygiene
Office, take the necessary time to teach
health. She teaches hygiene in the
home, food values, the value of meals
well balanced and at regular hours,
of sufficient rest at night, especially
for children, in well-ventilated rooms.
She gives advice on the mother's
health and the child, before and after
birth; on feeding of babies, the bath,
hygienic care and clothing.

She explains the benefits of serums
and vaccines which are administered
free to the pre-school child. She shows
the ill-effects of sleeping syrups and
all medicines given without the doc-
tor's advice. She gives advice to
adults and the aged ! — here education
is more difficult as fixed opinions are
hard to alter.

Besides teaching personal hygiene,
the nurse talks of other matters in
relation to the health of the school
children to groups of mothers or to
mixed audiences. Even into small vil-
lages a knowledge of hygiene pene-
trates, for the Health Unit nurse is
at the service of the entire population
and answers all calls to the homes of
the inhabitants.

Should there be a tubercular case
in the home, the family calls the
nurse, who explains to the patient in
a kindly way the necessity of caring
for himself, and his duty to protect
others from the disease. With such an
organisation, satisfactory results are
sure to be obtained.

Preventive measures in tuberculosis
demand that the child be removed
from the source of contamination be-
fore becoming infected ; but in remov-
ing him from his family a new home
in the country, where he will receive,
if not the same affection, at least an
attentive supervision to guide him
through the early years of childhood,
must be found. Following the example
of France, the Province of Quebec
started the Grancher Work, a child-
placing organisation.

This work has been in existence
since October, 1929. The centre is in
Montreal, with a sub-division in
Three Rivers. The child of a tuber-
cular parent, provided it is in good
health, is placed in a country home
recommended by the pastor and where
its hygienic conditions are closely
watched by the nurse in charge of the
service.

The Provincial Hygiene Service al-
lows ten dollars per month per child.
The child should go to school regular-
ly and no work above his strength
should be imposed. The watchful
nurse quickly detects any abuse on
the part of families who forget their
obligations ; this supervision assures
of the children growing up in security.

If later on the attraction of the
land draws them definitely for life,
another social problem, not less im-
portant, will find its solution.

This familj^-placing protects the
healthy child from the tubercular;
but what shall be done with the child
who, although showing no outward
sign, is already slightly infected? In
order to allow him to recuperate un-
der satisfactory conditions, the anti-
tuberculosis organisations have open-
ed summer camps where the necessary
fresh air, nourishment, rest and phy-
sical exercise may be obtained.

For several years the Bruchesi In-
stitute Camps have been functioning
and growing; but the need was too
great for its resources. Without the
financial assistance of the Provincial
Health Service, the Bruchesi Institute
could not have accommodated more
than three hundred children. With
provincial aid two hundred and fifty
girls and two hundred and fifty boys
enjoyed two months in the Lauren-
tians in the open air and sunshine.

Mention should also be made of the
summer camps in the city of Quebec,
with accommodation for one hundred
and fifty children, and in Three
Rivers for one hundred children.
These camps, which are under the
Provincial Government, have secured
results as satisfactory as those of the
Bruchesi camps.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

313

The nurse has her place forever
established in the sanitary regenera-
tion of Quebec ; but in the creation of
the different organisations she will
alwaj's be in the vanguard, and
should possess the qualities of a
pioneer: "initiative, endurance, hope

for the future, and perseverance."
No matter to what work she may be
called, the public health nurse will
not hesitate to devote herself to the
noble task of saving for her country
its most precious capital, the child !

First District Nursing in Saint John, N.B.

By AGNES DOUGLAS CARSON

Agnes Douglas Carson, in the first
week of April, 1885. went on duty
as district nurse in the city of Saint
John, N.B.. at a salary of $175 per
year. Out of this salary, the nurse
paid her own car-fare.

A committee of ladies and gentle-
men, members of the Church of Eng-
land, realised the need for provision
of a nursing service in the homes of
poor people and of people of moder-
ate means where a graduate nurse
would not be required for continuous
nursing (24-hour duty). Therefore,
in some way, this committee raised
a fund for District Nursing. This
need had been talked about for some
eight years. Funds being very limit-
ed, it was difficult to secure a grad-
uate nurse.

When the position was first offered
to ]\liss Carson, in addition to her
salary, it was arranged that she be
provided wnth board and lodging at
the General Public Hospital. For this
privilege, in addition to her district
Avork, she was to assist ^liss Eliza
Hegan. then the ^Matron and Superin-
tendent of Nurses at the General
Public Hospital. This plan was ap-
proved by the Commissioners of the
Hospital Board and the District
Nursing Committee; the Hospital
Board being represented on the Dis-
trict Nursing Committee by Dr.
William Bayard and Dr. Thomas
Walker, Sr., two of the outstanding
medical men of the city at that time.

Dr. Bayard, as president: Dr. Wal-
ker. Sr.; Lady Tilley, wife of Sir
Leonard; Miss Thorne. Mrs. Bridg-
stock and several ladies and clergy
constituted a very pleasant and in-
terested board.

The first physician calling for the
nurse was Dr. Travers, Sr. The pa-
tient was the proprietress of the
Commercial Hotel near the depot.
The patient died. This almost dis-
couraged the nurse.

In addition to the city proper,
patients as far afield as Portland
(North End) and Carleton were visit-
ed and given the necessary care. This
was quite an undertaking for horse-
cars, ferry boat and horse-drawn
buses were the only means of tran*?-
portation.

At first, the nurse carried a lunch
— in those days one did not eat in a
tea room or restaurant — but on
several occasions the lunch was given
to sopieone. generally children. The
long time between breakfast and the
light supper began to tell upon the
health of the nurse. Having ques-
tioned the nurse, Miss Hegan report-
ed this fact to Lady Tilley and it was
arranged that, when on duty, the
nurse should go to certain homes of
the committee for mid-day lunch
when too far from the hospital, as
the nurse did not ride on street cars
unnecessarily — too expensive for her
salary to permit it. After several

314

THE CANADIAN NURSE

months, the nurse became a better
manager or organiser and had her
patients so grouped and her visits so
arranged that she could go back to
the hospital for the mid-day meal.

Often clean linen was given for
poor people and good food would be
sent by the committee to families
where necessary. When the nurse
resigned in December, 1895, to go to
New York, she left sixteen patients
for her successor.

One of the committee presented
the nurse with 100 car tickets, which
helped to lessen the expenditure of
transportation.

The first District or Visiting Nurse
in the city of Saint John, N.B., filled
a great need and the nurse was very
happy in performing her duties. This
was in the days before Victorian
Order of Nurses, or Public Health or
nursing organisations were in Saint
John.

CONSTRUCTIVE SUGGESTIONS

Recently the Editor received a
much appreciated letter from a nurse
who is at present engaged in school
nursing. Sections of the letter read :
*'l wonder if we could keep up a sec-
tion containing material descriptive
of successful methods in presenting
or teaching health in schools, e.g., I
am starting to use the triple posture
test described on page 238, "Health
Education in Rural Schools," by
Andress. . . . When I've carried it
on long enough to draw conclusions
as to results, I shall send you an art-
icle. Perhaps it would help some one
who wishes to stress that part of
school work. " " ... I have had short
plays (original) with the children,
which were successful and were not
passed on beyond ray district. If
other school nurses are like rae they
run out of methods and new ways to
present health. Some school nurses do
not do much teaching, but they are
constantly being asked for sugges-
tions by the teachers and I feel it a
pity when I cannot offer suggestions
for their guidance when they are in-
terested in teaching health."

" ... I think a series of talks hy
a nurse on Home Nursing or Mother-
craft to Grade VIII girls would be in-
teresting to nurses who are teaching
health in the schools."

"... We are always clamouring
for good health stories, plays and
rhymes for the children. I am sure

some of our Canadian nurses could
write stories and plays."

Any nurse who can write as sug-
gested may rest assured her contribu-
tion will be most acceptable for the
pages of the Journal. — (Editor.)

ENCO URAGEMENT

The Bulletin for Public Health
Nurses for Manitoba, March, 1931,
contained a news item from one of the
nurses, which announced: "The com-
mon drinking cup and water pail at

D skating rink has been replaced

by a fountain by the Town Council
as a result of a suggestion regarding
the insanitary condition of the drink-
ing facilities." In the Bulletin for
April the Editor makes the following
comment : ' ' Nurses who have been

stationed at D were interested in

the news item from D which ap-
peared in last month's Bulletin. It
appears that every public health

nurse who has worked in D has

used moral suasion to have the com-
mon drinking cup removed; and evi-
dently there was an accumulative ef-
fect that could not withstand further
suggestion. This incident is typical of
results in all phases of health work.
Ideas sown long ago under great dif-
ficulties are now bearing fruit —
which encourages us to keep sowing,
even if the next generation of health
workers gets the credit for the har-
vest."

THE CANADIAN NURSE

315

Important I

Recently the Editor was informed
that a number of nurses resident in
the Prairie Provinces have given sub-
scriptions for The Canadian Nurse to
a "Mr. Hartford," who represented
himself as soliciting with the author-
ity of the Editor of the Journal.
Nurses are once more reminded that
it is not, nor never has been, the po-
licy of the Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion to allow travelling agents to
solicit subscriptions for the Journal.

It is greatly regretted that so many,
according to recent reports, have sub-
scribed in this way, especially as it is
understood the majority paid for a
two-year subscription. Subscriptions
should be remitted only by the indivi-
dual nurse, through an association of
registered nurses, or by recognised
subscriptions agencies, which are
usually connected with book stores in
Canada.

N^uiH Notfa

CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

MLss Gertrude Bennett, Superintendent of
Nurses, Ottawa Civic Hospital, and Second
Vice-President, Canadian Nurses Association,
and Miss Alice Ahern, Director of Nursing
in Canada for the Metropolitan Life In-
surance Company, represented the C.N. A.
at the annual meeting of the Canadian
Council on Child and Family Welfare, held
in Ottawa on April 28th and 29th, 1931.
The sessions were chiefly given over to a
round-table conference on present employ-
ment conditions and related social problems.
A report of the findings of this conference
has been published, copies of which may be
obtained from the Canadian Council on
Child and Familv Welfare, Council House,
245 Cooper Street, Ottawa. C.N.A. repre-
sentatives report that the iioformation given
and discussion leading to these findings w^ere
very interesting. Miss Bennett was recently
appointed C.N.A. representative to the
Child Hygiene Section of the Council, of
which Miss Margaret Nealon Reg.N., is
assistant secretary.

Members of the Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion who are taking part in the programme
of the twentieth annual meeting of the
Canadian Public Health Association, which
is being held in Regina, Saskatchewan, June
17th, 18th and 19th are: Miss Jean Browne,
Director of Junior Red Cross for Canada,
Toronto; Miss Emma de V. Clarke, Division
of Mental Hvgiene, Department of Riblic
Health, City of Toronto; Miss M. McCuaig,
Western Supervisor of the Victorian Order of
Nurses; Miss A. E. Wells, Provincial De-
partment of Health and Public ^^'elfare,
Winnipeg; Miss K. Rowlay, Health Unit
No. 1, Saskatchewan; Miss Ruby M. Simpson,
Director of School Health Supervision,
Provincial Department of Health, Regina.
Miss Simpson is chairman of the Public
Health Nursing Section of the C.P.H.A.

Recently some of the Provincial Branches
of the Canadian Red Cross Society have sent
forms for renewal of enrollment for voluntary
service to those nurses who last year volun-
teered for emergency service during the first
enrollment made by the Canadian Red Cross.
The.se forms should be filled in and returned
promptly to Provincial Red Cross Head-
quarters. Members of provincial associa-
tions of registered nurses who have not
enrolled as yet may obtain all necessary
information for doing so from the secretary
of the provincial association of which they
are members.

ALBERTA

Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton:
Thirty-six nurses graduated from the training
school on April 8th, 1931, the exercises being
held at the Nurses' Home. .An interesting
programme had been arranged, with Mr. V.
A. Porter acting as Chairman, His Honour
the Lieutenant-Governor presenting the
badges and diplomas, and Mayor J. M.
Douglas the prizes. The Florence Night-
ingale pledge was administered by the Right
Rev. Bishop H. A. Gray; the address to the
nurses was given by the Rev. Thos. H.
Mitchell; hospital reports were read by the
medical superintendent and the superintend-
ent of nurses. Mrs. T. H. Field gave pleasing
vocal solos. The Crowe Scholarship was won
by Miss K. Deane-Freeman, who also won
the gold medal and the prize donated by the
Hospital Board for highest average in
theoretical examinations during the three
years. Miss Edna Hendra won the silver
medal and the cash prize given by the Board
for second highest average in theoretical
nursing, and also the prize donated by the
medical staff for highest average in surgical
and obstetrical nursing. The Ladies' Hospital
Aid Prize for general proficiency was won by
Miss Ruby A. Irish; and that for highest
average in medical nursing and nursing of
infectious diseases by Miss Phyllis Petty.

316

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Miss Ida Johnson has left for a two-
months' holiday in Vancouver and other
coast cities. Mrs. K. Manson has returned
from a two-months' vacation in Eastern
Canada. The sympathy of the Alumnae is
e.xtended to Mrs. Alanson on the death of
her sister. Misses Watherston, Davidson,
Dean and Cross are on the staff of the
travelling clinic of the Provincial Health
Department. Mr. and Mrs. T. Blair (Edythe
MacTavish, Medicine Hat General Ho.spital,
1929), have taken up residence in Edmonton.

LETHBRiDfE: The Graduate Nurses'
Association of Lethbridge held its first
annual dinner and bridge in the Marquis
Hotel on April 29th. Forty-two nurses were
present, and after dinner a very enjoyable
evening was spent, there being ten tables of
bridge. Dr. Bryans and Dr. McNally gave
short but interesting and amusing talks, and
everyone present felt that this first effort
of the Association was a great success.

BRITISH COLUMBIA

Vancouver: The regular monthly meeting
'of the Vancouver Graduate Nurses' Associa-
tion was held in the Auditorium of the
General Hospital on April 8th. The financial
report showed a balance of over $800.00, and
the sale of tickets on the Ford car has reached
$1,020.00 over the cost of the car, with more
to come in. Following the business meeting,
a most intere.sting address, with illustrations,
on South America, was given by Mr. G. A.
Gillies, of the Department of Mines, Uni-
versity of British Columbia.

On April loth an interesting film on the
Heart was shown to members of the Associa-
tion, under the supervision of Dr. G. F.
Strong, to celebrate the 300th anniversary of
Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the
blood, and was quite unique in matter and
photography.

NEW BRUNSWICK

Saint Johx: The regular monthly meeting
of the Saint John Chapter of the New Bruns-
wick Association of Registered Nurses was
held April 20 in the lecture room of the
nurses' home. After the general business
meeting, Dr. Mabel Hanington gave a most
interesting address on the need for institu-
tional care and protection for the feeble-
minded in New Brunswick. Heart j^ sympathy
with the plea was expressed by the members.
Miss E. J. Mitchell, the President, was in the
Chair.

Gener.\l Puplic Hospital. Saint John:
The annual meeting of the Alumnae was held
in the lecture room on May 5th, when the
following officers were elected: Honorary
President, Miss E. J. Mitchell; President,
Mrs. J. H. Vaughan; First Vice-President,
Mrs. F. M. McKelvey; Second Vice-Presi-
cent. Miss Kathleen Lawson; Treasurer,
Miss Kate Holt; Secretary, Mrs. G. L.
Dunlop. Additional members. Misses Odessa
McConnell, Evelyn Black, and Ethel Hender-
son; Convener of "The Canadian Nurse"
News Items, Miss Louise Peters.

Miss Ella Cambridge (1914) is in Toronto
with her sister, who has undergone a serious
operation. Sympathy is extended to Miss
Kathleen Lawson (1919) in the loss of her
mother. Miss Jennie Stephenson (1929) is
in Montreal taking a two-months' observation
course in Case Room technique. Miss L. I.
Ward (1924), of the out-patient department,
is leaving for New York. While there she will
visit the different hospitals. Miss Laura
Henderson (1927) is recovering after an
appendectomy. Miss S. Hartley (1927),
following recovery from a slight operation,
sailed the last of April for a visit to her old
home in England. Before leaving, a number
of her class mates and friend nurses met at
the home of the President, Mrs. J. H.
Vaughan, to wish her bon voyage and to
present her with a steamer rug. Miss Ina
Wetinore, of the Hospital staff, is at her
home in Clifton on sick leave.

Victoria Puplic Hospital, Fredericton:
A very delightful subscription tea was given
by the Graduate Nurses Association at the
home of Miss K. Stewart on April 23rd. The
rooms were beautifully decorated with spring
flowers, and the tea was well attended.

At the annual graduation exercises five
nurses received their diplomas, which were
presented by Dr. Wright. In the evening a
dance was given in honour of the graduating
class. The customary church service was
held the Sunday preceding graduation at
the Baptist Church.

NOVA SCOTIA

The quarterly meeting of the Provincial
Executive of the Nova Scotia Registered
Nurses Association was held on April 16th.
It was decided to hold the annual meeting in
Halifax on June 11th and 12th, thus allowing
nurses who will attend the meeting of the
Hospital Association in Windsor on June 9th
and lOth to be present. Miss Smellie, Super-
intendent of the Victorian Order of Nurses,
and Miss Beard, of the Rockefeller Founda-
tion, will address the meeting.

Halifax: The Halifax Branch of the
Registered Nurses Association of Nova
Scotia held a very successful bridge at the
Nova Scotian Hotel on April 9th. Over four
hundred guests were present, and two
hundred dollars realised. This sum will be
used for a scholarship to be given for a post-
graduate course in nursing education. All
the nurses in the city and their friends gave
most enthusiastic support to this project. A
number of prizes were donated, which assisted
very materially. The Committee in charge of
the bridge consisted of Misses S. Archard, J.
Campbell and J. Hubley; Mrs. D. J. Gillis,
Mrs. W. C. Nickerson, and Miss A. Slattery,
Convener.

The new residence for nurses of the Halifax
Children's Hospital has been completed, and
the staff and students are delighted with their
new quarters. The situation is a most de-
lightful one. The front overlooks the uni-
versity campus, the rear of the buildings
commands a beautiful prospect of the Gorse-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

317

brook Golf Links, the blue water of the
Harbour, and the hills of the Xorth-^^"est
Aim. The Imilding is well-equipped to meet
all the needs of the school and provides a
most comfortable home for the nurses.

On the ground floor are spacious living
rooms for both students and staff. The whole
effect is most attractive and home-like, with
large fireplaces and chimney furniture.

An up-to-date teaching unit is being
equipped and will greatly facilitate the teach-
ing of the students, a beautiful suite of rooms
consisting of bedroom, sitting room and bath
has been provided for the superintendent.
The decorations and furnishing of these rooms
leave nothing to be desired.

The staff nurses' bedrooms are con-
veniently arranged, with a bathroom between
each two rooms, while those of the student
nurses are provided with running water.

Each floor has a kitchenette and in the
basement a small laundry has been provided
for the convenience of the nurses. The entire
building reflects great credit on the Board of
Trustees. The decoration and furnishing was
carried out under the direction of the Super-
intendent, Miss Winslow, ably assisted by the
ladies of the Board.

The Children's Hospital is to be con-
gratulated upon the completion of this new
residence. "^The space formerly occupied as
residence, dining rooms, etc., will now be
given over to wards, lecture room for students
and quarters for the internes. This will bring
the capacity of the hospital up to one hundred
beds.

Miss Martha Riggs (Victoria General
Hospital, Halifax) has been appointed to the
staff of Camp Hill Hospital. Miss Margaret
Maclsaac (St. Joseph's Hospital, Glace Bay,
1928) has resigned from the staff of the Dal-
housie Public Health Clinic. Her marriage to
Earle Lafford, of St. Peters, C.B., will take
place in June. Miss Moya MacDonald
(Halifax) has been appointed to the per-
manent staff, C.A.M.C., and is at present
stationed at Cogswell Street Military Hos-
pital. Miss Margaret Quinn (Halifax In-
firmary, 1928) has been appointed to the
staff of the Dalhousie Public Health Clinic.

ONTARIO

Paid-up subscriptions to "The Canadian
Nurse" for Ontario in May, 1931, were 1021,
twenty-six less than in April, 1931.
Appointments

General Hospital, Guelph: Miss Maude
E. Tolton (1917) to the staff of Niagara Falls
General Hospital, where she has charge of the
obstetrical department and the instruction of
student nurses. Miss Marion Wood (1929),
night supervisor of the Guelph General
Hospital. Miss Lillian Morton, night
supervisor in the operating room. Hospital
for Sick Children. Miss M. Thompson has
been appointed supervisor on the Diphtheria
Ward, Riverdale Isolation Hospital.

Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto:
To the staff of the Private Patients' Pavilion,
Misses Josephine Boucher, Isobel Forrest,

Evelyn Headrick, Alice Swain, Hilda Mclnnis,
Grace Weegar, Evelyn Rowe (all of September,
1930). Miss Audrey Graham (September,
1926) has returned to the staff of the hospital
in charge of the No.se and Throat Depart-
ment. Miss Eleanor Grew (October, 1923) to
probationer instructor, Halifax General Hos-
pital. Mis.ses Lorraine Morrison, Ethel
Fykes, Florence Phillips (February, 1924)
and Miss Sarah Olliphant (October, 1925) to
the staff of the Preventorium Hospital,
Toronto. Miss Marion Morton (September,
1929) to night supervisor of the Preventorium
Hospital. Miss Marjorie Foy to the staff of a
Red Cross Outpost Hospital in Northern
Ontario.

District 1

St. Joseph's Hospital, London: Miss
Crummer and Miss Stenton have left to take
post-graduate courses at Manhattan Hos-
pital, New York.

Victoria Hospital, London: Miss Hilda
Stuart (1910), recently appointed superin-
tendent of nurses of Victoria Hospital, has
been a member of the nursing staff since
1924, serving first as second assistant, and
since November, 1929, as first assistant.
In 1915 Miss Stuart served overseas with a
Red Cross unit in Cairo, Egypt, and later
with an imperial unit at Rouen, France.
After her return to Canada she was attached
to Wolseley Barracks, London. Miss Stuart
was a private duty nurse for five years
previous to joining the staff at Victoria
Hospital. It is understood that Miss Stuart
is only the second graduate of Victoria
Hospital to hold the position of superin-
tendent of nurses. Her recent appointment
was made retroactive to February 1st, 1931.
District 2

Brantford: Those attending the annual
meeting of the Registered Nurses Association
of Ontario, which was held at Kitchener
April 9th, 10th and 11th, from Brantford
General Hospital were Miss E. M. McKee,
President, R.N.A.O.; Misses Dora Arnold,
Gladys Westbrook, Kate Charnley, Hilda
Muir, W. Chute, Muriel Nichol; Miss Maude
Campion from the Department of Health;
Mrs. F. N. Mitchell and Miss Winnifred
Argue from the Victorian Order of Nurses;
Miss E. M. Jones, private duty nurse.

General Hospital, Brantford: The
monthly meeting of the Alumnae Association
was held on April 7th in the Nurses Residence,
when a large number of members were
present. Dr. E. R. Secord gave a very inter-
esting and informative lecture on Basal
Metabolism.

Miss Verna Hopkins (1922) has returned to
the Hospital for post-graduate work in
operating-room technique. Miss Hopkins has
been serving in Red Cross Outposts for
several years.

General Hospital, Galt: Miss S. M.
Jamieson, Superintendent, was convener of
the Exhibit Committee for the Convention of
the R.N.A.O. held at Kitchener, April 9th,
10th and 11th. Miss Jean Davidson, of Paris,
Miss Helen Potts, Woodstock, and Miss A.

318

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Hodges, of Ingersoll, also attended the
annual meeting.

Guelph: Mrs. A. E. Ritchie, of the De-
partment of Public Health, Miss A. Moore,
school nurse, and Misses Harmer and Hughes
of the Victorian Order of Nurses attended the
banquet during the annual meeting of the
R.N.A.O., when Miss EHzabeth Smellie,
Chief Superintendent, Victorian Order of
Nurses, was the speaker.

General Hospital, Guelph: Miss M. F.
Bliss, Superintendent; Miss Ferguson, Presi-
dent of the Alumnae Association; and Misses
Macdonald, Kenney, Speers, Creighton, Wil-
son, Kaempf and Groenwald, were present at
the banquet at which the speaker was Miss
Elizabeth Smellie.

St. Jospeh's Hospital, Guelph: Sister
Assumption, Superintendent of Nurses, all
the floor supervisors, and many of the
private duty nurses attended the annual
meeting of the R.N.A.O. at Kitchener, April
9th, 10th and 11th.

Kitchener: Dr. and Mrs. H. Lackner
entertained the Hon. John Robb, Minister of
Health; Miss E. M. McKee, President,
R.N.A.O.; Miss Marjorie Buck, Chairman of
District 2; Miss A. M. Munn, Inspector of
Training Schools; Miss E. MacPherson
Dickson, Chairman of the Council of Nursing
Education; Miss Mary Millman, First Vice-
President, R.N.A.O.; Miss A. E. Bingeman,
Convener of the Arrangements Committee;
Dr. Ward Woolner, President, Ontario
Medical Association, and Mrs. Woolner; Dr.
Jackson, Medical Officer of Health, Kitchener,
and Mrs. Jackson; Rev. Father Mayer, and
Dr. G. F. Watson, President of Kitchener-
Waterloo Medical Society, Kitchener, during
the annual meeting, R.N.A.O.

The members of the Board of Directors of
the R.N.A.O. were entertained to tea in
Kitchener by Miss A. E. Bingeman and Dr.
and Mrs. Coutts at the Freeport Sanatorium.
Norfolk General Hospital, Simcoe:
Miss Marjorie Buck, Superintendent, Chair-
man of District No. 2, was hostess on the
occasion of the annual meeting of the Regis-
tered Nurses Association of Ontario in
Kitchener. Miss Hilda Booth, also of the
staff, was in charge of the registration desk
at the convention. Miss M. Neideraeur
attended the meeting.

District 4

General Hospital, Hamilton: Miss
Hazel Tilling (1925), who has been in charge
of a private floor in Geneva Hospital, Geneva,
New York, is back in Hamilton doing private
duty. The sincere sympathy of the Alumnae
is extended to Miss Hipwell and Miss Isobel
Mcintosh, who have each lost their mother
through death recently.

Mack Training School, St. Catharines,
Ont.: a delightful dinner at the Welland
House, on May 7th, had for hostesses the
Alumnae Associaition, and as honour guests,
the graduating class. Other guests included
Dr. and Mrs. F. S. Greenwood — Dr. Green-
wood having been associated with the School
since the graduation of its first class, in 1878.

The table, decorated with purple and gold,
the School colours, and spring flowers, was
laid for seventy-one, and shoulder bouquets
of purple and gold flowers marked the places
of the graduates. Following the toast to the
King, a toast to the School was proposed by
Miss Gladys Motley, and responded to by
Miss Wright, who proposed a toast to Dr.
Greenwood. Miss Margaret McClunie re-
sponded to the toast to the graduating class
which was proposed by Miss Ruth Beckett.
The speaker of the evening was Dr. W. E.
Blatz, of Toronto University. Following the
dinner, a dance was given by the School in
the Leonard Hurses Home in honour of the
Alumnae and graduating class.

District 5
Toronto: The regular meeting of the
Instructors' Section of the Centralised
Lecture Course for Student Nurses was held
on April 1st, at the Nurses Residence,
Toronto Western Hospital. The teaching
staff had arranged the demonstration room
to show the equipment for bathing a patient,
preparation for hypodermoclysis, a croup
tent, and a Klondike bed. The technique
of an alcohol sponge was demonstrated, and
the various treatment trays examined and
discussed. The next meeting will be held
at the Hospital for Incurables on May 7th.

Grant Macdonald Training School,
Toronto: The 1931 graduating class was
entertained by Miss Mortimer Clark at
dinner in the Royal York Hotel, following
which the Alumnae Association took the
class to see "Bunty Pulls the Strings," at
the Royal Alexandra Theatre.

Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto:
Miss Miriam Gibson (1926), represented the
Alumnae at the R.N.A.O. meeting at Kit-
chener. Miss Howe (1926), is again on duty
in the operating room after a leave of absence.
ML«s Mabel St. John (1920), and Miss
Dorothy HoUiday Q920), have returned
from a trip to Bermuda.

Mrs. H. A. Dixon (Dorothy Crossland,
October, 1923), has returned home after
spending the winter in North Carolina.
Miss Irene Wilson (March, 1928), and Miss
Stella Hodge (September, 1927), spent
several weeks in Florida during the winter.
Miss Amy Beare (September, 1927), has
returned to the staff of the Children's Me-
morial Hospital in Detroit, after spending a
few weeks at her home. Miss Kathleen
Halliwell (September, 1927), has left on a
short trip to England. Mrs. Geo. Grant
(Anna Foote, October, 1925), has left to
join her husband and take up residence in
London^ England. Mr. Grant is private
secretary to Hon. Howard Ferguson. Mrs.
Roy Mitchell (Norma Bolton, 1923), and
young daughter are returning soon to Toronto
after four years in Buffalo, N.Y. Miss
Edith Minty (1919), has returned to do
children's aid work in Toronto after several
years spent in social service work in New
York and Philadelphia. Miss Marjorie Rus-
sel (February, 1923), is doing special duty
work in Toronto. Miss Dorothy Wain-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

319

Wright (September, 1927), has been ill for
some months. Miss Helen Needier, of the
Infants' Home, has been ill for a number of
weeks. The sincere sympathy of the Alum-
nae is extended to Miss Alice Grindley on
the death of her mother; to Mrs. Atkinson
(Netta Haines), on the death of her father;
to Miss Margaret Collins (September, 1927),
on the death of her father; and to Miss
Doris Bewes (March, 1928), on the death
of her mother.

RivERDALE Isolation Hospital, Toronto:
A delightful tea was given by Miss K.
Mathieson, Superintendent of Nurses, on
April 24th, the occasion being a reunion of
the graduates of the Riverdale Isolation
Hospital.

General Hospital, Toronto: The
regular meeting of the Alumnae Association
was held in the Main Residence, April 15th,
with a large number of members present.
After reading the various reports, a dis-
cussion of the Fiftieth Jubilee Celebration
took place. Mrs. Dickson Smith gave a
most interesting address on India, dealing
particularly with the position of women in
that country.

Western Hospital, Toronto: One of the
most enjoyable festivities of the season for
the members of the Alumnae was a dinner
dance and bridge held at the Royal York
Hotel on April 29th, in honour of the graduat-
ing class of 1931. There were thirty guests
of honour present, and the total number in
attendance was one hundred and thirty-nine.
Miss Norma Cook (1912), proposed a toast
to "Absent Members," which was responded
to by Miss Mary Thomas (1919). A very
clever and humorous valedictory was read
by Miss Beryl Sinden, a member of the
graduating class. Mr. J. A. Swanson said
grace, and gave a very pleasing talk. Among
those from out of to\vn were Mr. and Mrs.
Charles Parr (Eva Lynn, 1917), Florida; Mr.
and Mrs. J. S. Buck (Daisy Sawyers, 1910),
Port Rowan, Ont.; Mrs. Barton (Lottie Bell,
1918), Beeton, Ont.; Dr. and Mrs. Donald
Stewart (Laura Kemp, 1925), Hamilton,
Ont.; Dr. and Mrs. Farquharson (Marion
King, 1916), Agincourt, Ont.

Miss Sadie Richie (1914), night super-
visor, William Mayburry Sanitarium, North-
ville, Michigan, is visitint in Toronto.

The sympathy of the Alumnae is extended
to Mrs. Lawrence Norton (Peg Scott,
Toronto Western Hospital, 1918), on the
death of her husband at Brantford, Ont.,
on April 4th, 1931.

The Grant MacDonald Traininh
School, Toronto: The 1931 graduating
class were entertained at tea by the members
of the junior class in the Royal York Hotel,
on May 9th, 1931.

District 8
Ottawa: Five nurses were elected by the
Central Nurses Registry, Ottawa, to attend
the Annual Convention of the R.N.A.O.
at Kitchener. The nurses represented the
following groups of graduates on the Reg-
istry: Miss Irene Johnston, St. Luke's

Hospital; Miss Gladys Clarke, Ottawa
General Hospital; Miss Evelyn Allen, Lady
Stanley Institute; Miss Mary Graham,
Ottawa Civic Hospital; and Miss Jean
Church, the outside graduates.

Others from Ottawa who attended the
meeting at Kitchener were Miss Elizabeth
Smellie, Chief Superintendent, Victorian
Order of Nurses; Miss Marjorie Robertson,
Public Health Nurse, Royal Ottawa Sana-
torium; Miss Bailey and Miss Thibault,
Ottawa General Hospital; and Miss M. M.
Stewart, Royal Ottawa Sanatorium.

Civic Hospital, Ottawa: The regular
monthly meeting of the Alumnae Association
was held in the nurses home on February
20th. At this meeting Captain Waylkig
gave an illustrated address on his trips
across the Atlantic on the Dirigible R-lOO,
and across Canada by aeroplane. The
graduate staff and pupil nurses of the hospital
were invited to be present on this occasion.

At the March meeting Miss Edna Osborne
was appointed to^ct as delegate to the Sixth
Annual Convention, R.N.A.O. at Kitchener,
April 9th to the 11th. Miss A. Grace
Tanner was also appointed as delegate to the
meeting, representing District No. 8.

Royal Ottawa Sanatorium: Miss M.
Hackett, Department of Indian Affairs, who
has been nursing among the Indians of Great
Slave Lake and Hay River districts for the
past four years, took a short course in tuber-
culosis nursing at the Royal Ottawa Sanatori-
um. Miss Hackett returned to her work
among the Indians early in May.

Lady Stanley Institute: The members
of the Alumnae Association held a very
successful sale of cooking at Ottawa on
March 28th.

QUEBEC

Children's Memorial Hospital, Mont-
real: The Alumnae Association entertained
the graduating class of 1931 at a banquet on
April 28th, 1931, at the Queen's Hotel.
Graduation exercises were held in the new
building of the Children's Memorial Hospital
on April 30th, 1931. Canon Shatford ad-
dressed the graduating class , and Miss Mary
Samuel presented the pins and diplomas.
A delightful tea followed the exercises. The
nurses and their friends were eiitertained
at a dance the same evening.

Royal Victoria Hospital: The annual
dinner given to the graduating class by the
Alumnae was held at the Ritz Carlton on
April 9th. There was an unusually large
attendance of members. The toast to
"The King" was given by Mrs. M. A.
Stanley; "The Governors," Miss Isobel
Mitchell (1929); "Our Guests," Miss Blanche
Anderson (1915); "The Doctors," Miss
Madeline Bushell (1931); "Our Absent
Members," Mrs. Dwyre (1914). An occasion
of special interest was the presentation of
flowers to the members of the classes of
1896-1900.

The Alumnae Association held its last
meeting of the season on April 15th, when

320

THE CANADIAN NURSE

they were honoured by having as speaker,
Dr. W. W. Chipman, who deUghted a large
audience with a very enhghtening account
of the life of Mary, Queen of Scots. Mrs.
M. A. Stanley presided, and the vote of
thanks to Dr. Chipman was moved by Miss
Frances Pendleton.

Miss Edith Karn (1916), has resigned from
the 4th floor of the Ross Pavilion. Miss
Helen Sharpe (1927), has taken charge of the
4th floor. Miss M. Young (1923), is a
patient in the Ross Pavilion.

Sherbrooke Hospital: A very delightful
dinner was given by the Alumnae Association
at the Magog House, with IVIiss Buck,
Superintendent, and several members of the
Eastern Townships Association present. The
table was decorated with yellow tulips and
purple snapdragons — the school colours.
Toasts were given to the graduates, governors,
doctors, etc.

The nurses' home was en fete the afternoon
• of April 16th, when fifteen nurses received
their medals and diplomas. This is the
largest class in the history of the Hospital.
Following the invocation by the Rev. W. H.
Cheverton, the President, Mr. W. E. Paton,
presented the diplomas which this j'ear
took a new form, being engraved on parch-
ment, and bound in purple suede leather
with gold lettering. Miss Buck decorated
each nurse with the class pin, and the grad-
uates took the Florence Nightingale pledge.
Prizes awarded were: for loyalty to the
School, offered by the President, won by
Miss Elizabeth Bonner; best executive
ability, offered by Dr. Jas. MacKinnon, won
by Miss Dorothy Whitcher; surgery, by Dr.
W. W. Lynch, won by Miss Margaret
Mason; practical work in wards, by Dr.
Gordon Hume, won by Miss Douglas;
highest marks for the year, offered by Dr.
J. B. Winder, won by Miss M. Gelinas;
general proficiency, offered by Miss Dorothy
Seiverights, by Miss E. Bonner.

Mis£ Maude Coles is on an extended trip
to the British Isles and the continent. Mrs.
Clifford Bryant is convalescing after her
recent illness.

SASKATCHEWAN

The annual meeting of the Saskatchewan
Registered Nurses Association was held
during Easter week in Moose Jaw, with
Miss Mary C. Gladwin, Principal of the
School of Nursing. Rochester, Minn., and
Dr. Charles Moots, of the American College
of Surgeons, as guest speakers. Miss Glad-
win discussed "Modern Trends in Nursing"
and "Psychology and Mental Hygiene,"
while Dr. Moots spoke on the operation of
schools of nursing as encountered in his
visits to hospitals in Canada and the United
States.

Other subjects presented were: "Recreation
and Health," by Miss W. Wood, B.A., and
"Psychology in Nursing," by Dr. G. S.
Goodwin.

Excellent reports were given by the
Chairmen of the Sections on Nursing Educa-

tion, Public Health, and Private Duty
Nursing. The Nursing Education Section
submitted a number of suggestions, among
which were (a) that the provincial govern-
ment provide a special grant for the support
of schools of nursing, and that a government
inspector be appointed to supervise this
grant; (b) that entrance standards for ap-
plications should include a certificate for
three years high school, a medical certificate
of good health, a sanatorium lung certificate
and a minimum age limit of 19 years; (c)
that text books for nurses throughout the
province be made uniform, and that the
curriculum be revised.

Eighty-three nurses are actively engaged
in public health nursing in Saskatchewan
according to the report from the Public
Health Section. Over 500 schools were
visited in 1930, with a total of 17,130 pupils
inspected. Eighty-seven pre-school con-
ferences were held and almost 4,000 children
examined, while 52 senior nursing classes
were held with an attendance of nearly 1,700.

Monthly ' meetings for the benefit of
infants and pre-school children were organised
in 29 small towns, while immunisation
clinics were held at 131 schools. The re-
port referred to the progress made in sight
saving classes; the work of the Anti-Tuber-
culosis Leagiie; dnd the Red Cross. There
are now 14 Red Cross Outposts in the
Province, and almost 50,000 children members
of the 1,269 branches of the Junior Red
Cro.=s. An increased number of grants for
maternal care had been received. The value
of the full-time health imits as operating in
the province is being appreciated by the
public. Brief reference was made to the
establishing of special classes for mentally
retarded children, and to the work of the
permanent Cancer Commission established
in June, 1930.

Miss Vera BrowTi, graduate of the Regina
General Hospital, had been awarded the
Judson Crowe Scholarship for 1930, and Miss
Lillian Lynch had received the one offered
by the Saskatchewan Registered Nurses
Association. These two nurses were special-
ising in public health nursing.

The report of the Private Duty Section
referred to the present depression among
nurses belonging to this group.

A banquet on April 9th brought to a close
this annual meeting, which had been largely
attended by representative groups of nurses
from all parts of the province.

Miss E. Smith, of Moose Jaw, was re-
elected President; Miss M. H. McGill, of
Saskatoon, First Vice-President; Miss G. M.
Watson, of Saskatoon, Second Vice-President;
Councillors elected are: Miss R. M. Simpson,
of Regina, and Sister M. Raphael, of Moose
Jaw. Conveners of Standing Committees
are: Nursing Education, Miss G. M. Watson,
Saskatoon; Public Health, Mrs. E. M.
Feeny, Regina; and Private Duty, Miss L. B.
Wilson, Regina.

City Hospital, Saskatoon: Members of
the senior class of the School of Nursing

THE CANADIAN NURSE

321

recently entertained their friends when they
presented a play "The Boomerang" in the
auditorium of the nurses home. Honouring
the members of the cast and the staff nurses,
the Alumnae Association arranged a most
pleasant social evening. Proceeds from the
play will be used to defray expenses of the
Year Book.

The April meeting of the Alumnae took
the form of a bridge, which was held in the
I.O.D.E. rooms in the C.P.R. Building, with
18 tables in play. Both socially and financi-
ally the evening was most successful, and
credit is due the arrangements committee
which consisted of Mrs. H. Elliott, Miss Ruth
Taylor, Mrs. Lloyd and Miss Mclvor.

Graduation exercises of the School of
Nursing were held on May 12th, when
thirty nurses received their pins and diplomas.

Miss Greta Munroe is still confined to bed
in the hospital. Miss Mary Graham, staff
nurse, has been confined to bed through
illness.

Association, who addressed the meeting.
Officers for 1931-32 are: President. Miss Eva
Ba>Tie; First Vice-President, Miss M. A.
Lodge; Second Vice-President, Miss A. B.
Lalley; Treasurer, Miss Mary Perie; Miss
Vera Allen, Secretary.

VICTORIAN ORDER OF NURSES

Toronto: The Staff Council of the Vic-
torian Order of Nurses held its annual meeting
for 1930-1931 at dinner, at the Diet Kitchen,,
on April 17th. Miss Edith Campbell,
Honorary President, was guest of honour,
with Miss Barbara Finlayson, Secretary, of
Moss Park District, Neighbourhood Workers

UNIVERSITIES

School for Graduate Nurses, McGill
University: Miss Nettie Fidler (1928), has
been appointed superintendent of the Psy-
chiatric Hospital, Surrey Place, Toronto.
Miss Fidler, who is a graduate of the Toronto
General Hospital, has been on the staff of
the Ho.spital as instructor of nurses for two
years, and previous to her appointment as
superintendent was assistant supervisor of
the new private pavilion.

A very successful bridge of about 125
tables was held by the Ahnnnae, in the
ballroom of the Ritz Carlton Hotel, on April
20th, in aid of the Flora Madeline Shaw
Memorial Fund. Durinq; the evening music
was supplied by the Ritz Carlton Orchestra.

British Columbia: The following grad-
uates of the Vancouver General Hospital
have recently completed the one year Public
Health Course at the University of British
Columbia and received their diplomas: Misses
Anne Baird, Ruth Franklin, Olive Cotsworth,
Helena V. Tipping, Dora W. Wilkie, and
Mrs. Josephine L. Kelly.

BIRTHS, MARRIAGES AND DEATHS

BIRTHS

BALD— On January 10th, 1931, at Detroit,
Michigan, to Mr. and Mrs. M. S. Bald
(Mar}' Payne, Ottawa Civic Hospital,
1925), a daughter.

BLAIR — Recently, at Teeswater, Ont., lo
Mr. and Mrs. Earl Blair (Mary White-
man, Victoria Hospital, London, Ont.,
1930), a daughter.

BULL— In April, 1931, at Montreal, to Mr.
and Mrs. Hugh Bull (Frances Belwa,
Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal,
1923), a daughter.

DALZELL— On April 20th, 1931, at Saska-
toon, to Mr. and Mrs. Dalzell (Muriel
Dumouchelle, City Hospital, Saskatoon,
1928), a son.

DAWSON— On May 3rd, 1931, at Van-
couver, to Mr. and Mrs. H. Muir Dawson
(Verna Tennan, Vancouver General Hos-
pital), a son.

DEWAR— On April 10th, 1931, at St.
Catharines, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. E. G.
Dewar (Irene Buchanan, St. Catharines
General Hospital, 1922), a son.

GEDDES— On May 2nd, 1931, at Toronto,
Ont., to Rt. Rev. W. A. Geddes, Bishop
of Mackenzie River, and Mrs. Geddes
(Beatrice Terry, The Wellesley Hospital,
Toronto, 1925), a son.

HANLEY— On April 17th, 1931, at To-
ronto, to Dr. and Mrs. James Hanley
(Ruth Bawden, Toronto General Hospi-
tal, 1918), a daughter.

HIRONS— On April 14th, 1931, at Saska-
toon, to Mr. and Mrs. Hirons (Dorothy
Smitli, City Hospital, Saskatoon, 1925),
a daughter.

JACKSON— On May 6th, 1931, to Mr. and
Mrs. F. Jackson (Henrietta Smith, Royal
Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, 1925), a
daughter.

KING— On March 18th, 1931, at Toronto,
to Mr. and Mrs. Francis King (Ella
Parsons, Hamilton General Hospital,
1928), a daughter.

LEAROYD— On April 19th, 1931, at To-
ronto, Ont., to Dr. and Mrs. Harold
Learoyd (Elizabeth Crozier, The Welles-
ley Hospital, Toronto, 1923), a son.

MILLER— On April 22nd, 1931, at Van-
couver, to Mr. and Mrs. George Miller
(Ruth Kittson, Vancouver General Hos-
pital), a son.

McCRIMMON— On April 8th, 1931, at To-
ronto, to Mr. and Mrs. A. Murray Me-
Crimmon (Marion McLelland, Toronto
General Hospital, 1923), a son.

McDonald — Recently, at Glasgow, Scot-
land, to Mr. and Mrs. Robert McDonald
(Maude J. McFarlane, Hamilton General
Hospital, 1925), a daughter.

McDonald — Recently, at Toronto, to
Dr. and Mrs. William McDonald (Edith
Dawson, Hospital for Sick Children,
1922), a son.

322

THE CANADIAN NURSE

EYERSON— On April 29th, 1931, at Brant-
ford, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. Hume Ryer-
son (Dorothy Eace, The Wellesley Hos-
pital, Toronto, 1928), a son.

EUSSELL— Eecently, at Toronto, to Mr.
and Mrs. Douglas Eussell (Beatrice Mc-
Dougall, Hospital for Sick Children,
1923), a daughter.

SOBY — Recently, at High Eiver, Alta., to
Dr. and Mrs. H. W. Soby (Ann Hansen,
Children's Memorial Hospital, Montreal,
1926), a son.

MARRIAGES

ASHTON— EOGEES— In April, 1931, at
Montreal, Elizabeth Maynard Rogers
(Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal,
1927) to Wm. Elmo Ashton, of Bramp-
ton, Ont.

BURTON— HALLER — On October 23rd,

1930, at Gatun, Canal Zone, Beatrice F.
Haller (St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton,
Ont.) to Henry R. Burton.

GAUDET— ZINCK— On April 22nd, 1931,
at Moncton, N.B., Olive Leone Zinck
(Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal,

1924) to J. Joseph Gaudet, of Summer-
side, P.E.I.

GRAFTON— GOTTSCHLICK — On May
4th, 1931, at Wakaw, Sask., Clara Gott-
schlick (Royal Alexandra Hospital, Ed-
monton, Alta., 1927) to Dr. Grafton, of
Wakaw.

HARRIS— THOMPSON— On April 18th,

1931, at Huntsville, Ont., Alice Reta
Thompson (Hospital for Sick Children)
to George Richard Harris, of Burlington.

HEARN— HATLEY— On May 6th, 1931, at
Toronto, Ont., Olive E. Hatley (River-
dale Isolation Hospital) to "W. C. Hearn.

HUNT— CARSON— On April 5th, 1931, at
Toronto, Ont., Ann Carson (The Welles-
ley Hospital, Toronto, 1922) to Frank
Hunt.

LANGE— PARNHAM— On December 29th,
1930, at Cristobal, Canal Zone, Sadie
Parnham (Toronto General Hospital,

1925) to Fredrick Lange.
MacCUNN— BROCKLEBANK — On April

25th, 1931, at Walkerton, Ont., Selena E.
Brocklebank (The Wellesley Hospital,
Toronto, 1928) to Angus MacCunn.

MacKENZIE— ARMSTRONG — On Juno
11th, 1930, at Cristobal, Canal Zone,
Mildred Armstrong (Toronto General
Hospital, 1926) to K. Murray Mac-
Kenzie.

PUVEY— HENDRICKS- On April 24th,
1931, at Toronto, Ont., Mary Hendricks
(Toronto Western Hospital, 1930) to
Fredick Puvey.

EHOME— FOSTEE— On April 2nd, 1931,
at London, Ont., Delia Foster (Victoria
Hospital, London, Ont., 1921), to Paul
Rhome, of Flint, Mich.

SAVAGE— CLAEK— On March 23rd, 1931,
at Cristobal, Canal Zone, Phyllis Clark
(Grace Hospital, Toronto, 1927) to Wil-
lard A. Savage.

WAEEEN— PEESTON — On April 2nd,
1931, at Niagara Falls, Ont., Gladys
Edith Preston (Hamilton General Hos-
pital, 1929) to Dr. Donald A. Warren, of
Hamilton, Ont.

WILSON— McCONNELL— On April 18th,
1931, -at Toronto, Ont., Bess McConnell
(The Wellesley Hospital, Toronto, 1928)
to Earle Wilson.

DEATHS

DILLON— On March 10th, 1931, at Lon-
don, Ont., Miss Irene Dillon (St. Joseph's
Hospital, London, Ont., 1919), following
an operation.

BOOK REVIEWS

Surgical Nursing, by Hugh Cabot, M.D., P.A.C.S.,

and Mary Dodd Giles, B.S., R.N.

This text book should appeal to all nurse in-
structors. The first chapter is written so clearly
and by the tripod mentioned gives the student a
very definite conception of the development of
modern surgery.

The chapters on Environment, Mental and
Physical Care and Post Operative Management
are admirable, placing before the student in all
clarity facts essential to the care of surgical
case*.

An anaesthetist who had read the chapter on
Anaesthesia, made the comment that it is "prac-
tical, and embraces all the essentials for the
nurse. An excellent book."

By its excellent illustrations, its very concise
and practical description of procedures, treat-
ments and its clinical pictures, the authors have
given in this book a collection of information of
incalculable value.

Published by McAinsh and Company, Limited,
Toronto. Price, $3.00. —Mary F. Bliss.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The official organ of the Canadian Nurses Association, owners, editors and
managers. Published monthly at the National Office, Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion. 511 Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

Editor and Business Manager: JEAN S. WILSON, Reg.N.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

323

(§f^tmi itrprtnrg

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES
Secretary.. Miss Christiane Reimann, Headquarters: 14 Quai dea Eaux-Vives, Geneva,

Switzerland.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

Officers

Honorary President Miss M. A. Snively, 50 Maitland Street, Toronto, Ont.

President Miss F. H. M. Emory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

First Vice-President Miss K. W. Ellis, Winnipeg General Hospital, Winnipeg.

Second Vice-President Miss G. M. Bennett, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.

Honorary Secretary Miss Nora Moore, City Hall, Room 309, Toronto, Ont.

Honorary Treasurer Miss R. M. Simpson, Parliament Bldgs., Regina, Sask.

COUNCILLORS

▲Iberta: 1 Miss Eleanor McPhedran, Central Alberta Ontario: 1 Miss Mary Millman, 126 Pape Ave.,
Sanatorium, Calgary; 2 Miss Edna Anger, General Toronto; 2 Miss Constance Brewster, General

Hoapital, Medicine Hat; 3 Miss B. A. Emerson, C04 Hospital, Hamilton; 3 Miss Clara Vale, 75 Huntley

Civic Block, Edmonton; 4 Miss Mildred Harvey, St., Toronto; 4 Miss Clara Brown, 23 Kendal Ave

319 7th Ave. A. So., Lethbridge. Toronto.

British Columbia: 1 Miss M. P. Campbell, 118 Prince Edwardlsland: 1 Mrs. Arthur Allen, Summer-
Vancouver Block, Vancouver; 2 Miss M. F. Gray, mde; 2 Sister Ste. Faustma, Charlottetown Hospital,
Dept. of Nursing, Universitv of British Columbia, Charlottetown; 3 Miss Mona Wilson, Red Crow
Vancouver; 3 Miss M. Kerr, 3435 Victory Ave., New Headquarters, oO Grafton Street. Charlottetown;
Westminster; 4 Miss I. McVicar, 2222 Stephens St., * ^''^s Millie Gamble, 51 Ambrose Street, Charlotte-
Vancouver, town.

Quebec: 1 Miss M. K. Holt, Montreal General Hoa-

Manltoba: 1 Mrs. J. F. Morrison, 184 Brock St., pital, Montreal; 2 Miss Flora A. George, The

Winnipeg; 2 Miss Mildred Reid, General Hospital, Woman's General Hospital, Westmount; 3 Miss

Winnipeg; 3 Miss Isabel! McDiarmid, 363 Langside Marion Nash, 1246 Bishop Street, Montreal; 4 Miss

St. Winnipeg; 4 Mrs. S. Doyle, 5 Vogel Apartments, Sara Matheson, Haddon Hall Apts., 2151 Comte

Winnipeg. Street, Montreal.

«,.„„,„„ ,„. . , .,. , T Tit -Kf ^ n» . Saskatchewan: 1 Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normal

HewBrunswick: 1 Miss A J. MacMaster, Moncton School, Moose Jaw; 2 Miss G. M. Watson, City

Hospital. Moncton; 2 S.ster Corinne Kerr, Hotel Hospital, Saskatoon; 3 Mrs. E. M. Feeny, Dept

Dieu Hospital Campbellton; 3 Miss HS. Dyke- of Public Health, Parliament Buildings, Regina-

?/xV n-®^'*Jl Centre, Saint John; 4 Miss Mabel 4 :Migg l. B. Wilson, 2012 Athol St., Regina

McMuUin. St. Stephen. ■ ^ k> a.

ADDITIONAL MEMBERS TO EXECUTIVE

Nova Scotia: 1. Miss Margaret E. MacKentie, 315 (Chairmen National Sections)

Barrington St.. Halifax; 2. Miss Ina May Jones, Nursing Education: Miss G. M. Fairley. Vancouver

Victoria General Hospital, Halifax; 3. Miss Anne General Hospital. Vancouver, B.C.; Public Health:

Slattery, Dalhousie Public Health Clinic, Morris St., Miss M. Moag, 1246 Bishop St., Montreal. P.Q.;

Halifax; 4 Miss Jean Trivett. 71 Coburg Road, Private Duty: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St'

Halifax. South, Hamilton, Ont.

Executive Secretary .Miss Jean S. Wilson

. National Office, 611, Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

1 — President Provincial Aaaoeiation of Nunaa. 3 — Chairman Public Health Section.

2 — Chairman Nursing Ekiueation Section. 4 — Chairman Private Duty Section

NURSING EDUCATION SECTION
Chairman: Miss G. M. Fairley, Vancouver General
Hospital, Vancouver; Vice-Chairman: Miss M. F.
Gray. University of British Columbia, Vancouver;
Secretary: Miss E. F Upton, Suite 221, 1396 St.
Catherine St. West, Montreal; Treasurer: Miss M.
Murdoch, General Public Hospital, St. John, N.B.
Councillors.— Alberta: Miss Edna Auger. General
Hospital. Medicine Hat. British Columbia: Miss
M. F. Gray. University of British Columbia, Van-
couver. Manitoba: Miss Mildred Reid , Winnipeg
General Hospital, Winnipeg. New Brunswick:
Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Dieu, Campbellton.
Nova Scotia: Mi.ss Ina May Jones, Victoria
General Hospital, Halifax. Ontario: Miss Con-
stance Brewster, General Hospital, Hamilton.
Prince Edward Island: Sister Ste. Faustina,
Charlottetown Hospital, Charlottetown. Quebec:
Mi.ss Flora A. George, Woman's General Hospital,
Westmount, P.Q. Saskatchewan: Miss G. M.
Watson, City Hospital, Saskatoon.
Convener of Publications: Miss Annie Lawrie, Royal
Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.

New Brunswick: Miss Mabel McMuUin. St
Stephen. Nova Scotia: Miss Jean Trivett, 71
Coburg Road, Halifax. Ontario: Mi.ss Clara
Brown, 23 Kendal Ave.. Toronto. Prince Edward
Island: Miss Millie Gamble, 51 Ambrose St.
Charlottetown. Quebec: Miss Sara Matheson,
2151 Comte St., Montreal. Saskatchewan: Misa
L. B. Wilson, 2012 Athol St., Regina.
Convener of Publications:
Kendal Ave., Toronto, Ont.

Mis.s Clara Brown, 23

PRIVATE DUTY SECTION
Chairman: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St. S.

Hamilton, Ont.; Vice-Chairman: Miss Mova

MacDonald, 111 South Park St., Halifax, N.S.;

Secretary-Treasurer: Miss Mabel St. John. 379

Huron Street, Toronto, Ont.
Councillors.— Alberta: Miss Mildred Harvey, 319

7th Ave. A. So., Lethbridge. British Columbia:

Miss I. McVicar, 2222 Stephens St., Vancouver.

Manitoba: Mrs. Doyle. 5 Vogel Apts., Winnipeg.

PUBLIC HEALTH SECTION
Chairman: Miss M. Moag, 1246 Bishop St., Montreal.
Que.; Vice-chairman: Miss M. Wilkinson, 410
Sherbourne St., Toronto, Ont.; Secretary-Treas-
urer: Miss I. S. Manson. School for Graduate
Nurses, McGill University, Montreal, Que.
Coimcillnrs. — Alberta: Miss B. A. Emenson, 604
Civic Block, Edmonton. British Columbia: Miss
M. Jverr. .3435 ^■ieto^y Ave.. New Westminster.
Manitoba: Mi.ss Isabell McDiarmid, 363 Langside
St., Winnipeg. New Brunswick: . Mi.-.s H. S.
Dykeman, Health Centre, Saint John. Nova
Scotia: Miss Anne Slattery, Dalhousie Public
Health Clinic. Morr's St., Halifax. Ontario: Miss
Clara Vale, 75 Huntley St., Toront.o. Prince
Edward Island: Miss Mona Wilson. Red Cross
Headfiuarters, 59 Grafton St , Charlottetown,
Quebec: .Miss Marion Na.sh, 1246 Bishop St..
Montreal. Saskatchewan: Mrs. E. M. Feeny.
Dept. of Public Health, Parliament Buildings!
Regina.

Convener of Publications: Miss Mary Campbell.
Victoria Order of Nurses, 344 Gottingen St.. Halifax.

N.S.

324

THE CANADIAN NURSE

ALBEKTA ASSOCIATION OF KEGISTERED
NURSES

GRADUATE NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
BRITISH COLUMBIA

President. Miss M. P. Campbell, R.N., 118 Van-
couver Block, Vancouver; First Vice-President, Miss
E. Breeze, R.N., 4662 Angus Ave., Vancouver; Second
Vice-President. Mi.ss G. Fairley, R.N., Vancouver
General Hospital, Vancouver; Registrar, Miss Helen
Randal, R.N., 118 Vancouver Block, Vancouver;
Secretary, Miss M. Button, R.N., 118 Vancouver
Block, Vancouver; Conveners of Committees: Nursing
Education, Mi.ss M. F. Gray, R.N., University of
British Columbia, Vancouver; Public Health, Miss M.
Kerr, R.N., 343-5 Victorv Ave., New Westminster;
Private Duty, Miss I. McVicar, R.N., 2222 Stephens
St., Vancouver; Councillors, Misses .1. Archibald, R.N.,
L. Boggs, R.N., M. Duffield, R.N., L. McAllister, R.N^

REGISTERED NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
ONTARIO (Incorporated 1925)

President, Mi'js Mary Millman, 126 Pape Ave.,
Toronto; T'irst \ice-President, Miss Marjorie Buck,
Norfolk General Hospital, Simcoe; Second Vice-
President, Miss Piiseilla Campbell, Public General
Hospital, Chatham; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Matilda
Fitzgerald, Apt. 29, 917 St. Clair Ave W., Toronto.

District No. 1: Chairman, Mi.s!^ Nellie Gerard, 911
^'ictoria Ave., Windsor; Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs. I. J.
Walker, 169 Richard St., Sarnia. District No. 2:
Chairman, Miss Marjorie Buck, No. folk General
Hospital, Simcoe; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Hilda
Booth, Norfolk General Hospital, Simcoe. District
No. 4: Chairman, Miss Anne Wright, General Hos-
pital, St. Catherines; Secretary-Treasurer, Mis.
Norman Barlow. 134 Catherines St. S., Hamilton.
District No. 5: Chairman, Miss Rahno M. Beamish,
Wcs'ein Hospital, Toronto; Secretary-Trea-surer, Miss
Irene Weirs, 198 Manor Road E., Toion'o. District
No. 6: Chairman, Miss Rebecca Bell, General Hos-
pital, Port Hope; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Florence
Mclndoo. Geneial Hospital, Belleville. District No.
7:_ Chairman, Mi=.8 Louise D. Acton, General Hoipital,
Kingston; Secretary-Treasurer, Mi.ss Evelyn Freeman,
General Hospital, Kingston. Di.strict No. 8: Chair-
man, Miss Alice Ahern, Metropolitan Life Insurance
Co., Ottawa; Secretary-Treasurer, Mi.-,s A. C. Tanner,
Civic Hospital, Ottawa. District No. 9: Chairman,
Miss Katherine MacKenzie, 23.5 First Ave. E., North
Bay; SecietHry-Treasuror, Miss C. McLaren, Box 102,
North Bay. District No. 10: Chairman, Mi.ss Anne
Boucher, 280 Park St., Port Arthur; Secret ary-Treas-
tirer. Miss Martha R. Racey, McKellar "General
Hospital, Fort William.

MANITOBA ASS'N OF REGISTERED NURSES

President, Mrs. J. F. Morrison, 184 Brock Street;
First Vice-President, Miss J. Purvis, General Hospital,
Portage la Prairie; Second Vice-President, Miss C.
Kettles, General Hospital, Dauphin, Man.; Third
Vice-President, Miss McNally, General Hospital,
Brandon, Man.; Conveners of Committees: Press and
Publication, Miss G. Hall, Miss M. Meehan; Social
and Programme, Miss Cory Taylor; Sick Visiting,
Misses W. Carruthers, A. Starr, G. Thompson and M.
Frost; Conveners of Sections: Private Duty, Mrs. S.
Doyle, 5 Vogel Apts., Winnipeg; Nursing Education,
Miss Mildred Reid, Winnipeg General Hospital; Public
Health, Miss Isabel McDiarmid, 363 Langside St.,
Winnipeg; Executive Secretary and Treasurer and
Registrar, Mrs. Stella Gordon Kerr, 753 Wolseley
Avenue, Winnipeg.

NEW BRUNSWICK ASSOCIATION OF
REGISTERED NURSES

President, Miss A. J. MacMaster, Moncton Hospital,
Moncton; First Vice-President, Miss Florence Coleman,
County Hospital, East Saint John; Second Vice-
President, Miss Margaret Murdoch, General Public
Hospital, Saint John; Hon. Secretary, Mrs. W. S.
Jones, Albert, N.B.; Councillors: Saint John, Misses
Sarah E. Brophy, H. S. Dykeman, E. J. Mitchell;
Saint Stephen, Misses Mabel McMuUin, Myrtle
Dunbar; Moncton, Misses Marion MacLaren, Myrtle
Kay; Fredericton, Mrs. A. C. Fleming, Miss Kate
Johnson; Bathurst, Miss Edith Stewart; Chatham,
Sister Caroline Kenny; Campbellton, Sister Corinne
Kerr; Conveners of Sections: Nursing Education,
Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Dieu Hospital, Campbellton,
N.B.; Public Health, Miss H. S. Dykeman, Health
Centre, Saint John, N.B.; Private Duty, Miss Mabel
McMullin, St. Stephen, N.B.; By-Laws and Constitu-
tion, Miss Sarah Brophy, Fairville, N.B.; "The Can-
adian Nurse," Miss A. A. Burns, Health Centre, Saint
John, N.B.; Secretary-Treasurer, Registrar, Miss
Maude E. Retallick, 262 Charlotte St., West Saint
John.

REGISTERED NURSES ASSOCIATION OF
NOVA SCOTIA

President, Miss M. E. MacKenzie, 315 Barrington
St., Halifax; First Vice-President, Miss M. F. Camp-
bell, V.O.N. Home, Gottingen St., Halifax; Second
Vice-President, Miss I. B. Andrews, City of Sydney
Hospital. Sydney; Third Vice-President, Miss M. M.
Martin, Payzant Memorial Hospital, Windsor; Re-
cording Secretary, Mrs. D. J. Gillis, 23 Vernon St.,
Halifax; Treasurer and Asst. Secretary, Miss L. F.
Fraser, Eastern Trust BIdg., Halifax.

ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED NURSES OF
THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC (Incorporated 1920)

Advisory Board: Misses Mary Samuel, L. C. Phillips,
M. F. Hersey, Mere M. V. Allaire, Rev. Soeur Augus-
tine; President, Miss Mabel K. Holt, Montreal General
Hospital; Vice-President (Engli.sh), Miss C. V. Barrett,
Royal Victoria Montreal Maternity Hospital; Vice-
Pre.sident (French), Melle. Rita Guimont, Hopital
Saint Luc, Montreal; Hon. Secretary, Miss Margaret
L. Moag, V.O.N., Montreal; Hon. Treasurer, Miss
Olga V. Lilly, Royal Victoria Montreal Maternity
Hospital; Other members, Melles. Edna Lynch,
Metropolitan lAle Insurance Company, Montreal;
Melle. Marie-Anysie Deland, Institut Bruchesi,
Montreal; Mde. Caroline Vachon, Hotel-Dieu, Mont-
real; Rev. Soeur Marie-Rose Lacroix, Hopital St. Jean,
St. Jean, Que.; Rev. Soeur Bellemare, Hopital Notre
Dame, Montreal; Conveners, Private Duty Section
(English), Miss Sara Matheson, Hadden Hal! Apts.,
2151 Comte St., Montreal; (French), Melle ,?eanne
L'Heureux, 774 Davaar Road, Outremont; Nursing
Education Section (English), Miss Flora Aileen George,
Woman's General Hospital, Westmount; (French),
Rev. Soeur Augustine, Hopital St. Jean-de-Dieu,
Gamelin, P.Q.; Public Health Section, Miss Marion
Nash, V.O.N. , 1246 Bishop Street; Board of Examiners,
Convener, Miss. C. V. Ban-ett, Mde. R. Bourque,
Melles. Lynch, Senecal, Misses Marion Nash, Rita
Sutcliffe; Executive Secretary, Registrar and Official
School Visitor, Mi.ss E. Francis Upton, Suite 221,
1396 St. Catherine Street, West, Montreal.

SASKATCHEWAN REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION. (Incorporated March, 1927)
President, Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normal School'
Moose Jaw; Firjt Viee-Piesident, Miss M. H. McGilh
Normal School, Saskatoon; Second Vice-President-
Miss G. M. Watson, City Hospital, Saskatoon; Coun-
cillors, Miss R. M. Simpson, Department of Public
Health, Regina, Sister Mary Raphael, Providence
Hospital, Moose Jaw; Conveners of Standing Com-
mittees, Public Health, Mrs. E. M. Feeny, Dept. of
Public Health, Regina; Private Duty, Miss L. B.
Wilson. 2012 Athol St., Regina; Nursing Education,
Miss G. M. Watson, City Hospital, Saskatoon; Secie-
tary-Treasurer and Registrar, Miss E. E. Graham,
Regina College, Regina.

CALQABT ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

Hon. President, Mrs. Stuart Brown; President, Miae
J. B. von Gruenigan; First Vice-President, Miss Lynn;
Second Vice-President, Miss Barber; Treasurer, Miw
M. Watt; Recording Secretary, Mrs. B. J. Charles;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss Jackson; Registrar,
Miss D. Mott. 616 15th Ave. W.; Convener Private
Duty Section, Mrs. R. Hayden.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

325

EDMONTON ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

MEDICINE HAT GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

President, Mrs. Mary Tobin; First Vice-President.
Mrs. C. Anderson; Second Vice-President, Miss L.
Green; Secretary, Miss M. E. Hagerman, City Court
House, 1st Street; Treasurer, Miss Edna Auger;
Convener of New Membership Committee, Mrs. C.
Wright; Convener of Flower Committee, Miss M.
Murray; Correspondent, "The Canadian Nurse," Miss
F. Smith.

Regular meeting First Tuesday in month.

A.A., ROYAL ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL,
EDMONTON, ALTA.

Hon. President, Mis.s F. Munroe; President, Mrs.
Scott Hamilton; Fir.st Vice-President, Miss V. Chap-
man; Second ^'ice-President ; Mrs. C. Chinneck;
Recording Secretary, Miss G. AUyn; Corresponding
Secretarv, Miss A. Oliver, Royal Alexandra Hospital;
Treasurer, Miss E. English, Suite 2, 10014 112 Street.

A. A., KOOTENAT LAKE GENERAL HOSPITAL,
NELSON, B.C.

VANCOUVER GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

President, Miss M. Duffield, 226 Lee Bldg., Van-
couver; First Vice-President, Miss G. Fairley, Van-
couver General Hospital; Second Vice-President, Miss
J. Matheson; Secretary, Miss Perrin, 3629 2nd Ave. W.,
Vancouver; Treasurer, Miss L. Archibald, 536 12th
Ave. W., Vancouver; Conveners of Committees:
Council, Miss M. Dutton; Directory Committee, Miss
D. Bullock; Ways and Means, Sliss R. McVicar;
Programme, Miss M. Kerr; Social, Miss Munslow;
Sick Visiting, Miss A. L. Maxwell; Local Council,
Miss M. Gray; Creche, Miss M. A. McLellan; Re-

Eresentatives: "The Canadian Nurse," Miss M. G.
,aird; Local Press, Rotating members of Board.

A.A., ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, VANCOUVER

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Superior; Hon. Vice-
President, Sister Therese Annable; President, Miss
Kitty B. Mosdell; Vice-President, Miss Elizabeth
Berry; Secretary, Miss Evelyn Dee; Asst. Secretary,
Miss Isabel Todd; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Mil,dred
A. Cohoon; Executive, Misses M. McDonald, B.
Geddes, E. Reilly, G. Armson, D. Hall, A. Webb, E.
Hanafin and A. Jordon.

A.A., VANCOUVER GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Grace Fairley; President, Miss
Joan Hardy; First Vice-President, Miss Dorothy
Coughlin; Second Vice-President, Miss Mary McLean;
Secretary, Mrs. Percy Jones, 3681 2nd Ave. W.;
Assistant Secretary, Mrs. Hugh McMillan; Treasurer,
Miss Eva Webster, The Vancouver General
Hospital; Committee Conveners: Refre.shment, Mrs.
Ferguson; Programme, Miss Hannon; Sewing, Miss
McLennan; Sick Visiting, Miss Hilda Smith; Re-
presentatives: Local Press, Mrs. McCallum; "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Stevenson; Women's Building,
Miss Whittaker; Membership, Miss L. Maxwell; Sick
Benefit Fund and Bond Committee, Miss Isobel
McVicar and Miss Bullock.

A.A., JUBILEE HOSPITAL, VICTORIA, B.C.

Hon. President, Miss L. Mitchell; President, Miss
E. Oliver; First Vice-President, Mrs. Chambers;
becond Vice-President, Mrs. Carruthers; Secretarv,
Miss S^ Fatt, 601 Trutch St.; Assistant Secretary,
Miss B. Montague; Treasurer, Miss J. Paterson;
Convener, Entertainment Committee, Mrs. Lancaster;
Sick Nurses, Miss C. McKenzie.

BRANDON GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

Hon. President, Miss E. M. Birtles; Hon. Vice
President, Mrs. W. H. Shillinglaw; President, Miss
M. Finlayson; First Vice-President, Miss H. Meadows;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. L. C. Ferrier; Secretary,
Mrs. S. Pierce; Treasurer, Miss I. Fargey, .302 Russell
St., Brandon; Conveners of Committees; Social, Miss
T. Hill; Sick Visiting, Miss M. Trotter; Welfare Re-
presentative, Miss M. Houston; Private Duty, Miss D.
Longley; Blind, Mrs. Darrach; Cook Books, Miss
Gemmell; Press Representative, Miss A. Hicks;
Registiar, Miss C. Macleod

A.A., ST. BONIFACE HOSPITAL, ST. BONIFACE
MAN.

Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Mead, St. Boniface Hos-
pital; Second Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Krause, St.
Boniface Hospital; President, Miss E. Shirley, 28
King George Crt.; First Vice-Piesident, Miss E. Perry,
1628 Roy Ave., Weston; Second Vice-President, Miss
H. Stephens, 15 Ruth Apts.; Secretary, Mrs. Stella
Gordon Kerr, 753 Wolseley Ave.; Treasurer, Miss A.
Price, Ste. IS Diana Crt.; Conveners of Committees,
Social, Miss T. O'Rourke, Ste. 48 Marlhurst Apts;
Refreshment, Miss C. Miller, Ste 2 St. James Park
Blk.; Sick Visiting, Miss T. Guville, 211 Hill St.,
Norwood; Representative to Local Council of Women,
Miss C. Code, 1238 Downing St., Miss C. Wright, 340
St. Johns Ave.; Representative to Manitoba Nurses
Central Directory Committee, Mrs. E. MacDonald,
369 Langside St.; Press and Publication, Miss M.
Meehan, 753 Wolseley Ave.

Meetings — Second Wednesday of each month, 8 p.m.,
St. Boniface Nurses Residence.

A.A., WINNIPEG GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Mrs. W. A. Moody, 97 Ash St.;
President, Mrs. J. A. Davidson, 39 Westgate; First
Vice-President, Mrs. S. Harry, Winnipeg General
Hospital; Second Vice-President, Miss L McDiarmid,
363 Langside St.; Third Vice-President. Miss E.
Gordon, Research Lab., Medical College; Recoiding
Secretary, Miss C. Briggs, 70 Kings way; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss M. Duncan, Winnipeg General Hos-
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. L Graham, 99 Euclid St.;
Sick Visiting, Miss W. Stevenson, 535 Camden Place;
Programme, Miss C. Lcthbridge, 877 Grosvenor Ave..
Membership, Miss A. Pearson, Winnipeg General
Hospital.

A. A., GALT HOSPITAL, GALT, ONT.

A. A., KITCHENER AND WATERLOO GENERAL
HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. Snider; President, Miss
L. McTague; First Vice-President, Mrs. V. Snider;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. R. Petch; Secretary,
Miss T. Sitler, 32 Troy St.; Asst. Secretary, Miss J.
Sinclair; Treasurer, Miss E. Feny; "The Canadian
Nurse", Miss E. Hartlieb.

THE EDITH CAVELL ASSOCIATION OF
LONDON, ONT.

President, Miss Nora E. MacPherson, Victoria
Hospital; First Vice-President, Miss Anne M. Forrest;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. C. West; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss Annie P. Evans, 860 Richmond St.;
Social Secretary, Miss M. Bawden; Registry Board
Representatives, Miss M. Anderson, Mrs. Olive
Smiley; Programme Committee, Miss H. Bapty,
Miss E. Morris, Mrs. G. Gillies; Representative, "The
Canadian Nurse," Mrs. John Gunn.

326

THE CANADIAN NURSE

DISTRICT No. 8, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

DISTRICT No. 10, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Chairman, Miss A. Boucher; First-Vice President,
Mrs. F. Edwards; Second Vice-President, Miss V.
Lovelace; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss M. Racey;
Conveners of Committees: Nursing Education, Miss
B. Bell; Public Health, Miss L. Young; Private Duty,
Miss I. Sheehan; Publication, Miss M. Flannagan;
Membership, Miss M. Sideen, Miss D. Elliott; Social:
Miss E. Hamilton, Miss Chiver-Wilson, Miss E. Mc-
Tavish; Representatives to Board of Directors Meeting,
R.N.A.O., Mrs. F. Edwards.

Meetings held first Thursday every month.

A. A., BELLEVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Plorence Mclndoo; President,
Miss H. Stacey; Vice-President, Miss A. Derbyshire;
Secretary, Miss B. Cryderman; Treasurer, Miss V.
Babcock; Flower Committee, Miss H. Fitzgerald;
Representative, "The Canadian Nurse," Mrs. C.
Arnott.

Regular meeting held first Tuesday in each month at
3.30 p.m. in the Nurses' Residence.

A. A., BRANTFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. Muriel McKee, Superin-
tendent; President, Miss Marion CufT; Vice-President,
Miss Madeline Waghorn; Secretary, Miss Hilda Muir;
Asst. Secretary, Miss Natalie Lockman; Treasurer,
Miss Jean Davidson; "The Canadian Nurse" Repre-
sentative, Miss Nellie Yardley; Press Representative,
Miss Anne Hardisty; Flower Committee, Miss Ida
Martin, Miss Florence Stuart; Gift Committee, Mrs.
D. A. Morrison, Mrs. A. A. Matthews; Social Con-
vener, Mrs. W. H. Langton.

A.A., ROYAL ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL, FERGUS

Hon. President, Miss Helen Campbell; President,
Mrs. Bean, 54 Rosemount Ave., Toronto; First Vice-
President, Miss Marian Petty; Second Vice-President.
Mrs. Ida Ewing; Treasurer, Miss Bertha Brilhnger,
Toronto; Secretary, Miss Evelyn Osborne, 8 OrioU
Gardens, Toronto; .\8st. Secretary, Mrs. N. Davidson,
Fergus Hospital; Press Secretary, Miss Jean Campball,
72 Hendrick Ave., Toronto.

A. A., GUELPH GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. F. Bliss, Supt., Guelph
General Hospital; President, Miss L. Ferguson;
First Vice-President, Miss I. Inglis; Second Vice-
President, Miss L. Sprowl; Secretary, Miss Josephine
Pierson, 62 Derry St., Guelph; Treasurer, Miss J.
Watson; Flower Committee, Misses Ethel Eby, M
Creighton and G. Badke; Correspondent to "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss A. L. Fennell.

A. A., HAMILTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. C. Rayside, Hamilton
General Hospital; President, Miss Annie B. Boyd,
607 Main St. E.; Vice-President, Miss M. Buchannan,
Hamilton General Hospital; Treasurer, Miss E. Bell,
1 Cumberland Ave.; Recording Secretary, Miss B.
Aitken, 44 Victoria Ave. S.; Secretary-Treasurer Mi:tua
Benefit Association, Miss L. Hannah, 25 West Ave. S.;
Executive Committee, Mrs. N. Barlow (Convenei),
211 Stenson St., Misses E. Baird, C. Chappel, M.
Pegg, Mrs. E. Johnson; Programme Committee. Miss
Mary Ross (Convener), Misses M. Watt, H. Baker,
E. Davidson, J. Lenz, M Harvey, C. Currah, Blanche
Pond; Flower and Visiting Committee, Miss Sturrock
(Convener), Misses Squires, Blanchard, Burnett.
Representatives to Local Council of Women, Mrs.
Hess, Misses Harley, Buckbee, Burnett; Representative
to R.N.A.O., Miss G. Hall; Representatives to "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Buscombe (Convener), Misses
Strachan and Carruthers; Representative to Women's
Auxiliary. Mrs. J. Stephen; Registry Committee,
Mrs. Hess (Convener), Misses Nugent, Hack, Gringer.

A A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, HAMILTOM,

Hon. President, Mother Martina; President, Misi
E. Quinn; Vice-President, Miss H. Fagan; Treasurer,
Miss I. Loysl, 71 Bay Street S. ; Secretary, Miss M.
Maloney, 31 Erie Avenue; Convener, Executive Com-
mittee, Miss M. Kelley; The Canadian Nurse, Mias
Moran.

A.A., BROCKVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss A. L. Shannette; President
Mrs. H. B. White; First Vice-President, Miss M
Arnold; Second Vice-President, Miss J. Nicholson
Third Vice-President, Mrs. W. B. Reynolds; Secretary
Miss B. Beatrice Hamilton, Brockville General Hos
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. F. Vandusen, 65 Church St.
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Mias V
Kendrick.

A. A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL,
CHATHAM, ONT.

Hon. President, Mother St. Roch; Hon. Vice-
President. Sister M. Loretta; President, Mrs. Pearl
Johnston; Vice-President, Miss Jean Lundy; Secretary,
Miss Irene Gillard, 52 Raleigh St., Chatham; Treasurer,
Miss Jean Bagnell; Executive, Misses Jessie Ross,
Katherine Dillon and Agnes Harrison; Flower Com-
mittee, Miss Felice Rich.ardson and Mona Middleton;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse." Miss
Jessie Ross; Representative, District No. 1, R.N.A.O.,
Miss Hazel Gray.

A. A., CORNWALL GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Lydia Whiting; President,
Miss Mary Fleming; First Vice-President, Mrs.
Boldick; Second Vice-President, Miss Mabel Hill;
Secretary- Treasurer, Miss Helen C. Wilson, Cornwall
General Hospital; Representative tr> "The Canadian
Nurse," Miss Cora Droppo

A.A., HOTEL DIEU, KINGSTON, ONT.

Hon. President. Rev. Sister Donovan; President,
Mrs. William Elder, Avonmore Apts.; Vice-President,
Mrs. V. L. Fallon; 'Treasurer, Miss Millie MacKinnon;
Secretary, Miss Genevieve Pelow; Executive, Mrs. L.
Welch, Mr- Cochrane. Mrs. L. E. Crowley, Misses
Millie Maok'nnon, Evelyn Finn; Visiting Committee,
Misses Olive McDerniott, C. McGarry; Entertainment
Committee, Mi.sses MacKinnon, Murphy, Bain,
Hamell, McCadden, Mrs. Ryan, Mrs. Fallon.

A. A., KINGSTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

First Hon. President, Miss E. Baker; Second Hon.
President, Miss Louise D. Acton; President, Miss
Oleira M. Wilson; First Vice-President, Mrs. G. H.
Leggett; Second Vice-President, Mrs. S. F. Campbell;
Third Vice-President, Miss Ann Baillie; Treasurer,
Mrs. C. W. Mallory, 203 Albert St.; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss C. Milton, 404 Brock St.; Recording
Secretary, Miss .\nn Davis, 06 Lower William St.;
Convener Flower Committee, Mrs. George Nicol. 355
Frontenac St.; Press Representative, Miss Helen
Babcook, Kingston General Hospital; Private Duty
Section, Miss Emma McLean. 478 Frontenac St.

KITCHENER AND WATERLOO REGISTERED
NURSES' ASSOCIATION

President, Miss V. Winierhalt; First Vice-President,
Miss M. Elliott; Second Vice-President, Mrs. W. Noll;
Treasurer, Mrs. W. Knell, 41 Ahrens St.W.; Secretary,
Miss E. Master, 13 Chapel St.; Representative to
"The Canadian Nurse," Aliss Hazel Adair, Kitchener
and Waterloo Hospital.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

327

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

A.A., VICTORIA HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Nora MacPherson, Superin-
tendent, Victoria Hospital School of Nursing; President,
Miss Delia Foster, 420 Oxford St.; First Vice-President.
Miss Mary Yul'', 151 Bathurst St.; Second Vice-
President, Miss Christine Gillies, Victoria Hospital;
Treasurer, Miss Edith Smallman, 814 Dundas St.;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss Mabel Hardie, 182
Bruce St.; Secretary, Miss Isobel Hunt, 898 Princess
Ave.; Representative to The Canadian Nurse, Mrs.
8. G. Henry, 720 Dundas St.; Board of Directors,
Mrs. C. J. Rose, Mrs. W. Cummins, Misses H. Hueston,
H. Cryderman, E. Gibberd, A. MacKenzie; Repre-
sentatives to Registry Board, Misses M. McVicar,
8. Giffen, A. Johnston and W. Wilton.

A. A., NIAGARA FALLS QENERAL HOSPITAL

A.A., ORILLIA SOLDIERS' MEMORIAL
HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. Johnston; President, Miss
G. Went; First Vice-President, Miss M. Payne;
Second Vice-President, Miss S. Dudenhoffer; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss M. B. MacLelland; Programme
Committee, Misses C. Newton, A. Reekie, E. Mitchell
»nd B. McFadden.

Regular Meeting — First Thursday of each month.

A. A., OSHAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss MacWilliams; President, Miss
Ann Scott, 26 King Street E., Oshawa; Vice-President,
Miss Emily Duckwith; Second Vice-President, Mrs.
H. Harland; Secretary, Mrs. Mabel Yelland, 14
Victoria Apts., Simcoe St. S., Oshawa; Asst. Secretary,
Miss Jessie Mcintosh; Corresopnding Secretary, Miss
Helen Hutchison, 14 Victoria Apts., Simcoe St. S.,
Oshawa; Treasurer, Miss Jane Cole; Social Convener,
Miss Amber Sonley, Visiting and Flower Convener,
Mrs. M. Canning; Convener Private Duty Nurses,
Miss Margaret Dickie; Representative, Hospital
Auxiliary, Mrs. M. Canning, Mrs. E. Hare, Mrs. B.
A. Brown.

A. A., ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, OTTAWA

Hon. President, Miss Maxwell; President, Miss
Doris Thompson; Vice-President, Miss Diana Brown;
Secretary, Miss Isobel Allan, 408 Slater Street, Ottawa;
Treasurer, Mrs. Florence Ellis; Nominating Committee,
Misses Mina MacLaren, Hazel Lyttle, Katherine
Tribble.

A.A., LADY STANLEY INSTITUTE, OTTAWA
(Incorporated 1918)
Hon. President, Miss M. A. Catton, 2 Regent St.;
Hon. Vice-President, Miss Florence Potts; President,
Miss Mabel M. Stewart, Royal Ottawa Sanatorium;
Vice-President, Miss M. McNiece, Perley Home,
Aylmer Ave.; Secretary, Mrs. G. O. Skuce, Britannia
Bay, Ont.; Treasurer, Miss C. Slinn, 204 Stanley Ave.;
Board of Directors, ^Ii8s E. MacGibbon, 114 Carling
Ave.; Miss C. Flack, 152 First Ave.; Miss E. McColl.
Vimy Apts., Charlotte St.; Miss L. Belford, Perley
Home, Aylmer Ave.; "Canadian Nurse" Representative
Miss A. Ebbs, 80 Hamilton Ave.; Representatives to
Central Registry Nurses, Miss A. Ebbs, 80 Hamilton
Ave.; Miss Mary C. Slinn, 204 Stanley Ave.; Press
Representative, Mrs. J. Waddell, 220 Waverley St.

A. A., OTTAWA CIVIC HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Gertrude Bennett; President,
Miss Evelyn Pepper; First Vice-President, Miss
Elizabeth Graydon; Second Vice-President, Miss
Dorothy Moxley; Treasurer, Miss Winnifred Gemmell,
221 Gilmour St.; Recording Secretary, Miss Greta
Wilson, 489 Metcalfe St.; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss Eileen Graham, 41 Willard St.; Councillors,
Mrs. G. W. Dunning, Misses Elizabeth Curry, Gertrude
Moloney, Mary Lamb, Gladys Moorehead; Convener
of Flower and Sick Visiting Committee, Miss Margaret
McCallum; Press Correspondent, Miss E. Osborne.

A. A., OTTAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

A. A., OWEN SOUND GENERAL AND
MARINE HOSPITAL

A.A., NICHOLLS HOSPITAL, PETERBORO, ONT.

A. A., SARNIA GENERAL HOSPITAL

A. A., STRATFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss A. M. Munn; President, Miaa
Hazel Crerar; Vice-President, Miss Myrtle Hodgins:
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Ivy Rennie : Convenor of
Social Committee, Miss Isabel Wilson: Correspondent
The Canadian Nurse, Miss Florence Kudoba.

A.A., MACK TRAINING SCHOOL
ST. CATHERINES

Hon. President, Miss Anne Wright, Superintendent,
General Hospital; President, Miss Helen Brown,
General Hospital; First Vice-President, Miss Marriott,
94i Queenston St.; Second Vice-President, Mrs. E.
Dewar, 39 Marquis St.; Secretary-Treasurer, Miaa
Florence McArter, General Hospital; Asst. Secretary-
Treasurer, Mrs. Charles Hesburn, 54 George St.;
"The Canadian Nurse" Repre.sentative, Miss Aleda
Brubaker, 29 Page St.; "The Canadian Nurse" Sub-
scriptions and Press Correspondent, Mrs. S. Ockenden,
4 Beech St.; Social Committee, Mrs. R. E. Elderkin
(Convener), Mrs. G. I. Zumstein, Mrs. F. Newman,
Mrs. N. Buchanan; Programme Committee, Miaa
Tuch (Convener), Miss Moyer, Mrs. W. Durham.

A. A., MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, ST. THOMAS

Hon. President, Miss Lucille Armstrong, Memorial
Hospital; Hon. Vice-President, Miss Mary Buchanan,
Memorial Hospital; President, Miss Margaret Benja-
field, 39 Wellington Street; First Vice-President, Mrs.
Frank Penhale; Second Vice-President, Miss Bessie
Pollock; Recording Secretary, Mrs. John Smale, 34
Erie Street; Corresonding Secretary, Miss Alice
Patrick, 33 Gladstone Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Bella
Mitchener, .50 Chestnut Street; "The Canadian Nurse,"
Miss Isabella M. Leadbetter, Talbot Street; Executive,
Misses Hazel Hastings, Lissa Crane, Mary Oke,
Mildred Jennings, Florence Treherne.

A. A., TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President. MisS Snively; Hon. Vice-President,
Miss Jean Gunn; President, Miss E. Manning; First
Vice-President, Miss J. Algie; Second Vice-President,
Miss Jean Browne; Secretary, Mi^8 Jean .\nderson,
149 Glenholme Ave., Toronto; Treasurer, Miss M.
Morris, Ward "C," "Toronto General Hospital; Coun-
cillors, Misses G. Gawley, .\. Landon, G. Ross; .Arch-
ivist, Miss Kniseley; Committees; Flower, Misses
Clubine (Convener), Hannant, Forgie, Eugenia
Stewart; Programme, Mrs. Driver (Convener), Misses
Annie Dove, Edna Fraser, Ethel Campbell, Dorothy
Dove; Social, Mrs. Stevens (Convener), Mi.sses Neal,
L. Bailey: Nominations, Mrs. Dewey (Convener),
Misses Marion Stewart, Myrtle Murray, Mary Mc-
Farland; "The Canadian Nurse," Misses Betty String-
all (Convener), McGarry, E. Thompson.

328

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A. A., QBACE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, M s. C. J. Curry; President, Mrs.
L. B. Hutchison; First Vice-President, Mrs. John
Gray; Recording Secretary, Miss M. Teasdale; Cor-
responding Secretary, Miss LilHan E. Wood, 3248
Yonge St., Toronto 12; Treasurer, Miss V. M. Elliott,
194 Cottingham St.; Representative to Central Regis-
try, Miss Devellin.

A. A., GRANT MACDONALD TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR NURSES, TORONTO, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Esther M. Cook, 130 Dunn
Ave.; President, Miss Ida Weeks. 130 Dunn Ave. ;
Vice-President, Miss Sadie McLaren; Recording
Secretary, Miss I. Ostic; Corresponding Secretarv. Miss
M. Whittall; Treasurer, Miss McCullough, 130 Dunn
Ave.; Social Convener, Miss P. Lawrence.

A. A., TORONTO ORTHOPEDIC HOSPITAL
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES

Hon. President, Miss E. MacLoan; President, Miss
Hazel Young, 100 Bloor St. W.; Vice-President, Mrs.
W. J. Smithers, 35 Wilberton Road; Secretary-Treas-
urer. Miss R. Hollingworth, 100 Bloor St. W.; Re-
presentatives to Central Registry, Miss C. Grannon,
205 George St., and Miss M. Beston, 5 De Savery
Crescent; Representative to R.N.A.O., Miss A.
Bodley, 43 Metcalf St.

A. A., RIVERDALE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Sliss Carrie Field, 185 Bain Ave., Toronto;
First Vice-President, Miss Gertrude Gastrell, Riverdale
Hospital; Second Vice-President, Mrs. H. W. Thomp-
son, 34 Burnside Drive; Secretary, Mrs. H. E. Radford,
4.58 Strathmore Blvd.; Treasurer, Miss Margaret
Floyd, Riverdale Hospital; Board of Directors — Com-
mittees: Sick and Visiting, Miss S. Stretton, 7 Edge-
wood Ave.; Programme, Miss K. Mathieson, Riverdale
Hospital; Membership, Miss Murphy, Weston Sani-
tarium, Weston; Mrs. E. G. Berry, 97 Bond St.,
Oshawa; Press and Publication, Miss C. L. Russell,
General Hospital, Toronto.

A. A., HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN,
TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. Goodson; Hon. Vice-Presidents,
Miss F. J. Potts, Miss H. Panton and Miss P. B.
Austin; President, Mrs. F. E. Atkinson; First Vice-
President, Miss Petron Adam; Second Vice-President,
Miss Alice Grindley; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Mary Ingham; Recording Secretary, Misa Mary
Acland; Treasure:, Miss V. Marie Grafton, 534 Palm-
erston Blvd.; Councillors, Misses Louise Rogers,
Hilda Rose, Jean Beaton, Helen Needier, Mabel St.
John and Mrs. Harold McClelland.

A. A., ST. JOHNS HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Sister Beatrice, S.S.J.D., St. John's
Convent, Major Street; President, Miss Cook, 464
Logan Ave.; First Vice-President, Miss Holdaworth,
Islington 297; Second Vice-President, Miss Anderson,
468 Kingston Road; Recording Secretary, Mi.ss Frost,
450 Maybank Ave.; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Garnham, 26 Balmoral Ave.; Treasurer, Mi.ss Slimon,
464 Logan Ave.; Press Representative, Miss Doherty,
7 Howland Ave.; Convener of Flowers and Sick, Miss
Davis, 51 Brunswick Ave.

A.A... ST. JOSEPH'SHOSPITAL, TORONTO, ONT.

Hon. President, Rev. Sister M. Melanie; President,
Miss E. Morrison, 1543 Queen Street West, Toronto;
First Vice-President, Miss A. O'Neill; Second Vice-
President, Mi.ss L. Boyle; Treasurer, Miss M. Heary,
158 Marion Street, Toronto; Recording Secretary, Miss
R. Rouse; Corresponding Secretary, MissO. MacKenzie
43 Lawrence Ave. West, Toronto; Councillois, Misses

0. Kidd, M. Howard, V. Sylvain, G. Davis; Constitu-
tionals, Misses A. Hihn, M. Howard, L. Boyle; Pro-
gramme Committee, Misses R. Jean-Marie, L. Dunbar;

1. Voisin.

A.A., ST. MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Margaret; Hon. Vice-
President, Rev. Sr. M. Amata; President, Miss Essie
Taylor; First Vice-President, Miss Ella Graydon;
Second Vice-President, Miss Helen Keaney; Third
Vice-President, Miss Celia Hyres; Recording Secretary,
Miss MacGreen; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Helen
O'Sullivan; Treasurer, Miss Helen Hyland, 137
Belsize Drive, Toronto; Directors, Misses Ella M.
Chalue, Marie I. Foy, Marcella Berger; Press and
Publications, Miss Grace Murphy; Private Duty, Miss
Julia O'Connor; Public Health, Miss Hilda Kerr.

A.A., VICTORIA MEM. HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. Forbes Godfrey; President,
MiKs Annie Pringle; Vice-Preaident, Miss Dorothy

Greer; Secretary, Miss Florence Lowe, 152 Kenilworth
Ave., Toronto; Treasurer, Miss Ida Hawley, 41
Gloucester St., Toronto.

Regular Meeting — First Monday of each month.

A.A., WELLESLEY HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Misa Edith Carson, 499 Sherbourne St.:
Vice-President, Miss Ruth Jackson, 80 Summerhill
Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Lucille Thompson, 4, 118 Isa-
bella St.; Recording Secretary, Miss Mildred Mc-
Mullen, 133 Isabella St.; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss Evelyn McCullough, 1117 Danforth Ave.;
Executive, Misses Edna Tucker, Betty Scott, Doris
Anderson, Audrey Lavelle; Correspondent to The
Canadian Nurse, Miss Waple Greaves, 65 Glendale

Ave. —

A.A., TORONTO WESTERN HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss B. L. Ellis; President, Miss
Rahno Beamish, Toronto Western Hospital; Vice-
President, Miss L. Smith- Recording Secretary,
Miss Matthews, 74 Westmount Ave.; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss Buckley, Toronto Western Hospital;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss
Milligan; Representative to Local Council of Women,
Mrs. McConnell; Hon. Councillors, Mrs. Yorke, Mrs.
McConnell; Councillors, Miss McLean, Orthopedic
Hospital, Misses Cooney, Steacy, Stevenson, Wiggins,
J. G. Smith, Devine; Social Committee, Miss Sharpe
(Convener), Misses Agnew, Woodward, Miles; Flower
Committee, Miss Lamont, Miss Ayerst; Visiting
Committee, Misses Lowe, Harshaw, Essex; Layette
Committee, Miss Cooper.

Meetings will be held the second Tuesday in each
month at 8 p.m. in the Assembly Room, Nurses'
Residence, Toronto Western Hospital.

A.A., WOMEN'S COLLEGE HOSPITAL,
TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. H. M. Bowman; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Harriet Meiklejohn; President, Miss
Vera Allen; First Vice-President, Miss Munns; Second
Vice-President, Miss Lougheed; Recording Secretary,
Miss Bankwitz; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Blair,
64 Deleware St.; Assistant Secretary, Miss Clark, 64
Deleware St.; Treasurer. Miss B. Fra.9er, 526 Dover-
court, Rd.; Representatives to Central Registry, Miss
Bankwitz, Miss Kidd; Representative to District No.
5, Miss Clarke; "The Canadian Nurse," Miss E. E. K.
Collier.

Meetings at 74 Grenville St., second Monday in each

month.

A.A., CONNAUGHT TRAINING SCHOOL FOB
NURSES, TORONTO HOSPITAL, WESTON

Hon. President, Miss E. MacP. Dickson, Toronto
Hospital, Weston; President, Miss E. Eldridge; Vice-
President, Miss A. Atkinson; Secretary, Miss E. L.
Barlow, Toronto Hospital, Weston; Treasurer, Misa
P. M. Stuttle.

A.A., HOTEL DIEU, WINDSOR, ONTARIO

A.A., GENERAL HOSPITAL, WOODSTOCK

GRADUATE NURSES ASSOCIATION OF THE
EASTERN TOWNSHIPS

Hon. President, Miss H. S, Buck, Superintendent
Sherbrooke Hospital; President, Miss D. Stevens;
First Vice-Presiaent, Miss J. Fenton; Second Vice-
President, Miss Humphrey; Recording Secretary,
Misa D. Ingraham; Corresponding Secretary, Miss H
Hetherington; Treasurer, Miss M. Robins; Repre-
sentative, "The Canadian Nurse," Miss C. Hornby,
Box 324. Sherbrooke, P.Q.; Private Duty Represent-
ative, Miss Alice Lyster.

A.A., LACHINE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. L. Brown; President,
Miss M. A. McNutt; Vice-President, Miss J. C.
McKee; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss E. J. Dewar, 558
Notre Dame Street, Lachine, Que.; Private Duty
Representative, Miss M. Lamb, 376 Claremont Ave.,
Montreal; Executive Committee, Miss Robinson,
Miss Good fellow.

Meeting — First Monday of each month, at 9 p.m.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

321)

MONTREAL GRADUATE NURSES' ASS'N

Hon. President, Miss L. C. Phillips, 3626 St. Urbain
St.; President, Miss Agnes Jamieson, 1230 Bishop St.;
First Vice-President, Miss Jessie Robertson. 3546
Shuter St.; Second Vice-President, Miss Kate Wilson,
1230 Bishop St.; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Ethel
Clark, 1230 Bishop St.; Day Registrar, Miss Lucy
White, 1230 Bishop St.; Night Registrar, Miss Ethel
Clark, 1230 Bishop St.; Relief Registrar, Miss H. M.
Sutherland, 12 Selkirk Ave.; Convener GrifBntown
Club, Miss Georgie CoUey, 261 Melville Ave., West-
mount, P.Q.

Regular Meeting — First Tuesday of January, April,
October and December.

A.A., CHILDREN'S MEM. HOSP., MONTREAL

A. A., MONTREAL GENERAL HOSPITAL

President, Mrs. .\tlan; First Vice-President, Miss A.
Jamieson; Second Vice-President, Miss M. Mathewson;
Recording Secretary, Miss Inez Welling; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Anne Thorpe; Treasurer, Alumnae
Association and Mutual Benefit Association, Miss
Isabel Davies; Hon. Treasurer, Miss H. M. Dunlop;
Executive Committee, Misses M. K. Holt, F. E.
Strumm, J. Meigs, L. Urquhart, C. M. Watling;
Representatives, Private Duty Section, Misses Morrison
(Convener), R. Loggie, Melba Johnston, Winnifred
Spier; Representatives to "The Canadian Nurse,"
Misses C. M. Watling (Convener), N. Kennedy-Reid,
Ruth Hamilton; Representatives to Local Council of
Women, Miss G. Colfey (Convener), Mi&s Marjorie Ross
(Proxy), Miss Harriett Ross; Sick Visiting Committee,
Mrs. Stuart Ramsey Convener), Misses L. Shepherd,
B. Noble: Refreshmeni, Committee, Mi.ssesD. Flint(Con-
veneri, M. 1. McLeod, Theodora >IcDonald, S. Fraser.

A.A., HOMOEOPATHIC HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mrs. H. Pollock; President, Mrs. J.
Warren; First Vice-President, Miss I. Garrick; Second
Vice-President, Miss D. Campbell; Secretary, Miss
M. Brighty; Asst. Secretary, Miss M. Hayden; Treas-
urer, Miss D. W. Miller; Asst. Treasurer, Miss N. G.
Horner; Private Duty Section, Miss A. M. Potteous;
"The Canadian Nurse" Representative, Miss A.
Pearce; Social Committee, Miss D. Smith; Montreal
Nurses Association, Miss D. Smith, Miss M. Bright.

A.A., ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. Presidents, Miss E. A. Draper, Miss M F.
Hersey; President, Mrs. E. H. Stanley; First Vice-
Presicient, Mrs. G. LeBeau; Second Vice-President,
Miss E. Gall; Recording Secretary, Miss E. MacKean;
Secretary-Treasurer, >iiss K. Jamer; Convener, Fin-
ance Committee, Miss B. Campbell; Representatives to
Local Council, Sirs. V Linnell, Mrs. G. Porter; Con-
vener Sick Visiting Committee, Miss A. Deane;
Convener Programme Committee, Mrs. F. \. C.
Scrimger; Convener Private Duty Representatives,
Miss Si. MacCallum; Convener Refreshments Com-
mittee, Miss Adams; E.xecutive Committee, Mi.ss Si. F.
Hersey, Miss Goodhue, Miss E. Reid, Mrs. Roberts,
Miss B. Forgey, Miss M. Etter; "Canadian Nurse"
Representative, Miss E. Flanagan.

A. A., WESTERN HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Miss Craig; President, Miss Birch;
First Vice-President, Miss Edna Payne; Second Vice-
President, Miss L. Sutton; Treasurer, Miss Jane Craig,
Western Hospital; Secretary, Miss Olga McCrudden,
314 Grosvenor Ave., Westmount, P.Q.; Finance Com-
mittee, Miss L. Johnston, Miss A. Yates; Programme
Committee, Miss Cross, Miss Williams; Sick and
Visiting Committee, Miss Dyer; Representative to
Private Duty Section, Miss Taylor; Representative to
"The Canadian Nurse," MissMcOuat.

A.A., NOTRE DAME HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mother Dugas: Hon. Vice-l'resi-
dents Mother Mailloux and Rev Sister Robert;
President, Miss G. Latour: First Vice-President. Miss
M. de Courville; Second Vice-President, MissF. Filion;
First Councillor, Miss B. Lecompte; Second Councillor,
Miss F. Gariepy; Secretary, Miss Margot Pauze, 4234
St. Hubert St.; Asst. Secretary, Mrs. Choquette;
Treasurer, Miss L. Boulerice; Conveners of Committees:
Social, Miss E. Merizzi; Nomination, Misses A. Lepine,
A. Lalande, E. Rousseau; Sick Visiting, Misses A.
Martineau, G. Gannon, B. Lacourse.

A.A., WOMAN'S GEN. HOSP., WESTMOUNT, P.Q.

Hon. Presidents, Miss E. F. Trench, Miss F. George;
President, Mrs. Crewe; First Vice-President, Miss N. J.
Brown; Second Vice-President, Miss Si. Forbes;
Recording Secretary, Miss L. Wallace; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss L. Steeves; Treasurer and "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss E. L. Francis, 1210 Sussex
Ave., Montreal; Sick Visiting. Miss L. Jensen, Miss K.
Morrison; Private Duty, Mrs. Chisholm, >'issL. Smiley.

Regular monthly meeting every third Wed., 8 p.m.
A. A., JEFFERY HALE'S HOSPITAL, QUEBEC

Hon. President, Mrs. S. Barrow; President, Miss
Muriel Fischer; First Vice-President, Miss Daisy
Jackson; Second Vice-President, Miss Cecile Caron;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss H. A. ^Iackay; Record-
ing Secretary, Miss Gertrude Martin; Treasurer, Miss
Eunice MacHarg; Refreshment Committee, Miss Flora
Ascah, Miss Lyla Moore; Sick Visiting Committee,
Mrs. S. Barrow, Miss F. Imrie; "The Canadian Nurse"
Representative, Mrs. Harold A. Planche; Private Duty
Section, Miss Ethel Douglas; Councillors, Misses E.
Fitzpatrick, Daisy Jackson, Flora Ascah, G. >Iayhew,

C. Kennedy.

A. A., SHERBROOEIE HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss H. S. Buck; President, Mrs.
Guy Bryant; First Vice-President, Mrs. Roy Wiggett;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. Nelson Lothrop; Record-
ing Secretary, Miss Evelyn Warren; Corresponding
Secretary, ^Iiss Nora Arguin; Treasurer, Miss Alice
Lyster; Correspondent to ""The Canadian Nurse,"
Miss Kathleen Hatch; Committee, Miss Sutton, Miss
Ella Marrisette, Mrs. Davey.

MOOSE JAW GRADUATE NURSES' ASS'N

Hon. President, Mrs. Geo. Lydiard; President,
Miss Elizabeth Smit..,; Vice-President, Sirs. M. A.
Young, Secretary-Treasurer, Miss May Armstrong,
1005 2nd Ave., N.E.; Social Convener, Miss French;
Press Convener, Mrs. W. H. Metcalfe; Programme,
Miss Diermert; Constitutions and By-Laws, Miss
Casey; Representatives, Private Duty, Miss Rossie
Cooper; '"The Canadian Nurse," Miss E. Lamond.

A.A., REOINA GENERAL HOSPITAL

A.A. ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, SASKATOON

First Hon. President, Rev. Sister Fennell; Second
Hon. President, Rev. Sister Weeks; President, Mia*
Annie M. Campbell; Vice-President, Mrs. R. Roberti;
Secretary, Miss K. McKenzie, JOll Eastlake Ave.,
Saskatoon; Treasurer, Miss E. Unsworth, 818, 11th
Street, Saskatoon; Executive, Mrs. C, W. Doran,
Misses A. Fentiman, and M. Roebuck.

Meetings, second Monday each month at 8.30 p.m.,
St. Paul's Nurses Home.

A.A., SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES,
McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL, P.Q.

Hon. President, Miss Mary Samuel; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Bertha Harmer; Hon. Members, Miss
M. F. Hersey, Miss G. M. Fairley, Dr. Helen R. Y.
Reid, Dr. Maude Abbott, Mrs. R. W. Reford ; President,
Miss Martha Batson, Montreal General Hospital:
Vice-President, Miss George, Women's General
Hospital; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Eileen C. Flan-
agan, Royal Victoria Hospital; Programme Committee,
Miss M. Armstrong, 1230 Bishop St., Montreal; Miss
Elsie Allder, Royal Victoria Hospital; Representative
to Local Council of Women, Miss Liggett, 407 Ontario
St. W., and Miss Orr, Shriners' Hospital; Repre-
sentatives to "The Canadian Nurse," Public Heal h
Sec ion. Miss Hew on; Teaching, Miss Su cliffe,
.\lexandra Hospital; .administration, Miss F. Upton,
1396 St. Catherine St. W.

A.A. OF THE DEPT. OF PUBLIC HEALTH
NURSING, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Hon. President, Mias E. K. Russell; President, Misi
Barbara Blackstock; Vice-President. Miss E. E.
Fraser; Recording Secretary, Miss I. Weirs; Secretary-
Tre.isurer, Miss C. C. Fraser, 423 Gladstone Ave ,
Toronto, Ont.; Conveners; Social, Miss E. Manning;
Programme, Sliss McNamara; Membership, Miai

Ix)ugheed —

A.A., HOSPITAL INSTRUCTORS AND AD-
MINISTRATORS, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
Hon. President, Miss G. Hiscocks; Hon. Vice-
Presidents, (1) Miss K. Russell, (2) Miss A. M. Munn;
President, Miss E. Stuart; First Vice-President, Mim
E. Strachan; Second Vice-President, Miss E. Rothery;
Secretary, Mrs. C. S. Casoan, 136 Heddington Ave.;
Treasurer, Miss U. S. Roas. Hospital for Sick ChildreD.

330

THE CANADIAN NURSli

The Central Registry of
Graduate Nurses Joronto

Furnish Nurses at any hour

DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Kingsdale 2136

Physicians* and Surgeons' Bldg.

86 Bloor Street, West.

TORONTO

HELEN CARRUTHERS, Reg.N,

Montreal Graduate Nurses'
Association Register

NURSES CALLED DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Uptown 0907

LUCY WHITE, Reg.N., Registrar,
1230 Bishop Street,

MONTREAL, P.Q.

Club House Phone Up-5666.

iKUIItlllMlllllllIc

BRONX REGISTRY AND
CLUB FOR NURSES

1195 Boston Road, New York City

ANNA M. BROWN, R.N., Prop.
Established 1911

THE

Manitoba Nurses' Central Directory

Registrar— ANNIE C. STARR; Reg. N.
Phone 30 620

753 WOLSELEY AVENUE

WINNIPEG, MAN.

I The Central Registry Graduate Nurses

I Phone Garfield 0382

I Registrar: ROBENA BURNETT. Reg.N.
I 33 Spadina Ave., Hamilton, Ont.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

School for Graduate Nurses

McGILL UNIVERSITY
Session 1930-1931

Miss BERTHA HARMER, R.N., M.A.
Director

COURSES OFFERED:

Teaching in Schools of Nursing
Supervision in Schools of

Nursing
Administration in Schools of

Nursing

Public Health Nursing

Organization and Supervision

of Public Health Nursing

A CERTIFICATE will be granted for
the successful completion of an approved
programme of studies, covering a period of
ONE academic year, in the major course
selected from the above.

A DIPLOMA will be granted for the success-
ful completion of the major course selected
from the above, covering a period of TWO
academic years.

For particulars apply to :

SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES
McGill University, Montreal

A Post-Graduate Training
School for Nurses

AND

An Affiliated Training
School for Nurses

The Massachusetts Eye and Ear
Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston,
offers to graduates of accredited
training schools a two months ' course,
both theoretical and practical, in the
nursing care of the diseases of the
eye, ear, nose and throat. The course
includes operating room experience.
If desired, a third month may be
spent in the social service department.
This course is very valuable to
public health nurses, especially to
those in schools and industries.

For further information address: —
SALLY JOHNSON, R.N.,
Superintendent of Nurses

THE CANADIAN NURSE

331

Obstetric Nursing

THE CHICAGO LYING-IN HOSPITAL, offers a four-months' post-graduate
course in obstetric nursing to graduates of accredited training schools con-
nected with general hospitals, giving not less than two years' training.

Board, room and laundry are furnished and an allowance of $10.00 per month to
cover incidental expense.

Affiliations with accredited Training Schools are desired, as follows:

A four-months' course to be given to pupils of accredited training schools asso-
ciated with general hospitals.

Only pupils who have completed their surgical training can be accepted.

Pupil nurses receive board, room and laundry and an allowance of $5.00 per month

ADDRESS

Chicago Lying-in Hospital and Dispensary

426 East 51st Street, CHICAGO

Hospital Sheetings

and

Pillow Cottons

Uniform Fabrics

Etc.

Dominion Textile Company

Limited

Head Office: MONTREAL

Sales Offices:
MONTREAL - - TOEONTO
WINNIPEG - VANCOUVER

Toilet Tissue Illness

Prominent specialists declare that a |
large percentage of men and women of |
middle age suffer from trouble caused |
by the use of inferior, harsh and chemi- i
cally impure toilet tissues. I

Insist on tissues I
that doctors and |
nurses approve .... I
White Cross toilet |
tissue, the indi- I
vidually wrapped i
roll — pure white, I
extremely absorb- i
ent, soft as old |
linen. i

Its unquestioned safety is important I
to the health of the whole family. |

Sold at the better stores.

Manufactured by

Interlake Tissue Mills Co., Ltd.

TORONTO, ONT.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

332

THE CANADIAN NURSE

UNIFORMS

Here IT IS

The NEW STYLE
UNIFORM
you have been
asking for

See them at your dealer's. If he
cannot supply you, write us direct-

Catalogue gladly
sent on request.

Made by a Firm that Knows
How to Make Uniforms —

Whitakcrs Limited

Sommer Bldg., 423 Mayor Si.
MONTREAL. P.Q.

Telephone Lan. 8801

Semi-Fitted with Loose Belt, gored
back and shaped at waist Hne. Insert
Pockets, Roll Collar that can be worn
either high or low. Detachable Buttons.
Sizes 32 to 44.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

337

When Vityality is Low

Demineralization causes many cases of ca-
chexia, debility, undernutrition, neurasthe-
nia, anemia and other run-down conditions.
Remineralization is the remedy.

The ingredients of Fellows' Syrup are so-
dium, potassium, calcium, iron and manga-
nese, together with phosphorus, quinine and
strychnine.

Dose: 1 teaspoonful t. i. d.

Samples on Request

Fellows Medical Manufacturing Company, Inc.

26 Christopher Street, New York, N. Y.

Felloiivs' Syrup

It supplies the needed minerals

COoco

Nurses' Costume Cloths

IRONSIDE 29/30 in. HOPEDALE 36 in.

Guaranteed Fast Colors.

DURABLE — ECONOMICAL

Easy to Launder

Insist on

fiOoco

Fabrics — the Fabric with a

Guarantee behind it.

Stocked by all leading storea
Product of . . .

THE MONTREAL COTTONS LIMITED

MONTREAL TORONTO WINNIPEG VANCOUVER

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

338

THE CANADIAN NURSE

HYPERACIDITY

A result of failure of neutralization

TN treating gastric hyperacidity
doctors find in milk of magnesia
a reliable, safe, effective laxative
antacid which can be given freely to
patients of all ages.
Phillips Milk of IMagnesia neutralizes
three times as much acid as a
saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate and fifty times as
much as lime water. It does
not cause gas. It does not lose
its effectiveness even under
prolonged use. And, since

I When Ordering From Your Suppliers Specify

"Maple Leaf"

I (BRAND)

I ALCOHOL

I For Every Hospital Use

I Highest Quality Rest Service

I Medicinal Spirits, Rubbing Alcohol,
I Iodine Solution, Denatured Alcohol,
I Absolute Ethyl B.P., Anti-Freeze
I Alcohol.

I Sold by all leading Hospital Supply Houses

I Canadian Industrial Alcohol Co. Ltd.

I Montreal Toronto Corbyville

\ Winnipeg Vancouver

constipation is so often associated
with hyperacidity, the mild laxative
action of Phillips Milk of Magnesia
if, often beneficial.

Nurses know that patients of all ages
find it palatable — easy to take.

When milk of magnesia is in-
dicated physicians prefer the
'Genuine Phillips Milk of
Magnesia, made by The Chas.
H. Phillips Chemical Co. It
has remained the standard
for over fifty years. Supplied
in 12-ounce bottles.

"PARAGON BRAND"
Surgical Dressings

Why Nurses Recommend

profit

»^<pw powders

r>py know constipation is baby's greatest
foe — that a gentle aperient is essential to
keep the little system regular and the blood
clean nnd cool. And so they recommend
Steedman's Powders — a safe and gentle
aperient, made especially for tender years.
Our "Hints to Mothers" deals with all
baby's little ailments — write for copies to
John Steedman & Co., 504 St. Lawrence
Blvd., Montreal.

ABSORBENT GAUZES
BANDAGES
CHEESECLOTHS
ELASTOPLAST

(Adhesive Plasters)

ABSORBENT COTTON
SANITARY NAPKINS
MATERNITY PADS

SMITH & NEPHEW, LTD.

378 St. Paul St. W.

MONTREAL - - P. Que.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

339

At such times take care

You need the purity of Kotex

"f^s^sy-"

Kotex is too closely related to
health to risk doubtful substitutes

SANITARY protection is too
closely related to your health
. . . your personal ideals of
cleanliness ... to risk methods of
whose hygienic safety you are
uncertain.

Consider for a moment the
infinite care with which Kotex
is made. Hospital standards of
cleanliness prevail. Wonderful,
modern machinery makes Kotex.

Used by hospitals
And so Kotex comes to you
immaculate, pure, almost surgi-
cally clean. Last year millions
of pads were used by hospitals
alone. Kotex fully meets their

quirements.

No sanitary protection of lower
standards should be used. Be-
fore accepting a substitute for
Kotex, ask yourself: "What do
I know of this sanitary protec-
tion ? What assurance have I that
it's fit for such personal use?

Kotex offers every refinement
of comfort. Skillful shaping.
Softness that lasts. Kotex is ad-
justable. It is made of layer on
layer of Cellucotton (not cotton)
absorbent wadding. The gauze
which covers the cellucotton is
specially treated to make it
amazingly soft. Buy at any drug,
dry goods or department store.

IN HOSPITALS . . .

1 The Kotex absorbent is the
identical material u<ed by
surgeons in Canada's lead-
ing hospitals.

2 Kotex is soft . . . Not
merely an apparent soft-
ness, that soon packs into
chafing hardness. But a
delicate, lasting softness.

3 Can be worn on either
side with eiiuai comfort.
No embarrassment.

A Disposable, instantly,
completely.

KOTex "KOy^^

Korex

MADE IN CANADA

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

340 THE CANADIAN NURSE

A Monthly Journal for the Nurses of Canada
Published by the Canadian Nurses Association

Vol. XXVII. WINNIPEG. MAN.. JULY, 1931 No. 7

Registered at Ottawa, Canada, as second-class matter.

Entered as second-class matter March 19th, 1905, at the Post Office, Buffalo, N.Y., under the Act of

Congress, March 3rd, 1897.

Editor and Business Manager: —
JEAN S. WILSON, Reg.N., 511 Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

JULY, 1931

CONTENTS PAGE

The Injection Treatment of Varicose Veins - Dr. H. M. Elder 341

Editorials ------------- 34.5

General Mannerheim's League of Child Welfare

in Finland _----_-_ Dr. Eric Mandelin 348

Occupational Therapy .----_ JiHa S. Gillcy 350

The Use of Banana as a Food for ^'oung

Children --------- Drs. Boyd and Ross 352

The Cancer Problem — Part II- - - - - Dr. F. B. Mowbray 355

Recent Developments of the Department of Health and

Public Welfare in Manitoba ----__-- 360

Department of Nursing Education:

A Vexatious Question ---__. Helen M. King 363

Department of Private Duty Nursing:

Cod Liver Oil, Sunshine and Vtosterol - - - Dr. H. Little 365

Department of Public Health Nursing:

Health Nursing in the Nova Scotia Normal

College -------- Hilda MacDonald 367

The Duties of a Public Health Councillor - Dorothy M. Percy 369

Book Reviews ------------ 371

News Notes ------------ 372

Vol. XXVII.

JULY. 1931

No. 7

®I|? Jn^wtton ©r^atmpnt of
Hartrosf Hptus

By H. M. ELDER, M.D., Demonstrator in Anatomy, Assistant Demonstrator in Surgery,
McGill University, and Assistant Surgeon. The Montreal General Hospital

The injection method of treating
varicose veins has recently been hail-
ed, both among the laity and the pro-
fession, as an entirely new departure
in the relief of this condition. But it
is interesting to note that the under-
lying idea is by no means new, and
it is only the mode of application of
the idea which has been developed
in the last ten or twelve years.

As far back as 1851, one can find
references in medical literature to
attempts having been made to pro-
duce obliteration of varicose veins by
the injection of caustic or sclerosing
substances. This early attempt is
mentioned by Thornhill in his book,
and the solution used is stated to
have been perchloride of iron.

Apparently these attempts were
not very successful, and in 1885, one
finds Chassaignac and Pravaz at-
tempting to revive the method by the
injection of red iodide of mercury.
These attempts also were followed by
bad results: sloughs, phlebitis, gan-
grene and even death occurring, and
the method was again abandoned.

In 1905 Tavel resurrected the
method in his carbolic acid injection
for the cure of haemorrhoids, which
are, of course, merely a varicose con-
dition of the lower haemorrhoidal
veins. This treatment has continued
in use to some extent, up to the
present, though it has been very
nearly abandoned.

Then, in 1917 Sicard, who was
giving salvarsan to some French
soldiers, noted that following the in-
jections, there occurred at times an
obliteration of the vein, but without
the pain, redness, oedema or fever

which are the concomitants of true
thrombo-phlebitis, and in order to
distinguish these two phenomena, he
named the former reaction a veinitis.

He then set about finding the cause
of this, and at first was inclined to
suspect the arsenical preparation, but
was soon able to determine that it
was the carbonate of soda, which had
been used to neutralise the solution.
Having found a chemical which was
capable of producing rapid sclerosis
of a vein, without the characteristics
of phlebitis, and with no evidence of
the condition migrating, it occurred
to him to inject this solution into
varices. This he did. and then waited
with exemplary patience for nearly
three years, when, in 1920, he pub-
lished his paper and showed his cases
to a medical society at Marseilles.

Following this, there was a burst of
enthusiasm, particularly in France,
fmd a number of cases were injected.

It was found, however, that this
solution still had, to a modified de-
gree, the disadvantages of the older
solutions, in that it was still too
caustic.

In collaboration with Paraf and
Forrestier, however, Sicard found
that sodium salicylate was effective,
and, in careful hands, practically
free from danger.

There are now a great number of
solutions in use, and each has its
adherents, though no one solution is
really applicable to all cases, since
one must take into account the possi-
bilities of the individual idiosyn-
crasies of the patients.

Sodium salicylate, quinine urethane
(G^enevrier) glucose, hypertonic salt.

342

THE CANADIANNURSE

and a host of combinations of these
are all being used. Of late sodium
morrhuate has been brought before
the profession, and has apparently
been giving satisfaction to those who
have used it.

Before one can set to work to in-
ject varicose veins, however, one
must have some conception of the
anatomy and physiology of a varicose
vein.

Roughly, they may be divided into
three types:

1. The compensatory

2. The idiopathic

3. The symptomatic

The compensatory type is that
which occurs as a result of inter-
ference with the circulatory system,
such as a phlebitis of the deep veins
with occlusion, and the consequent
dilatation of the superficial veins in
an effort to carry off the total blood
volume ; or as a result of back pres-
sure, as with a pelvic tumor pressing
upon the iliac veins.

Obviously in these cases, an at-
tempt to obliterate the veins is con-
tra-indicated, since in the first in-
stance successful obliteration would
lead to gangrene, and in the second.
if the cause is not first removed, other
veins will dilate promptly, and re-
place the obliterated ones with an-
other crop of varices.

The only treatment here is support,
either by bandage or well-fitting
elastic stockings, and the only time
injection is permissible is when there
is ulcer.

If one finds such a patient, as one
not infrequently does, with ulcer, it
is permissible to inject and obliterate
the varices immediately about and
under the ulcer in order to permit
of healing.

By idiopathic, are meant those
which appear without apparent
cause. That is, those appearing in
young people whose occupations do
not involve an undue amount of
standing, and in whom no circulatory
disturbance can be demonstrated.
These are the ones which Osier classi-

fied as those people in whom "the
plumbing was bad."

The symptomatic type is that which
is found in persons wliose occupation
requires them to be on their feet a
great deal, and more particularly
those who are standing rather than
walking.

Varices are also, of course, a very
common result of pregnancy, from
the pressure upon the pelvic veins.
In fact this is so common that one
always thinks of the proportion of
varicose veins as being five or six
females to one male. But recent ex-
perience in the out-patient clinic of
the Montreal General Hospital has
led us to believe that this is not the
case, and that the proportion is not
greater than about three to one.

The two latter types (i.e. idio-
pathic and symptomatic) are those
which are suitable for treatment by
injections, but in order to determine
this one must examine the patient,
and definitely classify the lesion.

The main tests used are, Homan's
test which demonstrates the patency
of the deep veins, and the fact that
the communicating veins between
the deep and superficial systems are
not too \tidely open nor too num-
erous.

The second is Trendelenberg's test,
which demonstrates the incompetence*
of the values in the veins, and the
presence of a reverse flow.

The third may be termed a func-
tional test, and merely consists of the
application of a moderately firm
elastic bandage, allowing the patient
to wear it for a day or two. If there
is a decrease, or at least no increase
in discomfort, and no marked swel-
ling of foot or ankle following this,
it is quite safe to inject these veins.

With regard to the dangers of the
injection method, they may be briefly
stated to be approximately one-half
of those of the operative treatment.
This statement is based upon figures
covering many thousands of cases,
and the mortality is shown as being
approximately 0.5 per cent, as com-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

343

narod with 1 per cent, in the opera-
tive treatment.

The question which always arises
is the question of embolism. Natural-
ly enough the query is made as to
why a patient with thrombo-phlebitis
is so rigorously confined to bed, and
such pains taken that the affected
limb should not be massaged or dis-
turbed in any way, and yet, a similar
process having been produced by in-
fection, the patient is advised to go
out and walk about.

The reason is tAvo-fold. In the first
place, the lesion produced by injec-
tion is similar but not identical, inas-
much as in a thrombo-phlebitis the
original cause of the formation of the
clot is a small area of inflammation
or ulceration of the vein wall. Upon
this a blood-clot forms, and upon that
further clots form, somewhat like the
picking up of a series of needles with
a magnet, until there is a long ser-
pent-headed clot, filling the lumen of
the vein, but attached to the vein at
only one small area. And, with this
in mind, one can see how easily the
whole or a portion may become dis-
lodged, and. floating in the blood
stream, become a pulmonary embolus.

The clot produced by injection is
of similar origin, and is due to an
inflammatory reaction of the lining
of the vein to the sclerosing fluid.
The fluid itself does not produce the
clot, and one must stress the fact
that the procedure is not the injec-
tion of a fluid to clot the blood. On
the contrary the fluid must be an
anticoagulant fluid. Early attempts
were made with coagulants, and
hence an additional reason for their
fibandonment because of risk of
embolus.

The fluid practically acts as a mild
caustic, and as a result of this action,
and the reaction to it of the lining
of the vein, there occurs the laying
down, layer by layer, of a clot which
is firmly adherent to the vein wall
throughout its entire length, and
which is practically inseparable even
by massage.

The other point is one which has
been mentioned previously, and that
is, that in the upright posture, the
flow of blood in a varicose vein is
reversed, and flows distally. Hence,
if the first safeguard Avere not suffi-
cient, and a portion of clot did break
off, it would only go downward in
the same vessel, and do no damage.

In earlier articles dealing with this
subject, one finds a long list oP
contra-indications to the use of the
method, but familiaritv has possibly
bred contempt, and this list has been
greatly reduced until now, the com-
pensatory type is practically the only
one which cannot be tvpatpd. Even
in these, as has been said, if there is
uleer, cautious injections may be
made about it.

"With regard to varices occuri-ing
during pregnancy, oninion is some-
what divided, but it is probable that
in the maiority of cases treatment
should not be instituted until after
parturition. In patients who have
had varices prior to nresrnancv. or
who are suffering frr'^atlv from them,
it is possible that iniections are per-
missible in the earlv months tbousrh
the quinine solutions should be
avoided.

Kidney disease is <?iven as a contra-
indication, thouerh it is nrobablp that
in itself, it is not so. Th*^ condition
present here, is tho nossibility that
swelling and discomfort may not be
due to varicose veins, and conse-
quently their treatment will not
benefit the condition.

Similarly, high blood pressure has
been cited as a reason for withhold-
ing injections. This again is prob-
ably because, in these individuals,
there is a dilutation of minute skin
vessels, similar to the condition
Vv'hich sometim'^s occurs on the nose,
in which injection is impossible, since
there are thousands of these scat-
tered over the limbs, and the ma-
jority are too small to permit the
entry of a needle.

The actual technique of injection
may be made as complicated or as

344

THE CANADIAN NURSE

simple as is the wish of the operator.
Special syringes, special needles,
blood visualising bulbs, Vacheron
table, and vein occluders may be em-
ployed, or simply an ordinary syringe
with a hypo needle, and a kitchen
chair. The end result in both cases
will probably be very similar.

The question of where to commence
in.jections is also in dispute, and here
again, there are two schools; those
who commence in.jections at the
lowest varix and work upward by
small doses, and those who prefer to
administer a maximal dose at the
highest point, with the patient stand-
ing, and let the fluid run down
throughout the system of varices.

The practice in our clinic is to
commence at the lowest varix and
work up, since it is felt that one may
possibly be sufficiently familiar with
the method to estimate approximate-
ly the amount of solution necessarv
to sclerose any given varix, but that
it is very difficult indeed to estimate
the amount necessary to sclerous a
whole system of varices, even if the
amount is not greater than the safe
maximum dosage.

The varix to be in.iected is select-
ed. The foot is placed upon another
chair or a foot rest slightly lower
than that upon which the patient sits,
and the needle entered. The plunger
is pulled back until blood appears,
in order to make certain that the
needle is in the vein, and the in.jec-
tion is made. A pledget of gauze and
a strap of adhesive are firmly applied
in order to compress the vein and
prevent a leakage of solution into
the perivenous tissue, and if the

varix is a very large one which stands
out prominently, a crepe bandage u
used as well.

Leakage must be avoided with the
ma,jority of the solutions used since
local death of tissue and the forma-
tion of a small dry slough almost
inevitably ensues if any appreciable
amount is extra vasated. This is fol-
lowed by the formation of a small,
painless, very slowly healing ulcer,
which leaves a sear.

The reason for applying pressure,
is that after the initial reactions and
occlusion of the vein by clot has been
attained a considerable time is re-
quired for the organisation of this
and the vein wall into a fibrous cord,
which is the end result desired.

The time required is necessarily
dependent upon the size of the boss
which has been produced, and if this
is limited by the application of pres-
sure to keep the vein walls as nearly
in apposition as possible, the time re-
quired for its entire disappearance is
appreciably diminished.

On the whole, the injection method
offers a convenient and apparently
safe mode whereby varicose veins
may be treated without the necessity
of hospitalisation or interference
with the normal daily routine of the
patient, since it is very rarely indeed
that a reaction sufficiently marked
to require inactivity occurs. Should
this take place it usually means that
there has been either too large an
m.iection used at one time, or an
idiosyncrasy on the part of the pa-
tient to the particular solution in-
jected.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

345

lE&itnrtala

Do We Understand

Health is today recognised as man's
greatest asset, and no one will dis-
pute that preventive medicine plays
an important part in its attainment.
Expensive and, in some instances
even elaborate, machinery has been
put in motion in order that the prin-
ciples of health may be made known
to the layman and woman, in the
city and country, to the prospective
mother, to the school-child and even
the child of pre-school age. What
about our schools of nursing? Such
a question may seem superfluous and
yet its true significance has not
dawned upon the minds of many of
those responsible for the direction
and training of the student nurse.

How often are the principles upon
which public health training is based
included only in the final year of a
nurse's training and then, touched
upon lightly as a subject to be specia-
lised in later. So we substitute a few
months intensive study, of a subject
comparatively foreign to the mind of
the student, after the real army of
opportunities for practical applica-
tion have passed by ; or the young
graduate goes out into the world in-
adequately equipped to teach, or
even to understand, the principles of
health. Has she not spent three years
studying the care and treatment of
disease, the negative rather than the
positive side ? It is true that to really
understand the abnormal the normal
must be studied, and that the most
valuable conclusions in life are ar-
rived at by comparison ; equally true
is it that health and disease cannot
be satisfactorily analysed apart. To-
day — cancer, tuberculosis, diabetes
are occupying the attention of the
public health, private duty and in-
stitutional worker alike, they have
ceased to be a hospital problem
alone ; so it is with many diseases,

they have become an economical,
educational, social and public health
responsibility. We now treat not only
the patient but the patient's relatives
and friends ; we h:\ve learned the far-
reaching effects of preventive medi-
cine.

The student nurse must, therefore,
be taught an early interpretation of
public health in its broadest sense,
considering not only the physical and
mental welfare, but also the social
and economic aspect of life, and the
importance of this influence upon the
community with which she comes in
contact. This knowledge is necessary
in order that she may fully expand
in her sphere of usefulness and also
be alive to the opportunities that
await her, opportunities which will
otherwise be a closed book to her.
Surely in the interest of both patient
and nurse a readjustment of the cur-
ricula in schools of nursing must be
effected and the principles of publie
health teaching included as a basic
subject.

The hospital v/ith its school of
nursing is now recognised to have
two main functions :

1. The care of the patient — let it
be remembered the patient of tomor-
row as well as today.

2. To educate those associated with
it and the community which it serves
in the prevention, as well as the
treatment of disease — always stress-
ing the importance of the former.

Must not the teachers be those who
come in daily and hourly contact
with the patients and their relatives
and friends? Of what use is it to in-
struct the young girl suffering from
tuberculosis how to carry out her
own cure if she is not to learn how
to avoid transmitting the infection
to others, or if her parents are not
educated to guard other members of

346

THE CANADIAN NURSE

the family from a similar fate and
from becoming hospital charges? No
better opportunities to teach health
principles to both the community and
the nurse are offered than while the
patient is in the hospital. It has trulj'
been said that gratitude for relief in
suffering opens the minds as well as
the hearts of men. So it falls to the
lot of interne and nurse to be teach-
ers of health within and without the
institution, and hospitals must obvi-
ously become the training centres for
these teachers. In the past much
nursing was done in the home and
the nurse unconsciously became the
health teacher; now, when the sick
are largely cared for in institutions,
this teaching must continue to be th<'
responsibility of the nurse ; it cannot
be otherwise.

Until recently public health has
been regarded, even by members of
the profession, as a new thought,
something apart from the other
branches of medicine and nursing
rather than an integral part of them
so closely allied that the problems
and interests are inseparable; really
great things will only be accomplish-
ed when we learn that they are
synonymous.

A prominent public health worker
has said, "In the confusion of our
vastly increased numbers and our
more complex problems some of us
have become isolated, some of us
have become 'Class conscious,' giv-

ing our greatest faith to the particu-
lar class to which we are attached —
educators, administrators, public
health or private duty. We are isolat-
ed from others and are prone to be-
come critical because we do not un-
derstand." There is no place for
misunderstanding between members
of the nursing profession today! It
is in the school of nursing that all
possibility for such misunderstand-
ing must be removed ; there the foun-
dation is being laid, upon which the
future of the nursing profession is
to be built. Student nurses must be
taught to understand the problems
as a whole, if they are to take their
place in the world and properly serve
the community in which they live.

We are today groping to find a
solution of the difficulties with which
our profession is beset. In an attempt
to meet the complexities of life are
we missing the simpler truth — that
those who successfully minister to
the body must also minister to the
mind. We cannot all become experts
in the various branches of nursing,
but we must all come to recognise
that healing of the body and mind
go hand in hand, and that the future
calls for nurses who will go forth
. from the schools of nursing imbued
with public health principles, pre-
pared to teach health while they
assist in the treatment, control and
elimination of disease.

—K. W. E.

The American Hospital Convention in Toronto

One of the outstanding events of
the hospital world in Canada for this
year will be the big convention of
the American Hospital Association,
to be held in Toronto during the
week of September 28th-October 2nd.
This convention brings together the
leaders in the hospital field from all
parts of the United States and Can-
ada and affords delegates an unusual
opportunity to hear papers by lead-
ing hospital authorities and to par-
ticipate in the discussions. The con-

vention headquarters will be the
Royal York Hotel, although the day
sessions, sectional meetings and ex-
hibits will be in the Transportation
Building at the Canadian National
Exhibition grounds. Already a large
number of hospital workers from all
parts of Canada have signified their
intention to be present.

The Ontario Hospital Association
Avill be host to the visiting organisa-
tion and for some months has had an
active committee attending to local

THE CANADIAN NURSE 347

details. The central programme com- hospital administrators and others
mittee has expressed a desire that an unusual opportunity to see at one
Canada be unusually well represent- time practically all of the newer de-
ed on the scientific programme and velopments in hospital equipment
it is anticipated that a number of and supplies. Social diversions have
well known Canadian hospital, medi- been arranged in the form of a
eal and nursing workers will par- dinner dance at which the inter-
ticipate. Problems of administration, nationally famous Mendelssohn choir
of organisation, of construction and will sing, an informal dance follow-
of the school of nursing will be given ing the meeting on Trustees' Night
special consideration. One session and a garden party,
v/ill be devoted to refrigeration and Meeting immediately before or
to air-conditioning. A feature of the during the convention week, will
programme will be a symposium on convene the Protestant Hospital As-
health insurance, or state medicine, sociation, the American Occupational
and its likely effect on hospitals. Therapy Association, the American
The educational and commercial Association of Record Librarians,
exhibits will be larger than ever this the Children's Hospital Association
year. The former give one an excel- of America, the American Associa-
lent opportunity to keep in touch tion of Hospital Social Workers, and
with educational and social progress the Hospital Dietetic Council,
and the commercial exhibit offers G. H. A.

TOAST TO "OUR DOCTORS"

Canadian nurses at home and abroad will appreciate reading the fol-
lowing "Toa.st" as given by Miss Jennie Webster, at the Alumnae Dinner
to the Graduating Class, June, 1931, The ^lontreal General Hospital Training
School for Nurses.

Miss Webster holds an enviable record as she has been Night Superin-
tendent at The Montreal General Hospital since February, 1900. By all
who have worked or come in contact with ]\Iiss Webster, she is known as
"Our Ideal Nurse" and "Our Beloved Miss Webster."

Madam President and Fellow Workers:

There can be no one in our midst toniglit who will dispute me when I say that
it pleases me beyond words to suggest a toast to that particular group of people who
are our superior' officers, our staunch allies and friends, and who represent the most
worthy of all professions, "Our Doctors." It is not too much for me to say that I love
the doctors, and why shouldn't I? We have worked together, they and I, for more
years than some of you can credit to j-our lives. It has been my great privilege to
assist and be taught by some men who have made history in Montreal. The names
will be familiar to the medical students of future generations. I have watched our
visiting doctors through their struggling days in university, through the period of
interneship, their long days and nights of broken rest. How often have I dragged them
from their beds because some less worthy person had a pain and could not sleep —
and since that time I have watched their creditable progress in the outside world.
How they have stood the test of competition. How their names have travelled far
and wide. Some of them rank among the great authorities of the world. How they
have been staunch supporters of the nurse, defending her when she was in the wrong,
and caring for her when she was ill.

As I look upon our present day internes, I can see history repeating itself. Whnt
splendid men they are! Like "Tommy Atkins," they are always ready when the call
of duty comes^ — and to the graduating class tonight I should like to add these words:
"Cultivate a loyalty to your doctors. That cannot fail. Your doctor is your teacher
and guide. Serve him with patience and sympathy but never criticize." Some times
he will be over tired and short in the grain, if you know what that means. You will
be sore and even to the point of tears, but take it as a compliment, and the next time
you will find he will help you over the stile.

Many, many times they have helped me over obstacles. When the road was rougn
and I was weary and tired — my dear doctors, ladies, let us arise and drink to our noble
teachers and advocates, our tried and true friends — "Our Doctors."

348

THE CANADIAN NURSE

General Manner heim*s League of Child Welfare in Finland

By Dr. ERIC MANDELIN, Secretary-General, Finnish Red Cross

On the 4th of October, 1920, a
league for the protection and care of
children in Finland was founded on
the initiative of General Manner-
heim, liberator and former Regent of
Finland. This league was named after
its founder, and in 1922 it was affili-
ated to the Finnish Red Cross, In

1924 it was incorporated with the
International Association for the Pro-
tection of Children as its Finnish
section, and since the beginning of

1925 it has been known as the Child
Welfare Division of the Finnish Red
Cross.

The area of Finland is larger than
that of Great Britain, but the total
population is only three and a half
million. The number of children
under fifteen years is roughly
1.260.000. Nativity has been decreas-
ing since 1900, and now amounts to
about 70,000 births annually.

The law provides that the state
and local authorities shall take
charge of orphan, homeless, abnormal
and pauper children, but this child
welfare work of the public authori-
ties must be supplemented and inten-
sified by voluntary effort. Here Gen-
eral Mannerheim's League of Child
Welfare has a wide field of activity.

The aims of General Mannerheim's
League of Child Welfare are to ad-
vance the physical and moral de-
velopment of the rising generation
of the country insofar as this is not
already being done by the state or
local authorities. The League fulfils
its task by means of a central organ-
isation and local branches.

The central organisation consists
of a council of forty members and an
executive committee, elected by the
council, which meets regularly and
acts as the executive board of the
central organisation — a number of
sub-committees appointed by the exe-
cutive— and of a central office with
the secretary-general of the League
as director, a lady inspector of public

health nursing, a lady inspector of
juvenile work and mental hygiene,
and the necessary office staff. The
central organisation trains the people
necessary for this work and forms
the connecting link between the local
branches.

Each local branch of the League
covers as a rule the area of a muni-
cipality and local branches are to
be found all over Finland, amounting
in number to 527. These local
branches of the League are indepen-
dent associations with their own
finances'.

These local branches are the agents
which strive for the fulfilment of thQ
aims of fhe League. The activities of
the local branches vary very much
according to the requirements of each
locality, and comprise all the differ-
ent branches and forms of work in
the programme of the League. One
of these many activities is mental
hygiene work.

In order to discover what would
be required of mental hygiene work
with regard to chilcipen of school age,
the League sent a questionnaire, with
the permission of the State Board of
Education, to all schools in Finland.
This form was drawn up by the
League's Committee of Psychiatrics.
The material collected gave the name,
age and place of residence of all pro-
blem children in Finland, judged as
such from the standpoint of the
teachers.

The number of problem children
was: 7.120 mentally defective and
3,489 associal children. The League
now found itself confronted by a
grave problem. All these children
had to receive aid and support. They
are still unaided.

However, in order to display the
best method of helping these chil-
dren, the League has done some in-
teresting demonstration work. For
its mental hygiene work the League
has engaged since 1926 a psychiat-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

349

rist and a psychiatric social worker,
who are the only ones in the country
to adopt the ideas and methods of
psychiatric social work in combating
delinquency, bad behaviour, disor-
ders and mental illness among chil-
dren. Teachers, policemen, parents
and others have referred ''difficult
children" of various types to the
psychiatric social worker of the
League : truants, thieves, liars, sex
problem children and other delin-
quents ; backward, hysterical and
"nervous" children, etc. Each child
is carefully studied. They undergo
an examination by the psychiatrist.
The psychiatric social worker inves-
tigates the home life, school and re-
creations of each child. The cause of
the difficulty is thus sought for, be
it (1) physical handicaps, (2) mental
backwardness or mental illness, or
(3) environmental factors. On the
basis of all facts collected, the psy-
chiatrist and the psychiatric social
worker form a plan of treatment. The
treatment varies according to the
requirements and possibilities of each
case, e.g., club work for energetic,
lonely children; the placing of back-
ward or defective children in special
classes or special schools; giving ad-
vice to parents and trying to change
their wrong attitude towards the
child and its difficulties; endocrine
or other physical treatment if the
cause of the problem is a physical

one ; removing the child from its
home to childrens' homes or to pri-
vate ones. As a general rule the child
is kept at home whenever possible,
and is treated there in close co-opera-
tion with the parents and teachers.
These are the rough outlines of the
metJiods of the psychiatric social
work, with its two underlying main
ideas: (l)Each difficult child has to
be taken individually with its hered-
ity and environment. (2) In all pro-
blems and delinquencies the cause
and effect upon which treatment is
to be based have to be sought for in
order to make it effective. The aim
of this work is, in short : (1) to com-
bat juvenile delinquency and (2) to
do preventive work to ensure the
mental health of childhood in the
widest sense of the word.

The demonstration work has been
most satisfactory, and the League
now wishes to carry out its plans
not only in one place but where
ever this work is needed. It is im-
possible to employ special educa-
tional mental hygiene workers where
there are only a few problem chil-
dren, but in this sphere the League
can seek aid from the hundreds of
public health nurses who. trained by
the League, work in different parts
of our country, Finland — this strange
land with its thousand lakes and its
deep forests.

The nurse is daily and hourly dealing with personalities. The most
successful nurse doubtless is not the one who is merely skilful in the usual
technique but who in addition understands people and their psychology.
In all of her work she is constantly required to take personalities into account
. . . she should know enough about mental hygiene to be aware of what
she does not know, and to be able to recognise when a case requires the
services of an expert psychiatrist.

Stanley P. Davies.

350

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Occupational Therapy

By RITA S. GILLEY, Occupational Therapy Technician, Essondale Mental Hospital,

Essondale, B.C.

Occupational therapy is any activ-
ity, mental or physical, definitely-
prescribed and guided for the pur-
pose of hastening recovery from a
disease or injury. Any occupation
becomes therapeutic in its value when
it is selected to establish better men-
tal and motor control.

These activities may be mechanical,
intellectual or a combination of both,
such as: ploughing a field, winding
wool, baseball or studying a foreign
language, but they must be prescrib-
ed and guided.

We may recall in ancient history
that Egyptians played to their sick
folk to keep their minds off their
illness. The word "therapy" comes
to us from the Greek, meaning heal-
ing process or treatment. Since 200
B.C., the history of the development
of occupational therapy for mental
and nervous disorders discloses in-
teresting facts. In a recent lecture,
Dr. Bradford Pearce of the York
Retreat, England, made two state-
ments which are recognised as two
underlying principles of occupational
therapy: one, ''All able-bodied pa-
tients not employed are regarded as
failures from a nursing point of
view," and the other was. "No
chronic case is to be regarded as
hopeless and some degree of improve-
ment is always possible."

Occupational therapy should al-
vfays be under the direction of a
doctor but it is the most important
part of a technician's training to
arouse the patient's interest and
maintain it to a satisfactory end. At
the same time, the technician must
not forget that the patient is a human
being. The average person, if he has
heard of occupational therapy at all.
knows it as applicable to mental
cases and one can imagine the horror
v'ith which he hears the doctor pre-

(Read at the annual meeting, 1931. Graduate
Nurses Association of British Columbia.)

scribe occupational therapy. The
work should be explained so that the
patient understands its scope and
privileges and realises it is not some-
thing applied with a hypodermic
needle. The occupational therapist
needs the interest and co-operation
of nurses for the success of her work.
The attitude of the patient and ward
attendants towards occupational
therapy and its operation on the ser-
vice often depends entirely on the
nurse in charge. The doctor, nurse
and therapist are all working for one
end — the improvement of the patient.
Hospitals may be classified for ap-
plying occupational therapy:

1. For nervous and mental dis-
orders.

2. For general and orthopedic
cases.

3. Tuberculosis sanatoria.

1. The first classification lends it-
self to the greatest variety of in-
terests. The length of hospitalisation
is often long and pro.iects covering a
long period can be given.

2. For the second, in general and
orthopedic, the activities are often
for shorter periods. In treatment for
such cases, an analysis of a craft
creates many graded activities for
the strengthening and read.iustment
of functional disorders.

3. For treatment in tuberculosis
sanatoria, patients are usually in
three groups:

(a) Infirmary — where disease is
in acute form and patient is bed-
fast.

(h) Semi-ambulant — those on
light exercises.

Those in the first group have very
simple diversional tasks but, as the
patient's strength increases, regular
periods of work of graduated diffi-
culty are prescribed. During the
ambulant stage the work of the pa-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

351

tient can often be linked with the
work he will undertake after dis-
charge, i.e., the occupational therapy
work may be of a pre-industrial type.

It cannot be too greatly emphasized
that all work, especially for tuber-
culosis patients, must be under the
orders of the physician-in-char';e.

The standard of work exDected
from any patient is kept worthy of
entirely normal persons, because the
fulfilment of a useful task requires
healthy co-operation of mind and
body, yet inferior workmanshin or
employment which would be trivial
for the healthy may be regarded as
the greatest benefit to the ill or in-
jured. Esnecially is this true of
mentally ill persons.

When Mrs. M. first came to the
M'orkroom. she was confused, anti-
social and very untidy about her
person. She wished to sew and her
first efforts were very poor. "With
encouragement, her sewing improved
and one dav she was discovered be-

fore the mirror trying to improve her
general appearance. She asked if she
might have a shampoo and hair-cut.
She asked that she learn to make her
own clothes so she could sew for her
children and since then has achieved
real success in dressmaking.

]\Irs. C. was a patient who was
noisy, confused and very disturbed.
She recovered sufficiently to go home,
greatly due to the interest she took
in basketry. She has written for
ossistance in locating materials -40
that she can teach her children. The
fact that she wants to teach her chil-
dren is gratifying and significant be-
cause the creation of a hobby, the
learning of a craft, the development
cf one's natural gifts, the acquiring
of others in childhood and the direc-
tion of these so that they may be-
come an integral part of his recrea-
tion in adult life, constitute one of
the most desirable ends in occupa-
tional therapy as applied in mental
hygiene.

Hospital Aid News

One of the features of the American Hospital .Association at Toronto,
September 28 to October 2. will be a paper on the activities of hospital aids
or auxiliaries. Mrs. Margaret Ehynas, President of the Association of Hos-
pital Aids of the province of Ontario, will pres-nt this paper. The Ontario
United Hospital Aids Association will meet during convention week with a
programme of interef.t to all officers and members of ladies' auxiliaries.
Mrs. Rhynas cordially invites representatives of ladies' auxiliaries or hos-
pitals to attend and to discuss their own activities and subjects of interest
to hospital auxiliaries generally. An interesting programme will be arranged,
and the reduced convention rates will be available. For details concerning
the meeting of the hospital auxiliaries address Mrs. Margaret Rhynas, 52
Locust Street, Burlington, Ont.

352

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The Use of Banana as a Food for Young Children

By JESSIE BOYD SCRIVER, M.D., and S. G. ROSS, M.D.«

During the past few years the
banana as an article of food in the
dietary of young children has risen
from a place of ill repute to one of
considerable value. This is probably
due to several factors. Bananas have
been used in the tropics for genera-
tions in children's diets, but in
America there was for a long time
a fear of disastrous consequences
following the use of the fruit by the
young child. This no doubt was due
to a lack of appreciation of the de-
gree of ripeness necessary for the
proper digestion of the fruit, and
also to a hesitation to add at an early
stage varied articles of diet to the
limited infant feedings of twenty
years ago.

The value of the banana in the
diet of the sick patient was suggested
by Chase and Rose, who called atten-
tion to its combination of a high
carbohydrate caloric content with a
very low protein content. They found
it most useful in the diets of neph-
ritics who showed nitrogen retention,
where a palatable diet, adequate in
calories but low in protein, was de-
sired. The use of the banana in the
treatment of coeliae disease or
chronic intestinal indigestion was
first described by Haas in 1924. In
this condition where there is a carbo-
hydrate intolerance of varying de-
gree, the ease with which the carbo-
hydrate of ripe banana is tolerated
and assimilated is at times spectacu-
lar, resulting in a marked improve-
ment in digestion and weight curves.

Ten years ago Sugiura and Bene-
dict showed by extensive experi-
ments on albino rats that, whereas
banana alone was deficient in protein
and also probably in a growth-pro-
moting vitamine, a combination of
bananas and milk in proper propor-

*From the Montreal Baby and Foundling Hos-
pital and the Department of Paediatrics, McGill
University, Montreal.

tions constituted a complete food.
Recently several reports have been
presented by von Meysenbug, Thurs-
field, and Johnston on the use of ripe
banana pulp in the formulae and diets
of infants and young children as a
means of providing added carbo-
hydrate in an easily assimilable form.
These reports have shown that the
food was well tolerated, the patients
gained weight satisfactorily, and
Thursfield attributed definite im-
provement in the condition of several
athreptie infants to the use of the
banana. Vipond has made some ob-
servations on the use of banana flour
as a food for healthy and sick in-
fants.

Many analyses have been made of
the edible portion of the ripe banana
pulp and a summary of these an-
alyses gives us the following average
figures :

COMPOSITION OF THE BANANA

"^ater 75. percent.

Carbohydrate 22. "

Sugars 19.8

Fat 0.6

Protein (N x 6.25) 1.3

Cellulose 0.8 "

Ash ; 0.8

Calcium 0.009 "

Magnesium 0.028 "

Potassium 0.401 "

Sodium 0.034 "

Phosphorus 0.031 "

Chlorine 0.125 "

Sulphur 0.010 "

Iron 0.0006 "

Depending on the stage and man-
ner of ripening, the sugars consist of
sucrose, 2 to 14 per cent., and the
remainder invert sugar. The acces-
sory food factors have been investi-
gated and it has been established
that in Vitamine-A value the banana
is equal to vegetables fairly rich in
this vitamine — for example, green
peas. In vitamine B it has been found
to be the equivalent, weight for
weight, of tomato juice. In vitamine
C, the anti-scorbutic vitamine, the
banana compares favourably with
oranges and tomatoes, as has been
shown by Johnston (quoted by Eddy
and Kellogg) who presents clinical

THE CANADIAN NURSE

353

and x-ray evidence of the cure of
scurvy in an infant by the use of
boiled milk and fresh ripe banana
pulp. The banana is deficient in the
anti-rachitic vitamine and little is
known of its vitamine E content.

The observations presented in this
report are part of a study conducted
from January to December, 1927, on
the value of banana as a food for
infants up to two years of age, one
phase only of the subject being con-
sidered, i.e., use as a food for healthy
infants over a long period of time.
The work was carried out at the
Montreal Baby and Foundling Hos-
pital.

The bananas were carefully select-
ed and used only when ripened. The
fruit was kept at room temperature,
not in a refrigerator room, and was
considered ready for use when brown
spots appeared on the skin and there
was complete absence of any green
colour on the skin, even at the tip.
Ripened in this way and to this
degree, the starch of the banana is
practically all converted into sugar.

In the case of infants of three to
six months the banana was mashed
finely, beaten, and incorporated as
an emulsion in the milk formula. In
the diets of the older infants where
banana replaced cereal or potato it
was mashed up finely and fed as
such.

A list of the diets fed to the in-
fants of the four groups is given, and
it will be noted that in Group IV. B.,
it was necessary at times to give as
much as five and a half ounces of
banana daily in order to give the
equivalent of the cereal and potato
used in the control group. This
amounts to between two and three
bananas daily, depending upon their
size. When infants of Group I. B.
advanced to Group II. B., they con-
tinued to receive half of the added
sugar of the milk feeding in the form
of banana pulp as well as the banana
replacing the cereal. During the
latter half of the year 1927 a similar

replacement of banana for sugar was
made for all infants of Group II. B.

DIET I
Three Months — Six Months

A. Control :

Milk — 1% ounces per lb. per day.
Sugar — 1/10 ounces per lb. per day.
Water — % ounces per lb. per day.
Orange juice — 1 ounce daily.
Cod liver oil — % ounce daily.

B. Banana:

Substitute banana for one-half of added
sugar in control diet.

DIET II
Si.x Months — Twelve Months

A. Control:

Milk — 1 % ounces per lb. per day.
Sugar — 1/10 ounces per lb. per day.
Water — % ounces per lb. per day.
Cereal — 2-4 ounces per day.
Soup — 4 ounces per day.
Orange iuice — 1 ounce daily.
Cod liver oil — Vi ounce daily.
Nine to twelve months :

Green vegetables — 2 tablespoonfuls.
Toast — 1 ounce.

B. Banana:

1. Substitute banana for cereal.

2. Substitute banana for cereal and one-half
of added sugar in control diet.

DIET III
Twelve Months — Eighteen Months

A. Control :

Milk — 30 ounces.
Cereal — 4-5 ounces.
Soup — 4 ounces.
Potato — 1 ounce (Wt.).
Vegetable — 2 tablespoonfuls.
^ egg or Vz slice bacon.
Toast — 2 ounces.
Butter — % ounce.
Pudding — 3 tablespoonfuls.
Cod liver oil — V4, ounce daily.
Tomato juice — 2 ounces daily.

B. Banana:

Substitute banana for cereal and potato.

DIET IV

Eighteen Months — Twenty-four Months
A. Control :

Milk — 20 ounces.

Cereal — 6-8 ounces.

Soup — 4 ounces.

Potato — Ihi ounces (Wt.).

Vegetable — 2 tablespoonfuls.

Beef — 1 ounce or 1 egg.

Toast — 3 ounces.

Butter — % ounce.

Cooked prunes or apple sauce — 1 ounce.

Pudding — 3 tablespoonfuls.

Cod liver oil — V* ounce daily.

Tomato juice — 2 ounces daily.

B Banana:

Substitute banana for cereal and potato.

In most cases the feedings were
taken eagerly, although occasionally
infants tired of the fruit after a
time ; however, we did not feel that
this was an unfavourable criticism of
the banana. It would be unusual if
infants fed with banana day after
day did not occasionally tire of it.

354

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Observations — Fifty-eight infants
were studied in all. They were ob-
served over periods varying from
twelve to fifty-two weeks. These were
consecutive periods except for one
time during the summer when prac-
tically all the infants in the hospital
had a digestive upset varying in de-
gree from mild to severe. This dis-
order attacked both groups indis-
criminately, but it was felt safer to
discontinue the banana feeding in all
the infants under one year for a
period of two weeks. There was abso-
lutely no evidence that this disorder
was due to the feeding of banana.

Appetite — In most cases the ban-
ana was taken well. There were
several exceptions to this. Infant No.
29, age 5^ months, Group I. B., at
first refused the banana feeding in
the bottle and vomited most of that
taken. After two weeks' rest the
banana was given again in very small
amounts incorporated in the milk
feeding, at first only two drops of
banana emulsion being added to each
bottle. This was gradually increased
and it was found possible to establish
quickly a tolerance and relish for the
banana feeding in which the full
amount of banana was given. Infant
No. 40, age 13 months, Group III. B.,
who was fed on the banana diet for
twenty-eight weeks refused banana
toward the end of the experiment.
It was transferred to a control diet
and this was taken slightly better.
Infant No. 28, age 19 months. Group
IV. A., was started on banana diet
but persistently refused banana and
any other food fed at the same time.
It was therefore changed to the con-
trol diet which it took well. Infant
No. 55, age 19 months, Group IV. B.,
grew tired of bananas after seven-
teen weeks. It was changed to con-
trol diet which was well taken.
Speaking generally, then, one may
say that banana as an article of food
is well taken by infants.

Digestion — Apart from Case No. 29
above mentioned, there was no ap-
parent difference in the digestion of
the control and of the banana groups.
The stools were indistinguishable in
the two groups and we have no evi-
dence that, in the amounts which
were fed, the banana is either con-
stipating or laxative in its action.

Weight — The control groups tended
to show a slightly greater average
gain in weight than those on the
banana diet. The gain in both groups,
however, was satisfactory and we do
not think that the difference is of
significance. At the end of the ex-
periment it was impossible to make
out any difference clinically in the
condition of the two groups.

Infection — We were interested to
know whether there would be any
difference in resistance to infection
in the two groups. The majority of
the infections were upper respiratory
in nature and fortunately, during
]927, were of a mild type. We were
unable to note any difference in the
susceptibility to infection or clinical
course of infections in the two
groups.

Summary

1. Ripe banana may be added to
the diets of healthy infants from the
age of three months onward with
safety.

2. It may be used as a substitute
for sugar and the other predomin-
antly carbohydrate foods such as
potato or cereal.

3. Infants fed on banana as a sub-
stitute for the above-mentioned foods
take it well, digest it satisfactorily
and show no change in the character
of the stools. Their gain in weight
over a period of weeks is roughly^
equal to those on the control diet.

4. The ripe banana thus provides
a useful substitute for other foods of
its class in healthy infants.

(Abridged from The Canadian Medical Associa-
tion Journal.)

By Di

THE CANADIAN NURSE
The Cancer Problem

(Concluded)
F. B. MOWBRAY, McGregor- Mowbray Clinic, Hamilton, Ont.

355

Cancer of the Bowel and Stomach
One quarter of all the cancers occur
in the stomach and intestines, and of
these there are no characteristic symp-
toms suggestive of the beginning of
the disease. About one-third of the
cancers in men and one-fifth in women
are in the stomach. Most cancers of
the stomach occur after fifty years of
age, although twenty per cent, are
found between the ages of forty and
fifty, and ten per cent, under forty.
Any symptom or group of symptoms
referred to the stomach or intestines
may be caused by cancer. Therefore
all deviations from normal, especially
in patients beyond forty, demand
careful investigation. The chief symp-
toms are slight distress and gaseous
indigestion, but loss of appetite, loss
of weight, slight anaemia and weak-
ness will occur. Every middle-aged
person, especially a male who exhibits
any of these symptoms, should be sus-
pected of having an early cancer of
the stomach unless it is proven other-
wise. Cancer of the colon, or large
bowel, is less common than cancer of
the stomach. It is a more favourable
type for cure. Unfortunately, the
symptoms develop late and therefore
the early diagnosis is unusual. Any
abnormal symptoms referrable to the
lower bowel are worthy of notice.
Such symptoms as constipation, diarr-
hoea, distension, colic, and bleeding
all demand serious consideration and
investigation. Under such conditions
a physician should be consulted upon
the slightest suspicion of any of these
symptoms, and it is the physician's
duty so to investigate the patient as to
prove or disprove the presence of a
cancer. It is so easy to wait till more
symptoms develop, but this has been
proven a fatal course. Examination
must not be postponed if early diag-
nosis and efficient treatment are to be
carried out.

(Delivered at the annual meeting, 1931, Re-
gistered Nurses Association of Ontario.)

Cancer of the Breast
Cancer of the breast is one of the
most hopeful and curable forms of
cancer, when treatment is applied in
the earliest stages of the disease. The
public seem to know only about the
patients who are operated on late and
evidently have no knowledge of the
numerous cured cases who are oper-
ated on while the disease is still con-
fined to the breast. In its early stage
the cancer is confined to a small lump
in the breast, and operation at this
time results in permanent cure in
most cases. Within a short period this
small lump, if untreated, will extend
into the lymph nodes of the armpit.
When this has occurred, less than one-
third as many can be cured, and if
delayed still longer, the cancer cells
are likely to extend to the liver, the
lungs, and the bones, when cure is
impossible. The majority of patients
with cancer of the breast are treated
many months later than they should
be, and this accounts for many bad
results. Early treatment requires
early diagnosis, and this can be made
only when the patient reports im-
mediately after finding the lump. If
all patients would report within
twenty-four hours of finding some-
thing abnormal in their breasts, and
all doctors would recognise the im-
portance of this, the death rate from
cancer of the breast would be very
materially lessened.

Cancer of the breast may announce
itself in a variety of ways, but ab-
sence of pain is almost universal. The
tumour is most common in women
after thirty-five, but it may occur
earlier, and it also occurs in men.
It is usually first detected by the pa-
tient's hand coming in contact with
a painless lump in or near the breast.
Of all definite lumps women find in
their breasts, fifty per cent, are can-
cer, and some of the innocent lumps,
if left alone, will become cancer.
Every woman over twenty-five years
of age with a tumour in her breast

356

THE CANADIAN NURSE

should have it removed. Innocent
tumours can be removed by a very
slight operation, without deforming
the breast.

A discharge, either bloody or
watery, from the nipple is sometimes
the first sign of cancer of the breast,
although a similar discharge may be
found in the absence of cancer. Dis-
tortion of the nipple, or the sinking
into the breast of a previously prom-
inent nipple, may be the first notice-
able sign of cancer. Sunken nipples
may be present in the absence of can-
cer. Inequality of the breasts occurs
in other conditions than cancer, but
when noticed should be promptly in-
vestigated, since some cancers of the
breast cause it to enlarge, while others
cause it to shrink.

There are three great causes of de-
lay which in the past have amounted
to about twelve months between the
signs of onset and the institution of
treatment. These are. first (and the
main one), the failure of the patient
to report ; second, the inability of the
physician to diagnose, and he waits
and watches until unmistakable signs
of cancer of the breast appear, and
then it is too late; third, failure of
the patient to follow advice. It fre-
quently occurs that after the physi-
cian has advised the correct treatment
the patient does not accept it but goes
to quacks, faith healers, and all sorts
of incompetent people. At present
when the good physician suspects a
cancer he seeks consultation, and then
if still unable to decide advises re-
moval of the mass with immediate
microscopic examination. The in-
ability of the physician to definitely
diagnose these breast tumours must
not be construed as ignorance, for by
far the safest physician for the pa-
tient is the one who demands immedi-
ate removal and microscopic examina-
tion of every breast tumour. These
three delays, amounting to over one
year, can be reduced to one week and
many lives can be saved, provided the
patient will seek a physician within
twenty-four hours of discovering some
abnormal condition of the breast, and

the physician will refer her to a sur-
geon within the next twenty-four
hours. Surgery offers by far the best
hope of cure in cancer of the breast.

Dentists have a great responsibility
in respect to cancers of the mouth
and tongue, which take a toll of 3,500
people every year in the United
States. Dentists are frequently the
first to see the abnormal conditions
and should direct these patients into
proper channels for treatment. Can-
cer of the mouth usually occurs in
men between forty and sixty years of
age, and about seventy-five per cent,
occur in smokers, and in mouths in
which evidences of bad dental hygiene
and bad teeth or badly fitting den-
tures are present. Most patients who
are negligent of their teeth are also
negligent about consulting a doctor
and come only when the malignant
condition has gone beyond the curable
stage. The most common condition in
the mouth which predisposes to can-
cer is leucoplakia, which is a thicken-
ing and heaping up of the epithelium
due to some chronic irritation. This
irritation is commonly the result of
smoking. "We are now beginning to
see leucoplakia in females, and if
smoking continues to be a factor
among females, we may expect to see
an increase in cancer of the mouth
among them. Every lesion in the
mouth can be felt with the finger, seen
with the eye, or photographed by x-
ray. As the cause of cancer in the
mouth is precipitated by dirty, ragged
teeth, ill-fitting plates and tobacco in
any form, and as there is always first
a non-cancerous lesion which is easily
recognised, the dentist should, with
rare exceptions, find the disease in the
stage when it can be cured by removal
of the causes, providing that people
report to him for regular periodic
examinations.

Treatment

The complete control of cancer rests
upon research which must discover a
prevention or a cure. The control of
cancer in the light of our present
knowledge must be based upon evi-
dence that the great majority of

THE CANADIAN NURSE

357

malignant tumours are at first local
and in that stage are curable. The
change from the normal cell to the
abnormal cell is brought about by
some form of injury called irritation,
usually oft-repeated over a long per-
iod of time. The irritation may be of
almost any form, either physical or
chemical. We must consider cancer as
originating in a local group of ab-
normal cells; for instance, a pigment-
ed mole, or a local group of normal
cells which have been changed by
some irritation; for example, leuco-
plakia, wart, or ulcer. These abnormal
cells are at first non-cancerous, and
as long as non-cancerous are curable,
provided they are completely removed
and the part restored to normal. For
example, the excision of an ulcer — the
result of a burn — will eliminate the
possibility of cancer on that scar. In
certain types of pre-cancerous condi-
tions, such as leucoplakia, if the cause
is removed, the part tends to return
to normal. Thus if the dirty, irritat-
ing teeth are smoothed and cleaned,
and tobacco discontinued, usually the
white patch disappears.

Some abnormal groups of cells are
more sensitive to radiation, that is,
x-ray and radium, than the cells in
which they are embedded, so that
when x-ray or radium are applied the
abnormal cells are killed or made to
return to normal. Many superficial
growths, not yet cancer, are radio-
sensitive, and heal wonderfully well
under x-ray or radium.

Wherever non-cancerous local areas
are present on the skin or in the
mouth, or any other accessible part,
their presence should be recognised
long before the cells change into can-
cer, and it surely is only a matter of
education to make cancer of the
mouth and cancer of the skin prevent-
ible.

If women who have borne children
receive proper attention after the
birth of their children and submit to
periodic examinations, the non-can-
cerous areas of irritation which result
from the damage of childbirth or in-
flammation should be discovered and

treated before cancer has had time to
develop. Equally important are the
periodic visits to your dentist so that
you may be protected against cancer
of the mouth.

When the non-cancerous local spot
is beneath the skin or deeper, the in-
dividual may not be aware of its pres-
ence until the cells have become malig-
nant. Thus the seriousness of such
deeper swellings is due to delay on
the part of the patient, who waits for
pain or increasing growth before seek-
ing an examination. The general pub-
lic has a deep-rooted belief that can-
cer is always painful. This is abso-
lutely wrong. Cancer is never painful
in its early stages. Pain is either an
indication that the condition is not
due to cancer, or if cancer, that it has
advanced to a practically incurable
stage. When everyone learns to report
to a doctor the moment a lump is felt,
and when doctors learn to recognise
those which should be completely re-
moved with or without treatment by
x-ray or radium, the mortality from
this type of tumour will be greatly
reduced.

Even when the tumour is internal
it may give symptoms in its non-can-
cerous stage which permit its recog-
nition by proper diagnostic means.
This is particularly true in the
stomach, the colon, and the rectum.
The non-cancerous lesion which pre-
cedes the cancer may be an ulcer or
an innocent tumour like a polyp ; all
curable by removal or radiation. The
moment cells of the non-cancerous
area become malignant, then the "pro-
bability of spread of these cells
through the blood or lymph vessels is
possible. The period of time of these
metastases varies. In those like a pig-
mented mole it seems to be almost in-
stantaneous with the change of the
abnormal cells into the cancer, while
in the rodent ulcer type metastases
rarely occur.

Successful treatment must com-
pletely destroy or remove the disease,
and no trace may be permitted to re-
main. Cancer can be destroyed best
by the use of radium, x-ray, or heat

358

THE CANADIAN NURSE

in the form of cautery. It can be re-
moved best by surgery. Many times a
combination of these means is neces-
sary. The earlier the diagnosis the less
the destruction of tissue necessary to
cure. There is no serum, drug, or other
remedy for the cure of cancer. Sur-
gery and x-raj^ and radium singly or
combined are the only safe methods
of treatment. "We must always bear in
mind that if the local growth has be-
come cancerous, its complete removal
by operation or complete destruction
by radiation does not always promise
cure. There is no better way of finding
early cancer than the periodic health
examination, which should be made at
least every year and preferably twice
a year after the age of thirty-five.
Through it many pre-cancerous con-
ditions will be found and should be
corrected, or cancer may frequently
be discovered in its early and curable
stage. When the great mass of people
are instructed and will seek periodic
examinations and the medical profes-
sion will take periodic examinations
seriously, then the diagnosis in the
early stages may be expected and the
appropriate treatment of either pre-
vention or cure may be applied, and
then the mortality of cancer will be
reduced, but never wiped out, for the
reason that some cancers will be in-
accessible and can never be recognised
until dissemination has occurred The
treatment of widely disseminated
growths is unsatisfactory and the re-
sults are poor. The percentage of cures
of metastases from cancer is small. At
present the great hope in treating can-
cer is in first avoiding dangerous,
chronic irritants, occupational or
otherwise ; second, curing the abnor-
mality of the non-cancerous local
growth, which may be done by re-
moval of the cause or removal of the
diseased area or by radiation ; and
third, treating the cancerous stage it-
self. In this period we can never be
certain of cure.

The feature which makes cancer so
difficult to cure by surgery once the
disease has become well established is
the way in which cancer cells wander

out one by one invading the surround-
ing tissues so diffusely that the mar-
gin of the growth cannot be defined.
The surgeon is expected to remove all
the tumour, yet he cannot accurately
delimit it. If he cuts too widely he
may harm important structure, yet if
he does not go far enough cancer cells
will be left behind to continue their
growth and give rise to a recurrence
which frequently cannot by any pos-
sibility be removed. Even if the entire
local growth can and is removed sur-
gically, it frequently happens that be-
fore this time cells have been carried
to distant parts through blood or
lymph vessels and thus disseminated
throughout the body. If this has oc-
curred before operation, what chance
of recovery can there be? In spite of
the difficulties against which the sur-
geon must work, he has a brilliant re-
cord of cures behind him, and thanks
to the early diagnosis in more recent
years, this record of cures is increas-
ing, but it can never be as effective as
it should until the public, the patient,
and the physician all recognise the
necessity of early attention to every
abnormal condition. When we educate
the people to come to the medical pro-
fession for a periodic examination or
to come for examination the moment
they observe anything abnormal, we
shall have taken a great step toward
the prevention and cure of cancer.
Not only must the patients be edu-
cated, but physicians must be educat-
ed in making proper periodic exam-
inations, in learning to diagnose the
non-cancerous from the cancerous
lesions, and to apply the appropriate
treatment for each. The careful, pro-
perly-educated family doctor will
make the first examination thorough
and will decide which patients he can
care for himself and those which
should.be referred to others.

The nursing profession must play
a great part if this plea for periodic
examinations and early diagnosis is
to be effective. There is no better time
to educate the family and friends
than when someone is ill and under
the care of a trained nurse at home

THE CANADIAN NURSE

359

or in the hospital. Here is the oppor-
tunity for the nurse who comes in
contact with the patient, the family,
and the friends, and it is her privi-
lege and duty to present to them cor-
rect information along these lines.
Perhaps neither the doctor nor the
nurse realises the great opportunity
within their grasp of presenting to
the public the inestimable value of
consulting a doctor while they are well
or at least at the moment they are
warned of something abnormal.

It is your duty and my duty to do
everything possible to prevent cancer,
to recognise it in its early stage, to
treat it in the most effective way and

to care well for the patient with in-
curable cancer, and finally to do our
utmost to learn more about the actual
causes and real nature of cancer,

Beferences

"Cancer as a World Problem," Dr. J. C. Blood-
good, New York State Journal of Medicine,
March 19th, 1930.

"Modern Aspects of the Cancer Problem." L. M.
McKillop, Medical Journal of Australia.

"Present Status of the Cancer Pro'bleni," George
A. Soper, Radiology, July, 1929.

"Life History of Cancer," David Arthur Welch,
Medical .Journal of Australia, April, 1930.

"Recent Work on Cancer." Charles F. Ges-
chichter. Journal of American Medical Associa-
tion. February, 1930.

"Cancer of the Breast." J. B. Carnett, Hygeii,
March, 1930.

"Cancer as a Public Health Problem," Jamijs
Ewing, Public Health Reports, August, 1929.

"Surgical Pathology." Boyd.

"Neoplastic Diseases," Ewing.

Fiftieth Anniversary Celebration, 1881— 1931

During the second week in June, the
School for Nurses, Toronto General Hospi-
tal, celebrated its fiftieth anniversary,
when many members of the original
classes, together with large numbers of all
graduates, participated in the various
functions arranged for their entertain-
ment. Letters of invitation were sent to
over 1,800 graduates of the school.

Miss Mary Agnes Snively, the first
superintendent and organiser of the School
for Nurses, was a special guest of honour.
Miss Robina L. Stewart, who succeeded
Miss Snively, was present also.

Plans for the programme of the Jubilee
Celebrations were carefully arranged in
every detail by Miss Jean Gunn, superin-
tendent of nurses, assisted by a committee
of the Alumnae Association under the con-
venership of Miss Nettie Fidler.

The celebrations opened on June 10th
with a garden partj' in the hospital
grounds. The members of the graduating
class were special guests at this function.
That evening a special meeting of the
Alumnae Association was held, when an
historical outline of the Alumnae was
presented, together with various types of
entertainment, followed by a social hour.

On Thursday and Friday mornings, lec-
tures were given in the new class rooms of

the West Residence. Subjects presented
were: Recent Developments in Medicine,
by Dr. H. K. Detweiler; Recent Develop-
ments in Obstetrics, by Professor W. B.
Hendry; Recent Developments in Surgery,
by Professor W. E. Gallie; and Recent
Developments in Pediatrics, by Dr. Alan
Brown.

During the afternoons, tours of the hos-
pital were made, followed by motor drives.
Many special reunions of individual
classes in the form of luncheons, dinners
and teas were held. A tea in honour of the
graduating class was given in the Resi-
dence on Thursday afternoon. That even-
ing graduation exercises took place in
Convocation Hall, University of Toronto,
when the Honourable Newton Rowell
sketched the development of the Hospital
and School. Miss Snively presented the
pins and diplomas.

The closing event of the celebration was
a reunion dinner at the Royal York Hotel,
at which the guests of honour were: Miss
Snively, Miss Stewart, Miss Gunn, Miss
Locke and members of the Graduating
Class, 1931.

A history of the school, compiled and
published recently, was available to the
graduates of the school during the cele-
bration.

360

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Recent Developments of the Department of Health and
Public Welfare in Manitoba

One of the developments during the
past year under the direction of the
Division of Disease Prevention was
the programme for prevention of
thyroid put on in certain districts of
Manitoba, where it was ascertained
through medical examination of school
children that enlarged thyroid was
endemic. Arrangements were made by
the co-operation of the Department of
Education whereby children in these
districts could have preventive treat-
ment as part of the school routine.
Four municipalities which showed ten
per cent, or more of the school chil-
dren affected with enlarged thyroid
have taken advantage of this preven-
tive programme and it is hoped that
the present year will see most of the
so-called goitre areas in Manitoba
similarly protected.

The matter of trachoma also came
in for serious consideration, as the
department has realised for some
time that there has been a public
health problem among a certain racial
group in the population in this con-
nection, namely, among the Menno-
nite population. Up to the present
time very little, if any, attention has
been paid to this contagious condi-
tion. During the past year, however,
a determined effort was made to
gather some information as to the
prevalence of this disease, and also,
to institute treatment to mitigate it.
Three nurses were employed to make
a house to house canvass in the dis-
tricts settled principally by Menno-
nites. In all, some 9,338 individuals
were examined by the nurses, and of
these, 1,017 were classified as tra-
choma suspects, and 1,304 others
shown to have other eye conditions.

In view of the large percentage of
this population having diseased eye
conditions, it was thought advisable
to have these cases, or as many as
possible, examined by oculists and a
definite diagnosis made, and where
trachoma was found, treatment in-
stituted. Therefore, in November,

1930, clinics were started and held at
six points, in each instance being of
two days' duration, and presided over
by qualified oculists. These clinics
were held in conjunction with the
local practicing physicians and in all
cases these physicians were present
during the time the clinics were in
operation.

Previous to the holding of the
clinics all those who showed eye con-
ditions on the survey made by the
nurses were notified by letter of the
time and place of the clinic which
they were to attend. Owing to ex-
tremely bad weather and almost im-
passible roads, however, the attend-
ance was only approximately one-
third of those notified.

Of the 791 examined 192, or 24 per
cent., were diagnosed definitely as
trachoma and 181, or 23 per cent.,
were diagnosed as trachoma suspects,
so altogether, 47 per cent, of those
examined need attention or super-
vision, and if this percentage holds
good throughout the total Mennonite
population, it can be safely e.stimated
that there are approximately 1,200
cases of eye condition which may be
classified as trachoma, or trachoma
suspects.

In connection with silicosis, a sur-
vey was made during January and
March, 1930, of the miners in Mani-
toba, and a special effort was made to
examine all those who worked under-
ground. Clinics were held composed
of qualified medical men, an x-ray
technician and sanitary inspector. In
all 400 men were examined, chest
plates taken, and dust counts obtain-
ed, in an effort to ascertain the pre-
valence of silicosis in Manitoba. Cer-
tain recommendations were made to
the Board of Health as a result of this
survey, which were adopted as satis-
factory for the establishment of regu-
lations in reference to the health of
miners to be put into operation im-
mediately.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

361

Following a start made in 1929, a
determined effort was made last year
to get as much as possible of rural
Manitoba immunised against diph-
theria. This met with considerable
success and, altogether, approximate-
ly 30,000 children between the ages of
one and fifteen were immunised by
local health officers and practicing
physicians in fifty-two additional
municipalities. Therefore, there are
at the present time sixty-seven muni-
cipalities in the province which are
almost completely immunised against
this disease. It is thought this has
had a direct bearing on the diphtheria
case and death rates. The more that
can be done towards having the chil-
dren immunised, the less diphtheria
there will be and, consequently, the
fewer deaths from this disease.

The same method was used last year
as in the previous one in carrying out
this programme, namely, that of in-
teresting municipal councils in the
jtroject, visiting them and explaining
the procedure, and having them make
arrangements with their health officers
to do the work. On a definite decision
being made to go on with the pro-
gramme, the department sent form
letters and pamphlets in reference to
diphtheria and diphtheria immunisa-
tion for distribution to all the parents
in the municipality. The actual work
was done in the schools, and the health
officers were generally instructed to
do, not only the school children, but
also those of pre-school age who were
brought to the schools at the time of
the administration of toxoid.

Altogether this has been a very
satisfactory piece of health work and
it is hoped that this present year will
see, at least, as many more children
protected.

By reorganisation of the Public
Health Nursing Service during the
current year it is expected plans will
be put in operation so that the whole
province will be covered. There will
be a definite rearrangement of the
type of work done by the nurses — less
time will be spent in the schools and
more time in the homes; greater em-

phasis will be placed on the care and
well being of infants and pre-school
children, with particular attention
being paid to the correction of defects
in children before they start to school.
Each nurse will also be responsible
for the visiting of cases of tuberculosis
in her area, the checking up on the
contacts and the making of arrange-
ments in regard to having such con-
tacts examined at intervals. She will
be responsible for the inspection and
re-inspection of baby boarding homes
in her territory also.

Under the present system of public
health nursing in this province only
those municipalities which appreciate
the benefit of the nursing service, and
have the means to employ a nurse, are
served. This is rather unfair, as all
parts of the province contribute to
more than half of the total cost of
running the service. If this new
scheme goes into effect the province
as a whole will contribute the total
cost of the service, and all parts of
the province will receive the same
service.

In addition to the many activities
of the Division of Sanitation, such as
the inspection of water supplies,
sewage disposal plants, construction
camps, common dumping grounds,
abatement of nuisances, sanitary in-
spection of Northern Manitoba, etc.,
it has been thought fit to give serious
consideration to the matter of tourist
camps, as it is considered, for the pro-
tection of the health of tourists,
essential that all such camps should
be required to meet certain regula-
tions, and obtain a permit from the
medical health officer before engaging
in such business. Therefore, minimum
requirements in this connection have
been outlined and in view of the fact
that there are no regulations in re-
gard to the licensing of tourist camps,
it has been thought desirable to make
a list of approved tourist camps, and
any of these camps in Manitoba that
wish to be included in such an ap-
proved list (which will be available
to tourists) will have to make appli-
cation to the Department of Health

362

THE CANADIAN NURSE

and Public Welfare, and if the camp
measures up to the standard as set
by the minimum requirements, a cer-
tificate of approval will be issued.

It has long been felt that restau-
rants and eating houses in the pro-
vince were not sufficiently supervised,
particularly those outside the cities.
As the authority in this matter rests
entirely with the municipalities in
which such places are situated, it has
been impossible to take over the licens-
ing of these establishments. To ac-
complish this to some degree the fol-
lowing plan has been worked out and
is now in operation.

The Tourist and Convention Bureau
has asked for an approved list of
eating establishments throughout the
province, and all such places have
been circularised and advised that if

an application is submitted to the
department their establishment will
be inspected and in the event of it
measuring up to the standard re-
quired a certificate of approval will
be issued. As such certificates are
issued the names of the establishments
are added to the list, which is at the
disposal of the Tourist and Conven-
tion Bureau for the information of
tourists.

It is anticipated in this way to
accomplish, in some measure, what
should be done by inspection and
licensing of such establishments.

[Note: In May, 1931, a member of the
Public Health Nursing staff in Manitoba
CGmmence'd hovise to house follow-up work
in connection with Trachoma. Although
this nurse is not a Mennonite she was
brought up among them and speaks their
language. — Editor.]

A New Baby at the Frontiers

By MARGARET J. MUSTARD, GypsumviUe, Man.

At eleven o'clock one morning the mail
carrier from Lake St. Martins Reserve
came for me with a cutter and team to go
as soon as I could be ready to a Nor-
wegian woman who was needing me. It
was to be a drive of thirty-two miles and
the thermometer said forty below zero. I
hurriedly ate a snatch of dinner, packed
my bag, put on the warmest clothes I had
and was off.

It was a beautiful day and we drove
eighteen miles without mishap, reaching
by that time the mail carrier's home. We
went into the house to get warmed and
drink a cup of coffee while the men
changed teams. Then we set out again.
When we had gone four miles more, we
were met by two men with a team and
sleigh to take me ovc the roughest road. I
have ever seen, so I left the cozy cutter
with its footwarmer and took to the open
sleigh. We had gone only about a mile
when we reached a granite embankment,
going down Avhieh the horses got fright-
ened and ran away. The driver and I had
been comfortably seated on a board and a
man behind holding a large box to our
backs for a back rest. The first thing I
knew, the driver was pulled down into the
front of the sleigh box and the man at
back of me was gone, box and all, while I
clung valiantly to the seat. It was all over
in a few seconds, I suppose; the driver did
not lose control of his team and we were
soon all right-side up again. We were then

driving through what is known as the "big
bog," four hundred acres of bog land,
only passable in winter time, and even
then hardly pleasurably passable. We
bumped in and out of the big holes and
over tremendous stones for eight miles,
when we came to the river, not yet frozen
solid enough to drive a team on; so the
last mile of my journey must needs be
made on foot over the sheer ice of the
river.

Thus I came at last, after five hours*
journey, to the little Norwegian home
where a woman lay patiently waiting for
medical care. I was able to help her bring
a beautiful baby boy into the world, so
my long trip wa,s well worth the effort,
and the young mother and father were so
confident that all would be well when I
was there. I stayed all night with them
and started out on my journey home next
morning before daylight, as I had to catch
the mail carrier on his next trip. It was
forty-four below when I set out to walk
the ice again at what is supposed the cold-
est hour, just before the dawn. I was
pretty cold when I again reached the mail
carrier's home, but from there on I thor-
oughly enjoyed the morning drive, reach-
ing home at noon the next day.

The only way to reach that home in
summer-time is by horseback, so we were
all fortunate that the new baby came in
the winter-time.

(The Missionary Monthly, May, 1930.)

THE CANADIAN NURSE

363

i^partm^nl nf Nursing lEiuraltnn

National Convener of Publication Committee, Nursing Education Section,
Miss ANNIE LAWRIE, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.

A Vexatious Question

By HELEN M. KING, Vancouver, B.C.

Recently the education necessary to
equip a young woman for her profes-
sional career as a nurse has become a
vexed question. In speaking of educa-
tion, one has to consider what qualifi-
cations are demanded of a young
woman entering a school of nursing,
and what must be added during her
education in the school.

Today the nursing world is over-
crowded, and more graduates are
emerging from schools of nursing
than are in demand. The good hos-
pitals experience little difficulty in
procuring large classes of probation-
ers for training, although a large per-
centage have to fall out during the
first year through unsuitability, lack
of physical strength, or inability to
cope with the studies. It seems then,
the schools of nursing are in a po-
sition to choose most meticulously
among the many who apply, limiting
and sifting the profession to those
best qualified. If we could make the
profession appeal to the refined and
well-educated young woman (usually
refinement and education go hand in
hand, education not necessarily being
book learning only) and at the same
time have a certain element of com-
petition by means of a searching, and
fairly difficult, entrance examination
on a wide circle of general knowledge,
the status of nursing would be lifted
to a higher plane in the eyes of
the public. If there is any work in

the world which should demand young
women of character, good breeding
and intelligence, it is nursing; for a
nurse holds a position of trust, re-
sponsibility and command. "What is
more jarring to a sick person than the
services of a nurse who is unpleasing
in conversation and ways, lacks tact
and refinement, and is ignorant and
boring? The three years' training
should be regarded in the same light
as a university career, the same de-
gree of scholarship required, and de-
veloped further in both ; the graduate
of each institution accepted as equals.
Undoubtedly there are many girls
who unfortunately are unable to gain
a good education at school, yet would
make very capable nurses. If such an
applicant is truly determined and in-
terested, she will persist until she does
acquire the necessary standing.

From the point of view of the school
of nursing, much time, effort and pa-
tience on the part of the instructor
would be conserved if the probation-
ers could assimilate new subjects
quickly, could take good notes from
lectures, and had no need of being
taught elementary arithmetic, physics
and chemistry before taking such sub-
jects as drugs and solutions, and
materia medica. It is quite common
for an instructor to labour painfully
through note books, correcting Eng-
lish, spelling and general construction
of notes before she can give attention

364

THE CANADIAN NURSE

to the subject in hand, with its de-
ficiencies and misconceptions.

Finally, too, in examinations, a
doctor has to read through papers
badly written, questions poorly han-
dled, subjects inadequately explained,
until in a state of dire mental irrita-
tion he decides the candidate knows
nothing. She may know her work
quite well, but has no idea how to
answer an examination paper. The
co-efficient of efficiency is low on ac-
count of repeated failures at examin-
ations which could have been pre-
vented by the initial entrance test.

The next question arises: Is it
necessary for a nurse to study so
many subjects? Francis Bacon said,
"A little knowledge is a dangerous
thing." This is especially true in the
nursing world, where lives are con-
cerned, and mistakes through ignor-
ance unforgiveable. For a nurse to
work intelligently, to have initiative,
and a sense of the seriousness and
responsibility of her work, she must
have a thorough grasp of all subjects
bearing on the healing of the human
body. One subject dovetails into an-
other, so the curriculum is necessarily
far spreading. She must understand
the reasons for doing things and not
work blindly behind a doctor by the
rule of thumb. Again, a doctor may
not always be available at a moment 's

notice, and the public look to a gradu-
ate nurse to be able to act in the
meantime with confidence. Practical
experience is invaluable of course, but
experience should have as a founda-
tion, a sound theoretical knowledge.

Isn't it rather a mistake that a
nurse should expend so much energy
on what might be termed the "spade"
work in a ward? Why should a stu-
dent nurse come to the bedside of a
sick person, enervated and jaded by
the carrying of trays at mealtimes,
cleaning and scrubbing in bathrooms,
dusting and polishing in the wards?
Cleaning is certainly a part of a
nurse's training, but this could be
taught in the classroom, and handled
adequately on the wards by ward
maids, where the responsibility of
conserving a high standard of cleanli-
ness would still lie with the nurse.
The nurse could then concentrate all
her energy and attention on the needs
of the patients, bringing to the bed-
side, vitality and good temper, un-
diminished by over-physical exertion.
Why should a nurse in training per-
form a physical endurance test which
would reduce a strong man almost to
tears? With more time given to the
actual care of patients, more energy
left for studies, we could produce
graduate nurse^^ who are a credit to
their uniform and school of nursing.

SCHOLARSHIP AWARDED

At a recent meeting of the Committee of the Flora Madeline Shaw Memorial
Fund to consider the awarding of the Year's Scholarship, the members present
found it rather difficult to make a choice from the number of desirable appli-
cations submitted. Finally it was decided to award the scholarship ($500.00)
to the applicant possessing the highest educational qualifications as there was
much similarity upon other points ; the scholarship went to Miss Flora Gladys
MacKeen, Reg.N., graduate of the Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal. Miss
MacKeen will take the Course in Public Health Nursing at the School for
Graduate Nurses, McGill University, Montreal, 1931-1932.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

365

National Convener of Publication Committee, Private Duty Section,
Miss CLARA BROWN, 23 Kendal Ave., Toronto, Ont.

Cod Liver Oil, Sunshine and Viosterol

By Dr. HAROLD LITTLE, London, Ontario

Much has been written and said of
the value of cod liver oil and of sun-
shine in the prevention and curing of
certain disorders. But we knew little
of the manner in which this was ac-
complished until the work of Steen-
bock, Hess and Windaus during the
past few years and it has only been
in the last four years that we have
heard of viosterol, which is irradi-
ated ergosterol, and of irradiated
foods.

There appears to be a great deal of
confusion as to what viosterol is.
Many in our own profession seem to
think it is a concentrated cod liver
oil but it is not. Nor is it made from
cod liver oil. It is obtained from
yeast and it is also present in two
other fungi to quite a degree, viz.,
mushroom and ergot. There is but a
limited amount of viosterol in cod
liver oil. Viosterol has not all the
properties of cod liver oil. It has in
fact only one, that is vitamine D, the
anti-rachitic vitamine. Cod liver oil
contains other vitamines of definite
therapeutic value, one of the most
important of which is vitamine A, the
anti-infective vitamine. Therefore,
viosterol does not take the place of
cod liver oil in many of the condi-
tions for which we prescribe it.

(* Synopsis of an address given at the annual
meeting of District No. 1 Ontario Nurses Associ-
ation, London, January, 1931.)

For well over a hundred years we
have given cod liver oil to infants
and children. The fishermen from the
east coast of England, when fishing
off the Norwegian coast, noticed
many years ago that the Norwegian
children appeared so robust and
healthy and upon enquiring of the
Norse fisherfolk were informed that
cod liver oil was fed to them each
day. The English fishermen brought
back with them to England raw Nor-
wegian cod liver oil and gave it to
their children, and as they noticed
the good effects its use became wide-
spread throughout the British Isles
and then to this continent.

We have known for many years
that cod liver oil contained a sub-
stance we call a vitamine, the anti-
rachitic vitamine which assisted in
retaining calcium and phosphorus in
those tissues requiring them ; thus
preventing rickets, tetany and dental
caries. It has only been since 1927
that we have known that the acti-
vated ergosterol present in cod liver
oil was the vitamine which accom-
plished the above. This discovery
was given to the medical world
through the work of Steenbock, Hess
and Windaus, who also discovered
that ergosterol was present in slight
amounts in many forms of plant and
animal life. Even our blood stream
contains a small amount of ergosterol,

366

THE CANADIAN NURSE

which, when we expose our skin sur-
face to the sunshine or to the ultra-
violet rays of an artificial source, be-
comes activated and then has the
ability to hold back the calcium and
phosphorus in those tissues requiring
them.

We have known for many years
that exposure to sunshine prevented
and also cured rickets. "We knew it
was the short rays (between 313 and
290 millimicrons), the ultra-violet
rays, which had this therapeutic
value. But we did not know until the
work of Steenbock, Hess and Win-
daus just how these rays succeeded
in assisting the tissues of the body in
retaining the calcium and phos-
phorus. We now know that there is
present in our blood, and also in
other tissues of the body, ergosterol,
which when our body surface is ex-
posed to ultra-violet rays either from
the sun or from an artificial source,
viz., the quartz lamp, becomes acti-
vated and this activated ergosterol
is vitamine D, the anti-rachitic vita-
mine.

During the months of November,
December, January and February we
have very little sunshine, and that
which we have is lacking to a great
extent in the ultra-violet rays. This
is accounted for in the difference in
the altitude of the sun to the earth.
There is a marked increase in these
short rays in the months of March,

April and ]\Iay. The special glasses:
vita-glass, viro-glass, etc., would not
be of much value during these
months, but would be of value during
the months of ]\Iarch and April as the
weather at this time is usually such
as not to permit of exposing the body,
and the sunshine as stated above has
a marked increase in the ultra-violet
rays. However, it has been definitely
proved that only about 25 to 50 per
cent, of the short rays come through
these special glasses and as the glass
gets older the amount that penetrates
gradually becomes less.

Viosterol is irradiated ergosterol.
Ergosterol, which we believe to be
present in very small amounts in so
many forms of plant and animal life
and in fairly large amounts in fungi
such as yeast, mushroom and ergot,
is a crystalline substance. This is
measured and then dissolved in a
vegetable oil and then activated by
exposure to the rays of the ultra-
violet lamp. This substance is now
the anti-rachitic vitamine and plays a
very important part in calcium and
phosphorus metabolism. It has been
proved that the anti-rachitic pro-
perty can be developed in a great
variety of edible foods, grains, fats,
meats, and milk by exposing them or
that part of the food containing the
ergosterol to the rays of the ultra-
violet lamp, thus activating the
ergosterol present in the food.

INSTITUTE OX MATERNAL CABE

The Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada is prepared to consider requests
regarding the possibility of putting on a two days' Institute on ^Maternal Care
in any section of Canada. Such an institute may be sponsored by a provincial
university, department or nursing association, a local health department or
graduate nurses' association. Not less than fifteen or more than forty may
be enrolled in one class. The National Office of the Victorian Order, 321 Jack-
son Building, Ottawa, will be pleased to give any additional information
required.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

367

i^partm^nt nf Publtr Ifealtlf Nuratng

National Convener of Publication Committee, Public Health Section.
MARY F. CAMPBELL, 344 Gottingen Street, Halifax, N.S.

Health Teaching in the Nova Scotia Normal College

By HILDA MacDONALD, Halifax, N.S.

"Health is the quality of life that
renders the individual fit to live most
and to serve best."

The Student Health Programme as
at present organised has been in
operation in the Nova Scotia Normal
College since the fall term of 1925.
It came into being through the active
interest and co-operation of the Red
Cross Society, provincial and nation-
al, with the Nova Scotia Board of
Education : a notable instance of
valuable work done by a voluntary
organisation in giving assistance to
a demonstration, which when proved
to be practicable, was in due course
taken over entirely by the govern-
ment under the Board of Education,
and made a permanent feature of the
Normal College programme.

The experimental stage of this type
of training had been well worked out
in the province of Saskatchewan,
v/here it was first introduced into
Canada about the year 1918, and has
ever since been carried on with very
satisfactory results and ever enlarg-
ing scope. The work in Nova Scotia
has followed very much the same
lines — adaptations being made when
necessary to meet our particular
needs.

It has been generally conceded by
health workers the world over that
the teacher in the elementary and
secondary schools holds the magic
key to the health situation. Her posi-
tion is strategic, and to her is given

that golden opportunity of helping'
to spread abroad the gospel of health-
ful behaviour — physical, mental,
emotional and social.

The chief problem which confronts
the health educator is how to gain
the enthusiastic support and assist-
ance of this great body of workers
in the field of education. They can,
of course, be required by law to teach
hard, cold facts relating to bod,y
activities and healthful behaviour,
but something more than that is
essential for the success of the work.
Unless the teacher herself has de-
veloped an enthusiasm for health, an
enthusiasm which she cannot help
passing on to her pupils, the sub-
.iect will remain cold and dead as
"Hygiene" on the course of study
has been these many years, and it too
will as surely fail to function in the
lives of the children. Of no other
subject can it be more truly said that
"Faith Avithout work is dead."

It would seem, then, that the first
and most important step to take in
connection with the health training
of the student-teacher is to try to
awaken within her an active "health
conscience," if we may use that
term ; and to this end our best efforts
are directed. Probably the health
inspection and the personal discus-
sion of each individual's health pro-
blems is one of the most potent fac-
tors in developing this desired health
consciousness. With the great ma-
.iority of the students this is the first

368

THE CANADIAN NURSE

occasion that anything of this sort
has come into their lives. If they are
to become really interested in the
health of the boys and girls placed
under their care, they must first of
all become vitally interested in their
own well-being, and strive to attain
to a high standard of health. The
inestimable value of a good example
in health, as well as in other phases
of conduct, is kept ever before them.

During the period in which this
work has been carried on in Nova
Scotia, over 3,000 students attending
the winter and summer sessions of
the college have received this health
inspection, and the results have been
wonderfully satisfactory. It is im-
possible to become possessed of com-
plete figures dealing with the correc-
tion of all defects discovered, because
of the fact that many of those ex-
amined were only with us for the
four weeks of the summer session
and follow-up work with these stu-
dents could not be carried out. But
quoting from our records of those
who remain at the college for the full
term, we find that over 90 per cent,
receive corrective treatment while
here and the small percentage of
defects uncorrected is due, not to in-
difference, but to the financial pro-
blem oftentimes involved. In the case
of these students, treatment is usual-
ly sought as soon as circumstances
will permit.

It is a well known fact that the
maiority of the student-teachers
arrive at the training school with a
very limited store of health know-
ledge. It becomes, therefore, neces-
sary to supply this lack by giving
instruction in all health subjects suf-
ficient to enable them to go out ppd
act as intelligent guides in health,
not only directly in their schoolrooms
but, when need be, in the community.

The child health programme as it
applies to the school may be divided
into these four major activities;
namely:

1. The control of communicable
diseases.

2. The detection and correction
of defects.

3. The supervision of school
hygiene.

4. Instruction in health leading
to the formation of health habits.
In order that she may be properly

equipped to deal with such a situa-
tion, the student-teacher's instruc-
tion must, perforce, cover quite a
large field, including the rudiments
of anatomy and physiology, mental
hygiene, communicable diseases, the
health of the child, physical activi-
ties, school hygiene, first aid, the
methods of teaching health. The
course covers the full term of the
student's attendance and includes
two lecture periods a week, as well
as private consultations with indi-
vidual students from time to time.

We use as our motto throughout the
year's work that excellent definition
of health given by Dr. Jesse Feiring
Williams, Professor of Physical Edu-
cation, Teachers' College] Columbia
University, in his splendid book,
"Personal Hygiene Applied." It has
been quoted at the beginning of this
article, but is worth repeating here:
"Health is the analHy of life that
renders the individual it to live most
and to serve best." If they carry with
them to their schools this high ideal
of service (and many of them do), we
can rest assured that the health of the
future citizens of Nova Scotia is
splendidly safeguarded bv a faithful
and devoted band of teachers.

(Reprinted from The Nova Scotia Medica!
Bulletin, June, 1931.)

THE CANADIAN NURSE

369

The Duties of a Public Health Councillor

By DOROTHY M. PERCY, Ottawa, Ont.

The duties of a Public Health Coun-
cillor. What are they? Has she any,^
other than the preparation and read-
ing of a report at the annual meeting
of the Registered Nurses Association
of Ontario? Is she more or less a
figurehead, a necessary appointeo
from her district to round out the
traditional threefold programme de-
voted to the interests of nursing edu-
cation, private duty and public
health ? Surely, we say, she is respon-
sible for more than this if she is really
doing her job. But what is her job ?

Perhaps it might be of help in this
connection to conjure up for ourselves
a picture of ''The Ideal Councillor."
Let us suppose for a moment or two
that we have one in one of our dis-
tricts. We might observe her for a
little — analyse her, perhaps.

First of all, the ideal councillor is
a leader. She not only is interested
in Public Health development herself,
but she also knows how to interest
others. She knows, too, how to make
developments take place in her dis-
trict. She has a plan for her district.
She has vision. She knows the poten-
tialities of the public health workers
in her district, and she assumes the
initiative in the development of these
potentialities.

Secondly, the ideal councillor is an
interpreter; in this instance, an inter-
preter of values. By reason of her
position she should be ever on the
lookout not only for new ideas, trends
and "angles" in public health work,
but also for opportunities to interpret
to the nurses engaged in public health
work in her district, fresh, and per-
haps unsuspected values, in their own
work.

This ideal councillor should be able
to interpret to her group the needs
and problems of any one section of
the group. She should see to it that

in any group activity all branches of
public health work being carried on
in the district have adequate em-
phasis. jMoreover, she must interpret
to her own public health group the
needs of the district organisation.
She should be able to stimulate mem-
bers of the public health group to
accept responsibility for district pro-
grammes. (This of course is easier in
districts where public health workers
are organised in a group of their own,
and the foregoing refers especially to
them.)

Thirdly, our ideal councillor is
something of a liaison officer. She it
is who represents her group at the
district executive meetings. She is
also the liaison officer between her
group and the other groups, nursing
education and private duty. A certain
responsibility is hers to promote
friendly co-operation between the
various groups and to strengthen dis-
trict unity.

As Public Health Councillor it
would seem too. that her duties as
liaison officer might include the meet-
ing and welcoming of the new public
health worker coming to the district,
and the introducing of her to other
workers in the district.

Leader, interpreter, liaison officer,
these would appear to be attributes
of the successful public health coun-
cillor. Doubtless there are many more,
and as a matter of fact these three
are largely interchangeable in mean-
ing and interpretation. And how are
these attributes translated into prac-
tical action? How can the average
councillor, who is by no means the
ideal councillor, find out from a con-
templation of them of what her ''job"
consists.

It does not seem feasible to be too
dogmatic in this respect. Districts
vary so greatly. In some, the public

370

THE CANADIAN NURSE

health workers are organised and are
working out their own salvation very
nicely. In others, the councillor is the
only individual keenly interested in
the problems and development en-
countered in the public health field.
But whether the councillor is playing
p, lone hand or whether she is merely
the guide, counsellor and friend of
an active sub-organisation within the
district, one or two things stand oui
as her "skeleton" duties. Whether
or not she does more than these de-
pends on the sort of district she has
and on the sort of person she is :

(1) stimulation in every way pos-
sible of interest in public health, not
only on the part of health workers in
the district, but of the district mem-
bership generally.

(2) Using- her influence to see that
some phase of public health is included
in every district programme.

(3) Preparation of interesting reports
at each district meeting.

(4) Preparation of an annual report
to be read at the annual meeting of
the Registered Nurses Association of
Ontario.

Note. — The Registered Nurses As-
sociation of Ontario has nine district
associations, in each of which there
is on the Executive Committee a
councillor for each of the three sec-
tions, who is also a member of the
executive of her provincial section.
This paper was read at the annual
meeting of the Public Health Section
of the R.N.A.O. at Kitchener, April
10th, 1931.

Each generation must undergo educational and spiritual baptism in its
own tongue, but the language of human needs remains the same. It cries
out for individual independence, but an independence which must ever
function in accord with the welfare of the group. Nurse and doctor are
members of professions in which they elect to follow ideals of service that
demand a maximum amount of self-training to achieve balance between
expressing self and controlling self. We call this training discipline. With-
out its beneficent influence on our habit life the accumulation of academic
knowledge is empty and meaningless.

ESTHER L. RICHARDS, M.D.

EXAMINATIONS for qualifications as Registered Nurse in the province of
Quebec, will be held in Montreal and elsewhere, on OCTOBER 5th, Gth and
7th, 1931.

Those wishing to write must apply for application forms and other informa-
tion to the Registrar, and all applications must be in the office of the Asso-
ciation before SEPTEMBER 1st, 1931. NO APPLICATION WILL BE
CONSIDERED AFTER THAT DATE.

E. FRANCES UPTON, R.N., Executive Secretary and Registrar,

Room 221, 1396 St. Catharine St. West, Montreal, Quebec.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

371

Book Reviews

The Home Caxe of the Infant and Child,

by Frederick F. Tisdall, M.B. Publishers
J. M. Dent and Sons, Ltd., Toronto,
pages 279.

This is an excellent and practical book fo^
mothers, nurses and others requiring guidance
in child care. Starting with a brief summary
of the signs of pregnancy and pre-natal care,
the book covers practically everything of
the every-day requirements of normal infants
and children. There are fifty-eight clear
well chosen illustrations such as the proper
method of lifting a young baby, dressing the
baby, child play, normal physiques, etc.
There are infant feeding formulae for both
normal and special cases and a great many
recipes for children given in small quantities.
The modem interpretation of vitamine re-
quirements, sun baths, exercise and clothing
are lucidly and adequately covered. In-
formation on disease prevention, i.e., toxoid,
vaccination, etc., is given. There are several
up-to-date chapters on behaviour problems
given in a constructive and helpful manner.
The book is concluded with a chapter on
toys and the play life of the child, generously
illustrated by real photographs which will
be of the greatest assistance to inexperienced
mothers, fathers and others.

The book contains a wealth of material in
a condensed and non-technical style whcih
should not only help the reader but stimulate
further interest in the modern and intelligent
home care of infants and children.

H. McK.

A REVIEW

A copy of the Handbook of the Trained
Nurses' Association of India, 1931, edited
by Mrs. E. A. Watts, S.R.N. , Honorary
Secretary of the Trained Nurses' Association
of India, has been received.

The first Handbook was published in 1917,
as a supplement of twenty-eight pages to the
"Nursing Journal". Since that time the
Handbook has been revised and enlarged
twice. The present volume contains chapters
on: A short history of nursing in India;
a history of the Trained Nurses' Association
of India, together with the Constitution of
the Association and an outline of the affiliated
organisations. Other chapters deal with the
Registration of Nurses in India; the problems
and prospects connected with the training
of nurses in that country; the various ex-
amining bodies; a directory of hospitals, and

a summary of information regarding training
schools. Further sections relate to training
schools for health visitors, tuberculosis
sanatoria, associations allied to nursing, i.e.,
The Indian Red Cross Society and the
National Health Association of Southern
India.

Information concerning travelling in
India, railway concessions to nurses and
holiday resorts is published. In an addenda
there are included lists of mental hospitals
and of approved institutions under the
Madras Nurses' and Midwives' Act, for the
training of nurses, midwives and dhais.

This handbook contains photographs of
patronesses and officers of the Association.
The entire content is the result of a tre-
mendous amount of enquiry and compilation
on the part of those who have contributed
to the publication of this valuable record of
nursing in India.

MATERNAL CARE

A recent publication by the Department
of Pensions and National Health, is that on
Maternal Care, by Dr. Helen MacMurchy,
Chief of the Division of Child Welfare.

This publication of the Little Blue Books
Leaflet Series includes a report of the Special
Committee on Maternal Welfare of the
National Council of Women of Canada,
presented at the annual meeting, October,
1930, by Mrs. Plumptre, chairman.

Members of the nursing profession in
Canada should study this report as well as
a(ivise the public to obtain copies of the book-
let which is listed as National Health Pub-
lication No. 53, and is issued free on request
being made to the Department of Pensions
and National Health, Ottawa, Ontario.

BOOKS RECEIVED

Nurses' Handbook of Obstetrics, by

Louise Zabriskie, R.N. Second edition,
revised. Illustrated. Published by L. B.
Lippincott Company, 201 Unity Building,
Montreal, Que. Price $3.50.

Correction: In the Journal for June,
1931, on page 313, in the historical outline
on First District Nursing in Saint John,
N.B., the date should read 1895 instead
of 1885.

372

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Nfiuh Notpa

ALBERTA

Edmonton: Miss Mary E. Canlin is
enjoying a holiday in the United States. Miss
Hewlitt of the Provincial Health Department
gave a course in First Aid and Home Nursing
to the girls and boys during the young farm
people's week at the University of Alberta.

University Hospital: Thursday, May
14th. The University Hospital Board and the
Council of School of Nursing entertained in
honour of the graduating class. The spacious
assembly room of the Red Cross hut was gay
with spring flowers and quantities of ferns
when thirteen nurses received their diplomas
at the annual graduation reception. The
Premier, the Hon. J. E. Brownlee, presented
the class pins and diplomas, and Chief
Justice the Hon. Horace Harvey conferred
the special awards. Dr. Robert Wallace,
President of the University, was chairman,
and Miss McPhedran, President of the
Alberta Association of Registered Nurses,
gave the Florence Nightingale pledge. There
were three prizes awarded l)y the board of
governors of the University of Alberta to
members of the graduating class. The first,
for general proficiency during three years,
went to Miss Marjorie Gordon; the second,
for highest standing in senior year examina-
tions, was won by Miss Gertrude Strong; and
the third, for highest standing in practical
work in senior year, was received by Miss
Laura Gourlay. Following the presentation
of prizes an informal reception was held at
which the undergraduate nurses served tea.

General Hospital: Thirty-two nurses
received the seal of their profession from the
General Hospital at the hands of His Ex-
cellency Archbishop O'Leary on May 27th,
at Convocation Hall, University of Alberta.
Dr. J. E. Carmichael acted as Chairman.
His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor gave
a congratulatory address, and His Worship
Mayor Douglas presented the class pins.
Other speakers who addressed the class were
Dean W. A. R. Kerr and Dr. R. B. Wells.
Mi,^s Marguerite Armistead, R.N., admini-
stered the Florence Nightingale pledge, and
Miss Hornby assisted in the distribution of
class pins.

MiSERicoRDiA Hospital: During the
month of May, previous to graduation, many
social functions were arranged in honour of
the graduating class. One was a delightful
dinner party followed by cards and dancing,
held in the Macdonald Hotel. The hostesses
were Miss Martha O'Brien, superintendent
of nurses, the graduate staff, and the class of
1932. Miss O'Brien presided at dinner.
Sisters of the hospital and staff nurses
entertained at a banquet at the hospital,
followed by a "Bimco" party. Dinner
opened with favours and fortunes. The class
flower, a red rose, for each guest, and fortunes
were in the form of a miniature nurse's cap,

with a characteristic verse of each nurse
inside. The Alumnae entertained at a tea in
the Hudsonia on May 26th, when each
member of the Class became a member of the
Alumnae.

Graduation exercises took place May 20th,
in the Empire Theatre, when sixteen' nurses
received their diplomas. Dr. W. C. Redmond,
chairman, gave a brief history of the Hospital;
His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor, W. L.
Walsh, presented the diplomas and pins; Dr.
B. R. Mooney addressed the graduating class;
and His Worship Mayor Douglas congratu-
lated the nurses on their graduation. Dr.
L. C. Conn addre.ssed the winners of the
honorary medals, and Dr. W. M. Weinlos
presented the medals to Misses Helen Mary
Kelly, Agnes Irvin McMillan, Elizabeth T.
Standing, Florence Mary Nobert and Annie
Hannas. Monsignor W. J. Lyons gave a very
beautiful closing address. Following gradua-
tion, a reception was held in the nurses' home.

Sister Marie de Lourdes, of the X-Ray
Department, is leaving for her retreat in
Montreal. Sister Superior of the Misericordia
Hospital and Sister Ste. Christine, R.N., are
going east to attend the elections of the
Mother-General and her assistants. Miss
O'Brien, superintendent of nurses, is spending
her v.acation at .lasper, Alta. Miss Al)el is
enjoying a holiday with her mother in Peter-
borough, Ont. Miss Nora Smith is on sick
leave.

Medicine Hat: The graduation exercises
of the 1931 class, Medicine Hat General
Hospital, took place on Mav 5th at the
Fifth Avenue United Church. Dr. Wilfred
Campbell gave the address to the graduating
class. Special prizes were awarded to Miss
Lillian Larson for General Proficiency and
Obstetrics; Miss E. Edwardson for Practical
Work; Miss M. Helliwell for Surgery.
Presentation was made by Mayor Bullivant.

The regular meeting "^ of the Graduate
Nurses Association was held at the home of
Mrs. W. J. Devlin, May 12th. A social
hour and refreshments followed the business
meeting.

Miss Kate Brighty, Supermtendent of
Public Health Nurses in Alberta, was a
visitor in the city recently.

BRITISH COLUMBIA

The following list gives standing in order
of merit of nurses writing the recent examina-
tion for the title and certificate of Registered
Nurse of British Columbia.

First Class— 80% and over: Misses G. M.
Ray, Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria; D.
Dixon, St. Joseph's Hospital. Victoria; E. L.
Gilker, Prince Rupert General Hospital (L.
P. Christie, Vancouver General Hospital and
L B. Helgeson, Royal Jubilee Hospital,
Victoria — equal) .

THE CANADIAN NURSE

373

Second Class— 65% to 80%: Misses E. P.
Donnelly, B. Snowsell, E. I. Chivers, M. M.
Cartwright, E. M. Carter, M. J. Webb,
G. D. Sibley, L. M. Mclntyre (E. F. Cole-
man and D. I. Campbell — equal), C. Harvey,
F. S. McLaren, Sister Mary Albert, V. I.
Fletcher, E. Jarvie, O. V. Tanner, E. R.
Holland (Sister M. Justinian, V. Worsley
and B. McKay — equal), G. E. Gray, J. A.
Jamieson, D. R. Gray (H. G. Campbell and
M. M. Lacev — equal), (M. O. McLean and
M. E. Chaplin — equal), (G. A. Macdonald
and D. R. McGillivray — equal), A. E.
Parker. F. Collins, M. L. McKenna, I. I.
Kennedy, J. F. Gillis. E. M. Brown, F. J.
Scott, E. C. Hollis, L P. Pollock, A. K.
Wilson, A. L. Foster, E. E. Steeves, A. J.
Richards, N. B. Rvan, H. G. Treloar,
(M. M. Miggins. E. Smith— equal), (F. M.
James, R. A. Millar— equal), C. M. Phipps,
(M. MacPherson and H. H. Hadden — equal),
(M. H. Turnbull and E. M. Carr— equal),
C. D. McPhee. N. E. Schreiber.

Passed— 50% to 65%: Misses (D. E. A.
Hicks and M. A. Wilson — equal), C. A.
O'Brien, F. C. Cooper, A. I. Frost, A. A.
Cameron (E. M. Sheppard and M. Main^
equal), B. A. S. Siddall, J. M. Johnston,
A. M. Dyke, D. E. Pendry, D. Ross (D. F.
Kitchener and M. E. Richards — equal),
J. M. Peele (E. F. Fontana and M. M.
Thomson — equal), A. I. Rae, E. L Buhver,
M. B. Sweeten, Mrs. B. Ferguson, Mrs. W.
Scrivener, V. E. Lidberg, W. M. Cameron,
Y. R. Kelway, N. H. Robinson, I. A. Cousin.

Passed Supplemental: Miss M. S. Wank-
ling.

Vancouver: The regular monthly meeting
of the Vancouver Graduate Nurses Associa-
tion was held on June 1st at the Vancouver
General Hospital. Routine business occu-
pied the first part of the meeting, and it was
decided to set aside the sum of $300 from the
general funds, to give employment to gradu-
ate nurses needing work, at the regular rates.
The speaker of the evening was Dr. Haywood,
General Superintendent of the Vancouver
General Hospital. His address proved to be
most interesting and instructive, and gave
a very definite and detailed account of
hospital problems, refuting many erroneous
ideas held by the public. A hearty vote of
thanks was tendered Dr. Haywood at the
conclusion of his address. The annual
picnic was held in June at Caulfields. This
reunion is always greatly enjoyed by the
members.

MANITOBA

Gener.\l HospiT.\L, WixxiPEn: Miss Ethel
Grey, 1916, for the past five years Super-
intendent of Nurses, Colonial Ho.spital,
Rochester, Minnesota, has been appointed
Superintendent of the Kootenay Lake Hos-
pital, Nelson, B.C.

NEW BRUNSWICK
General Pu^-lic Hospital, St. John: The
graduating exercises of the General Public

Hospital were held in the Vocational School,
May 27th, 1931. There was a class of twenty-
four graduating. Miss Ruth Manning won
the Crowe Memorial Scholarship of six
hundred dollars, which entitles her to a
Public Health course at a Canadian Uni-
versity. Miss Manning also led in the
Registration examinations for the Province
and received the prize for highest standing
given by Miss Ella McGaffigan. Dr. Addy's
jirize, given for highest marks in surgery, was
won by Miss Edith Deacon. On account of the
illness of Dr. Addy, this was presented by Dr.
S. H. McDonald. The Womans' Hospital Aid
prize, given for the highest standard in
Obstetrics, was won by Miss Isobel Kinsman,
and was presented by the President of the
Hospital Aid, Mrs. Ralph Robertson. Miss
Julia Bishop won the prize given by the
Alumnae, which is awarded to the nurse who
has had the best influence on her fellow-
students both spiritually and morally during
her three years training, and is decided by
vote of her class-mates. This prize was
presented by Mrs. J. H. Vaughan, President
of the Alumnae.

Friends of Miss Christine Shand of the
Victorian Order of Nurses Staff, Halifax, are
plea.sed to hear that she is convalescing at
her home in Saint John after a severe illness;
and that Mi.ss Lyla Belding, Anaesthetist,
G.P.H., is recovering from an emergency
operation.

The sympathy of the Alumnae is extended
to Mrs.F. W. Munro (Maude Gaskin) in the
loss of her mother, and to Miss Ella Cam-
bridge in the loss of her father.

Chipman Memorial Hospit.\l, St. Ste-
phen: The graduation exercises of the class
of 1931 were held in the Assembly Hall of
Ganong Memorial School on May 18th.
Mr. J. L. Haley, P*resident of Board of
Directors presided. Dr. C. W. McMillan
addressed the graduates. The diplomas
were presented by Mr. James Vroom to the
following graduates: Misses. Esther Morey,
Elizabeth Justason, Ada Knowlton, Natalie
Harvey and Geraldine Bridges. Mr. Vroom
expressed regret that Miss Justason, owing
to illness, was unable to attend the exercises,
but stated that he had presented her with
her diploma in the afternoon. Miss Brown-
rigg and Miss Kain received the Richardson
prize of fifty dollars, awarded to the two
nurses making the highest average in the
Intermediate Class. Miss Knowlton won
the prize for the highest average in the
graduation cla.ss. The prize for the highest
average in the Junior Class was a tie between
three nurses, Misses Green, Bertha Gale and
Doris Gale. Miss Brownrigg won the prize
for the highest average in the school. Each
of the graduates and Miss Moffatt, Super-
intendent, was presented with a gift from Dr.
H. I. Taylor. After the reciting of the
Florence Nightingale Pledge, and the singing
of the National Anthem, the graduates and
their friends were guests of the Board of
Directors at a reception and dance. On
May 21st, the Alumnae of the Chipman

374

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Memorial Hospital, tendered a banquet to
the graduating class. Dinner was served to
thirty-six guests in the McColl vestry.
Dainty hand-made programmes in yellow and
blue formed the place cards. Miss Myrtle
Dunbar, President, acted as toastmistress.
The following toasts were proposed and
responded to. "Our Absent Ones," proposed
by Miss Boyd, and responded to by singing
"A Long Long Trail" — followed by a silent
minute. "The Nursing Staff," proposed by
Miss Harvey, responded to by singing an
original song, "Pack Vp Your Aprons in Your
New Kit-Bag." "Our Doctors," proposed
by Miss Knowlton, responded to by singing
"For They are Jolly Good Fellows." "Ad-
visory Board and Directors" by Miss Grace
Mowatt, responded to by singing "It's a
Long Way to Graduation." The class
prophesy was read by Miss Morey. During
the evening Miss Lucretia Estabrooks, who
is home from California on a vacation, came
in and renewed old acquaintances. Sincerest
sympathy is extended to Mrs. Harold Beek
in the deaths of Mr. and Mrs. Frank Beek,
within five weeks of each other.

ONTARIO

Paid-up subscriptions to "The Canadian
Nurse" for Ontario in June, 1931, were 1,021.
The same as in May, 1931.

Appointments

Hospital for Sici<' Children, Toronto:
Miss Marjorie Lyons, Assistant at the
Children's Hospital, Ottawa. Miss Marjorie
Francis (September, 1930), has returned from
a Post Graduate Course at the Boston
Children's Hospital. She is now acting as
Instructor on the Infant Ward. Miss Vera
Watson, 1926, on the staff, Vancouver
General Hospital. Miss Averj^ Gelling, As-
sistant Operating Room Supervisor, following
a Post-Graduate Course in surgery at the
Montreal General Hospital.

General Hospital, Hamilton: Miss
Florence McCallum. 1930, charge of Isolation
Department.

General Hospital, Brantford: Misd
Sarah Livett, as Supervisor of the private
wing, and Miss Levina Gillespie, Supervisor
of first floor, Main Building, B.G.H.

General Hospital, Galt: Miss B. Baker,
1929, Operating Room Supervisor, G.G.H.
District 2

General Hospital, Brantford: Miss
Jessie Arnold (1927), has resigned from the
staff of the Norfolk General Gospital.
Previous to leaving. Miss Arnold was tendered
a dinner by the nursing staff of the Hospital,
and presented with a tea wagon and roses.
The graduating class, 1931, includes: Misses
E. Marshall, V. Buckwell, O. Perry, H. Hast-
ings, R. Ferguson, L. Patterson, V. Keffer,
H. Pierce, M. Reid, M. Burtch, E. Ford,
G. Buzza, O. Duncan, A. Lambert, M.
Roberts, B. Stock, O. Pickell, R. MacBride,
B. Lowes, and Mrs. B. Claridge. The
intermediate cla.ss of the school entertained
the graduating cla&s at a dinner and theatre
party on Wednesday, May 13th.

National Hospital Day was celebrated at
the Brantford General Hospital. One thous-
and two hundred and fifty visitors registered.
The programme included a tour through the
hospital, demonstrations of new oxygen tent,
the testing of anaesthetics and basal meta-
bolism reading. Exhibits included Mother-
craft, Pre-natal, Baby Welfare, Canadian
Red Cross, including Junior Red Cross,
Department of Agriculture, Pure Food
Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Department of
Health, Division of Health Education,
Toronto, Ontario. Educational moving pic-
tures were shown throughout the afternoon.
Health talks were given by members of the
medical profession, and talks on hospital
management by members of the Board of
Governors. Many prominent citizens spoke
in high regard of the place of the hospital
in the community. The Honourable W. G.
Martin, Minister of Public Welfare, ad-
dressed the guests. Members of the Alumnae
of the School of Nursing acted as guides in
conducting visitors through the Hospital.

The Florence Nightingale Club held their
regular monthly meeting at the home of
Mrs. M. M. MacBride, and were delightfully
entertained. Plans were made for a picnic,
which was held on June 8th.

The Alumnae of the Brantford General
Hospital School of Nursing held their regular
monthly meeting on Tuesday, May 5th, at
the Nurses Residence. Plans were made
for the entertainment of the graduating
class to a dinner-dance at the Brantford
Golf and Country Club, on Monday, June 8th.

General Hospital, Galt: The sympathy
of the Alumnae is extended to Miss Irene
Mason, 1931, on the death of her mother.

Miss Ruth Teeter, Wellesley Hospital,
has resigned as Operating Room Supervisor
in the Galt General Hospital. Miss Margaret
Irvine, 1929, is visiting relatives in Scotland.
Miss J. Lush, 1930, is convalescing from a
recent operation at her home in Milton.
Extensive renovations are being made to
the Night Nurses Residence.

Guelph: Members of the 1931 graduating
class of the Guelph General Hospital were
entertained at a banquet given by the
Alumnae on April 23rd, in Wyndham, Ont.
The guests were received by Miss BlLss,
Superintendent of the Hospital, and Miss
Ferguson and Miss Kenney, representing
the Alumnae. The long tables were very
attractively decorated in red and white,
the school colours. At the conclusion of the
banquet the toastj to the King, the Gradua-
ing Class, the Training School and to
Absent Members were proposed and suitable
response given. A roll-call beginning with
the first classes to graduate was an interest-
ing feature of the evening. The names of the
nurses receiving the prizes were announced
and a book "Operating Room Technique"
was presented to each member of the class.
Dancing and a social time brought the very
pleasant evening to a close.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

375

Graduation exercises of the Guelph General
Hospital were held April 30th in the Collegiate
Auditorium. Dr. W. J. R. Fowler, re-
presenting the Board of Commis.sioners of
the hospital, Dr. W. A. Proud of the hospital
staflf, and Mayor B. Robson, spoke briefly.
Archdeacon G. F. Scovil gave the address
to the class, following which the Florence
Nightingale pledge was taken, led by Dr.
H. O. Howitt. The pins, diplomas and prizes
were presented. Miss Ethel Andrews won
the prize for general proficiency; Miss
Catherine Cleghom, the prize for theory,
and Miss Clara Hardy, the prize given by
Dr. T. M. Savage for surgical technique.
The graduating nurses were: Misses Olive
Wood, Helen Pass, Alice Stephenson, Cather-
ine Cleghorn, Margaret McNabb, Lila
Chapman, Ethel Andrews, Ena Bentley,
Clara Hardy, Olga Moffatt, Marguerite
Thomas and Minnie Hall.

A reception followed for the members of
the class and their friends in the Y.W.C.A.,
where they were received by Miss Bliss
and Miss B. Macdonald. The graduating
class was entertained at a dance given by the
undergraduate student body on May 1st
in the Y.W.C.A. gymnasium, and on Saturday
afternoon at a tea given by Mrs. Angus
MacKinnon.

Miss E. M. Eby, Guelph General Hospital,
1919, who this year is graduating in Public
Health at London University, has been
appointed Public Health Nurse in the City
of Guelph.

Inpersoll, Ont.: Plans for a modemly
equipped nurses home for the Ingersoll
Memorial Hospital are being prepared. The
building will cost about $12,000, and will
include living-room, lecture and amusement
rooms, superintendent's office, kitchen and
accommodation for about ten nurses.
DistrIct 4

Gener.\l Hospital, Hamilton: The
second reunion and annual Alumnae dinner
in honour of the 1931 graduation class was
held on May 29th, 1931, at the Royal Con-
naught Hotel. Members were present from
many points in Canada and the United
States. Miss K. Madden, a former super-
intendent of nurses was the guest of honour.
Dr. J. K. McGregor, chief of staff of the
Ho.spital gave a brief address. The fine
spirit which permeated the hospital, and
which has been carried on as a tradition from
year to year by the members of the Alumnae
was mentioued by him. Professor Norman
McLeod, of McMaster University was the
speaker of the evening. "Nursing as an Art
of Healing" was the subject of his inspiring
address. The latter part of the evening was
spent in renewing acquaintances and dancing.
District 5

Western Hospital, Toronto: At the
regular meeting of the Alumnae held May
12th, 1931, an instructive lecture on "Peptic
Ulcer" was given by Dr. T. A. J. DufT,
using X-ray plates and black board illus-
trations. A large number of members were
present.

Miss Evelyn Smith (1927), and Miss
Edith Bolton (1928), have completed their
scholarship courses at McGill University,
Montreal. Miss Smith was awarded a
Helen R. Y. Reid prize. Two other students
tied with Miss Smith in this prize. Dr.
Reid honoured all three students by awarding
equally. Miss Smith's scholarship was the
Alumnae 1930 award.

On June 2nd, 1931, the joint exercises of
the graduating classes of the Toronto Western
Hospital and Grace Hospital took place in
Convocation Hall, when fifty nurses grad-
uated. Miss Ellis, Superintendent of Toronto
Western Hospital, and Miss Rowan, Super-
intendent of Grace hospital, presented each
member of the class, while Mrs. Henry,
wife of the Honourable George S. He^nry,
Premier of Ontario, made the presentation
of diplomas and pins. A most inspiring
address was given by Rev. Honourable
W. G. Martin, Minister of Public Welfare.
The Toronto Western Division comprised
thirty members. A reception was held in
Hart House of tlie University of Toronto,
following the exercises.

Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto:
MLss Austin and the members of the Training
School Office StafT entertained at a tea, in
the Nurses Residence, in honour of this
year's graduating class.

Miss Olga Jean Johnson has recently re-
turned from England.

Grant Macdonald Traininc: School,
Toronto: The graduation exercises for the
1931 class of the Grant MacDonald Training
School were held May 20th in the Parkdale
United Church. The Rev. Mr. Soames gave
the address to the class. Alderman Baker
represented the city. Mr. J. Firstbrook acted
as chairman. Following the service a re-
ception and dance was held in the nurses
residence which was beautifully decorated
the many floral tributes.

St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto: The
Graduation Exercises of St. Michael's Hos-
pital Training School for Nurses, Toronto,
were held June 4th, 1931, at Columbus Hall.
Mr. James Day acted as chairman. Scholar-
ships and prizes were awarded to: Rose
McQuaid, Marjorie Foreman, Margaret Rob-
ertson, Jean Fitchett, Mary Corkery, Mary
Scott, Marjorie Houde, Aline Le Blanc, Amy
Moore, Elsie Basnett, Madeline Moore and
Helen Watman. A reception and tea followed
the Exercises, which were concluded by a
dance given by the members of the Hospital
Auxiliary. The Alumnae entertained at
dinner on June 8th in the Nurses' Residence,
Shuter Street, in honour of the Graduating
Class. The guests of honour included Dr.
Esther L. Loudon, Mrs. George Wilson, Mrs.
D'Arcy Trawley, Mrs. J. X. Robert, Mrs.
George Glioima, and the past presidents of
the Alumnae. Miss Julia O'Connor presided.

District 8
Ottawa: The Public Health Section of
District 8, R.N.A.O., held a meeting and
dinner at the Chelsea Club, Ottawa, on April

376

THE CANADIAN NURSE

24th. Forty public health nurses from
Ottawa and surrounding district attended
the meeting. Miss E. Kathleen Russell,
Director of I*ublic Health Nursing, Uni-
versity of Toronto, was the guest speaker.
Miss Russell's subject was "Nurse Educa-
tion," with special reference to the training of
nurses for public health work. With the
speaker at the head table were Miss Marjorie
Robertson, Chairman of the Public Health
Section, Miss Elizabeth Smellie, Miss Ben-
nett, Miss Garvin, Miss Clarke and Miss
Anderson. After dinner and before Miss
Russell's address members of the graduating
classes of the Ottawa General Hospital and
Ottawa Civic Hospital were invited to share
the balance of the programme.

A tribute to the memory of Florence
Nightingale was paid on May 12th by mem-
bers of the ex-service Nurses section of the
Ottawa branch of the Canadian Legion. At
one o'clock Miss Bertha V. Hughes on behalf
of the members placed a wreath before the
nurses' memorial. Hall of Fame, Parliament
Buildings, in commemoration of the birth of
Florence Nightingale. On the same day, the
Ottawa and Ottawa Valley Branch of the
Canadian Red Cross Society placed a wreath
on the nurses' memorial as a tribute to the
leading figure of the nursing profession.

Through the kindness of Miss Elizabeth
Smellie, many of the members of District 8
had the privilege of listening to an addre.ss by
Miss Mary Beard, Associate Director of the
Rockefeller Foundation, on "Public Respons-
ibility for Public Health Nursing," at the
afternoon session. May 20th, of the annual
meeting of the Victorian Order of Nurses for
Canada.

Lady Stanley Alumnae, Ottawa: The
annual meeting of the Lady Stanley Nurses
Alumnae was held on April 20ih at the Royal
Ottawa Sanatorium. After the business
session and the reports of the various com-
mittees. Miss Evelyn Allen gave a very
interesting report of the Convention, R.N.
A.O., held in Kitchener. Officers elected for
the ensuing year are as follows: President,
Mrs. W. C. Elmitt; Vice-President, Miss M.
McNeice; Secretary, Mrs. L. Morton; Treas-
urer, Miss Mary Slinn.

General Hospital, Ottawa: On May
12th (Hospital Day) a most delightful event
was held at the Nurses Residence, when the
Alumnae and the pupils of the D'Youville
Training School entertained a large gathering
at a reception and the unveiling of portraits
of the first two superintendents. Sister Mary
Alice of Plattsburg, N.Y., and Sister Josephat,
the present Sister Superior. Miss Juhette
Robert, President of the Alumnae, presided,
and introduced the speakers, Dr. R. Chevrier
and the Hon. Dr. J. L. Chabot, who spoke of
the great work done bythe Hospital and of the
splendid training the pupil nurses were
receiving. Rev. Father Glaude, chaplain of
the Hospital, moved a vote of thanks to the
speakers. The portrait of Sister Mary Alice
was unveiled by Miss S. McMillan and Miss

M. Rowan, and the portrait of Sister Josephat
by Miss B. M alette and Miss Latulippe.

On June 3rd a very interesting ceremony
took place at the Monument National, when
thirty-nine nurses of the Ottawa General
Hospital were graduated. The otage where
the nurses stood was banked with ferns,
lovely baskets of roses, summer flowers, and
was decorated with the school colours. Dr. J.
H. Lapointe, vice-president of the hospital
medical staff, presided. Among those on the
platform who paid tribute to the splendid
work performed by the Sisters of the Hospital
and the nurses, were Dr. M. J. Moloney,
M.P., Rev. Father Marchand and Arch-
bishop J. G. Forbes. Mrs. Emile Laverdure,
Chairman of the Ladies' Auxiliary, presented
the diplomas to the nurses, and Miss Juliette
Robert, president of the Alumnae, decorated
the nurses with their class pins. Special
prizes were awarded to the following members
of the graduating class: Misses Alice Besner,
E. Bubois," S. Robillard. L. Latulippe, S.
McMillan, E. Poitras, H. Bechard.

Renfrew: A meeting of District 8, R.N.
A.O., was held in Renfrew Hospital on May
16th. One hundred and two nurses from
Ottawa and surrounding district were in
attendance. After the nurses were welcomed
by Miss K. Forbes, Superintendent of Ren-
frew Hospital, a busine&s session was held
and reports were received from the various
committees. At luncheon greetings were
extended by Mr. C. O. Thacker, Chairman of
the Hospital Board and Miss W. Vale, on
behalf of the Florence Nightingale Nurses
Club. Short addresses were given by Dr. W.
McCormack, Dr. J. J. McCann, Dr. S. H.
Murphy and Dr. A. S. Wade. In the afternoon
the meeting was addressed by Dr. Geo.
Fenton, Ottawa, and Miss Esther Beith.
Child Welfare, Montreal, after which in-
spection of the Hospital took place. At 4 p.m.
the visiting nurses were taken on a sightseeing
tour by members of the local Rotary Club,
At the close of the meeting refreshments
were served at the hospital by the members of
the Florence Nightingale Club.

QUEBEC

Children's Memorial Hospital, Mont-
real: Miss Dora Parry, who has completed
a year in Administration at the School for
Graduate Nurses, McGill University, has been
appointed Assistant to the Superintendent of
Nurses. Miss Parry is congratulated upon the
high standing she maintained during the
Course, and the honours she obtained at the
final examinations. The sympathy of the
Alumnae is extended to Miss F. Black in her
recent bereavement.

Mrs. C. M. Kirk of Baltimore visited the
Hospital while in town, recently. Members
of the Aliunnae held a Bridge at the Hospital
on May 20th. The proceeds were in aid of the
Sick Benefit Fund. Miss V. Schneider, 1929,
has resigned her position as Operating Room
Supervisor, and is taking a course in Anaes-
thesia at the Royal Victoria Hospital. Miss

THE CANADIAN NURSE

377

Cochrane, 1931, has joined the Operating
Room staff. Children's Memorial Hospital.

General Hospital, Montreal: The
annual dinner given to the Graduating Class
by the Alumnae Association was held in the
Ritz Carlton Hotel on June 3rd. The toast to
"The King" was proposed by Miss Jamieson,
Acting President; "The Graduating Class,"
by Miss Watling, responded to by Miss F.
Steele; "Our Doctors," by Miss Webster,
Night Superintendent. A very pleasing
address to the Class was given by Miss
Catherine I. MacKenzie, B.A., Principal of
the Girls' High School, Montreal.

The Graduation Exercises for the 1931
Class were held at The Montreal General
Hospital on June 2nd, when seventy-one
nurses were given diplomas. The Mildred
Hope Forbes Scholarships were won by Miss
Candlish and Miss McMurchy. Prizes for
general proficiency were won by Miss E.
McLellan and Miss C. M. McDonald. A
special prize, given by the instructors for
Case Study and application to studies was
won by Miss C. R. Aitkenhead. Misses
Evelyn Wales, Clara Jackson, Abigail Baker
and Beatrice Hadrill were among those
graduating recently from the School for
Graduate Nurses, McGill University. Miss
Hadrill, Administration Course, was awarded
the Helen R. Y. Reid prize for that division.

Miss B. Noble, 1929, has resigned from the
staflf of the Hospital, and with Miss Frances
Coleman, 1929, is in charge of the Murray
Bay Convalescent Home for the summer
months. Miss A. M. Smith, 1929, succeeds
Miss Noble as charge nurse of Ward L. Miss
M. E. Hunter, 1930, is in charge of Ward R.
Miss Lyle Willis, 1930, is relieving on night
duty (Montreal General Hospital), succeeding
Miss Marjory Taylor, 1929, who has resigned.
Misses Bartsch, Webber and Currie (1931)
are on the staff of the Woman's General
Hospital, Montreal. Misses M. R. Yelland
and M. L. Woolner, 1931, are relieving on the
staff of the Montreal General Hospital, West-
em Division.

The sympathy of the Association is extend-
ed to Mrs. J. Jack (Winnifred Scott, 191.5) in
the loss of her husband, and to Miss Helen
Tracey (1917) in the loss of her sister.

The following engagements have been
announced: Miss Gladys Mitchell (1925) to
Mr. Randolph Hinch, of Montreal; and Miss
Edna L. Shaver (1928) to Dr. Rafael de
Boysie, of Santiago, Cuba.

Western Hospital, Montreal: The
sympathy of the members of the Alumnae is
extended to Miss Cuthbertson on the death
of her father, recently, in Detroit. Miss
Marjorie Smith is doing Child Welfare Work
in Port of Spain, Trinidad, B.W.I. Miss
E. Gunn is engaged in Social Service Work
in The Children's Hospital, Winnipeg, and
finds the work intensely interesting. Miss
Grace Hamilton is employed by the Pro-
vincial Department of Agriculture, Englehart,
Ontario, giving classes in Home Nursing and
First Aid. Miss Mabel Drake, 1910, has
been a patient in Nova Scotia Sanatorium,
Halifax.

SASKATCHEWAN

City Hospital, Saskatoon: Graduation
exercises of the School of Nursing were held
on May 12th in the City Park Collegiate,
when thirty nurses received their pins and
diplomas. Very fittingly, the graduation
address was given by His Honour Lieutenant-
Governor H. E. Munroe, M.D., who has
always been very closely connected with the
Hospital. On the evening of May 13th, the
Alumnae entertained at a banquet in honour
of the 1931 class. Miss Watson, Super-
intendent of Nurses, was also a guest of
honour. The toast to The King wa:s proposed
by Mrs. Elliott. The toast to the graduating
class, proposed by Miss Amas, was responded
to by Mrs. Findlay; that to the school was
proposed by Mrs. Hartney, and replied to by
Miss Ratcliffe. Among visitors to the city
during graduation week were Miss E. Mac-
Kay, 1928, the guest of Mrs. Pendleton,
1929, Miss Simms, Mrs. Somers, and Mrs.
R. Fingarson (June Nicholls, 1928), of
Lannigan, the guest of her parents.

Miss Greta Munroe, who has been ill for
a considerable time, was able to leave the
hospital recently.

UNIVERSITIES

McGiLL University, Montreal: The
annual meeting of the Alumnae Association
of the School for Graduate Nurses was held
on May 28th, at the Children's Memorial
Hospital. Miss Martha Batson, President,
reported that the past year had been a fairly
active one; although the membership in
Montreal is small, the average attendance
was good. The Association is greatly in-
debted to Miss Hersey, Miss Holt, Miss
George and Miss Upton for their kindness in
permitting meetings to be held in their rooms;
and to Miss Kinder for the privilege of holding
the annual meeting at the Children's Mem-
orial Hospital.

The loss by death of two of the members
during the past year. Miss Louise Dickson and
Miss Mabel Cunningham, was noted with
deep regret. Both were outstanding members
of the nursing profession. Miss Dickson was
a very active alumnus, having held the office
of President for two years. Her death came
as a great shock to all who knew her. Miss
Batson remarked on the loyal support and
co-operation of the members of the Executive
Committee and the members who formed
special committees during the year,^ expressing
to them her appreciation and thanks. The
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss E. Flannigan,
reported that the response to the letters sent
to graduates of the school inviting them to
join the Alumnae had met with good response;
some graduates also sending subscriptions to
the Bridge in aid of the Flora Madeline Shaw
Memorial Fund. The convener of the Bridge
reported after all expenses were paid that the
sum of $365.00 was realized for the Fund. All
officers were re-elected for 1931-32.

378

THE CANADIAN NURSE

VICTORIAN ORDER OF NURSES

The thirty-third annual meeting of the
Board of Governors of the Victorian Order
of Nurses for Canada, held in Ottawa on
May 20th and 21st, was one of the most
interesting ever held by that organisation.
Forty-six of the Order's eighty-two districts
were represented, and there was a large
attendance at all sessions.

The morning of the first day, May 20th
was occupied by a joint session of the Ad-
visory Nursing and Education Committees
with the Nurses Conference (which had met
for two days previous to the annual meeting) ,
Mrs. R. W. Reford, of Montreal, presiding.

At a luncheon for the delegates given by
the President, the Right Honourable George
P. Graham and Mrs. Graham, the speaker
was the Honourable Murray MacLaren,
Minister of Pensions and National Health.

At the afternoon session, following the
President's welcome to the delegates, reports
and election of officers, an excellent address
was delivered by Miss Mary Beard, Associate
Director, International Health Disivion,
Rockefeller Foundation, on the subject,
"Public Responsibility for Public Health
Nursing."

A unique feature of this year's meeting
was the collection of exhibits assembled in
response to a competition sponsored by the
Education Committee of the Order. Twenty-
six districts sent in exhibits, and on behalf
of Her Excellency, the Countess of Bess-
borough, Honorary President of the Order,
the awards were presented to the winning
districts by Lady Clark at the afternoon
session on May 20th. In the 1-2 Nurse
District group, first prize was won by Sarnia;
Brockville came second; Truro and Kingston
received honourable mention. In the 3-10
Nurse District group, first prize was won by
Hamilton; Bumaby came second, with
Victoria, Edmonton and Glace Bay having
honourable mention. Honourable mention
with distinction was awarded Sherbrooke.
In the 11-25 Nurse District group, the one

and only prize was awarded to Halifax.
In this group Winnipeg was recommended
for a special award. In the over 25 Nurse
District group, Toronto received the prize.

The report of the Chief Superintendent,
Miss Elizabeth Smellie, was replete with
interest, and pictured graphically the growth
of the work throughout the year. Eight
new centres were opened in 1930. Eight
scholarships were awarded by the National
Board. The Order's maternal mortality
rate shows progressive decline:

1927 2.5

1928 1.6

1929 1.7

1930 1.2

On the evening of the first day. Dr. A.
Grant Fleming delivered a thoughtful and
inspiring address on the subject of "Relation-
ships." ,

Thursday morning was taken up with a
round table conference for Board Members.
At luncheon the speaker was Dr. A. Grant
Fleming who addressed the gathering on
"Sidelights on the Survey," being a resume
of his recent survey of the activities of the
Order.

Thursday afternoon was occupied by a
round-table discussion for the benefit of one
and two nurse districts. At the close of
the afternoon, tea was served at the National
Office.

At the National Victorian Order Nurses'
Conference, held the two days previous to
the annual meeting (the first National V.O.
Nurses' Conference to be held since 1924),
problems incidental to the conduct of Victor-
ian Order work throughout Canada were
discussed. Fifty nurses were registered,
the official delegates being: Miss M. Duffield,
British Columbia; Miss H. Ash, Alberta;
Miss I. Craig, Saskatchewan; Miss Lilly
Gray, Manitoba; Miss Edith Campbell,
Ontario; Miss M. Moag, Quebec; Miss Ada
Burns, New Brunswick; and Miss Mary
Campbell, Nova Scotia.

BIRTHS, MARRIAGES AND DEATHS

BIRTHS

BJORGF.— On May 15th, 1931, at Edmon-
ton, to Mr. and Mrs. Ingvald Bjorge
(Gertrude Alice Pazant, Royal Alexandra
Hospital, 1925), a daughter.

FREEMAN— In May, 1931, to Mr. and Mrs.
Russell Freeman (Kathleen Cantelon,
Toronto General Hospital, 1928), a daugh-
ter.

GILLESPIE— On March 10th, 1931, at
Montreal, to Mr. and Mrs. D. B. Gillespie
(Marion Beckstead, Western Hospital,
Montreal), a son.

MORTON— Recently, to Mr. and Mrs.
Robert Morton (Ruth Cameron, Hospital
for Sick Children, Toronto, 1924), a son.

MURPHY— On April 4th, 1931, to Dr. and
Mrs. Frank Murphy (Ann Scullin, Western
Hospital, Montreal, 1922), a daughter.

McCORMACK— Recently, at Toronto, to
Dr. and Mrs. James McCormack (Marion
Harrison, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto,
1923), a daughter.

McDERMOTT— On March 5th, 1931, at
McAdam, N.B., to Mr. and Mrs. Thomas
McDermott (Marie Allan, Chipman Mem-
orial Hospital, St. Stephen, 1926), a
daughter.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

379

O'DELI^— In May, 1931, to Mr. and Mrs.
O'Dell (Dorothy Snowden, Toronto Gen-
eral Hospital, 1927), a son (stillborn).

OSBORNE— Recently, at Montreal, to Mr.
and Mrs. C. Osborne (Fidelia Huinmel,
Children's Memorial Hospital, Montreal,
1927), a son.

PEACOCK— Recently, at Kingston, Ont.,
to Mr. and Mrs. H. Charles Peacock
(Daisy Irwin, Oshawa General Hospital,
1925), a daughter.

PITT— On May 6th, 1931, at Dryden, Ont.,
to Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Pitt (Florence M,
Thorpe, Grace Hospital, Toronto, 1926).
a son (stillborn).

SCHRAIN— On May 22nd, 1931, at Mont-
real, to Mr. and Mrs. T. Schrain (L.
Stinson, Montreal General Hospital, 1924),
a daughter.

SELDON— On May 6th, 1931, at East
Toronto, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. Harold
Seldon (Gladys Eaton, Oshawa General
Hospital, 1929), a daughter.

MARRIAGES

ALBON — SIMMERLING — Recently,
Martha Simmerling (The Grant Mac-
Donald School of Nursing, Toronto, 1930)
to John Albon, of St. Catharines, Ont.

CARTER— RORKE— On May 30th, 1931,
at Madoc, Ont., Doris Aileen Rorke
(Toronto General Hospital, 1930) to
Frederick John Carter, of Toronto.

CRAWFORD— BROWN— On May 30th,
1931, at Brantford, Ont., Mary Bernice
Brown (Toronto General Hospital, 1930)
to John Harley Crawford, of Wingham,
Ont.

DALEY— CROWLEY— On August 28th,

1930, at Toronto, Audre Crowley (St.
Michael's Hospital, Toronto, 1931) to
Herbert Daley.

KNOWLTON— TEAFFE— On May 22nd,

1931, at Ottawa, Mary Teaflfe (St. Michael's
Hospital, Toronto, 1928) to Leo Knowlton,
of Toronto.

MORRIS— MALYEA— On May 13th, 1931,
at Toronto, Margaret Malyea (St. Michael's
Hospital, Toronto, 1930) to Herbert
Morris.

McCULLEY— BURRELI^— In May, 1931,
at Toronto, Marjorie Eleanor Burrell
(Toronto General Hospital, 1929) to
Thomas McCulley, of Toronto.

PAISLEY— LA MOTHE— On April 22nd,
1931, at Toronto, Elizabeth La Mothe (St.
Michael's Hospital, Toronto, 1930) to
Clifford Paisley.

PURCELI^-SHAW— On May 12th, 1931,
at Saint John, N.B., Winnifred Shaw, of
Hartland, N.B., to Mavnard Purcell, of
Milltown, N.B.

REID— RANDALL— On May 30th, 1931, at
Toronto, Suzanne Randall (Toronto Gen-
eral Hospital, 1928) to Dr. George Reid, of
Toronto.

SUTHERLAND— McCORMICK— On May
2nd, 1931, at Montreal, Jean McCormick
(Montreal General Hospital, Western Divi-
sion, 1926) to Donald Sutherland, of
Montreal.

WHITE— ALDONS— On June 5th, 1931, at
Toronto, Florence Hilda Aldons (Toronto
General Hospital, 1927) to William Arthur
White, of Toronto.

WILEY— GILCHRIST— On June 6th, 1931,
at Toronto, Edith Mary Gilchrist (Toronto
General Hospital, 1925) to Dr. William R.
D. Wiley, of Sault Ste. Marie.

DEATHS

BATTYE— Suddenly, at Malton, Ont., on
June 6th, 1931, Anne Searth (St. Michael's
Hospital, 1930), daughter of the late Mr.
and Mrs. Charles Battye, aged 23 years.

GREEN AW AY— Recently, at Edmonton,
Agnes Huston (Toronto Western Hospital,
1913), wife of Dr. Alex. Greenaway.

SIMPSON— On June 7th, 1931, at Montreal,
Mrs. C. P. B. Simpson (Margaret Smith,
Montreal General Hospital, 1905).

WANTED — Director of Nurse Education
for the Brantford General Hospital —
Apply to Miss E. M. McKee, Superin-
tendent, Brantford General Hospital,
Brentford, Ontario.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The offlcial organ of the Canadian Nurses Association, owners, editors and
managers. Published monthly at the National Office, Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion. 511 Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

Editor and Business Manager: JEAN S. WILSON, Reg.N.

380

THE CANADIAN NURSE

®fllrtal Sirprtnrg

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES
Secretary.. Miss Chriatiane Reimann, Headquarters: 14 Quai des Eaux-Vives, Geneva,

Switzerland.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

Officers

Honorary President Miss M A. Snively, General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.

President Miss F. H. M. Emorv, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

First Vice-President Miss K. \V. Ellis, Winnipeg General Hospital, Winnipeg.

Second Vice-President .Miss G. M. Bennett, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.

Honorary Secretary... ..Miss Nora Moore, City Hall, Room 309, Toronto, Ont

Honorary Treasurer Miss R. M. Simpson, Parliament Bldgs., Regina, Sask.

COT7NCILLOBS

Alberta: 1 Miss Eleanor MoPhedran, Central Alberta Ontario: 1 Miss Mary Millman, 126 Pape Ave.,
Sanatorium. Caleary; 2 Mi.xs Edna Anger, General Toronto; 2 Miss Constance Brewster, General

HMpital, Medicine Hat; 3 Miss B. A. Emerson, C04 Hospital, Hamilton; 3 Miss Clara Vale, 75 Huntley

Civic Block, Edmonton; 4 Miss Mildred Harvey, St., Toronto; 4 Miss Clara Brown, 23 Kendal Ave ,

319 7th Ave. A. So.. Lethbridge. Toronto.

British Columbia: 1 Miss M. P. Campbell, 118 Prince Edward Island : 1 Mrs. Arthur Allen, Summer-
Vancouver Block, Vancouver; 2 Miss M. F. Gray, "'de; 2 Sister Ste. Faustina, Charlottetown Hospital,
Dept. of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Charlottetown; 3 Miss Mona Wilson, Red Croai
Vancouver; 3 Miss M. Kerr, 3435 Victory Ave., New Headquarters, 59 Grafton Street, Charlottetown;
Westminster; 4 Miss I. McVicar, 2222 Stephens St., ^ ^^'^s Millie Gamble, 51 Ambrose Street, Charlotte-
Vancouver, town.

Quebec: 1 Miss M. K. Holt, Montreal General Hos-

Manltoba: 1 Mrs. J. F. Morrison, 184 Brock St., pital, Montreal; 2 Miss Flora A. George, The

Winnipeg; 2 Miss Mildred Reid, General Hospital, Woman's General Hospital, Westmount; 3 Miss

Winnipeg; 3 Miss Isabel! McDiarmid, 363 Langside Marion Nash, 1246 Bishop Street, Montreal; 4 Miss

St. Winnipeg; 4 Mrs. S. Doyle, 5 Vogel Apartments, Sara Matheson, Haddon Hall Apts., 2151 Comte

Winnipeg. Street, Montreal.

w.T^ ■aw-.-.-^ami^u. 1 ht:- k j \it nt ^ >» i Saskatchewan: 1 Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normal

^r^fr^^^ T^J^mL 9 <i^\^- ^^acMaster, Moncton School, Moose Jaw; 2 Miss G. M. Watson, City

n.^Hi^^^nT rTr^.lJl'fit.'^ ?°^"''^T?^?'i?*?*^' Hospital, Saskatoon; 3 Mrs. E. M. Feeny, Dept

S„n &1. r nt^ t •T=T^K^'*! ?T-^- S^u®; of P^b'ic Health, Parliament Buildings, Regina;

McMuUin St. Stephen. ' "' ^ ^ ^ Miss L. B. Wilson, 2012 Athol St., Retina.

ADDITIONAL MEMBERS TO EXECUTIVE

Nova Scotia: 1. Miss Margaret E. MacKemie, 315 (Chairmen National Sections)

Barrington St., Halifax; 2. Miss Ina May Jones, Nursing Education: Miss G. M. Fairley, Vancouver

Victoria General Hospital, Halifax; 3. Miss Anne General Hospital, Vancouver, B.C.; Public Health:

Slattery, Dalhousie Public Health Clinic, Morris St., Miss M. Moag, 1246 Bishop St., Montreal, P.Q.;

Halifax; 4 Miss Jean Trivett, 71 Coburg Road, Private Duty: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St.

Halifax. South, Hamilton. Ont.

Executive Secretary Miss Jean S. Wilaon

National Office, 511, Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

1 — Prewdent Provincial Aisoeiation of Nurt««. 3 — Chairman Public Health Seetion.

2 — Chairman Nursing Ekiueation S«etion. 4 — Chairman P>rivata Duty Section

NUESING EDUCATION SECTION
Chairman: Miss G. M. Fairley, Vancouver General
Hospital, Vancouver; Vice-Chairman: Miss M. F.
Gray, University of British Columbia, Vancouver;
Secretary: Miss E. F Upton, Suite 221, 1396 St.
Catherine St. West, Montreal; Treasurer: Miss M.
Murdoch, General Public Hospital, St. John, N.B.
Councillors. — Alberta: Miss Edna Auger, General
Hospital, Medicine Hat. British Columl3ia: Miss
M. F. Gray, University of British Columbia, Van-
couver. Manitoba: Miss Mildred Reid , Winnipeg
General Hospital, Winnipeg. New Brunswick:
Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Dieu. Campbellton.
Nova Scotia: Miss Ina May Jones, Victoria
General Hospital, Halifax. Ontario: Miss Con-
stance Brewster, General Hospital, Hamilton.
Prince Edward Island: Sister Ste. Faustina,
Charlottetown Hospital, Charlottetown. Quebec:
Miss Flora A. George, Woman's General Hospital,
Westmount, P.Q. Saskatchewan: Miss G. M.
Watson, City Hospital, Saskatoon.
Convener of Publications: Miss Annie Lawrie, Royal
Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.

New Brunswick: Miss Mabel McMullin, St.
Stephen. Nova Scotia: Miss Jean Trivett, 71
Coburg Road, Halifax. Ontario: Miss Clara
Brown, 23 Kendal Ave., Toronto. Prince Edward
Island: Miss Millie Gamble, 51 Ambrose St.,
Charlottetown. Quebec: Mi.ss Sara Matheson,
2151 Comte St., Montreal. Saskatchewan: Miss
L. B. Wilson, 2012 Athol St., Regina.

Convener of Publications: Miss Clara Brown, 23

Kendal Ave., Toronto, Ont.

PRIVATE DUTY SECTION
Chairman: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St. S.

Hamilton, Ont.; Vice-Chairman: Miss Moya

MacDonald, 111 South Park St., Halifax, N.S.;

Secretary-Treasurer: Miss Mabel St. John, 379

Huron Street, Toronto, Ont.
Councillors. — ^Alberta: Miss Mildred Harvey, 319

7th Ave. A. So., Lethbridge. British Columbia:

Miss I. McVicar, 2222 Stephens St., Vancouver.

Manitoba: Mrs. Doyle, 5 Vogel Apts., Winnipeg.

PUBLIC HEALTH SECTION

Councillors. — ^Alberta: Miss B. A. Emerson, 604
Civic Block, Edmonton. British Columbia: Miss
M. Ken, 3435 Victory Ave., New Westminster.
Manitoba: Miss Isabell McDiarmid, 363 Lang.side
St., Winnipeg. New Brunswick: Miss H. S.
Dykeman, Health Centre, Saint John. Nova
Scotia: Miss Anne Slattery, Dalhousie Public
Health Clinic, Morris St., Halifax. Ontario: Miss
Clara Vale, 75 Huntley St., Toronto. Prince
Edward Island: Mi.ss .Mona Wilson, Red Cross
Headquarters, 59 Grafton St., Charlottetown,
Quebec: Miss Marion Nash, 1246 Bishop St..
Montreal. Saskatchewan: Mrs. E. M. Feeny,
Dept. of Public Health, Parliament Buildings,
Regina.

Convener of Publications: Miss Mary Campbell,
Victoria Order of Nurses, 344 GottingenSt., Halifax,

N.S.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

381

ALBERTA ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED

NURSES

GRADUATE NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
BRITISH COLUMBIA

President, Miss M. P. Campbell, R.N., 118 Van-
couver Block, Vancouver; First Vice-President, Miss
E. Breeze, R.M., 4662 Angus Ave., Vancouver; Second
Vice-President. Mi.ss G. Fairley, R.N., Vancouver
General Hospital, Vancouver; Registrar, Miss Helen
Randal, R.N., 118 Vancouver Block, Vancouver;
Secretary, Miss M. Button, R.N., 118 Vancouver
Block, Vancouver; Conveners of Committees: Nursing
Education, Miss M. F. Gray, R.N., University of
British Columbia, Vancouver; Public Health, Miss M.
Kerr, R.N., 343.5 Victory Ave., New Westminster;
Private Duty, Miss I. McVicar, R.N., 2222 Stephens
St., Vancouver; Councillors, Misses J. Archibald, R.N.,
L. Boggs, R.N., M. Duffield, R.N., L. McAllister, R.N.

REGISTERED NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
ONTARIO ( Incorporated 1926)

President, Miss Mary Millman, 126 Pape Ave.,
Toronto; First Vice-President. Miss Marjorie Buck,
Norfolk General Hospital, Simcoe; Second Vice-
President, Miss Piiscilla Campbell, Public General
Hospital, Chatham; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Matilda
Fitzgerald, Apt. 29, 917 St. Clair Ave. W., Toronto.

District No. 1: Chairman, Miss Nellie Gerard, 911
Victoria Ave., Windsor; Secretaiy-Treasurer, Mrs. I. J.
Walker, 169 Richard St., Sarnia. District No. 2:
Chairman, Miss Marjorie Buck, No. folk General
Hospital, Simcoe; Secretarj'-Treasurer, Miss Hilda
Booth, Norfolk General Hospital, Simcoe. District
No. 4: Chairman, Miss Anne Wright, General Hos-
pi*al, St. Catherines; Secretary-Treasurer, Mis.
Norman Barlow, 134 Catherines St. S., Hamilton.
District No. 5: Chairman, Miss Rahno M. Beamish,
Westein Hospital, Toronto; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss
Irene Weirs, 198 Manor Road E., Toion*o. District
No. 6: Chairman, Miss Rebecca Bell, General Hos-
pital, Port Hope; Secretary-Trea.surer, Miss Florence
Mclndoo. Geneial Hospital, Belleville. District No.
7: Chairman, Mias Louise D. Acton, General Hospital,
Kingston; Secretary-Trea.surer, Miss Evelyn Freeman,
General Hospital, Kingston. District No. 8: Chair-
man, Miss Alice Ahern, Metropolitan Life Insurance
Co., Ottawa; Secretary-Treasurer, Mi.-,s A. C. Tanner,
Civic Hospital, Ottawa. District No. 9: Chairman,
Miss Katherine MacKenzie, 235 First Ave. E., North
Bay; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss C. McLaren, Box 102,
North Bay. District No. 10: Chairman, Miss Anne
Boucher, 280 Park St., Port Arthur; Secretary-Treas-
urer, Miss Martha R. Racey, McKellar General
Hospital, Fort William.

MANITOBA ASS'N OF REGISTERED NURSES

President, Mrs. J. F. Morrison, 1S4 Brock Street;
First Vice-President, Miss J. Purvis, General Hospital,
Portage la Prairie; Second Vice-President, Miss C.
Kettles, General Hospital,. Dauphin, Man.; Third
Vice-President, Miss McNally, General Hospital,
Brandon, Man.; Conveners of Committees: Press and
Publication, Miss G. Hall, Miss M. Meehan; Social
and Programme, Miss Cory Taylor; Sick Visiting,
Misses W. Carruthers, A. Starr, G. Thompson and M.
Frost; Conveners of Sections: Private Duty, Mrs. S.
Doyle, .5 Vogel Apts., Winnipeg; Nursing Education,
Miss Mildred Reia, Winnipeg General Hospital; Public
Health, Miss Isabel McDiarmid, 363 Langside St.,
Winnipeg; Executive Secretary and Treasurer and
Registrar, Mrs. Stella Gordon Kerr, 753 Wolseley
Avenue, Winnipeg.

NEW BRUNSWICK ASSOCIATION OF
REGISTERED NURSES

President. Miss A. J. MacMaster, Moncton Hospital,
Moncton; First Vice-President, Miss Florence Coleman,
County Hospital, East Saint John; Second Vice-
President, Miss Margaret Murdoch, General Public
Hospital, Saint John; Hon. Secretary, Mrs. W. S.
Jones, Albert, N.B.; Councillors: Saint John, Misses
Sarah E. Brophy, H. S. Dykeman, E. J. Mitchell;
Saint Stephen, Misses Mabel McMullin, Myrtle
Dunbar; Moncton, Misses Marion MacLaren, Myrtle
Kay; Fredericton, Mrs. A. C. Fleming, Miss Kate
Johnson; Bathurst, Miss Edith Stewart; Chatham,
Sister Caroline Kenny; Campbellton, Sister Corinne
Kerr; Conveners of Sections: Nursing Education,
Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Dieu Hospital, Campbellton,
N.B.; Public Health, Miss H. S. Dykeman, Health
Centre, Saint John, N.B.; Private Duty, Miss Mabel
McMullin, St. Stephen, N.B.; By-Laws and Constitu-
tion, Miss Sarah Brophy, Fairville, N.B.; "The Can-
adian Nurse," Miss A. A. Burns, Health Centre, Saint
John, N.B.; Secretary-Treasurer, Registrar, Miss
Maude E. Retallick, 262 Charlotte St., West Saint
John.

REGISTERED NURSES ASSOCIATION OF
NOVA SCOTIA

President, Miss M. E. MacKenzie, 315 Barrington
St., Halifax; First Vice-President, Miss M. F. Camp-
bell, V.O.N. Home, Gottingen St., Halifax; Second
Vice-Pre-^ident, Miss I. B. Andrews, City of Sydney
Hospital. Sydney; Third Vice-President, Miss M. M,
Martin, Payzant Memorial Hospital, Windsor; Re-
cording Secretary, Mrs. D. J. Gillis, 23 Vernon St.,
Halifax; Treasurer and Asst. Secretary, Miss L. F.
Fraser, Eastern Trust Bldg., Halifax.

ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED NURSES OF
THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC (Incorporated 1920)

Advisory Board: Misses Mary Samuel, L. C. Phillips,
M. F. Hersey, Mere M. V. Allaire, Rev. Soeur Augus-
tine; President, Miss Mabel K. Holt, Montreal General
Hospital; Vice-President (English), Miss C. V. Barrett,
Royal Victoria Montreal Maternity Hospital; Vice-
President (French), Melle. Rita Guimont, Hopital
Saint Luc, Montreal; Hon. Secretary, Miss Margaret
L. Moag, y.O.N., Montreal; Hon. Treasurer, Miss
Olga V. Lilly, Royal Victoria Montreal Maternity
Hospital; Other members. Melles. Edna Lynch,
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, Montreal;
Melle. Marie-Anysie Deland, Institut Bruchesi,
Montreal; Mde. Caroline Vachon, Hotel-Dieu, Mont-
real; Rev. Soeur Marie-Rose Lacroix, Hopital St. Jean,
St. Jean, Que.; Rev. Soeur Bellemare, Hopital Notre
Dame, Montreal; Conveners, Private Duty Section
(English), Miss Sara Matheson, Hadden Hall Apts.,
2151 Comte St., Montre.'.l; (French), Melle Jeanne
L'Heureux, 774 Davaar Road, Outremont; Nursing
Education Section (English), Miss Flora Aileen George,
Woman's General Hospital, Westmount; (French),
Rev. Soeur Augustine, Hopital St. Jean-de-Dieu,
Gamelin, P.Q.; Public Health Section, Miss Marion
Nash, V.O.N. , 1246 Bishop Street; Board of Examiners,
Convener, Miss. C. V. Barrett, Mde. R. Bourque,
Melles. Lynch, Senecal, Misses MaiHon Nash, Rita
SutclifFe; Executive Secretary, Registrar and Official
School Visitor, Miss E. Francis Upton, Suite 221,
1396 St Catherine Street, West, Montreal.

SASKATCHEWAN REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION. (Incorporated March, 1927)
President, Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normal Schools
Moose Jaw; Firjt Vice-President, Miss M. H. McGilli
Normal School, Saskatoon; Second ^'ice-Presidentl
Miss G. M. Watson, City Hospital, Saskatoon; Coun-
cillors, Miss R. M. Simpson, Department of Public
Health, Regina, Sister Mary Raphael, Providence
Hospital, ^Ioose Jaw; Conveners of Standing Com-
mittees, Public Health, Mrs. E. M. Feeny, Dept. of
Public Health, Regina; Private Duty, Aliss L. B.
Wilson. 2012 Athol St., Regina; Nursing Education,
Miss G. M. Watson, City Hospi al. Saskatoon; Secie-
tary-Treasurer and Registrar, Miss E. E. Graham,
Regina College, Regiiia^

CALQART ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

Hon. President, Mrs. Stuart Brown; President, Miae
J. B. von GrTienigan; First Vice-President, Miss Lynn;
Second Vice-President, Miss Barber; Treasurer, Mias
M. Watt; Recording Secretary, Mrs. B. J. Charles;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss Jackson; Registrar,
Miss D. Mott. 616 15th Ave. W.; Convener Private
Duty Section, Mrs. R. Hayden.

382

THE CANADIAN NURSE

EDMONTON ASSOCIATION OF GRADTTATE
NURSES

MEDICINE HAT GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

Regular meeting First Tuesday in month.

A. A., ROYAL ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL,
EDMONTON, ALTA.

Hon. President, Miss F. Munroe; President, Mrs.
Scott Hamilton; First Vice-President, Miss V. Chap-
man; Second Vice-President; Mrs. C. Chinneck;
Recording Secretary, Miss G. Allyn; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss A. Oliver, Royal Alexandra Hospital;
Treasurer, Miss E. English, Suite 2, 10014 112 Street.

A.A., KOOTENAY LAKE GENERAL HOSPITAL,
NELSON, B.C.

VANCOUVER GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

President, Miss M. Duffield, 226 Lee Bldg., Van-
couver; First Vice-President, Miss G. Fairley, Van-
couver General Hospital; Second Vice-President, Miss
J. Matheson; Secretary, Miss Perrin, 3629 2nd Ave. W.,
Vancouver; Treasurer, Miss L. Archibald, 536 12th
Ave. W., Vancouver; Conveners of Committees:
Council, Miss M. Button; Directory Committee, Miss
D. Bullock; Ways and Means, Miss R. McVicar;
Programme, Miss M. Kerr; Social, Miss Munslow;
Sick Visiting, Miss A. L. Maxwell; Local Council,
Miss M. Gray; Creche, Miss M. A. McLellan; Re-
presentatives: "The Canadian Nurse," Miss M. G.
Laird; Local Press, Rotating members of Board.

A.A., ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, VANCOUVER

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Superior; Hon. Vice-
President, Sister Therese Annable; President, Miss B.
Berry; Vice-President, Miss K. Flahiff; Secretary,
Miss Mildred Cohoon; Assistant Secretary, Miss E.
Hanafin; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss L. Elizabeth
Otterbine; Executive, Misses Marjorie McDonald,
N. Comerford, A. Kerr, B. Geddes, G. Oddstad.

A. A., VANCOUVER GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Grace Fairley; President, Miss
Joan Hardy; First Vice-President, Miss Dorothy
Coughlin; Second Vice-President, Miss Mary McLean;
Secretary, Mrs. Percy Jones, 3681 2nd Ave. W.;
Assistant Secretary, Mrs. Hugh McMillan; Treasurer,
Miss Eva Webster, The Vancouver Genera)
Hospital; Committee Conveners: Refreshment, Mrs.
Ferguson; Programme, Miss Hannon; Sewing, Miss
McLennan; Sick Visiting, Miss Hilda Smith; Re-
presentatives: Local Press, Mrs. McCallum; "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Stevenson; Women's Building,
Miss Whittaker; Membership, Miss L. Maxwell; Sick
Benefit Fund and Bond Committee, Miss Isobel
McVicar and Miss Bullock.

A.A., JUBILEE HOSPITAL, VICTORIA, B.C.

BRANDON GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

Hon. President, Miss E. M. Birtles; Hon. Vice-
President, Mrs. W. H. Shillinglaw; President, Miss
M. Finlayson; First Vice-President, Miss H. Meadows;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. L. C. Ferrier; Secretary,
Mrs. S. Pierce; Treasurer, Miss L Fargey, 302 Russell
St., Brandon; Conveners of Committees: Social, Miss
T. Hill; Sick Visiting, Miss M. Trotter; Welfare Re-
presentative, Miss M. Houston; Private Duty, Miss D.
Longley; Bhnd, Mrs. Darrach; Cook Books, Miss
Gemmell; Press Representative, Miss A. Hicks;
Registrar, Misa C. Macleod

A.A., ST. BONIFACE HOSPITAL, ST. BONIFACE,

MAN.

Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Mead, St. Boniface Hos-
pital; Second Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Krause, St.
Boniface Hospital; President, Miss E. Shirley, 28
King George Crt.; First Vice-Picsident, Miss E. Perry,
1628 Roy Ave., Weston; Second Vice-President, Miss
H. Stephens, 15 Ruth Apts.; Secretary, Mrs. Stella
Gordon Kerr, 753 Wolseley Ave.;Treasurer, Miss A.
Price, Ste. 18 Diana Crt.; Conveners of Committees,
Social, Miss T. O'Rourke, Ste. 48 Marlhurst Apts;
Refreshment, Miss C. Miller, Ste 2 St. James Park
Blk.; Sick Visiting, Miss T. Guville, 211 Hill St.,
Norwood ; Representative to Local Council of Women,
Miss C. Code, 1238 Downing St., Miss C. Wright, 340
St. Johns Ave.; P^epresentative to Manitoba Nurses
Central Directory Committee, Mrs. E. MacDonald,
369 Langside St.; Press and Publication, Misa M.
Meehan, 753 Wolseley Ave.

Meetings — Second Wednesday of each month, 8 p.m.,
St. Boniface Nurses Residence.

A. A., WINNIPEG GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Mrs. W. A. Moody, 97 Ash St.;
President, Mrs. J. A. Davidson, 39 Westgate; First
Vice-President, Mrs. S. Harry, Winnipeg General
Hospital; Second Vice-President, Miss I. McDiarmid,
363 Langside St.; Third Vice-President. Miss E.
Gordon, Research Lab., Medical College; Recoiding
Secretary, Miss C. Briggs, 70 Kingsway; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss M. Duncan, Winnipeg General Hos-
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. L Graham, 99 Euclid St.;
Sick Visiting, Miss W. Stevenson, 535 Camden Place;
Programme, Miss C. Lethbridge, 877 Grosvenor Ave.,
Membership, Miaa A. Pearson, Winnipeg General
Hospital.

DISTRICT No. 8, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

DISTRICT No. 10, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Chairman, Miss A. Boucher; First-Vice President,
Mrs. F. Edwards; Second Vice-President, Miss V.
Lovelace; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss M. Racey;
Conveners of Committees: Nursing Education, Miss
B. Bell; Public Health. Miss L. Young; Private Duty.
Miss I. Sheehan; Publication, Miss M. Flannagan;
Membership, Miss M. Sideen, Miss D. Elliott; Social:
Miss E. Hamilton, Miss Chiver-Wilson, Miss E. Mc-
Tavish; Representatives to Board of Directors Meeting,
R.N.A.O., Mrs. F. Edwards.

Meetings held first Thursday every month.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

383

GRADUATE NURSES ASSOCIATION,
KITCHENER AND WATERLOO

President, Miss V. Winterhalt; First Vice-President,
Mrs. W. Noll; Second Vice-President, Miss Kathleen
Grant; Treasirer, Mrs. W. Knell, 41 Ahrens St. W.;
Secretary, Mis5 E. Master, 13 Chapel St.; Represent-
ative to "The Canadian Nurse", Miss E. Hartleib,
Kitchener and Waterloo Hospital.

A.A., GUELPH GENERAL HOSPITAL

A. A., BELLEVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Regular meeting held first Tuesday in each month at
3.30 p.m. in the Nurses' Residence.

A. A., BRANTFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon, President, Miss E. Muriel McKee, Super-
intendent; President, Miss Belle Marshall; Vice-
President, Miss Anne Hardisty; Secretary, Miss Hilda
D. Muir, Brantford General Hospital; .\ssistant
Secretary, Miss Frances Batty; Treasurer, Mi.ss
Lavinia Gillespie, 14 Abigail Ave., Brantford; Re-
presentative, "The Canadian Nurse," Miss Edith M.
Jones, 253 Greenwich St., Brantford.

A. A., BROCKVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss A. L. Shannette; President
Mrs. H. B. White; First Vice-President, Miss M
Arnold; Second Vice-President, Miss J. Nicholson
Third Vice-President, Mrs. W. B. Reynolds; Secretary
Miss B. Beatrice Hamilton, Brockville General Hos
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. F. Vandusen, 65 Church St.
Representative to "The Canadian Nune," Miaa V.
Kendrick.

A. A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL,
CHATHAM, ONT.

Hon. President. Mother St. Roch; Hon. Vice-
President, Sister M. Loretta; President, Mrs. Pearl
Johnston; Vice-President, Miss Jean Lundy; Secretary,
Miss Irene Gillard, 52 Raleigh St., Chatham; Treasurer,
Miss Jean Bagnell; Executive, Misses Jessie Ross,
Katherine Dillon and Agnes Harrison; Flower Com-
mittee, Miss Felice Richardson and Mona MiddJeton;
Representative to "The Canadian Niu-se," Miss
Jessie Ross; Representative, District No. 1, R.N.A.O.,
Miss Hazel Gray.

A. A., HAMILTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. C. Rayside, Hamilton
General Hospital; President, Miss Annie B. Boyd,
607 Main St. E.; Vice-President, Miss M. Buchannan,
Hamilton General Hospital; Treasurer, Miss E. Bell,
1 Cumberland Ave.; Recording Secretary, Miss B.
Aitken, 44 Victoria Ave. S.; Secretary-Treasurer Mutua
Benefit Association, Miss L. Hannah, 25 West Ave. S.;
Executive Committee, Mrs. N. Barlow (Convenei),
211 Stenson St., Misses E. Baird, C. Chappel, M.
Pegg, Mrs. E. Johnson; Programme Committee. Miss
Mary Ross (Convener), Misses M. Watt, H. Baker,
E. Davidson, J. Lenz, M Harvey, C. Currah, Blanche
Pond; Flower and Visiting Committee, Miss Sturrock
(Convener), Misses Squires, Blanchard, Burnett.
Representatives to Local Council of Women, Mrs.
Hess, Misses Harley, Buckbee, Burnett; Representative
to R.N.A.O., Miss G. Hall; Representatives to "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Buscombe (Convener), Misses
Strachan and Carruthers; Representative to Women's
Auxiliary, Mrs. J. Stephen; Registry Committee,
Mrs. Hess (Convener), Misses Nugent, Hack, Gringer.

A. A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, HAMILTOII,

Hon. President, Mother Martina; President, Mist
E. Quinn; Vice-President, Miaa H. Fagan; Treasurer,
Miss I. Loyst. 71 Bay Street S. ; Secretary, Miss M.
Maloney, 31 Erie Avenue; Convener, Executive Com-
mittee, Miss M. Kelley; The Canadian Nurse, Mi«i
Moran.

A.A., HOTEL DIEU, KINGSTON, ONT.

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Donovan; President,
Mrs. William Elder, Avonmore Apts.; Vice-President,
Mrs. V. L. Fallon; Treasurer, Miss Millie MacKinnon;
Secretary, Miss Genevieve Pelow; Executive, Mrs. L.
Welch, Alr.^ Cochrane. Mrs. L. E. Crowley, Misses
Millie Mackinnon, Evelyn Finn; Visiting Committee,
Mi.s&es Olive McDermott, C. McGarry; Entertainment
Committee, Mis.ses MacKinnon, Murphy, Bain,
Hamell, McCadden, Mrs. Ryan, Mrs. Fallon.

A.A., CORNWALL GENERAL HOSPITAL

A. A. , ROYAL ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL, FERGUS

Hon. President, Miss Helen Campbell; President,
Mrs. Bean, 54 Rosemount Ave., Toronto; First Vice-
President, Misa Marian Petty; Second Vice-President,
Mrs. Ida Ewing; Treasurer, Miss Bertha Brillinger,
Toronto; Secretary, Miss Evelyn Osborne, 8 Oriole
Gardens, Toronto; .^sst. Secretary, Mrs. N. Davidson,
Fergus Hospital; Press Secretary, Miss Jean Campbell,
72 Hendrick Ave., Toronto.

A. A., KINGSTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

First Hon. President, Miss E. Baker; Second Hon.
President, Miss Louise D. Acton; President, Miss
Oleira M. Wilson; First Vice-President, Mrs. G. H.
Leggett; Second Vice-President, Mrs. S. F. Campbell;
Thin! Vice-President, Miss Ann Baillie; Treasurer,
Mrs. C. W. Mallory, 203 Albert St.; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss C. Milton, 404 Brock Sf. ; Recording
Secretary, Miss .\nn Davis, 96 Lower William St.;
Convener Flower Committee, Mrs. George Nicol. 355
Frontenac St.; Press Representative, Miss Helen
Babcook, Kingston General Hospital; Private Duty
Section, Miss Emma McLean, 478 Frontenac St.

A.A., GALT HOSPITAL, GALT, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Jamieson; President, Miae M.
King; First Vice-President, Miss I. Atkinson; Second
Vice-President, Mrs. D. Scott; Secretary, Mrs. F.
Roloefson; Treasurer, Miss G. Rutherford; Programme
Committee: Convener, Mrs. E. V. Brown, Misa Hop-
kinson and Miaa Blogden.

A. A., KITCHENER AND WATERLOO GENERAL
HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. Snider; President, Miss
L. McTague; First Vice-President, Mrs. V. Snider;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. R. Petch; Secretary,
Miss T. Sitler, 32 Troy St.; Asst. Secretary. Miss J.
Sinclair; Treasurer, Miss E. Ferry; "The Canadian
Nurse", Miss E. Hartlieb.

384

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A.A., 8T. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

A.A., VICTORIA HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Nora MacPherson, Superin-
tendent, Victoria Hospital School of Nursing; President,
Miss Delia Foster, 420 Oxford St.; First Vice-President,
Misa Mary Yule, 151 Bathurst St.; Second Vice-
President, Miss Christine Gillies, Victoria Hospital;
Treasurer, Miss Edith Smallman, 814 Dundas St.;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss Mabel Hardie, 182
Bruce St.; Secretary, Miss Isobel Hunt, 898 P*rince88
Ave.; Representative to The Canadian Nurse, Mrs.
8. G. Henry, 720 Dundas St.; Board of Directors,
Mrs. C. J. Rose, Mrs. W. Cummins, Misses H. Hueston,
H. Cryderman, E. Gibberd. A. MacKenzie; Repre-
sentatives 'o Registry Board, Misses M. Mo Vicar,
8. Giffen, A. Johnston and W. Wilton.

A. A., NIAOARA FALLS OENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. S. Park; President, Mrs.
F. Pow; First Vice-President, Mrs. H. R. Potter;
Second Vice-President, Miss L. McConnell; Treasurer,
Miss J. Smith; Secretary, Miss V. M. Elliott; Convener
.-ick Committee, Mrs. V. Wesley; Asst. Convener Sick
Committee, Mrs. J. Taylor; Convener Private Duty
Committee, Miss K. Prest.

A.A., ORILLIA SOLDIER'S MEMORIAL
HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. Johnston; President, Miss
G. Went; First Vice-President, Miss McMurray;
Second Vice-President, Miss S. Dudenhoffer, Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss M. B. MacLelland, 128 Nississaga
St. W.

Regular Meeting — ^First Thursday of each month.

A. A., OSHAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

A.A., ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, OTTAWA

A.A., LADY STANLEY INSTITUTE. OTTAWA
(Incorporated 1918)
Hon. President, Miss M. A. Catton, 2 Regent St.;
Hon. Vice-President, Miss Florence Potts; President,
Miss Mabel M. Stewart. Royal Ottawa Sanatorium;
Vice-President, Miss M. McNiece, Perley Home,
Aylmer Ave.; Secretary, Mrs. G. O. Skuce, Britannia
Bay, Ont.: Treasurer, Miss C. Slinn, 204 Stanley Ave.;
Board of Directors, Miss E. MacGibbon, 114 Carling
Ave.; Miss C. Flack, 152 First Ave.; Miss E. McColl.
Vimy Apts., Charlotte St.; Miss L. Belford, Perley
Home, Aylmer Ave.; "Canadian Nurse" Representative
Miss A. Ebbs, 80 Hamilton Ave.; Representatives to
Central Registry Nurses, Miss A. Ebbs, 80 Hamilton
Ave.; Miss Mary C. Slinn, 204 Stanley Ave.; Press
Representative, Mrs. J. Waddell. 220 Waverley St.

A. A., OTTAWA CIVIC HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Gertrude Bennett; President,
Miss Evelyn Pepper; First Vice-President, Miss
Elizabeth Graydon; Second Vice-President, Miss
Dorothy Moxley; Treasurer, Miss Winnifred Gemmell,
221 Gilmour St.; Recording Secretary, Miss Greta
Wilson, 489 Metcalfe St.; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss Eileen Graham, 41 Willard St.; Councillors,
Mrs. G. W. Dunning, Misses Elizabeth Curry, Gertrude
Moloney, Mary Lamb, Gladys Moorehead; Convener
of Flower and Sick Visiting Committee, Miss Margaret
McCallum; Press Correspondent, Miss E. Osborne.

A. A., OTTAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Flavie Domitille; President,
Miss Juliette Robert; First Vice-President, Miss C.
McDonald; Second Vice-President, Mrs. A. Latimer;
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Stella Kearns, 478 Cumber-
land Ave., Ottawa; Membership Secretary, Mia*
Pauline Bissonnette; Representatives to Local Counoil
of Women, Mrs. C. L. Devitt, Mrs. A. Latimer, Mrs.
E. Viau and Miss F. Nevins; Representatives to
Central Registry, Miss L. Egan and Miss A. Stackpole;
Representative to The Canadian Nurse, Miss Juliette
Robert.

A. A., OWEN SOUND GENERAL AND
MARINE HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss B. Hall; President, Mrs. D. J.
McMillan, 1151 3rd Ave. W.; Vice-President, Miss C.
Thompson; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss A. Mitchell,
466 17th St. W.; Assistant Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs.
Tomlinson; Flower Committee, Miss M. Story, Miss
C. Stewart, Mrs. Frost; Programme Committee,
Misses Sim, C. Stewart; Press Representative, Miss M.
Morrison.

A.A., NICHOLLS HOSPITAL, PETERBORO, ONT.

A. A., SARNIA GENERAL HOSPITAL

A. A., STRATFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss A. M. Munn; President, Mias
Haiel Crerar; Vice-President, Miss Myrtle Hodgins:
Secretary- Treasurer, Miss Ivy Rennie : Convenor of
Social Committee, Miss Isabel Wilson: Correspondent
"The Canadian Nurse, Miss Florence Kudoba.

A.A., MACK TRAINING SCHOOL
ST. CATHERINES

Hon. President, Miss Anne Wright, Superintendent,
General Hospital; President, Miss Helen Brown,
General Hospital; First Vice-President, Miss Marriott,
94i Queenston St.; Second Vice-President, Mrs. E.
Dewar, 39 Marquis St.; Secretary-Treasurer, Miaa
Florence McArter, General Hospital; Asst. Secretary-
Treasurer, Mrs. Charles Hesburn, 54 George St.;
"The Canadian Nurse" Representative, Miss Aleda
Brubaker, 29 Page St.; "The Canadian Nurse" Sub-
scriptions and Press Correspondent, Mrs. S. Ockenden,
4 Beech St.; Social Committee, Mrs. R. E. Elderkin
(Convener), Mrs. G. I. Zumstein, Mrs. F. Newman,
Mrs. N. Buchanan; Programme Committee, Mia*
Tuch (Convener), Miss Moyer, Mrs. W. Durham.

A.A., MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, ST. THOMAS

Hon. President, Miss Lucille Armstrong, Memorial
Hospital; Hon. Vice-President, Miss Mary Buchanan,
Memorial Hospital; President, Miss Margaret Benja-
field, 39 Wellington Street; First Vice-President, Mrs.
Frank Penhale; Second Vice-Presid.^nt, Miss Bessie
Pollock; Recording Secretary, Mrs. John Smale, 34
Erie Street; Corresonding Secretary, Miss Alice
Patrick, 33 Gladstone Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Bella
Mitchener, 50 Chestnut Street; "The Canadian Nurse,"
Miss Isabella M. Leadbetter, Talbot Street. Executive,
Misses Hazel Hastings, Lissa Crane, Mary Oke,
Mildred Jennings, Florence Trehe.ne.

A. A., TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Mi»s Snively; Hon. Vice-President,
Miss Jean Gunn; Pre.sident. Miss E. Manning; First
Vice-President, Miss J. Algie; Second Vice-President,
Miss Jean Browne; Secretary, Miss Jean Anderson,
149 Glenholme Ave.. Toronto; Treasurer, Miss M.
Morris, Ward "C," Toronto General Hospital; Coun-
cillors, Mi.sses G. Gawley, A. Landon, G. Ross; Arch-
ivist, Miss Kniseley; "Committees: Flower, Misses
Clubine (Convener), Hannant, Forgie, Eugenia
Stewart; Programme, Mrs. Driver (Convener), Misses
Annie Dove, Edna Eraser, Ethel Campbell, Dorothy
Dove; Social, Mrs. Stevens (Convener), Misses Neal,
L. Bailey: Nominations, Mrs. Dewey (Convener),
Misses Marion Stewart, Myrtle Murray, Mary Mc-
Farland; "The Canadian Nurse." Misses Betty String-
all (Convener), McGarry, E. Thompson.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

385

A.A., GRACE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. C. J. Currie; President,
Mrs. L. B. Hutchison; Recording Secretary, Miss M.
Teasdale; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Lillian E.
Wood, 20 Mason Blvd., Toronto 12; Treasurer, Miss
V. M. Elliott, 194 Cottingham St.

A. A., GRANT MACDONALD TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR NURSES, TORONTO, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Esther M. Cook. 130 Dunn
Ave.; President, Miss Ida Weeks. 130 Dunn Ave.;
Vice-President, Miss Sadie McLaren; Recording
Secretary, Miss L Ostic; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
M. Whittall; Treasurer, Miss McCullough, 130 Dunn
Ave.; Social Convener, Miss P. Lawrence.

A.A., TORONTO ORTHOPEDIC HOSPITAL
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES

Hon. President, Miss E. MacLean; President, Miss
Hazel Young, 100 Bloor St. W.; Vice-President, Mrs.
W. J. Smithers, 3.5 Wilberton Road; Secretary-Treas-
urer, Miss R. HoUingworth, 100 Bloor St. W.; Re-
presentatives to Central Registry, Miss C. Grannon,
205 George St., and Miss M. Beston, 5 De Savery
Crescent; Representative to R.N.A.O., Miss A.
Bodley, 43 Metcalf St.

A. A., RIVERDALE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss Carrie Field, 185 Bain Ave., Toronto;
First Vice-President, Miss Gertrude Gastrell, Riverdale
Hospital; Second Vice-President, Mrs. H. W. Thomp-
son, 34 Burnside Drive; Secretary, Mrs. H. E. Radford,
458 Strathmore Blvd.; Treasurer, Miss Margaret
Floyd, Riverdale Hospital; Board of Directors— -Com-
mittees: Sick and Visiting, Miss S. Stretton, 7 Edge-
wood Ave.; Programme, Miss K. Mathieson, Riverdale
Hospital; Membership, Miss Murphy, Weston Sani-
tarium, Weston; Mrs. E. G. Berry, 97 Bond St.,
Oshawa; Press and Publication, Miss C. L. Russell,
General Hospital, Toronto.

A. A., HOSPITAL FOR SICE CHILDREN,
TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. Goodson; Hon. Vice-Presidents,
Miss F. J. Potts, Miss H. Panton and Miss P. B.
Austin; President, Mrs. F. E. Atkinson; First Vice-
President, Miss Petron Adam; Second Vice-President,
Miss Alice Grindley; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Mary Ingham; Recording Secretary, Miss Mary
Acland; Treasurei, Miss V. Marie Grafton, 534 Palm-
«r8ton Blvd.; Councillors, Misses Louise Rogers,
Hilda Rose, Jean Beaton, Helen Needier, Mabel St.
John and Mrs. Harold McClelland.

A. A., ST. JOHN'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Sister Beatrice, S.S.J. D., St. John's
Convent, Major Street; President, Miss Cook, 464
Logan Ave.; First Vice-President, Miss Holdsworth,
Islington 297; Second Vice-President, Miss Anderson,
468 Kingston Road; Recording Secretary, Miss Frost,
450 Maybank Ave.; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Garnham, 26 Balmoral Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Slimon,
464 Logan Ave.; Press Representative, Miss Doherty,
7 Howland Ave.; Convener of Flowers and Sick, Miss
Davis, 51 Brunswick Ave.

A.A.., ST. JOSEPH'SHOSPITAL, TORONTO, ONT.

0. Kidd, M. Howard, V. .Sylvain, G. Davis; Constitu-
tionals, Misses A. Hihn, M. Howard, L. Boyle; Pro-
gramme Committee, Misses R Jean-Marie, L. Dunbar,

1. Voisin.

A.A., ST. MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Margaret; Hon. Vice-
President, Rev. Sister M. Amata; President, Miss
Grace Murphy, St. Michael's Hosptal; First Vice-
President, Miss H. M. Kerr; Second Vice-President,
Miss E. Graydon; Third \'ice-President, Miss M.
Burger; Corresponding .Secretary, Mi.ss M. Doherty;
Recording Secretary, Miss Marie Melo<ly; Treasurer,
Miss G. Coulter, 33 Maitland St., Apt. 106, Toronto;
Press Representative, Miss May Greene; Councillors,
Misses M. Foy, J. O'Connor, Stropton; Private Duty,
Miss A. Purtle; Public Health, Miss I McGurk; Re-
presentative Central Registry of Nurses, Toronto,
Miss M. Meldoy.

A.A., WELLESLEY HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss Edith Carson, 499 Sherbourne St.:
Vice-President, Miss Ruth Jackson, 80 Summerhill
Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Lucille Thompson, 4, 118 Isa-
bella St.; Recording Secretary, Miss Mildred Mc-
Mullen. 133 Isabella St.; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss Evelyn McCullough, 1117 Danforth Ave.;
Executive, Misses Edna Tucker, Betty Scott, Doris
Anderson, Audrey Lavelle; Correspondent to The
Canadian Nurse, Miss Waple Greaves, 65 GIend»le
Ave.

A.A., TORONTO WESTERN HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss B. L. Ellis; President, Miss
Rahno Beamish, Toronto Western Hospital; Vice-
President, Miss L. Smith: Recording Secretary,
Miss Matthews, 74 Westmount Ave.; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss Buckley, Toronto Western Hospital;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse." Miss
Milligan; Representative to Local Council of Women,
Mrs. McConnell; Hon. Councillors, Mrs. Yorke, Mrs.
McConnell; Councillors, Miss McLean, Orthopedic
Hospital, Misses Cooney, Steacy, Stevenson. Wiggins,
J. G. Smith, Devine; Social Committee, Miss Sharpe
(Convener), Misses Agnew, Woodward, Miles; Flower
Committee, Miss Lamont, Miss Ayerst; Visiting
Committee, Misses Lowe, Harshaw, Essex; Layette
Committee, Miss Cooper.

Meetings will be held the second Tuesday in each
month at 8 p.m. in the Assembly Room, Nurses'
Residence, Toronto Western Hospital.

A.A., WOMEN'S COLLEGE HOSPITAL,
TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. H. M. Bowman; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Harriet Meiklejohn; President, Miss
Vera Allen; First Vice-President, Miss Munns; Second
Vice-President, Miss Lougheed; Recording Secretary,
Miss Bankwitz; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Blair,
64 Deleware St.; Assistant Secretary, Miss Clark, 64
Deleware St.; Treasurer, Miss B. Fraser, 526 Dover-
court, Rd.; Representatives to Centra! Registry, Misa
Bankwitz, Miss Kidd; Representative to District No.
5, Miss Clarke; "The Canadian Nurse," Miss E. E. K.
Collier.

Meetings at 74 Grenville St., second Monday in each
month. — ■ — ■ — ■ — ■ — — ■

A.A., CONN AUGHT TRAINING SCHOOL FOR
NURSES, TORONTO HOSPITAL, WESTON

A.A., HOTEL DIEU, WINDSOR, ONTARIO

President, Miss Angela Code, Maple Apts.; First
Vice-President, Miss Helen Piper; Second Vice-
President, Miss Alice Raillageon; Secretary, Miss
Helen Slattery; Treasiirer, Miss Evelyn Wolfe; Press
Correspondent, Miss Mary A. Finnegan.

A.A., GENERAL HOSPITAL, WOODSTOCK

Hon. President, Miss Frances Sharpe; President,
Mrs. Melsome; Vice-President, Miss Jefferson; Sec-
retary, Miss G. Boothby; Assistant Secretary, Misi
Green; Corresponding Secretary, Miss M. F. Costello,
67 Wellington St. N., Woodstock, Ont.; Treasurer,
Miss L. Jackson; Representative, The Canadian
Nurse, Miss A. G. Cook; Programme Committee,
Misses Mackay, Anderson and Hobbs; Social Com-
mittee, Miss Hastings and Miss M. Culvert; Flower
Committee, Miss Rickard and Miss Eby.

GRADUATE NURSES ASSOCIATION OF TBI
EASTERN TOWNSHIPS

Hon. President, Miss H. S Buck, Superintendent
Sherbrooke Hospital; President, Miss D. Stevena;
First Vice-President, Miss J. Fenton; Second Vice-
President, Miss Humphrey; Recording Secretary,
Miss D. Ingraham; Corresponding Secretary, Miss H
Hetherington; Treasurer, Miss M. Robins; Repr»-
sentative, "The Canadian Nurse," Miss C. Hornby,
Box 324. Sherbrooke. P.Q.; Private Duty Reproaent-
ative, Miss Alice Lyster.

A.A.. LACHINE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President. Miss M. L. Brown; President,
Miaa M. A. McNutt; Vice-President, Miaa J. C.
McKee; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss E. J. Dewar, 558
Notre Dame Street, Lachine, Que.; Private Duty
Representative, Miss M. Lamb, 378 Claremont Ave.,
Montreal; Executive Committee, Miaa Robinaon.
Miss Goodfellow.

MeetiDg^Firat Mond^ of eaAh month, at 0 pjn.

386

THE CANADIAN NURSE

MONTREAL GRADUATE NURSES' ASS'N

Hon. President, Miss L. C, Phillips, 3626 St. Urbain
St.; President, Miss Agnes Jamiesoa, 1230 Bishop St.;
First Vice-President, Miss Jessie Robertson, 3546
Shuter St.; Second Vice-President, Mi.ss Kate Wilson,
1230 Bishop St.; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Ethel
Clark, 1230 Bishop St.; Day Registrar, Miss T.ucy
White, 1230 Bishop St.; Night Registrar, Miss Ethel
Clark, 1230 Bishop St.; Relief Registrar, Miss H. M.
Sutherland, 12 Selkirk Ave.; Convener GrifBntown
Club. Miss Georgie CoUey, 261 Melville Ave., West-
mount, P.Q.

Regular Meeting — First Tuesday of January, April,
October and December.

A.A., CHILDREN'S MEM. HOSP., MONTREAL

Hon. President, Miss A. S. Kinder; President, Mrs.
F. C. Martin; Vice-President, Miss Alice Adlington;
Secretary, Miss M. Flander, Children's Memorial
Hospital; Treasurer, Miss H. Easterbrook; Repre-
sentative to "The Canadian Nurse", Miss Viola
Schneider; Sick Nurses' Committee, Miss Ruth
Miller, Miss Alexander; Members of Executive Com-
mittee, Mrs. Moore, Miss B. Cleary; Social Committee,
Misses Cough, Paterson, Bell. Atkinson.

A. A., MONTREAL GENERAL HOSPITAL

President, Mrs. Allan; First Vice-President, Miss A.
Jamieson; Second Vice-President, Miss M. Mathewson;
Recording Secretary, Miss Inez Welling; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Anne Thorpe; Treasurer, Alumnae
Association and Mutual Benefit Association, Miss
Isabel Davies; Hon. Treasurer, Miss H. M. Dunlop;
Executive Committee, Misses M. K. Holt, F. E.
Strumm, J. Meigs, L. Urquhart, C. M. Watling;
Representatives, Private Duty Section, Misses Morrison
(Convener), R. Loggie, Melba Johnston, Winnifred
Spier; Representatives to "The Canadian Nurse,"
Misses C. M. Watling (Convener), N. Kennedy-Reid,
Ruth Hamilton; Representatives to Local Council of
Women, Miss G. Colle.v (Convener), Miss Marjorie Ross
(Proxy), Miss Harriett Ross; Sick Visiting Committee,
Mrs. Stuart Ramsey Convener), Misses L. Shepherd,
B. Noble; Refreshmeni Committee, Misses D. Flint(Con-
veneri, M. I. McLeod, Theodora McDonald, S. Fraser.

A. A., HOMOEOPATHIC HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mrs. H. Pollock; President, Mrs. J.
Warren; First Vice-President, Miss I. Garrick; Second
Vice-President, Miss D. Campbell; Secretary, Miss
M. Brighty; Asst. Secretary, Miss M. Hayden; Treas
urer, Miss D. W. Miller; Asst. Tieasurer, Miss N. G.
Horner; Private Duty Section, Miss A. M. Porteous;
"The Canadian Nurse" Representative, Miss A.
Pearce; Social Committee, Miss D. Smith; Montreal
Nurses Association, Miss D. Smith, Miss M. Bright.

A. A. , ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. Presidents, Miss E. A. Draper, Miss M F.
Hersey; President, Mrs. E. H. Stanle.v; First Vice-
President, Mrs. G. LeBeau; Second Vice-President,
Miss E. Gall; Recording Secretary, Miss E. MacKean;
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss K. Jamer; Convener, Fin-
ance Committee, Miss B. Campbell; Representatives to
Local Council, Mrs. V Linnell, Mrs. G. Porter; Con-
vener Sick Visiting Committee, Miss A. Deane;
Convener Programme Committee, Mrs. F. A. C.
Scrimger; Convener Private Duty Representatives,
Miss M. MacCallum; Convener Refreshments Com-
mittee, Miss Adams; Executive Committee, Miss M. F.
Hersey, Miss Goodhue, Miss E. Reid, Mrs. Roberts,
Miss B. Forgey, Miss M. Etter; "Canadian Nurse"
Representative, Miss E. Flanagan.

A. A., WESTERN HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Miss Craig; President, Miss Birch;
First Vice-President, Miss Edna Payne; Second Vice-
President, Miss L. Sutton; Treasurer, Miss Jane Craig,
Western Hospital; Secretary, Miss Olga McCrudden,
314 Grosvenor Ave., Westmount, P.Q.; Finance Com-
mittee, Miss L. Johnston, Miss A. Yates; Programme
Committee, Miss Cross, Miss Williams; Sick and
Visiting Committee, Miss Dyer; Representative to
Private Duty Section, Miss Taylor; Representative to
"The Canadian Nurse," Miss McOuat.

A. A., NOTRE DAME HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mother Dugas; Hon. Vice-Presi-
dents Mother Mailloux and Rev. Sister Robert;
President, Miss G. Latour: First Vice-President, Miss
M. de Courville; Second Vice-President, MissF.Filion;
First Councillor, Miss B. Lecompte; Second Councillor,
Miss F. Gariepy; Secretary, Miss Margot Pauze, 4234
St. Hubert St.; Asst. Secretary, Mrs. Choquette;
Treasurer, Miss L. Boulerice; Conveners of Committees:
Social, Miss E. Merizzi; Nomination, Misses A. Lepine,
A. Lalande, E. Rousseau; Sick Visiting, Misses A.
Martineau, G. Gagnon, B. Lacourse.

A.A., WOMAN'S GEN. HOSP., WESTMOUNT, P.Q.

Hon. Presidents, Miss E. F. Trench, Miss F. George;
President, Mrs. Crewe; First Vice-President, Miss N. J.
Brown; Second Vice-President, Miss M. Forbes;
Recording Secretary, Miss L. Wallace; Coiresoonding
Secretary, Miss L. Steeves; Treasurer and "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss E. L. Francis, 1210 Sussex
Ave., Montreal; Sick Visiting. Miss L. .Fensen, Miss K.
Morrison; Private Duty, Mrs. Cbisholm. ^TissL. Smiley.

Regular monthly meeting every thiid Wed., 8 p.m.

A.A., JEFFERY HALE'S HOSPITAL, QUEBEC

C. Kennedy. — ■— — •

A. A., SHERBROOKE HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss H. S. Buck; Pre.sident, Mrs.
Guy Bryant; First Vice-President, Mrs. Roy Wiggett;
Second Vice-President, Mrs Nelson Lothrop; Record-
ing Secretary, Miss Evelyn Warren; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Nora Arguin; Treasurer, Miss Alice
Lyster; Correspondent to "The Canadian Nurse,"
Miss Kathleen Hatch; Committee, Miss Sutton, Miss
Ella Marrisette, Mrs. Davey.

MOOSE JAW GRADUATE NURSES' ASS'N

Hon. President, Mrs. Geo. Lydiard; President,
Miss Elizabeth Smit^; Vice-President, Mrs. M. A.
Young, Secretary-Treasurer, Miss May Armstrong,
1005 2nd Ave., N.E.; Social Convener, Miss French;
Press Convener, Mrs. W. H. Metcalfe; Programme,
Miss Diermert; Constitutions and By-Laws, Miss
Casey; Representatives, Private Duty, Miss Rossie
Cooper; "The Canadian Nurse," Miss E. Lamond.

A.A., REGINA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Pearson; President, Miss Mary
Arnot; First Vice-President, Miss Dorothy Wilson;
Second Vice-President, Miss Helen Wills; Secretary,
Miss Katharine Morton; Asst. Secretary, Miss MarioD
Sneed; Treasurer, Miss Myrtle Wilkins, 2300 Smith
St., Regina; Press Correspondent, Miss Muriel Taylor;
Programme Committee, Miss Ada Forrest.

A. A., ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, SASKATOON

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Fennel!; President,
Miss Alma Howe; Vice-President, Miss Cora Harlton;
Secretary, Miss M. Hennequin; Treasurer, Mrs. J.
Broughton, 437 Ave., H. .So. Saskatoon; Executive,
Mi.s.ses E. I'nsworth, E. Hoffinger. and H. Mathewman.

Meetings, second Monday each month at 8.30 p.m.,
.St. Paul's Nurses Home.

A. A., SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES,
McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL, P.Q.

Hon. President, Miss Mary Samuel; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Bertha Harmer; Hon. Members, Miss
M. F. Hersey, Miss G. M. Fairley, Dr. Helen R. Y.
Reid, Dr. Maude Abbott, Mrs. R. W. Reford ; President,
Miss Martha Batson, Montreal General Hospital:
Vice-President, Miss George, Women's General
Hospital; .'Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Eileen C. Flan-
agan, Royal Victoria Hospital; Programme Committee,
Miss M. Armstrong, 1230 Bishop St., Montreal; Miss
Elsie Allder, Royal Victoria Hospit.al; Representative
to Local Council of Women, Miss Liggett, 407 Ontario
.St. W., and Miss Orr, Shrinors' Hospital; Repre-
sentatives to "The Canadian Nurse," Public Heal.h
.Sec ion. Miss Hew on; Teaching, Miss Su cliflfe,
Alexandra Hospital; Administration, Miss F. Upton,
1396 St. Catherine St. W.

A.A. OF THE DEPT. OF PUBLIC HEALTH
NURSING, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Hon. President, Miss E. K. Russell; President, Miss-
Barbara Blackstock; Vice-President, Mi«8 E. E.
Fraser; Recording Secretary, Miss I. Weirs; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss C. C. Fraser, 423 Gladstone Ave.,
Toronto, Ont.; Conveners: Social, Miss E Manning;
Programme, Miss McNamara; Membership, Mist'

Lougheed —

A.A., HOSPITAL INSTRUCTORS AND AD-
MINISTRATORS, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

THE CANADIAN NURSE

387

The Central Registry of
Graduate Nurses, Toronto

Furnish Nurses at any hour
DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Kingsdale 2136

Physicians* and Surgeons' Bldg.,

86 Bloor Street, West.

TORONTO

HELEN CARRUTHERS, Reg.N,

IIMtmilllHIItnillHIItlttlltHllltlMI

Montreal Graduate Nurses'
Association Register

NURSES CALLED DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Uptown 0907

LUCY WHITE, Reg.N., Regiatrar,
1230 BishoD Street,

MONTREAL, P.Q.

Club House Phone Up-5666.

School for Graduate Nurses

McGILL UNIVERSITY
Session 1930-1931

Miss BERTHA HARMER, R.N., M.A.
Director

COURSES OFFERED:

Teaching in Schools of Nursing
Supervision in Schools of

Nursing
Administration in Schools of

Nursing

Public Health Nursing

Organization and Supervision

of Public Health Nursing

A CERTIFICATE will be granted for
the successful completion of an approved
programme of studies, covering a period of
ONE academic year, in the major course
selected from the above.

A DIPLOMA will be granted for the success-
ful completion of the major course selected
from the above, covering a period of TWO
academic years.

For particulars apply to:

SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES
McGill University, Montreal

BRONX REGISTRY AND
CLUB FOR NURSES

1195 Boston Road, New York City

ANNA M. BR0V7N, R.N., Prop.
Established 1911

THE

Manitoba Nurses' Central Directory

Registrar— ANNIE C. STARR; Reg. N.
Phone 30 620

753 WOL^ELEY AVENUE

WINNIPEG. MAN.

I iiMMiitMtniiMif *niw j.

I The Central Registry Graduate Nurses |

Phone Garfield 0382

Registrar: ROBENA BURNETT, Reg.N.
33 Spadina Ave., Hamilton, Ont.

I A Post-Graduate Training
School for Nurses

I AND

An Affiliated Training
I School for Nurses

I The Massachusetts Eye and Ear

Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston,
offers to graduates of accredited
training schools a two months ' course,
both theoretical and practical, in the
nursing care of the diseases of the
eye, ear, nose and throat. The course
includes operating room experience.
If desired, a third month may be
spent in the social service department.
This course is very valuable to
public health nurses, especially to
those in schools and industries.

For further information address: —
SALLY JOHNSON, R.N.,
Superintendent of Nurses

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

388

THE CANADIAN NURSE

FYersmaRT

Nurses do like the added
touch of Smartness
that goes into the
making of

EVERSMART
UNIFORMS

Ask your dealer. If he cannot
supply you, write us direct.

Catalogue gladly
sent on request.

Made by a Firm that Knows
How to Make Uniforms —

Whitakers Limited

Sommer Bldg., 423 Mayor St.
MONTREAL. P.Q.

Telephone Lan. 8801

Number 2152

Semi-Fitted with Loose Belt, gored
back and shaped at waist line. Insert
Pockets, Roll Collar that can be worn
high or low. Made in fine Poplin.
Detachable Buttons. Sizes 32 to 44.

PUase mention "The Canadian Nurae" when replying to Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

449

Modern diets often lack minerals

To-day, authorities are stressing the importance of the essential mineral
salts. In addition to building sturdy bones, and blood rich in hemoglobin,
these mineral elements aid metabolism and contribute to nervous stability.
Yet many modern diets cannot be depended upon to furnish the proper
quota of minerals, and therefore millions of people suffer from the effects
of demineralization. Cooking destroys a variable amount of the mineral
value of foods — in some instances as high as 76 per cent.
To correct this loss and to remedy demineralization — with its attendant
symptoms of nerve fag, neurasthenia, lowered vitality and loss of energy —
a tonic rich in mineral salts is needed.

Fellows' Syrup contains the mineral salts of sodium, calcium, potassium,
manganese, iron and phosphorus, together with the added metabolic
stimulants — strychnine and quinine. Sixty years of clinical experience
the world over testify to its value as a tonic.

Suggested dosage: A teaspoonful in half a glassful of water three or four times daily.

FELLOWS' SYRUP

OF THE HYPOPHOSPHITES

CONTAINS THE ESSENTIAL MINERALS
SAMPLES ON REQUEST

Fellows Medical Manufacturing Company, Inc. 26 Christopher St.,New York City

Why liquid

magnesia

is best

x\ LIQUID diet is kind to an upset
stomach. Solids often irritate its over-
sensitive condition.

Dry magnesia will not dissolve in
water. When compressed into tablets or
wafers, magnesia becomes still more in-
soluble, with danger of passing through
the stomach and intestines as irritating
grit.

Phillips Milk of Magnesia is a liquid —
the only form in which true Milk of
Magnesia can be made. This fluid
magnesia is immediately active. It has
the strong affinity for acids common to
hydrates. It will not form concretions
or accumulate in the bowels.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse"

No irritation or other harmful
effects can follow its administration
even under prolonged use. It is
the safest and most dependable
form of magnesia for infants and
children It is the appropriate
laxative anti-acid for adding to
milk mixtures intended for bottle-
fed babies.

The bland aperient action of
Phillips Milk of Magnesia is due
in large part to its liquid colloidal
state, which causes softer evacua-
tions than would otherwise occur.

when replying to Advertisers.

450 THE CANADIAN NURSE

A Monthly Journal for the Nurses of Canada
Published by the Canadian Nurses Association

Vol. XXVII. WINNIPEG. MAN., SEPTEMBER. 1931 No. 9

Regiatered at Ottawa. Canada, aa aecond-clasi mattet.

Entared aa aecond-claaa matter March 19th. 1905. at the Poat Office. Buffalo. N.Y.. under the Act ol

Congreaa. March 3rd. 1897.

Editor and Buainess Manager: —
JEAN S. WILSON, Reg.N., 511 Boyd Buildii^g, Winnipeg, Man.

SEPTEMBER, 1931

CONTENTS

PAGE

Mental Hygiene in Public Health Nursing - - Emma de V. Clarke 451

Editorials ------------- 458

Evolution of Nursing in the Last Forty Years - - Nettie B. Little 461

A Call for Readjustment - - - - - E. Muriel McKee 463

Protecting the Mentally Unstable - _ . Or. F. H. C. Baugh 466

The Four F's Ethel C. Pipes 468

The Standpoint in Teaching History - - - Professor F. Clarke 471

Impetigo Contagiosa - - Dr. G. V. Bedford 474

Department of Nursing Education:

A Curriculum for Schools of Nursing in

Canada -------- Grace M. Fairley 476

Comment on Curriculum ___- 479

Department of Private Duty Nursing:

Suggestive Elements in Medical Care - - Dr. R. G. Armour 481

Canadian Nurses Association 484

News Notes ---___- 4S5

Official Directory ----------- 492

Vol. XXVII.

SEPTEMBER. 1931

No. 9

ii^ntal l|ggtpnr in fubltr ll|raltlt Nursing

By EMMA de V. CLARKE, Division of Mental Hygiene, Department of Public Health,

Toronto, Ont.

The mental hygiene movement, al-
though of comparatively recent de-
velopment, has grown tremendously
and in spreading its doctrine is in-
vading many fields where at first its
application was unthought of.

Dr. J. W. Bridges in his ' ' Psychol-
ogy— Normal and Abnormal ' ' defines
it as a movement whose object is the
promotion and preservation of men-
tal health and is thus a part of the
public health movement. Its chief
task is the education of the public in
the scientific principles and practices
which have a bearing upon mental
health. It is also the art of handling
and correcting various minor pro-
blems and maladjustments which
may lead to more serious forms of
disorders. Its object is not only to
prevent mental disease and defect,
but also to promote the best type of
personality. It, therefore, seeks to
encourage scientific investigation
into all factors, hereditary as well as
environmental, that cause not only
mental disease, mental defect and
delinquency, but also unhappiness,
inefficiency and other undesirable
conditions.

His definition seems to outline the
scope of the mental hygiene move-
ment wonderfully well and makes
the field a very broad one, with
plenty of work and openings for
every type of worker.

In Canada, at the present time,
there is no group of workers more
advantageously situated to carry out
any mental health programme than
the public health nurse. In this group
one naturally includes the Victorian
Order and other visiting nurses, as
well as the industrial nurses. The
public health nurse has an entree into

(A paper read at the Public Health Nursing
Section of the Canadian Public Health Associa-
tion, annual meeting, June, 1931.)

more homes than probably any other
type of worker and in most eases her
presence is welcomed and her advice
is listened to. If not always carried
out, her suggestions at least cause
the parents to think the matter over
and realize some of their own short
comings, which is in itself a good
thing. One never knows what may
spring from this seed.

The dissemination of sound mental
health information is not a field for
amateur efforts depending on good-
will and good intentions, but on
knowledge. Expert training is re-
quired but the field is too large to
be usurped by any one professional
group. At the present stage it needs
co-operative effort on the part of
everyone who deals with problems of
human behaviour, that is, psychiat-
rists, psychologists, educators, nurse.s,
social workers, general practitioners,
pediatricians, courts, ministers and
employers.

One of the first and perhaps the
hardest tasks of those carrying the
mental hygiene doctrine to the gen-
eral public, is to overcome those age-
long prejudices and superstitions re-
garding mental disabilities. The very
term mental hygiene is apt to bring
to their minds a picture of some one
suffering from an acute disease or
perhaps of a drooling idiot. Perhap.-!
if you are quite honest with yourself
you will have to admit that it is not
long since this same hoary concept
was still firmly rooted in your own
mind. Its uprooting is not hurried
by the fact that many of the active
problems you are constantly called
upon to deal with are concerned with
these two very situations.

Howevei', you are not ready to do
mental health work unless you free
yourself from this concept and train
vourself to consider it from the angle

452

THE CANADIAN NURSE

of prevention as you do general
public health work.

Every one of us has our own per-
sonal problems and difificulties and
we must learn to realise we have to
face them fairly and squarely. It is
useless to ignore them and to assure
ourselves that by shoving them into
the background we can solve them.
We must sit down and quietly take
stock of ourselves and our own every
day behaviour. If we can learn to
understand something of our own
reactions, and where necessary try
to allay certain ones, or at least
adapt ourselves to circumstances that
are unalterable, we will be in a better
position to help other people to solve
their difficulties. Otherwise these pei'-
sonal handicaps of our own will re-
act on the people we wish to help and
will colour any proposed solution we
present to them, preventing oui'
maintaining an impartial attitude.

We all know how difficult it is to
convince people that a case of mental
disorder or defect in their own little
circle is not a blot upon the famil3'
name and something to be hidden as
long as possible — perhaps until the
disorder has advanced too far for a
complete recovery to be possible or
until a tragedy has occurred, or in
the case of a defective, until the un-
fortunate child is too old for satis-
factory training. People who will
sacrifice everything to secure the
best available care for a case of pneu-
monia will deny the patient tliis if
he shows signs of mental disorder.

In every family of the present
generation there is a very evident
amount of tug and strain between
parents and children, owing to their
different attitudes toward life. On
one side we have the parents with
the traditional, rather than thought-
ful attitude — this being especially
true of parents from foreign lands,
and on the other side there are the
children clamouring for changes in
home life and yet not being at all
sure what they want or why. Every
generation has had such problems
and ours is no exception. A score of
years ago one found parents and

children sharing amusements and
household tasks as part of the usual
routine and the children helping will-
ingly as a. matter of course. Now-
adays it is quite different and in
many homes children help only under
protest. The auto, movies and clubs
of all sorts, have changed the out-
look. Everyone wants to get away
from home on various plans of their
own. Even the mother, who has
always been and still is the most
stabilising influence in the house,
probably has her outside interests.
But despite the fact that we are pass-
ing from the days when the family
exerted such an exclusive influence
on the child's life, there never has
been a time when parents and all
types of workers could give more
intelligent guidance to children.

Unconsciously every public health
nurse includes a lot of mental hygiene
in her daily routine although she
may call it by some other name, such
as child or infant welfare, pre-natal
instruction, or what not. What a
wonderful opportunity a public
health nurse has if she has prepared
herself to do it consciously in the
same thorough way she prepares her-
self to carry out her public health
programme. As a matter of fact,
problems of physical and mental
healtli are so closely interwoven it is
impossible to deal satisfaetoi'ily Avith
one without the other entering in.
We will cheerfully and enthusiasti-
cally study and work to prepare our-
s-^lves to combat physical difficulties
and entirely neglect the mental
health difficulties. We may flatter
ourselves that our public health
t( chni(|ue is perfect and yet if we
overlook that very potent element —
human behaviour — we won't go very
far in the majority of cases.

There is no dearth of good practi-
cal literature on child training and
care, in either book or pamphlet
form, easily obtainal)le so that one
cannot claim alibi for ignorance just
because there are no lectures or in-
structions available in the vicinity.
In Canadian literature on this sub-
ject we have Dr. Baltz' and Mrs.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

453

Bott's book, "Parents and the Pre-
school Child," which is very practi-
cal and readable as well as being in-
expensive. There is also the recently
published set of pamphlets on "Habit
Training" prepared by Mrs. AV. T. B.
Mitchell for the Canadian Council on
Child and Family Welfare at Ottawa,
and which may be had on request.
These have been found useful for
mothers, teachers, and all those in-
terested in child work of ditferent
sorts.

It speaks well for the amount of
mental hygiene work already done
in Canada that there is such an in-
creasing demand on the part of
parents for information and help.
Parent educators are kept more than
busy trying to keep up with requests
for instruction from groups ranging
from the highly educated, intelligent
parent to mothers who must go out
daily to work, leaving their children
at a day nursery. The questions
asked at such group meetings are ex-
tremely frank and a purely theoreti-
cal solution won't satisfy them. They
insist upon knowing, not only the
theory, but practical methods of help
that is on a workable basis. The
questioners may not always agree
with the proposed solution but they
will turn over the idea in their own
minds and discuss it at home, decid-
ing probably in the end to give it a
trial, with or without reservations.

The public health nurse who goes
in and out of homes on various mat-
tors can do much toward stimulating
this thirst for knowledge in getting
groups organised and helping them
to obtain capable leaders for them.

Parents are, of course, the greatest
influence in any child's life, especial-
ly as they are with him more than
anyone else at the beginning when
development is most rapid. Th(>
mother in all child training and pro-
blems is the strategic person and this
must ever l)e kept in mind. ITpon the
training the mother gives the little
child will largely depend the later
success or failure of that child in life.

Habits are the acquired methods of
behaviour built up by association.

They are the tools by which we
achieve health, happiness and effi-
ciency. Good habits must be built up
from the beginning of life on a basis
of the elementary habits. Who, but
the nurse visiting in the home, is in
a better position to impress and
teach the mother the importance of
this early training, of these necessary
rules — regularity, consistency and
persistence in establishing good
habits of eating, sleeping and elimin-
ating? Dr. Blatz in "Parents and
the Preschool Child" stresses these
very strongly.

If all of us doing public health
work would concentrate on the
eflPective training of the pre-school
child there would be fewer school
and adult problems to later perplex
us. In working on these latter pro-
blems we invariably find the trail
leads back to the home where faulty
early training, due to ignorance and
thoughtlessness, has laid an unsound
foundation.

In talking to and teaching mothers
there is one point which is apt to be
overlooked and often lies back of the
failure of the plans made. The nurse
must try to size up the parents' men-
tal capacity as well as the environ-
mental possibilities so that the for-
mulated plan lies within the range of
success. A plan should be presented
that will not be too complicated for
the mother to grasp the significance
of and which she may carry out with
a feeling of compensation. If she
obtains a feeling of success, she is
repaid for all her struggles and will
be spurred on to further effort. Often
we are inclined to use language,
which may be of quite familiar every-
day use to us in our profession, but
the meaning of which the mother
may only half or vaguely compre-
hend. Ten chances to one she may
be the sort that privately visualizes
germs and vitamines as little green
bugs cheerfully leaping around on
lettuce or cabbage leaves.

A very fruitful field, and one that
is assuming more importance as time
goes on. in mental health education,
is the work among pregnant mothers.

454

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Every public health nurse has any
number of women in this condition
under her supervision, but how often
does she concern herself with what
is going on in their minds ? Naturally
she pays a great deal of attention as
to whether the physician finds the
patient's physical condition satis-
factory and whether she is carrying
out, to the best of her ability and
opportunities, his instructions as to
diet, rest and recreation. Possibly the
nurse advises the woman about the
arrangements and nursing care of
herself during confinement, the pro-
vision for care of the household dur-
ing this period, but does she concern
herself, or realise very often, the
mental stress the woman is under-
going?

Although pregnancy is a normal
experience in a woman's life, yet her
outlook will often be as exaggerated
as that of a sick person. Her pains
and aches are enlarged, mole hills
temporarily become mountains,
specially towards the end of the nine
months' period. Perhaps she does
not feel equal to going about much
among her friends and her thoughts
turn in upon herself. It is during
the pregnancy that the nurse has a
chance to do a worthwhile piece of
mental hygiene work. These are the
months when the nurse can get the
prospective mother planning for the
future training of the baby. How is
she to fit it into the household? How
she should institute the satisfactory
habits that are so vitally necessary
for the baby's future health, happi-
ness and efficiency, as well as her own
satisfaction and peace. Every mother
naturally wants a healthy baby, but
she doesn't often realise how much
those first months and early years
count in the child's whole life. Many
times in the rush and pressure of
work this angle is not sufficiently
stressed, but as time goes on the im-
portance of habit training is begin-
ning to percolate into every mother's
mind.

It is too late to start talking about
it after the confinement, ,iust as it is
too late then to prepare the other

children, specially the youngest who
is supplanted by the new arrival.
This little tot, who suddenly, with-
out any warning, finds himself ousted
from the centre of the stage and the
chief claim on mother's attention,
often undergoes a severe shock.
Think of how often some ono
thoughtlessly in a joking way says to
the child some such thing as this,
"Now your nose will be out of .ioint,
mother has a new baby." Immediate-
ly all his props are knocked out from
i.nder him and the seeds of jealousy
and hatred are planted in a plastic
mind. It is so easy to plant such
seeds, but difficult to get rid of them.
How much better to have prepared
the child for the new baby so its
arrival will be looked forward to and
the desire to help care for it fostered.

Where a public health nurse holds
a meeting or club for pregnant
mothers she should plan to give men-
tal hygiene a definite place in her
programme. Much effective teaching
has been done in such clubs in the
United States and we should not fall
behind in Canada.

Another field into which the nurse
can carry her mental hygiene educa-
tion programme is her work among
tuberculosis patients. We all know
that peace of mind is a great factor
in any sick person's recovery and
this is especially true of tubercular
cases. They usually seem very hope-
ful of recovery but back of it there
are frequently fears and worries that
come to light under a little careful
probing. There is nothing more help-
ful in clearing up these fears and
worries than bringing them out in
the sunshine and fresh air as it were,
putting them into words and talking
them out with an understanding
person.

When it comes to school children,
every public health nurse has in-
numerable problems of every imagin-
able sort with every possible type of
child. It would not be possible, in a
paper such as this, to do more than
briefly touch on a few ways in which
she may do useful work. A nurse is,
of course, no more qualified to diag-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

455

nose and prescribe treatment in cases
of mental or emotional disturbances
or defect, than she is in cases of
physical disease and yet in the for-
mer, as in the latter case, she may
institute certain perfectly obvious
emergency treatments until help is
available. To the psychiatrist her
help is as important as it is to the
physician. He depends on her to
bring him a true picture of the
child's difficulties, his home and en-
vironmental background, a history
of his development, his behaviour in
school and out, his progress, recrea
tional activities or lack of them, and
the doctor's latest physical findings
— not forgetting to have the infor-
mation include the correct date of
birth. If a psychometric test is to be
given the examiner must have this in
order to work out his rating. This
may seem to be a small unimportant
point but if you were attached to a
division of mental hygiene which
tests several thousand children each
year it would loom up as quite a
burning question and not a complex.

The information for the psychi-
atrist should be arranged systemati-
cally and as briefly as possible. The
reasons for bringing the child for
examination should be stated clearly
at the beginning and then the history
given according to the outline in
vogue at the clinic. All clinics have
a definite history outline to be used
in preparing a history so that points
may be placed in their proper order
and not in a long, rambling story
which may, or may not, contain all
the essential information.

Histories are not always easy to
obtain, but they are very necessary
if any real study is to he made and
a plan formulated. Incidentally one
learns a great deal about people,
their ideas and attitudes about life
in general while getting histories, a?
well as becoming adept at weighing
and sifting the material gathered so
that details which at first glance
might be overlooked or thought ir-
relevant, and yet contain the key to
the situation, m;(y not be omitted.

Nurses and social workers usually

say it takes a long time to get the
necessary material for a history be-
cause you cannot sit down with the
clinic outline before you on a table
in the home and ask one question
after another, expecting to get a
really true or valuable history. The
questions asked in such eases merely
suggest to the mother the answer
that will make the best showing.
Rather, with the outline in the mind's
eye, much real information has to be
elicited in the course of a general
conversation skillfully directed by
the questioner and by quietly observ-
ing the mother's method of handling
any other children in the home at
the time and by their attitude toward
her. Of course when one is obtaining
names, dates, diseases and such like,
notes have to be made and other bits
of information may be jotted down
at this time.

When it comes to getting the re-
port from the school teacher, the
psychiatrist will expect definite in-
formation, especially if it is the
school which requests the examina-
tion. Progress or lack of it, subjects
failed in, grades repeated, attend-
ance, behaviour in school towards
work, teacher, and other pupils, and
so on. Is his physical condition keep-
ing the child back, does his teacher
ridicule him or scold him before the
class, or does she teach too much and
not make her pupils do enough learn-
ing on their own part?

If stealing is the problem — and it
is a very common one — one must find
out what form this takes. Is a little
child branded as a thief when he
picks up some bright or attractive
object from another's desk because
he has never been taught at home the
difference between thine and mine,
and desires these pretty things he
cannot get otherwise? Perhaps he
deliberately steals money in order to
spend it to buy the good-will or ad-
miration of others or even to buy
food he craves and lacks at home.
Every child should be given or al-
lowed to earn a regular weekly al-
lowance, no matter how small the
amount, and this he should be per-

456

THE CANADIAN NURSE

mitted to spend in his own way. He
should not have to put it all in his
bank or on the Sunday colleetioji
plate. The nurse can often help in
such cases.

Gang stealing is not an unusual
difficulty, specially in the larger
centres. Sometimes the gangs are
quite well organised, perhaps after
ideas absorbed from the trashy
literature overflowing our bookstalls
and selling so widely, or from the
undesirable sensational type of
"movies" frequently shown. The
leader may not do so much of the
actual stealing himself, but directs
his gang, often using the duller
members, who are short on ideas of
their own. One quite common ex-
ample of this in big cities is the game
carried on by these gangs in visiting
a "5 & 10c" store. Each member sees
how much he can ''lift" — the spoils
going to the winner, that is, the one
who can annex the greatest number
of articles in the raid. He has the
privilege of dividing or disposing of
the spoils as he decides. This game
goes on until some one makes a slip
and lands in a juvenile court, where
the story is uncovered and the gang
broken up. If these gangs can become
interested instead, in some form of
useful or helpful activity, a lot of
surplus energy may be turned into
channels of benefit to the whole com-
munity, as well as the gang getting
a stimulus and satisfaction out of it.

Lying is another common problem,
often though not always linked up
with stealing, which must be traced
to its beginnings. However, it is too
large a field for this discussion.

The children who cause trouble of
any sort, and those who cannot keep
up with the others in school, are the
ones most commonly brought to a
clinic for help and advice, but the
type of child whose behaviour to the
psychiatrist presents a far graver
problem may often be overlooked for
the very reason that he never causes
any active disturbance until he later
on develops an active psychosis. This
is the shut-in, seclusive, over-sensi-
tive child who doesn't play with

other children, but sits around day
dreaming, whose feelings are always
being hurt, the child who shrinks into
the background and doesn't take any
interest in the usual child activities.
Children of this sort are always well
worth studying and helping.

One might go on for a long time
enumerating different problems in
children, all fascinating, and often
distracting and perplexing enough to
challenge the worker's ingenuity.

In the majority of cases the trail
leads back to the home, which brings
us back to the same old point. If you
want to do good mental health work,
the mother is the strategic person to
work with and in her co-operation
lie^ the key to success.

Child guidance clinics are steadily
increasing in number and will con-
tinue to do so, as fast as the public
health nurse, who is so often the only
active trained worker in the area,
can teach the parents and schools the
value of them. The travelling psy-
chiatric clinics, staffed from pro-
vincial mental hospitals, beginning
to work out in districts where no
service to the present has been avail-
able, are already proving a great
success. The nurse must make her
families aware of the possibilities of
clinics as centres where advice may
be sought early in the game before
some serious difficulty has arisen.
She must teach them to recognise the
danger signals and to look for the
cause. The child should not be alto-
gether to blame, but parents made to
realise their own failures and short-
comings in training and example and
that they must try to rectify these
in order to help the children. Every-
one of us is quite willing and anxious
to accept credit for successes, but
not so keen on shouldering blame for
failures.

Until one is actively engaged in
mental hygiene work one is rarely
fully alive to the good that whole-
some physical activities play in a
child's life. It is surprising how-
many children have to be taught to
play. All children need to learn to
play games, not with the idea of al-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

457

ways winning, but of learning to give
and take cheerfully and of putting
their best efforts into the game. We
all know no football game is ever
won or lost till the last whistle blows.

If adolescents learn to play the
game in their earlier years, they are
not so prone to hang round on cor-
ners or to gather in little groups with
nothing better to do than gossip or
exchange unsavory misinformation
about sex. The Boy Scouts and Girl
Guides troops and their kindred or-
ganisations have been a great boon
and eye-opener to many boys and
girls, both from the physical and
moral point of view.

"With the recognition by the educa-
tional authorities, all over the coun-
try, of the need and advantages to
be derived from the provision of
special training for the mentally re-
tarded, many a problem has been
solved and the teacher's burden
lessened. The teacher's preparatory
training, like that of a nurse's, how-
ever, is still sadly lacking in definite
instruction about human behaviour.

In Toronto we have found the
special training classes the greatest
help. We have a steadily increasing
number of such classes from which,
at the age of thirteen, the pupils are
sent on to three vocational schools
for three years' training in whatever
trades they prove to be suited for.
In these junior classes the academic
work must be stressed but of course
the curriculum has to be continually
adapted to the need and speed of the
pupils. Some manual or handwork
is given but loses most of its great
value if not very definitely linked
up with the academic work. In the
vocational schools this linking up of
academic and vocational work is
equally important, and it is surpris-
ing the diversity that may be de-
veloped along both lines. In both
classes and schools much attention
must be devoted to developing good
health and moral standards, and in
a great part this has to be done in-
dividually rather than in the group
work possible with the average child.

One great feature in the success

and happiness to be achieved in such
classes and school is the prevention
of stigmatizing them, calling them
the dumbell classes or other cruel
names. The pupils should not be
made to feel they are different, but
rather privileged by having special
training. These classes are usuallv
the busiest and happiest spots in a
school.

When some similar sort of training
can be thought out and put into
practice for that very large and
troublesome group known, for want
of a satisfactory name, as the non-
academic or dull normal group, we
will have travelled quite a distance
along the road to solving many
truancy and .juvenile court problems.

In all educational schemes the
nurse has a very definite place. She
is the all-important link between
home and school. Her aid, diplomacy
{ind knowledge is a great factor in
recognising wrinkles and ironing
them out before a permanent crease
is made, whether the main source of
trouble lies in misunderstanding and
friction in school or home, or be-
tween these two great agencies for
good or evil in the child's life.

If a nurse does not honestly like
children and isn't willing to be pa-
tient in trying to understand them,
she should not enter the public
health field as it is a foregone con-
clusion she will not make a success
of mental health work. In no branch
of the work does she need so much
to have infinite patience, resourceful-
ness and insight, along with a sense
of humour and a refusal to become
discouraged despite the realisatio7i
that there are plenty of conditions
that will not be changed, but may be
modified, in her day and generation.
These qualities along with a love and
understanding of little children arc
part of the necessary everyday equip-
ment of anyone who desires to pre-
pare herself for mental hygiene work.
Let me close Avith the assurance that
it is a work that holds a never-ending
fascination, a great satisfaction and
a challenge for everyone who enters
its lists.

458

THE CANADIAN NURSE

iEbitortalH

THE NATIONAL ORGANISATION BIENNIAL MEETING, 1932

Elsewhere in this issue of tlie
Journal there is illustrated in chart
form the effect numerically on mem-
bership in the Canadian Nurses As-
sociation following the decision made
at the Biennial Meeting in 1930 to
abolish dual membership in the na-
tional organisation.

It was recognised the doing away
with that plan meant renewed acti-
vity on the part of each Provincial
Association of Registered Nurses to
increase its membership in order that
every registered nurse should main-
tain affiliation with the Canadian
Nurses Association and the Inter-
national Council of Nurses.

Numbers alone do not demonstrate
the professional solidarity among
nurses in Canada. However, there
must be unanimous opinion that until
every qualified nurse becomes regis-
tered and continues to be a member oC
a provincial association, the Canadian
Nurses Association cannot be regard-
ed as Canada's phalanx for the nurs-
ing profession as those who have given
so generously and voluntarily toward
leadership in the national organisa-
tion anticipated.

On numerous occasions we have
been challenged to personal responsi-
bility in contributing our best to the
exigencies of our professional devel-
opment and progress. Cannot the in-
dividual member in the provincial
associations resolve now to accept her
responsibility to convince one or more
of those who have carelessly over-
looked becoming registered or who
have failed to maintain membership in
a provincial association to establish
a National or International affiliation
before the end of this year? The na-
tional organisation needs each nurse
and the international body also needs
each one of us. What shall be our re-
sponse before December 31st, 1931 ?

The months have a way in passing
so rapidly one after another that one
is rather surprised to note that the
members of the Canadian Nurses As-
sociation must now direct their
thoughts and interest toward the next
general meeting of the National Or-
ganisation. Accepting the invitation
of the New Brunswick Registered
Nurses Association, that meeting will
be held in -the Admiral Beatty Hotel,
Saint John, New Brunswick, from
June 21st to the 26th, 1932.

Miss Florence Emory, President
C.N.A., is convener of the Programme
Committee. The programme for 1932
will concentrate on the Report of the
Survey, which it is expected shall have
been carefully studied by every regis-
tered nurse in Canada before the gen-
eral meeting of 1932 takes place.

Miss Margaret Murdoch, Superin-
tendent of Nurses, Saint John Gen-
eral Hospital, is convener of the Ar-
rangements Committee. Miss Murdoch
has chosen her associates from mem-
bers of the hostess organisation and
shall report preliminary arrange-
ments to the Canadian Nurses Asso-
ciation Executive Committee towards
the end of September.

At the request of the Executive
Committee, Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion, Miss H. S. Dykeman, of Saint
John, has consented to act as convener
of a special committee appointed to
arrange for post-convention tours in
the Maritimes.

No further information relative to
the general meeting of 1932 is avail-
able for release at present. However,
the Journal shall report promptly the
development of all plans. It is antici-
pated there shall be a record attend-
ance owing to the importance of the
coming meeting with the Survey Re-
port discussions, as well as many
wishing to avail themselves of a trip

THE CANADIAN NURSE

459

through a most attractive part of the
Dominion and to meet especially the
members of the Canadian Nurses As-
sociation resident in New Brunswick.

The Canadian Nurses Association
has met once only in the Maritimes,
then in 1914 in Halifax, Nova Scotia,
so that the majority of those attend-
ing the 1932 meeting shall be visiting
the eastern provinces for the first
time.

The nurses of New Brunswick are
preparing to receive a record breaking
attendance. Let us not disappoint
them.

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF
NURSES

A meeting of the Board of Directors
of the International Council of Nurses
was held in Geneva, June 29th to July
1st, 1931. The Board of Directors con-
sists of (a) the Honorary Presidents
in office in 1925, and (h) the elected
officers (5), and (c) the President of
each National Association of Nurses
which is an active member of the In-
ternational Council of Nurses. There
are 23 National Associations affiliated
with the Council, which, on January
1st, 1931, had a membership of about
160,000.

Officers present were: President,
Mile. Chaptal (France) ; treasurer,
Miss E. M. Musson (England), and
secretary. Miss C. Reimann; also the
following members of the Board at-
tended : Mrs. Bedford Fenwick (Great
Britain) ; Miss Elnora E. Thomson
(United States) ; Miss Charlotte
Munck (Denmark) ; Sister Bergliot
Larsson (Norway) ; Mademoiselle
Parmentier (Belgium) ; Miss Alice
Reeves (Irish Free State) ; Miss Anna
Nordstrom (Finland) ; Miss Madge E.
Abram (India) ; Miss B. G. Alexander
(South Africa) ; Generaloberin Lub-
l)en (Germany).

It was decided that the Congress of
1933 should be held from July 9th to

July 14th. The first three days' ses-
sions shall be held in Paris ; Thursday
spent in travel to Brussels, sight-see-
ing en route, with sessions held in
Brussels on Friday and Saturday. It
is proposed that meetings of the
Board of Directors and the Grand
Council shall be held during the week
previous to the opening of the Con-
gress.

The secretary's report showed the
increase and development of activities
at headquarters and suggested an ad-
justment should be made in the staff
in order that progress and expansion
could be more satisfactorily accom-
plished. A full time assistant editor
for The International Nursing Re-
view is to be appointed.

An interesting report presented by
Mrs. Bedford Fenwick as chairman of
the Florence Nightingale Memorial
Committee was adopted. Recom-
mendations made in this report were :

(a) That the Florence Nightingale
Memorial Committee be extended by
the inclusion of the Presidents of all
federated National Associations;

(6) That when it has formulated
more concrete suggestions, influential
persons in each country shall be in-
cluded in the Organising Committee,
and

(c) The Board suggest that the
Foundation should be in London, that
it should be of an international char-
acter and a living memorial — not a
museum; members of the Board of
Directors assembled in Geneva fav-
oured an endowed Foundation for
post-graduate nursing education.

Appointments and vacancies on
Standing Committees which occurred
since the Congress of 1929 were made
as follows: Chairman, Private Duty
Nursing, Miss Isabel Macdonald
(England); Programme, Congress,
1933, Miss Elnora Thomson (United
States) ; Revision of Constitution and
By-laws, Miss ^Margaret Breay (Eng-
land) ; Ethical Standards, Miss Mary
Roberts (United States).

460

THE CANADIAN NURSE

SEPTEMBER MEETINGS
The month of September is out-
standing in that two most interesting
annual conventions from the United
States are being held in Canada. The
first is the Sixtieth Annual Meeting of
the American Public Health Associa-
tion, which meets in Montreal from
September 14th-17th.

Nurses in Canada will be especially
attracted to the arrangements made
by the Public Health Nursing Section
of the Association, which include a
luncheon meeting, one individual ses-
sion and joint sessions with the Child
Hygiene and Public Health Education
Sections.

At the close of this annual gather-
ing there will be a trip by steamer to
Quebec City and up the Saguenay
River. Information relative to this
trip may be obtained on request being
sent to the American Public Health
Association, 450 Seventh Avenue,
New York City.

Editorial comment was published in
the July number of the Journal rela-
tive to the annual convention of the
American Hospital Association, which
meets in Toronto during the week of
September 28th to October 2nd. For-
tunate indeed are the nurses who have
delayed their vacation until Septem-
ber if their plans permit them to be in
Montreal and Toronto for one or both
of these large gatherings.

Miss Anna D. Wolf will preside at
meetings of the Nurses' Section. Miss
Wolf was recently appointed Director
of the School of Nursing and Director
of the Nursing Service in the New
York-Cornell Medical Centre now un-
der construction in New York City.

The Woman's Hospital Aid Section
will be presided over by Mrs. A. W.
Rhynas, of Burlington, Ontario.
Headquarters for the American Hos-
pital Association will be in the Royal
York Hotel and reservation for ac-
commodation should be made at once.^

THE PERMANENT EDUCATION FUND
Registered Nurses Association of Ontario

At the fifth annual meeting of the Regis-
tered Nurses Association of Ontario held in
Toronto, April, 1930, it was decided by
unanimous consent, at a general meeting of
the Association, to estabUsh a fund for nurse
education, this fund to be known as The
Permanent Education Fund of the Registered
Nurses Association of Ontario.

The purpose in mind in the creation of this
fund was: first, to provide funds to finance, if
necessary, the preparation of especially
qualified persons for educational or ad-
ministrative work, the result of which would
benefit the nursing profession, as a whole, in
Ontario; second, to provide a loan fund to be
used to aid and assist individual nurses,
members of the Association, to secure special
post-graduate education and experience.

The definite plan of the administration of
the fund has not been considered; when it

has been definitely established, according to-
the plan decided upon by the Association,,
then the niatter of dispensation of the funds
will be given consideration at a general
meeting of the Association.

The plan adopted to raise the money is as
follows: Each district is expected to contribute
at the rate of one dollar per member per year
for five years. Each district may adopt its
own plan of securing the funds. At the
present time some districts are endeavouring
to raise the money by taxation of each
member within the district, while other? are
adopting the group effort plan.

It is hoped that the creation and fulfilment
of this fund by the Registered Nurses Associa-
tion may lead to the stimulating of interest
in nurse education, and perhaps financial
assistance, of the citizens of Ontario.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

461

Evolution of Nursing in the Last Forty Years*

By NETTIE B. LITTLE

Someone has said that the person
wlio has gone through hardships
treads the earth more proudly. In
retrospect, the last forty years have
been a period of progress for the nurs-
ing profession, but every inch of that
progress has been contested. Only by
patience and wisdom, and matching of
wits against political and other ad-
verse elements, has our present status
been attained and maintained. Op-
posed at every turn, defeated again
and again, without power, without re-
sources, by sheer weight of faith in
themselves, nurses are winning free-
dom to direct their own work, whose
needs they know best, and thus to
shape their own destinies. Hence we,
too, walk the earth more proudly.

It was Miss Nightingale who first
set our feet upon a firm foundation.
She placed the art of nursing on the
plane of a profession and transferred
it from the category of domestic to
that of medicine. She also took it out
of the place where it had been placed
before her time by the religious or-
ders, who regarded their nursing
chiefly as a means of self-abnegation
and humiliation. She recognised that
the skilled services of the trained
nurse should be an honourable means
of livelihood, and insisted on public
recognition of that fact

Although the status of the nurse
had been changed, her position was
precarious, and the young profession
felt the need of organisation for
mutual protection, for strength to ac-
complish projects for betterment and
for moulding of ideals. Leaders were
not lacking. Pioneer work always at-
tracts its own leaders, and to Mrs.
Bedford Fenwick it was given to lead,
not only the British nurses, but the
nurses of the whole world, in their
struggle for legal status. There was
the strongest objection to any form of
legal status for nurses founded on the

(*Paper written for the course in History of
Nursing by Miss Nettie B. Little, student in tlie
School for Graduate Nurses, McGill University,
Montreal, 1930-31.)

principle of self-government, and it
was only the courage and pluck of the
British pioneer nurses who persistent-
ly fought any proposals of the Gov-
ernment for the nursing profession
which did not provide for the ade-
quate representation of the nurses
themselves which secured for them a
law that has stood the test of time.

The struggle in England lasted for
thirty years. Never has a woman's or-
ganisation met with such determined
opposition in the attempt to subjugate
it, and all came to realise that the
nurses' question was simply the
woman question. After many attempts
at organisation with others than of
their own sex, the Matrons' Council
was organised, which proved to be the
most invigorating power in English
nursing affairs. "When the Interna-
tional Council of Women met in Lon-
don, the Matrons' Council secured the
inclusion of nursing in the pro-
gramme, which gave the opportunity
for an international gathering of
nurses. Mrs. Fenwick took advantage
of the opportunity to propose an in-
ternational organisation for nurses,
and out of this proposal of such mag-
nitude and scope evolved the Inter-
national Council of Nurses in 1899. In
the meantime the struggle for regis-
tration continued, and finally in 1919
the Registration Bill was passed. In
no other country have nurses had to
fight so hard and so long for legal re-
cognition. Others satisfied with a
lesser good are now finding how irre-
vocable is a law once passed.

Thirty countries now have registra-
tion, and the type of registration in
force in each country depends upon
national and racial characteristics, the
general position of women in the
country, the stage to which nursing
has advanced and the degree to which
nurses are recognised. But whatever
the type of registration, raised stan-
dards have inevitably followed.

If the task of legislation has been
difficult, that of education has been

462

THE CANADIAN NURSE

no less. The school for nurses is unique
in education. Similar conditions do
not exist in any other educational in-
stitutions. It is apprenticeship pure
and simple, picked up by the hospitals
at a time when trades and other
professions were endeavouring to
throw it out. The primary interest
of the master craftsman is produc-
tion, and the education of his appren-
tice a secondary interest, which must,
in case of conflict, give way to the
larger interest. Similarly, the director
of the school of nursing, being also
director of the nursing service, must
in the very nature of things give pre-
cedence to the care of the sick.

The public do not pay for the
nurse's education as they do for that
of other professions. The student
nurse pays with her services a much
larger fee than any college demands,
and sometimes she pays with blood!
The whole educational system is built
up within or after the full day's la-
bour in caring for the sick, when body
and spirit are crying out for
rest. Every inch in the progress
of the nurse's education has been
contested, every additional hour and
subject in the curriculum questioned
and opposed, everything in fact that
would illumine the nurse's pathway
and lift her to a fuller comprehension
of her task. Obviously, the male head
of the hospital and his board, willing-
ly or unwillingly, knowingly or un-
knowingly, are blocking our path to
progress.

The education of the nurse is in a
state of transition, and at present
there is little uniformity. All kinds of
experiments are being tried with more
or less success. As far back as 1893,
The Royal Infirmary at Glasgow es-
tablished a primary course of three
months when there would be learning
under school conditions. In 1901 in
America, a similar course was estab-
lished in Johns Hopkins Hospital.
Professional schools scorn our low ad-
mission standards and our haphazard
hit and miss grading. Nevertheless,
the present trend is toward the pro-
fessional school. The entrance re-
quirements are becoming more exact-

ing, one to four years' high school be-
ing required, and university desired,
with a constant broadening of the
curriculum. The professional educa-
tion is given from three to five years,
under a standard curriculum system-
atically and carefully graded and
educationally sound, and more and
more the demand is for trained
teachers. Some of the special courses
are given in central schools or at the
university', and clinical work is under
teaching supervision. Post-graduate
courses are offered by several univer-
sities, some leading to a degree.
Scholarships are becoming conspicu-
ously numerous. The introduction in
1914 of a curriculum for schools of
nursing has helped to strengthen
materially teaching in every subject,
and the Goldmark Report and other
studies in nursing education have
clarified many problems. Our best
schools have whole teaching units and
their own budgets, fully trained staffs
of teachers, laboratories and libraries.
These schools require their students
to pay a fee for tuition.

It is strange that hospitals have per-
sisted so long in retaining the twelve-
liour day and seven-day Aveek when an
eight-hour, six-day week has gener-
ally been accepted as the maximum
for a normal healthy life, and has in
most departments of the world's work
been enforced by law. However, this
too is changing, and no doubt the
eight-hour day will soon become the
standard schedule of duty hours, for
it is now recognised that a student
after a twelve-hour day is quite in-
capable of further effort, mental or
physical. Shorter hours of work, to-
gether with better housing and living
conditions, are factors in the solving
of the educational problem. Under the
Registration Acts, schools are inspect-
ed and minimum curricula set.

Charles Booth says that wherever
a nurse enters, the standard of life is
raised. It speaks volumes for the edu-
cative power of the school of nursing
that from the meagrely or incorrectly
educated material there are finally
sent forth so many capable, skillful
women worthy of this tribute.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

463

A Call for Readjustment

By E. MUBIEL McKEE, Brantford, Ont.

Another year has passed. Again we
convene as the Registered Nurses As-
sociation of Ontario to consider those
things we have accomplished and
those things we have failed to accom-
plish. On such an occasion as this we
should endeavour also to catch a
glimpse of the future possibilities for
the development of our profession;
first, through the minds of the many-
nurses gathered here, representing as
we do every phase of nursing ; second,
by the consideration oi' our work in
relation to the needs of the people
and in relation to the work being con-
ducted by other groups; in fact, in
relation to everything touching upon
the care of the sick and the preserva-
tion of health. As our vision so will
be our progress.

The Association cannot report any
outstanding accomplishment during
the past year, yet several progressive
steps are to be noted: (1) we have
established a Permanent Education
Fund, (2) we have joined forces with
the Red Cross in the enrolment of
registered nurses for service in times
of war or disaster. The committee ap-
pointed to present the nursing pro-
fession to high school students has its
work well under way. The function of
this committee is not to endeavour to
secure more applicants for the nurs-
ing profession but to secure appli-
cants better fitted to enter the pro-
fession. The committee appointed to
consider the problem in connection
with non-Ontario registered nurses
practising in the province has now a
full report to present. What action is
to be taken with the facts revealed
remains for the members of this As-
sociation to decide. The Legislative
Committee has, at your request, care-
fully studied the constitution and by-

( President's address at the annual meeting of
Registered Nurses Association of Ontario, April,
1931.)

laws of the Association and has sug-
gested certain revisions ; each member
of the Association has had an oppor-
tunity to consider the suggested
changes.

The activities of the three sections
— Nursing Education, Private Duty,
and Public Health — will be reported
at the section meetings. However, a
word of commendation should be ex-
pressed on this occasion to all sections
for the splendid refresher courses held
during the year.

Analyses of Facts

It is easier to cry "Onward" than
to say "Whither." We are awaiting
the guidance we hope to receive from
the report and recommendations in
connection with the Survey of Nurs-
ing Education and Nursing Service in
Canada, which is being conducted
jointly by the Canadian Medical As-
sociation and the Canadian Nurses
Association. The time of ^yaiting,
however, has not been in vain. Be-
cause we have been called upon t9
analyse our own fields of work, in
order to furnish facts as requested in
connection with the Survey, we have
become acutely conscious of the need
for readjustment of our method of
supplying nursing service. The pres-
ent situation in connection with un-
employment among nurses is demand-
ing our careful consideration. It is
doubtful whether, when we read the
report of the Survey, we will be
greatly enlightened in so far as our
weaknesses are concerned: what we
hope to get from the report are sound,
feasible recommendations, based upon
knowledge of facts, which will enable
us to bring our nursing service into
line with present-day needs. What
are the glaring faults in our present-
day system which not only the nurses
but the lay-people and the medical
profession are recognising? Probably

464

THE CANADIAN NURSE

the most glaring are these facts : that
annually we are training more nurses
than are required to provide nursing
service for our province and that a
large proportion of the nurses grad-
uating each year are unqualified to
enter many of the fields of service.
What is the cause of the existing con-
dition ? It is the custom to use schools
of nursing to supply the nursing ser-
vice for patients in hospital irrespec-
tive of the need, in the community,
for these nurses when they graduate.
In order to supply this service we are
accepting into our schools students
with insufficient academic education,
or lacking in other qualifications
necessary to fit them for nursing ser-
vice ; in other words, each year we are
graduating students whose usefulness
is limited and whose progress is re-
stricted.

How many of the students grad-
uating each year are qualified to enroll
in our universities for post-graduate
study or to accept appointments with
the visiting nursing organisations or
on hospital or nursing school staffs?
In May, 1930, 586 graduate nurses
wrote the provincial registration ex-
amination; 279 of these nurses had
less than three full years of high
school and only 98 nurses held pass
matriculation certificates. Why do'
public health and visiting nursing or-
ganisations and hospitals require
their appointees to possess a sound
academic education as well as the
training of a nurse ? In these fields of
service the nurse must be a teacher:
the school nurse teaches the children
and their parents, the industrial
nurse teaches the employees and their
families, the visiting nurse and the
hospital staff nurse are constantly
teaching patients and their families
as well as nurses and medical stu-
dents.

How does the supply of nurses re-
late to the demand in the various
branches of our work? We are led to
believe that the demand for nurses
qualified for public health and visit-
ing nursing service and for appoint-
ment to hospitals and schools of nurs-

ing staffs is not equal to the supply
within the province ; whereas the sup-
ply of nurses engaged in special or
private duty nursing far exceeds the
demand. The increasing problem of
unemployment in this group would
seem to indicate that our presumption
is correct.

Tliere is need for readjustment as
to our method of supplying special or
private duty nursing. For economic
reasons we must devise a plan where-
by we can supply special service to
the sick according to their individual
requirements. The very large group
of nurses engaged in this type of
work must signify emphatically their
willingness to co-operate with hospital
administrators and visiting nursing
organisations in their attempt to work
out a satisfactory arrangement. Group
nursing will be developed, if not with
our aid, then without it. In the re-
adjustment, in this branch of nursing,
it is obvious that two things will have
to be considered. One of these con-
siderations is that some nurses will
have to seek new fields of endeavour.
Our universities offer courses in pre-
paration for public health work or
for teaching or administration in
schools of nursing, and at the present
time every consideration is shown to
the nurse who, by reason of valuable
experience, may be deemed to have
qualifications which can be considered
as equivalent to academic work. In
hospitals there are several posts now
usually filled by lay workers for
which a nurse is especially qualified.
She may if she has administrative
ability and a business education be-
come a hospital administrator, a hos-
pital secretary or an admittance offi-
cer ; with a very short period of spec-
ial training a nurse may qualify for
positions such as a record librarian,
an x-ray or laboratory technician. The
other important consideration is that
the group who from choice engage in
bedside nursing should be organised
so as to provide for the selection of
the nurses with special qualifications
for this work, and for some super-
vision of their work just as is now

THE CANADIAN NURSE

465

the case in public health and hospital
fields. At the present time nurses not
successful in obtaining appointments
in other fields of nursing, naturally
seek employment as private duty
nurses. Who has not heard it said,
"Well, of course, I can always go back
to private duty nursing" Some of
our finest nurses are engaged in this
important work and I desire to pay
tribute to them.

The Future

The vision I get of the future, and
my vision may be wrong, is this : there
will be wider use of the visiting nurs-
ing organisations by all people, rich,
middle class and poor, possibly to the
extent of supplying all nursing ser-
vice in our homes. A greater effort
will be put forth to teach lay women
so as to fit them to carry out, in their
homes, simple instructions given by
the physician or by the nurse. I refer
to home nursing courses, mothercraft
and pre-natal instruction, and so on.
Every hospital will become the health
centre of the community it serves,
conducting educational and diagnos-
tic clinics. County health units will
be established to serve the districts not
having hospital service. All patients
requiring constant nursing will be
hospitalised; the trained visiting
housekeeper will help to make this
possible.

Hospitals will use graduate nurs-
ing service for general duty to sup-
plement the student nurse staff and
to supply, as an economic measure
for the patients, all special nursing
required. Many schools of nursing
will be discontinued, and those main-
tained will offer nursing education
and training to qualified women, ac-
cording to the facilities and experi-
ence available in the hospital and not
according to the nursing service re-
quired to care for the patients.

It is not necessary for those nurses
now conducting schools of nursing to
stand by and wait for the Report of
the Survey to be published. That some
readjustment will have to be made is

inevitable, but before this can be at-
tempted there is much "spade work"
to be done in the matter of supplying
knowledge concerning our problems to
those who will be instrumental in aid-
ing us to find a solution for them. I
am thinking of hospital boards, the
citizens of the community, and the
high school students.

Changes will have to be made very
gradually as it is obvious that finan-
cial difficulties in connection with hos-
pital administration will arise. It is
a fairly well established fact that
small hospitals can be administered
just as economically with a graduate
nurse staff as with a nursing service
supplied by student nurses, especi-
ally if the school of nursing meets the
requirements for ' ' approval. ' ' In large
hospitals, where the facilities and ser-
vices offered for the training of nurses
justifies the conduct of a school, it
will be difficult to reduce the number
of students because of the fact that
the same educational facilities and
personnel will, to a great degree, be
required for a limited number of stu-
dents as are required for the large
groups who now provide almost the
entire nursing service. However, in
every centre, large or small, where a
school of nursing is conducted the
number of students enrolled should
have a definite relation to the demand
for nursing service in the community.
In the future when hospital bed capa-
city is increased the additional nurs-
ing service required should not be met
by increasing the enrolment in the
schools of nursing but by additional
graduate nursing service.

Private duty nurses should heartily
support superintendents of schools of
nursing in their effort to select better
qualified students and to limit the en-
rolment in nursing schools.

So much for the problems to be
dealt with. Now, when and where shall
we deal with them? Can the few so-
called leaders in our profession study
the problems for us all and give us
the answer ? Can each group — nursing
education, private duty, and public

466

THE CANADIAN NURSE

health — consider its own problems as
an independent group and make satis-
factory readjustments? Like Miss
Ethel Johns, I believe we must find
common ground upon which to meet
and discuss our problems. The pro-
blems of the sections are so inter-
related as to require common con-
sideration ; like building up a jig-saw
puzzle, we must work away with the
awry pieces until we find the section
into which each piece fits to make a
complete picture. Where shall we find
this common ground? If we but con-
sider for a moment the aims and ob-
jects of the Association responsible
for our being assembled at this mo-
ment, we must realise that here is the
common ground. To advance the edu-
cational standards of nursing; to
maintain the honour and status of the
nursing profession and to render ser-
vice-in the interest of the people:
surely these aims are common to every
nurse in every field of work.

At the moment, is our Association
representative of the nursing profes-

sion in Ontario? The chart before us
was prepared by the President of the
Canadian Nurses Association and
sent to our Association as a challenge,
in an appeal for our support, by mem-
bership in our National Nursing Or-
ganisation. Fifteen per cent, of the
registered nurses in Ontario are en-
deavouring to conduct the nursing
affairs, while the remaining eigbty-
five per cent, participate equally with
us in benefits derived from our efforts.
We must assume from this picture
that, to the great majority of nurses
in Ontario, there is no professional
obligation associated with membership
in the Registered Nurses Association.
It merely means to them the payment
of an annual fee to swell the treasury
of the Association; we have failed to
impress them with the all-important
fact that the Association is or should
be the common meeting place for
nurses in every branch of work, and
that each nurse should contribute of
her time and talent so that our aims
may be realised to the fullest possible
extent for the good of all.

Protecting the Mentally Unstable

By F. H, C. BAUGH, B.A., M.D., CM., Homewood Sanitarium, Guelph, Ont.

There are a great many people who
have a constitutional predisposition
to mental disease. Many of these, if
they remain in a simple environment
where they can get a fairly comfort-
able living without too much worry
and stress, can go through life with-
out showing any marked mental
symptoms. That is to say, they can
adjust themselves to such an environ-
ment because they are sufficiently
capable mentally of facing the reali-
ties of this life, and of solving fairly
satisfactorily such problems as may
arise. Failure to adjust themselves
properly very often results in tem-
porary or permanent mental derange-
ment.

These mental disturbances vary a
great deal. Some are very mild and
some are very severe, but everyone
cf them should be thoroughly investi-
gated. The individual may just be-
come excited and elated, cause a good
deal of annoyance but do very little

real harm. Some may become indif-
ferent, seclusive, irritable, refuse to
work and just lie around. Others be-
come agitated, depressed and con-
fused. Far too often we are shocked
by tragedy into remembrance of what
may occur when one of these consti-
tutionally inferior individuals faces
defeat in an environment that is too
complex for him.

This mental upset may be precipi-
tated in hundreds of different ways.
By way of illustration, we will say
that a young man of this type in-
herits the farm on which he was
born. He has always been quite
happy there and makes a fair living.
He marries a city girl who soon tires
of farm life. To keep peace he sells
the farm and moves to the city.

Here everything that he does is
wrong. The house and car that he
buys and the style in which he lives
are all beyond his means. He is not
trained for any position that wilt

THE CANADIAN NURSE

467

command a salary to support all of
this. He tries various agencies, sales-
manship, etc., and is outdone by
trained men. He falls a prey to
sharpers. Gradually he loses ground
financially — he mortgages the house,
borrows on his insurance and dabbles
in the market in an effort to pull up.
At the end of four or five years, he
is hopelessly in debt. He longs for
his farm but there is no way back.
He is slaving away at a job that will
not properly feed and clothe his wife
and three or four children. The wife
is irritable and unsympathetic. She
cannot understand why he is a failure
and taunts him by saying that the
fellow she passed up to marry him
provides much better for his wife
and family. All day he works, worries
and broods, and each day the situ-
ation becomes more desperate. He
cannot get any more credit at the
grocery, creditors hound and threat-
en. His employer notices his depres-
sion and believes it to be indifference
or laziness. He speaks sharply to him
about it. To the already harassed,
unstable individual this means that
the job is as good as lost. Sleepless
nights follow, and as he lies there
in silent, indescribable agony, he
visualizes his children ragged, cold
and starving with no future but
poverty and immorality. Negativism
prevents him from seeking charity.
He is overwhelmed by a feeling of
inadequacy. The more he worries,
the more exhausted, confused, pan-
icky and irrational he becomes.

He is now about at the breaking
point and some additional shock,
such as losing his job, being sued, or
ordered to leave the home, will com-
pletely derange him. At this stage
he may hear voices (auditory hallu-
cinations) telling him what to do.
Anyhow the solution suddenly comes
to him, but alas ! It is born in a sick
mind — the only way out. The wife
and children must die. If possible
he will kill them while they sleep,
but he will kill them anyhow and
then kill himself. Too often he is the
one who survives.

What becomes of him?

He may be mentally deranged dur-
ing the remainder of his life. Very
otten, however, from six months to
a year in a mental hospital restores
him to his normal.

At present we do not pay enough
attention to these mentally sick and
harassed individuals. There has never
vet been a tragedy but somebody
knew about the condition of the sick
individual. Somebody, had they known
what serious consequences might en-
sue, could have taken the sick man
and placed him in safety. Let a child
vfith scarlet fever mingle with neigh-
bours' children and see what action
is taken. Follow the next drunk man
you meet on one of our busy streets
and see how far he goes. On the other
hand, a man can get so depressed that
he weeps, says life isn't worth while,
that he is a burden to the family and
would be better dead. Even then he
is not taken seriously. He has very
often to make a definite attempt at
suicide before his own relatives get
really alarmed. Too often it is stated
that those who talk of suicide do not
take their lives. This is a dangerous
attitude. It is all the more dangerous
because there is a grain of truth in
it. Neurasthenics sometimes threaten
suicide to elicit sympathy and atten-
tion. The individual should be closely
examined by a competent psychiatrist.

It is to be hoped that the day will
come when children will be checked
up closely. Then it will be as essential
for teachers and parents to report
mental disturbances as it is to report
scarlet fever or small-pox now. A
record will be kept of those exhibiting
mental symptoms and they will be
examined from time to time. If their
conduct is in conflict with the laws of
society they can be properly cared
for before they commit crime.

In the meantime, however, physi-
cians, nurses, social service workers,
teachers, clergymen. Salvation Army
leaders and even policemen, can teach
that every case of depression should
he regarded as a prohatle suicide,
homicide, or hoih.

468

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The Four F's

By ETHEL C. PIPES. Dietitian-in-Charge, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, B.C.

While the sister sciences, dietetics
and nutrition, are makmg tremendous
contributions to the happiness and
well-being of mankind in the building
of strong, resistant bodies and the pre-
vention and cure of disease, their pro-
gress is sadly hampered by the faddist
and the charlatan, who find them
fruitful fields for exploitation. The
wave of popularity has pushed dieto-
therapy from its embryonic stage into
a paying proposition. The go-getter is
aware of this fact and so he immedi-
ately attempts to ride in on the wave
of popularity. As for actual know-
ledge, why worry about it. When ig-
norance is bliss and the shekels come
rolling in, 'tis folly. to be wise.

Sir George Newman has said
"sound nutrition is fundamental in
all phases of public and private
health." Nutrition is a recognised
fundamental and important keystone
in any field of work, and yet it has
been aptly remarked that, unless it be
religion, there is no field of human
thought in which sentiment and pre-
judice take the place of good judg-
ment and logical thinking so com-
pletely as in dietetics.

Sir James Eraser in "The Golden
Bough" relates many interesting
superstitions regarding food. Among
the taboos of the savages there were
none more important than the prohibi-
tion to eat certain foods. The savage
eats many plants and animals to ac-
quire certain desirable qualities with
which he believes them to be endowed,
and avoids eating others because of
the possibility of acquiring certain
undesirable qualities.

In Madagascar soldiers dare not
taste "hedgehog" as it is feared that
this animal, for its propensity of coil-
ing up into a ball when alarmed, will
impart a timid, shrinking disposition

(Read at the annual meeting, 1931, Graduate
Nurses Association of British Coluntbia.)

to those who partake of it. They be-
lieve that if they were to eat cock
which had died fighting, they would
themselves be slain in battle. He who
feeds on venison is swifter and more
sagacious than the man who lives on
the flesh of the bear, or fowl, or the
slow-footed tame cattle, or the heavy,
wallowing swine.

The Tapore Indians ate no heavy
meats to impede their agility, but
limited ' themselves to deer, birds,
monkeys, and fish. Old men could eat
tortoise freely, for they had already
lost the power of running.

The Mamagus would not eat flesh
of hare in fear that they might be-
come faint-hearted as a hare. They
would eat the flesh of a lion or drink
the blood to get the courage and
strength of these beasts.

The Miris of Assam prize tiger's
flesh as food for men: it gives them
strength and courage, but believe it
not suited to women, as it will make
them too strong-minded. People of
Darfur in Central Africa think the
liver is the seat of the soul, and that
a man may enlarge his soul by eating
the liver of an animal. Women are
not allowed to eat the liver because
they have no soul.

When sending out ships to a distant
port, the women ate no sticky stuff
such as rice boiled in cocoanut milk,
for the stickiness of the food would
clog the passage of the boat through
the water; they were also forbidden
to eat fish with sharp bones, lest those
at sea would be involved in sharp,
stinging trouble.

During war, at every meal, a little
rice must be left in the pot and put
aside, so the men far away will have
something to eat and need never go
hungry.

The Malay woman stripped the up-
per part of her body in reaping rice.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

469

for she explained that she did it to
make rice husks thinner, as she was
tired of pounding thick-husked rice.
She thought the less clothing she
wore, the less husk there would be on
the rice.

If you eat fruit that has fallen to
the ground, you will yourself contract
a disposition to stumble and fall; if
you partake of something which has
been forgotten, such as sweet potato
in the pot, you will become forgetful.

Flesh diets of Egyptian kings were
restricted to veal and goose. Many
priests in antiquity abstained wholly
from a flesh diet. The head chief of
Mossai may eat nothing but milk,
honey, and roasted liver of goats. If
he should partake of any other food
he would lose his power of soothsay-
ing and compounding charms. There
is a superstitious fear of the magic
that may be wrought on a man
through leaving of his food, and so
savages have destroyed the refuse
which, if left to rot, might have
proved a source of disease and death.
Superstition in this respect helped the
sanitary conditions of tribes.

Savages believed that there were
spirits in new vegetables and new
fruits. At the present time in
Lithuania, when new potatoes or
loaves made from the new corn are
being eaten, the people at the table
pull each other's hair. The reason is
obscure. When new potatoes are dug
all the family must taste them, other-
wise ''the spirits in them take offence
and the potatoes will not keep."
Many people now always make a wish
when eating the first fruit or vege-
tables of the season.

These superstitions concerning food
are still prevalent among the savages
of today, but there are many queer
beliefs and theories equally ludicrous
implanted in the mind of a great
many of our well-educated people.
Many of these have been handed
down from generation to generation,
and, regardless of the advancement of
science, a large number of people
cling to these old teachings.

For instance: Never eat orange or
grapefruit if you are going to have
cream on your cereal, for, as the say-
ing goes, '*it will sour on your
stomach." Recently a graduate nurse,
who was nursing in a well-to-do
family, told me that her grapefruit or
orange was always brought to her
while in bed, so that it would be out
of her stomach by the time she wished
to drink her coffee with cream in it.

Never eat ice cream after eating
lobster or fish of any kind, so some
people claim. Why should everyone
think this to be a dangerous combina-
tion, because one or two persons were
not in fit condition to eat lobster or
there may have been something
wrong with either the lobster or the
ice cream? No, it is the combination
that is thought to be dangerous, and
by being discussed widely thousands
of people believe that by no means
should they eat ice cream after lob-
ster. Never drink milk when you are
eating cucumbers. Why notf Do they
not often serve a sour cream dressing
with cucumbers? What other than
souring happens to the milk when in
the stomach, with or without cucum-
bers? I have heard of families who
never have a vinegar dressing of any
kind when having ice cream for des-
sert. These same families tell their
little girls to eat crusts for they will
make their hair curly; urge them to
eat plenty of carrots to make them
beautiful.

The following are some common
food adages of today :

An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

Bread is the staff of life.

Celery is nerve food.

Fish is brain food.

Eat a beet to get red cheeks.

Lettuce produces sleep.

Onions keep away T.B.

''Don't drink water with your
meals; it isn't good for you." Many
youngsters suffer because of this re-
mark reaching their parents' ears. It
is far better to have it with their
meals, if they are watched so they do
not use it as a means to swallow their
food more quickly than to go without
sufficient water. Children are so busy

470

THE CANADIAN NURSE

in school and in play that often they
do not take the time to drink enough
water for proper elimination.

In Mexico one hears, "Never eat
peppers when in a rage." One can
easily see how this superstition start-
ed, and now there are thousands who
actually believe that any one in a very
bad humour eating peppers will be-
come very ill or even die.

Heretofore the liquor on canned
peas, beans, etc., was always discard-
ed as it was not thought fit to eat,
but many people have learned that
there are some soluble food principles
in it, as well as a splendid flavour. All
water used in cooking fresh vegetables
was previously thrown away. Pediatri-
cians always have to inform the new
mothers how to prepare vegetables in
order to use the water in which they
are cooked.

In England there are many people
who will not touch tomatoes. They be-
lieve they cause cancer.

You can probably call to your mind
a dozen other similar fancies. They
not only deal with persons in good
health, but abound in treatments for
the ill. The phrase, "Feed a cold and
starve a fever" is familiar to all of
you. Typhoids were given little nour-
ishment: a little broth and a little
milk: now they are often fed as high
as five to six thousand calories a day.
Of course, careful planning of re-
inforced foods is very necessary. "We
also believe now that the very best
thing to do when we have a cold is
to eat very little and drink plenty of
water. So the old saying is changed
to "Starve a cold and feed a fever."

Until the last few years obstetrical
patients in hospitals were not allowed
fruit and vegetables. Now any kind
may be given if they agree with pa-
tient and babe. A person with rheu-
matism was never allowed any fruit.
People even now when they feel a
twinge of pain say, "Now I just won't
eat any fruit for a while; that's a
little twinge of rheumatism," even
though it has been ascertained by
scientists that citrus fruits have an
alkaline reaction in the body.

Formerly tuberculosis patients were
forced to eat raw eggs by the dozen.
Authorities now say that forced feed-
ings as frequently practised cannot be
too emphatically condemned. Many
patients have had their digestion per-
manently impaired and their chances
of recovery seriously jeopardised by
the forced milk and egg diet so wide-
ly in vogue. Both milk and eggs are
very valuable articles of food, but to
be permanently useful through long
course of treatment they must be used
with much discretion and moderation.

The fad of being thin still holds
sway. In a recent popular article by
Dr. Newburg he says that the world
is divided into two classes of people :
the fat ones getting thin and the thin
ones getting thinner. Many different
methods of reducing without effort
are advertised. They depend for their
sale largely upon the fact that the
human race is essentially lazy: salts
to be put in the bath, reducing soaps
and ointments, the action of which
was supposed to dissolve the fat
chemically. Pills of various kind can
be found on the market. Chewing gum
under such attractive names as Sliph,
Slendo, and Elfin have appeared.
Some are harmless and ineffective.
Others are effective but very harmful.
"Going on diet" would seem to be
the chief topic of conversation when-
ever women get together, and its ef-
fect is shown in our girls of 'teen age,
who have a faulty conception of their
nutritional requirements and proper
weight. Dying of tuberculosis seems
somehow a high price to pay for
beauty. A boyish figure may look love-
ly in a casket, but who wants to get
into a casket ?

There are tables offered with two
lists in parallel columns and it is ab-
solutely forbidden to combine any
food on one side with any oh the
other or dire results will follow; yet
man has been doing so for centuries
with more or less success.

Milk and fish are tabooed, and yet
are not milk sauces used on fish by
the best of chefs? It is difficult to

THE CANADIAN NURSE

471

persuade people that orange juice and
milk will not kill the baby and that
milk and cherries are a safe combina-
tion so long as the person is normal;
in case of sickness the doctor's orders
must be followed. In some cases we
do find a distinct food allergy or food
anaphylaxis.

With the discovery of the existence
of vitamines, almost miraculous cures
were made of certain diseases, bring-
ing vitamines very much to the fore.
As in many other things, part of the
scientific information on vitamines
has been used for newspaper articles
and advertisements recommending
their use in tabloid form, yet the
best source, as Mendel says, is the cor-
ner grocery with a liberal common-
sense diet.

An adequate diet is the hub around
which the wheel of life revolves.

1. It must contain sufficient calories to
maintain normal weight.

2. The proteins of the diet must be ade-
quate for growth and maintenance.

3. The residue or bulk of the diet should
be sufficient to produce a normal
bowel movement daily.

4. The mineral salts should be sufficient
for body needs.

5. The diet should contain an abundant
supply of vitamines.

6. The food must be palatable, available
and suitable to the dietary habits of
the individual.

7. Six to eight glasses of water as a
body regulator and for elimination.

8. Exercise in the sunshine and fresh air
and sufficient rest.

Then you'll all agree the six best doc-
tors are sunshine, water, air, rest,
exercise and diet.

Dr. John R. Murlin says contro-
versy in science may be disconcerting
to the layman, but it serves to sharp-
en our demands for unimpeachable
and incontrovertible evidence. With-
out controversy we might be inclined
to believe before being convinced.

With superstitions, old theories,
new theories and theories yet to be
unfolded, we feel that dietetics pre-
sents a most interesting laboratory.
As long as we humans remain human
we will have our foods, facts, fads
and fancies.

Edwin Markman's verse recalls to

us:

We are blind until we see

That, in the human plan,
Nothing is worth the making

If it does not make the man.
Why build these cities glorious

If man unbuilded goes?
In vain we build the world unless

The builder grows.

The Standpoint in History -Teaching

By Professor F. CLARKE, M.A., Professor of Education, McGiU University

A deepening consciousness that the
world in which we have to live, and
still more, the world in which our
children will have to live, must in-
evitably be a very different world
from that of our forefathers, is com-
pelling, slowly but surely, a thorough
revision of the traditional content of
education. What is happening is, not
so much that we are casting out the
old subjects in favour of new ones, as
that we seek to revise our conceptions
of the old subjects themselves. The

(T.ecturp given at the School for Graduate
Nurses, McGill University, Montreal, in Methods
of Teaching in Schools of Nursing.)

old names, history, science, geography,
and the rest, may be preserved, but
we are now less sure than our fore-
fathers were of what they ought to
signify. The obvious futility of much
school-work conducted on traditional
lines does not escape us, and so we
are forced to ask for subject after
subject, whether the view we take of
it as a teaching-instrument is really
relevant to the need it is supposed to
meet.

Of no subject is this more true than
history, and no subject stands in
greater need of a fundamental re-

472

THE CANADIAN NURSE

consideration of what we mean by it.
Uneasy conviction that time spent in
the study of it does not produce the
expected fruit in enlightened social
and individual conduct has caused
general dissatisfaction with older con-
ceptions, and an eager reaching-out
for new forms of treatment that too
often tries to compensate by en-
thusiasm for what it lacks in insight.

History as a chronicle, as a pageant,
as a drama, as a great complex of
human dynamics, as a social biology,
as a repertoire of propaganda; none
of these conceptions prove to be ade-
quate for the purpose. They all fail
in the crucial factor of self-reference ;
of placing the pupil herself with all
her interests, immediate and remote,
at the centre of the study ; and of mak-
ing her feel, with a glow of personal
responsibility, that Be te fabula nar-
ratur. ' ' What is Hecuba to him or he
to Hecuba?" we may say of all pre-
sentations of the human story that
fail, in the end, to bring home to the
pupil that the illumination of her pre-
sent life and the convincing revela-
tion of her personal duty is the real
moral and burden of it. The message
of it to her must be more than just
''Go thou and do likewise." In spite
of the great authority behind the
opinion, history as a study is much
more than philosophy teaching by
examples. It is rather a true revela-
tion of ourselves, a light from the past
shining through our immediate world
of life and duty today and giving it
a colour of fullness and truth, with-
out which we are as beings of but
two dimensions, living in a plane of
length and breadth — of mere here and
now — instead of in a solid whole of
continuing life, having depth as well.

To teach history at all vitally, then,
is to shed a light on the life here and
now of the learned, which solidifies,
as by a stereoscope, the otherwise flat
landscape of her immediate present.
It should reveal to her a continuum
of life, coming from a remote ob-
scurity and moving onward to an
unknown future, into which she has

been dipped. With such a revelation
it is no longer adequate to say of the
individual, "From the great deep to
the great deep he goes." The fleeting
transience of the individual human
life is literally overcome in the know-
ledge of history. That is its supreme
value as a form of knowledge and that
is the spirit in which it should be
taught. To the well-taught pupil the
past will no longer be that which was
over and done with before she ap-
peared on the scene, and the future
no longer that which will happen after
she is gone. If such a view of past
and future were true and reasonable
then we could all quite properly say,
"Let us- eat and drink for tomorrow
we die, ' ' but we know quite well that
it is not so. We realise, when we are
true to ourselves, that the past, in so
far as it has any meaning for us at
all, is active and living in our present
lives here and now, and that the fu-
ture is already here in germ in the
activities wherein we participate to-
day.

Then the significance of the indivi-
dual life becomes immensely enlarged.
To be possessed of true historical
knowledge relevant to one's place and
work in life is to know oneself as not
confined to the narrow mortality of
this short span of individual exist-
ence. It is to become both the heir of
all the ages that are past, and the
maker of the ages to come. It means
that, standing and working at this
particular point in time which is ours,
we are conscious of a living past with-
in and about us, shaping the form of
our actions, moulding our ideals, and
above all, endowing us with the con-
fidence that comes from a sense of our
being so much more than appears.
Similarly, a germinating future is
about us too, adding to the firm con-
fidence which is born of a live sense
of the past, the lively hope of better
things to be. If that which hath been
is not merely to be repeated by that
which shall be, it is we here on our
own little bank and shoal of time who.
have to determine it so.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

473

Historical knowledge, then, even
more than scientific knowledge, is the
great emancipator, expanding vision
and releasing energy outward to the
limits of time itself.

What should be the spirit of teach-
ing which is to achieve this end?
Much could be said, but here, as a
sort of brief practical application of
the general application of the general
conception I have defined, I can only
lay down one or two broad principles.

1. The starting point of all that is
learned, and the focus of meaning to
which it must all be brought back, is
the immediate life and interests of the
learner. This is the cardinal principle.
Illumination of the present life is the
end, either as a whole or in some par-
ticular aspect of it, e.g., the social
activity of nursing. Hence that must
be the focus of all the teaching.

Professional historians may have to
launch themselves into the past as
such, and to learn to see the past in its
own right, as it were, without refer-
ence to its share in making the pre-
sent. We shall all be the better for
the effort, occasionally, to do the same
thing, and in any case we must know
the past as truly and as objectively
as it can be known. For the ordinary
citizen, with his task to fulfill, the
significance of the past in the present
must be the central idea that inspires
the teaching.

2. History cannot be learned, stiU
less taught, by those who have no
sense of what it is to make history.
Fortunately, the achieving of this
sense is no high matter and the way
is open to the humblest of us. We
need no great place and pow^r, the
sway of millions or the command of
armies. All that is wanted i.s the
divine gift of imagination, playing
freely upon the circumstances of our

daily life and work. Reflect upon your
daily duties, upon the social texture
which determines their form and the
social needs which give them value;
upon the co-operation with the dis-
tant in place and time that is implied
in your daily life; upon the customs
you follow, the decisions you in-
fluence, the contributions you make
to the common stock of good. Then
you will realise that life which i.^ the
subject of history. For history is just
that: that vast complex of human
activities, thought of as having moved
down to us where we are now, and as
moving on still after we have gone,
a little different because of our share
in it.

3. Enthusiasm for common human-
ity is the driving force of the study.
For those whose life-work is nursing,
this should need no further elabora-
tion.

4. Last, the mass of material is so
enormous, so limitless, that we must
know how to select. Here again one's
own immediate life and interests must
be the criterion. We can trace back
through the intricately woven threads
of the vast cable of history those
strands which more directly connect
with us and our own life and work to-
day with the forefathers whom we so
mistakenly call "dead."

As we do so, for we can do little
more, let us remember all the time
that the strands we trace are, after
all, in a whole cable. Specialisation of
interest is always dangerous, and we
must beware of carrying it back too
exclusively into our interpretation of
the past. For history is one whole, one
record of an enormously complex
human endeavour, and I know of no
special branch of it that needs more
constantly to remind itself of the fact
than the History of Nursing.

474

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Impetigo Contagiosa

By GEORGE V. BEDFORD, M.D., Lecturer in Dermatology,
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg

Impetigo contagiosa is an acute
contagious disease of the skin, the
result of an infection of streptococci,
staphylococci, or both. It is char-
acterised by vesicles, bullae, pustules
and superficial crusts.

The term impetigo was used by the
older authors in a much wider sense
than it is now. It was first defined
in 1796 by Robert Wilan, who is
known as the father of modem der-
matology. In 1864 Tilbury Fox used
the term impetigo contagiosa.

The characteristic lesion may be
considered to be a vesicle or a bulla,
recurring chiefly on the uncovered
parts of the body. The face is the
most frequent site of the eruption.
On such a part, where the epidermis
is thin, the vesicle soon ruptures and
the contents, in the form of a eoagul-
able serum, produces an amber-
coloured crust, which looks as if it
had been stuck on. If this is removed
a shining red base is revealed. If left
undisturbed healing may take place
beneath the crust, which then drops
off, but the infection may spread at
the edges almost indefinitely, giving
rise to polycyclical figures. In parts
where the horny layer is more resist-
ant, the original lesions may persist
and becomo filled with n ypllnwis'i
serum, such lesions are common
around the finger nails and form a
superficial form of whitlow.

Impetigo contagiosa is usually con-
veyed by direct infection from one
person to another, but it may be
secondary to a discharging ear, a
nasal discharge, or from scratching
in scabies or pedieulc^is. Ecthyma is
a term applied to those forms of
suppurative infection in which actual
destruction of the corium takes place,

(Published by courtesy of The University of
Manitoba Medical Journal, Vol. IT. Xo. VI, 1931).

with consequent formation of ulcers.
Sequeira states that this form of in-
fection was frequently seen among
soldiers during the war. It was
usually secondary to scabies and
pediculosis. The gluteal regions were
the parts usually infected.

The diagnosis is usually not diffi-
cult. It may be confused with ring-
worm ("tinea circinata), but the
abundance of crusting, the greater
number of lesions, the imperfect ring
formation and the negative examina-
tion for fungi, would exclude a
mycotic infection. Syphilis might
resemble ecthyma. It must be re-
membered that any common itching
eruption, as eczema, scabies, and
prurigo, may become impetignised.
True pemphigus is a chronic disease
with marked constitutional symp-
toms.

Treatment: It is most important
in treating this eruption to remove
the crusts before using any local ap-
plication. In mild cases the crusts
can be removed mechanically by
warm compresses of weak solutions
(1-4000) of hydrarg. bichloride of
potassium permanganate. Ordinary
boracic solution or warm olive oil can
be used.

Weak antiseptic applications are
to be used in preference to stronger
ones, as the latter lower the skin
resistance. A favorite remedy with
most practitioners is ungt. hydrarg.
ammoniatum; this contains 5 per
cent, of ammoniated mercury and is
generally too strong; a 2 per cent,
strength usually gives better results.
This popular application is a very
messy preparation and it usually
runs all over the skin after melting.
A more satisfactory application is
composed of Lassar's paste with 2
per cent, hydrarg. ammoniatun

THE CANADIAN NURSE

475

added; this sticks on to the small
lesions and it can be spread on gauze
and applied to larger eruptions.
Several other mild antiseptic oint-
ments are used in treating this con-
dition.

Five per cent, gentian violet in
50 per cent, alcohol is an excellent
application. Two per cent, silver
nitrate solution is useful particularly
when there are lesions in the scalp
and when a man has the infection in
his beard.

A very old remedy used in the St.
Louis Hospital of Paris for over a
century is copper sulphate — grs. iv,
zinc sulphate — grs. vi, in one ounce
of rose water.

Vaccines are very seldom used
today, although they are advocated
in persistent cases.

Pemphigus Neonatorum — This is a
bullous form of impetigo occurring
in new-born infants. It frequently
occurs in epidemics in maternity
wards of public institutions. Any
part of the body may be affected.
The lesions develop at variable
periods after birth. They are gen-
erally vesicles of bullae with serous
or purulent contents.

In some of the severe eases the
horny layer is stripped off the whole
surface of the body, this is known as
Ritter's disease or exfoliativa derma-
titis of the new-born. This disease
is an extremely fatal one.

Benians and Jones investigated
thoroughly two epidemics of this
disease. A summary of their investi-
gations is recorded in the British
Medical Annual of 1930.

The authors draw the following
conclusions: (1) ''Pemphigus neona-
torum is duo to a primary infection
with staphylococcus aureus, that is
cne indistinguishable biochemically
and culturally from the S, pyogenes
aureus. (2) In most cases the prim-
ary source of infection can be traced
to a septic focus on the mother, or
on one of the attendants who come
directly or indirectly in contact with
the infant. In the author's cases the

septic focus was in nearly every case
of the blister type, and they consider
that probably this type of lesion is
much more apt to lead to pemphigus
infection than the commoner type of
staphylococcal lesions such as fol-
licular abscesses. (3) S. aureus is
frequently found in the throat and
milk of mothers before and after
child-birth, but this cannot be con-
sidered the usual primary source of
infection. (4) In fatal cases it is
found that the umbilicus has usually
l)ecome inflamed, and it should there-
fore always be kept as clean as pos-
sible. (5) Their experiments, al-
though limited in number, do not
support the thesis of a filterable
virus." Diagnosis — These cases are
liable to be confused with the bullous
lesions of congenital lues, which is a
symmetrical eruption, occurring
chiefly on the palms, soles and in the
ano-genital region. The bullae are
less tense than the impetiginous
lesions and they generally have a
discoloured and infiltrated base. This
type of congenital syphilid usually
appears within a few days after
l)irth. A luetic baby would likely
show general signs such as wasting
and snuffles. Treatment — If a case of
pemphigus neonatorum is discovered
in a maternity ward of a hospital,
the mother and baby should be
isolated and stringent precautions
should be taken to prevent spreading
the infection.

The blebs should be opened with
a sterile needle and then pure alcohol
applied to the affected areas. Various
local applications may be used, e.g.,
1 per cent, hydrarg. ammoniatum in
ointment or in calamine liniment;
gentian violet, 5 per cent in 50 per
cent, alcohol. Care should be taken
not to apply lotions to large areas of
the body, as they cause loss of heat.

Soap and water should not be used
on the affected parts ; sponging with
potassium permanganate solution
(1-4000) is to be preferred.

If the infant has lesions on the face
the mother's breasts must be protect-
ed from infection.

476

THE CANADIAN NURSE

i^partm^nt nf Nuratng Sburattntt

National Convener of Publication Committee, Nursing Education Section,
Miss ANNIE LAWRIE. Royal Alexandra Hospital. Edmonton, Alta.

A Curriculum for Schools of Nursing in Canada

By GRACE M. FAIRLEY, Chairman, Nursing Education Section, Canadian Nurses
Association, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, B.C.

I. Introduction.

The date, 1929, is one long to be
remembered by Canadian nurses : in
July of that year The International
Council of Nurses met in Montreal;
in November of the same year the
Director of the Survey on Nursing in
Canada reported at the office estab-
lished in Toronto as headquarters for
the work, and the Survey was ''on."
The report of the Committee on Nurs-
ing Education of The International
Council of Nurses presented at thar
July, 1929, meeting drew attention to
the need for further work on the Cur-
ricula of Schools of Nursing. Dr.
Weir's report will undoubtedly stress
a need, as shown in very many of our
Canadian schools, for help in for-
mulating their curricula; every
thoughtful nurse educator has herself
recognised the need. The Nursing
Education Section of the Canadian
Nurses Association has placed in the
hands of the directors of Canadian
schools of nursing excerpts from the
I.C.N. Report — using this as a basis
for our work during the coming year
we ask your co-operation in formulat-
ing the skeleton, at least, of a curri-
culum which will indicate minimum
standards as well as suggesting more
desirable developments in our school
of nursing programme. As stated in
an earlier reference to this suggested
curriculum, comments are invited —
they may be sent directly to the Edi-
tor of The Canadian Nurse for publi-
cation, or to the Chairman of the
Nursing Education Section.

//. Objectives.

It seems very clear that before any
programme can be arranged we must
know our aims or objectives. Two com-
prehensive aims are stated on page 5
of the I.C.N. Committee Report, which
may be very briefly stated as:

(1) To place nursing service and
nursing education on a full profes-
sional basis, and to produce in our
schools not only trained nurses but
educated nurses.

(2) To broaden the conception of
nursing service to include the nursing
care of the whole patient, mind as well
as body; attention to the whole en-
vironment, social as well as physical ;
to the prevention of sickness as well
as the bedside care of the sick, and
health service to families and com-
munities as well as to individuals.

Some nurses may not yet have given
much thought to the need for study of
our objectives in Nursing Education,
and in the more isolated schools the
superintendents lack the opportunity
to discuss the subject. That we may
make the most of work that has al-
ready been accomplished, your atten-
tion is directed to a discussion of
"Practical Objectives" as presented
by a special committee of the Na-
tional League of Nursing Education
(United States). For this reference
turn to pages 46-51 of the Curriculum
for Schools of Nursing as revised and
published by the National League of
Nursing Education in 1927. In tlie
field of General Education read such

THE CANADIAN NURSE

477

a book as Bobbitt's "How to Make a
Curriculum"; study especially the
Main Objectives of Education as pre-
sented in chapter 2. "We are, I am
sure, agreed that the curriculum of
every school for nurses should be suffi-
ciently comprehensive to embrace the
two main objectives as quoted from
the I.C.N. Report, and that in no case
should this programme be appreci-
ably curtailed by the limitations of
the institution, and yet offered to the
student as a complete course in nurs-
ing. If a school of nursing is to be
established, it must not be with the
thought of meeting the needs of the
institution by providing the personnel
of the nursing staff, but rather with
the aim of equipping students to meet
the present and future health needs of
any average community.

Let us, then, following the I.C.N.
Report, consider some of the facilities
and conditions essential for the estab-
lishment of a good school of nursing.

///. Facilities and Conditions Neces-
sary for the Establishment of
a Good School of Nursing.

(1) Type of Hospital:

Nurses will agree that a general
hospital is the one most likely to have
all services which are essential for a
well-rounded training; as well as a
variety of cases. It is most likely to
have the various types in sufficient
number to provide for all pupils prac-
tical experience in the nursing care
of each type (this depends also on the
size of the hospital, which will be dis-
cussed later). It is generally agreed
that the following services are essen-
tial to provide a well-balanced course
of training: Medical, Surgical, Pedi-
atrics (including medical and surgical
and the care of children from infancy
up), Obstetrics, Communicable Dis-
eases, and Dietetics. The following
services are also of great importance
and should probably be considered
essential: Psychiatric Service, Out-
Patient and Social Service. Each
superintendent of nurses should ask
herself, "Does this hospital provide

adequate facilities for instruction in
each of these departments? — if not, is
there a reasonable hope that the de-
partments which are lacking will soon
be organised, or might I arrange a
satisfactory affiliation for certain of
these services?"

(2) Capacity of Hospital :

As indicated above, the size of the
hospital and the daily average num-
ber of patients must be considered as
well as the variety of services. It is
rather generally agreed that a general
hospital of one hundred beds, with
an average of seventy-five per cent,
of the beds occupied, is the smallest
hospital which, without affiliation, can
expect to provide adequate facilities
for experience in all of the essential
services. Many consider that two hun-
dred beds should be the minimum in
a hospital conducting a school of
nursing.

(3) Financial Resources:

It should not be necessary to state
that every school of nursing should
have a definite yearly budget. In the
opinion of the committee, the source
of its revenue should not be fees paid
by the patient for care during illness.
Too long have schools of nursing been
established because the hospital direc-
tors thought that the cost of the care
of the patients would otherwise be
prohibitive. Until more accurate in-
formation in regard to the actual cost
of the maintenance of the school in
hospitals of different sizes is available
it is impossible to meet this argument.
On the other hand, the institution's
need should not be the decisive factor.
That a school may be intelligently
conducted the superintendent must
know what her allowance is, and that
the school may be progressive the bud-
get must be sufficiently generous to
allow of development.

If our schools of nursing are really
professional schools, there should be
no difficulty in securing Government
grants towards their maintenance, and
generous contributions from private
sources will also follow in time.

478

THE CANADIAN NURSE

IV. Personnel of Staff.

A school of nursing must be staffed
with a sufficient number of graduate
nurses to give adequate instruction in
the class-rooms and adequate instruc-
tion and supervision on the wards.
The wards should also be staffed with
a sufficient number of graduate nurses
to safely carry the load of the routine
daily care of the patients. The care of
the patient must not be secondary to
the education of the student: on the
other hand, the student's educational
programme must not be curtailed in
order to meet either the routine or
unexpected demands of the wards.

Until recent years no special train-
ing was available for nurses wishing
to enter upon teaching or adminis-
trative posts. Instructors were fre-
quently selected from nurses who, be-
fore entering the school of nursing,
had received a normal school training.
Courses have now been established in
a number of universities in Canada,
and this special preparation should
undoubtedly be required of all recent
graduates desiring to undertake
teaching or executive work.

V. Special Hospitals.

Schools of nursing have been organ-
ised in various types of special hospi-
tals: children's hospitals, mental
hospitals, maternity hospitals and
sanatoria. It is a debatable question
as to which should absorb the major
portion of the student's time, the
special hospital or the general hospital
with which it is affiliated. If, after
graduation, the nurse trained in a
special hospital were to nurse exclu-
sively in that field of duty the ques-
tion would be easily answered. Since,
however, affiliations are arranged that
the nurse may become a registered
nurse, qualified to practise any
branch of nursing, the question is an
important one. Within the specialised
fields, opinion, rather naturally, fav-
ours the student commencing her
training in the special field and spend-
ing the major portion of her time
there. The general weight of opinion,
however, falls to the other side, in

favour of the student commencing
and spending the greater portion of
her time in the general hospital.
Many regret the enrolment of new
students in any special hospital, and
urge all special hospitals to organise
courses suitable for affiliate students
from the different general hospitals.
If, to carry out the more simple rou-
tine tasks, a type of ward assistant
must be trained, care should be taken
that the education of the two groups
is carried out upon quite distinct
levels.

In regard to a term of affiliation
with special hospitals, it is recom-
mended that where the services are
lacking oV inadequate in the general
hospital, students might be sent for
the following terms: Children's hos-
pital, three months; psychiatric hos-
pital or department, three months;
sanatoria, two months ; communicable
diseases, two months.

VI. Housing and Living Conditions.
Since conditions of hospital service

make it almost essential that student
nurses should be in residence, suitable
provision must be made in regard to
sleeping quarters, recreation facilities
and facilities for studying.

For sleeping quarters, single rooms
with running water are favoured, and
nothing larger than a two-bed room
should be considered. Reception and
recreation rooms should be provided,
and provision for such sports as
tennis, badminton and swimming
should be made if at all possible.

Ample provision should be made in
the nurses' home in regard to baths,
toilets and laundry facilities ; suitable
wash rooms should also be provided
in the hospital.

The dining room should be attrac-
tive, and its capacity should be such
that by a suitable arrangement of
meal hours all students will be allowed
a generous time for meals.

VII. Class Rooms, Library and Study

or Reading Rooms.
While undoubtedly the major por-
tion of the student's time will con-
tinue to be spent on the wards, 9-11

THE CANADIAN NURSE

479

hours being as a rule spent in the
ward to one hour in the elass-rooni.
yet well-equipped demonstration and
class-rooms (varying in size and num-
ber according to the size of the school )
are essential. A well-stocked profes-
sional library, with competent super-
vision, is essential, and reading or
study rooms are very important.

VIII. Standards of Admission to
Schools of Nursing.
If nursing is to he regarded as a
profession, and one which should at-
tract the very best type of young
women, there must be a definite edu-
cational entrance standard, and that
standard should not be lower than the
standard required for admission to
the other professional schools. While
conditions fifteen or twenty years
ago were such that only a small per-
centage of young women were high
school graduates, and conditions
Avithin the schools of nursing were
such that the majority of high school

graduates vrere not attracted to
nursing, such conditions have chang-
ed. There are few communities in
which high schools are not within a
reasonable distance, and a secondary
education is available to anyone desir-
ing it. The committee feels that un-
questionably the educational admis-
sion standard should be junior matri-
culation or high school graduation.

Details of a suggested course of
study v.nll follow in the next issue of
the Journal.

References

Report of the Committee on Nursing
Education of the International Council of
Nurses. — Any superintendent of nurses
who has not received a copy of the report
should write to the Convener of the Nurs-
ing Education Section of her Provincial
Nurses Association,

Curriculum for Schools of Nursing —
This may be purchased through the Ameri-
can Journal of Nursing, 450 Seventh
Avenue, New York.

How to Make a Curriculum — Bobbitt.
Publisher— Houghton & Mifflin, 2 Park
Street, Boston.

Comment on Successful Curriculum for Schools of Nursing

It is encouraging to all interested
in the education of student nurses to
know that a Committee of the Nurs-
ing Education Section of the Cana-
dian Nurses Association is giving very
serious thought and study to the de-
velopment of a standard minimum
curriculum. In this number of The
Canadian Nurse a beginning has been
made in the publication of the first
section of a suggested Curriculum for
Schools of Nursing. In this article we
learn of other similar studies and
where the information already com-
piled may be secured. All these sug-
gestions are most helpful and will be
very useful in the work undertaken.

It would seem, however, that before
any curriculum can be effectively de-
veloped and put into practice the hos-
pital in which the student is receiving
her education should be given some
consideration. This is discussed in the
article mentioned above under the
heading "Type of Hospital " Judg-
ing from the present conditions found

in hospitals, the average institution
definitely plans to conduct its nurs-
ing service with student nurses re-
gardless of the practical experience in
nursing the hospital has to offer.
Schools are conducted in all types of
special hospitals, and in many cases
directly under the control of the pro-
vincial and municipal governments.
In some instances, all too few how-
ever, affiliation is arranged which
usually provides the bare minimum of
practical experience by which the stu-
dent may qualify for governmental
recognition. Then, too, the small hos-
pital often offering less real nursing
experience than the special hospital
conducts a school of nursing without
feeling any responsibility or even re-
cognising the necessity of providing
additional experience for its students.
The Registration for Nurses Acts
in the different provinces have assist-
ed to a certain degree in raising the
general standard of nursing educa-
tion, but the legislation does not

480

THE CANADIAN NURSE

really meet the situation as it exists.
Amendments to the existing Registra-
tion Acts should be made, by which
hospitals that have not the necessary
experience to give the student group
an adequate practical training should
be prohibited from conducting schools
of nursing. The present form of legis-
lation has proved beyond all doubt
that it is not sufficient protection to
nursing education to permit the in-
dividual hospital to decide whether it
wishes to meet the requirements by
which its graduates may be able to
qualify for registration in the pro-
vince. The standing of the graduates
of the school does not seem to be of
any interest to the hospital adminis-
trators faced with the problem of
nursing the patients in their own
special institution. For too long
Boards of Trustees have advanced
economic reasons for maintaining a
student nurse service. In many cases,
if the facts were studied, it would be
found that taking all factors into con-
sideration nursing by means of a stu-
dent group is not the most economic
plan.

In any case, why should the nurs-
ing service be made responsible for
balancing the hospital budget? It is
too serious a question to be settled in
that way, especially when one con-
siders the qualifications with which
these graduates enter upon their pro-
fessional work after graduation.
Whether they qualify as registered
nurses or not, they immediately seek
employment, and their training and
preparation ceases to be an isolated
question affecting one institution only
and becomes a public problem affect-
ing all to whom those nurses may be
called to give nursing care The argu-
ment advanced in defence of this
practice is that these hospitals are
needed in the communities they serve.
If so, they should be entitled to suffi-
cient Government subsidy to balance
their budget without being required
to do so by a so-called cheap nursing
service.

The starting point of a standard
nursing curriculum is the hospital in
which that curriculum is to be put

into practice. Legislation should be
secured by which any hospital educat-
ing nurses would be required to meet
a definite standard in relation to the
number and type of patients treated.
That standard should be determined
only from an educational standpoint,
taking into consideration the different
branches of practical nursing experi-
ence provided directly by the hospital
or through adequate affiliation. Such,
legislation should discourage the con-
tinuance of schools in special hospi-
tals and encourage these hospitals to
secure affiliation by which general
hospitals would send students for this
special branch of training.

The report of the Joint Study Com-
mittee on the Survey of Nursing in
Canada, which will be ready for pub-
lication this autumn, should provide
very convincing reasons why this
legislation should be enforced. Until
hospitals are prohibited from conduct-
ing schools unless they meet the mini-
mum requirements in reference to
nursing experience there will not be
any outstanding improvement in pre-
sent methods of nursing education.
The schools already meeting the mini-
mum standard will nc doubt change
and improve their methods and will
be benefitted by the findings and sug-
gestions of the committee. However,
the greatest need for improvement is
found in the schools which will remain
largely unaffected by and unrespon-
sive to any suggestions or recom-
mendations and which will continue
to add their quota year by year to the
members of the nursing profession in=
this country. To bring into operation
legislation which will make this prac-
tice impossible would seem to be the
logical starting point in the develop-
ment of a standard curriculum in
Canadian Schools of Nursing.

/. I. G.

[Editor's Note It is suggested that
readers refer to The Canadian Nurse, May,
1931, page 254, and that they note further
ccmment on the foregoing first installment
of A Suggested Minimum Standard Curri-
culum for Schools of Nursing in Canada is
invited. The remaining sections of the
Suggested Curriculum will appear in later
LsEues of the Journal.]

THE CANADIAN NURSE

481

i^partm^nt nf frtMt^ iutu NurHtttg

National Convener of Publication Committee, Private Duty Section,
Miss CLARA BROWN, 23 Kendal Ave., Toronto, Ont.

Suggestive Elements in Medical Care

By Dr. ROBERT G. ARMOUR, Toronto

In choosing the subject of my
paper, I have used a title which is
intended to be indefinite for fear that
I might discourage some of you from
listening to it, thinking it may be
either not of importance in your par-
ticular work or because you might
think that you cannot understand it.

Neither is the case. There is no
branch of nursing in which sugges-
tion cannot play a part, and anybody
who can nurse can understand what
I am about to say and should know
something about the subject.

"What I mean by suggestion, is the
acceptance by any individual of
something that has been said, and
also the interpretation by them of
ether circumstances such as the atti-
tude, demeanour and every action of
those about them.

Suggestion has been defined as
"the acceptance with conviction of
a communication." So far I am in
agreement. Certainly there must be
conviction. But the definition goes
on to say "in the absence of logically
adequate grounds for its accept-
ance." "Without going too deeply
into this I would say that your sug-
gestions should have at least the
semblance of logic, they should ap-
peal to the patient's reason, especial-
ly if they are to combat the possible
return of doubts and misgivings.

If suggestion is to be of permanent
use, surely its action must be per-
manent and lasting, and yet, even
if it is accepted for the moment,
counter-.suggestions may enter the

(An address given at the annual meeting of tlie
Registered Nurses Association of Ontario, April,
1931.)

field in the form of these doubts or
misgivings in the patient himself, or
may be advanced by relatives and
friends who are later discussing the
case.

Over-enthusiasm, as one makes
helpful suggestions, may infect the
patient and carry him along. When
such a patient has more time to
think, his enthusiasm may cool off,
and he may not feel so firmly con-
vinced in the direction one is trying
to lead him. The more logical the
suggestion, the more it appeals to his
reason, the more will the patient re-
main convinced. Many a person has
been possessed of a certain mistaken
idea for many years. This idea must
be broken down and corrected in
perhaps an hour's time. One must
give the patient reason for dropping
the old idea and taking up the new,
and it seems obvious that this should
be a logical process and not a passing
enthusiasm.

If I might digress for a moment,
much suffering, even when dependent
on mistaken ideas, arises in the emo-
tional sphere of the patient's mind.
The emotion of enthusiasm has a
temporary place in correcting this,
but the lasting efi'ect must come from
the substituting of intellect for
emotion.

Suggestion has often been given
to patients under the influence of
hypnotism. I have one grave criti-
cism of this. Though the patient may
be cured of his complaint, he believes
he has been cured by, and is depen-
dent upon, the physician who hypno-
tised him.

How much more secure he would
be if he had been cured bv the con-

482

THE CANADIAN NURSE

scions exercise of his own intellect?
Could he not in many instances avoid
further attacks, or if others should
develop, could he not find his own
way out?

I realise that I am presupposing an
intellect in the patient. Sometimes
it is not there and one has to use
physical means to effect the cure,
such as drugs, blisters, lumbar punc-
tures, or other means of demonstrat-
ing to the patient that something is
being done for him.

I have drawn above from "William
McDougall's definition of suggestion.
I prefer Dubois' insistence that sug-
gestion should incorporate education.
What is said or done in the presence
of a sick person suffering from
disease may have much to do with
the progress of that disease either for
better or for worse: depending on
whether they receive proper instruc-
tion and encouragement, or if left
with their own mistaken ideas, or,
given others, they act to their own
prejudice and receive discourage-
ment.

I am not dealing with functional
nervous disturbances only. Let us
consider a heart case. The diseased
heart is most likely to beat too fast.
Effort makes it beat faster, and so
we put the patient to bed. But do
not fear and anxiety make a heart
beat fast ? Are we accomplishing the
desired rest if we remove only exer-
tion as a cause of increased heart
rate, and yet leave fear and anxiety
accelerating it?

And so with a gastric disturbance.
Does any one of you eat so well and
digest so thoroughly if ill-humoured,
depressed, excited, fearful, or if dis-
turbed by any other emotional ex-
cess? Have you never seen a person
vomit from grief or fear? Have you
never seen a person sit down and eat
a good meal and have a restful sleep
after an emotional strain is over or
after they have received reassurance.

How often have any of you heard
a patient told, "Oh, a friend of mine
was like you once, and she has never
been able to do anything since," or,

"and it turned out to be cancer."
This is a form of suggestion, possibly
more common than beneficent sug-
gestion, and the cause of much misery
and invalidism in the world. What
a few simple and authoritative words
might do to correct or combat these
remarks. Both are suggestions, one
harmful, the other helpful.

It is a characteristic of human
beings, when they discover anything
about themselves which appears to
be unusual, whether it be painful or
painless, that they are likely to in-
terpret it as indicating something
wrong, as constituting a symptom of
ill-health, as signifying some disease,
fmd in their ignorance and mistaken
ideas of medicine, they almost al-
ways, under these circumstances, ap-
prehend the most dreadful disease of
which they have knowledge.

Here we are dealing with another
form of suggestion, auto-suggestion.
Auto-suggestion is just the putting
into effect some recollection or fear
that has been latent in the patient's
mind in times when he was not so
suggestible. At the psychological
moment this fear seems to be realised,
he is convinced that he has the
disease he always feared.

To my mind this is a much more
charitable, and much more accurate
explanation of functional nervoiTS
states, or mental reactions to organic
disease than to say his condition is
just the result of his imagination,
Avhich suggests a deliberate mental
effort, with conscious moral respon-
sibility.

Such people can be confirmed in
these fears by an attitude of alarm
on the part of those about them.
They are only too ready under or-
dinary circumstances to receive or
accept the reassurance of those in
whom they have confidence and who
seem qualified to reassure them. This
might help to disprove the theory of
imagination. But many such people
are unusually sensitive, and tact is
required in giving reassurance for
fear that a patient will think that his
troubles are being be-littled or that

THE CANADIAN NURSE

483

those about him are being unsympa-
thetic.

Many a patient comes to the doctor
with a certain uneasiness, fearing
disease in some system. Unfortunate-
ly it is all too common for the doctor
to agree with him or, without making
any comment, give him some medi-
cine which would imply his agree-
ment. This may confirm the fear.

Again the doctor may not agree
with him, but without listening very
carefully to all that the patient wants
to say, and without examining him
with particular care, he may tell him
bluntly that this disease does not
exist.

This latter attitude brings up for
consideration at once, one of the
most important elements in sugges-
tion, namely, the prestige of the sug-
gestor, which I will deal with else-
where; it will be sufficient for the
present to say that this patient will
be dissatisfied and will not accept the
suggestion which might have acted
for his good.

The nurse may dismiss a complaint
too abruptly to reassure the patient.
She may even, in a case which has
been a trying one, dismiss the com-
plaint somewhat impatiently, and
even find herself saying, "You are
always complaining of something.''
I do not need to tell you how this
will drive the patient back into him-
self to suffer his uneasiness without
opportunity for comfort, and may
destroy the opportunity for en-
lightening him.

I have referred above to the pres-
tige of the suggestion. "What do we
mean by this, and how does it act '
We often say, "Oh, I wouldn'"
believe anything he said," or "I
wouldn't take him too seriously."
Such a person has little or no prestige
when it comes to suggestion. Of
another we express unbounded con-
fidence. His prestige is great. All his
sayings will carry weight.

It behooves us then to study how
one's prestige may be developed. A
reputation built up over a long num-
ber of years helps to cultivate it.

always provided this reputation
reaches the ears of the person about
to receive the suggestion.

Prestige may be shown by the way
a person walks into the room, his
speech, his method of examining or
handling the patient. The appearance
of self-confidence makes for prestige.

Tact and firmness, with good
humour, but most of all, dignity, self-
restraint, and justice are most valu-
able aids. Thoroughness, both in
listening to complaints, investigating
them, and acting for their relief, all
make for prestige and make it more
likely that the patient will accept the
dictates of the individual exhibiting
these properties.

My purpose, then, will appear not
to be suggesting that you as nurses,
necessarily begin to practise psycho-
therapy for the cure of your cases,
especially in organic diseases, but to
impress upon you how your cheerful
confidence and patient, charitable
attention to complaints may do much
to help the patient toward a cure.

I am sure that the warning im-
plied in my remarks on faulty sug-
gestion need not apply to any one of
you, but perhaps you are not all
aware how visitors and relatives
cither unthinkingly, or for the mor-
bid sake of creating a sensation, may
drop a chance remark that may do
great harm. And more difficult still
to guard against, is that form of
auto-suggestion contained in the pa-
tient's recollections, fears, and mis-
givings.

SCHOLARSHIPS AWARDED

After awarding the Flora Madeline Shaw
Scholarship, for 1931, to Miss Flora Gladys
MacKeen, a graduate of the Royal Victoria
Hospital, Montreal, the committee directing
this Memorial Scholarship Fimd decided,
in view of general economic conditions, it
was advisable to assist two more nurses in
post-graduate study during the coming year.
Therefore, scholarships of $2.50.00 each have
been given to Miss Madeline Flander,
Children's Memorial HosDital, Montreal, and
Mias Nora C. Martin, Jeffrey Hales' Hospital,
Quebec City.

These nurses who graduated in 1929,
possess exceptional ability, and will attend
the School for Graduate Nunses, McGill
University, as members of the Course in
Teaching in Schools of Nursing.

484

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Olattabtan Nura^B ABSoriatian

13,038

Total Membership 1929. Levy 50c per capita.

8,038

Membership Provincial Associations 1929.

8,023

Total Membership 1930. Levy 75c per capita.

CHART I.

5,519.00. Total Revenue 1929.

.017.25. Total Revenue 1930

$6,491.50. Budget adopted 1930.

CHART II.

These charts were prepared to show the effect in membership and revenue
from fees resulting from national affiliation being limited to the nine Provin-
cial As.sociations of Registered Nurses in Canada, as decided by unanimous
vote at the Biennial Meeting of the Canadian Nurses Association, 1930.

While it was anticipated there would be a marked decrease in national
membership when the alumnae associations withdrew from direct affiliation,
it was hoped that decrease would be lessened by an increase in ' membership
in the provincial as.sociations. However, Chart I shows this has not occurred.
It must be kept in mind that slight reverses may be expected during a trans-
ition period, which in the present situation should be somewhat remedied
when reports on membership for the present year reach the National Office.

In view of the decrease in membership, the official representatives at the
Biennial ^Meeting of 1930 voted to increase the per capita annual affiliation
fee from fifty cents to seventy-five cents. The same representatives approved
an annual budget amounting to $6,491.50 for the years 1931 and 1932. Chart II
shows a comparison of revenue for 1929 and 1930 and also the amount ap-
proved for the budget for 1931 and 1932 — the fees for national affiliation are
estimated on the membership of the affiliated organisations for the previous
year, hence fees received early in 1931 represented the total provincial mem-
bership for 1930.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

485

N^ma Nnt^a

ALBERTA

Holy Cross Hospital, Calvary: Twenty
vears after the first nurses graduated, the
Hoh' Cross Hospital Training School organ-
ised" its Alumnae Association when on May
7th, 1931, one hundred and sixty nurses
gathered at the hospital to renew acquaint-
ance with old friends and to meet the new
graduates. The Sisters, ever ready to help
make any onward step a success, threw
themselves heart and soul into the work of
preparing for the first meeting. During the
past twenty years there have been over three
hundred nurses graduate from the school, and
nearly all of these were notified by letter of
the plan of the Association. A large number
quickly responded by letter or in person and
all declared themselves overjoyed that at
last they could be banded into a united body.
The Study Hall was tastefully decorated with
flowers and plants, and the nurses were
received by the Sister Superior, St. Jean de
I'Eucharistie and her assistant. Sister Weeks,
who was for so many years the beloved
Superintendent of Nurses' Miss M. BrowTi,
who has the honour of being the first Holy
Cross Hospital graduate, was asked to take
the chair, and Rev. Father Cameron ad-
dressed the nurses, outlining the object of an
alumnae and encouraging the a.s.sembled
company to become united. The chairman
then appointed a committee to select officers.
Mrs. de Satge was elected president. Miss
Zimmerman, vice-president, Mrs. W. R.
Cope secretary-, and Mrs. T. Drinkwater
assistant secretary. A lunch was served by
the 1931 class.

On July 8th the Alumnae Association held
a garden party at the home of Mrs. W. R.
Cope. Socially and financially this event
was a great success; over fifty dollars was
raised towards funds for developing of the
recently formed alumnae.

Edxioxton Association of Graduate
Nurses: Miss Fanny Munro, who spent the
past year in post graduate work at Teacher's
College, Columbia University, New York,
has resumed her duties as Superintendent
of Nurses, Royal Alexandra Hospital.

Miss B. F. Fetterly, of Vancouver, visited
relatives and friends in Edmonton and district
during July and August.

Miss S. S. Christensen .spent a very en-
joyable holiday at Vancouver and Victoria.

Friends of MLss Dorothea Engelcke are
pleased to hear that she Ls convalescing at
her home after a lengthy illness.

Miss Frances Macmillan, Superintendent
of Nurses, Methodist Hospital, Indianapolis,
Ind., was a visitor in the city recently.

Miss A. L. Young motored to Vancouver
where she is spending a month's vacation.

BRITISH COLUMBIA

St. Joseph's Hospital, Victoria: The
annual meeting of the Alumnae was held in
the Nurses Home on June 6th. The election
of officers was as follows: President, Miss E.
Cameron; First Vice-President, Mrs. Evelyn
Stibbart; Second Vice-President, Mrs. Eliza-
beth Lewis; Treasurer, Miss Kathleen Eraser;
Rec. Secretary, Miss Isobel McMillan; Cor.
Secretary, Miss Helen Cruikshanks; Council-
lors, Mrs. F. M. Brj'ant, Mrs. Harry Beoch,
Misses Bessie Graham and Nell Meagher.
After all business was completed a supper
was given in the reception hall. About
thirty-five members attended this happy
reunion.

A meeting of the members of the Alumnae
was held in the Nurses Home on July loth in
honour of Sister Mary Mildred, whose six-
year term as Sister Superior of St. Joseph's
Hospital had expired. Miss E. Cameron,
president, voiced deep regret that Sister
Mary Mildred's period of office was ended,
and presented her with a missal as a small
token of appreciation of the many kindnesses
and excellent advice which she was always
ready to tender. Mrs. F. M. Bryant and
Mrs! Elizabeth Lewis presided over the tea
table during the social hour in which a large
gathering of members and friends partici-
pated.

MANITOBA

Winnipeg General Hospital: Miss
Rabv Johnson (1927), of the Children's
Hosjjital, Detroit, Mich., visited in Winnipeg
during the early summer. Miss S. J. Pollex-
fen (1917), has just returned from a delightful
holiday spent in California. Miss Margaret
Beckman (1927), is visiting in Winnipeg
from New York. Miss Helen Gugin (1929),
has resigned from the staff of the Social
Service Department, Winnipeg General Hos-
pital. Miss Geraldine Hayden (1921), and
Miss Constance Lethbridge (1925), have
motored east to Halifax and Boston for a
holiday. Miss Ivybelle Webster (1930),
relieved on the staff of the Social Service
Department of the Winnipeg General Hos-
pital during the summer montiis. Miss
Kate Findlay has accepted a position on the
staff of the Port Arthur General Hospital.
Miss Edith McCorquodale (1920), is re-
lieving on the staff during the summer
months. Miss Mabel F. Gray (1907), of
Vancouver, visited in Winnipeg during July
and August. Mrs. E. H. Alexander (Marie
Breden, 1920), has returned to the city after
spending the past year in England and on the
continent. Misses Marv Goodall and Winona
Spence of 1930, Bertha Bethal, Christina
Dawson, Alberta Gilbert, Isabel McLennan,
Margaret Waugh and Edith Orton, of 1931,
are at present doing post graduate work in
the Hospital. The sympathy of the Alunmae

486

THE CANADIAN NURSE

is extended to Miss Margaret Waugh (1931),
on the death of her mother, and to Miss
Milhe Henderson (1928), on the death of her
father.

NEW BRUNSWICK

Hotel Dieu Hospital, Camppelltown:
The graduating exercises of the St. Joseph's
School of Nursing, Hotel Dieu Hospital, were
held in the Auditorium of the High School on
the evening of May 12th. Five young ladies
received their diplomas. The exercises were
presided over by the President of the Medical
Staff, Dr. L. G. Pinault, F.A.C.S., and the
diplomas were presented by His Excellency
P. A. Chiasson, D.D., Bishop of Chatham.
Rt. Reverend Monseignor A. Melanson,
P.A., V.G., and Reverend J. M. Hill, Rector
of St. Thomas College, Chatham, were among
the speakers of the evening. The exercises
closed with the graduates taking the pledge
of the Catholic Nurse. The stage, prettily
decorated with flowers and school colours,
purple and gold, made a colourful back-
ground for the occasion. An informal re-
ception at Lourdes, the Nurses Residence,
followed the exercises.

ONTARIO

Paid-up subscriptions to "The Canadian
Nurse" for Ontario in August, 1931, were
1,022, twenty-six more than in July, 1931.
Appointments

Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto:
Miss Mary Leslie (1925) has accepted a posi-
tion on the Public Health staff at Charlotte-
town, Prince Edward Island. Miss Helen
McCallum (1930) is in charge of the Infant
Ward, Montreal General Hospital.

Miss Lucas (Grant MacDonald Training
School, Toronto, 1929) has been appointed to
the staff of the Victorian Order of Nurses,
Halifax, following a year in Public Health
Nursing at the School for Graduate Nurses,
McGill University, Montreal.

General Hospital, Belleville: Miss
Marie Yeomans (1931) has accepted a posi-
tion at St. Agathe des Monts Hospital, P.Q.
Miss Harriet Stacey has been appointed
Superintendent of the Hospital at Hamilton,
Montana.

Miss Doris Bailey (Hospital for Sick
Children, Toronto, 1929), has joined the
staff of The Children's Hospital, Winnipeg,
Man.

Ottawa: Miss Betty I. Taylor, a graduate
of the Lady Stanley Training School for
Nurses, Ottawa, has been given appointment
as a missionary nurse under the American
Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
and assigned to the Albert Victor Hospital,
Madura, India. Miss Taylor is the first
nurse from North America to serve in this
institution.

Miss Ethel Wilson (Homewood Sanitarium,
Guelph, Ont., 1930), has been appointed a
floor supervisor in that institution.
Dlstrict 2

General Hospital, Brantford: Mi.ss
Winnie L. Chute, B.A., Reg. N., Director of

Nurse Education, Brantford General Hospi-
tal, has been awarded a fellowship by the
Rockefeller Foundation. Miss Chute will
study Physiolog}' at the University of
Toronto with Dr. Charles Best. t\'hile
extending congratulations and best wishes for
her future success, the entire hospital per-
sonnel regrets Miss Chute's departure. Miss
Chute received her Bachelor of Arts degree
at Acadia LTniversity, and her nursing
education was acquired at the Royal Victoria
Hospital and McGill University^ Montreal.
Miss Clara Jackson (Montreal General
Hospital, 1922) recently completed a course
in administration and teaching at the School
for Graduate Nurses, McGill University, and
has been appointed Director of Nurse Educa-
tion, Brantford General Hospital.

Goderich: Miss Ella C. Watts (Victoria
Hospital, London, Ont., June, 1927), who for
the past year has been attending the Uni-
versity of Western Ontario, has accepted the
position as -Science Instructor in the Mercer
Hospital, Trenton, New Jersey.

Galt: The summer meeting of District
No. 2, R.N.A.O., was held at the Nurses
Residence of the Gait General Hospital on
June 17th, 1931. It was an open meeting,,
at which section topics were given. A
lesson plan on Anatomy of the Kidney, and
the manner of presentation, was admirably
given by Miss W. Chute, Instructor of the
Brantford General Hospital. Miss Henrietta
Kerr, Victorian Order Nurse, Brantford,.
gave an excellent practical demonstration
of a visit to a private home. An interesting:
and instructive paper on the nursing care
of several tj-pes of mental cases was read by
Miss Mae Davison, Woodstock. Miss
Dodds, of Brantford, talked on the value of
pension bond type of insurance to the pro-
fessional woman. After a delightful tea
served on the porch by the members of the
Gait Alumnae, the meeting adjourned.

Guelph: Graduation exercises of St.
Joseph's Hospital, Guelph, took place in the
Collegiate Auditorium on June .5th, 1931,
when fifteen nurses received diplomas and
pins. Rev. Father Monaghan delivered the
address to the class. Dr. H. O. Howitt
presented the diplomas and Dr. W. V.
Harcourt, the pins.

The graduates were: — Sister Mary St.
Paul, Sister Mary Clothilde, Misses Irene
St. Marie, M. L. Aitchison, Marie Harrett,
Reta Waechter, Myrtle Gainer, M. E. Bovle,
M. Gowdie, M. G. McComb, P. A. Nofris,
L. A. Malone, Thelma Hammond, M. T.
DudgeoU) A. M. Savage.

Kitchener: In a steady downpour of
rain the Rotarian's Eighth Annual Clinic,
for crippled and defective children, of Water-
loo County, was held at the Kitchener-
Waterloo Hospital, on May 30th, 1931.
One hundred and thirty-five orthopedic anr!
neurological cases were examined during the
day, forty to fifty of them being new cases,,
the remainder for re-e.\amination. Doctors;

THE CANADIAN NURSE

487

Robertson, McDonald and Boyer, specialists
from Toronto, conducted the examination,
and local physicians and nurses assisted.
The Rotarians gave their time and cars to
facilitate transportation of children and
parents. Each year, in this way, it is made
possible for these children to obtain expert
opinion free of charge, and when special
treatment or surgery in Toronto is advised,
the Rotarians arrange transportation and
pay hospital bills if the parents are unable
to 'do so. An average of 120 children are
received at the clinic annually, about one
third of this number being new cases. They
are referred to the Club by physicians,
dentists, clergymen, teachers, Public Health
units, i)ostmasters, private individuals and
so forth. Each case, as referred, is assigned
to a Rotarian who visits the home and
investigates; sees that the child is brought to
the Clinic, stands on call when it is being
examined and gives his time and assistance
in helping to carry out such treatment as is
advised. The Rotarian Clinic for Waterloo
County is of inestimable benefit to the
children of the community. It has become
so popular that cases from other counties
have been brought in. Following the rule
that no child shall be turned away, these
from outside are examined and reports sent
to Rotarians of their respective districts,
to be acted upon as may be found con-
venient. The nurses doing Public Health
work in Waterloo County find the Rotarian
Clinic a great boon.

District 5
Hospital for Sick ChildrexV, Toronto:
Miss Stella Hodge (1927) and Miss Alice
Vernon (1926) are on a trip extending through
the western states to the coast. Miss Miriam
Fryer (1929) is spending her holidays in
Winnipeg. Miss Mary Leslie (1925) and Miss
Marie Grafton (1928) were in charge of the
Heather Club children at Bolton Fresh Air
Camp for a month. Miss Alice Baxall is
spending some time in New York, and Miss
Marie Grafton (1928) has gone abroad.
Mis.ses Mabel Dunn, Elizabeth Langman and
Marjorie Rosseter relieved at the Hospital
for Sick Children for the summer months.
Miss Jean Mitchell (1931) has left to spend
a few months abroad.

District 6
General Hospital, Belleville: Miss
Keitha Sine (1930) is relieving on the staff of
the Victorian Order of Nurses during the
vacation months. Miss Hilda Collier (1921),
Operating Room Supervisor, spent her
holidays with the Girl Guides in summer
camp. Miss Collier was relieved bv Miss
Ursula Babcock (1930). Miss Dolly M.
Church (1927) has successfully completed a
course at the School for Graduate Nurses,
McGill University, and has been appointed to
the staff of the Shriners' Hospital, Montreal.
Miss Effra Cronk (1924), Night Supervis9r,
has been succeeded in her position by Miss
Blanche Cryderman (1931). MLss Bessie
Allen (1921) has succeeded Miss A. B. Earle
(192B) as Supervisor of the Private Wards.

District 8

Hotel Dieu Hospital, Cornwall: On
June 25th" the first graduation exercises of
the School for Nurses took place at the
Hotel Dieu Hospital when eleven graduates
received their diplomas. Touches of de-
coration were skilfully arranged about the
stage with large vases of flowers. Mr.
George Brennan was chairman, others on
the platform were Rt. Rev. Felix Couturier,
Bishop of the Diocese, Rt. Rev. Monsignor
Corbet and Dr. C. J. Hamilton. Mr.
Brennan on behalf of the Sisters e.xtended a
cordial welcome to those who were present
and gave a brief outline of the Hospital,
which began in 1897. Mr. Brennan showed
that the remarkable progress, efficiency and
equipment of the Hotel Dieu had gone far
beyond the expectations of the early founders.
Rt. Rev. Father Corbet, who launched the
original initiation of the Hotel Dieu clearly
demonstrated the steps by which plans were
made to function, financial difficulties were
encountered and the generous responses
made by the people. Rt. Rev. Felix Cou-
turier based his talk on three outstanding
qualifications which tend to the all-round
success of those engaged in the nursing pro-
fession — compassion, cheerfulness and
patience. Dr. C. J. Hamilton also spoke of
the efficiency of the work being done in the
Hospital.

The diplomas were presented by Rev.
Father Couturier to the members of the
Graduating Class as follows: — Rev. Sister
Daniels, Rev. Sister Cleary, Rev. Sister
Wood, Rev. Sister Ignastius, Rev. Sister
McMillan, Misses Kathleen Deruchie, Mar-
garet Wood, Evelyn McGillis, Helen Eraser,
Lilian Major, and Mary Farrell. Special
prizes were presented by Rev. Corbet to the
following members of the Class — Misses
Wood, McGillis, Deruchie, Major, Eraser and
Farrell.

The speakers of the evening were unani-
mous in extending to Miss Katherine Mc-
Lellan, Director of Nursing, the highest
appreciation for the .success of the School.
Miss McLellan was presented with two
beautiful bouquets of flowers. A lovely
bouquet of delphiniums and snap-dragons
was sent to the Graduating Class by Miss
Lydia Whiting, Superintendent, and Miss
Gertrude Gibson, Instructor of Nursing,
Cornwall General Hospital. Following the
exercises, a reception was held at the Nurses
Residence.

District 9
The Graduate Nurses Club of North Bay
were entertained at their sununer meeting at
Mirador, the lovely home of Mrs. Eraser, on
the shore of Lake Nipissing, on the afternoon
and evening of June 29th. Bridge and bath-
ing were the features of the occasion and
refreshments were served on the lawn by
the hostess, Mrs. Eraser, assisted by Mrs.
J. J. Dennis. The graduating class from
Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital were
guests of honour at the occasion.

488

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Miss E. Linton, who resigned her position
as Supervising Nurse in charge of Victorian
Order of Nurses at North Bay, has returned
from a trip to the Pacific Coast and assumed
her new duties with the Victorian Order at
Kirkland Lake, the first of August.

Miss E. G. Stevenson, a 1931 graduate of
Public Health Nursing, from the University
of Toronto, who has been appointed successor
to Miss Linton in North Bay, commenced
work in Julv.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

A large number of nurses attended the
annual meeting of the Graduate Nurses
Association of Prince Edward Island, held
in Summerside. Officers were elected and
several items of interest disposed of before
dinner was served at the Clifton Hotel.

The first quarterly meeting and annual
picnic of the Graduate Nurses Association of
Piince Edward Island was held at Cavendish
Beach, August 3rd. A large number were
present and a very enjoyable afternoon was
spent. The next meeting is to be held in the
Prince County Hospital, the first Monday in
November.

Prince Edward Island Hospital: Miss
B. M. Tweedy, Night Superintendent of the
Prince Edward Island Hospital, relieved for
Miss Mair, Superintendent, while the latter
was on vacation at her home in Georgetown.
Miss Mary Lowther was acting Night Super-
intendent at the Hospital for the summer
months. Miss M. E. Loft (1929) has taken
up her duties as Public Health nurse in
King's County, P.E.I. Miss M. F. MacKenzie
(1930) has accepted a position at the Poly-
clinic, CharlottetowTi. Miss Florence Platts
(1930) leaves shortly for Toronto, where she
will take a course in Hospital Management.
Miss Reid and Miss Rodgerson, recent
graduates of the Prince Edward Island
Hospital, who have been ill for a few weeks,
are both reported convalescent.

On June 14th, 1931, a son was born to
Mr. and Mrs. David Wright (Marion Vicker-
son, 1923), at Montague, P.E.I.

Miss Elizabeth Compton of New York,
spent her holidays with friends in Charlotte-
town.

University College, London, England. Miss
Clare Preston (1922) is returning to China in
the fall to continue mission work. While in
Canada she took a post-graduate course at
McGill University. Miss Evelyn Eaton
(1921), who has been in India for several
years, is at home on furlough. Miss Louise
Weaver (1926) and Miss Eva Carter (1930)
are resigning from the staff of the Royal
Victoria Hospital to be married this fall.
Miss Kathleen Sanderson (1921) has taken
a position with the Greater Vancouver
Health League. Miss Louise Keith, B.A.
(1930), has been appointed Director of
Junior Red Cross for Manitoba.

The Montreal General Hospital: Miss
Olive McKay (1905) has resigned her position
as Superintendent of the Miramichi Hospital,
Newcastle, N.B. Miss C. Denovan (1920)
has resigned her position as Assistant Super-
intendent, Miramchi Hospital, Newcastle,
and has been appointed to the Night Staff of
the Montreal General Hospital, succeeding
Miss Margaret Willis (1918), who is now
Night Superintendent, Shriners' Hospital,
Montreal.

Miss Marie Des Barres has resigned from
the staff of the Shriners' Hospital, Montreal,,
and is recuperating from an operation which
she underwent in the Montreal General
Hospital.

The many friends of Miss Barbara Mc-
Naughton will regret to hear of her death on
June 13th, 1931, from the effect of burns
which she received in the Chungking Hospital,
China, where she had been engaged in
missionary nursing work since 1909. Miss
McNaughton was a graduate of the Montreal
General Hospital (1901).

QUEBEC

Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal:
Miss Edith Buchanan, B.A. (1931), has left
to spend some time in England and Scotland,
and later will take post-graduate work at

VICTORIAN ORDER OF NURSES

Toronto: Miss Frances Brown, Regina
General Hospital, winner of a Crowe Scholar-
ship for 1930, completed the course in Public
Health Nursing at the University of Toronto
in June, and is on the summer relief staff of
the Toronto Branch of the V.O.N. Miss.
Wood, also from Saskatchewan, and a grad-
uate of the same course is doing temporary
duty with the Toronto Branch. Miss
Vera Allen, of Toronto, has returned to
duty after a two months vacation in England.
While in London, Miss Allen visited Bedford
College and made many interesting observa-
tions of professional interest.

Correspondence.^ — Excerpt from a letter received recently by the Editor
from a graduate of a Canadian School of Nursing now residing in a foreign
country: "When one is far afield as we are here, all the news about our friends
is doubly interesting. I don't think that the nurse who collects the news of
her Alumnae for 'The Canadian Nurse' ever knows how anxiously it is watched
for by those who are not in touch closely with their hospitals."

THE CANADIAN NURSE

489

EIRTHS, MARRIAGES AND DEATHS

BIRTHS

BLAKE — On February 1, 1931, at Hamil
ton, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. Blake
(Josephine Aussem, St. Joseph's Hospi-
tal, Hamilton, 1928), a son.
COPELAND — On July 2, 1931, at Assini-
boia, Sask., to Mr. and Mrs. Copeland
(Muriel Moffat, Winnipeg General Hos-
pital, 1928), twin girls.
COSTIN— On July 24, 1931, to Mr. and
Mrs. George Costin (Mary Glidden, Win-
nipeg General Hospital, 1928), a son.
CROSS— On July 2, 1931, to Mr. and Mrs.
E. C. S. Cross (Ruth Connor, Toronto
General Hospital, 1925), a son (Edward
Lister Stewart).
CURRIE — Recently, to Mr. and Mrs. Ro-
bert Currie (Maude Long, Victoria Pul?-
lic Hospital, Fredericton, 1929), a
daughter.
DUNCAN— On July 7, 1931, to Mr. and
Mrs. Douglas Duncan (Mary Cameron,
Winnipeg General Hospital, 1926), a
daughter.
ELDERKIN — Recently, at St. Catharines,
to Dr. and Mrs. R. Elderkin (Gladys
Miller, St. Catharines General Hospital,
1929), a daughter (Jane Ripley).
FEE— On May 25, 1931, at Winnipeg, to
Mr. and Mrs. Donald Fee (Laura
Broatch, Winnipeg General Hospital,
1919), a daughter.
FLANK — In July, 1931, at Lafayette,
Ind., to Dr. and Mrs. Russel Flack
(Frances Ellis, Royal Victoria Hospital.
Montreal, 1928), a" daughter.
HICKS— On April 19, 1931, at Brantford,
Ont., to Dr. and Mrs. Hicks (Miss Irving,
St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, 1920),
a son.
HOGGE— On June 23, 1931, at Montreal,
to Mr. and Mrs. W. K. Hogge (Edna
Moore, Montreal General Hospital,
1928), a daughter.
HOLMES — On June 12, 1931, to Mr. and
Mrs. M. Holmes (Verna Kingsbury,
Winnipeg General Hospital, 1929), a
daughter.
JACKSON— On June 24, 1931, at Guelph,
Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd Jackson
(Ariel Reed, Guelph General Hospital,
1929), a daughter.
KEMBAR— On August 1, 1931, at Toronto,
to Mr.i and Mrs. Arthur K. Kembar
(Ruth Young, Toronto General Hospital,
1928), a daughter.
LAWRIE— On December 23, 1930, at Ham-
ilton, Ont., to Dr. and Mrs. Lawrie
(Mary Battle, St. Joseph's Hospital,
Hamilton, 1928), a son.
LEWIS— In July, 1931, to Mr. and Mrs.
Ray Lewis (Margaret Bateman, Toronto
General Hospital, 1929), a son.

MacLAREN— On July 31, 1931, at Winni-
peg, to Mr. and Mrs. Arthur MacLaren
(Kathleen Chamberlain, Hospital for
Sick Children, Toronto, 1926), a daugh-
ter.
McNAUGHT— On July 18, 1931, to Mr.
and Mrs. David McNaught (Edna Mc-
Naught, Toronto General Hospital), u
son.
MATTHEW— On July 16th, 1931, at
Montreal, to Mr. and Mrs. L. E. Mat-
thew (Phyllis Tremaine, Montreal Gen-
eral Hospital, 1927), a daughter.
MORSON— On July 3, 1931, to Mr. and
Mrs. Alfred Erroll Morson (Emo Gil-
mour, Toronto General Hospital, 1928),
a daughter.
MURRAY— On June 12, 1931, to Mr. and
Mrs. W. G. Murray (Cecile Ray, Winni-
peg General Hospital, 1924), a son.
MYSHRALL — Recently, to Mr. and Mrs.
Luman Myshrall (Christinia Hunter,
Victoria Public Hospital, 1928), a son.
O 'DELL— On June 17, 1931, to Mr. and
Mrs. O'Dell (Dorothy Snowdeu, Toronto
General Hospital, 1926), a son (still-
born).
PIERCY— On June 21, 1931, to Mr. and
Mrs. Fred. Piercy (Eleanor Stark, To-
ronto General Hospital, 1925), a son.
PIGOTT— On January 18, 1931, at Hamil-
ton, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. Pigott (Eve-
lyn Jackson, St. Joseph's Hospital,
Hamilton, 1927), a daughter.
PUGH— Recently, to Mr. and Mrs. Daw-
son Pugh (Nora Upton, Victoria Public
Hospital, Fredericton, 1922), a son.
ROSEAVER— On May 8, 1931, at Winni-
peg, to Mr. and Mrs. A. B. Roseaver
(Dorothy Mathias, Winnipeg General
Hospital, 1929), a daughter.
THOMPSON— On March 31, 1931, in Buf-
falo, to Mr. and Mrs. Thompson (Phyllis
Tryson, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton,
1926), a daughter.
SIBBITT— On July 31, 1931, at Winnipeg,^
to Mr. and Mrs. M. A. Sibbitt (Marie
Brown, Winnipeg General Hospital,
1917), a daughter.
SINCLAIR— On May 28, 1931, to Mr. and
Mrs. J. S. Sinclair (Maude Hodgson,
Winnipeg General Hospital, 1926), a
daughter.
WARD— On July 28, 1931, at Winnipeg, to
Mr. and Mrs." J. F. Ward (Frances Me-
Leod, Winnipeg General Hospital, 1924,,
a daughter.
WATSON— On July 13, 1931, to Mr. and
Mrs. R. Watso'n, of Halifax, N.S.
(Dorothy Hanson, Winnipeg General
Hospital, 1927), a daughter.

490

THE CANADIAN NURSE

WEBSTEE— On May 17th, 1931, at Wind-
sor, to Mr. and Mrs. Leo. Webster (Ann
Penman, St. Catharines General Hospi-
tal, 1928), a son.

WELLS — Eecently, at Toronto, to Dr. and
Mrs. Beecher Wells (Catherine Rudolf,
Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto,
1928), a daughter.

MARRIAGES

BEHOO— BAREOX— On June 17th, 1931,
at Guelph, Ont., Henrietta Ross Barrou
(Guelph General Hospital, 1925), to
George Behoo, of Streetsville, Ont.

CAMPBELL— SCOTT— On May 23, 1931,
Ida May Scott (Belleville General Hos-
pital, 1927), to Jay Campbell.

CHEISMAX— DAVlbsOX— On July 18th,
1931, in London, Eng., Elizabeth Munro
Davidson (Royal Victoria Hospital,
Montreal, 1929), to Charles Eussel Bailey
Cheisman.

CEAMER—DUNLOP— Recently, at Port
Colborne, Ont., Dorothy Elizabeth Dun-
lop (St. Catharines General Hospital,
1930), to Dr. Joseph Cramer, of Wood-
ville, Ont.

GUMMING— GORDON— On Julv 1, 1931,
at Guelph, Ont., Mary Christina Gordon
(Guelph General Hospital, 1911), to Ed-
ward Graham Gumming, of Elora, Ont.

DAVEY— McKENZIE— On Julv 18, 193],
Helen E. McKenzie (Belleville General
Hospital, 1929), to Wilfred G. Davey.

EVANS— McCONNELL— On May 11, 1931,
Ethel McConnell (Victoria Public Hos-
pital, Fredericton, 192-4), to David
Evans, of Cardigan, N.B.

GILLESPIE— ROWE— On July 11, 193 1,
Emma K. Rowe (Belleville General Hos-
pital, 1929), to Donald H. Gillespie.

HAYES— DUNNIGAN— On June 2, 1931,
at Hamilton, Ont., Mary Dunuigan (St.'
Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, 1925), to
John Hayes, of Detroit.

HENSTOCK— FOWLER — On August 5,
1931, at St. Catharines, Ont., Ethel
Grace Fowler (St. Catharines General
Hospital, 1915), to Herbert Henstock, of
Paris, Ont.

HINCH— MITCHELL— On June 1st, 1931,
at Montreal, Gladys F. Mitchell (Mont-
real General Hospital, 1925), to i^
Hinch.

IRWIN— REECE— On August 5, 1931, at
St. Catharines, Ont., Doris M. Reece (St.
Catharines General Hospital, 1924), to
Andrew E. Irwin.

JOYCE— BOYD— On August 3, 1931, at
Winnipeg, Mary Boyd (Winnipeg Gen-
eral Hospital, 1930), to Wilfred Joyce.

McCORDICK— JOHNSON— In July, 1931,
at Montreal, Thelma Johnson (Royal
Victoria Hospital, Montreal, 1930), to
Dr. A. H. McCordick.

MILLEI^-TUCKEE- On July 2, 1931,
Myrtle lona Tucker (Stratford General
Hospital), to Lloyd Miller, of Stratford,
Ont. - '

EONNING— JAEDINE— On July 1, 1931,
at Hamilton, Ont., Nora Jardine (Sc!
Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, 1924), to
Adolf Eonning, of Hamilton.

RUSTIN— BROWN— On March 23, 1931,
Margaret Brown (Victoria Public Hos-
pital, Fredericton, 1929), to Edward
Rustin, of Providence, R.I.

WHITLEY— IRWIN — Recently, at To-
ronto, Ida Mae Irwin (Hospital for Sick
Children, Toronto, 1931), to Frederick
Whitlev.

DEATHS

ELDER — On June 15, 1931, at MarvvilV,
Tenn., U.S.A., Mrs. (Dr.) Eugene B. El-
der (Margaret Celena Borthwick, Guelph
General Hospital, 1896).

FLOYD— On July 26, 1931, at Toronto,
Frances Floyd (Riverdale Hospital, To-
ronto, 1929).

NISBITT— On July 24, 1931, at Detroit,
Mich., Helen Nisbitt (St. Catharines
General Hospital, 1918).

SHAVER— On July 9, 1931, accidentally
killed on Prince of Wales Highway, Ot-
tawa, Ont., Laura Shaver, age 21 years
(Ottawa Civic Hospital, 1931).

A large responsible Toronto firm requires a competent woman to
take charge of a new department known as Health Studio. A thorough
knowledge of body massage, electro-therapy and baths is essential
Apply Box 123, The Canadian Nurse, 511 Boyd Building, Winnine''
Man. ^ *='

THE CANADIAN NURSE

491

HOSPITAL SWEEPSTAKES BILL KILLED BY SENATE

The Hospital Sweepstakes Bill was killed for this session in the Senate,
when an amendment giving the bill a six months' hoist was carried by a vote
of 34 to 22. Both House leaders voted for the amendment. The Bill, which
was introduced by Senator Barnard of Victoria, B.C., would have made it
legal for hospitals to conduct sweepstakes with the consent of the Attorney-
General of any Province. The Bill has been removed from the order paper,
and therefore cannot be ccnsidered again unless introduced next session. Strong
support for this Bill was forthcoming from British Columbia, where the feeling
is that sweepstakes should be permitted as a means of raising money for hospitals.

— "The Canadian Hospital," August, 1931.

THE HISTORY OF THE SCHOOL FOR NURSES, TORONTO GENERAL

HOSPITAL

In connection with the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the
School for Nurses, Toronto General Hospital, a complete history of the
school hs!? been published. The publication is in book form, is very at-
tractively illustrated and gives in detail the development of the school from
the time of organisation in 1881 until the present time.

Copies may be secured by application to the Superintendent of Nurses,
Toronto General Hospital, Toronto. Price, including postage, $1.50.

BABYS
OWN '
SOAP '

When Ordering From Your Suppliers Specify

"Maple Leaf"

(.BRAND)

ALCOHOL

For Every Hospital Use

Highest Quality Best Service

Medicinal Spirits, Rubbing Alcohol,

Iodine Solution, Denatured Alcohol,

Absolute Ethyl B.P., Anti-Freeze

Alcohol.
Sold by all leading Hospital Supply Houses

Canadian Industrial Alcohol Co. Ltd.

Montreal Toronto Corbyville

Winnipeg Vancouver

Best ,
forBaby

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The official organ of the Canadian Nurses Association, owners, editors and
managers. Published monthly at the National Office, Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion. 511 Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

Editor and Business Manager: JEAN S. WILSON, Ref,'.N.

492

THE CANADIAN NURSE

(3f^tm{ WxtHtor^

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES
Secretary.. Miss Christiane Reimann, Headquarters: 14 Quai des Eaux-Vives, Geneva,

Switzerland.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

Officers

Honorary President Miss M. A. Snively, General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.

President Miss F. H. M. Emory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont

First Vice-President Miss K. W. Ellisj^ Winnipeg General Hospital, Winnipeg.

Second Vice-President Miss G. M. Bennett, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.

Honorary Secretary Miss Nora Moore, City Hall, Room 309, Toronto, Ont

Honorary Treasurer Miss R. M. Simpson, Parliament Bldgr,., Regina, Sask.

COUNCILLORS

Alberta: 1 Miss Eleanor McPhedran, Central Alberta Ontario: 1 Miss Marj' Millman, 126 Pape Ave.,

Sanatorium, Calgary; 2 Miss Edna Auger, General Toronto; 2 Miss Constance Brewster, General

Hoepital, Medicine Hat; 3 Miss B. A. Emerson, fi04 Ho.spital, Hamilton; 3 Miss Clara Vale, 75 Huntley

Civic Block, Edmonton; 4 Miss Mildred Harvey, St., Toronto; 4 Miss Clara Brown, 23 Kendal Ave.,

319 7th Ave. A. So.. Lethbridge. Toronto.

British Columbia: 1 Miss M. P. Campbell, ll.S Prince Edward Island: 1 Mrs Arthur AUen.Summer-

Vancouver Block, Vancouver; 2 Miss M. F. Gray. side; 2 Sister Ste. Faustina, Charlottetown Hospital,

Dept. of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Charlottetown; 3 Miss Mona Wilson, Red Crosi

Vancouver; 3 Miss M. Kerr, 3435 Victory Ave., New ???• ''^'iM,*."^ ^^uP r,*°*" Street Charlottetown;

Westminster; 4 Miss E. Franks, 1541 Gladstone 4 Miss Millie Gamble. 51 Ambrose Street, Charlotte-

Ave., Victoria, B.C. *°^n-

Quebec: 1 Miss M. K. Holt, Montreal General Hos-

Manitoba: 1 Mrs. J. F. Morrison, 184 Brock St., pital, Montreal; 2 Miss Flora A. George, The

Winnipeg; 2 Miss Mildred Reid, 10 Elenora Apts., Woman's General Hospital, Westniount; 3 Miss

Winnipeg; 3 Miss Isabel McDiarmid, 363 Langside Marion Nash. 1246 Bishop Street, Montreal; 4 Miss

St. Winnipeg; 4 Mrs. S. Doyle, 5 Vogel Apartments, Sara Matheson, Haddon Hall Apts., 2151 Comte

Winnipeg. Street, Montreal.

,,,, ,, Saskatchewan: 1 Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normal

New Brunswick: 1 Miss A. J. MacMaster, Monoton School, Moose Jaw; 2 Miss G. M. Watson, City

Hospital, Moncton; 2 Sister Connne Kerr, Hotel Hospital, Saskatoon; 3 Mrs. E. M. Feeny, Dept.

Dieu Hospital, Campbellton; 3 Miss H. S. Dyke- of Public Health, Parliament Buildings, Regina;

man. Health Centre, Saint John; 4 Miss Mabel 4 Miss L. B. Wilson, 2012 Athol St., Regina.

McMullin, St. Stephen.

ADDITIONAL MEMBERS TO EXECUTIVE

Nova Scotia: 1. Miss Margaret E. MacKenzie, 315 (Chairmen National Sections)

Barrington St., Halifax; 2 Miss Elizabeth O. R. Nursing Education: Miss G. M. Fairley, Vancouver

Browne. Red Cross Office, 612 Dennis Bldg., Halifax; General Hospital, Vancouver, B.C.; Public Health:

3 Miss A. Edith Fenton, Dalhousie Health Clinic, Miss M. Moag, 1246 Bishop St.. Montreal, P.Q.;

Morris St., Halifax; 4 Miss Jean S. Trivett, 71 Private Duty: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St.

Cobourg Road, Halifax. South, Hamilton, Ont.

Executive Secretary Miss Jean S. Wilson

National Office, 511, Boyd Building, Wiimipeg, Man.

1 — President Provincial Association of Nurses. 3 — Chairman Public Health Section.

2 — Chairman Nursing Education Section. 4 — Chairman Private Duty Section

NURSING EDUCATION SECTION

Councillors. — Alberta: Miss Edna Auger, General
Hospital, Medicine Hat. British Columbia: Miss
M. F. Gray, University of British Columbia, Van-
couver. Manitoba: Miss Mildred Reid, 10
Elenora Apts., Winnipeg. New Brunswick:
Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Dieu, Campbellton.
Nova Scotia: Miss Elizabfth O. R. Browne, Red
Cro!38 Office, 612 Dennis Bldg., Halifax' Ontarip:
Miss Constance Brewster, General Hospital, Hamil-
ton. Prince Edward Island: Sister Hte. Faustina,
Charlottetown Hospital, Charlottetown. Quebec:
Miss Flora A. George, Woman's General Hospital,
Westmount, P.Q. Saskatchewan: Miss G. M.
Watson, City Hospital, Saskatoon.

Convener of Publications : Miss Annie Lawrie, Box
252, Wetaskiwin, Alta.

New Brunswick: Miss Mabel McMullin, St.
Stephen. Nova Scotia: Miss Jean Trivett, 71
Coburg Road, Halifax. Ontario: Miss Clara
Brown, 23 Kendal Ave., Toronto. Prince Edward
Island: Miss Millie Gamble, 51 Ambrose St.,
Charlottetown. Quebec: Miss Sara Matheson,
2151 Comte St., Montreal. Saskatchewan: Miss
L. B. Wilson, 2012 Athol St., Regina.
Convener of Publications: Miss Clara Brown, 23
Kendal Ave., Toronto, Ont.

PRIVATE DUTY SECTION
Chairman: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St. S.

Hamilton, Ont.; Vice-Chairman: Miss Moya

MacDonald, 111 South Park St., Halifax, N.S.;

Secretary-Treasurer: Miss Mabel St. John, 379

Huron Street, Toronto, Ont.
Councillors. — Alberta: Miss Mildred Harvey, 319

7th Ave. A. So., Lethbridge. British Columbia:

Miss E. Franks, 1541 Gladstone Ave., Victoria, B.C.

Manitoba: Mrs. Doyle, 5 Vogel Apts., Winnipeg.

PUBLIC HEALTH SECTION
Chairman: Miss M. Moag, 1246 Bishop St., Montreal,
Que.; Vice-Chairman: Miss M. Wilkinson, 410
Sherbourne St., Toronto, Ont.; Secretary-Treas-
urer: Miss I. S. Manson, School for Graduate
Nurses, McGill University, Montreal, Que.
Councillors. — ^Alberta: Miss B. A. Emerson, 604
Civic Block, Edmonton. British Columbia: Miss
M. Kerr, .3435 Victory Ave., New Westminster.
Manitoba: Mi.ss Isabell McDiarmid, 363 Lang.side
St., Winnipeg. New Brunswick: Miss H. S.
Dykeman, Health Centre, Saint John. Nova
Scotia: Sli.ss A. Edith Fenton, Dalhou.sie Public
Health Clinic, Morris St., Halifax. Ontario: Miss
Clara Vale, 75 Huntley St., Toronto. Prince
Edward Island: Miss Mona Wilson, Red Cross
Headquarters, 59 Grafton St., Charlottetown,
Quebec: Miiss Marion Nash, 1246 Bishop St..
Montreal. Saskatchewan: Mrs. E. M. Feeny,
Dept. of Public Health, Parliament Buildings,
Regina.
Convener of Publications: Miss Mary Campbell,
Victoria Order of Nurses, 344 Gottingen St., Halifax,.
N.S.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

493

ALBERTA ASSOCIATION OF BEQISTERED
NUESES

GRADUATE NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
BRITISH COLUMBIA

President, Miss M. P. Campbell, R.N., 118 Van-
couver Block, Vancouver; First Vice-President, Miss
E. Breeze, R.N., 4662 Angus Ave., Vancouver; Second
Vice-President, Miss G. Fairley, R.N., Vancouver
General Hospital, Vancouver; Registrar, Miss Helen
Randal, R.N., 118 Vancouver Block, Vancouver;
Secretary, Miss M. Button, R.N., 118 Vancouver
Block, Vancouver; Conveners of Committees: Nursing
Education, Mi.ss M. F. Gray, R.N., University of
British Columbia, Vancouver; Public Health, Miss M.
Kerr, R.N., 343.5 Victory Ave., New Westminster;
Private Duty, Miss E. Franks, R.N., 1541 Gladstone
Ave., Victoria; Councillors, Misses .J. Archibald, R.N.,
L. Boggs, R.N.. M. Duffield, R.N., L. McAllister, R.N.

MANITOBA ASS'N OF REGISTERED NURSES

President, Mrs. J. F. Morrison, 184 Brock Street;
First Vice-President, Miss J. Purvis, General Hospital,
Portage la Prairie; Second Vice-President, Miss C.
Kettles, General Hospital, Dauphin, Man.; Third
Vice-President, Miss McNally, General Hospital,
Brandon, Man.; Conveners of Committees: Press and
Publication, Miss G. Hall, Miss M. Meehan; Social
and Programme, Miss Cory Taylor; Sick Visiting,
Misses W. Carruthers, A. Starr, G. Thompson and M.
Frost; Conveners of Sections: Private Duty, Mrs. S.
Doyle, a Vogel Apts., Winnipeg; Nursing Education,
Miss Mildred Reid, 10 Elenora Apts., Winnipeg; Public
Health, Miss Isabel McDiarmid, 363 Langside St.,
Winnipeg; Executive Secretary, Treasurer and
Registrar, Mrs. Stella Gordon Kerr, 753 WoLseley Ave.,
Winnipeg.

NEW BRUNSWICK ASSOCIATION OF
REGISTERED NURSES

President, Miss A. J. MacMaster, Moncton Hospital,
Moncton; First Vice-President, Miss Florence Coleman,
County Hospital, East Saint John; Second Vice-
President, Miss Margaret Murdoch, General Public
Hospital, Saint John; Hon. Secretary, Mrs. W. S.
Jones, Albert, N.B.; Councillors: Saint John, Misses
Sarah E. Brophy, H. S. Dykeman, E. J. Mitchell;
Saint Stephen, Misses Mabel McMullin, Myrtle
Dunbar; Moncton, Misses Marion MacLaren, Myrtle
Kay; Fredericton, Mrs. A. C. Fleming, Miss Kate
Johnson; Bathurst, Miss Edith Stewart; Chatham,
Sister Caroline Kenny; Campbellton, Sister Corinne
Kerr; Conveners of Sections: Nursing EMucation,
Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Dieu Hospital, Campbellton,
N.B.; Public Health, Miss H. S. Dykeman, Health
Centre, Saint John, N.B.; Private Duty, Miss Mabel
McMullin, St. Stephen, N.B.; By-Laws and Constitu-
tion, Miss Sarah Brophy, Fairville, N.B.; "The Can-
adian Nurse," Miss A. A. Burns, Health Centre, Saint
John, N.B.; Secretary-Treasurer, Registrar, Miss
Maude E. Retallick, 262 Charlotte St., West Saint
John.

REGISTERED NURSES ASSOCIATION OF
NOVA SCOTIA

President, Miss Margaret E MacKenzie, 31.5
Harrington St., Halifax; First Vice-President, Miss
Anne Slattery, Dalhousie Health Clinic, Morris St.,
Halifax; Second Vice-President, Miss Margaret M.
Martin, Payzant Memorial Hospital, Windsor; Third
Vice-President, Mi.ss Josephine Cameron, 24 West-
minster Apts., Halifax; Recording Secretary, Mi.ss A.
M. Fraser, "Pineliegh," North-West Arm, Halifax;
Treasurer and Corresponding Secretary, Miss L. F.
Fraser, 32.5 South St., Halifax

REGISTERED NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
ONTARIO (Incorporated 1926)

President, Miss Mary Millman, 126 Pape Ave.,
Toronto; First Vice-President, Miss Marjorie Buck,
Norfolk General Hospital, Simcoe; Second Vice-
President, Miss Priscilla Campbell, Public General
Hospital, Chatham; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Matilda
Fitzgerald, 380 Jane Street, Toronto.

District No. 1: Chairman, Miss Nellie Gerard, 911
Victoria Ave., Windsor; Secretaiy-Treasurer, Mrs. I. J.
Walker, 169 Richard St., Sarnia. District No. 2:
Chairman, Miss Marjorie Buck, No; folk General
Hospital, Simcoe; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Hilda
Booth, Norfolk General Hospital, Simcoe. District
No. 4: Chairman, Miss Anne Wright, General Hos-
pital, St. Catherines; Secretary-Treasurer, Mis.
Norman Barlow, 134 Catherines St. S., Hamilton.
District No. 5: Chairman, Miss Rahno M. Beamish,
Western Hospital, Toronto: Secretary-Treasurer, Miss
Irene Weirs, 198 Manor Road E., Toronto. District
No. 6: Chairman, Miss Rebecca Bell, General Hos-
pital, Port Hope; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Florence
Mclndoo, Geneial Hospital, Belleville. District No.
7: Chairman, Mias Louise D. Acton, General Hoipital,
Kintrston; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Evelyn Freeman,
General Hospital, Kingston. District No. 8: Chair-
man, Miss Alice Ahern, Metropolitan Life Insurance
Co., Ottawa; Secretary-Treasurer, Mii>s A. C. Tanner,
Civic Hospital, Ottawa. District No. 9: Chairman,
Miss Katherine MacKenzie, 235 First Ave. E., North
Bay; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss C. McLaren, Box 102,
North Bay. District No. 10: Chairman, Miss Anne
Boucher, 280 Park St., Port Arthur; Secretary-Treas-
urer, Miss Martha R. Racey, McKellar General
Hospital, Fort William.

ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED NURSES OF
THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC (Incorporated 1920)
Advisory Board: Misses Mary Samuel, L. C. Phillips,
M. F. Hersey, Mere M. V. Allaire, Rev. Soeur Augus-
tine; President, Miss Mabel K. Holt, Montreal General
Hospital; Vice-President (English), Miss C. V. Barrett,
Royal Victoria Montreal Maternity Hospital; Vice-
President (French), Melle. Rita Guimont, Hopital
Saint Luc, Montreal; Hon. Secretary, Miss Margaret
L. Moag, V.O.N. , Montreal; Hon. Treasurer, Miss
Olga V. Lilly, Royal Victoria Montreal Maternity
Hospital; Other members, Melles. Edna Lynch,
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, Montreal;
Melle. Marie-Anysie Deland, Institut Bruchesi,
Montreal; Mde. Caroline Vachon, Hotel-Dieu, Mont-
real; Rev. Soeur Marie-Rose Lacroix, Hopital St. Jean,
St. Jean, Que.; Rev. Soeur Bellemare, Hopital Notre
Dame, Montreal; Conveners, Private Duty Section
(English), Miss Sara Matheson, Hadden Hall Apts.,
2151 Comte St., Montreal; (French), Melle Jeanne
L'Heureux, 774 Davaar Road, Outremont; Nursing
Education Section (English), Miss Flora Aileen George,
Woman's General Hospital, Westmount; (P>pnch),
Rev. Soeur Augustine, Hopital St. Jean-de-Dieu,
Gamelin, P.Q.; Public Health Section, Mi.ss Marion
Nash, V.O.N. , 1246 Bishop Street; Board of Examiners,
Convener, Miss. C. V. Barrett, Mde. R. Bourque,
Melles. Lynch, Senecal, Misses Marion Nash, Rita
Sutcliffe; Executive Secretary, Registrar and Official
School Visitor, Miss E. Francis Upton, Suite 221,
1396 St Catherine Street, West, Montreal.

SASKATCHEWAN REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION. (Incorporated March, 1927)
President, Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normal School,
Moose Jaw; Firjt Vice-President, Miss M. H. McGill,
Normal School, Sa.skatoon; Second Vice-President,
Miss G. M. Watson, City Hospital, Saskatoon; Coun-
cillors, Miss R. M. Simpson, Department of Public
Health, Regina, Sister Maiy Raphael, Providence
Hospital, Moose Jaw; Conveners of Standing Com-
mittees, Public Health, Mrs. E. M. Fceny, Dent, of
Public Health, Regina; Private Duty, Miss L. B.
Wilson. 2012 Athol St., Regina; Nursing Education,
Miss G. M. Watson, City Ho.spital, Saskatoon; Sec.e-
tary-Treasurer and Registrar, Miss E. E. Graham,
Regina College, Regina^

CALGARY ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

Hon. President, Mrs. Stuart Brown; President. Miss
J. B. von Gnienigan; First Vice-President, Miss Lynn;
Second Vice-President, Miss Barber; Treasurer, Miss
M. Watt; Recording Secretary, Mrs. B. J. Charles;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss Jackson; Registrar,
Miss D. Mott. 616 15th Ave. W.; Convener Private
Duty Section, Mrs. R. Hayden-

491

THE CANADIAN NURSE

EDMONTON ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

President, Mrs. K. Manson; First Vice-President,
Miss B. Emerson; Second Vice-President, Miss F.
Welsh; Secretary, Miss C. Davidson; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss J. G. Clow, 11138 S2nd Ave.; Treasurer.
Miss L. Ward, 11328 102nd Ave.; Programme Com-
mittee, Miss A. L. Young, Miss I. Johnson; Sick
Visiting Committee, Miss P. Chapman, Miss Gavin.
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss M.
Griffith, 10806 98th St.

MEDICINE HAT GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

President, Mrs. Mary Tobin; First Vice-President,
Mrs. C. Anderson; Second Vice-President, Miss L.
Green; Secretary, Miss M. E. Hagerman, City Court
House, 1st Street; Treasurer, Miss Edna Auger;
Convener of New Membership Committee, Mrs. C.
Wright; Convener of Flower Committee, Miss M.
Murray; Correspondent, "The Canadian Nurse," Misa
F. Smith.

Regular meeting First Tuesday in month.

A. A., ROYAL ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL,
EDMONTON, ALTA.

A.A., KOOTENAY LAKE GENERAL HOSPITAL.
NELSON, B.C.

VANCOUVER GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

President, Miss M. Duffield, 226 Lee Bldg., Van-
couver; First Vice-President, Miss G. Fairley, Van-
couver General Hospital; Second Vice-President, Miss
J. Matheson; Secretary, Miss Perrin, 3629 2nd Ave. W..
Vancouver; Treasurer, Mi.ss L. Archibald, 536 12th
Ave. W., Vancouver; Conveners of Committees:
Council, Miss M. Button; Directory Committee, Miss
D. Bullock; Ways and Means, Miss R. Mc Vicar;
Programme, Miss M. Kerr; Social, Miss Munslow;
Sick Visiting, Miss A. L. Maxwell; Local Council,
Miss M. Gray; Creche, Miss M. A. McLellan; Re-

Eresentatives: "The Canadian Nurse," Miss M. G.
,aird; Local Press, Rotating members of Board.

A.A., ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, VANCOUVER

A. A., VANCOUVER GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Grace Fairley; President, Miss
Joan Hardy; First Vice-President, Miss Dorothy
Coughlin; Second Vice-President, Miss Mary McLean;
Secretary, Mrs. Percy Jones, 36S1 2nd Ave. W.;
Assistant Secretary, Mrs. Hugh McMillan; Treasurer.
Miss Eva Webster, The Vancouver General
Hospital; Committee Conveners: Refreshment, Mrs.
Ferguson; Programme, Miss Hannon; Sewing, Miss
McLennan; Sick Visiting, Miss Hilda Smith; Re-
presentatives Local Press, Mrs. McCallum; "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Stevenson; Women's Building,
Miss Whitteker; Membership, Miss L. Maxwell; Sick
Benefit Fund and Bond Committee, Miss Isobel
McVicar and Miss Bullock.

A. A., JUBILEE HOSPITAL, VICTORIA, B.C.

Hon. President, Miss L. Mitchell; President, Misa
«■ aY--' First \-ice-President, Mrs. Chambers;
Second \^ce-President, Mrs. Carruthers; Secretary.
Miss S^ Fatt, 601 Trutch St.; Assistant Secretai^
Aliss B. Montague; Treasurer, Miss J. Paterson-
Convener, Entertainment Committee, Mrs. Lancaster;
Sick Nurses, Miss C. McKenzie.

BRANDON ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

nr^^^V^fr''''?,'''?,*' '^I'-'^sE. Birtles; Hon. Vice-President,
Mrs. VV . H ^hil inglaw; President, Miss M. Finlayson;
l^irst Vice-President, Miss H. Meadows; Second Viee-
l^resident. Miss J. Anderson; Secretary, Miss K
Campbell, Park View Apts., Brandon; Treasurer
Miss I. Fargey, 332 Russell St., Brandon; Conveners:
«°T'' '^if''- ^- -^^ ^- Pierce; Sick Visiting, Miss Bennett r
Welfare Representative, Mi.ss Houston; Blind, Mrs R
Uarrach; Cook Books, Miss M. Gemmell; Press Repre-
sentative, Miss D. Longley; Registrar, MissC. Macleod

A.A., ST. BONIFACE HOSPITAL, ST. BONIFACE
MAN.

Hon President, Rev. Sr. Mead, St. Boniface Hos-
pital; Second Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Krause, St
Braiface Hospital; President, Miss E. Shirley, 2&
King George Crt.; First Vice-Picsident, Miss E Perry
1628 Roy Ave.. Weston; Second Vice-President, Miss-
H. Stephens, 15 Ruth Apts.; Secretary, Mrs. Stella
Gordon Kerr, 753 Wolseley Ave.;Treasurer, Miss A.
Price, Ste. 18 Diana Crt.; Conveners of Committees.
Social, Miss T. O'Rourke, Ste. 48 Marlhurst Apts;
Refreshment, Miss C. Miller, Ste 2 St. James Park
Blk.; Sick Visiting, Miss T. Guville, 211 Hill St
Norwood; Representative to Local Council of Women.
Miss C. Code, 1238 Downing St., Miss C. Wright, 340
St. Johns Ave.; Representative to Manitoba Nurses
Central Directory Committee, Mrs. E. MacDonald
369 Langside St.; Press and Publication, Misa M
Meehan, 753 Wolseley Ave.

Meetings — Second Wednesday of each month. 8 p.m.^
St. Boniface Nurses Residence.

A. A., WINNIPEG GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Mrs. W. A. Moody, 97 Ash St.;
President, Mrs. J. A. Davidson, 39 Westgate- First
Vice-President. Mrs. S. Harry, Winnipeg Genera}
Hospital; Second Vice-President. Miss I. McDiarmid
363 Langside St.; Third Vice-President, Miss E.
Gordon, Research Lab., Medical College; Recoiding
Secretary, Miss C. Briggs, 70 Kingsway; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss M. Duncan. Winnipeg General Hos-
pital; Treasurer. Mrs. H. L Graham, 99 Euclid St.;
Sick Visiting. Miss W. Stevenson. 535 Camden Place;
Programme. Miss C. Lethbridge. 877 Grosvenor Ave..
Membership, Miss A. Pearson, Winnipeg Generaf
Hospital.

DISTRICT No. 8, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Chairman, Miss Alice Ahern; Vice-Chairman,
Misa D. M. Percy; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss A. G.
Tanner, Ottawa Civic Hospital; Councillors, Misses
M. Stewart, M. Slinn, G. Woods, M. B. Anderson,
Amy Brady, Ella Rochon; Conveners of Committees.
Membership, Mias E. Rochon; Publications, Miss M.
Stewart; Nursing Education, Miss M. E. Anderson-
Private Duty, Miss Mary Slinn; Public Health, Mis*
Marjorie Robertson; Representative to Board of
Directors, Miss A. Ahern.

DISTRICT No. 10, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Chairman, Miss A. Boucher; First-Vice President.
Mrs. F. Edwards; Second Vice-President, Miss V.
Lovelace; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss M. Racey;
Conveners of Committees: Nursing Education, Mias
B. Bell; Public Health, Miss I,. Young; Private Duty.
Miss L Sheehan; Publication, Miss M. Flannagan;
Membership, Miss M. Sideen, Miss D. Elliott; Social:
Miss E. Hamilton, Miss Chiver-Wilson, Miss E. Mc-
Tavish; Representatives to Board of Directors Meeting,
R.N.A.O., Mrs. F. Edwards.

Meetings held first Thursday every month.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

495

GRADUATE NURSES ASSOCIATION,
KITCHENER AND WATERLOO

President, Miss V. Winterhalt; First Vice-President,
Mrs. W. Noll; Second Vice-President, Miss Kathleen
Grant; Treasurer, Mrs. W. Knell, 41 Ahrens St. W.;
Secretary, Miss E. Master, 13 Chapel St.; Represent-
ative to "The Canadian Nurse", Miss E. Hartleib,
Kitchener and Waterloo Hospital.

A. A., GUELPH GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. F. Bliss, Supt., Guelph
General Hospital; President, Miss. L. Ferguson; First
Vice-President, ^iiss C. Zeigler; Second Vice-President;
Miss Dora Lambert; Secretary, Miss N. Kenny;
Treasurer, Miss J. Watson; Committees, Flower,
Mrs. R. Hockin, Misses Creighton, I. Wilson; Social,
Mrs. M. Cockwell (Convener); Programme, Miss E.
M. Eby (Convener); Representative "The Canadian
Nurse," Miss A. L. Fennell.

A. A., BELLEVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Regular meeting held first Tuesday in each month at
3.30 p.m. in the Nurses' Residence.

A. A., BRANTFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. Muriel McKee, Superin-
tendent; President, Miss I. Marshall; Vice-President,
Miss A. Hardisty; Secretary, Mi.ss H. D. Muir, Brant-
ford General Hospital; Assistant Secretary, Miss F.
Batty; Treasurer, Miss L. Gillespie, 14 Abigail Ave.,
Brantford; Social Convener, Miss M. Meggitt; Flower
Committee, Misses P. Cole and F. Stewart; Gift
Committee, Mrs. D. A. Morrison, Miss K. Charnley;
"The Canadian Nurse" and Press Representative,
Miss E. M. Jones; Representative to Local Council of
Women, Miss G. V. Westbrook.

A. A., HAMILTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. C. Rayside, Hamilton
General Hospital; President, Miss Annie B. Boyd,
607 Main St. E.; Vice-President, Miss M. Buchannan,
Hamilton General Hospital; Treasurer, Miss E. Bell,
1 Cumberland Ave.; Recording Secretary, Miss B.
Aitken, 44 Victoria Ave. S.; Secretary-Treasurer Mutual
Benefit Association, Miss L. Hannah, 25 West Ave. S.;
Executive Committee, Mrs. N. Barlow (Convenei),
211 Stenson St., Misses E. Baird, C. Chappel, M.
Pegg, Mrs. E. Johnson; Programme Committee. Miss
Mary Ross (Convener), Misses M. Watt, H. Baker,
E. Davidson, J. Lenz, M Harvey, C. Currah, Blanche
Pond; Flower and Visiting Committee, Miss Sturrock
(Convener), Misses Squires, Blanchard, Burnett.
Representatives to Local Council of Women, Mrs.
Hess, Misses Harley, Buckbee, Burnett; Representative
to R.N.A.O., Miss G. Hall; Representatives to "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Buscombe (Convener), Misses
Strachan and Carruthers; Representative to Women's
Auxiliary, Mrs. J. Stephen; Registry Committee,
Mrs. Hess (Convener), Misses Nugent, Hack, Gringer.

A.A., BROCKVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss A. L. Shannette; President
Mrs. H. B. White; First Vice-President, Miss M
Arnold; Second Vice-President, Miss J. Nicholson
Third Vice-President, Mrs. W. B. Reynolds; Secretary
Miss B. Beatrice Hamilton, Brockville General HoS'
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. F. Vandusen, 65 Church St.
Representative to "The Canadian Nurte," Mias V
Kendrick.

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL,
CHATHAM, ONT.

Hon. President. Mother St. Roch; Hon. Vice-
President, Sister M. Loretta; President, Mrs. Peail
Johnston; Vice-President, Miss Jean Lundy; Secretary,
Miss Irene Gillard, 52 Raleigh St., Chatham; Treasurer,
Miss Jean Bagnell; Executive, Misses Jessie Ross,
Katherine Dillon and Agnes Harrison; Flower Com-
mittee, Miss Felice Richardson and Mona Middleton;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss
Jessie Ross; Representative, District No. 1, R.N.A.O.,
Misa Hazel Gray.

A. A., CORNWALL GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Lydia Whiting; President,
Miss Mary Fleming; First Vice-President, Miss
Boldick; Second Vice-President, Miss B. McKillop;
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss C. Droppo, Cornwall
General Hospital; Representative to The Canadian
Nurse," Miss B. Paterson.

A. A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, HAMILTON

Hon. President, Mother Martina; President, Mies
E. Quinn; Vice-President, Miss H. Fagan; Treasurer,
Miss L Loyst, 71 Bay Street S. ; Secretary, Miss M.
Maloney, 31 Erie Avenue; Convener, Executive Com-
mittee, Miss M. Kelley; The Canadian Nurse, Mi«f
Moran.

A.A., HOTEL DIEU, KINGSTON, ONT.

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Donovan; President,
Mrs. William Elder, Avonmore Apts.; Vice-President,
Mrs. V. L. Fallon; "Treasurer, Miss MiUie MacKinnon;
Secretary, Miss Genevieve Pelow; Executive, Mrs. L.
Welch, Mrs. Cochrane, Mrs. L. E. Crowley, Misses
Millie Mackinnon, Evelyn Finn; Visiting Committee,
Misses Olive McDermott, C. McGarry; Entertainment
Committee, Misses MacKinnon, Murphy, Bain,
Hamell, McCadden, Mrs. Ryan, Mrs. Fallon.

A. A., KINGSTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

First Hon. President, Miss E. Baker; Second Hon.
President, Miss Louise D. Acton; President, Miss
Oleira M. Wilson; First Vice-President, Mrs. G. H.
Leggett; Second Vice-President, Mrs. S. F. Campbell;
Third Vice-President, Miss Ann Baillie; Treasurer,
Mrs. C. W. Mallory, 203 Albert St.; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss C. Milton, 404 Brock St.; Recording
Secretary, Miss Ann Davis, 96 Lower William St.;
Convener Flower Committee, Mrs. George Nicol, 355
Frontenac St.; Press Representative, Miss Helen
Babcook, Kingston General Hospital; Private Duty
Section, Miss Emma McLean. 478 Frontenac St.

A.A., OALT HOSPITAL, GALT, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Jamieson; President, Miss M.
King; First Vice-President, Miss I. Atkinson; Second
Vice-President, Mrs. D. Scott; Secretary, Mrs. F.
Rolocfson; Treasurer, Miss G. Rutherford; Programme
Committee: Convener, Mrs. E. V. Brown, Miss Hop-
klnson and Miss Blogden.

A.A., KITCHENER AND WATERLOO GENERAL
HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. Snider; President, Miss
L. McTague; First Vice-President, Mrs. V. Snider;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. R. Fetch; Secretary,
Miss T. Sitler, 32 Troy St.; Asst. Secretary, Miss J.
Sinclair; Treasurer, Miss E. Feny; "The Canadian
Nurse", Miss E. Hartlieb.

496

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

Hon. President, Mother M. Pascal; Hon. Vice-
President, Sister Ste. Elizabeth; President, Miss
Madalene Baker; First Vice-President, Miss Olive
O'Neil; Second Vice-President, Miss Florence Connelly;
Recording Secretary, Miss Stella Gignac; Correspond-
ing Secretary, Miss Gladj's Gray; Treasurer, Miss Erla
Berger; Press Representative. Miss Lillian Morrison.

A. A. VICTORIA HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

Hon. President, Mrs. A. E. Silverwood, 517 Dufferin
Ave.; President, Miss Delia Foster, 420 Oxford St.;
First Vice-President, Miss Mary Yule, 151 Bathurst
St.; Second Vice-President, Miss Christine Gillies,
Victoria Hospital; Treasurer, Miss Edith Smallman,
814 Dundas St.; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Mabel Hardie, 182 Bruce St.; Secretary, Miss Isobel
Hunt, 898 Princess Ave.; Representative to "The
Canadian Nurse," Mrs. S. G. Henry, 720 Dundas
St.; Board of Directors, Mrs. C. J. Rose, Mrs. W.
Cummins, Misses H. Hueston, H. Cryderman, E.
Gibberd, A. MacKenzie; Representatives to Registry
Board. Misses M. McVicar, S. Giffen, A. Johnston
and W. Wilton.

A. A., NIAGARA FALLS GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. S. Park; President, Mrs.

F. Pow; First Vice-President, Mrs. H. R. Potter;
Second Vice-President, Miss L. McConnell; Treasurer,
Miss J. Smith; Secretary, Miss V. M. Elliott; Convener
.-ick Committee, Mrs. V. Wesley; Asst. Convener Sick
Committee, Mrs. J. Taylor; Convener Private Duty
Committee, Miss K. Prest.

A. A., ORILLIA SOLDIER'S MEMORIAL
HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. Johnston; President, Miss

G. Went; First Vice-President, Miss McMurray;
Second Vice-President. Miss S. Dudenhotfer, .Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss M. B. MacLelland, 128 Nississaga
St. W.

Regular Meeting — First Thursday of each month.

A. A., OSHAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss MacWilliams; President, Miss
.A.nn Scott, 26 King Street E., Oshawa; Vice-President,
Miss Emily Duckwith; Second Vice-President, Mrs.
H. Harland; Secretary, Mrs. Mabel Yelland, 14
Victoria Apts., Simcoe St. S., Oshawa; Asst. Secretary,
Miss Jessie Mcintosh; Corresopnding Secretary, Miss
Helen Hutchison, 14 Victoria Apts., Simcoe St. S..
Oshawa; Treasurer, Miss Jane Cole; Social Convener,
Miss Amber Sonley, Visiting and Flower Convener,
Mrs. M. Canning; Convener Private Duty Nurses,
Miss Margaret Dickie; Representative, Hospital
Auxiliary, Mrs. M. Canning, Mrs. E. Hare, Mrs. B.
A. Brown.

A. A., ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, OTTAWA

Hon. President, Miss Maxwell; President, Miss
Doris Thompson; Vice-President, Miss Diana Brown;
Secretary, Miss Isobel Allan, 408 Slater Street, Ottawa;
Treasurer, Mrs. Florence Ellis; Nominating Committee,
Misses Mina MacLaren, Haiel Lyttle, Katherine
Tribble.

A. A., LADY STANLEY INSTITUTE, OTTAWA
(Incorporated 1918)
Hon. President, Miss M. A. Catton, 2 Regent St.;
Hon. Vice-President, Miss Florence Potts; President,
Mrs. W. Elmitt; Vice-President, Miss M. McNiece,
Perley Home, Aylmer Ave.; Secretary, Mrs. Lou
Morton, 49 Bower Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Mary C.
Slinn, 204 Stanley Ave.; Board of Directors, Miss E.
McCoU, Vimy Apts., Charlotte St., Miss C. Flack,
152 First Ave.; Miss L. Belford, Perley Home, Aylmer
Ave.; Miss E. McGibbon, 114 Carl ing Ave.; Re-
presentative "The Canadian Nurse," Miss A. Ebbs,
80 Hamilton Ave.; Representative to Central Registry
Miss A. Ebbs, 80 Hamilton Ave.; Miss Mary C. Slinn,
204 Stanley Ave.; Press Representative, Miss E.
Allen.

A. A., OTTAWA CIVIC HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Gertrude Bennett; President,
Miss Evelyn Pepper; First Vice-President, Miss
Elizabeth Graydon; Second Vice-President, Miss
Dorothy Moxley; Treasurer, Miss Winnifred Gemmell,
221 Gilmour St.; Recording Secretary, Miss Greta
Wilson, 489 Metcalfe St.; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss Eileen Graham, 41 Willard St.; Councillors,
Mrs. G. W. Dunning, Misses Elizabeth Curry, Gertrude
Moloney, Mary Lamb, Gladys Moorehead; Convener
of Flower and Sick Visiting Committee, Miss Margaret
McCallum; Press Correspondent, Miss E. Osborne.

A.A .OTTAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Flavie Domitille; President,
Miss Juliette Robert; First Vice-President, Miss C.
McDonald; Second Vice-President, Mrs. A. Latimer;
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Stella Kearns, 478 Cumber-
land Ave., Ottawa; Membership Secretary, Mia»
Pauline Bissonnette; Representatives to Local Council
of Women, Mrs. C. L. Devitt, Mrs. A. Latimer, Mrs.
E. Viau and Miss F. Nevins; Representatives to
Central Registry, Miss L. Egan and Miss A. Stackpole;
Representative to The Canadian Nurse, Miss Juliett*
Robert.

A.A., OWEN SOUND GENERAL AND
MARINE HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss B. Hall; President, Mrs. D. J.
McMillan, 1151 3rd Ave. W.; Vice-President, Miss C
Thompson; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss A. Mitchell,
466 17th St. W.; A.ssistant Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs.
Tomlinson; Flower Committee, Miss M. Story, Miss
C. Stewart, Mrs. Frost; Programme Committee,
Misses Sim, C. Stewart; Press Representative, Miss M.
Morrison.

A.A., NICHOLLS HOSPITAL, PETERBORO, ONT.

Hon. President, Mrs. E. M. Leeson; President, Mis»
H. M. Anderson; First Vice-President, Miss L. Simpson;
Second Vice-President, Miss M. Watson; Treasurer,
Miss L. Ball; Secretary, Miss I. .Armstrong; Correspond-
ing Secretary, Miss H. Hooper, Peterboro Hospital;
Convener Social Committee, Miss A. Dobbin; Con-
vener of Flower Committee, Miss S. Armstrong.

A.A., SARNIA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. Lee; President, Miss L.
Siegrist; Vice-President, Miss J. Hodgins; Treasurer,
Miss M. Wood; Secretary, Miss S. Trea; 'The Canadian-
Nurse," Miss D. Shaw; Committees, Flower, Miss H.
Abra; Programme, Misses A. Silverthorne, C. Medcraft,
Mrs. S. Elrick; Social Miss B. MacFarlane, Mrs.
Kennedy.

A.A., STRATFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss A. M. Munn; President, Mis*
Haiel Crerar; Vice-President, Miss Myrtle Hodgins:
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Ivy Rennie : Convenor of
Social Committee, Miss Isabel Wilson: Correspondent
The Canadian Nurse, Miss Florence Kudoba.

A.A., MACK TRAINING SCHOOL
ST. CATHERINES

Hon. President, Miss Anne Wright, Superintendent,
General Hospital; President, Miss Helen Brown,.
General Hospital; First Vice-President, Miss Marriott,
94i Queenston St.; Second Vice-President, Mrs. E.
Dewar, 39 Martjuis St.; Secretary-Treasurer. Miss-
Florence McArter, General Hospital; Asst. Secretary-
Treasurer. Mrs. Charles Hesburn, 54 George St.;
"The Canadian Nurse" Representative, Miss Aleda
Brubaker, 29 Page St.; "The Canadian Nurse" Sub-
scriptions and Press Correspondent, Mrs. S. Ockenden,
4 Beech St.; Social Committee, Mrs. R. E. Elderkin
(Convener), Mrs. G. I. Zumstein, Mrs. F. Newman,
Airs. N. Buchanan; Programme Committee, Mis*
Tuch (Convener), Miss Moyer, Mrs. W. Durham

A.A., MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, ST. THOMAS

Hon. President, Miss Lucille .Armstrong, Memoriaf
Hospital; Hon. Vice-President, Miss Mary Buchanan,
Meriiorial Hospital; President, Miss Margaret Benja-
field, 39 Wellington Street; First Vice-President, Mrs.
Frank Penhale; Second Vice-Presidont, Miss Bessie
Pollock; Recording Secretary, Mrs. John Smale, 34
Erie Street; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Alice
Patrick, 33 Gladstone .^ve.; Treasurer, Miss Bella
Mitchener, ,50 Chestnut Street; "The Canadian Nurse,"
Miss Isabella M. Leadbetter, Talbot Street. Executive,
Misses Hazel Hastings, Lissa Crane, Mary Oke,
Mildred Jennings, Florence Treherne.

A.A., TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hod. President. Miss Snively; Hon. Vice-President,.
Miss Jean Gunn; President, Miss E. Manning; First
Vice-President, Miss J. Algie; Second Vice-FYesident,
Miss Jean Browne; Secretary, Mi&s Jean Anderson,
149 Glenholme Ave., Toronto; Trea.surer, Miss M.
Morris, Ward "C," Toronto General Hospital; Coun-
cillors, Misses G. Gawley. A. Landon, G. Ross; Arch-
ivist, Miss Knisele.y; Committees: Flower, Misses
Clubine (Convener), Hannant, Forgie, Eugenia
Stewart; Programme, Mrs. Driver (Convener), Misses
Annie Dove, Edna Eraser, Ethel Campbell, Dorothv
Dove; Social, Mrs. Stevens (Convener), Misses NeaU
L. Bailey: Nominations, Mrs. Dewey (Convener),
Misses Marion Stewart, Myrtle Murray, Mary Mc-
Farland; "The Canadian Nurse," Misses Betty String-
all (Convener), McGarry, E. Thompson.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

497

A.A. , GRACE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. C. J. Currie; President,
Mrs. L. B. Hutchison; Recording Secretarj-, Miss M.
Teasdale; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Lillian E.
Wood, 20 Mason Blvd., Toronto 12; Treasurer, Miss
V. M. Elliott, 194 Cottingham St.

A.A., GRANT MACDONALD TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR NURSES, TORONTO, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Esther M. Cook, 130 Dunn
Ave.; President, Miss Ida Weeks, 130 Dunn Ave.;
Vice-President, Miss Sadie McLaren; Recording
Secretary, Miss I. Ostic; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
M. Whittall; Treasurer, Miss McCullough, 130 Dunn
Ave. ; Social Convener, Miss P. Lawrence.

A.A., TORONTO ORTHOPEDIC HOSPITAL
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES

Hon. President, Miss E. MacLean; President, Miss
Hazel Young, 100 Bloor St. W.; Vice-President, Mrs.
W. J. Smithers, 35 Wilberton Road; Secretary-Treas-
^irer, Miss R. HoUingworth, 100 Bloor St. W.; Re-
presentatives to Central Registry, Miss C. Grannon,
205 George St., and Miss M. Beston, 5 De Savery
■Crescent; Representative to R.N.A.O., Miss A.
Bodley, 43 Metcalf St.

A.A., RIVERDALE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss Carrie Field; First Vice-President,
Miss Gertrude Gastrell; Second Vice-President, Mrs.
W. H. Thompson; Secretary, Miss Breeze, Riverdale
Hospital; Treasurer, Miss Margaret Floyd, Riverdale
Hospital; Board of Directors — Committees: Sick and
Visiting, Miss S. Stretton, 7 Edgewood Ave.; Pro-
gramme, Miss K. Mathieson, Riverdale Hospital;
Membership, Miss Murphy, Weston Sanitariom,
Weston; Mrs. E. G. Berry, 97 Bond St., Oshawa;
FYess and Publication, Miss C. L. Russell, General
Hospital, Toronto: Representativesto Central Registry,
Misses Hewlett and Morris.

A.A., HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN,
TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. Goodson; Hon. Vice-Presidents,
Miss F. J. Potts, Miss H. Panton and Miss P. B.
Austin; President, Mrs. F. E. Atkinson; First Vice-
President, Miss Petron Adam; Second Vice-President,
Miss Alice Grindley; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Mary Ingham; Recording Secretary, Miss Mary
Acland; Treasurei, Miss V. Marie Grafton, 534 Palm-
•erston Blvd.; Councillors, Misses Louise Rogers,
Hilda Rose, Jean Beaton, Helen Needier, Mabel St.
John and Mrs. Harold McClelland.

A.A., ST. JOHNS HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Sister Beatrice, S.S.J.D., St. John's
•Convent, Major Street; President, Miss Cook, 464
Logan Ave.; First Vice-President, Miss Holdsworth,
Islington 297; Second Vice-President, Miss Anderson,
468 Kingston Road; Recording Secretary, Miss Frost,
450 Maybank Ave.; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
•Garnham, 26 Balmoral Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Slimon,
464 Logan Ave.; Press Representative, Miss Doherty,
7 Howland Ave.; Convener of Flowers and Sick, Miss
Davis, 51 Brunswick Ave.

A.A. ..Sf.JOSEPH'SHOSPITAL, TORONTO, ONT.

Hon. President, Rev. Sister M. Melanie; President,
Miss E. Morrison, 1543 Queen Street West, Toronto;
First Vice-President, Miss A. O'Neill; Second Vice-
President, Miss L. Boyle; Treasurer, Miss M. Heary,
158 Marion Street, Toronto; Recording Secretary, Miss
R. Rouse; Corresponding Secretary, MissO. MacKenzie
43 Lawrence Ave. West, Toronto; Councillois, Misses
•O. Kidd, M. Howard, V. Sylvain, G. Davis; Constitu-
tionals, Misses A. Hihn, M. Howard, L. Boyle; Pro-
gramme Committee, Misses R. Jean-^Ia^ie, L. Dunbar,
I. Voisin.

A.A.. ST. MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Margaret; Hon. Vice-
President, Rev. Sister M. Amata; President, Miss
Grace Murphy, St. Michael's Hospital; First Vice-
F^esident, Miss H. M. Kerr; Second Vice-President,
Miss E. Graydon; Third Vice-President, Miss M.
Burger; Corresponding Secretary, Miss M. Doherty;
Recording Secretary, Miss Marie Melody; Treasurer,
Miss G. Coulter, 33 Maitland St., Apt. 106, Toronto;
Press Representative, Miss May Greene; Councillors,
Misses M. Foy, J. O'Connor. Stropton; Private Duty,
Miss A. Purtle; Public Health, Miss I McGurk; Re-
presentative Central Registry of Nurses, Toronto,
Miss M. Meldoy.

A.A., WELLESLET HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss Ruth Jackson, 80 Sumnierhill Ave.;
Vice-President, Miss Janet Smith, 138 Wellcsley
Crescent; Recording Secretary, Miss Muriel Johnston,
94 Homewood Ave.; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Florence Campion, 14 Carey Road; Treasurer, Miss
Constance Tavener, 804-A Bloor St. W.; Correspondent
to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss W. Ferguson, 16
Walker Ave.; Flower Convener, Miss E. Fewings,
177 Roehampton Ave.; Social Convener, Miss Marion
Wansbrough, 18 Wellesley St.

A.A., TORONTO WESTERN HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss B. L. Ellis; President, Misa
Rahno Beamish, Toronto Western Hospital; Vice-
President, Miss L. Smith: Recording Secretary,
Miss Matthews, 74 Westmount Ave.; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss Buckley, Toronto Western Hospital;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss
Milligan; Representative to Local Council of Women,
Mrs. McConnell; Hon. Councillors, Mrs. Yorke, Mrs.
McConnell; Councillors, Miss McLean, Orthopedic
Hospital, Misses Cooney, Steacy, Stevenson, Wiggins.
J. G. Smith, Devine; Social Committee, Miss Sharpe
(Convener), Misses Agnew, Woodward, Miles; Flower
Committee, Miss Lamont, Miss Ayerst; Visiting
Committee, Misses Lowe, Harshaw, Essex; Layette
Committee, Miss Cooper.

Meetings will be held the second Tuesday in each
month at 8 p.m. in the Assembly Room, Nurses'
Residence, Toronto Western Hospital.

A.A., WOMEN'S COLLEGE HOSPITAL,
TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. H. M. Bowman; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Harriet Meiklejohn; President, Miss
Vera Allen; First Vice-President, Miss Munns; Second
Vice-President, Miss Lougheed; Recording Secretary,
Miss Bankwitz; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Blair,
64 Delaware St.; Assistant Secretary, Miss Clark, 64
Delaware St.; Treasurer, Miss B. Eraser, 526 Dover-
court Rd.; Representatives to Central Registry, Miss
Bankwitz, Miss Kidd; Representative to District No.
5, Miss Clarke; "The Canadian Nurse," Miss E. E. K.
Collier.

Meetings at 74 Grenville St., second Monday in each

month.

A.A., CONNAUGHT TRAINING SCHOOL FOR
NURSES, TORONTO HOSPITAL. WESTON

Hon. President, Miss E. MacP. Dickson, Toronto
Hospital, Weston; President. Miss E. Eldridge; Vice-
President, Miss A. Atkinson; Secretary, Miss E. L.
Barlow, 'Toronto Hospital, Weston; Treasurer, Mi»
P. M. Stuttle.

A.A., HOTEL DIEU, WINDSOR, ONTARIO

President, Miss Angela Code, Maple Apts.; First
Vice-President, Miss Helen Piper; Second Vice-
President, Miss Alice Baillageon; Secretary. Mies
Helen Slattery; Treasurer, Miss Evelyn Wolfe; Press
Correspondent, Miss Mary A. Finnegan.

A.A., GENERAL HOSPITAL, WOODSTOCK

GRADUATE NURSES ASSOCIATION OF THE
EASTERN TOWNSHIPS

Hon. President, Miss H. S. Buck, Superintendent
Sherbrooke Hospital; President, Miss D. Stevens;
First Vice-Presiaent. Miss J. Fenton; Second Vice-
President, Miss Humphrey; Recording Secretanr,
Miss D. Ingraham; Corresponding Secretary. Miss H
Hetherington; Treasurer. Miss M. Robins: Repre-
sentative, "The Canadian Nurse." Miss C. Hornby,
Box 324. Sherbrooke, P.Q.; Private Duty Represent-
ative. Miss Alice Lyster.

A.A., LACHINE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. L. Brown; President,
Miss M. A. McNutt; Vice-President, Miss J. C.
McKee; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss E. J. Dewar, 558
Notre Dame Street, Lachine. Que.; Private Duty
Representative. Miss M. Lamb. 376 Claremont Ave.,
Montreal; Executive Committee, Miss RobinsoD.
Miss Goodfellow.

MeetioB — First Monday of each month, at 0 pjn.

498

THE CANADIAN NURSE

MONTREAL GRADUATE NURSES' ASS'N

Hon. President, Miss L. C. Phillips, 3626 St. Urbain
St.; President, Miss Agnes Jamieson, 1230 Bishop St.;
First Vice-President, Miss Jessie Robertson, 3546
Shuter St.; Second Vice-President, Miss Kate Wilson,
1230 Bishop St.; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Ethel
Clark, 1230 Bishop St.; Day Registrar, Miss Lucy
White, 1230 Bishop St.; Night Registrar, Miss Ethel
Clark, 1230 Bishop St.; Relief Registrar, Miss H. M.
Sutherland, 12 Selkirk Ave.; Convener GrifBntown
Club, Miss Georgie Colley, 261 Melville Ave., West-
mount, P.Q.

Regular Meeting — First Tuesday of January, April,
October and December.

A.A., CHILDREN'S MEM. HOSP., MONTREAL

Hon. President, Miss A. S. Kinder; President, Mrs.
F. C. Martin; Vice-President, Miss Alice Adlington;
Secretary, Miss M. Flander, Children's Memorial
Hospital; Treasurer, Miss H. Easterbrook; Repre-
sentative to "The Canadian Nurse", Miss Viola
Schneider; Sick Nurses' Committee, Miss Ruth
Miller, Miss Alexander; Members of Executive Com-
mittee, Mrs. Moore, Miss B. Cleary; Social Committee,
Misses Gough, Paterson. Bell, Atkinson.

A. A., MONTREAL GENERAL HOSPITAL

President, Mrs. Allan; First Vice-President, Miss A.
Jamieson; Second Vice-President, Miss M. Mathewson;
Recording Secretary, Miss Inez Welling; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Anne Thorpe; Treasurer, Alumnae
Association and Mutual Benefit Association, Miss
Isabel Davies; Hon. Treasurer, Miss H. M. Dunlop;
Executive Committee, Misses M. K. Holt, F. E.
Strumm, J. Meigs, L. Urquhart, C. M. Watling;
Representatives, Private Duty Section, Misses Morrison
(Convener), R. Loggie, Melba Johnston, Winnifred
Spier; Representatives to "The Canadian Nurse,"
Misses C. M. Watling (Convener), N. Kenned y-Reid,
Ruth Hamilton; Representatives to Local Council of
Women, Miss G. Colley (Convener), Miss Marjorie Ross
(Proxy), Miss Harriett Ross; Sick Visiting Committee,
Mrs. Stuart Ramsey Convener), Misses L. Shepherd,
B. Noble: Refreshment, Committee, Misses D. Flint(Con-
vener.i, M. I. McLeod, Theodora McDonald, S. Eraser.

A. A., HOMOEOPATHIC HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mrs. H. Pollock; President, Mrs. J.
Warren; First Vice-President, Miss I. Garrick; Second
Vice-President, Miss D. Campbell; Secretary, Miss
M. Brighty; Asst. Secretary, Miss M. Hayden; Treas
urer. Miss D. W. Miller; Asst. Treasurer, Miss N. G.
Horner; Private Duty Section, Miss A. M. Porteous;
"The Canadian Nurse" Representative, Miss A.
Pearce; Social Committee, Miss D. Smith; Montreal
Nurses Association, Miss D. Smith, Miss M. Bright.

A. A. , ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. Presidents, Miss E. A. Draper, Miss M. F.
Hersey; President, Mrs. E. H. Stanley; First Vice-
President, Mrs. G. LeBeau; Second Vice-President,
Miss E. Gall; Recording Secretary, Miss E. MacKean;
Secretary-Treasurer, IVIiss K. Jamer; Convener, Fin-
ance Committee, Miss B. Campbell; Representatives to
Local Council, Mrs. V. Linnell, Mrs. G. Porter; Con-
vener Sick Visiting Committee, Miss A. Deane;
Convener Programme Committee, Mrs. F. A. C.
Scrimger; Convener Private Duty Representatives,
Miss M. MacCallum; Convener Refreshments Com-
mittee, Miss Adams; Executive Committee, Miss M. F.
Hersey, Miss Goodhue, Miss E. Reid, Mrs. Roberts,
Miss B. Forgey, Miss M. Etter; "Canadian Nurse"
Representative, Miss E. Flanagan.

A.A., WESTERN HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Miss Craig; President, Miss Birch;
First Vice-President, Miss Edna Payne; Second Vice-
President, Miss L. Sutton; Treasurer, Miss Jane Craig,
Western Hospital; Secretary, Miss Olga McCrudden,
314 Grosvenor Ave., Westmount, P.Q.; Finance Com-
mittee, Miss L. Johnston, Miss A. Yates; Programme
Committee, Miss Cross, Miss Williams; Sick and
Visiting Committee, Miss Dyer; Representative to
Private Dutv Section, Miss Taylor; Representative to
"The Canadian Nurse," Miss McOuat.

A. A., NOTRE DAME HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mother Dugas; Hon. Vice-Presi-
dents Mother Mailloux and Rev. Sister Robert;
President, Miss G. Latour: First Vice-President. Mias
M. de Courville; Second Vice-President, MissF. Filion;
First Councillor, Miss B. Lecompte; Second Councillor,
Miss F. Gariepy; Secretary, Miss Margot Pauze, 4234
St. Hubert St.; Asst. Secretary, Mrs. Choquette;
Treasurer, Miss L. Boulerice; Conveners of Committees:
Social, Miss E. Merizzi; Nomination, Misses A. Lepine,
A. Lalande, E. Rousseau; Sick Visiting, Misses A.
Martineau, G. Gagnon, B. Lacourse.

A.A., WOMAN'S GEN. HOSP., WESTMOUNT, P.Q.

Hon. Presidents, Miss E. F. Trench, Miss F. George;
President, Mrs. Crewe; First Vice-President, Miss N. J.
Brown; Second Vice-President, Miss M. Forbes;
Recording Secretary, Miss L. Wallace; Coiresponding
Secretary, Miss L. Steeves; Treasurer ancf 'The
Canadian Nurse," Miss E. L. Francis, 1210 Susses
Ave., Montreal; Sick Visiting, Miss L. Jensen, Miss K.
Morrison; Private Duty, Mrs. Chisholm, ^Tiss L. Smiley.

Regular monthly meeting every third Wed., 8 p.m.

A.A., JEFFERY HALE'S HOSPITAL, QUEBEC

C. Kennedy. — ■ • — ■

A. A., SHERBROOKE HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss H. S. Buck; President, Mrs.
Guy Bryant; First Vice-President, Mrs. Roy Wiggett;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. Nelson Lothrop; Record-
ing Secretary, Miss Evelyn Warren; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Nora Arguin; Treasurer, Miss Alice
Lyster; Correspondent to "The Canadian Nurse,"
Miss Kathleen Hatch; Committee, Miss Sutton, Miss
Ella Marrisette, Mrs. Davey.

MOOSE JAW GRADUATE NURSES' ASS'N

Hon. President, Mrs. Geo. Lydiard; President,
Miss Elizabeth Smith, Vice-President, Mrs. M. A.
Young, Secretary-Treasurer, Miss May Armstrong,
1005 2nd Ave., N.E.; Social Convener, Miss French;
Press Convener, Mrs. W. H. Metcalfe; Programme,
Miss Diermert; Constitutions and By-Laws, Miss
Casey; Representatives, Private Duty, Miss Rossie
Cooper; "The Canadian Nurse," Miss E. Lamond.

A. A., REGINA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss D. Wilson; President, Miss M.
Lythe; First Vice-President, Misa Helen Wills; Second
Vice-President, Miss L. Smith; Secretary, Miss B.
Calder; Assistant Secretary, Miss A. Forrest; Treasurer,
Miss D. Dobson-Smith, 2300 Halifax St.; Committees:
Press, Miss M. Baker; Programme, Miss K. Morton;
Refreshment, Misses D. Kerr and H, Wills; Sick
Nurses, Miss G. Thompson .

A.A., ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, SASKATOON

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Fennel!; President,
Miss Alma Howe; Vice-President, Miss Cora Harlton;
Secretary, Mi.ss M. Hennequin; Treasurer, Mrs. J.
Broughton, 437 Ave., H. So. Saskatoon; Executive,
Misses E. IJnsworth, E. Hoffinger. and H. Mathewman.

Meetings, second Monday each month at 8.30 p.m.,
St. Paul's Nurses Homo.

A.A., SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES,
McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL, P.Q.

Hon. President, Miss Mary Samuel; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Bertha Harmer; Hon. Members, Miss
M. F. Hersey, Miss G. M. Fairley, Dr. Helen R. Y.
Reid, Dr. Maude Abbott, Mrs. R. W. Reford; President,
Miss Martha Batson, Montreal General Hospital;
Vice-President, Miss George, Women's General
Hospital; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Eileen C. Flan-
agan, Royal Victoria Hospital; Programme Committee,
Miss M. Armstrong, 1230 Bishop St., Montreal; Miss
Elsie Allder, Royal Victoria Hospital; Representative
to Local Council of Women, Miss Liggett, 407 Ontario
St. W., and Miss Orr, Shriners' Hospital; Repre-
sentatives to "The Canadian Nurse," Public Health
Section, Miss Hewton; Teaching, Miss Sutcliffe,
Alexandra Hospital: Administration, Miss F. Upton,

1396 St. Catherine St. W.

A. A. OF THE DEPT. OF PUBLIC HEALTH
NURSING, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Hon. President, Miss E. K. Russell; President, Miss
Barbara Blackstock; Vice-President, Miss E. E.
Fraser; Recording Secretary, Miss I. Weirs; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss C. C. Fraser, 423 Gladstone Ave.,
Toronto, Ont.; Conveners: Social, Miss E. Manning;
Programme. Mias McNamara; Membership, Miss

Lougheed. — ■

A. A., HOSPITAL INSTRUCTORS AND AD-
MINISTRATORS, UNIVERSITY OF TORON-TO

THE CANADIAN NURSE

499

The Central Registry of
Graduate Nurses, Toronto

Furnish Nurses at anv hour
DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Kingsdale 2136

Physicians' and Surgeons* Bldg.,

86 Bloor Street. West.

TORONTO

HELEN CARRUTHERS, Reg.N,

Montreal Graduate Nurses'
Association Register

NURSES CALLED DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Uptown 0907

LUCY WHITE, Reg.N., Registrar,
1230 BishoD Street,

MONTREAL, P.Q.

Club House Phone Up 5666

School for Graduate Nurses

McGILL UNIVERSITY
Session 1931-1932

Miss BERTHA HARMER, R.N., M.A.
Director

COURSES OFFERED:

Teaching in Schools of Nursing
Supervision in Schools of

Nursing
Administration in Schools of

Nursing

Public Health Nursing

Organization and Supervision

of Public Health Nursing

A CERTIFICATE will be granted for
the successful completion of an approved
programme of studies, covering a period of
ONE academic year, in the major course
selected from the above.

A DIPLOMA will be granted for the success-
ful completion of the major course selected
from the above, covering a period of TWO
academic years.

For particulars apply to:

SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES
McGill University, Montreal

THE

Manitoba Nurses' Central Directory

Registrar— ANNIE C. STARR; Reg. N.
Phone 30 620

753 WOLSELEY AVENUE

WINNIPEG. MAN.

I The Central Registry Graduate Nurses

I Phone Garfield 0382

1 Registrar: ROBENA BURNETT. Reg.N.
I 33 Spadina Ave., Hamilton, Ont.

Experienced Nurses Recommend

spIIdmanIs

They know this safe and gentle aperient
is ideal to relieve constipation and fever-
ishness and keep the little system regular.
Yoti, too. can recommend S'teedman's Pow-
ders with perfect confidence. Our ' 'Hints
to Mothers" booklet deals sensibly with
baby's little ailments — for copies write
John Steedman & Co., 504 St Lawrence
Blvd., Montreal.

A Post-Graduate Training
Scliool for Nurses

AND

An Affiliated Training
Scliool for Nurses

The Massachusetts Eye and Ear
Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston,
offers to graduates of accredited
training schools a two months ' course,
both theoretical and practical, in the
nursing care of the diseases of the
eye, ear, nose and throat. The course
includes operating room experience.
If desired, a third month may be
spent in the social service department.

This course is very valuable to
public health nurses, especially to
those in schools and industries.

Hospital capacity, 211 beds; Out-
patients daily average 226. A com-
fortable and attractive Nurses*
Home faces the Charles River. Al-
lowance to post-graduate students,
twenty (20) dollars a month and full
maintenance. The same course, in-
cluding the third month, is available
by application to students of ap-
proved schools.

For further information address: —
SALLY JOHNSON, R.N.,
Superintendent of Nurses

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

500

THE CANADIAN NURSE

l^w WHITAKERS rw^

A-/ ^ UNIFORMS^il

It's NEW—

With the

Higher Waist Line

EVERSMART
UNIFORMS

stand the test of time

If your dealer cannot supply you,
we will be glad to send Catalogue

Made by a Firm that Knows
How to Make Uniforms —

Whitakcrs Limited

Sommer Bldg.. 423 Mayor St.
MONTREAL, P.Q.

Telephone Lan. 8801

Number 2167

Fitted waist line, small tucks in front.
Flared Skirt. Separate Belt. Detach-
able Buttons. Made in fine Poplin.
Sizes 32 to 44. Price $3.90

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

505

"It feels
so cool-
so soothing

In the equipment of nurses
on post-maternity, John-
son's Baby Powder is a
necessary item. Doctors
are prompt to recommend
it — for its soothing and
protective qualities — for
its unvarying talc purity.

Johnson's Baby Powder is made only from the finest
imported Italian Talc; it is really a cream in powder
form. It dries and protects the exposed surface from
chafing, and thereby contributes highly to the child's
good temper.

It makes nursing easier.

dofvn/2rxm^

33a6yy ^oiuder-'

S-S-c^ !

COUPON
Johnson & Johnson, Limited,

Pius IX Boulevard, Montreal, Que.

I Gentlemen :

' Please send me. free, a full-size tin of Johnson's Baby Powder.

' I want to see if it is all you claim for it.

A Johnson y Johnson Product

Made in Canada

Name.-
Address
City

Province.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Adv«rtia«rs.

5 06

THE CANADIAN NURSE

FREE to NURSES

Trial Bottle of Cuprex and Pad of
Pediculosis Report Forms

CUPREX is a new, quickly effective preparation, easy to
use. Unlilce otliers, it kills lice and nits both with one
thorough application. Has no ill effects on hair or skin.
Full dii'ections on each package.

"I have examined your child and find an infestation of
head lice. . . ." So begins the convenient printed form
that makes parent notification as easy and pleasant as
po. siblc. The reverse side of the form has directions for
the extermination of lice and nits with CUPREX.

Send coupon for pad of report forms and 2-oz. bottle of
Cuprex to use on a case. Both sent free.

Ctiprex

Merck & Co. Limited,
Montreal, Que.

Gentlemen : Without cost or
obligation to me please send mo
one 2-oz. bottle of Cuprex and
a pad of report forms.

KILLS LICE

Name

Street

Pro v..

Registration of Nurses

PROVINCE OF ONTARIO

In Prk

ncrease in rrices

Examination
I Announcement

An examination for the regis-
tration of Nurses in the Prov-
ince of Ontario will be held in
November.

Application forms, informa-
tion regarding subjects of
examination, and general in-
formation relating thereto XRay
be had upon written application
to

Miss A. M. MUNN, Reg.N.,

Parliament Buildings,

TORONTO

for Canadian
Subscriptions

The American Journal of
Nursing regrets that because
of the Canadian tariff on
magazines it will have to in-
crease the price on Canadian
subscriptions from $3.50 to
$400 a year. Combined sub-
scription for The America^}.
Journal of Nursing and The
Canadian Nurse is now $5.25.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

507

An Important Announcement
to the Nursing Profession

Taediatric Uesearch Foundation

or TORONTO

Aagnit 27. l«3l

To Ihom It ll»y Cono*m.

Va hAve bestowed upon Consolidated
B&keries of Canada Limited and its subsidiary
companies the right to make arailable to the
Canadian publio through Vitos Bread and other
bread, that vital food element known as the
"sunshine" vitaain, or vitamin "D"

Ye assume the responsibility oon-
tinuously to analyse the prodoot to insure
and guarantee that all suoh loaves made shall
supply said vital food element to the degree
that our research has proved to be adequate
and efficaoious.

Since ours is a non-profit institution,
our parsAount intsrest is public service

PAMIATRIO RlStARCH rOUNDAIIOH Of TORONTO

IN the agreement granting Consolidated Bakerits
of Canada Limited the right to incorporate
vitamin-D in bread, the following points should be
of interest: 1. Any moneys coming to the Paediatric
Research Foundation will be used for further re-
search. 2. The Foundation has already started and
will continue to assay the bread to insure the
presence at all times of the proper supply of
vitamin-D. 3. There is to be no increase in the price
of the bread on account of this improvement.

Vitamin-D Vitos Bread

A new and excellent source of vitamin-D has been made available to the public
through Vitos Bread. The vitamin-D content is in the proportion of 140 units
per 24-ounce loaf. The vitamin-D units are as defined by the Council on Phar-
macy and Chemistry. (J. A.M. A., August 31, 1929) 140 units are equivalent to
the D content of 3 teaspoonfuls of standard cod liver oil.

Potency

This potency was decided upon after consultation with many of the outstanding
nutritionalists and paediatricians throughout Canada and the United States,
and after over a year's experimental and clinical investigation. It is the feeling
of these authorities that the additional amount of this vital food element should
be of great value to the people at large.

Efficacy

The efficacy of this valuable vitamin-D source is self-evident to the profession.
It is the first time that it has been offered to the public in any food in an adequate
amount. Vitos Bread is baked and sold, at no additional price, by the following
well-known bakeries:

Toronto
Ideal Bread Co. Limited. Nasmiths Limited.

Montreal
James M. Aird Limited. Dent Harrison & Sons Limited.
James Strachan Limited.

Peterborough
Stocks Bread Limited.

Windsor
The Neal Baking Co., Limited.

Hamilton
Ideal Bread Co,. Limited.

Chatham
The Palmer Baking Co. Limited.

St. Thomas
The Neal Baking Co., Limited. Norris Bros. Limited

London
The Neal Baking Co., Limited.

Sarnia
The Neal Baking Co., Limited.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

508 THE CANADIAN NURSE

A Monthly Journal for the Nurses of Canada
Published by the Canadian Nurses Association

Vol. XXVII. WINNIPEG. MAN.. OCTOBER. 1931 No. 10

Registered kt Ottawa. Canada, a* ■econd-ciass matter.

Entered as eecond-clau matter March 19th, 1905, at the Post Office, Buffalo, N.Y., under the Act of

Congress, March 3rd, 1897.

Editor and Business Manager: —
JEAN S. WILSON, Reg.N., 511 Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

OCTOBER, 1931

CONTENTS

PAGE

The History of Nursing as a Force in Nursing

Education and How to Teach It - - - - Dr. Maude E. Abbott 509

Editorials ------------- 517

The Crest of the Canadian Nurses Association ----- 520

International Hospital Association - - - - - - -521

Stretching the Hospital Dollar - - - - Gertrude A. Johnson 522

Impressions of a Refresher Course ------- 524

The Value of the Social History to the Psychiatrist - Isabel J. Dalzell 528

Department of Nursing Education:

The Value of Intelligence Tests and High School

Records in Selecting Student Nurses - - Sister John Gabriel 529

Suggested Curriculum for Schools of Nursing in Canada —

With Comment- ---------- ,5,31

Department of Private Duty Nursing:

A Few Points in Pre- and Post-Operative

Gynaecological Nursing - - - - Dr. J. J. Mason 536

Rest and Recreation ------ -Madalene Baker 538

Department of Public Health Nursing:

Recreation and Health ------ Winona Woods 539

The New St. Paul School of Nursing, Vancoitver, B.C. - - - 544

News Notes _____-----.- 545

Official Directory ----------- 548

Vol. XXVII.

OCTOBER. 1931

No. 10

As a Force in Nursing Education and How to Teach It

By MAUDE E. ABBOTT, B.A., M.D., Lecturer on the History of Nursing,
McGill University, Montreal, P.Q.

PART I.

We are met together here today for
a three-fold purpose. First. I want to
insist and to enlarge upon the pro-
found significance and the immense^
driving force which this subject. The
History of Nursin», correctly
handled, has for the uplift of your
mental attitude and for the consum-
mation of the best ideals of your pro-
fession. Second, I want to ask you to
take stock, as it were, of the material
which we have covered together in
the past session and to discuss briefly
with me how you may yourselves best
organise such a course for the in-
formation, and, may I add, for the
inspiration of the students of the
schools of nursing which you will have
the privilege of conducting in the im-
mediate future. And last, 1 would like
to leave with you as a background for
the History of Nursing an outline
of that broader subject, of which
nursing as a profession forms an in-
tegral part, namely, the History of
IModern Medicine, as told by the lives
of those whose names stand out as
landmarks on the sands of time,
marking the great advances in the
evolution of that magnificent field of
activity.

Let us begin by bringing our
thoughts to a focus, as it were, by a
personal reference to your own ex-
perience at the present moment,
when, in these closing weeks of your
course at McGill, you stand, as it
were, at a vantage point for retro-

(Closing lecture delivered before the Nursing
Education Section of the School for Graduate
Nurses, McGill University, April 22nd, 1931.)

spection. What, may I ask, may be
considered the chief intellectual asset
that has come to you from this year
of intensive study here? Surely this
is neither the fact that you have gain-
ed a mass of detailed information
along many lines (much of which, T
fear, will slip from your memory as
the j^ears roll by) nor is it the greater
mastery of the technique of your Art
that you have doubtless acquired
here. Something far more important
and far-reaching than either of these
has come to you as a by-product or
side-issue to which every part of your
work has contributed. The thing that
counts for the most in your university
course and that will remain with you
always as a permanent enrichment of
your lives is that you have gained
from your studies and experience here
a sense of mental expansion, a wider
horizon of thought, a clearer con-
sciousness of relative values in your
work, a keener perception of new
avenues of opportunity, as well as
some insight into that wealth of
scientific investigation on which the
progress and advancement of modern
medicine is based. Just as travel in
distant lands creates new vistas in
the depth of memory and livelier
power of imagination, so here you
have been carried into a world of
broader vision whence you can
glimpse the hill-tops of human
achievement and sense the vastness of
the field of human endeavour.

Such a widening of the mental
viewpoint, which is the ultimate out-
come of all successful university
training, is what culture of education

510

THE CANADIAN NURSE

in the best sense of the word means.
An essential element of all true cul-
ture is a vitalising knowledge of the
past, of those trivial causes and pa-
tient individual efforts, heroic
achievements and skilful welding of
political forces, out of which the
manifold activities of today have
sprung, and which are still, by the
mysterious law of causality, alive and
germinating among us for the dom-
ination of the unknown future. This
consciousness of the past as inherent
in the present and controlling in a
certain sense the future, is the key-
note of the modern conception of the
teaching of history, as set forth in a
charming little book by Professor F.
Clarke®, which should be read by each
one of you. History, he points out in
it, is no longer, as in the days of "Lit-
tle Arthur's England," to be regard-
ed as a mere compendium or catalogue
of past events, or even as a mighty
pageant emerging from their compila-
tion for the information and enter-
tainment of the schoolboy or student
or the casual reader. It is a dynamic
point of view, arrived at by culling
from the great mass of past events
within our knowledge those which
have a bearing upon the activities of
the world in which we live today, and
so on the forces potent in it for the
life of tomorrow. Such an outlook can
only be obtained by working back-
ward from the present and tracing to
their elements those individual human
activities that have culminated in the
complex social life of today, discard-
ing, except for the purpose of com-
parative study or contemporary in-
fluence, the study of empires that
have waxed and waned, and gleaning
from this working knowledge of the
salient past that motive power of en-
thusiasm for a great tradition that
must rank as one of the greatest assets
of your profession.

This inspirational value is peculi-
arly the possession of the History of
Nursing, every page of which bears
the impress of noble ideals and high
service struggling with or triumph-

ing over the darkest conditions of sin
and suffering and finally culminating
in the great organisation for the care
and prevention of disease that consti-
tutes modern nursing as we under-
stand it today. Moreover, the right
understanding of this subject carries
with it the recognition of an immense
responsibility. For to each one of us
belongs, in a very real way, the mak-
ing of the history of that time in
which we live. Small and unimportant
though the circle of influence of each
one of us may appear, its radius ex-
tends farther than we can know and
may come to loom large in the future
of Canada and of the world.

In this matter, therefore, you can-
not take yourselves or the subject of
this course too seriously. For, in the
so-called biographical motive which
the latter supplies, there lurks a vital
spark for the kindling and keeping
alive in your hearts of a balanced
idealism, whereby the practical neces-
sities of life may be harmonised with
those higher spiritual values that give
true meaning and impetus to all work,
and from which your students may
catch the gleam that will carry them
forward to moral as well as material
heights of which they would not
otherwise be capable. Let "the flam-
ing heart of St-. Teresa" be combined
with the "patient industry of Palis-
sey, the potter," and behold the low-
liest may become a power in our
midst and a beacon-light for the wel-
fare of the generations yet unborn.

In this connection, I venture to
ciuote from a personal letter received
from Professor Clarke after he had
seen the writer's "Lectures on the
History of Nursing,"® reprinted
from The Canadian Nurse. "I can
think of no more favourable field,"
he writes, "in which to illustrate my
own conception of history-teaching
than that of nursing. Here you have
peculiar opportunities of awakening
that sense of making history through
one's daily work, of stimulating and
directing that enthusiasm for the
common human effort, out of which

THE CANADIAN NURSE

511

I feel all real interest in history must
spring. Then the tracing back of the
strand from the complete end of it, in
which the pupil is now working, re-
veals such manifold ramifications and
relationships with the general texture
of life as to afford a study of high
cultural value. Your lecture syllabus
is a rich illustration of this."

The above consideration as to the
importance of this subject and the es-
sential features in the organisation of
such a course as is carried on in the
School for Graduate Nurses of ]\IeGill
University may be summarized as fol-
lows :

1. The History of Nursing should
form an integral part of the curri-
culum of every school of nursing, and
The conception of the past as alive
within the present and projecting it-
self into the future should enter into
the mental equipment of every stu-
dent nurse and remain an active and
vitalising force in the life of every
graduate. To this end an actual know-
ledge of the past as this bears upon
the origin and development of your
profession is essential, and this must
be sufficiently broad to cover in a
general way not only the History of
Nursing itself, but also that of other
events related in time, space or con-
tent. In other words, the strand of
the History of Nursing (to use Pro-
fessor's Clarke's simile) must be
viewed in cross-section of the larger
subject of which it forms a part.

2. This knowledge of your own tra-
dition and this historical point of
view together constitute a certain
moral force or impetus that carries
within itself the elements of true up-
ward progress, and that will contri-
bute more than any other single
factor to the development in your
students of a balanced idealism. It is
essential, therefore, that the instruc-
tion in this subject should be en-
trusted to a competent teacher, who
is herself possessed of this mental at-
titude and who has acquired a suffi-
ciently broad knowledge of the his-
torical facts involved to be able to

impart these clearly, and also to
transmit this all-important point of
view of history as a living thing in
our midst, with judgment and dis-
crimination, and, may I add, with in-
spirational force.

3. A moderate amount of collateral
reading should be done by the stu-
dent, and at least one original essay
upon a theme that demands a certain
amount of personal research should
be required from each ; and a survey
of the subject should be secured by
the construction by each student of i
Curve of the History of Nursing
along the lines indicated in the chart
by ]\Iiss Isabel Stewart, adapted or
amplified by means of her own col-
lateral study. The student essays or
copies of these should become the pro-
perty of the department, and wher-
ever the material so collected contains
data of value not previously brought
together in this connection it should
be preserved in its archives for active
use, and a spirit of responsibility for
the creation and compilation of a re-
liable bod}^ of information upon the
origin and development of all depart-
ments of nursing activity (with
especial reference to the development
of the History of Nursing in Can-
ada) should be awakened and incul-
cated in every pupil-nurse and grad-
uate.

4. Instruction in this as in every
other subject is greatly assisted and
made more readily intelligible by the
use of the visual method of teaching,
and this should be made use of as
freely as possible by lantern slides
and other means. In this connection
the method of telling the story of the
various phases of this subject by a
serial collection of lantern-slides,
which was initiated by the writer at
this school {vide infra Historical
Note), and is so freely used in this
course, and which is now employed
also in most of the schools of nursing
of Canada and of the United States
is to be recommended.

Historical Xotc on the Develop-
ment of Lantern-Slide Series: Lan-

512

THE CANADIAN NURSE

tern-slides have, of course, been ex-
tensively used for teaching purposes
in all departments of knowledge ever
since this mode of projection came
into vogue. Their employment, how-
ever, in regular sequence, to outline
the complete history of a subject in
the various phases of its development
as is done in the History of Nursing
courses in so many of the schools of
nursing on this continent at the pres-
ent time, and the presentment and
publication of these by means of de-
scriptive lists as a coherent story, is,
so far as we know, peculiar to this
subject, constituting in it a departure
in teaching methods of some import-
ance. It will be of interest to readers
of The Canadian Nurse to know that
the serial use of lantern-slides to this
connected extent was initiated by the
writer some fourteen years ago, as a
direct outcome, we believe, of the ob-
jective teaching methods carried out
for so many years at the Medical®
Museum of McGill University; and
that our first lecture-syllabus along
these descriptive lines was formulated
for an inaugural course of lectures on
the History of Nursing, delivered on
the invitation of Miss Hersey to the
nurses in training at the Royal Vic-
toria Hospital during the session
1916-17, and, further, that this sylla-
bus® expanded and considerably add-
ed to with the help of slides contri-
buted by Teachers College, New
York, through the kindness of Miss
Isabel Stewart, was published in re-
gular lecture form, with didactic in-
troductions, bibliography and descrip-
tive list of lantern-slides appended
under each section, in this Journal
during the years 1920-1923. All the
lantern-slides for this initial course
were made at the expense of the hos-
pital (apart from the writer's Flor-
ence Nightingale series) by Mr. "Wil-
liam Muir of the Anatomical Depart-
ment at McGill, and copies of the en-
tire series as published in The Cana-
dian Nurse have since that time been
supplied by him, practically at cost
price, on orders received through this

office to most of the large schools of
nursing in Canada and to a few in
the United States, as well as to the
iMcGill School for Graduate Nurses,
the St. Thomas's Hospital Training
School in London, the King's College
School of Nursing and the Welch
Library of the History of Medicine
(gift of Dr. E. Libman). As early as
1918 a duplicate set of the series as
published in The Canadian Nurse was
supplied to the Department of Nurs-
ing and Health of Teachers College,
Columbia University, on the recom-
mendation of Miss Stewart, whose in-
terest and active collaboration is here-
with gratefully acknowledged, and
was combined with their own collec-
tion to form a selected American
series, which is supplied to schools of
nursing in the United States through
the National League of Nursing Edu-
cation by orders placed with their
New York office. Very recently the
Registered Nurses Association of On-
tario has taken a similar step in the
issuing of a circular urging the use
of lantern-slides for instruction in
the History of Nursing in all schools
of nursing in that province, and re-
commending for this purpose a list of
some 100 slides selected from our
published series, to be obtained
through application to the writer, to-
gether with an additional series,
chiefly on modern nursing and pre-
ventive hygiene, supplied by that As-
sociation, which is, moreover, formu-
lating a plan for the circulation of
the combined series by means of a
loan collection of these for use in
those cases in which circumstances do
not permit of their purchase by the
individual institution.

In this remarkable extension of a
simple teaching device, emphasis has
been laid above on the part taken in
the working out in serial form, at a
Canadian school, of the original col-
lection of lantern-slides so used. It
must be clearly recognised, however,
that the fundamental basis of this or
any other system of instruction in
this subject has lain from the begin-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

513

^ ^ /^....w^ ^l-^-^r /r,^ ^— cru^ ^ f^
^^«^ ^a!^ ^*T^ ^f/-*^ ^'■^^ '

Fig. I.

ning, and must lie for many years to
come, in its fountain-head of infor-
mation and inspiration, the great
History of Nursing by Miss Nutting
and Miss Dock,® supplemented as
this has been by the splendid con-
structive work of Miss Isabel Stewart
of Teachers College, to whom all stu-
dents of this subject owe a lasting
debt. To these factors may be added
the first-hand knowledge of Florence
Nightingale, gleaned from Sir Ed-
ward Cook's "Life," ®® in which
for the first time was revealed from
confidential sources the magnitude of
her achievement and the unswerving
force of altruism that dominated and
inspired her work in the organisation
of nursing as a profession. The
writer's own interest in this subject
may be said to date in the first place
from the appearance of the latter
book. In the autumn of 1913, fresh
from its perusal, and with my inter-
est stimulated also by the gift, re-

AjUJU"

eeived just at that time
from the late Miss Vic-
toria Campbell, of an
autographed letter of
Florence Nightingale's,
bearing upon the first
attempt at a training
school at the Montreal
General Hospital (see
Figs- 1 and 2), I was
honoured by an invita-
tion from the Canadian
Nurses Association to
address it on any sub-
ject I chose. My accept-
ance was followed by a
personal visit from Miss
Christie Maekay, one of
the three first graduates
of the Montreal General
Hospital, who made an
earnest plea that I
should made this ad-
dress the occasion for an
appeal to the young
nursing profession of
that day against the
growing commercialism
or materialism of the
time, which was threat-
gulf the aspirations for
ening even then to en-

e>t ^ti^ ^U^JUj ^^ txj-AytZr ^

Fig. 11.

514

THE CANADIAN NURSE

the service of others with which every
true nurse enters upon the pursuit of
her noble calling. Stirred by Miss
Mackay's attitude and action, and
profoundly impressed by Sir Edward
Cook's book, I undertook to bring be-
fore this special audience the subject
of their high vocation as seen in the
light of their great founder's bio-
graphy. A lecture on the life and
ideals of Florence Nightingale, pro-
fusely illustrated by lantern-slides
(which formed the nucleus of the fu-
ture History of Nursing series), was
accordingly delivered by me before
the Canadian Nurses Association (of
Montreal — Ed.) early in the year
1914 and was later presented before
the Harvard Historical Club and sub-
sequently published.® Its favourable
reception led Miss Mabel Hersey to
ask me to deliver the Valedictory Ad-
dress® to the Royal Victoria Hospital
graduating class in the spring of
1916. In my preparation for this ad-
dress I scanned the two volumes of
Nutting and Dock's History and
sensed for the first time the immense
inspirational value of this monumen-
tal work, and accordingly I put for-
ward, when the opportunity came, an
urgent plea that the History of Nurs-
ing should find a place on the curri-
culum of every school of nursing, and
that these two books, Volume I of
Nutting and Dock's History and Sir
Edward Cook's life of Florence
Nightingale, ought to become the trea-
sured possession of every graduate
nurse. The following autumn came
Miss Hersey 's invitation to deliver
that inaugural course on the History
of Nursing at the Royal Victoria Hos-
pital School of Nursing (the first to
be delivered in any Canadian school),
with lantern-slides supplied by the
hospital, and the rest followed as out-
lined above.

And the end of these things is not
yet. FoT surely it is by holding fast
the knowledge of your high tradition
and keeping the motive power that
springs from it clear and pure within
your hearts that the fires of your

ideals may best be kept burning and
the torch held high that may light
your successors on the pathway of
that broader altruism, which, under
the aegis of modern preventive medi-
cine, builds wide and strong for the
future betterment of our suffering
humanity. So you will have your part
in what Osier calls that true evan-
gelioti, "the glad tidings of the final
conquest of nature by which man has
redeemed thousands of his fellow-men
from sickness and from death."®

PART II.

Representative Names in the History

of Medicine, Giving a Bird's-eye

View of Its Progress

and Evolution.

Authorities Consulted: Garrison's;
History of Medicine, W. B. Saunders
Co., 4th edition, 1929; Osier's Evolu-
tion of Modern Medicine ; Nosography
in Modern Internal Medicine, by
Knud Faber, M.D., 1923, Paul B.
Hoeber, Inc., New York.

Lantern-Slide Series.
Greek and Roman Medicine :

Hippocrates (460-370 B.C.). The
great physician. Known as the Father
of Modern Medicine, because of his
use of methods of direct observation
at the bedside and his treatment of
disease by the principles of the "vis.
medicatrix naturae."

Galen (131-201 A.D.). First ex-
perimental physiologist and an able
physician, but also dogmatic theorist,
the weight of whose authority domin-
ated medicine and retarded progress^
for a thousand years.
Arabian Mediciyie :

Rhazes (860-932 A.D.). A great
clinician and true follower of Hip
pocrates. Author of an important
cyclopedia of medicine that was foi'
centuries an authority on therapeutic
measures.

Avieenna (980-1036 A.D.). Physi-
cian-in-chief to the celebrated Bag-
dad Hospital and of great reputation,
author of an enormous book known

THE CANADIAN NURSE

515

as his ''Canon," which was considered
the fountain-head of authority in the
Middle Ages.
Modern Medicine :

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519).
The greatest artist and scientist of the
Italian Renaissance and the first of
modern anatomists.

Theophrastus Paracelsus (1493-
1541). Father of chemical pharma-
cology and therapeutics and the most
original thinker of the 16th century.

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564).
Founder of the science of descriptive
anatomy and author of a magnificent
book entitled "De Humani Corporis
Fabrica, 1543," in which all the
structures of the body are correctly
shown from drawings made from his
own dissections.

Michael Servetus (1511-1553). The
fellow-student of Vesalius and dis-
coverer of the pulmonary circulation.
Martyred by Calvin at the stake for
his heretical views.

Ambroise Pare (1510-1590). Known
as the father of modern surgery.
Author of a great treatise on this
subject and famous for discarding the
use of boiling oil in the treatment of
gunshot wounds, and for his faith in
the healing powers of nature.

William Harvey (1578-1657). Dis-
coverer of the circulation of the blood
and the founder of modern physi-
ology. The greatest name in 17th ceu-
. tury medicine.

Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689). A
great English clinician and therapeut-
ist, who revived the Hippocratic meth-
ods of direct observation and experi-
ence. Founder of the science of
epidemiology and of the nomenclature
of disease from the clinical features
presented.

Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682-
1771). Founder of the science of mor-
bid anatomy as based on anatomical
observations made at the autopsy and
formulated in descriptive post-mortem
reports.

John Hunter (1728-1793). A great
biologist, original investigator, anat-

omist and surgeon, and known as
the founder of modern scientific sur-
gery and of the great museum collec-
tions of Great Britain.

Edward Jenner (1749-1823). In-
troduced vaccination for the preven-
tion of smallpox and thus was respon-
sible for an enormous reduction in the
mortality from this disease.

Rene Theophile Laennec (1781-
1826). Known as the founder of mod-
ern clinical medicine through the
correlation of the autopsy findings
with observations made at the bed-
side. Discovered the stethoscope and
established the art of physical diag-
nosis of diseases of the chest by exact
methods.

Rudolf Virchow (1821 - 1902).
Founder of the doctrine of cellular
pathology, on which the science of
pathological histology is based. A
many-sided genius of world-wide in-
fluence in many fields.

Sir James Paget (1814-1899). A
great surgical pathologist and the
friend and supporter of Florence
Nightingale in her work for the estab-
lishment of nursing as a profession.

Gregor Johann ]\Iendel (1822-
1882). An Augustinian monk, who
discovered the principles of heredity
by means of experiments on the hy-
bridization of plants. These ideas have
had an important influence on the
modern conceptions of disease.

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895). Author
of the germ theory of disease and dis-
coverer of the principles of immuniza-
tion and of vaccination against an-
thrax, hydrophobia, etc.

Joseph, Lord Lister (1827-1912).
The great English surgeon who dis-
covered and applied the principles of
antisepsis and asepsis in the treat-
ment of wounds on the basis of Pas-
teur's discoveries and his own experi-
mental work, and thereby revolution-
ized the field of modern scientific sur-
gery.

Pasteur's jubilee in 1892. Lister
advancing to embrace him.

516

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Florence Nightingale (1820-1910),
A great sanitarian and statistician
and reformer of British military hy-
giene and hospital construction.
Founder of nursing as a profession
and of the St. Thomas's Hospital
Training School, London, England.

Robert Koch (1843-1910). Known
as the founder of the science of bac-
teriology by introducing methods of
establishing the pathogenic nature of
micro-organisms by means of plate-
cultures, special stains, and inocula-
tion in experimental animals.

Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915). Founder
of the science of haematology and dis-
coverer of the principles of immunity
explained by the so-called "side-chain
theory, ' ' and a great pioneer in medi-
cal research in many other ways.
From his knowledge of their chemical
properties he discovered many speci-
fic remedies, of which the most im-
portant is Salvarsan.

Claude Bernard (1813-1878). A
great French physiologist, known as
the founder of experimental medicine.
Discovered the glycogenic function of
the liver, the principle of internal
secretions, etc.

William Osier (1849-1919). A great
clinician and probably the greatest
teacher of internal medicine of his
generation. Was an apostle of the
correlation of pathological anatomy
with the clinical findings, and intro-
duced into American medicine the
Edinburgh methods of bedside teach-
ing and created a nation-wide impetus
to medical research that is bearing
fruit today in what has been called
the ''Golden Age" of medicine on this

continent. Born at Bond Head, On-
tario, and graduated at McGill Uni-
versity in 1872, was a member of that
faculty until 1884, Professor of Clini-
cal Medicine at the University of
Pennsylvania until 1889 ; Professor of
Medicine at the Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity from 1890 to 1904, and Regius
Professor of Medicine at Oxford Uni-
versity from 1905 to 1919.

References :

® Foundations of History Teaching, by
Professor F. Clarke, M.A., Professor of
Education in McGill University, Montreal:
Oxford University Press, London, 1929.

® Lectures on the History of Nursing,
with descriptive list of lantern-slides, by
Maude E. Abbott, M.D., "The Canadian
Nurse," 1920, xvi, 261-266, 325-329, 390-
393, 458-461, 531-535, 584-588, 653-656, 721-
726; 1921, xvii, 11-18, 75-78; Addenda,
1923, xix, 393-399.

® The Museum in Medical Teaching, by
Maude E. Abbott, B.A., M.D., Jr. Amer
Med. Assoc, 1905, xliv, p. 935.

® A History of Nursing, by M. Adelaide
Nutting, E.N., and Lavinia L. Dock, E.N.,
Vols. I and II, 1907: G. P. Putnam's Sons,
New York.

® A Short Life of Florence Nightingale
(abridged from the Life by Sir Edward
Cook, with additional matter), by Eosa-
lind Nash, 1925: The MacMillan Company,
New York. '

® Florence Nightingale as Seen in Her
Portraits, by Maude E. Abbott, B.A.,
M.D., Boston Med. and Surg. Jr., 1916,
Sept. 14th, 21st and 28th, pp. 78, 15 illus.

® Valedictory Address to the Graduat
mg Class of the Eoyal Victoria Hospital
Training School for Nurses, by Maude E
Abbott, M.D., April 12th, 1916.

® The Evolution of Modern Medicine,
by William Osier, Yale University Press.
1921, p. 233. '

Note-The original of the autograph letter reproduced on page 513 was presented
to Dr. Maude Abbott, McGill University, by the late Miss Victoria Campbell The letter
IS from Florence Nightingale, dated April 11th, 1876, £o the late Dr. G W Campbell
at that time Dean of the Medical Faculty of McGill University, regarding Miss Machin'
a graduate of St. Thomas's Hospital, and Superintendent of the first Training School
at the Montreal General Hospital.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

517

iEJittnrtala

Our Responsibility in Maternal Care

Canada's high maternal death rate
and the recognition of the need for
better maternal care are perhaps re-
ceiving greater attention at the pres-
ent time than ever before. This is, no
doubt, due to the influence of the
large body of professional and lay
groups whose efforts are being direct-
ed to a study of this problem. When
the Maternal Welfare Committee of
the National Council of Women dis-
tributed questionnaires among the
women's organisations of Canada and
a study was made of local statistics,
certain facts were disclosed which
demonstrated there had been very lit-
tle, if any, reduction in the maternal
mortality rates during the past two
decades, and if there is one factor
more than another that concerns the
well-being of the entire community,
surely it is maternal welfare. There-
fore, quite rightly, a public conscience
has been awakened to the great dan-
gers of maternity.

As nurses, have we not a definite
responsibility towards maternal care?
Taking for granted that the causes
of maternal mortality are numerous
and complex and that the first step
in the lowering of the mortality rate
is education, who, after the physician,
is better fitted to impart this know-
ledge than the registered nurse ? Her
technical training in obstetrics and
her general training in all nursing
procedures give her a definite place
in the general scheme for a better re-
lationship between the physician and
the prospective mother. The nurse is
the ideal person to make contacts
with the home and to follow up the
cases. As she comes in touch with the
mothers in her public health visiting
and bedside nursing, in the day nur-
series, in the pre-natal clinics, in
home nursing classes, and in many
other ways, she has many opportuni-
ties of making her influence felt.

There is no doubt in the minds of
public health workers that the great
reduction in infant mortality in the
past twenty years has been brought
about by the slow and steady effort
to teach better feeding methods and
to give instruction to the mothers in
the general care of infants. If such
a programme has given results in in-
fant mortality, why should the ma-
ternal mortality not be influenced by
a similar effort to teach young women
the importance of the hygiene of
pregnancy? It is quite evident that
the child-bearing mother is not shar-
ing equally with the rest of the popu-
lation in its improved public health,
and it is well to bear in mind that the
high death rate is not the only con-
sideration, as the number of deaths
by no means indicates the entire loss,
for great numbers of women are per-
manently invalided during the pro-
cess of child-birth. This condition
creates a tragedy for all concerned,
as it not only affects the mother, but
also affects the care that can be given
to the young infant and older chil-
dren.

Every prospective mother is en-
titled to adequate pre-natal super-
vision throughout the whole period of
pregnancy. Pre-natal supervision in
order to be most effective must be con-
stant throughout the nine months,
and it is essential that those entrusted
with the authority to impart this
knowledge should have special pre-
paration. It is the duty of every
nurse to use her influence to persuade
the pre-natal mother to consult her
physician as early in pregnancy as
po.ssible, in order that she may re-
ceive professional, scientific advice.

The nurse can be of the greatest
assistance to the mother in preparing
her to take the proper mental atti-
tude toward her coming confinement,
as this is a period which requires con-

518

THE CANADIAN NURSE

fidence and assurance. It has been
stated that the object of adequate
maternity care is to insure every
woman during pregnancy the mini-
mum of mental worry and physical
discomfort during the period and to
bring her safely through her confine-
ment in such a manner that she her-
self has suffered no ill effects and is
rewarded by having a healthy baby.
The final responsibility rests, how-
ever, with the obstetrician, but it
must be remembered that he can be
greath' assisted by competent, skillful
nursing service. Recalling Sir George
Newman's all-important statement
''that no sound progress can be made
in the reduction of maternal mortal-

ity apart from ante-natal supervi-
sion," surely nurses will realise that
they have a definite responsibility
where maternal welfare is concerned.
We are faced, however, in Canada
with the uneven distribution of
nurses, and vast numbers of prospec-
tive mothers must face pregnancy
without the hope of having nursing
supervision. This, too, is a problem
that must be given thoughtful con-
sideration by the nursing profession,
and it will be interesting to see what
light is thrown on this subject
through the recommendations pre-
sented by Dr. Weir in the Report on
the Survey of Nursing when it is
published.

R. E. H.

The Lancet Commission on Nursing

An interesting piece of reading has
just come to us from England in that,
with the issue of August 15th, the
Lancet has published the Second In-
terim Report of its Commission on
Nursing. This appears in the form oP
a special supplement covering twenty-
four pages and consists of an intro-
ductory explanation followed by a
statistical analysis of answers to the
questionnaires which were issued to
hospitals by the Commission some
months ago.

The brief introduction is most im-
portant to the reader, setting forth as
it does the purpose of the Commission,
the personnel, the method of work and
certain procedure up to the present
date. It is particularly interesting —
in view of our own survey activities
in Canada — to note the exact purpose
of the Lancet Commission as given in
the opening words of this report :

"The Lancet Commission on
Nursing was appointed in Decem-
ber, 1930, to inquire into the
reasons for the shortage of candi-
dates, trained and untrained, for
nursing the sick in general and

special ho.spitals throughout the
country, and to offer suggestions
for making the service more at-
tractive to women suitable for this
necessary work."

After this brief introduction, the
Report presents the statistical analysis
of the questionnaires. This analysis
is the work of Mr. Bradford Hill,
D.Sc, of the Department of Epidemi-
ology and Vital Statistics of the Lon-
don School of Hygiene and Tropical
INIedicine. Dr. Hill explains the
nature of his task in the following
words :

"It is the aim of this Report
merely to set out in statistical form
this picture of conditions ; no com-
ment is made on the results shown
for the various factors under dis-
cussion. The statistical examina-
tion of these factors is only one
part of the large amount of evi-
dence submitted to the Commission,
and it is obvious that conclusions
must be drawn from all the infor-
mation at their disposal and not
from any one source, such as this
statistical material forms."

THE CANADIAN NURSE

519

And Dr. Hill adheres strictly to
this attitude. In all the record of the
discussion of nursing affairs have we
ever before encountered such com-
plete restraint and really objective
treatment ! And this Report makes
extremely interesting reading. The
information that has been obtained
from the questionnaires is given in a
three-fold form: (1) a verbal state-
ment of the information obtained in
answer to each question; (2) a table
to display the information concerning
each question; (3) a brief summary
to give a composite picture of the
detail which has just been presented.
Consequently the Keport contains a
great deal of valuable information of
a kind that is usually difficult to ob-
tain with any degree of accuracy and
this is presented in a particularly
clear and readable fashion ; the tables
are unusuallv clear. Certain differ-

ences between English and Canadian
conditions suggest themselves to the
reader, and these differences should
be kept in mind if each country is to
be benefitted by the survey work of
the other. We are assuming that there
will be a great deal of mutual interest
between the two countries in the
studies that are being made, although
the methods of the two have been
quite different, the one from the other,
England has worked through a Com-
mission, and, apparently, the final re-
port is to come from the members of
the Commission. Canada placed the
work of her survey in the hands of
one individual — appointed to make
the study — and receives her final re-
port as his sole handiwork. It is pro-
bable that these two reports (i.e. Eng-
lish and Canadian) will appear in
print at about the same time, that is
toward the end of the vear.

E. K. R.

Birthday Best Wishes

Anniversaries are always worthy of
recognition and celebration, especial-
ly when such occasions affect a large
number of individuals linked to-
gether with common interests and
aim. The Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion congratulates the American
Nurses Association on recent achieve-
ment, and rejoices with the members
in the truly marvellous results ob-
tained in their Membership Cam-
paign commenced early in January
Ipst and completed on September 2,
1931. Tho slogan of the campaign
was "100,000 IMembers by September
2" — and some weeks before the clos-
insT date the membership totalled
103,127 graduate nurses. Previous
membership was 86.000.

"What more could be required to
celebrate the Thirty-Fifth Anniver-
sary of the American Nurses Associa-
tion? Progress should indeed be
effected in future for the well-being
of the citizens of ITnited States, when
no doubt that country has the great-
est organisation of women of one pro-

fessional group in the world, the in-
terests of which are centered on
building up and maintaining the
Nation's health.

We, in Canada, are proud to have
close association with our cousins
across the line and prouder still, that
as nurses and members of our na-
tional organisation of registered
nurses we are able to celebrate in
spirit the remarkable attainment,
whereby, in thirty-five years a small
group has grown to a magnificent
organisation. Such results have only
been possible through a truly well-
laid foundation followed by support
throughout the years from women
imbued with vision and real love for
hard work.

A most Happy Birthday is our wish
to the American Nurses Association
— secure in the assurance that their
national organisation must possess
great strength to have received the
support given in the recent campaign
by every State Nurses' Association
and each individual nurse.

520

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The Crest of the Canadian Nurses Association

Within recent weeks the Nurses'
National Memorial ^ in the Hall of
Fame, Parliament Buildings, Ottawa,
was completed when the crest of the
Canadian Nurses Association was en-
graved in the circular space reserved
for it above the panel. This space has
a diameter of eighteen inches. The
crest consists of a wreath of maple
leaves, within which is engraved the
name of the National Organisation of
Nurses and the date on which it was
founded (1908). These words encircle
a map of Canada, upon which is
superimposed a torch, bearing the
light into all parts of the Dominion,
around which is entwined the emblem
of dealing.

At the base of the Memorial the
following inscription appears : —
"Erected by the nurses of Canada in
remembrance of their sisters who
gave their lives in the Great War,
nineteen fourteen-eighteen, and to
perpetuate a noble tradition in the
relations of the Old World and the
New.

"Led by the spirit of humanity
across the sea, woman by her tender

ministrations to those in need has
given to the world the example of an
heroic service embracing three cen-
turies of Canadian history."

The Memorial was unveiled at the
time of the General Meeting, in 1926,
when it was presented to the people
of Canada by the President on behalf
of the Canadian Nurses Association.

It is to be noted that the design
chosen for the crest was drawn by a
member of the Canadian Nurses As-
sociation. Miss Marjorie Dobie
sketched nine designs for presentation
to the General Meeting in 1930, from
which the one above illustrated was
chosen. After attending Havergal
College, Toronto, Miss Dobie entered
the School of Nursing, Royal Victoria
Hospital, Montreal, from which she
graduated in October, 1925. Awarded
a scholarship by her Alma Mater, she
joined the class 1926-1927, School for
Graduate Nurses, McGill University,
and later became a member of the
teaching staff for nurses^ Royal Vic-
toria Hospital. During these years
she also attended evening classes at
Ecole des Beaux Arts, Montreal. Miss

THE CANADIAN NURSE

521

Dobie's creative and artistic ability
was well demonstrated in the splendid
contribution she made in the prepara-
tion of the panels depicting the His-
tory of Nursing in Canada, which
formed an attractive and outstanding
part of the Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion exhibit at the International Coun-
cil of Nurses Congress in 1929 in
Montreal.

Over a year ago Miss Dobie resigned
from the staff at the Royal Victoria
Hospital and went to New York,
where she studied several nursing
subjects at Columbia University and
also attended the Art Students'
League. Miss Dobie is now in charge
of the Health Service at International
House, New York. She is continuing
her studies at Columbia University as
well as attending the New York
School of Fine and Applied Art.

MISS MAEJOEIE DOBIE

International Hospital Association

At the close of the second Inter-
national Hospital Congress, which
met in Vienna from June 8th to 14th,
the representatives of the forty-one
countries participating in the Con-
gress voted unanimously to organise
an International Hospital Associa-
tion.

The purpose of the Association is to
bring about an international exchange
of opinion and international co-opera-
tion in all problems and in all fields
of hospital work and in all relation-
ships : economic, sociological and hy-
gienic. The Association is composed
of two classes of members: ordinary
members, consisting of national hos-
pital associations, and associate mem-
bers.

These comprise two groups of per-
sons interested directly or indirectly
in hospitals : one consists of indivi-
duals associated in one way or other
in hospitals or cognate institutions,
the other will be representatives of
firms or organisations standing in a
business relationship to the hospitals,

such as architects, builders, manufac-
turers of hospital supplies, merchants
and the like.

The associate membership in the
International Hospital Association
entitles the members not only to free
subscription of the "Nosokomeion,"
the official organ of the Association,
to full participation in the Inter-
national Hospital Congress, but above
all to participation in the work of the
permanent committees. These commit-
tees, under the leadership of recog-
nised specialists in various fields, will
devote their time in working out
standards for the guidance of the
hospital field throughout the world.

The annual subscription for asso-
ciate members of the first description
is $5 00, and for the second, $1.00.

Appeal is made to all those inter-
ested in the proper care of the sick to
become associate members. Applica-
tion may be made to the Secretary
General, Dr. E. H. L. Corwin, 2 East
103rd Street, New York.

522

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Stretching the Hospital Dollar

By GERTRUDE A. JOHNSON, Superintendent, Neepawa General Hospital,

Neepawa, Man.

That there are differences in dollars
visible only to the eye of the hospital
administrator is a fact not to be dis-
puted. From his or her point of view
there are maintenance dollars, re-
stricted dollars and unrestricted dol-
lars, dollars earned and dollars do-
nated, surplus dollars and deficit
dollars, the dollar paid by the patient
and, in some cases, the dollar of the
taxpayer. How to stretch these dol-
lars to their utmost is a problem,
that, like the poor is always with us.

Every hospital superintendent is
using every possible means of stretch-
ing the dollars these days. Some hos-
pitals undoubtedly are finding that
one of the most effective ways of
doing this is to get more dollars to
stretch — that is — by careful collec-
tion and close investigation into the
circum.stances of those who are al-
ways willing to let the municipality
assume the responsibility of the hos-
pital account. Most municipalities
are in very straitened circumstances
and it is only by careful attention
and close questioning of these in-
digent patients that we can assist
the municipalities by separating the
real indigent from the man, who,
while a property owner, is unwilling
to assume any responsibility towards
his debts merely because he has no
ready money in his pocket. "We can-
not hope to receive assistance from
the municipalities to the extent of
keeping their hosnital accounts paid
unless we are willing to co-operate in
every possible way.

Patients should be given to under-
stand that they are expected to pay
every cent they can possibly muster
towards their account. A special
effort should be made to collect the
operatine- room fee, the labour room
fee. fees for special treatments as for
example : the quartz lamp, laboratory

f Address given at annual meeting of the Mani-
toba Hospital Association, 1931.)

fees, and any other extra item for
which the hospital is compelled to
charge an extra fee. Patients should
be promptly reminded of the dates
on which instalments are due and
great care should be exercised in
doing this diplomatically, otherwise
it is comparatively easy to make
active and vociferous enemies and
the harm done far out-balances what
little money the hospital may be at-
tempting to collect.

It is only natural, of course, for a
hospital to refuse to consider spend-
ing money when "economy" is the
cry. But it should be remembered
that spending isn't wasting and that
the losses incurred by the continued
use of worn out unsatisfactory equij)-
ment represents many kinds of
waste : undependable service, un-
necessary use of supplies, lonsrer time
for results, more personnel required
;nd other kinds of waste. When all
this is considered we cannot ignore
the fact that a large loss is constantly
raking place.

One of the best ways to stretch the
hospital dollar is to discard obsolete
equipment, supplies and methods,
and to use new devices and articles
for which definite savings are guar-
anteed. The reduced cost of some
supplies and materials, especially
food-stuffs, is a very favourable fac-
tor, but, here again, great care should
be taken in the matter of buying for,
it should be remembered, that the
cheapest is not always the most econ-
omical in the lono: run. It pays to
buy the best material you can get
for the money you have to spend.

Most superintendents and all who
have had fairly long experience re-
F^lise the wisdom of keeping the main-
tenance department at full strength
and activity. It always pays to keep
buildings and equipment in good
condition. Apart from the harm done

THE CANADIAN NURSE

523

to the buildings themselves nothing
so undermines public confidence as
an institution that has a shabby
doAvn - at - the - heel appearance. A
building that is old, but, in good re-
pair and immaculately clean reflects
much more credit upon the manage-
ment than an institution that is new
and in good repair. ^laintenance pro-
blems of a hospital never end and
much of the grief of the superinten-
dent is due to the emergencies and
to the constant repairs necessary for
equipment and machinery.

Constant inspection, at least once
a week, of all taps, boilers, heaters,
etc.. is worth considering, since "a
stitch in time often saves nine!"
Hence, just as it is economically and
socially an act of wisdom to prevent
sickness, so in the same measure is
it of the greatest importance to pre-
vent the breaking down of hospital
machinery and the deterioration of
hospital property before these acci-
dents occur.

Deterioration in the physical plant
takes place so rapidly that but a few
months of neglect are necessary' to
bring about a need for the outlay of
an inordinate amount of money for
repairs. An axiom to be kept con-

tinually in mind is this : Attend to
the repairs, and replacements will
care for themselves.

To grow, hospitals should study
the needs of the community and try
to meet these demands one hundred
per cent. There is certainly a need
for a good laboratory even in the
small hospital. The laboratory not
only provides important diagnostic
aids, it is also a sure source of
revenue. The cost of laboratory ser-
vice can easily be determined and a
price set that will cover the cost and
operating expenses.

Last, but not least, the hospital
pocket book can be helped by keep-
ing the public informed as to the cost
of hospital care. Hospital superin-
tendents should avail themselves of
every opportunity to speak on the
subject. I find women's auxiliary
meetings to which our very much
alive president invites the general
public whether they are members or
not. an excellent medium. .When the
public realises that hospital care,
while at times expensive, is cheaper
when its service is considered than
any other service offered today,
money for the purpose may be a little
easier to procure.

TOMATO JUICE AS A SOURCE OF VITAMINES

Every intelligent person is aware of th'^
value of orange juice as a source of vitu-
mine C, but the value of tomato juice is
not equally well known. Dr. Donald Pater-
son, Avhom Manitoba may claim as a son,
in his book, "Sick Children," published
in 1930, writing of the treatment of in
fantile scurvy, says:

"Vitamines in the form of orange juicOj
grape juice, grapefruit juice or tomato
juice should be given. ' '

In the latest (1926) edition of Holt and
Rowland's "Diseases of Infancy and
Childhood" is this statement:

"An efficient anti-scorbutic is the juice
of canned or fresh tomato, which (care-
fully strained) may be given in about the
same doses as orange juice."

"If it's canned, it's fresh," is the
commercial canner's way of expressing the
fact that canned tomatoes, for example,
are actually more truly fresh than are the
uncanned tomatoes usually available in the

stores. Moreover, canned tomatoes are
really ripe, and it is a maxim that natural
ripeness is necessary to achieve the finest
flavour, and that, in turn, finer flavour is
proof of greater healthfulness. Tomatoes
for canning are grown close to the canning
plant. Instead of being picked green and
shipped in that condition to distant mar-
kets, these tomatoes arc sun-ripened and
then picked and packed the same day, thus
retaining their garden freshness as well as
their flavour perfection due to perfect
ripeness.

In these days, when it is needful to get
one hundred cents' worth of value for
every dollar, canned tomatoes supplied by
Canadian canners may well be considered
as a substitute for the juice of imported
oranges. Adults, as well as babies, can
readily enjoy tomato juice cocktails, and
the thrifty housewife can make good use
of the solid portion left after straining.
(Manitoba Medical Bulletin, June, 1931.)

524

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Impressions of a Refresher Course

The first Refresher Course for
Nurses in Manitoba, sponsored by the
Manitoba Association of Registered
Nurses and the Department of Public
Health and Welfare for Manitoba,
was held from July 6th to 17th in-
elusive. The University of Manitoba
very generously provided accommo-
dations for all lectures. A total en-
rolment of two hundred nurses was
announced.

At the completion of the course a
number of nurses were asked to write
their impressions of the course. Thesj
contributions have now been received
and are published herewith from the
point of view of five nurses, each of
whom possesses a somewhat different
background, one from the other, as : 1.
One with a university course in teach-
ing in schools of nurses ; 2. One with
practical experience only in teaching
in schools of nursing ; 3. One with a
university course in public health
nursing ; 4. One with several months
special training in the public health
field under the direction of a nurse
with university public health educa-
tion; 5. A nurse newly graduated,
with a Bachelor of Arts Degree.

Self-analysis has become a byword
among nurses all over Canada and
United States during the last year
owing to the questionnaires, etc.,
sent out by the Grading Committee
in U.S.A. and the Joint Study Com-
mittee in Canada.

What could be a better incentive
for self-analysis than the refresher
course for graduate nurses held in
Winnipeg during the first two weeks
in July? It has reminded us all of
what our great leaders have accom-
plished for us, and how we must
strive to carry on their work as well
as to provide for the vast improve-
ments we must perfect in our organi-
sations in order to establish even
sounder foundations for those who
are arising in the profession and will
follow in their paths.

Miss Gray, from the University of
British Columbia, gave to the Mani-
toba Association of Registered Nurses
some very valuable advice regarding
the establishment of a chair of nurs-
ing in a university. This advice, along
with the excellent lectures given by
Miss Lenore Bradley, of Teachers
College, New York, on the Principles
of Teaching, has made us all hope for
the establishment of a Department
of Nursing in the University of Mani-
toba now that this institution has an
extensive building programme under-
way. Miss Bradley brought to us a
vast amount of material which was
not only applicable for teachers but
for us all in our daily conduct of
professional life.

Miss K. AV. Ellis, of Winnipeg, out-
lined some of the important current
problems in a school of nursing and
stimulated some very intelligent dis-
cussions. These discussions in a
mixed group served to remind those
nurses who have been away from
schools of nursing for several years
that not only have the methods of
teaching and supervising changed
but that they have been changed to
conform with current conditions such
as the advance in medical science,
economic conditions and the student
herself has experienced a newer
method of preliminary education and
the home environment has changed.

The lectures by the medical men,
also Miss Pickersgill's lecture on
Diet and Disease were not merely
''refreshers" but to a great number
were informative. They stressed the
many changes which have taken
place in medical science and should
another course be planned for next
year could not more time be allowed
for these subjects, as I noted the keen
interest displayed by the private
duty nurses.

Another interesting feature of the
programme was the demonstration
of a class of student nurses in Bac-
teriology, being taught by a senior

THE CANADIAN NURSE

525

student nurse of the Winnipeg Gen-
eral Hospital under the guidance of
the instructor, A great deal is being
said and written at the present time
regarding the selection and develop-
ment of those who will assume the
responsibility of teaching in our
schools of nursing. If we can select
from our student bodies young
women who have teaching person-
ality, scholarship and professional
ideals and give them some experience
in the teaching of nursing subjects,
how much better prepared they will
be to adapt themselves after gradua-
tion should they decide to work to-
wards a university degree or a course
at a teachers' college.

]\Iay I suggest that two additional
subjects be included in the pro-
gramme for next year? One is the
Principles of Supervision, the second
is Advanced Ethics. The Principles
of Supervision would embrace the
duties of the head nurse and would
undoubtedly assist her in applying
the Principles of Teaching. It is
logical that the most effective teach-
ing may be done on the wards by the
head nurse. She is responsible for
the nursing care of the patient and
she is responsible for hospital pro-
perty. She comes in contact with the
attending doctors; she is also in
closer contact for a longer time with
the student nurse than any member
of the hospital staff. It is the head
nurse who can correlate the practice
of nursing with the theory taught in
the class room by use of the morning
reports, case assignment methods,
ease studies and bedside clinics.

A prominent educator in the United
States tells us that one of the funda-
mental attitudes of teaching is friend-
liness, and this was exemplified dur-
ing our visits to the various hospitals.
Our hostesses on all occasions were
most gracious in extending the hos-
pitality of their institutions, leading
us through the various departments,
exhibiting their equipment and ex-
plaining their methods. These tours
of inspection terminating in a social

hour at tea prompted a feeling of
good fellowship and sympathetic un-
derstanding among us all. Let us
hope that this spirit of co-operation
will be permanent and that we con-
tinue the process of self-analysis in
order to insure a safe solution of our
problems of today as well as those of
tomorrow.

Congratulations to the Manitoba
Association of Registered Nurses,
which, in conjunction with the De-
partment of Public Health, made
possible the recent refresher course
for graduate nurses. It was a most
interesting and worth while achieve-
ment. Judging from the large daily
attendance it was evident that suc-
cess had crowned the efforts of all
concerned.

The nurses of Manitoba were most
fortunate to have such a wealth of
professional knowledge conveyed to
them by expert and vivacious speak-
ers. The broadening information and
valuable assistance derived from the
different lectures and demonstra-
tions, suggests the amount of time
and forethought expended in plan-
ning and executing a programme of
such interest and variety and so suit-
ed to fulfill the requirements of all
present.

While I regret my duties interfered
with regular attendance, I am look-
ing forward to the opening of the
fall term in our school of nursing,
when I hope to put into practise
much of the valuable information
derived during the course.

The points repeatedly stressed and
deserving the earnest consideration
of every nurse were :

First, the absolute necessity of ad-
vanced education for both student
and graduate nurse ; an education
without which it will be impossible
to attract the most desirable type of
woman.

Second, the realisation of the fact
that every nurse is a teacher, not only
of the student, but of the community.
In the past, nurses have perhaps been

526

THE CANADIAN NURSE

a little too reticent about the infor-
mation they have to offer.

Finally, the nurses in attendance
could not fail to be imbued with the
desire to go forth and aspire to
greater efficiency, thus being better
prepared to propagate the traditions
of their noble profession.

Ill

The Refresher Course for Graduate
Nurses, held in Winnipeg, must be
considered as one of the most worth
while educational projects sponsored
so far by the Manitoba Association
of Registered Nurses.

It is not an easy task to arrange a
programme of lectures suited to the
needs of the various nursing groups.
Each section, however, seemed to re-
ceive full consideration by the pro-
moters of the course.

The Public Health Nurses' pro-
gramme did not include many except
closed sessions. We met, however,
with the general group each morning
from 10 to 11 o'clock when we re-
ceived lectures on Principles o£
Teaching. This subject was very
thoroughly dealt with by the special
lecturer, IMiss H. Lenore Bradley, and
was. I think, the outstanding feature
of the course. Since nurses are con-
sciously or unconsciously teaching
most of the time, it is necessary that
we obtain all possible information on
the best teaching methods. Miss
Bradley very successfully condensed
her subject to cover the wide field in
ten hours, and we agreed with the
nurse who said, "I have learned more
in one hour at this course than from
a term of lectures on psychology."

An extremely important feature of
the course for public health nurses
was the illustrated lectures on teeth
by Dr. Livingstone, who under the
Canadian Dental Association is con-
ducting school dental clinics in the
outlying rural areas. We were re-
minded of the fact that prevention
of dental defects can be such a strong
factor in the programme of disease
prevention. Since the watchword of
the public health nurse is prevention,

we are extremely interested in any
subject relating to the maintenance
of health.

Our outlook on the field of mental
hygiene became more hopeful, having
had a few lectures from Dr. A. T.
Mathers, psychiatrist for the pro-
vince of IManitoba. The many sug-
gestions which he gave regarding the
prevention of mental hazards stimu-
lated our interest and we returned
to our districts keenly anxious to
promote child study classes of habit
training programmes.

Excellent lectures on infant, pre-
school and school child hygiene by
our leading children's specialists
were much appreciated. Having had
the pleasure of observing a demon-
stration on newer methods of treat-
ment in hospitals, most of the group
felt they had trained too soon!

In summing up the advantages of
the time spent attending lectures and
demonstrations, I would emphasize
the pleasure of meeting with nurses-
interested in other phases of work
and the inspiration of listening to
special lecturers on the latest de-
velopments in the medical world.

Since medical science is developing
so rapidly, is it not necessary for the
nursing profession to keep pace?
While constant professional reading
is imperative, lectures arouse new
interest, and we are shaken out of
our mental lethargy and stimulated
to read further.

Those of us who attended the Re-
fresher Course for Nurses, held in
Winnipeg during the early part of
last July, came away day after day
with the assurance that we had gain-
ed something.

The manner in which this course
was conducted and the presentation
of the various subjects made one
realise more and more the help which
courses of this nature can be to the
nurse and the nursing profession.

One of the most outstanding speak-
ers was Miss Lenore Bradley, who
pointed out the importance of "The

THE CANADIAN NURSE

52^

Principles of Teaching." In spite of
the scope of the subject and the
limited time at her disposal, one
could not help but be impressed with
the necessity of more study along
this line of education. The lecturer
stressed that not only in the nursing
profession, but in every walk of life
the teacher must know her class indi-
vidually, not only what each is at
present, but what each was before
entering the school; this knowledge
being of immeasurable aid in the
treatment of each student.

Lectures on Social Legislation and
Mental Hygiene were also of great
benefit, particularly to public health
nurses, and I feel quite justified in
saying that these lectures cleared
away many difificulties for us all.

Those members of the Manitoba
Registered Nurses Association re-
sponsible for this venture are to be
heartily congratulated on its success,
for it is with the keenest anticipation
that we look forward to the next re-
fresher course.

We are a knowing group of young
women just recently thrown out on
the world. Having just written our
R.N. examinations we have a feeling
of superiority — we are nurses now !
You old nurses who graduated in the
past, you were well trained — but not
as we were. The old. old story ! Is
there any serum which will assure
immunity to that megaeephalic condi-
tion of the newly graduated ?

In spite of this conceited twist to
our natures we responded to a notice
posted on the bulletin board bearing
the familiar initials, "K. W. E."
Maybe "J. E.G." are more familiar
to some folks, but further back than
that we dare not go. Now, whether
our response was due to intellectual
stimuli or to a more mercenary one
we cannot say, but regardless of mo-
tives, ulterior or otherwise, we found
ourselves once again in the familiar
and friendly Home which meant so
much to us in training. There was,
however, one happy difference — we
didn't have to dash from the corner

to get in by 9.59 p.m., and run the risk
of an untimely end due to paroxysmal
tachycardia. Once established, we
found ourselves attending lectures
and soon we realised that our grey
matter w^as not over-developed but
very much under-nourished.

The short courses were invaluable.
The talks on Public Speaking were
most entertaining and instructive and
the lecturer a living example of her
teachings. In three brief discussions
the whole subject on "Diet and Dis-
ease" was clearly portrayed. The in-
troduction into the legal field was
stimulating, and even cold figures
were made warm and inviting in the
lecture on Statistics. The problems of
the smaller institutions proved a re-
velation to us of the larger hospitals —
of such difficulties we never dreamed.
The discussion on Mental Diseases
was very enlightening, and especially
interesting to those of us Avho had
psychopathic training. In bringing be-
fore us the advantages of establishing
a Chair of Nursing in the University,
the speaker impressed upon us the
fact that our profession has risen to
a higher educational standard than
ever before — it is up to us to allow^
no back-sliding.

The course on Principles of Teach-
ing— funny, wasn't it? In the first
few lectures we were not keenly in-
terested, because the facts were so
simple, and we expected something
very complex. As time went on, how-
ever, these apparently simple facts be-
came interwoven in a vastly intricate
and interesting pattern. When the
lectures were over we experienced a
feeling of bewilderment and we want-
ed to complete this psychological pat-
tern of the human mind.

The social side was not neglected,
but was pleasantly intermingled with
constructive demonstrations at the
various hospitals. To us these were
fascinating, for we have not had ex-
perience in hospitals other than our
own. The visits stimulated thought
and made us look on our own institu-
tion with a spirit of friendly criticism.

This has been a refresher course to
some of the older graduates, but to us

528

THE CANADIAN NURSE

it was an introductory one. The dis-
cussion on Current Problems brought
home to us the need for co-operation
between the different branches and
at the same time showed us an amaz-
ing picture of our profession. The
realisation has come to us that after

a pleasant, and perhaps at times a
precarious journey through training,
graduation was not the end but the
beginning. The refresher course open-
ed this gate a little wider and put
before us the many opportunities
awaiting us in our chosen field.

The Value of the Social History to the Psychiatrist

By ISABEL J. DALZELL, Children's Psychiatric Worker, Division of Mental Health,

Dept. of Public Health, Toronto

A knoAvledge of the social back

ground of the individual requiring
psychiatric advice is of invaluable
help to the psychiatrist. It is neces-
sary for him to know outstanding
facts of heredity and environment, a
I>icture of the conditions under which
the individual has lived, what physi-
cal and mental influences have oper-
ated to produce his present state of
development and how^ he has reacted
to those influences.

The family history should include
the date of birth and nationality Ol
both parents, their religion, educa-
tion, intelligence, health, habits, per-
sonality traits and any nervous or
mental illness. The influence on the
life of the patient of relatives,
especially that of grandparents,
aunts, uncles, sisters and brothers.
The education, behaviour, health and
occupation of these relatives must be
noted.

The social history should give a
picture of the home, describing the
type of neighbourhood, financial sit-
uation, attractiveness and general
atmosphere of the home ; stressing
the attitude and behaviour of the
household members to each other and
toward the patient.

The personal history should be
very complete, containing the exact
birthdate, the early development of
the individual, any unusual condi-
tions of pregnancy and birth, breast
or bottle feeding, age of teething,
walking, talking, any nutritional dif-
ficulties and age of sphincter control.

Physical health being inseparable
from mental health a record is re-
quired of any illnesses, serious in-
juries, fainting spells, convulsions.

chorea and particularly any disease
of acute infection with continued
high fever, or any undiagnosed ill-
nesses. Added to this the habits,
sleeping arrangements, any disturb-
ance of sleep, food habits, and those
such as nail-biting, thumb-sucking,
stuttering or tics.

If the patient is an adult the psy-
chiatrist wants an account of the
positions held, proficiency in and
liking for various jobs, wages, em-
ployer's opinion, interest and recre-
ation.

If the patient is a school child the
academic record should be clearly
stated, the attendance whether reg-
ular or irregular, ability in subjects,
teacher's opinion of pupil's applica-
tion, teacher's attitude tow-ard child,
this is very important as sometimes
there is a personality conflict that
will prove a very definite barrier to
effectual adjustment, record of be-
haviour, e.g., any stealing, obsceni-
ties, emotional outbreaks, gross de-
ception and a description of personal
traits concerning: (1) energy, (2)
self-assertion, (3) attitude towards
self, (4) attitude towards others, (5)
attitude towards reality, (6) moods.
The complete history of the patient
should be classified under the follow-
ing main headings:

Family History,

Home and Home Conditions,

Personal History.

The above picture of the life of the
individual will serve as a guide to the
psychiatrist who is interested not so
much in the patient's actual be-
haviour as in the motives or circum-
stances leading up to such behaviour.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

529

i^partm^nt nf Nurfitny iEfturatinn

The Value of Intelligence Tests and High School Records
in Selecting Student Nurses

By SISTER JOHN GABRIEL

It is my happy privilege to be with
you today and to take part in your
annual programme. I do not feel that
I have anything new to contribute at
this time. I think we are all following
the reports of the Survey of Nursing,
both in Canada and the United States,
and we are all looking forward to the
outcome of these studies with a high
degree of enthusiasm.

I was very much interested, how-
ever, in reading Dr. Weir's report to
the Canadian Nurses Association
meeting in Regiria in June, 1930, and
I would like to share with you today
some of the thoughts that occurred to
me in connection with what I con-
sider one of the most significant find-
ings of the Survey; that is, the grade
of intelligence of the young people
who are electing nursing as a profes-
sion, some of whom Dr. Weir found
in the schools of Canada and whom
undoubtedly Dr. Burgess, under like
circumstances, would have found in
the schools of the United States.

The psychological examinations
given to the students in schools of
nursing scored figures that we of the
profession dislike to recall when we
think of them in relation to scores
made by students of the same age in
other schools. Dr. Weir points out
in his report, that in a group of 704
nursing students, representing small,
intermediate, and large training

(Read at the Annual Meeting, 1931, Graduate
Nurses Association of British Columbia.)

schools in a province, that he liked to
think in some respects as being the
most cultured province in Canada, the
median was only 98.28. When we com-
pare those figures with those of 1,093
grade XI students in British Colum-
bia, having a median of 100.9, and
568 normal school students having a
median of 104.9 ; 400 first-year medi-
cal students at the University of To-
ronto having a median of 112, and a
group of students in education hav-
ing a median of 136, are we not ready
to agree with Dr. Weir that while the
place of nursing education on this
list is not altogether disgraceful, it
certainly is not enviable !

In the light of such a discovery,
does it not seem a hopeless task to
spend so much valuable time discuss-
ing curriculum construction when it
would appear impossible to adjust the
curriculum of any professional school
to a like grade of intelligence? Think
of the energy expended on the study
of modern methods of teaching for
schools of nursing today : what
method of teaching, I ask you, will
penetrate the brain of such an in-
dividual? Then there is the question
of finding a balance between theory
and practice : is this not all lost in the
face of such a situation? It would
seem to me that if we have at heart
the saving of our high calling from
degenerating into a commercialized
trades union we should place more
importance on the type of material
that is being admitted to our schools

530

THE CANADIAN NURSE

of nursing and make it our first point
of attack.

The prevailing conception tliat any
kind-hearted, dependable, self-sacri-
ficing, agreeable young woman can
make a nurse, even if she cannot grasp
all that the curriculum prescribes, is
dangerous and misleading. In these
days of rapid progress and advance-
ment, modern medicine is becoming
so complex that nothing less than a
high grade nurse, with ability above
the average, can hope to be able to
comprehend and interpret the scien-
tific and technical treatments now
prescribed for the sick. The nurse can-
not afford to be very much in the
rear of the doctor in intelligence and
education today; the professions are
too closely allied one to the other to
permit one getting very far ahead of
the other. The nurse must understand
the language of the doctor, as together
they struggle for the health of the
nation and the life of the patient.

The nurse's education will never
reach a point where it will teach her
to prescribe for the patient no more
than the study of medicine will pre-
pare the physician for the ministry,
but it will make her a better instru-
ment of service, with standards and
ideals peculiar to her own profes-
sional field.

Although psychological authorities
are not unanimous upon the technical
interpretation of the term "general
intelligence," all are agreed that it
should designate the inborn capacity
of an individual to adapt himself to
new situations in life, and this in turn
is very closely related to the ability
to learn. Most educators agree with
Binet that intelligence shows itself in
the ability to judge well, to compre-
hend well and to reason well. These
essential activities of intelligence de-
termine the success or failure of the
individual or the organisation to a
greater extent than any other part of
collective effort. These are the guiding
forces in the affairs of life. They are
not peculiar to any profession or oc-
cupation, but they are particularly
essential to the nurse whose contacts

call for these three qualities on a very
high level.

The ability to judge well means, in
other words, the ability to use com-
mon sense : common sense is the con-
gener of judgment; the operation of
the mind involving comparison and
discrimination and by which know-
ledge of values and relations is formu-
lated.

Common sense and judgment have
as their background knowledge, with-
out which neither one nor the other
could function; to comprehend well is
to know exactly what is expected of
one, as well as how one should do it
and why it should be done ; this latter
also involves reasoning powers, the
inquiring into the eternal "why" of
things. It is this power that makes
facts take on a new meaning, which
gives them the vitality that translates
them into action and stamps the pos-
sessor forever as a student and a lead-
er. Such an individual finds real joy
in his work. Commercialism can never
tarnish the work in which joy has a
part; that type of work is done for
the love of the activity, not especially
for any personal gain to be derived
from it. Such love grows out of a
mental attitude the primary aim of
which is service.

Service is the watchword of the
nursing profession, and if we are to
give intelligent service we must have
intelligent nurses, and if we are to
have intelligent nurses we must exer-
cise discrimination in the selection of
those who apply for entrance to our
schools of nursing. The only available
means within our reach at this time
to determine the kind of material we
are admitting to our schools of nurs-
ing are the intelligence tests and the
high school records. While those of us
who have been trained in the use of
the intelligence tests know their
limitations and how they can be mis-
interpreted and misunderstood, still
in the larger number of cases they do
enable us to diagnose, at least ap-
proximately, the mental conditions
that make for probable success or
failure.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

531

The high school record, as the
second means at hand to estimate the
type of material with which we have
to work, is very inadequate in itself
unless it is carefully studied on the
basis of, not how many years the stu-
dent spent in school, nor how many
subjects she took while there, but
rather what she accomplished in the
time and with the subjects she
studied. That an applicant graduates
from a reputable high school, is no
assurance that she can carry the sub-
jects outlined in the curriculum of a
school of nursing. The high school
diploma is no universal panacea that
will make all things easy and simple
to grasp now regardless of difficulties
in studies previous to graduation. My
experience is that the "A" student in
high school is usually the "A" stu-
dent in the school of nursing, and
the failing student in high school is
generally the failing student in the
school of nursing. It is very impor-
tant then to make sure that we have
the accomplishment record of each

applicant, and that we give ample
time to the study of it before admit-
ting the student, and would it be too
exacting to ask that this record shows
the student made such grades as
places her in the upper third of her
class? This requirement, it seems to
me, is only justice to the young
woman, for later if she wishes to take
advantage of any of the numerous
and varied courses offered in higher
educational institutions she will find
herself denied admittance in many in-
stitutions if she cannot present high
school grades placing her in the upper
third of her class. It seems to me that
any adventure that would bring about
such a deadening effect on education-
al development would be disastrous
to the profession.

In conclusion permit me to say that
we should face with courage our pro-
blems in order of their importance,
and unite in an honest endeavour to
make our educational system justify
itself by its results.

Suggested Curriculum for Schools of Nursing in Canada

Section II

This curriculum has been prepared
by a committee of the Nursing Educa-
tion Section of the Canadian Nurses
Association, and is arranged so that
it may convey as clearly and simply
as possible an outline of both the
practical and theoretical course, with
such suggestions and comments as are
thought helpful.

The skeleton course of study with
the number of hours for each subject,
will be published in successive num-
bers of The Canadian Nurse, accord-
ing to preliminary, junior, intermedi-
ate and senior terms, the first year
outline appearing in this issue.

Brief outlines of each course are
being prepared and at the completion
of the publication of these articles,
copy of outlines may be procured
from the Secretary of the Nursing

Education Section, Miss Frances
Upton.

In presenting these outlines, which
are little more than headings, but
which would be a guide, it is realised
that too often when there is a change
of lecturer or instructor, the continu-
ity of teaching is broken and the
variations in content of subject mat-
ter is too great. This is particularly
apparent in lectures given by mem-
bers of the medical staff. Also in the
more advanced subjects there is often
a tendency to stress the medical and
surgical points rather than the nurs-
ing care and methods.

Reference is made to certain re-
commended subjects which, although
valuable are not compulsory and are
not always available.

Then follows the arrangement of
field work or ward experience, but

532

THE CANADIAN NURSE

here again no very definite rules can
be laid down as the arrangement of
services in one hospital varies con-
siderably from that of another.

In all other than hospitals attached
to medical schools where it is usually
possible to receive quite generous con-
tributions by whole-time lecturers, it
is advised that as many subjects as
possible be given by members of the
nursing staff (who should be special-
ly prepared to present these sub-
jects.) For instance, in many schools
anatomy and physiology are still be-
ing taught by doctors. This subject,
which is the basis of the entire nurs-
ing course, requires repetition, grind-
ing and quizzing, for which few medi-
cal men could possibly find time. In
the outline fifty to sixty hours is sug-
gested and yet many instructors will
admit that they give as many as one
hundred hours to this subject.

Preliminary or Probationary Term:

The four months probationary term
is practically universal but there is
considerable variance of opinion as to
how long preliminary students should
be in the class room before being as-
signed duties on the wards. It is gen-
erally conceded that for the first four
or five weeks probationers should not

carry out practical work for patients
— or at least not until they have had
sufficient practise in the basic nurs-
ing procedures, such as bed making,
bathing of patients, morning and eve-
ning routine care, etc. This period in
the classroom also gives the student
time to master the heavier theoretical
subjects and to have organised and
uninterrupted study periods. Due
consideration must be given to just
how long the interest of the students
can be kept up without contact with
the patients, but the committee agrees
that students should not go on the
wards at all until they have had at
least part of their courses in anatomy,
hygiene, chemistry, practical nursing
and ethics. When first assigned to
ward duty, five hours of practical
work — usually arranged from 7 to 9
a.m. and from 4 to 7 p.m. — allows
seven hours for class, study and re-
creation.
Junior Term :

This term extends from the fifth
month to the end of the first year.
During this period which immediately
follows the acceptance of the student
into the school, the theoretical work
can be slightly reduced but it is
necessary to give about three hours
daily.

THEORETICAL COURSE OF STUDY
Preliminary Term:

Anatomy and Physiclogry 50- 60 hours

Bacteriology and Pathology 30- 36

Personal Hygiene 8 "

Dietetics 20-24 "

Drugs and Solutions 20 "

Principles and Practice of Nursing (Theory, Demonstration and
Practice) to include Bandaging (Demonstration, Practice) and

Institutional Housekeeping 80-100

History of Nursing 10- 12

Ethics 10- 12

Chemistry and Phy.sics 12- 16

Psychology 8

248-296
Junior Term:

Materia Medica 16

Anatomy and Physiology 16

Principles and Practice of Nursing to include advanced Nursing Pro-
cedures, Charting and Record Keeping 30

Massage (Theory and Practice) 12

Medical Dietetics 15- 20

89- 94

(To be continued next month)

THE CANADIAN NURSE

533

Comments on Suggested Curriculum for Schools of Nursing

The course of study, outlined by a
committee of the Nursing Education
Section, for the preliminary and
junior terms, compares favourably
with the curricula of the larger Can-
adian schools of nursing, as regards
the major nursing subjects.

One questions the advisability of
giving a course of lectures in pathol-
ogy, until the students have some
knowledge of the normal structure
and functions of the body, and that
those lectures would be of greater
interest if they preceded those in
medicine and medical nursing, or
were given during the same term.

It seems a pity, if we are making
a curriculum which is being suggest-
ed as a standard for schools of nurs-
ing in Canada, not to consider more
closely the needs of the nurses, and
of the community in which they will
function after they graduate. This
is the day of preventive medicine,
and nurses are taking their places
among the workers in the great field
of public health. All nurses, under-
graduates and graduates, should be
capable of spreading the gospel of
health, and it would seem necessary
that a good course in health educa-
tion should be included in the cur-
riculum, instead of limiting the
lectures in the preliminary term to
eight hours in personal hygiene. As
the outlines for the intermediate and
senior years are not yet available, it
is possible that more time is being
given to this subject later on in the
course.

In schools where at least thirty
hours are allowed for chemistry, the
lecturer feels that he is giving a very
elementary course. If the teaching of
chemistry must be limited to twelve
or sixteen hours, would it not be
better to leave this subject out of the
curriculum, as it will only result in
a waste of time to student and
lecturer? Why not replace it by a

series of lectures in mental hygiene
as it is important that nurses be
taught early to consider the mental
as well as the physical aspect of ill
health.

A course in mental hygiene should
be preceded by the lectures in psy-
chology, but an eight-hour course in
the latter subject must be well pre-
pared and presented, if one is to be
assured that time is not being wasted.

It is suggested that the students in
the preliminary class be given no
ward experience until they are pro-
ficient in elementary nursing care. It
has been found helpful in one school
where students are not assigned to
regular ward duty for six weeks
after admission, to send them to cer-
tain wards at the end of two weeks,
under the supervision of instructors
v/ho provide opportunities for the
practice of nursing care which has
been demonstrated in the class room.
By this arrangement the student
nurses gradually become accustome-il.
to the ward atmosphere and learn
something of daily ward routine.

In the outline for the junior term,
it is stated that three hours of class
work daily will be required. This
would be impossible to arrange in
the majority of hospitals. A second
class is usually admitted in February
and neither classrooms nor instructors
are available to carry on work with
the junior nurses to this extent, nor
could the nurses be spared from the
wards for three hours daily, in addi-
tion to time off duty. As at least five
months are available for this terra,
it is possible to complete this course
by giving four lectures a week. It is
wiser to increase class periods in the
preliminary term and limit the
lecture periods in the junior term to
three hours each week.

We are endeavouring to build a
good curriculum in our attempt to
equip our students to carry on their

534

THE CANADIAN NURSE

professional life after graduation,
but in many hospitals the require-
ments of the curriculum are still im-
possible to meet, owing to existing
conditions, and the attempt to teach
all it includes, frequently results in
overstrain for nurses, inadequate
care of patients, and criticism of our
modern system of education. The
preliminary course is necessary if the
course of instruction outlined is to
be taught, but, it usually results in a
shortage of nurses on ward duty in
those hospitals where neither gradu-
ate nurses nor ward attendants are
provided to replace nurses graduat-
ing and until the students in the pre-
liminary class are ready for assign-
ment to wards for their practical
experience.

Have we made a mistake in at-
tempting to establish a professional
standard of nursing education before
making sure that the budget neces-
sary for its maintenance is available?
It would seem that further education
of the public is necessary regarding
the importance of the place of the
professional nurse in all movements
relating to public health, and the
knowledge she must have if she is to
serve the public effectively. Modern
health movements have created a
demand for the modern professional
nurse and her education must come
to be recognis'^d as a matter of na-
tional importance.

E M.S.

In The Canadian Nurse for Sep-
tember "How to Make a Curriculum
for Schools of Nursing" is brought to
the attention of all graduate nurses
of Canada.

Those of us who are at present oc-
cupied as teachers of nurses should
be vitally interested and possibly be
in a position to contribute toward
progress.

Choosing for comment "Standards
of Admission to Schools of Nursing,"
it seems that our standing should be
junior matriculation as a minimum,

plus young women with high stan-
dards of life. It is stated that seventy-
six per cent, of superintendents of
nurses in the United States feel that
student nurses do better nursing than
graduate nurses. Does this mean that
there are women of the wrong type
entering our schools or that the pres-
ent educational programme needs re-
vision? It does seem that most of the
criticism concerns the graduate nurse
doing private duty in homes. Is it the
lack of organisation or supervision of
this group ? In contrast the Victorian
Order group of nurses, who are organ-
ised and supervised, doing beside care
in homes, are highly praised for their
good work.

It would seem, then, that in pre-
paring students for future work (for
we do want to feel that our graduate
nurse is preferred to the student
nurse) probably some guidance and
practical experience could be arrang-
ed during the last months of the hos-
pital course for professional nursing
in homes. Too often the universal dis-
taste for private duty in homes is a
justifiable one. Younger nurses feel
they may be unequal to what may be
demanded of them, both from a prac-
tical and psychological viewpoint, and
often refuse to undertake the nurs-
ing of the sick in their homes. Un-
fortunately, this reflects not only on
the nurse but on the nursing profes-
sion; but is it not probably due to
incomplete preparation in the basic
course ?

Quoting from "Nurses, Patients
and Pocketbooks":

1. "Because there are no bars to
private duty, because it is a free-lance
occupation open to all-comers, there
are at work as private duty nurses to-
day :

(a) Some of the finest women in
the profession, who select private
duty because they love it;

(b) IMany young girls who have
gone into private duty, not because
they love it but because they are
attracted by the high initial earn-
ings;

THE CANADIAN NURSE

535

(d) The free-lance individual-
ists, who avoid any form of group
activity because they want to be
their own masters;

(e) The incompetent, the stupid,
the graduates from schools so poor-
ly run that they are, in fact, not
schools at all;

(/) Graduates of correspond-
ence school courses in nursing;

(g) So-called "practicals," stu-
dents who failed or were expelled
from training schools : low grade
women who see in private duty a
chance to raise their social stand-
ing and who, in some cases, have
never been in a hospital: women
who have been maids in hospital
and picked up a smattering of
nursing technique."
Near at hand we have Professor
Weir's report, which will be our text
for help, as has already been "Nurses,
Patients and Pocketbooks," by Dr.
Burgess. In the latter it states that
"leading educators of their country,
viz., a principal of a famous high
school for girls in one of the largest
cities, is quoted as having stated in
an educational meeting that his school
had always been puzzled to know what
to do with the feeble-minded or in-
corrigible cases. He went on to say
that the problem had been most hap-
pily solved by sending the girls into
hospital training schools where the
discipline was excellent and the girls
were well taken care of."

Parents with similar problems also
have been advised by school authori-
ties to send their daughters to hospital
training schools.

It is a real difficulty to deal with
students whose ability is not capable
of adaptation along nursing lines. If
we can convince educators to discour-
age rather than encourage a student
who presents such a problem, could it
be arranged by our provincial depart-
ments of education that there should
be established in the high schools a
course of matriculation in nursing,
comprised of some of the basic
sciences which would prove a good
foundation for future work? Gradu-
ally schools for nurses could demand
this special matriculation course as
the preliminary education of appli-
cants.

If this scheme in the educational
programme of the high schools could
be adopted it would go far toward
improving and standardising the re-
quirements for admission to schools
of nursing.

M. D.

Reference: Chapters 20, 21, "Nurses, Pa-
tients and Pocketbooks": 1. pp. 440-441;
2, p. 472.

[Editor's Note: The Suggested Curri-
culum for Schools of Nursing in Canada
is being prepared under the direction of a
committee composed of members of the
Nursing Education Section, Canadian
Nurses Association, with Miss Grace M.
Fairley, convener. Readers arc requested
to note further comment is invited on in-
stalments of the Curriculum already pub-
lished in September and the present num-
ber of the Journal.]

536

THE CANADIAN NURSE

National Convener of Publication Committee, Private Duty Section,
Miss CLARA BROWN, 23 Kendal Ave., Toronto, Ont.

A Few Points in Pre- and Post-Operative Gynaecological

Nursing

By J. J. MASON, M.D., Vancouver, B.C.

The surgical gynaecological ease is
usually sent into the hospital eigh-
teen to twenty-four hours previous
to operation. It is the duty of the
nurse in charge to note the appear-
ance of the patient, whether pale,
dyspnceic, weak, restless, oedemat-
ous, etc. The temperature, pulse and
respiration are taken. The surgical
bath is given. Unless otherwise
ordered, an enema is given. It is our
practice to order Methylene Blue gr.
5, to be given by m.outh, twelve hours
before operation. This orientates the
intestine, ureters and bladder, if by
rny chance the surgeon accidentally
injures any of these in the separation
of adhesions or the enucleation of
pelvic tumours. The patient's mouth
and teeth are carefully cleansed. If
any abnormal condition of the skin
is present it is noted. If the patient
is very restless or sleepless, an order
for a sedative should be obtained.
Every effort should be made by the
nurse, before operation, to fuss as
little around the patient as possible,
to see that her sleep be undisturbed,
to see that the bed is comfortable, the
room well ventilated and disturbing
sounds and light excluded.

Just before operation the nurse
should note temperature, pulse and
respiration. Any coughing, sore
throat or the presence of any abnor-
mal bleeding should be recorded. Th.:
patient should void and the amount

of urine be noted. When the carriage
comes for the patient a hypo, of mor-
phia gr. 1/6, atropine gr. 1/150 is
commonly ordered and should then
be given.

During and after the operation the
patient should be protected against
chilling. IMoist gowns should be re-
placed by dry, w^arm ones. The head
should be kept Ioav and the aspira-
tion of vomitus and mucus prevent-
ed. The patient should not be kept
so warm as to give her a Turkish
bath as the loss of fluid through ex-
cessive perspiration is weakening to
her. As soon as she appears restless
morphia gr. 1/8 is usually given and
ordered to be repeated as often as
necessary for subsequent two or three
days. Frequent note is made of
temperature, pulse and respiration,
colour of patient, condition of skin,
etc.

If the patient has not voided
in twelve hours, the ordeT* is n«uallv
left to catherise th^ b^dd^r. A
medicine dropper-fnll of 2 per
cent, mercurochrome is instilled into
the urethra before the catheter is
passed. The catheter, preferably,
should be a medium to small sized
soft rubber one that is not too flabby.
It should be sterile and sterile oil or
vaseline used to lubricate the tip.
Tender a good light, with the patient
in the dorsal position and thighs as
wide apart as possible, the labia sepa-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

537

rated with the thumb and index
finger of the left hand, the catheter,
held abont two and a half inches
from the tip, can be passed without
contamination. Remember that the
urethra is only one and a half inches
long. Note is made of the amount of
urine. The catheter should be passed
frequently enough so that the blad-
der does not hold more than twelve
ounces of urine. If the catheterisa-
tion discloses fifteen ounces of urine
it has been delayed an hour or two
too long and a shorter interval
should elapse before the next cathe-
lerisation. In Datients who have had
to be eatheterised the rule of Curtis
should be followed, that even after
voluntary voiding the catheter should
be nassed daily, immerjintrh/ after
voiding, until there is less than one
ounce of residual urine. Often after
a few days of catheterising, when the
patient voids she only passes part
c^nd the remainder, increasing as time
goes on. results in twenty or thirty
ounces of residual urine that becomes
contaminated and is responsible for
m.any of the post-operative cystitis
cases that are so freouently blamed
on the nurse's technique. If a per-
ineal dressing has been used it should
be dispensed with as soon as possible
as we believe it is a potential danger
to a vaginal or perineal wound, being
one minute against the anus and the
next against the vulva.

Fluids by mouth arp usually with-
held for twelve to twenty-four hours
and sometimes longer, as the case

indicates. Clear tea or hot water,
later broth, lemonade or orangeade,
are soon appreciated. Keep the mouth
clean and as soon as the patient is
able, chewing gum helps the salivary
glands to function and wards off
parotitis, etc.

The Trendelenberg position is often
ordered for twelve hours post-opera-
tively, then the flat position and in
a few days the head of the bed can
be elevated with advantage. The
patient should be encouraged to moVv?
freely as soon as she be able. Active
exercises to the legs and arms are
beneficial and passive exercises or
massage help greatly.

The bowels may well be kept un-
disturbed for four or five days as a
rule. There is far too much and too
early ordering of enemata. On the
third or fourth day a glycerine sup-
positorv may bo effectual and if not
a small enema on the fifth day and
every second day thereafter is pre-
ferable to laxatives.

For some time we have been fol-
lowing the advice of Walters in ad-
ministering thyroid extract to stim-
ulate circulation and lessen the ten-
dency to embolism and thrombosis.
Active and passive movements are
ordered also for the same purpose.
The dressings are usually changed on
the sixth or seventh day if clips have
been used but the wound should be
securely strapped for another few
days. After the first few days t'
diet is gradually increased as well as
the amount of fluids.

538

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Rest and Recreation

By MADALENE BAKER, London, Ontario

''It is an extremely tedious case —
my patient is not showing the pro-
gress she should, and I feel literally
exhausted." This is a frequent com-
ment made by the private duty nurse.

It is true that after weeks, some-
times months, of careful watching and
waiting, the nurse in charge feels the
reward has been small, for with the
progress of the case retarded, the
edges of the patient's temper frayed
to a frazzle, and the family lamenting
the drain on the exchequer, the nurse
finds herself face to face at every turn
with a solemnity only equalled by a
funeral. She alone is the sunshine
spreader in the little circle where
trials and troubles have invaded.

It is with great difficulty she main-
tains the necessary standard of the
private duty branch of the profession,
for a nurse is expected to show the
wisdom of Solomon, the tact of a dip-
lomat, the sympathy of the Good
Samaritan, the firmness of a sovereign,
the dumbness of an oyster, and still
find time to exploit the physical side
of her nursing skill.

Accordingly, if the patient's condi-
tion does not show improvement after
a certain length of time, in most in-
stances it is advisable for the nurse
to procure relief for a week or two,
because, unless some miracle is en-
acted, she will eventually exhaust her
reserve of cheerfulness and become the
family's right-hand man in looking
through that dark blue glass of de-
spair.

She has a specific duty to perform,
in addition to her practical nursing,
for does not the mental attitude of
the nurse — the passing over from the
strong to the weak of stimulation —
rule by a considerable percentage the
healing of physical ills of the patient ?
The infiuence of mind upon the actual
physical functions has played and
still plays a great part in the nursing
profession.

The nurse also has a duty to per-
form to the public through personal

attention to herself; not only should
she be the example par excellence of
physical health, but as well the ulti-
mate source of mental strength, and
to accomplish this it is imperative that
she have change, rest and recreation.

Another specific requirement of the
private duty nurse is great under-
standing coupled with adaptability.
She must remember that unexpected
illness tends to uncontrollable ner-
vous family tendencies, which many
times become inhuman in their
aspect.

We feel certain that if Johnny's
mother, who, by her own telling, "did
not remove her daily clothing for
three weeks" while Johnny suffered
from that malady, the mumps, were
to take time to view herself as the
nurse in attendance after the dear
boy's appendix had ruptured, she
would understand that the continu-
ous treatment of linseed poultices,
periodic gastric lavage, intravenous,
etc., had been accountable for the
tired nurse performing her various
duties in silence. She would realise
the necessity of sleep and recreation.

It might occur to her that Miss S

has just come from a "Johnny," that
the girl is not moody, but has acquir-
ed this disposition from sleeping with
one eye open, perhaps from doing
without sleep altogether, and that
correcting her* own attitude towards
the nurse's adequate rest and recrea-
tion would automatically correct the
faults she objects to in the nurse.

On the other hand, where financial
circumstances make it a necessity, the
nurse uncomplainingly remains on the
job for the period of time that is
necessary. She gives herself, in the
knowledge of her profession, un-
stintingly to the great cause, comfort-
ing and caring for the afflicted. To
make this possible it is plain that the
nurse must not permit her reserves
of either health or cheerfulness to be
unnecessarily depleted.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

539

i^parlm^nt nf Public If^altlj Nursing

National Convener of Publication Committee, Public Health Section.
MARY F. CAMPBELL, 344 Gottingen Street, Halifax, N.S.

Recreation and Health

By WINONA WOODS, B.A., Physical Instructor, Y.W.O.A., Moose Jaw, Sask.

At the present time, I doubt if
there is any topic which has been and
is still being as widely discussed as
health. City authorities have shown
their interest in health measures by
enforcing "clean up" days, provid-
ing adequate means for the disposal
of sewage, establishing milk stations
for undernourished children, free
clinics for those who require medical
care and are unable to pay for it.
Health crusades are carried on in-
cessantly by social workers every-
where. The schools start the health
campaign in the first year of the
child's school life, and it is continued
throughout public and high school.

We may justly conclude that health
is a subject that is foremost in the
minds of the people — that the import-
ance of health is given world-wide re-
cognition. Thomas Carlyle stated it
thus : ' ' Health is a great matter, both
to the possessor of it and to others.
There is no kind of achievement you
could make in the world that is equal
to perfect health." The health pro-
grammes of the schools seek to im-
press this upon the child and to in-
stil in him health habits that will be
life habits.

Why is health stressed so greatly?
Why should we make a daily cere-
mony of drinking so many glasses of
water, of chasing the elusive vitamines
in spinach which we loathe, and pass-
ing by the tempting pastries for a
slice of uninteresting brown bread be-
cause it is better for us? Health is

(Read at the annual meeting, 1931, of the
Saskatchewan Registered Nurses Association.)

vitally important because without it
we are handicapped as nothing else
can ever handicap us. Health and
happiness are inter-related. Poor
health is responsible for a large pro-
portion of the retarded children in
the schools. Occasionally you may
hear of the delicate child who is bril-
liant to the point of genius, but these
cases are rare. A comprehensive sur-
vey of health conditions in schools
shows conclusively that health and
mental efficiency are co-related. Chil-
dren suffering from malnutrition and
general debility when placed in fresh-
air schools have shown a marked im-
provement in their work The primary
aim of the fresh-air schools is health,
only two or three hours a day being
devoted to instruction. Notwithstand-
ing this, the children on returning to
school frequently surpass the children
who were formerly their superiors in
the work.

Poor health means inefficient work
in adults as well as children, and robs
every undertaking of enjoyment.

All the health legislation passed by
parliament, all the health education
or lectures that we can absorb, are of
no avail unless we, ourselves, practise
personal hygiene. Our health depends
on this first and last. Personal hy-
giene demands regular practice of
common-sense health habits — careful
consideration of the diet ; wholesome
food in moderate amounts, depending
on the type of work in which one is
engaged. It must be a balanced diet,
providing nourishment, bulk and
variety. Rest before and after eating
is important.

540

THE CANADIAN NURSE

There must be proper functioning
of the organic systems, such as the
digestive system. Good digestion is
assured by a careful diet, with lots of
exercise to promote peristaltic action
and ensure proper elimination.

The mental attitude is important in
maintaining good digestion. Good
mental habits are as essential to
health as good physical habits. It has
been suggested that we form the habit
of thinking cheerfully, developing
confidence, and sincerity and open-
mindedness. Fear is destructive to
pleasure and leads to constant worry
and depression. Working under the
strain of worry, whether it be trivial
aggravation or real trouble, is rapidly
filling our rest sanitaria today. Keep
your interests varied, keep mentally
alert; nothing is more killing than
monotony.

To enjoy health means that we must
have a balance of rest, work and re-
creation. For the average person, eight
hours' sleep in an airy, quiet room in
surroundings that are conducive to
rest and relaxation, eight hours' work
under sanitary conditions, and eight
hours' recreation, is the ideal pro-
gramme. The recreation should pro-
vide a sharp contrast to one's work,
and above all, it should be spent out-
doors to derive the maximum benefit
from the sunshine and fresh air.

Biologically speaking, our needs to-
day are exactly the same as those of
primitive man. How does our mode of
living compare with his? Does it pro-
vide for those needs in the same way ?
Primitive man had to live an active,
outdoor life. He fished, hunted and
carved weapons from stone — always
engaged in work that demanded big
muscle activity and was performed in
the open air. He lived more or less
alone — the tribal groups were small,
hence there was the minimum nervous
strain exacted from him in his adjust-
ment to his fellow men. Primitive man
led a life which satisfied his biologic
needs. Civilisation has forced upon us
an indoor sedentary life: we work in
over-heated or under-heated buildings,

frequently they are not properly ven-
tilated— never getting our full quota
of sunshine. There is an unending
strain due to noise, to the incessant
rush and hurry, to the constant ad-
justment to our fellow-workers. "The
result of strain, if prolonged, is in-
evitable feebleness of constitution,
vulnerability to disease and loss of
efficiency," to quote Alexander Mor-
gan. Professor Lowe says that con-
stant noise is creating a highly neu-
rotic and nervous community, one of
the impending disasters of civilisa-
tion. When industry was carried on
in the home, each worker was keenly
interested because he was the creator.
Today under the new system brought
about by industrialism, the worker is
a mere cog in the machinery. He no
longer experiences the thrill of
achievement, his incentive is gone —
the result is a deadly monotony.

These health hazards created by
civilisation and industrialism can
only be offset by wise use of leisure
time. With the rise of industrialism
came increase in wealth, luxury and
more leisure time. This leisure time
must be used profitably for recreative
purposes.

Recreation is not recreation at all
unless the play spirit is dominant. A
tired business man will never find
recreation hitting a punching bag, his
temper mounting with each blow, or
riding a hobby horse, the sight of
which he hates. He is getting exercise,
yes — but it is work. He would get the
same exercise doing something which
gave him pleasure and it would be a
thousand times mpre beneficial to him.
Never take gymnastics as a dose of
medicine. The mental attitude is as
important as the actual physical work.
Recreation to be true recreation of the
individual must provide stimulus for
both mind and body, refreshing the
one as much as the other.

The body demands a certain amount
of big muscle activity to keep the vital
systems functioning normally. Let us
consider the cycle of changes occur-
ring during muscular activity. The

THE CANADIAN NURSE

541

nerve stimulus releases the potential
energy in the muscle. Combustion oc-
curs and the muscle cell is in an acid
state and is contracted. To return to
the relaxed condition, the alkaline
medium must be restored and oxygen
is required to do this. Exercise, circu-
lation and respiration are indissolubly
linked. In exercise, parallel changes
occur in the circulatory and respira-
tory systems. The muscle cell requires
more oxygen — we breathe faster and
deeper, the heart beats faster and
puts forth more blood at each beat —
thus the extra oxygen demand is sup-
plied by the response of the circula-
tory and respiratory systems. If the
waste products from the oxidation
process in the muscle cell remains
there, it poisons the cell and we ex-
perience fatigue. The more work the
muscle does, the more waste products
are formed, but the circulation has
been speeded up and it carries the
surplus away to be exhaled from the
lungs. Through training, this rate of
exchange can be raised to a much
higher level than the normal one : this
explains why an athlete can run much
faster and for a longer time than a
person not in condition.

Smooth muscle work demands a
good supply of potential energy in
the muscle cell, which comes from the
food we take into the body, and also
a quick release of this energy in re-
sponse to the stimulus. This readi-
ness to response is known as muscle
tone and is affected by the general
nutrition of the body. Constant exer-
cise strengthens the neuro-muscular
patterns, making the response im-
mediate.

The heart is a muscle and like any
other muscle is strengthened by use
and atrophies during disuse. When
an individual is in good condition, his
heart possesses a reserve force that
meets undue strain and unexpected
demands on it. The heart of a seden-
tary person does not possess this char-
acteristic and in a crisis it fails him.

Strong lungs depend upon their
ability to increase in capacity. Exer-
cises that increase the mobility of the

chest wall, thus giving the lungs an
opportunity for complete expansion,
letting the pure air into the farthest
air sacs, are a good safeguard against
tuberculosis.

If the waste product is not removed
from the muscle cell, it seems fatigued.
In localised muscular movements this
is very noticeable. Try opening and
closing your hand as rapidly as you
can for fifteen seconds. Only one
muscle group being affected, there is
no response from the circulatory and
respiratory systems. In muscle acti-
vity, where all the major muscle
groups are in use, we become breath-
less; the respiratory and circulatory
systems are attempting to meet the
new demand for oxygen The latter
type of exercise is much more benefi-
cial than the localised movements be-
cause the body as a whole is being
used. Leaping, running, jumping,
provide much greater physiologic ef-
fects than arm or leg or trunk move-
ments.

Games such as basketball, hockey,
tennis, badminton, etc., are splendid
because they provide so much of this
desirable form of exercise combined
with mental stimulation. Basketball,
as a rule, is played indoors, which is
always a drawback, and it is much
too strenuous for those who haven't
the time to keep in training. Compare
the activity of these games with that
of archery. The movement in the lat-
ter is too localised, but the sport is
an outdoor one and chasing the arrows
brings in some big muscle activity.

Mat work and tumbling are excel-
lent tonics for a lackadaisical system.
They bring the muscle tone up to top
pitch, limber up the joints, bring
muscles into play that have long been
idle. Tumbling develops agility, per-
fect muscular control, and is one of
the most enjoyable things you could
ever do.

We should never be at a loss to get
sufficient big-muscle activity: rowing,
paddling, ski-ing, snowshoeing, skat-
ing— just try any one of these, and if
you aren't used to vigorous exercise
you will realise the next day that you

542

THE CANADIAN NURSE

certainly had enough that time. There
is a thrill to ski-ing that carries you
away from the ordinary humdrum of
life, and you do, for a while, live in
the clouds.

A sedentary person should be care-
ful when first starting vigorous
muscle activity, and go at it in mod-
eration. The high rate of exchange in
the muscle cell, ridding the body of
the poison waste materials, is not pos-
sible and frequently muscle fibres are
torn: that is why we are stiff and
sore.

One of the most popular outdoor
sports today is hiking. Germany's
Health Movement took the initiative
and in their systematic programme to
rebuild the health of the German na-
tion, which was left so greatly de-
pleted by the Great War, hiking is
made compulsory. The whole nation
hikes and enjoys it, and many other
European countries are following
Germany's lead. Remember it is not
the hitch-hiking with which we are
familiar, but a real tramp, the hikers
cooking and sleeping outdoors.

Folk dancing offers one of the most
interesting and enjoyable methods of
exercising. It is much more popular
than other types of dancing because
it can be mastered almost immediate-
ly. All it asks you to do is fall in with
the mood of the music and to put all
the energy you can into the dance, and
you will get a corresponding propor-
tion of pleasure from it. Aesthetic
dancing develops perfect muscular
control, endurance, poise, and includes
every type of activity. However, it is
very exacting, and a certain degree
of perfection must be reached before
the dancer really enjoys it. Hence the
popularity of folk dancing. Folk
dance societies have been established
all over the world and are meeting
with enthusiasm and welcome every-
where.

]\lost people enjoy a good w'orkout
in the gymnasium and after a shower
feel that they really have benefitted
by the work. A gymnasium table
seeks to exercise every group of
muscles in the body: the aim is not

to develop big muscles but to develop
perfect control of the muscular sys-
tem and to keep every organ in the
body functioning harmoniously witu
the others. There are exercises that
raise the chest wall, making it mobile
and thus increasing the chest capa-
city ; Dalance exercises to develop the
muscles of leg and thigh and to make
for better muscular co-ordination,
giving the individual poise. Abdo-
minal exercises are extremely im-
portant. Not only is the abdominal
wail strengthened and held firm, but
the organs lying underneath are
affected. The action of the kidneys
is aided by the mechanical pressure
of the contractions of the muscles
which stimulate the peristaltic action.
A strong abdominal wall prevents
ptosis.

Jumping is as old as civilisation
but there isn't a more invigorating
form of exercise. Jumping promotes
flexibility of the joints as well as
stirring up every muscle and organ
in the body.

Club swinging has the additional
enjoyment derived from the music.
The exercise itself is localised, hence
becomes fatiguing if carried on too
long. The greatest profit from club
swinging lies in the stretch. Stretch-
ing and relaxing alternately is an
excellent exercise. It is perfectly
natural for all animals to stretch.
Watch a cat and see how he enjoys a
good stretch. The muscles holding
the neck and back erect are strength-
ened in club swinging, hence it is a
good postural remedy.

In swimming we find the perfect
form of exercise because it develops
the body symmetrically. 'Every
muscle from the top of the stretched
fingers to the toes, are in use. The
dbdominal muscles are stretched taut,
harmonious action of the muscles in
the legs, arms and back takes place,
the heart and lungs are strengthened.
Swimming outdoors is ideal because
of added benefit of the sun.

The type of exercise chosen for
recreation purposes must suit the in-
dividual's taste and needs. Certain

THE CANADIAN NURSE

543

activities best meet the needs of the
individual at different ages. The
baby rolls, waves his arms and legs,
he is busy establishing neuro-patterus
for future use. The pre-sehooi child
spends half his time in physical ac-
tivities. Four or five hours a dav
should be spent outdoors running
about, playing tag, jumpmg, etc. The
school-age requires more definitely
organised games. After being con-
fined in school, and it is hard for a
young child to sit still, every minute
that he can crowd into his free time
should be spent outside in robust fun.

The adolescent favours team play.
Care should be taken that the com-
petition isn't too keen as the emo-
tions are unstable at this period. A
great variety of games with lots of
Dig muscle activity should be pre-
sented to the children of this age.
It is now that they must get the habit
of exercise and love of activity that
will carry over into adulthood. Few
adults acquire the skill necessary to
games once youth is past.

Adults should have at least one
hour a day active exercise. As I said
before, don't take gymnastics as a
dose of medicine. Regular exercising
tends to break down obese flesh and
build up the firm lean flesh, but
spasmodic efforts to take off a pound
of surplus weight are no good. Find
out what athletics or sports give you
the most satisfaction and enjoyment,
and play for all you are worth. Don't
play tennis just for the summer and
lounge around for the winter months.
Keep fit the year round.

Nurses in training should have
facilities for recreation provided for
their leisure time on the hospital
grounds. The only hospital with
which I am acquainted is the Royal
Victorian Hospital in Montreal.
There they have tennis courts and in
the winter recreation classes for the
probationers are held, comprising a
programme of exercises with music,
folk dances and games. Skill is not
the aim, but enjoyment. The nurses
are tired and they need change and
diversion.

The public attempts to meet the
need for recreation by providing
attractive parks and playgrounds
where interesting programmes for
young and old are conducted. Origin-
ally, these were started for the slum
children but now the movement is
widespread.

Commercialised sports are a big
item in the modern world's recrea-
tion programme. An exciting game
of hockey or baseball is most stimu-
lating and fascinating, but the evil
lies in the fact that it is always the
same people in the grandstand. They
are the ones who need the exercise
and should be out in the field, not
the players, who are in perfect con-
dition. The grandstands should be
emptied into the playing field —
everyone should have at least one
game that he plays, the new slogan
is "playing for all, and cease special-
isation of the few."

Sports all year round will give you
a most enjoyable time and also keep
you fit. You will be alert, ready and
gager to do things. Health brings
optimism, ill health a sour pessimistic
view of life. I know you are all
optimists and may you ever be so.

BOOKS RECEIVED

Textbook of Anatomy and Psysiology, by Diana
C. Kimber, R.N., and Carolyn E. Gray, A.M.,
R.N. Eighth edition, completely revised and
re-written. Published by The MacMillan Com-
pany of Canada, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat for Nurses, bv Jay G.
Roberts, M.D. Published by The MacMillan
Company of Canada, Ltd., Toronto, Ont. Price,
$2.25.

Medical Diseases for Nurses, including Nursing
Care, by Arthur A. Stevens, M.D.. and Flor-
ence Ambler, B.S.. R.X. Published 'by McAinsh
& Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont. Price, $2".75.

Nursing Psychological Patients, by Mary Chad-
wick. Published by Messrs. George Allen &
Unwin, Ltd., Museum Street, London, W.C. 1,
England. Price, $3.00.

A book written by a nurse for the purpose of
increasing the interest of members of the nursing
profession in psychological diseases, by pointing
out that they require the nurse's serious attention
iiiid offer an important field for professional
skill. The opening chapters summarise former
opinions and earlier methods of treating thia
group of human sufferings, and trace the subse-
quent growth of knowledge and the development
of modern forms of treatment. Later chapters
describe the more familiar neurotic troubles,
their symptoms and the difficulties they present
to the nurse, and attempt, by increasing her
understanding, to render her more efficient in
imeting wisely the problems which she en-
counters.

544

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The New St. Paul School of Nursing, Vancouver, B.C.

The New St. Paul School of Nursing is an
expression of the sisters' appreciation of the
influence on the student nurse of her educa-
tional, cultural and social environment;
therefore, the entire building has been
designed, constructed, and equipped with a
vi3W to providing an atmosphere of beauty,
hospitality and comfort as well as every
opportunity for professional growth and
development.

Four of the six floors of this building are
taken up with sleeping rooms, one hundred
and three of which are single rooms, and
thirty-two double rooms, allowing space in
all for one hundred and sixty-six students.

Each room is furnished with a comfortable
bed, a dressing table, a combination chiffonier
and \vTiting desk, one rocker and one straight-
back chair, a large roomy locker, a set basin
with hot and cold running water, and window
drapes. The colour of the furniture is old
ivory, and the drapes are a gold colour
poplin which harmonises well with the light
buff coloured painted walls. These floors
are generously supplied with showers, bath-
tubs, lavatories, large mirrors and every
modern convenience. The utility rooms
contain the incinerater, clothes-chute, mop-
shaker, clothes-drier and cupboard space for
brooms, mops, etc.

Each floor is equipped with a telephone
booth which makes it possible for the student
to receive her calls with very little incon-
venience.

The lower floor is divided into large linen
room, sewing room, laundry, ironing room,
trunk room, store room, and a large rest
room for the maids.

The. Teaching Unit
The second floor, which is the main floor,
includes a complete teaching unit: two large
lecture halls, one of them is used entirely
for a recitation room, a senior class room,
which is also used as the instructor's office,
a demonstration room, science room, and
reference library. All these rooms are fitted
up with teacher's desks, book cases, student's
lecture chairs, as well as with the latest
models in dolls, skeletons and charts. The
library contains a large number of reference
books as well as cultural books and pro-
fessional and current magazines.

Social Opportunities
The west end of this floor has been planned
to give the student a cultural and social
environment that will establish the proper
kind of home ideals and right standards
of living. A large elegantly furnished living
room is situated at the extreme end of the
corridor; the treatment of this room, is such
as to make it most inviting with an open
fireplace centred between the radio and

baby grand piano modern overstuffed
davenports and easy chairs, and daintily
shaded lamps casting a soft glow over the
exquisite paintings and rich draperies hung
about the room gives it a very cosy and
attractive appearance as well as emphasizes
the beauty and dignity of the surroundings.

Joining the living room there is a little
kitchenette equipped with an electric range,
frigidaire, running hot and cold water and a
large cupboard which encloses a magnificent
silver tea set and dozens of dainty dishes
to be used for teas and luncheons as the
occasion may require, which gives the school
that spirit of hospitality, the charm of every
real home.

The kitchenette and the living room have
been made to serve their purpose several
times since the studants have been trans-
ferred, but perhaps one of the most successful
social functions realized thus far, took place
Thursday, August 27th, when the tennis
club of St. Paul School of Nursing sponsored
a tea at the end of a tournament played with
the Vancouver General School of Nursing.
The tea table and the entire living room
were decorated in the school colours, purple
and gold, these, with the variety of blends
in the afternoon gowns worn by the students
as they moved among their guests was a
real picture. The ease with which the girls
acted as hostesses and their gracious con-
sideration for the comfort of their guests all
bespoke the very essence of culture, hospi-
tality and good breeding.

The Curriculum
St. Paul School of Nursing is an accredited
school with an entrance requirement of
junior matriculation; it maintains a highly
qualified teaching staff which represents*
a group of doctors selected from the staff;
a theoretical teacher with a Bachelor of Science
degree from Teachers College, Columbia
University, New York; a practical teacher
who does the follow-up work on the hospital
wards; there is also a graduate dietitian who
teaches that subject and several sister floor
supervisors who do part-time teaching in
their departments.

Extra Curricular Activities
To encourage qualities of leadership, in-
itiative, co-opsration and harmony in the
school, there is a glee club organised among
the students which meets once a week for
rehearsals with a regular salaried director.
This club usually sponsors an annual concert
or other form of entertainment in the aud-
itorium. There is also a tennis club which
plays a tournament once a year for the
inter-hospital cup with the Vancouver
General Hospital School of Nursing. Steps
are being taken to organise a dramatic club
and athletic club in the near futiu-e.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

545

N^ma Not^a

BRITISH COLUMBIA

Vancouver: Miss Eleanor G. Kerr,
graduate of St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver
°1930). was successful in obtaining the
Scholarship of $500.00 given by the Graduate
Nurses Association of British Columbia for
1931. Miss Kerr plans to take the course in
Teaching and Su]3ervision in Schools of
Nursing, University of Toronto.

Miss A. Baird, one of the Scholarship
winners, 1930, who took a course in Public
Health Nursing at the University of British
Columbia, has a position with the City
Health Department. Miss N. Little, who
also obtained a Scholarship in 1930, has
returned from McGill University, Montreal,
and is now Instructor at Royal Island
Hospital, Kamloops.

ONTARIO

Paid-up subscriptions to "The Canadian
Nurse" for Ontario in September, 1931, were
1,014, eight less than in August, 1931.
Appointments

Miss Isobel Marshall (Brantford General
Hospital, 1925) has been appointed Record
Librarian at the Brantford General Hospital.

Mi.ss Lillian M. Hough (Guelph General
Hospital, 1922), appointed Superintendent
of the hospital at Renfrew, assumed her new
duties on August 1st.

Miss B. Scales, a graduate of the Guelph
General Hospital, who took a year's work in
Public Health Nursing and graduated in
May, 1931, from the University of Western
Ontario, London, is doing Public Health
work in Halifax, N.S., under the Victorian
Order of Nurses of that city.
District 2

General Hospital, Brantford: Mrs.
Charles Wilson, of Los Angeles, California
(Marie Hammond, 1929), was a recent
visitor at the Brantford General Hospital.
Miss Willa Laird (1928), who has been
residing in Lille, France, for several months,
has returned to her home in Brantford. Miss
Florence Westbrook, Miss Aileen Heslop-
Mair, Miss Helen Holbrooke and Miss Ruby
Marks have been visiting in Brantford. Miss
Natalie Lockman is at present on the staff of
the Stevenson Memorial Hospital, Alliston,
Ont, Miss Opal Duncan is relieving on the
staff of the Norfolk County Hospital, Simcoe.

General Hospital, Guelph: The staff
nunses of the hospital held a tea and sale of
work on September 3rd, in the Nurses'
Residence.

Miss Mabel Cunningham (1929), whose
marriage to Ernest Hope, B.S.A.. of Van-
couver, B.C., took place recently in Saska-
toon, Sask., was presented with a walnut
dinner wagon by the Alumnae Association of
the Hospital. She was also the guest of Miss
B. Diamond and Miss I. Inglis at a delightful

tea given in her honour. The honeymoon
was spent in Vancouver and other Pacific
Coast cities.

The Alumnae Association of the Guelph
General Hospital held a bridge in the Nurses'
Residence on August 20th, in honour of two
of their members. Miss Liphardt, Super-
intendent of Geneva Hospital, New York, and
Miss E. Stockford, who is instructor at the
Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pa. After
resfreshments were served, the guests of
honour were presented with small tokens of
remembrance. The bridge prize was won by
Mrs. A. Anderson and the consolation prize
by Miss J. Pierson.

General Hospital, Woodstock: Mem-
bers of the Alumnae held a most enjoyable
picnic on July 25th, at the home of Miss
Lenora Armstrong, Thamesford. On this
happy occasion a purse of gold was presented
to Miss Armstrong (1920), who is soon to
return to her work in Korea. Miss Jean
Kelly was in charge of the operating room
during the vacation of Miss Jefferson.

Owen Sound: The graduation e.xercises of
the Owen Sound General and Marine Hos-
pital were held in the City Hall on May 26th,
1931, when thirteen nurses received their
pins and diplomas. Medals were awarded to
Misses Pearl Patterson for General P*ro-
ficiency, Mary Patton for Obstetrics, and
Minnie Miller for Operating Room Tech-
nique. A reception and dance followed the
exercises. Several social functions were
arranged for the graduating class, including
a theatre party, a bridge, and a picnic at
Sankle Beach. A picnic given annually by
Mr. Anderson for the graduates and students
was held July 30th at Harrison's Park.

Galt: Miss T. E. Richter has been
notified that she has been accepted for Post-
Graduate work with the Victorian Order of
Nurses, and expects to start her work in the
near future. Miss Richter, in 1930, received
the scholarship given by the Gait Hospital
Trust for the highest standing in Theory.
Miss Doris Frizelle has returned from her
vacation spent in Quebec. Miss Margaret
Irvine has returned from Scotland, where she
spent some months with relatives, visiting
in Montreal, en route.

General Hospit.\l, Galt: A class of ten
entered the Training School on August 3rd.
All of these young women will be nineteen
years of age before the end of their probation
period, and all have their Lower School
Certificates.

QUEBEC

Homoeopathic Hospital of Montreal:
Mrs. H. Pollock, Lady Superintendent, who
has retired after twenty years of active
service, will be greatly missed by everyone
connected with the hospital: nurses, patients,
medical staff and visiting doctors. On Wed-

546

THE CANADIAN NURSE

nesday evening, August 26th, the graduate
nurses, some of whom trained with, but most
of whom trained under her supervision, pre-
sented her with a diamond dinner ring, while
the undergraduates gave her an amethyst
perfume bottle. On the next afternoon, the
medical staff and visiting doctors presented
her with a purse of gold and about forty-five
personal letters. Mrs. Pollock's resignation
caused considerable regret, but she leaves
the institution with the sincere good wishes of
all; and the hope that she may enjoy many
years of happiness and well-earned rest.

Miss B. Hadrill has been appointed Lady
Superintendent, and Miss A. Baker, Super-
intendent of Nurses of the Homoeopathic
Hospital.

On September 11, a very enjoyable evening
was spent in the Nurses Home, when the staff
and graduate nurses of 1930 Tnd 1931,
together with members from the School of
Nursing, held a surprise crystal shower in
honour of Miss Doris Smith, formerly Super-
intendent of Nurses. Also she was presented
with a handsome Venetian lace and Italian
cut work banquet cloth and napkins, a gift
from the student nurses. A playlet entitled
"The Bachelor's Reverie" was cleverly
portrayed by some of the student nurses.
Miss Jean Gray sang "Until," accompanied
on the piano by Miss E. W. Collins, following
which refreshments were served. Miss Smith
is to be married in the near future.

The Montreal General Hospital: Miss
Beatrice Hadrill (Montreal General Hospital,
1917), has been appointed to the position of
Superintendent of Nurses, and Miss Abigail
Baker (Montreal General Hospital, 1930) as
Instructor of Nurses to the Homeopathic
Hospital, Montreal. Miss Winnifred King
and Miss Ella Reid (Montreal General
Hospital, 1930), have been appointed to the

staff of the Victorian Order of Nurses,
Montreal. Miss F. Mitchell, Miss M.
Moses, Miss M. Robinson ^Montreal General
Hospital, 1930), Miss Hollenbeck (1928),
Miss Steele (1931), Miss Mugridge (1931),
Miss Elford (1931), Miss McRae (1931),
are doing floor duty in the Montreal General
Hospital. Misses Dorothy Snow, E. Fisher,
Morgan, Brokenshire (19.30), are doing floor
duty at the Montreal General Hospital,
Western Division. Miss S. Fraser (1929),
has resigned as charge nurse of Ward C,
and has been succeeded by Miss B. J. Smith
(1930).

The engagements have been announced
of Jean Bashaw (Montreal General Hospital,
1928), to F. T. Adams, of St. Lambert,
P.Q., and Bernice Miller (Montreal General
Hospital, 1926), to Royden F. Horncastle,
of Fredericton, N.B.

The sympathy of the Association is ex-
tended to Miss Helen Hewton on the death
of her father, to Miss B. Wathen on the death
of her mother, and to Miss Morton on the
death of her brother.

Sherprooke Hospital: The sympathy of
the nurses is extended to Miss Helen Hether-
ington in the death of her brother Archie at
his summer home at North Hatley, P.Q.

SASKATCHEWAN

Reoina: Miss H. B. Smith, who has been
Acting Superintendent of Nurses at the
Regina General Hospital, has been appointed
Superintendent of Nurses, as from September
1st, 1931.

Maple Creek: Graduation exercises of the
Class 1931, School of Nursing, Maple Creek
General Hospital, were held in the Grand
Theatre on Wednesday evening, September
16th.

BIRTHS AND MARRIAGES

BIRTHS
BAIRD — On August 4, 1931, at Silton,
Sask., to Mr. and Mrs. R. S. Baird (Flor-
ence K. Willey, St. Paul's Ho.spital,
Saskatoon, 1923), a daughter, Gladys
Mary.

BERNHARDT— On June 17, 1931, to Mr.
and Mrs. Herman Bernhardt (Stella
summons. Kitchener and Waterloo Hospital,
1929), a son, stillborn.

BRISTOW— On May 19, 1931, at Toronto,
to Mr. and Mrs. H. G. Bristow (Elizabeth
Bourne, Grace Hospital, Toronto, 1915),
a son.

BUCK— Recently, at Brantford, Ont., to
Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Buck (Hilda
Greensides, Brantford General Hospital,
1929), a daughter, Lois Beverley.

CHALLENGER — On July 20, 1931, at
Vancouver, B.C., to Mr. and Mrs. George
Challenger (Winnifred Mole Vancouver
General Hospital), a daughter.

DAVIDSON — On September 1, 1931, at
Vancouver, B.C., to Mr. and Mrs. John
David.son (Velma Cooper, Vancouver Ge a-
eral Hospital), a son.

DUNSEITH — On August 12. 1931, at
Vancouver, B.C., to Mr. and Mrs. Jack
Dunseith (Harriet Storey, Vancouver Gen-
eral Hospital), a daughter.

EBERLEIN — On July 24, 1931. at Cleve-
land, Ohio, to Mr. and Mrs. O. H. Eberlein
(Hazel Young, Guelph General Hospital,
1920), a son. Otto Peter.

KOHLI — On August 24, 1931, at Gait,
Ont., to Dr. and Mrs. Frank Kohli (Annie
M. C. Cameron, Grace Hospital, Toronto,
1928), of Hespeler, Ont.,. a daughter.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

547

LANGTOX— Recently, at Brantford, Ont.,
to Dr. and Mrs. W. H. Langton (Pearl
Robinson, Brantford General Hospital,
1916). a son.

SCHNEIDER— On September 7, 1931, to
Mr. and Mrs. Schneider (Pearl Wing,
Kitchener and Waterloo Hospital, 1924), a
daughter.

MI8CH— On June 26, 1931, to Mr. and Mrs.
Misch (Gertrude Arndt, Kitchener and
Waterloo Hospital, 1929), a son.

WEBSTER — On May 17, 1931, at W^ind-
sor, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. Leo Webster
(Ann Penman, St. Catharines General
Hospital, 1928), a son.

WODDINGTON — On August 5, 1931, to
Dr. and Mrs. Harreson Woddington
(Marjorie Williams, Brantford General
Hospital, 1925), a daughter.

MARRIAGES

ANDERSON — DUGGAN — On June 29,
1931, at Ottawa, Noreen Duggan (Mont-
real General Hospital, 1927), to Donald
Anderson, of Dayton, Ohio.

ATKINSON — ROGERS — On July 25,
1931, Nellie Dorothy Rogers (Toronto
General Hospital, 1923), to Herbert L.
Atkinson, B.S.A., of Guelph, Ont.

BURNS— CRANE— On September 2, 1931,
at Owen Sound, Josephine Lillian Crane
(Owen Sound General and Marine Hospital,
1930) to Archie A. Burns, of Owen Sound,
Ont.

CAMPBELI^JOHNSTON— On June 15,
1931, 0!ga Jean Johnston (Hospital for
Sick Children, Toronto, 1926), to D. Ross
Campbell, of Parrv Sound, Ont.

COWLS— CAMPBELIx— On July 1, 1931,
Phylis D. Campbell (Kitchener and Water-
loo Hospital, 1930) to William J. Cowls, of
Kitchener, Ont.

CRAIG— GUY— In August, at Victoria,
B.C., Marjorie Guy (Vancouver General
Hospital), to Dr. Kenneth Craig, of Van-
couver.

CRAMER— DUNLOP— On June 23, 1931,
at Port Colborne, Ont., Elizabeth Dorothy
Dunlop (St. Catharines General Hospital,
1930), to Dr. Joseph B. Cramer.

DAY— BARRACLOUGH— On August 5,
1931, at Montreal, Clarice Barraclough
(Montreal General Hospital, 1928), to
George A. Day, of Guelph, Ont.

DOLBY — WOOD — On July 8, 1931, at
Toronto, Elsie Mav Wood (Grace Hos-
pital, Toronto, 1928), to Rev. Cecil
Dolby, Etobicoke. Mr. and Mrs. Dolby
will live at Long Branch, Ont.

EDDY — MANN — On August 29, 1931,
at Brantford, Ont., Emily Katherine Mann
(Brantford General Hospital, 1928), to
Charles Ralph Eddy.

FISHER— BINNIE— Recently, in China,
Mary Binnie (Vancouver General Hos-
pital), to Hubert Fisher.

HARBERT— MURCHISON — On August
25, 1931, at Toronto, Ont., Katherine
Murchison to E. T. Harbert, of Sherbrooke,
P.Q.

HOPE— CUNNINGHAM— On August 10,
1931, at Saskatoon, Sask., Edna Mabel
Cunningham (Guelph General Hospital,
1929), to E. C. Hope, B.S.A., of Vancouver,

T) /~1

LANE— ANDERSON— Recently, at North
Bay, Ont., Gladys Anderson (Riverdale
Hospital, Toronto, 1927), to Russell Lane,
of Toronto, Ont.

McFADGYEN— MURPHY — Recently, at
Vancouver, B.C., Margaret Murphy (Van-
couver General Hospital), to Dr. Mc-
Fadgyen.

MUIR — CRUISE — On August 12, 1931,
at Lachute, P.Q., Mary A. Cruise (Mont-
real General Hospital, 1929), to Andrew
Allan Muir, of Lvnchburg, Va.

MURPHY— MATHEWS — Recently, at
Sherbrooke, P.Q., Inez Mathews to William

B. Murphy. Mr. and Mrs. Murphy reside
at 5192 Decarie Blvd., Montreal,' P.Q.

SHANTZ— ARBUCKLE— On June 13, 1931,
Viola M. Arbuckle (Kitchener and Waterloo
Hospital, 1924) to Charles Shantz, of Alma,
Ont.

SWEENEY — ROBINS — On August 29,
1931, at Walkerville, Ont., Hilda Vine
Robins (Brantford General Hospital, 1927),
to Frank P. Sweeney. At home 305
Sunset Ave., Sandwich, Ont.

SMYTH — HENDERSON — Recently, at
New Liskeard, Ont., Jessie C. Henderson
(Riverdale Hospital, Toronto, 1928), to
Samuel Smyth, of Toronto, Ont.

WHITEHEAD — TILLEY — On June 15,
1931, at Timmins, Ont., Daisy E. Tilley
(Brantford General Hospital, 1929), to

C. H. Whitehead, of New Liskeard, Ont.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The official organ of the Canadian Nurses Association, owners, editors and
managrers. Published monthly at the National Office, Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion. 511 Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

Editor and Business Manager: JEAN S. WILSON, Reg.N.

Subscriptions $2.00 a year; single copies 20 cents. Combined annual subscrip-
tion with The Americun Journal of Nursing |5.25. Ah chcaues or money orders to
be made payable to The Canadian Nurse. Changes of address should reach the
office by the 20th of each month. In sending in changes of address, both the
new and old address should be given. News items should be received at the
office by the 12th of each month. Advertising rates and data furnished on
request. All correspondence to be addressed to 511 Boyd Building, Winnipeg,
Man.

548

IHE CANADIAN NURSE

(§f^t\n{ Wnntux^

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES
Secretary.. Miss Christiane Reimann, Headquarters: 14 Quai des Eaux-Vives, Geneva,

Switzerland.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

Officers

Honorary President Miss M. A. Snively, General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.

President Miss F. H. M. Emory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont

First Vice-President Miss K. \V. Ellis, Winnipeg General Hospital, Winnipeg.

Second Vice-President Mi.ss G. M. Bennett, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.

Honorary Secretary Miss Nora Moore, City Hall, Room 309, Toronto, Ont

Honorary Treasurer ..Miss R. M. Simpson, Parliament Bldgr.., Regina, Sask.

COUNCILLOBS
Alberta: 1 Miss Eleanor McPhedran, Central Alberta Ontario: 1 Miss Mary Millman, 126 Pape Ave.,
Sanatorium, Calgarv; 2 Miss Edna Auger, General Toronto; 2 Miss Constance Brewster, General

Hospital, Medicine Hat; 3 Miss B. A. Emerson, fl04 Hospital, Hamilton; 3 Miss Clara Vale, 75 Huntley

Civic Block, Edmonton; 4 Miss Mildred Harvey, St., Toronto; 4 Miss Clara Brown, 23 Kendal Ave.,

Box 132, Lethbridge. Toronto.

British Columbia: 1 Miss I^I P-.^Campbell 118 ^Se^^o'^HtJft^nUm^^^.^P.il;''^^
Dep^TNu sTnt Univ°ersTv' of Britis^f Coiumbi^: Anna Mair Prin^ce Edward Island Hospital, Char-

VaScouver; 3 Mi^M. Kerr 3435 Victc,ry Ave New J>t e -n; 3 M.ss^ Mona^ ^ gon.^ Red^C^^^^^^

Westminster; 4 Miss E. Franks, lo41 Gladstone ^ Lowther, 179 Grafton St., Charlottetown.

Ave., \ictoria, B.C. , -^ .,,.,,„ tt ,.»» . i ,-. i tt

Quebec: 1 Miss M. K. Holt, Montreal General Hos-
Manltoba: 1 Mrs. J. F. Morrison, 184 Brock St., pital, Montreal; 2 Miss Flora A. George, The

Winnipeg; 2 Miss Mildred Reid, 10 Elenora Apts., Woman's General Hospital, Westmount; 3 Miss

Winnipeg; 3 Miss Isabel McDiarmid, 363 Langside Marion Nash, 1246 Bishop Street, Montreal; 4 Miss

St., Winnipeg; 4 Mrs. S. Doyle, 175 Royal .4 ve.. West S.ara Matheson, Haddon Hall Apts., 2151 Comte

Kil'donan. ' Street, Montreal.

Saskatchewan: 1 Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normal
New Brunswick: 1 Miss A. J. MacMaster, Moncton School, Moose Jaw; 2 Miss G. M. Watson, City

Hospital, Moncton; 2 Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Hospital, Saskatoon; 3 Mrs. E. M. Feeny, Dept.

Dieu Hospital, Campbellton; 3 Miss H. S. Dyke- of Public Health, Parliament Buildings, Regina;

man. Health Centre, Saint John- 4 Miss Mabel 4 Miss L. B. Wilson, 2012 Athol St., Regina.

McMullin, St. Stephen. ADDITIONAL MEMBERS TO EXECUTIVE

Nova Scotia: 1. Mi.'^s Margaret E. MacKenzie, 315 (Chairmen National Sections)

Barrington St., Halifax; 2 Miss Elizabeth O. R. Nursing Education: Miss G. M. Fairley. Vancouver
Browne Red Cross Office, 612 Dennis Bldg., Halifax; General Hospital, Vancouver, B.C.; Public Health:

3 Miss A. Edith Fenton, Dalhousie Health Clinic, Miss M. Moag, 1246 Bishop St., Montreal, P.Q.;

Morris St, Halifax; 4 Miss Jean S. Trivett, 71 Private Duty: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St.

Cobourg Road, Halifax. South, Hamilton, Ont.

Executive Secretary - - Miss Jean S. Wilson

National Office, 511, Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

1 — President Provincial Association of Nurses. 3 — Chairman Public Health Section.

2— Chairman Nursing Education Section. 4— Chairman Private Duty Section

NURSING EDUCATION SECTION New Brunswick: Miss Mabel McMullin, St-

„, . ,„■ r^ ,, r'„-,i„ , \ir.r^ „„- r'^r.oT-oi Stcphcn. Nova Scotia: Miss Jean Trivett, 71

Chau-man: Miss G. ^I Fairley Vancouver General v Halifax. Ontario: Mi.ss Clara

Hospital Vancouver; Vice-chairman. Miss M^ F g *^ 23 Kendal Ave., Toronto. Prince Edward

Gray. University of British Columbia Vanco^^^^ ^ ^j. ^j Lowther, 170 Grafton St.,

Secretary: M^s E.F Upton, Suite 221^^ Charlottetown. Quebec: Miss Sara Matheson,

Catherine St. West Montreal; Treasurer : Miss M. ^ Montreal. Saskatchewan: Miss

Murdoch, General Public Hospital, St. John, N.B ^;, ^612 Athol St., Regina.

Councillors.— Alberta: Muss Edna Auger, General , ' ^,. ^. ,^. ^,

Hospital, Medicine Hat. British Columbia: Miss Convener of Publications: Miss Clara Brown, 23

M. F. Gray, University of British Columbia, Van- Kendal Ave., Toronto, Ont.

coiiver. Manitoba: Miss Mildred Reid, 10 t.tt„tt^ __ . _ __ __„_,,_„

Elenora Apts., Winnipeg. New Brunswick: . \V? ,? ^^^^^7o.«,1? u o. i.h . i

Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Dieu, Campbellton. Chairman: Miss M. Moag, 1246 Bishop St., Montreal,

Nova Scotia: Miss Elizabeth O. R. Browne, Red Que.; Vice-Chairman: Miss M Wilkinson. 410

Cro.ss Office, 612 Dennis Bldg., Halifax' Ontario: Sherbourne St., Toronto, Ont ; Secretary-Treas-

Miss Constance Brew.ster, General Hospital, Hamil- urer: Miss I. S. Manson, School for Graduate

ton. Prince Edward Island: Mi.ss Anna Mair, Nurses, McGill University, Montreal, Que.

Prince Edward I.sland Hospital, Charlottetown. Councillors. — Alberta: Miss B. A. Emerson, 604

Quebec: Mi.ss Flora A. George. WoiiKin's General Civic Block, Edmonton. British Columbia: Miss

Hcspital, Westmount, P.Q. Saskatchewan: Miss M. Kerr, 3435 Victory Ave.. New Westminster.

G. M. Watson, City Ho.spital, Sa.skatoon. Manitoba: ^iiss Isabell McDiarmid, 363 Langside

Convener of Publications: St. Winnipeg. New Brunswick: Miss H. S.

Dykeman, Health Centre, Saint John. Nova

Scotia: Miss A. Edith Fenton, Dalhousie Public

^«,.r,.,..» ^.^,.....7. <,»^....»..T Health Clinic, Morris St., Halifax. Ontario: Miss

PRIVATE DUTY SECTION Clara Vale, 75 Huntley St., Toronto. Prince

Chairman: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St. S. ^^''F'^ I"!*^*: Miss Mona Wilson Red Cross

Hamilton, Ont.; Vice-Chairman: Miss Moya Headquarters oO Grafton St., Charlottetown,

MacDonald, 111 South Park St., Halifax, N.S.; ?"«^«'==, ^l'ft.^^^?."°" ^^'''^^i^^^ ^M^Te^nV

«jo^rotar-iT Trpasnrpr- Mi« Mabel St John ^70 Montreal. Saskatchewan: Mrs. E. M. Feeny,

Hl%n S^e%t"C" nto, Onf ^^"^^^ ^'^ '°''°- '"' Dept. of Public Health, Parliament Buildings.

Councillors.— Alberta: Miss Mildred Harvey, Box Kegina.

132, Lethbridge. British Columbia: Miss E. Convener of Publications: Miss Mary Campbell,

Franks, 1.541 Gladstone Ave., Victoria, B.C. Mani- Victoria Order of Nurses, 344 Gottingen St., Halifax,.

toba: Mrs. Doyle, 175 Royal Ave., West Kildonan. N.S.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

549

ALBEBTA ASSOCIATION OF REGISTEEED
NURSES

President: Miss Eleanor McPhedran, Central
Alberta Sanatorium, near Calgary; First Vice-President,
Miss Edna Auger, Medicine Hat General Hospital,
Medicine Hat; Second Vice-President, Sister M. A.
Chauvin, General Hospital, Edmonton; Registrar
and Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Kate S. Brighty,
Parliament Buildings, Edmonton; Nursing Education
Committee, Miss Edna Auger, General Hospital,
Medicine Hat; Public Health Committee. Miss B. A.
Emerson, 604 Civic Block, Edmonton; Private Duty
Section, Miss Mildred Harvey, Box 132, Lethbridge,
Alta.

GRADUATE NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
BRITISH COLUMBIA

President, Miss M. P. Campbell, R.N., 118 Van-
couver Block, Vancouver; First Vice-President, Misa
E. Breeze, R.N., 4662 Angus Ave., Vancouver; Second
Vice-P'resident, Miss G. Fairley, R.N., Vancouver
General Hospital, Vancouver; Registrar, Miss Helen
Randal, R.N., 118 Vancouver Block, Vancouver;
Secretary, Miss M. Dutton, R.N., 118 Vancouver
Block, Vancouver; Conveners of Committees: Nursing
Education. Miss M. F. Gray, R.N., University of
British Columbia, Vancouver; Public Health, Miss M.
Kerr, R.N., 3435 Victory Ave., New Westminster;
Private Duty, Miss E. Franks, R.N., 1541 Gladstone
Ave., Victoria; Councillors, Misses J. Archibald, R.N.,
L. Boggs, R.N., M. Duffield, R.N., L. McAllister, R.N.

REGISTERED NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
ONTARIO (Incorporated 1925)

District No. 1: Chairman, Miss Nellie Gerard, 9H
Victoria Ave., Windsor; Secretaiy-Treasurer, Mrs. I. J.
Walker, 169 Richard St., Sarnia. District No. 2:
Chairman, Miss Marjorie Buck, No. folk General
Hospital, Simcoe: Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Hilda
Booth, Norfolk General Hospital, Simcoe. District
No. 4: Chairman, Miss Anne Wright, General Hos-
pi*al, St. Catherines; Secretary-Treasurer, Mis.
Norman Barlow, 134 Catherines St. S., Hamilton.
District No. 5: Chairman, Miss Rahno M. Beamish,
Western Hospital, Toronto; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss
Irene Weirs, 198 Manor Road E., Toronto. District
No. 6: Chairman, Miss Rebecca Bell, General Hos-
pital, Port Hope; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Florence
Mclndoo, General Hospital, Belleville. District No.
7: Chairman, Mibs Louise D. Acton, General Hospital,
Kingston; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Evelyn Freeman,
General Hospital, Kingston. District No. 8: Chair-
man, Miss Alice Ahern, Metropohtan Life Insurance
Co., Ottawa; Secretary-Treasurer, Mios A. C. Tanner,
Civic Hospital, Ottawa. District No. 9: Chairman,
Miss Katherine MacKenzie, 235 First Ave. E., North
Bay; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss C. McLaren, Box 102,
North Bay. District No. 10: Chairman, Miss Anne
Boucher, 280 Park St., Port Arthur; Secretary-Treas-
urer, Miss Martha R. Racey, McKellar General
Hospital, Fort William.

MANITOBA ASS'N OF REGISTERED NURSES

President, Mrs. J. F. Morrison, 184 Brock Street;
First Vice-President, Miss J. Purvis, General Hospital,
Portage la Prairie; Second Vice-President, Miss C.
Kettles, General Hospital, Dauphin, Man.; Third
Vice-President, Miss McNally, General Hospital,
Brandon, Man.; Conveners of Committees: Press and
Publication, Miss G. Hall, Miss M. Meehan; Social
and Programme, Miss Cory Taylor; Sick Visiting,
Misses W. Carruthers, A. Starr, G. Thompson and M.
Frost; Conveners of Sections: Private Duty, Mrs. S.
Doyle, 175 Royal Ave., West Kildonan; Nursing Educa-
tion, ^Iiss Mildred Reid, 10 Elenora Apts., Winnipeg;
Public Health, Miss Isabel McDiarmid, 363 Langside
St., Winnipeg; Executive Secretary, Treasurer and
Registrar, Mrs. Stella Gordon Kerr, 753 Wolseley Ave.,
Winnipeg.

NEW BRUNSWICK ASSOCIATION OF
REGISTERED NURSES

President, Miss A. J. MacMaster, Moncton Hospital,
Moncton; First Vice-President, Miss Florence Coleman,
County Hospital, East Saint John; Second Vice-
President, Miss Margaret Murdoch, General Public
Hospital, Saint John; Hon. Secretary, Mrs. W. S.
Jones, Albert, N.B.; Councillors: Saint John, Misses
Sarah E. Brophy, H. S. Dykeman, E. J. Mitchell;
Saint Stephen, Misses Mabel McMullin, Myrtle
Dunbar; Moncton, Misses Marion MacLaren, Myrtle
Kay; Fredericton, Mrs. A. C. Fleming, Miss Kate
Johnson; Bathurst, Miss Edith Stewart; Chatham,
Sister Caroline Kenny; Campbellton, Sister Corinne
Kerr; Conveners of Sections: Nursing Education,
Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Dieu Hospital, Campbellton,
N.B.; Public Health, Miss H. S. Dykeman, Health
Centre, Saint John, N.B.; Private Duty, Miss Mabel
McMullin, St. Stephen, N.B.; By-Laws and Constitu-
tion, Miss Sarah Brophy, Fairville, N.B.; "The Can-
adian Nurse," Miss A. A. Burns, Health Centre, Saint
John, N.B.; Secretary-Treasurer, Registrar, Miss
Maude E. Retallick, 262 Charlotte St., West Saint
John. __^_^_^_^

REGISTERED NURSES ASSOCIATION OF
NOVA SCOTIA

President, Mi.ss Margaret E. MacKenzie, 315
Barrington St., Halifax; First Vice-President, Miss
Anne Slattery, Dalhousie Health Clinic, Morris St.,
Halifax; Second Vice-President, Miss Margaret M.
Martin, Payzant ^lemorial Hospital, Windsor; Third
Vice-President, Miss Josephine Cameron. Halifax;
Recording Secretary, Miss A. M. Fraser, "Pineleigh,"
North-West Arm, Halifax; Treasurer and Correspond-
ing Secretary, Miss L. F. Fraser, 325 South St., Halifax.

ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED NURSES OF
THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC (Incorporated 1920)

Advisory Board: Misses Mary Samuel, L. C. Phillips,
M. F. Hersey, Mere M. V. Allaire, Rev. Soeur Augus-
tine; President, Miss Mabel K. Holt, Montreal General
Hospital; Vice-President (English), Miss C. V. Barrett,
Royal Victoria "^lontreal Maternity Hospital; Vice-
President (French), Melle. Rita Guimont, Hopital
Saint Luc, Montreal; Hon. Secretary, Miss Margaret
L. Moag, V.O.N. , Montreal; Hon. Treasurer, Mias
Olga V. Lilly, Royal Victoria Montreal Maternity
Hospital; Other members, Melles. Edna Lynch.
Metropolitan T,ife Insurance Company, Montreal;
Melle. Marie-Anysie Deland, Institut Bruchesi,
Montreal; Mde. Caroline Vachon, Hotel-Dieu, Mont-
real; Rev. Soeur Marie-Rose Lacroix, Hopital St. Jean,
St. Jean, Que.; Rev. Soeur Bellemare, Hopital Notre
Dame, Montreal; Conveners, Private Duty Section
(English), Miss Sara Matheson, Hadden Hall Apts.,
2151 Comte St., Montreal; (French), Melle Jeanne
L'Heureux, 774 Davaar Road, Outremont; Nursing
Education Section (English), Miss Flora Aileen George,
Woman's General Hospital, Westmount; (French),
Rev. Soeur Augustine, Hopital St. Jean-de-Dieu,
Gamelin, P.Q.; Public Health Section, Miss Marion
Nash, V.O.N. , 1246 Bishop Street; Board of Examiners,
Convener, Miss. C. V. Barrett, Mde. R. Bourque,
Melles. Lynch, Senecal, Misses Marion Nash, Rita
Sutcliffe; Executive Secretary, Registrar and Oflficial
School Visitor, Mi.«s E Francis Upton, Suite 221,
1396 St Catherine Street, West, Montreal.

SASKATCHEWAN REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION. (Incorporated March, 1927)

President, Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normal School,
Moose Jaw; Firjt Vice-Piesident, Miss M. H. McGill,
Normal School, Saskatoon; Second A^ioe-President,
Miss G. M. Watson, City Hospital, Sa.skatoon; Coun-
cillors, Miss R. M. Simpson, Department of Public
Health, Regina, Sister Mary Raphael, Providence
Hospital, Moose Jaw; Conveners of Standing Com-
mittees, Public Health, Mrs. E. M. Feeny, Dept. of
Public Health, Regina; Private Duty, jNIiss L. B.
Wilson. 2012 .\thoI St., Regina; Nursing Education,
Miss G. M. Watson, City Hospital, Saskatoon; Secre-
tary-Treasurer and Registrar, Miss E. E. Graham,
Regina College, Res^ina.

CALGART ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

Hon. President, Mrs. Stuart Brown; President, Miss
J. B. von Gruenigan; First Vice-President, Miss Lynn;
Second Vice-President, Miss Barber: Treasurer. Klias
M. Watt; Recording Secretary, Mrs. B. J. Charles:
Corresponding Secretary, Miss Jackson; Registrar,
Miss D. Mott, 616 l.ith Ave. VV.; Convener Private
Duty Section, Mrs. R. Hayden-

550

THE CANADIAN NURSE

EDMONTON ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

President, Mrs. K. Manson; First ^'ice-President,
Miss B. Emerson; Second Vice-President, Miss F.
Welsh; Secretary, Miss C. Davidson; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss J. G. Clow, 11138 82nd Ave.; Treasurer,
Miss L. Ward, 11328 102nd Ave.; Programme Com-
mittee, Miss A. L. Young, Miss I. Johnson; Sick
Visiting Committee, Miss P. Chapman, Miss Gavin.
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Misa M.
Griffith, 10806 98th St.

MEDICINE HAT GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

Regular meeting First Tuesday in month.

A. A., ROYAL ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL,
EDMONTON, ALTA.

A.A., KOOTENAY LAKE GENERAL HOSPITAL,
NELSON, B.C.

Hon. President, Miss C. Treffry, Matron of Kootenay
Lake General Hospital; President, Mrs. J. K. Fraser;
First Vice-President, Miss D. Brown; Second Vice-
President, Mrs. A. Banks; Third Vice-President, Miss
A. Cook; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss J. Leslie.

VANCOUVER GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

President, Miss M. Duffield, 226 Lee Bldg., Van-
couver; First Vice-President, Miss G. Fairley, Van-
couver General Hospital; Second Vice-President, Miss
J. Matheson; Secretary, Miss Perrin, 3629 2nd Ave. W.,
Vancouver; Treasurer, Miss L. Archibald, 536 12th
Ave. W., Vancouver; Conveners of Committees:
Council, IVIiss M. Button; Directory Committee, Miss
D. Bullock; Ways and Means, Miss R. McVicar;
Programme, Miss M. Kerr; Social, Miss Munslow;
Sick Visiting, Miss A. L. Maxwell; Local Council,
Miss M. Gray; Creche, Miss M. A. McLellan; Re-
presentatives: "The Canadian Nurse," Miss M. G.
Laird; Local Press, Rotating members of Board.

A.A., ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, VANCOUVER

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Superior; Hon. Vice-
President, Si.ster Therese Annable; President, Miss B.
Berry; Vice-President, Miss K. Flahiff; Secretary,
Miss Mildred Cohoon; .\ssistant Secretary, Miss E.
Hanafin; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss L. Elizabeth
Otterbine; Executive, Misses Marjorie McDonald,
N. Comerford, A. Kerr, B. Geddes, G. Oddstad.

A. A., VANCOUVER GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. I^resident, Miss Grace Fairley; President, Miss
Joan Hardy; First Vice-President, Miss Dorothy
Coughlin; Second Vice-President, Miss Mary McLean;
Secretary, Mrs. Percv Jones, 36S1 2nd Ave. W.;
Assistant Secretary, Mrs. Hugh McMillan; Treasurer,
Miss Eva Webster, The Vancouver General
Hospital; Committee Conveners: Refreshment, Mrs.
Ferguson; Programme, Miss Hannon; Sewing, Miss
McLennan; Sick Visiting, Miss Hilda Smith; Re-
presentatives Local Press. Mrs. McCallum; "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Stevenson: Women's Building,
Miss Whitteker; Membership, Miss L. Maxwell; Sick
Benefit Fund and Bond Committee, Miss Isobel
McVicar and Miss Bullock.

A.A., JUBILEE HOSPITAL, VICTORIA, B.C.

BRANDON ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

Hon. President, Miss E. Birtles; Hon. N'ice-President,
Mrs. W. H. Shillinglaw; President, Miss M. Finlayson;
First Vice-President, Miss H. Meadows; Second Vice-
President, Miss J. Anderson; Secretary, Miss K.
Campbell, Park View Apts., Brandon; Treasurer,
Miss I. Fargey, 302 Russell St., Brandon; Conveners
of Committees: Social, Mrs. S. J. S. Pierce; Sick
Visiting, Miss Bennett; Welfare Representative, Miss
Houston; Blind, Mrs. R. Darrach; Cook Books, Miss
M. Gemmell; Press Representative, Miss D. Longley;
Registrar, Miss C. Macleod.

A.A., ST. BONIFACE HOSPITAL, ST. BONIFACE,
MAN.

Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Mead, St. Boniface Hos-
pital; Second Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Krause, St.
Boniface Hospital; President, Miss E. Shirley, 28
King George Crt.; First Vice-Piesident, Miss E. Perry,
1628 Roy Ave., Weston; Second Vice-President, Miss
H. Stephens, 15 Ruth Apts.; Secretary, Mrs. Stella
Gordon Kerr, 753 Wolseley Ave.;Treasuier, Miss A.
Price, Ste. 18 Diana Crt.; Conveners of Committees,
Social, Miss T. O'Rourke, Ste. 48 Marlhurst Apts;
Refreshment, Miss C. Miller, Ste 2 St. James Park
Blk.; Sick Visiting, Miss T. Guville, 211 Hill St.,
Norwood; Representative to Local Council of Women,
Miss C. Code, 1238 Downing St., Miss C. Wright, 340
St. Johns Ave.; Representative to Manitoba Nurses
Central Directory Committee, Mrs. E. MacDonald,
369 Langside St.; Press and Publication, Miss M.
Meehan, 753 Wolseley Ave.

Meetings— Second Wednesday of each month, 8 p.m.,
St. Boniface Nurses Residence.

A. A., WINNIPEG GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Mrs. W. A. Moody, 97 Ash St.;
President, Mrs. J. A. Davidson, 39 Westgate; First
Vice-President, Mrs. S. Harry, Winnipeg General
Hospital; Second Vice-President, Miss L McDiarmid,
363 Langside St.; Third Vice-President, Miss E.
Gordon, Research Lab., Medical College; Recoiding
Secretary, Miss C. Briggs, 70 Kingsway; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss M. Duncan, Winnipeg General Hos-
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. L Graham, 99 Euclid St.;
Sick Visiting, Miss W. Stevenson, 535 Camden Place;
Programme, Miss C. Lethbridge, 877 Grosvenor Ave.,
Membership, Miss A. Pearson, Winnipeg General
Hospital.

DISTRICT No. 8, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Chairman, Miss Alice Ahern; Vice-Chairman,
Miss D. M. Percy; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss A. G.
Tanner, Ottawa Civic Hospital; Councillors, Misses
M. Stewart, M. Slinn, G. Woods, M. B. Anderson,
Amy Brady, Ella Rochon; Conveners of Committees,
Membership, Mins E. Rochon; Publications, Miss M.
Stewart; Nursing Education, Miss M. E. Anderson;
Private Duty, Miss Mary Slinn; Public Health, Miss
Marjorie Robertson; Representative to Board of
Directors, Miss A. Ahern.

DISTRICT No. 10, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Chairman, Miss A. Boucher; First-Vice President,
Mrs. F. Edwards; Second Vice-President, Miss V.
Lovelace; Secretary-Treasurer, Mi.ss M. Racey;
Conveners of Committees: Nursing Education, Miss
B. Bell; Public Health, Miss L. Young; Private Duty.
Miss L Sheehan; Publication, Miss M. Flannagan;
Membership, Miss M. Sideen, Miss D. Elliott; Social:
Miss E. Hamilton, Miss Chiver-Wilson, Miss E. Mc-
Tavish; Representatives to Board of Directors Meeting,
R.N.A.O., Mrs. F. Edwards.

Meetings held first Thursday every month.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

551

GRADUATE NURSES ASSOCIATION,
KITCHENER AND WATERLOO

A. A., GUELPH GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. F. Bliss, Supt., Guelph
General Hospital; President, Miss. L. Ferguson; First
Vice-President, Aliss C. Zeigler; Second Vice-President'
Miss Dora Lambert; Secretary, Miss N. Kenny;
Treasurer, Miss J. Watson; Committees, Flower,
Mrs. R. Hockin, Misses Creighton, I. Wilson; Social,
Mrs. M. Cockwell (Convener); Programme, Miss E.
M. Eby (Convener); Representative "The Canadian
Nurse," Miss A. L. Fennell.

A. A., BELLEVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Regular meeting held first Tuesday in each month at
3.30 p.m. in the Nurses' Residence.

A. A., BRANTFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. Muriel McKee, Superin-
tendent; President, Miss I. Marshall; Vice-President,
Miss A. Hardisty; Secretary, Miss H. D. Muir, Brant-
ford General Hospital; Assistant Secretary, Miss F.
Batty; Treasurer, Miss L. Gillespie, 14 Abigail Ave.,
Brantford; Social Convener, Miss M. Meggitt; Flower
Committee, Misses P. Cole and F. Stewart; Gift
Committee, Mrs. D. A. Morrison, Miss K. Charnley;
"The Canadian Nurse" and Press Representative,
Miss E. M. Jones; Representative to Local Council of
Women, Miss G. V. Westbrook.

A. A., HAMILTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. C. Rayside, Hamilton
General Hospital; President, Miss Annie B. Boyd,
607 Main St. E.; Vice-President, Miss M. Buchannan,
Hamilton General Hospital; Treasurer, Miss E. Bell,
1 Cumberland Ave.; Recording Secretary, Miss B.
Aitken, 44 Victoria Ave. S.; Secretary-Treasurer Mutual
Benefit Association, Miss L. Hannah, 25 West Ave. S.;
Executive Committee, Mrs. N. Barlow (Convenei).
211 Stenson St., Misses E. Baird, C. Chappel, M.
Pegg, Mrs. E. Johnson; Programme Committee. Miss
Mary Ross (Convener), Misses M. Watt, H. Baker,
E. Davidson, J. Lenz, M Harvey, C. Currah, Blanche
Pond; Flower and Visiting Committee, Miss Sturrock
(Convener), Misses Squires, Blanchard, Burnett.
Representatives to Local Council of Women, Mrs.
Hess, Misses Harley, Buckbee, Burnett; Representative
to R.N.A.O., Miss G. Hall; Representatives to "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Buscombe (Convener), Misses
Strachan and Carruthers; Representative to Women's
Auxiliary, Mrs. J. Stephen; Registry Committee,
Mrs. Hess (Convener), Misses Nugent, Hack, Gringer.

A. A.. BROCEVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss A. L. Shannette; President
Mrs. H. B. White; First Vice-President, Miss M
Arnold; Second Vice-President, Miss J. Nicholson
"Third Vice-President, Mrs. W. B. Reynolds; Secretary
MiM B. Beatrice Hamilton, Brockville General HoS'
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. F. Vandusen, 65 Church St.
Representative to "Th« Canadian Nurse," Miss V
Ksndrick.

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL,
CHATHAM, ONT.

Hon. President. Mother St. Roch; Hon. Vice-
President. Sister M. Loretta; President, ^Ir8. Pearl
Johnston; Vice-President, Miss Jean Lundy; Secretary,
Miss Irene Gillard, 52 Raleigh St., Chatham; Treasurer,
Miss Jean Bagnell; Executive, Misses Jessie Ross,
Katherine Dillon and Agnes Harrison; Flower Com-
mittee, Miss Felice Richardson and Mona Middleton;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss
Jessie Ross; Representative, District No. 1, R.N.A.O.,
Miss Hazel Gray.

A. A., CORNWALL GENERAL HOSPITAL

A. A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, HAMILTOK

Hon. President, Mother Martina; President, Miss
E. Quinn; Vice-President, Miss H. Fagan; Treasurer,
Miss I. Loyst, 71 Bay Street S.; Secretary, Miss M.
Maloney, 31 Erie Avenue; Convener, Executive Com-
mittee, Miss M. Kelley; The Canadian Nurse, Mias
Moran.

A. A., HOTEL DIEU, KINGSTON, ONT.

Hon. President. Rev. Sister Donovan; President,
Mrs. William Elder, Avonmore Apts.; Vice-President,
Mrs. V. L. Fallon; Treasurer, Miss Millie MacKinnon;
Secretary, Miss Genevieve Pelow; Executive, Mrs. L.
Welch, Mrs. Cochrane, Mrs. L. E. Crowley, Misses
Millie Mackinnon, Evelyn Finn; Visiting Committee,
Misses Olive McDermott, C. McGarry; Entertainment
Committee, Misses MacKinnon, Murphy, Bain,
Hamell, McCadden, Mrs. Ryan, Mrs. Fallon.

A. A., KINGSTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

First Hon. President, Miss E. Baker; Second Hon.
President, Miss Louise D. Acton; President, Miss
Oleira M. Wilson; First Vice-President, Mrs. G. H.
Leggett; Second Vice-President, Mrs. S. F. Campbell;
Thira Vice-President, Miss .\nn Baillie; Treasurer,
Mrs. C. W. Mallory, 203 Albert St.; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss C. Slilton, 404 Brock Sf.; Recording
Secretary, Miss Ann Davis, 96 Lower William St.;
Convener Flower Committee, Mrs. George Nicol. 355
Frontenao St.; Press Representative, Miss Helen
Babcook, Kingston General Hospital; Private Duty
Section, Miss Emma McLean, 47S Frontenac St.

A.A., GALT HOSPITAL, OALT, ONT.

A. A., KITCHENER AND WATERLOO GENERAL
HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. Snider; President, Miss
L. McTague; First Vice-President, Mrs. V. Snider;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. R. Petch; Secretary,
Miss T. Siller, 32 Troy St.; A.sst. Secretary. Miss J.
Sinclair; Treasurer, Miss E. Ferry; "The Canadian
Nurse", Miss E. Hartlieb.

552

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

A. A. VICTORIA HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

A. A., NIAGARA FALLS GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. S. Park; President, ^Irs. J.
Taylor; Vice-President, Miss L. McConnell; Secretary,
Miss J. MeClure; Trea.surer, Miss I. Hammond, 632
Ryerson Crescent, Niagara Falls; Convener Sick Com-
mittee, Miss A. Irving; Asst. Convener Sick Committee,
Miss Coutts; Convener Private Dutv Committee, Miss
K. Prest.

A. A., ORILLIA SOLDIER'S MEMORIAL
HOSPITAL

Regular Meeting — -First Thursday of each month.

A.A., OSHAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Mac Williams; President, Miss
Ann Scott, 26 King Street E., Oshawa; Vice-President,
Miss Emily Duckwith; Second Vice-President, Mrs.
H. Harland; Secretary, Mrs. Mabel Yelland, 14
Victoria Apts., Simcoe St. S., Oshawa; As.st. Secretary,
Miss Jessie Mcintosh; Corresopnding Secretary, Miss
Helen Hutchison, 14 Victoria Apts., Simcoe St. S.
Oshawa; Treasurer, Miss Jane Cole; Social Convener,
Miss Amber Sonley, Visiting and Flower Convener,
Mrs. M. Canning; Convener Private Duty Nurses,
Miss Margaret Dickie; Representative, Hospital
Auxiliary, Mrs. M. Canning, Mrs. E. Hare, Mrs. B.
A. Brown.

A.A., ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, OTTAWA

Hon. President, Miss Maxwell; President, Miaa
Doris Thompson; Vice-President, Miss Diana Brown;
Secretary, Miss Isobel Allan, 408 Slater Street, Ottawa;
Treasiuer, Mrs. Florence Ellis: Nominating Committee.
Misses Mina MacLaren, Haiel Lyttle, Katherine
Tribble.

A.A., LADY STANLEY INSTITUTE, OTTAWA
(Incorporated 1918)
Hon. President, Miss M. A. Catton, 2 Regent St.;
Hon. Vice-President, Miss Florence Potts; President,
Mrs. W. Elmitt; Vice-President, Miss M. McNiece,
Perley Home, Aylmer Ave.; Secretary, Mrs. Lou
Morton, 49 Bower Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Mary C.
Slinn, 204 Stanley Ave.; Board of Directors, Miss E.
McColl, Vimy Apts., Charlotte St., Miss C. Flack,
152 First Ave.; Miss L. Belford, Perley Home, Aylmer
Ave.; Miss E. McGibbon, 114 CarlingAve.; Re-
presentative "The Canadian Nurse," Miss A. Ebbs,
80 Hamilton Ave. ; Representative to Central Registry
Miss A. Ebbs, 80 Hamilton Ave.; Miss Mary C. Slinn,
204 Stanley Ave.; Press Representative, Miss E.
AUen.

A. A., OTTAWA CIVIC HOSPITAL
Hon. President, Miss Gertrude Bennett; President,
Miss Evelyn Pepper; First Vice-President, Miss
Elizabeth Graydon; Second Vice-President, Miss
Dorothy Moxley; Treasurer, Miss Winnifred Gemmell,
221 Gilmour St.; Recording Secretary, Miss Greta
Wilson, 489 Metcalfe St.; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss Eileen Graham, 41 Willard St.; Councillors,
Mrs. G. W. Dunning, Misses Elizabeth Curry, Gertrude
Moloney, Mary Lamb, Gladys Moorehead; Convener
of Flower and Sick Visiting Committee, Miss Margaret
McCallum; Press Correspondent, Miss E. Osborne.

&.A .OTTAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

A. A., OWEN SOUND GENERAL AND
MARINE HOSPITAL

A.A., NICHOLLS HOSPITAL, PETERBORO, ONT.

A. A., SARNIA GENERAL HOSPITAL

A. A., STRATFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss A. M. Munn; President, Mia*
Hasel Crerar; Vice-President, Miss Myrtle Hodgins:
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Ivy Rennie : Convenor of
Social Committee, Miss Isabel Wilson: Correspondent
The Canadian Nurse, Miss Florence Kudoba.

A.A., MACE TRAINING SCHOOL
ST. CATHERINES

A. A., MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, ST. THOMAS

Hon. President, Miss Lucille Armstrong, Memorial
Hospital; Hon. Vice-President, Miss Mary Buchanan,
Memorial Hospital; President, Miss Margaret Benja-
field, 39 Wellington Street; First Vice-President, Mrs.
Frank Penhale; Second Vice-PresiQ,->nt, Miss Bessie
Pollock; Recording Secretary, Mrs. John Smale, 34
Erie Street; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Alice
Patrick, 33 Gladstone .\ve.; Treasurer, Miss Bella
Mitchener, 50 Chestnut Street; "The Canadian Nurse,"
Mi.ss Isabella M. Leadbetter, Talbot Street. Executive,
Misses Hazel Hastings, Lissa Crane, Mary Oke,
Mildred Jennings, Florence Treherne.

A. A., TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hod. President. Mios Snively; Hon. Vice-President,
Miss Jean Gunn; President. Miss E. Manning; First
Vice-President, Miss J. Algie; Second Vice-President,
Miss Jean Browne; Secretary, Mi&s Jean Anderson,
149 Glenholme Ave., Toronto; Treasurer, Miss M.
Morris, Ward "C," Toronto General Hospital; Coun-
cillors, Misses G. Gawley, A. Landon, G. Ross; Arch-
ivist, Miss Kniseley; Committees: Flower, Misses
Clubine (Convener), Hannant, Forgie, Eugenia
Stewart; Programme, Mrs. Driver (Convener), Misses
Annie Dove, Edna Eraser, Ethel Campbell, Dorothy
Dove; Social, Mrs. Stevens (Convener), Misses Neal,
L. Bailey: Nominations, Mrs. Dewey (Convener),
Misses Marion Stewart, Myrtle Murray, Mary Mc-
Farland; "The Canadian Nurse," Misses Betty String-
all (Convener), McGarry, E. Thompson.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

553

A.A. , GRACE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. C. .J. Currie; President,
Mrs. L. B. Hutchison; Recording Secretary, Miss M.
Teasdale; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Lillian E.
Wood, 20 Mason Blvd., Toronto 12; Treasurer, Miss
V. M. Elliott, 194 Cottingham St.

A.A., GRANT MACDONALD TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR NURSES, TORONTO, ONT.

A.A., TORONTO ORTHOPEDIC HOSPITAL
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES

Hon. President, Miss E. MacLean; President, Miss
Hazel Young, 100 Bloor St. W.; Vice-President, Mrs.
W. J. Smithers, 3.5 Wilberton Road; Secretary- Treas-
urer, Miss R. Hollingworth, 100 Bloor St. W.; Re-
presentatives to Central Registry, Miss C. Grannon,
205 George St., and Miss M. Beston, 5 De Savery
Crescent; Representative to R.N.A.O., Miss A.
Bodley, 43 Metcalf St.

A.A., RIVERDALE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss Carrie Field; First Vice-President,
Miss Gertrude Gastrell; Second Vice-President, Mrs.
W. H. Thompson; Secretary, Miss Breeze, Riverdale
Ho.spital; Treasurer, Miss Margaret Floyd, Riverdale
Hospital; Board of Directors — Committees: Sick and
Visiting, Miss S. Stretton, 7 Edgewood Ave.; Pro-
gramme, Miss K. Mathieson, Riverdale Hospital;
Membership, Miss Murphy, Weston Sanitariom,
Weston; Mrs. E. G. Berr>% 97 Bond St., Oshawa;
Press and Publication, Miss C. L. Russell, General
Hospital, Toronto; Representatives to Central Registry,
Misses Hewlett and Morris.

A. A., HOSPITAL FOR SICE CHILDREN,
TORONTO

A.A., ST. JOHN'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Sister Beatrice, S.S.J. D., St. John's
Convent, Major Street; President, Miss Cook, 464
Logan Ave.; First Vice-President, Miss Holdsworth,
Islington 297; Second Vice-President, Miss Anderson,
468 Kingston Road; Recording Secretary, Miss Frost,
450 Maybank Ave.; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Garnham, 26 Balmoral Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Slimon,
464 Logan Ave.; Press Representative, Miss Doherty,
7 Howland Ave.; Convener of Flowers and Sick, Miss
Davis, 51 Brunswick Ave.

A.A. , ST. JOSEPHS HOSPITAL, TORONTO, ONT.

0. Kidd, M. Howard, V. Sylvain, G. Davis; Constitu-
tionals, Misses A. Hihn, M. Howard, L. Boyle; Pro-
gramirie Committee, Misses R. Jean-Marie, L. Dunbar,

1. Voisin.

A.A., ST. MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Margaret; Hon. Vice-
President, Rev. Sister M. Amata; President, Miss
Grace Murphy, St. Michael's Hospital; First Vice-
President, Miss H. M. Kerr; Second Vice-President,
Miss E. Graydon; Third Vice-President, Miss M.
Burger; Corresponding Secretary, Miss M. Doherty;
Recording Secretary, ^Iiss Marie Melodv; Treasurer,
Miss G. Coulter, 33 Maitland St., Apt. 106. Toronto;
Press Representative, Miss May Greene; Councillors,
Misses M. Foy, J. O'Connor. Stropton; Private Duty,
Miss A. Purtle; Public Health, Miss I. McGurk; Re-
presentative Central Registry of Nurses, Toronto,
Miss M. Meldoy.

A.A., WELLESLEY HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss Ruth Jackson. 80 Summerhill .-Vve.;
Vice-President, Miss Janet .Smith, I3S Wellesley
Crescent; Recording .Secretary, Miss Muriel Johnston,
94 Homewood Ave.; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Florence Campion, 14 Carey Road; Treasurer, Miss
Constance Tavener, 804-A Bloor St. W.; Correspondent
to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss W. Ferguson, 18
Walker Ave.; Flower Convener, Miss E. Fewings,
177 Roehampton Ave.; Social Convener, Miss Marion
Wansbrough, 18 Welleslej- St.

A.A., TORONTO WESTERN HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss B. L. Ellis; President, Miss
Rahno Beamish, Toronto Western Hospital; Vice-
President, Miss L. Smith Recording Secretary,
Miss Matthews, 74 Westmount Ave.; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss Buckley, Toronto Western Hospital;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss
Milligan; Representative to Local Council of Women,
Mrs. McConnell; Hon. Councillors, Mrs. Yorke, Mrs.
McConnell; Councillors, Mi.ss McLean, Orthopedic
Hospital, Misses Cooney, Steacy, Stevenson. Wiggins,
J. G. Smith, Devine; Social Committee, Miss Sharpe
(Convener), Misses Agnew, Woodward, Miles; Flower
Committee, Miss Lamont, Miss Ayerst; Visiting
Committee, Misses Lowe, Harshaw, Essex; Layette
Committee, Miss Cooper.

Meetings will be held the second Tuesday in each
month at 8 p.m. in the Assembly Room, Nurses'
Residence, Toronto Western Hospital.

A.A., WOMEN'S COLLEGE HOSPITAL,
TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. H. M. Bowman; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Harriet Meiklejohn; President, Miss
Vera Allen; First Vice-President, Miss Munns; Second
Vice-President, Miss Lougheed; Recording Secretary,
Miss Bankwitz; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Blair,
64 Delaware St.; Assistant Secretary, Aliss Clark, 64
Delaware St.; Treasurer. Miss B. Fraser, 526 Dover-
court Rd.; Representatives to Central Registry, Miss
Bankwitz, Miss Kidd; Representative to District No.
5, Miss Clarke; "The Canadian Nurse," Miss E. E. K.
Collier.

Meetings at 74 Grenville St., second Monday in each

month.

A.A., CONNAUGHT TRAINING SCHOOL FOR
NURSES, TORONTO HOSPITAL, WESTON

Hon. President, Miss E. MacP. Dickson, Toronto
Hospital, Weston; President, Miss E. Eldridge; Vice-
President, Miss A. Atkinson; Secretary, Miss E. L.
Barlow, 'Toronto Hospital, Weston; Treasurer, Miss
P. M. Stuttle.

A.A., HOTEL DIEU, WINDSOR, ONTARIO

President, Miss Angela Code, Maple .\;'t>.; First
Vice-President, Miss Helen Piper; Seco'id Vice-
President, Miss Alice Baillageon; Secretary, Miss
Helen Slattery; Treasurer, Miss Evelyn Wolfe; Press
Correspondent, Miss Mary A. Finnegan.

A.A., GENERAL HOSPITAL, WOODSTOCK

GRADUATE NURSES ASSOCIATION OF THE
EASTERN TOWNSHIPS

Hon. President, Miss H. S. Buck, Superintendent
Sherbrooke Hospital; President, Miss D. Stevens;
First Vice-President, Miss J. Fenton; Second Vice-
I'resident, Miss Humphrey: Recording Secretary,
Miss D. Ingraham; Corresponding Secretary, Miss H
Hetherington; Treasurer, Miss M. Robins; Repre-
sentative, "The Canadian Nurse," Miss C. Hornby,
Box 324, Sherbrooke, P.Q.; Private Duty Represent-
ative, Miss Alice Lyster.

A.A., LACHINE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Meeting — First Mond&y of each month, at 9 p.m.

554

THE CANADIAN NURSE

MONTREAL GRADUATE NURSES' ASS'N

Hon. President, Miss L. C. Phillips, 3626 St. Urbain
St.; President, Miss Agnes Jamieson, 1230 Bishop St.;
First Vice-President, Miss Jessie Robertson, 3546
Shuter St.; Second Vice-President, Miss Kate Wilson,
1230 Bishop St.; Secretary- Treasurer, Miss Ethel
Clark, 1230 Bishop St.; Day Registrar, Miss Lucy
White, 1230 Bishop St.; Night Registrar, Miss Ethei
Clark, 1230 Bishop St.; Relief Registrar, Miss H. M.
Sutherland, 12 Selkirk Ave.; Convener GrifEntown
Club, Miss Georgie Colley, 261 Melville Ave., West-
mount, P.Q.

Regular Meeting — -First Tuesday of January, April,
October and December.

A.A., CHILDREN'S MEM. HOSP., MONTREAL

Hon. President, Miss A. S. Kinder; President, Mrs.
F. C. Martin; Vice-President, Miss Alice Adlington;
Secretary, Miss M. Flander, Children's Memorial
Hospital; Treasurer, Miss H. E.asterbrook ; Repre-
sentative to "The Canadian Nurse", Miss Viola
Schneider; Sick Nurses' Committee, Mi.ss Ruth
Miller, Miss Alexander; Members of Executive Com-
mittee, Mrs. Moore. Miss B. Cleary; Social Committee,
Misses Gough, Paterson, Bell, Atkinson.

A. A., MONTREAL GENERAL HOSPITAL

President, Mrs. Allan; First Vice-President, Miss A.
Jamieson; Second Vice-President, Miss M. Mathewson;
Recording Secretary, Miss Inez Welling; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Anne Thorpe; Trea.surer, Alumnae
Association and Mutual Benefit Association, Miss
Isabel Davies; Hon. Treasurer, Miss H. M. Dunlop;
Executive Committee, Mi.sses M. K. Holt, F. E.
Strumm, J. Meigs, L. Urquhart, C. M. Watling;
Representatives, Private Duty Section, 'Misses Morrison
(Convener), R. Loggie, Melba Johnston, Winnifred
Spier; Representatives to "The Canadian Nurse,"
Misses C. M. Watling (Convener), N. Kennedy-Reid,
Ruth Hamilton; Representatives to Local Council of
Women, Miss G. Colley (Convener), Miss Marjorie Ross
(Proxy'', Miss Harriett Ross; Sick \'i8itin8 Committee,
Mrs. Stuart Ramsey Convener), Misses L. Shepherd,
B. Noble: Refreshment Committee, Misses D. Flint(Con-
veneri, M. 1. McLood, Theodora McDonald, S. Fraser.

A. A., HOMOEOPATHIC HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mrs. H. Pollock; President, Mrs. J.
Warren; First Vice-President, Miss L Garrick; Second
Vice-President, Miss D. Campbell; Secretary, Miss
M. Brighty; Asst. Secretary, Miss M. Hayden; Treas
urcr. Miss D. W. Miller; Asst. Treasurer, Miss N. G.
Horner; Private Duty Section, Miss A. M. Poiteous;
"The Canadian Nurse" Representative, Miss A.
Pearce; Social Committee, Miss D. Smith; Montreal
Nurses Association, Miss D. Smith, Miss M. Bright.

A. A. , ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. Presidents, Miss E. A. Draper, Miss M. F.
Herscy; President, Mrs. E. H. Stanle.v; First Vice-
President, Mrs. G. LeBeau; Second Vice-President,
Miss E. Gall; Recording Secretary, Miss E. MacKean;
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss K. Jamer; Convener. Fin-
ance Committee, Miss B. Camobell; Representatives to
Local Council, Mrs. V. Linnell, Mrs. G. Porter; Con-
vener Sick Visiting Committee, Mi.ss A. Deane;
Convener Programme Committee, Mrs. F. A. C.
Scrimger; Convener Private Duty Representatives,
Miss M. MacCallum; Convener Refreshments Com-
mittee, Miss Adams; Executive Committee, Miss M. F.
Hersey, Miss Goodhue, Miss E. Reid, Mrs. Roberts,
Miss B. Forgey, Miss M. Etter; "Canadian Nurse"
Representative, Miss E. Flanagan.

A.A., WESTERN HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Miss Craig; President, ^liss Birch;
First Vice-President, Miss Edna Payne; Second Vice-
F*resident, Miss L. Sutton; Treasurer, Miss Jane Craig,
Western Hospital; Secretary, Miss Olga McCrudden,
314 Grosvenor Ave., Westmount, P.Q.; Finance Com-
mittee, Mi.ss L. Johnston, Miss A. Yates; Programme
Committee, Miss Cross, Miss Williams; Sick and
Visiting Committee, Miss Dyer; Representative to
Private Duty Section, Miss Taylor; Representative to
"The Canadian Nurse," Miss McOuat.

A. A., NOTRE DAME HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mother Dugas; Hon. Vice-Presi-
dents Mother Mailloux and Rev Sister Robert;
President, Mi.ss G. Latour: First Vice-President, Miss
M. de Courville; Second Vice-President, MissF.Filion;
First Councillor, Miss B. Lecompte; Second Councillor,
Miss F. Gariepy; Secretary, Miss Margot Pauze, 4234
St. Hubert St.; Asst. Secretary, Mrs. Choquette;
Treasurer, Miss L. Boulerice; Conveners of Committees:
Social, Miss E. Merizzi; Nomination, Misses A. Lepine,
A. Lalande, E. Rousseau; Sick Visiting, Misses A.
Martineau, G. Gagnon, B. Lacourae.

A.A., WOMAN'S GEN. HOSP., WESTMOUNT, P.Q.

Hon. Presidents, Mi.ss E. F. Trench, Miss F. George;
President, Mrs. Crewe; First Vice-President, Miss N. J.
Brown; Second Vice-President, Miss M. Forbes;
Recording Secretary, Miss L. Wallace; Coiresponding
Secretary, Miss L. Steeves; Treasurer and "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss E. L. Francis, 1210 Sussex
Ave., Montreal; Sick Visiting, Miss L. Jensen, Miss K.
Morrison; Private Duty, Mrs. Cbisholm, ISTissL. Smiley.

Regular monthly meeting every third Wed., 8 p.m.

A. A., JEFFERY HALE'S HOSPITAL, QUEBEC

C. Kennedy. — • — • —

A. A., SHERBROOKE HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss H. S. Buck; President, Mrs.
Guy Bryant; First Vice-President, Mrs. Roy Wiggett;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. Nelson Lothrop; Record-
ing Secretary, Miss Evelyn Warren; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Nora Arguin; Treasurer, Miss Alice
Lyster; Correspondent to "The Canadian Nurse,"
Nliss Kathleen Hatch; Committee, Miss Sutton, Miss
Ella Marrisette, Mrs. Davey.

MOOSE JAW GRADUATE NURSES' ASS'N

A. A., REGINA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss D. Wilson; President, Miss M.
Lythe; First Vice-President, Miss Helen Wills; Second
Vice-President, Miss L. Smith; Secretary, Miss B.
Calder; A.ss;stant Secretary, Miss A. Forrest; Treasurer,
Miss D. DoKson-Smith, 2300 Halifax St.; Committees:
Pre.ss, Miss M. Baker; Programme, Mis.s K. Morton;
Refreshment, Mi.sses D. Kerr and H. Wills; Sick
Nurses, Miss G. Thompson

A.A., ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, SASKATOON

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Fennel!; President,
Miss Alma Howe; Vice-President, Miss Cora Harlton;
Secretary, Miss M. Hennequin; Treasurer, Mrs. J.
Broughton, 437 Ave., H. So. Saskatoon; Executive,
Misses E. Unsworth, E. Hoffinger. and H. Mathewman.

Meetings, second Monday each month at S.30 p.m.,
St. Paul's Nurses Home.

A.A., SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES,
McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL, P.Q.

Hon. President, Miss Mary Samuel; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Bertha Harmer; Hon. Members, Miss
M. F. Hersey, Miss G. M. Fairley, Dr. Helen R. Y.
Reid, Dr. Maude Abbott, Mrs. R. W. Reford; President,
Miss Martha Batson, Montreal General Hospital;
Vice-President, Miss George, Women's General
Hospital; Secretary-Treasurer, Mi.ss Eileen C. Flan-
agan, Royal Victoria Hospital; Programme Committee,
Miss M. Armstrong, 1230 Bishop St., Montreal; Miss
Elsie Allder, Royal Victoria Hospital; Representative
to Local Council of Women, Miss Liggett, 407 Ontario
St. W., and Miss Orr, Shriners' Hospital; Repre-
sentatives to "The Canadian Nurse," Public Health
Section, Miss Hewton; Teaching, Miss Sutcliffe,
Alexandra Hospital; Administration, Miss F. Upton,
1396 St. Catherine St. W._

A. A. OF THE DEPT.""OF PUBLIC HEALTH
NURSING, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Hon. President, Miss E. K. Russell; Pn-sident, Miss
Barbara Blackstock; Vice-President, Miss E. E.
Fraser; Recording Secretary, Miss L Weirs; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss C. C. Fraser, 423 Gladstone Ave.,
Toronto, Ont.; Conveners: Social, Miss E. Manning;
Programme, Miss McNamara; Membership, Miss

Lougheed — •

A.A., HOSPITAL INSTRUCTORS AND AD-
MINISTRATORS, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Hon. President, Miss G. Hiscocks; Hon. Vice-
Presidents, (1) Miss K. Russell, (2) Miss A. M. Munn;
President, Miss E. Stuart; First Vice-President, Miss
E. Strachan; Second Vice-President, Miss E. Rothery;
Secretary, Mrs. C. S. Cas.san, 136 Heddington Ave.;
Treasurer, Miss U. S. Ross, Hospital for Sick Children

THE CANADIAN NURSE

555

The Central Registry of
Graduate Nurses Joronto

Furnish Nurses at anv hour
DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Kingsdale 2! 36

Physicians' and Surgeons* Bldg.,

86 Bloor Street. West.

TORONTO

HELEN CARRUTHERS- Reg-N,

Montreal Graduate Nurses'
Association Register

NURSES CALLED DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Uptown 0907

LUCY WHITE, Reg.N., Registrar,
1230 BishoD Street,

MONTREAL, P.Q.

Club House Phone Up-5666.

THE

Manitoba Nurses' Central Directory

Registrar— ANNIE C. STARR: Reg. N.
Phone 30 620

753 WOLSELEY AVENUE

WINNIPEG. MAN.

I The Central Registry Graduate Nurses

I Phone Garfield 0382

I Registrar: ROBENA BURNETT. Reg.N.
I 33 Spadina Ave., Hamilton. Ont.

For Fretful Babies

SpflDMANlS

Nurses all over the Empire know and re-
commend this safe and gentle aperient for
fretful babies — for teething — for constipa-
tion, childhood's greatest enemy. Steed-
man's keep the little system functionintr
regularly and the blood clean and cool.
Our booklet, "Hints to Mothers," is very
practical and useful. For copies, write
John Steedman & Co., 504 St. Lawreinc
Blvd., Montreal.

School for Graduate Nurses

McGILL UNIVERSITY
Session 1931-1932

Miss BERTHA HARMER, R.N., M.A.
Director

COURSES OFFERED:

Teaching in Schools of Nursing
Supervision in Schools of

Nursing
Administration in Schools of

Nursing

Public Health Nursing

Organization and Supervision

of Public Health Nursing

A CERTIFICATE will be granted for
the successful completion of an approved
programme of studies, covering a period of
ONE academic year, in the major course
selected from the above.

A DIPLOMA will be granted for the success-
ful completion of the major course selected
from the above, covering a period of TWO
academic years.

For particulars apply to:

SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES
McGill University, Montreal

A Post-Graduate Training
School for Nurses

AND

An Affiliated Training
School for Nurses

The Massachusetts Eye and Ear
Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston,
offers to graduates of accredited
training schools a two months ' course,
both theoretical and practical, in the
nursing care of the diseases of the
eye, ear, nose and throat. The course
includes operating room experience.
If desired, a third month may be
spent in the social service department.

This course is very valuable to
public health nurses, especially to
those in schools and industries.

For further information address: —
SALLY JOHNSON, R.N.,
Superintendent of Nurses

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

556

THE CANADIAN NURSE

T^w WHITAKERS rr\

EVirf

It's NEW—

with the

Higher Waist Line

EVE RS MART

UNIFORMS

stand the test of time

If your dealer cannot supply you,
we will be glad to send Catalogue

Made by a Firm that Knows
How to Make Uniforms —

Whitakers Limited

Sommer Bldg., 423 Mayor St.
MONTREAL. P.Q.

Telephone Lan. 8801

Number 2167

Fitted waist line, small tucks in front.
Flared Skirt. Separate Belt. Detach-
able Buttons. Made in fine Poplin.
Sizes 32 to 44. Price $3.90

Please mention "The Canadian Nursa" whan raplying to Advertisara.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

561

^iStrnvTRi^^

Break the
vicious
circle

SAMPLES

ON
REQUEST

Insufficiency of the essential minerals —
sodium, potassium, calcium, iron and man-
ganese— inevitably leads to syndromes of
lowered vitality.

In cases of neurasthenia, debility, ane-
mia, cachexia, weak resistance and other
run-down conditions, Fellows' Syrup sup-
plies these indispensable minerals in as-
similable form, in conjunction with phos-
phorus, quinine and strychnine.

Dose: 1 teaspoonful t. i. d.

Fellows Medical Mfg. Company, Inc.
26 Christopher Street, New York, N. Y.

Fellows'i
Syrup

IT SUPPLIES THE ESSENTIAL MINERALS

When nature fails

to NEUTRALIZE!

I I NDER normal conditions. Nature maintains an
optimum degree of acidity in the stomach, suffi-
cient for gastric digestion. But dietary errors, bowel
irregularities, sedentary habits, often work against

Nature.

When the natural factors of neutralization — such as
food saliva, secretion of the pyloric end of the
stomach, and regurgitation of duodenal contents
through the pylorus — lead to a condition of hyper-
acidity, there is a need for Phillips' Milk of Magnesia.

Physicians prescribe Phillips' Milk of Magnesia be-
cause it combines several points of advantage as an
antacid — it is effective, easy to take, and does not
produce distention by gas or irritation.

A given quantity of "Phillips" will neutralize almost
three times as much acid as a saturated solution of
sodium bicarbonate and nearly fifty times as much as
lime water.

Prepared only by The Chas. H. Phillips Chemical Co., Windsor, Ontario

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

562 THE CANADIAN NURSE

A Monthly Journal for the Nurses of Canada
Published by the Canadian Nurses Association

Vol. XXVII. WINNIPEG. MAN., NOVEMBER, 1931 No. 11

Reciatered at Ottawa. Canada, aa aecond-claaa matter.

Entered aa aecond-claaa matter March 19th. 1905, at the Poat Office. Buffalo. N.Y.. under the Act ol

Congreaa, March 3rd, 1897.

Editor and Busineaa Manager: —
JEAN S. WILSON, Reg.N., 511 Boyd BuildinK, Winnipeg, Man.

NOVEMBER, 1931

CONTENTS

PAGE

Health Teaching in Schools of Nursing . . . Edith A mas .563

Editorials --------_____ ,5(57

Some Newer Ideas aboitt Syphilis - - . . ])r. (lenrgc S. Fodoti .WO

Parent Training --.._.. /),.. ^ jf sindhers r)78

Increase of Tuberculosis among Nurses - - -Ann M. Forrcd 578

Canada, Host to the American Hospital Association - E. M. McK. 582

The Lazarette at Bentinck Island - - - Winnie L. Chute 583

Department of Nursing Education:

Suggested Curriculum for Schools of Nursing in

Canada, with Comment -------_. sgg

Department of Private Duty Nursing:

Treatment of Empyema Dr. .1 . A. Cnmphell 590

The League of Nations Studies Child Mortality - - - . 592

Department of Public Health Nursing:

The American Public Health Association

Convention - - Margaret L. Moag 593

Reports:

New Brunswick Association of Registered Nurses Annual Meeting 597

The Maritime Conference C!atholic Hospital Association Con-
vention ---------_-_ 597

News Notes ---_.__ .599

Official Directory ----.____._ co^

Vol. XXVII.

NOVEMBER. 193

No.

of Nursing

By EDITH AMAS, Instructor of Nurses, City Hospital, Saskatoon, Sask.

Health and the subject of preven-
tive medicine is one that has forced
its wa}' very rapidly to the fore-
ground in medical and nursing circles.
Heretofore all thought had been given
to the critically ill patient but once
recovery was in sight interest waned.
Little attention was paid to the fact
that the patient had not reached his
former level of health.

When we discuss health concepts
we are confronted with the vagueness
of what health means. Dr. Williams,
of Columbia University, gives as his
definition : ' ' Health is that quality of
human life which enables the indi-
vidual to live most successfully."
Health, then, is not an end in itself
but a means Avhereby the individual
can function most adequately in
society and reap the greatest reward
that can be achieved — personal satis-
faction in a task well done.

Health education is receiving a
more and more important place in all
types of curricula. We find it now on
public school, collegiate and univer-
sity schedules in one form or another.
We must look about us for the reason
of this change. Perhaps statistics
compiled during the Great War have
helped most to concentrate attention
on the need of prevention of disease.
It was found that large numbers of
men. as a result of an illness incurred
during childhood which might have
been prevented or at least more ad-

(Read at the annual meeting of the Saskatche-
vv.in Rpgistored Nurses Association, 1931.)

equately cared for, were physically
unfit to serve their country.

At the close of the war, then, we
have the nation confronted with the
problem of disease prevention and
health maintenance. There were also
at that time overseas nurses waiting
demobilisation and wondering jusr
where they might again fit into
society. The natural result of this sit-
uation was an increase in public
health nurses whose chief activity was
health leaching.

The laws of the country demand a
certain standard of health in those
publicly employed. These are mini-
mum standards and not an ideal. Our
ideal is that of positive health. We
have thought of health as an absence
of disease, but it is much more than
that. Positive health is an ideal to-
wards which we build, leaving behind
all germs and all physical and mental
imperfections. It will take years of
work and much patience, however, be-
fore society can be made thus health
conscious. We will need workers and
teachers to whom health is of primary
importance. Schools of nursing are
the logical places to look for such aid.
We are producing a group of pro-
fessional people who should be pro-
minent in the ranks of health leader-
ship. A nurse has infinite opportunity
1o spread this gospel: consequently
the onus is laid upon these schools for
the provision of adequate health train-
ing for the students within their
walls.

The question now arises — how shall
we teach health ? This, like all other

564

THE CANADIAN NURSE

subjects on onr curricula, has two
aspects. In a health programme they
may well be :

(1) The maintenance and pro-
motion of the personal health of
the student.

(2) The realisation that all our
nurses are potential health teachers
and to qualify them to this end.
We must then commence with the

student prior to her entrance to the
school. It is essential that we must
begin with a healthy individual. It is
true that one meets with a certain
amount of misunderstanding and lack
of co-operation from the medical pro-
fession when one asks for a certificate
of health. This is perhaps due to the
fact that some doctors are not health
conscious. The student should be re-
quired to present from a health officer
proof of recent immunisation and
vaccination. Probably the most satis-
factory method would be to have the
applicant examined by a physician
selected by the hospital. This exam-
ination has a secondary value in that
the student, before she enters the hos-
pital is faced with the fact that health
is essential.

If a man is going to be honest, he
must be honest in all situations. If
an individual is going to live whole-
somely he must do so fairly continu-
ously. Is it of any credit to a hospital
that though its graduates have had a
record of few ill days while students
many are unfit for constant service
after graduation? I venture to say
that many here remember being on
duty with a temperature and staying
on. That may have trained one in
endurance but it was far from being
fair to either patient or nurse. All
large organisations and factories take
a primary interest in the health of
their employees. They spend large
sums of money yearly to supply an
adequate health service. This is not
for purely philanthropic reasons, but
because it has proved its value in
dollars and cents. "Would it not be
good salesmanship to consider our
nurses in the same way? Some in-

surance companies consider it inad-
visable to grant disability benefits to
nurses. Does this raise a question in
your minds?

A programme must be mapped out
whereby a nurse shall be enabled to
maintain her health. Several points
might be considered here :

1. Regular Health Examinations:
In our lectures on preventive medicine
and oral hygiene we dwell upon the
necessity of periodic examinations for
the masses. Why not put our theory
into practice by insisting that our
students be examined periodically?
Our students are examined yearly
and also a few days prior to gradua-
tion. Such an examination is of two-
fold value:

{a) It checks over minor or
chronic ailments of the student.

(&) It prevents future lost days.
In our recent examinations we
found some students who required
minor medical treatment. These were
easily cared for when taken in an
early stage and probably saved a
lengthy loss of time in the future.
This routine also sows in the student's
mind the need of a periodic check-up
both for herself and her patients.

2. Number of Hours in Working
Day : A reasonable number of work-
ing hours is necessary for the main-
tenance of health. The nurse often
overtaxes her strength by working
many long hours caring for the sick.
Nevertheless it is essential she should
have a sufficient time for rest that she
may be not only physically but men-
tally alert.

3. Provision for Study and Suffi-
cient Sleep : The amount of sleep
usually cares for itself in that most
hospitals insist on lights out at ten-
thirty and allow only a restricted
number of late leaves. Study, however,
is not as adequately cared for. Is it
fair that a student must study after
a physically hard day? All hospitals
do not agree in their approval of the
block system of classes biit it surelv
should merit credit in that hours of
study early in the day are provided.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

565

4. Recreation: Health not only in-
cludes the physical aspect but the
mental and moral also. Recreation is
necessary for the former but also, if
a school is to have intelligent students,
there must be some opportunity for
healthy mental stimulation away from
the hospital. Time and opportunity
must be allowed for this. If the stu-
dent selects her mental and physical
activities with care the moral aspect
in most cases would need no further
consideration.

5. Healthful Environment : This is
largely controlled by the type of resi-
dence that the hospital provides.

6. Dietary Needs: Perhaps this is
one of the most vexing problems. W*^
teach our student what well-balanced
diets for an adult should consist of
but all too often she is given meals
which are contradictory to what sho
has learned. Individual attention to
diets for students requiring this ser-
vice might be cared for by the diet
kitchen. A monthly record of weights
would aid in giving an index as to
whether the student is being nourish-
ed. This is only of value if its findings
are followed up.

7. Time Allotment for Illness : Thi^
law of Saskatchewan states that all
employees must have one day's rest
in seven. Teachers are allowed twenty
ill days per academic year. Women
in other walks of life are allowed a
certain number of ill days. These
workers have an added advantage in
that their hours are shorter and they
have a weekend in which to rest. Does
it not, then, seem essential to allow a
nurse a stated number of ill days in
three years? In some hospitals it has
been a custom to give a prize to the
student who loses the least number
of days off duty through illness. This
seems to be contrary to health think-
ing. It will have the effect of en-
couraging the student to remain on
duty when she would be much better
off, so far as her patients, co-workers
and herself are concerned. Health
must be bought before it can be sold.
Surely the criteria for judging the

efficiency of the student's health ser-
vice should be in relationship to her
own general health. For good sales-
manship, she must have what she in-
tends to sell.

Let us consider the second aspect
of health education : That is — To pro-
vide an education for the nurse that
will qualify her to teach health.

The standard curriculum outlines a
course of fifteen hours in Personal
Hygiene. Dr. Grant Flemraing, Medi-
cal Health Director of the Canadian
Mental Hygiene Society, and Pro-
fessor of Hygiene, McGill University,
states that the way to teach hygiene
to medical students and nurses is to
teach it impersonally. If one is teach-
ing health to Grade 1 pupils, then
each morning the teacher can examine
their hands for well-brushed nails,
and give stars for brushed teeth. One
does not do this with the adult.
Furthermore, one must also consider
the content of the course to be given.
As I have said our students are poten-
tially the health teachers of a few
years hence. If this is so then they
must be equipped professionally to
cope with a professional problem. Our
course must contain more than their
school-day course of hygiene.

I understand the same problem is
to be met with in normal schools. The
student may often come in with very
careless health habits and little ide-i
of personal hygiene. She must be
taught what to teach and how to teach
it to her future pupils. It is gradually
borne in on the normal school student
that if she is to achieve success she
must first, herself, practise these
habits and be an example. In this
light, it is also well to teach the stu-
dent nurse. I have had our students
this year each keep a daily health
record during their preliminary
months. These were started at the
first hygiene class and kept daily for
the succeeding four months.

To further stimulate interest the
students are assigned health posters
or scrap books. It is much more help-
ful to have a student nurse make her

566

THE CANADIAN NURSE

own posters than to have her look at
a number which have been made by
companies. She must do a certain
amount of health reading before she
decides on a suitable way to make her
poster. The student is advised to
consult library reference books and
health and nursing journals.

This spring the students were as-
signed scrap books. They were to
assume they were teaching health in
the lower grades and with this in
mind to make a scrap book with
pictures and stories that would illus-
trate health lessons.

I have found that much more in-
terest is stimulated if the class is ap-
proached from the view point of what
we shall teach to the other person.
The student at this stage is particu-
larly interested in patients. It must
be borne in upon her that in her dailv
nursing care of patients many oppor-
tunities of health work are open to
her. In fact, very often the only
health work eflPected is done by the
nurse. On the children's ward she has
very many obvious opportunities to
instill a little soap and water idea
into Tony's mind and to tell little
Mike all about the careless tram con-
ductor who got the influenza —

"From the lady with the 'flu,
Because he put her nickel
Where he really ought to chew!"

These opportunities are fairly ap-
parent but it is the patient on the
medical floor perhaps who might very
well profit by timely advice about her
teeth which ought to be cared for, or
perhaps she only needs a lesson on the
efficacy of soap and water.

It is exceedingly difficult to instill
into many nurses the science of pre-
ventive work. Nursing care is con-
cerned not only with functions that
relate to illness but also to all that
work which leads to the restoration
of the patient to physical and mental
health. It is also concerned with the
building up of his health concepts so
that he will take better care of himself
in the future. For this reason it is
necessary to instill into the nurse at

the very commencement of her educa-
tion the idea of positive health as an
aim for all persons. It is all too true
that most nurses could recognise in-
stantly a sick child but how many
could tell when a child was really
normal and well. We, then, at the
very commencement of our course,
help the nurse to realisation of her
responsibilities on a health level. Her
first experience in the maintenance of
healthy surroundings for the patient
is learned in hospital housekeeping.
All the seemingly smaller activities of
her first ward work and her care of
convalescing patients are beginnings
of her health work. It is during the
care of convalescent patients that the
student is afforded opportunity for
health education. Quite often chancess
present themselves for spreading a
little knowledge to patients, visitors
and relatives. A tactful word here
and there may do wonders.

We also make a practical applica-
tion of our teaching. During the pre-
liminary days the students receive
two hours a week of physical educa-
tion. They correlate this class to a
certain extent with their physiology
since they must know what muscles
they are exercising with each different
movement. After the students have
passed their preliminary days they
are given the opportunity to take
swimming, and a dancing les.son once
a week by a qualified teacher. This
includes ball-room dancing and some
fancy dancing. This summer we hope
to have new tennis courts and possibly
organised tennis for each student.

T think that after working hours
more benefit is derived from an exer-
cise in which there is an element of
play.

In conclu.sion let me repeat that if
we in our nursing schools are to keen
abreast with the times we must give
health education a very important
place in our curriculum. Furthermore,
the old theoretical method of health
teaching will have to give way to a
new and practical programme which
the student not only studies but actu-
allv lives.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

567

iE&itnnal0

A Scientific Spirit

Of the multiple interests claiming
the attention of the nursing profes-
sion in Canada the most pressing is
the Report of the Survey of Nursing
p]dueation in Canada, to be released
from the press next month. In respect
of magnitude and constructive value
it is the most significant enterprise in
which Canadian nurses have shared.
For that reason and because of poten-
tial results which may accrue there-
from, it is of vital import that a large
percentage of registered nurses should
purchase and study the Report.

The Survey has made an attempt to
discover the truth about nursing edu-
cation and practice in this country.
The truth, when revealed, should be
viewed with open-mindedness, void of
prejudice. In other words, the scien-
tific spirit which actuated the launch-
ing of the Survey should characterise
the individuals of the profession whea
reading the Report. Granted thai
spirit on the part of the reader, the
sympathetic interpretation of dat.i
gathered together with the compre-
hensive recommendations of the docu-
ment will ensure far reaching results.

Provincial, Alumnae and other
groups will do well to devote several
evenings dui-ing the coming months

to a purposeful consideration of the
various chapters. Several sessions of
tlie general meeting to be held in Saint
John, New Brunswick, next June will
be given to a discussion of the salient
recommendations made. Nurses from
coast to coast should so familiarise
themselves with the content of the re-
port that constructive action may
follow discussions in which their re-
presentatives participate.

Already steps have been taken to
form small provincial study commit-
tees composed of medical and nursing
representatives. Let that constitute
precedent for further attempts of
both individuals and groups to read
and digest the Report. Such a prn-
(^edure will secure maximum results
for a considerable expenditure of both
money and eflfort necessitated by the
project. Provision has been made for
the sale of the Report tlirough pro-
vincial channels: a nurse member of
the small study committee in each
province will stimulate and direct the
distribution. Obtain a copy. Bring to
the study of it a mind open to con-
viction. The Report points the way
to an improved profession in the de-
cades to come.

F. TT. M. E.

The Public Health Nurse in the Health Unit

A great impetus was given to pub-
lic health work with tlie establish-
ment of the health units, first in Eng-
land, then ill the United States and
Canada. Those have i)roved very suc-
cessful, as it shown by the further
establishment of organised units. The
great pi-nl)It'ni in Western Canada is

that of rural health, and it would
seem that all the advantages of a city
health department for rural dwellers
can only be accomplished by means of
i-urfil health units staffed with com-
petent full-time workers.

The success of any unit i-ests prim-
arilv with the medical health officer.

568

THE CANADIAN NURSE

but as in any field of medicine, behind
him or rather shoulder-to-shoulder
with him must be the nurse. The work
of the public health nurse cannot be
overlooked, as it is her privilege to
come in possibly closer contact with
the people than do the other members
of the staff. In any unit, the nursing
services will necessarily be along
general public health lines and of an
educational nature, including in its
programme pre-natal, post-natal and
infant welfare care, pre-school inspec-
tion, school inspection, home nursing
instruction and inspection of nursing
homes, visits regarding tuberculosis
and trachoma, together with a newer
jihase included more and more, name-

ly, that of mental hygiene. The defin-
ite organised unit tends to stabilise
the public health nurse's position and
provides for more complete co-opera-
tion. It becomes her own special
"field to plough" and hers to see the
results of labour expended

When a district's individual needs
and problems can be studied and
ways and means of aiding and im-
proving health conditions are provid-
ed by a staff with the district's inter-
est at heart, greater efficiency is likely
to result. What an opportunity for
the nurse with vision and initiative
to become a part of the organised
health unit !

K.B.

Positive Health

The term positive health has an at-
traction for those possessing a love of
adventure, rather than the familiar
"prevention of disease." To bring
about a condition of positive health
for society at large is almost Utopian :
however, that should not deter the
nurse from participation in such en-
deavour. It is recognised that such
effort requires workers possessing in-
finite patience, perseverance, and
deep-rooted altruism. Are our student
nurses receiving guidance and in-
struction whereby they develop these
characteristics, and will they become
leaders in a positive health cam-
paign?

A perusal of the curriculum in the
majority of schools of nursing shows
that the subject of personal health

receives consideration from the
theoretical standpoint. Are these
theories applied as they should be?
If so, w^herein lies the explanation for
many nurses breaking physically?
Must it be admitted that our health
concepts are too vague? Or do the
careless habits of personal hygiene
with which the young applicant en-
ters the school remain unchanged
during her training?

Whatever the answer to these ques-
tions, it must be admitted that nurses
should conform to progress. Old
methods must be replaced by a new
and more practical programme so that
each nurse may maintain a high level
of personal health and become a
leader in assisting all members of
society to reach the same standard.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

56^

Some Newer Ideas About Syphilis

By GEORGE S. FENTON, M.D., Ottawa

PART I.
I must tell you how keenly I am
sensitive to the honour you have done
me by asking me to address you to-
day.

For the past quarter of a century
most of my work could not have been
done without the assistance of trained,
graduate, and registered nurses. For
them I have developed a most pro-
found and respectful admiration,
sometimes, as it is on this present
occasion, tinged with terror.

Men and women do work together
in many employments: in factories,
on farms and in offices; and always
to some degree, at some time or other,
there comes between them a nasty and
unnatural sense of antagonism and
hostility. Men think it unfair that
they should have to compete with their
sisters, and women feel that their
very best work is depreciated because
of its feminine origin. No such
thought can ever trouble us in our
profession. Here, the vast majority of
you have perfected yourselves in
those duties which, by your nature,
you alone are fitted to perform. The
whole world thinks that women are
the only proper nurses; that no mere
man could do such work as well. But
all of this by the way. Perhaps, like
the unjust steward of the Scriptures,
I am trying to pillow my approach-
ing downfall !

I was in some agony of mind over
the choosing of a subject on which to
speak. I did not wish to tell you only
of things I had read about in books.
Some of the books were bad; others
I could not understand. And, too, it
is quite natural, as you will presently
find, that with increasing years the
emphasis of memory is on what one
has done, be it ever so little; on the

(A paper given by Dr. Fenton at a meeting of
District No. 8, Registered Nurses Association of
Ontario, on May 16th, 1931, at Renfrew, Ont.)

peculiar experiences, however small,
which have been encountered. Read-
ing< may give background, but the
' ' memory-life, ' ' which is the only one
left to us in later years, is nearly al-
ways determined by the good or evil
we have done with our hands and
brains. From this point of view, there-
fore, it did seem better that I should
tell you something in connection with
my own real, if unimportant, experi-
ence, rather than to relate probably
false impressions of something I had
read.

For the last six years it has been
my good fortune to have charge of a
clinic conducted, somewhat surrepti-
tiously, by the Ottawa Day Nursery
for the treatment of syphilis in women
and children. Every Thursday after-
noon from twenty-five to fifty of them
pass through my hands. It is about
this disease that I shall speak. I must
warn you that while my sayings can-
not be new or original, they will be
coloured and biased by the experience
I have gained in my work.

You will allow me to recall a few
of the most interesting facts and
fancies concerning syphilitic infec-
tions. The germ itself, the causal or-
ganism, is a most interesting bacter-
ium. Spiroch^eta pallida, the pale,
translucent spirocha^ta, is probably
the most beautiful of all germs. It
looks exactly like a delicate and per-
fectly symmetrical corkscrew; it has
from three to twenty-odd spirals, and
is long enough to stretch across two
red blood cells. The organism has a
very short life outside the living body.
Probably under no condition will it
live for twenty-four hours. To this
delicacy of constitution the human
race owes much. "Were the spirochaeta
a strong, hardy, resistant organism,
the number of cases of syphilis acquir-
ed by innocent and casual contacts
would be legion.

570

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The way in which this spirochaeta
gains entrance to the body is worthv
of note. It is generally conceded that
there must be touch-contact between
broken skin or mucous membrane (it
does not matter if the break be un-
noticeably small), and a part of the
infecting person or article where the
organisms are superficial and alive.
This means a lot. It means that a
whole skin probably gives perfect pro-
tection— ^even though perfectly whole
skins are rare. In view of the short
life of the organism outside the body,
it means that indirect contagion is
usually improbable. It means that the
most contagious period in syphilis is
the early period, the first few months,
when the organisms are most likely
to be touchable ; that is, on the skin
in primary sores or in early rashes
or in the ulcers of mucous membranes.
Probably the greatest danger of con-
tagion exists when the superficial sore
is placed where it cannot be seen. The
majority of infections are acquired
through hidden lesions of the cervix
or the vaginal mucous membrane.

Once having gained entrance, the
spirochgetae multiply exceedingly in
the superficial lymph spaces, and in
the course of a few days or weeks
have caused so much local disturbance
that the tissues react to form what is
called the primary sore or chancre. So
much attention used to be paid to this
first visible evidence ; chapters have
been written on its diagnosis and
treatment, but this great truth has
come to be known : that by the time
the primary sore has developed into
a recognisable lesion, the infection has
entered the blood stream and is cir-
culating throughout every part of the
body. It was like paying minute atten-
tion to the size, shape and colour of
the stable door long after the horse
had departed. By the time the chancre
can be seen you may be sure that the
organisms found in it are merely the
rear-guard of a landing party whose
teeming millions have gone upstream
into the far interior. A man who con-
tracts syphilis has a local lesion for

a few days, and a generalised infec-
tion for the rest of his life.

Usually the first ocular proof of
the generalised invasion of the blood-
stream is the syphilitic rash. And if
you will reflect a moment you will
realise that the same blood which
bears spirochaetae to the skin also is
carrying them to every other tissue
and organ, where it circulates; to the
innermost marrow of the bones ; to the
most remote and delicate tissues of the
brain. There is an inside rash, an en-
danthem.

At first, in the bloodstream, the in-
vading myriads engage in house-
hunting. They are like colonists look-
ing for suitable homesteads. But soon
they choose their places and settle
down, often, at first, with very little
disturbance to the surrounding cells
and tissues. And there they stay, alive
for years and years : probably till
twenty-four hours after the death of
the infected person. They may never
cause serious trouble or they may
bring the most repulsive death. They
have the power to remain quietly hid-
den though alive, to remain latent.
Latency is one of the most distinctive
and significant characteristics of
syphilis. Tuberculosis is far behind
it in this respect. For instance, and a
true instance : A boy contracted
syphilis in his eighteenth year. The
little treatment he received at the
time appeared to clear up everything.
There were no further symptoms and
the incident passed from his memory.
He became a good athlete and made
good progress in his profession until
his forty-fifth year. Then he began to
act peculiarly, and still more, so
peculiarly that he lost his position
He became slovenly in appearance
and absolutely impossible as a com-
panion. Within a year his doom was
definitely sealed. He had general
pareisis of the insane. He had become
much lower than the beasts of the
field.

What happened ? Early in his in-
fection some of those house-hunting
spirochaetae in the bloodstream chose

THE CANADIAN NURSE

571

to settle in his brain. There they lived
without offence for thirty-seven years.
Then they left their peaceful habita-
tion and bestirred themselves to de-
stroy the whole of that man's brain.
Thirty-seven years with never a vis-
ible sign or warning! Why, the man
even got his life insured three times !

Any time, anywhere, anyhow, lat-
ent, quiescent, hidden syphilis may
rouse itself to produce destruction in
any part of the body of the host. As
a matter of fact, certain tissues do
more often suffer this delayed dis-
aster. Commonly they are skin, blood-
vessels, nerve and bone, probably in
that order of frequency. It is because
of this characteristic of the infection,
this possibility that after long latency
it can produce such disturbance in
any part of the body — disturbance
with all variety of signs and symp-
toms; because of this that our
Fathers in Medicine used to say,
"Know syphilis and you know all dis-
eases."

From what I have said, I hope it
appears that time, the passing of
time, has much to do with syphilis.
It is usually a lifetime matter. And
when we come to diagnosis, time is
of transcendent importance. Formerly
we diagnosed syphilis by using our
brains. We had to depend on our ob-
servation of the signs and symptoms
of the disease. This was a slow way.
Before a definite opinion could be
formed the infection had spread
throughout the system. Nowadays,
with much greater speed and greater
average accuracy, we use a micro-
scope or a few test-tubes.

You will remember I have mention-
ed that for a short while the infecting
agent of syphilis remained at the
point of entry. And just at this stage
we have, for a few days, a golden op-
portunity for an attempt at cure
which holds good prospect of perfect
success. A primary sore quickly recog-
nised and its possessor thoroughly
treated means that, in all likelihood,
no further signs or symptoms of
syphilis will ever appear. This quick
method requires a dark-field micro-

scope. If we can secure a drop of tis-
sue juice from this place and examine
it with such an instrument we can
answer yes or no to the question of
syphilitic infection at once. There is
no other way to be sure. A chancre
may look like nothing or anything.
Experience has shown that proper and
adequate treatment given at this
stage offers very good assurance of
permanent cure. Unfortunately the
dark-field microscope requires some
little skill and experience in its tech-
nique. In principle it is perfectly
simple. You may compare the dark-
field itself — that is, the drop of ma-
terial which you are examining — to,
say, a ward which has just been
"done up" by one of you. Spick and
span and shiny it is, without a part-
icle of dust anywhere — except per-
haps on the top of the door and in a
very farthest corner. The air is per-
fectly clear : until a ray of strong;
sunshine Ihrows itself in from the-
window — and there, in a beam of
brighter slanting light, appears a
countless myriad dancing particles of
dust ; enough to shame the most
junior probationer. That is what the
dark-field attachment does to a micro-
scopic field. It shades down the high
illumination of the whole field and
throws a strong oblique beam of light
through the comparative dimness in
the drop of fluid. And like the dust
in the room, particles appear which
previously were invisible. Such a field
is one of the most beautiful sights a
microscope has to offer. Against the
dull background of the surrounding
fluid, the spirochsetae show in silver-
white coils of perfect symmetry, mov-
ing with slow, stately and graceful
determination. It gives the greatest
possible contrast to a field of typhoid
baecilli at play in their hanging drop
— dashing about aimlessly in fitful
wriggles with no apparent reason or
object.

Since the success of the treatment
of syphilis is invariably and directly
in proportion to the promptness with
which treatment is begun and since
no human eye can always surely know

572

THE CANADIAN NURSE

all the outward marks of the disease,
dark-field examination of material
from suspicious localities is, of all
other procedures, the most necessary
and important. Treatment begun at
this early date, say, within three
weeks of infection, is almost sure to
be efficient and very probably of per-
manent effect.

But supposing this has not been
done, we must fall back upon our
second quickest method of diagnosis.
This is the test-tube procedure; the
blood-test of "Wasserman or Kahn.
These famous reactions are not really
direct evidence of syphilis. They show
that the tissues of the infected persou
have developed a substance to fight
the invasion; that a syphilitic anti-
body is present in the blood. It is an
indirect, a negative inference as to
the presence of syphilis. Just as if,
passing a fire-station, you saw through
its wide-open doors that all the men
and apparatus had gone ; without
seeing the fire you might be fairly
sure that somewhere something was
burning. These reactions, the Was-
serman and Kahn, are probably given,
at some time, by most tissue juices.
Notoriously the examination of spinal
fluid obtained by lumbar puncture
often gives us startling warning of
danger, either actual or threatened, to
the nervous system. A positive Was-
serman may be shown by the spinal
fluid long before we think the ner-
vous system could be affected. It may
remain long after other tests have be-
come negative.

Another interesting test-tube pro-
cedure which has developed in con-
nection with spinal fluid is the col-
loidal gold reaction. When syphilitic
change is present in the nervous sys-
tem its fluid acts in a peculiar way
when it is mixed with solutions of
colloidal gold of accurately varying
strengths. The measure of this test is
given by the change in the colour of
the gold solutions in the test-tubes.

To begin with it is a pretty pink
shade; when it is mixed with the
tainted spinal fluid the series of test-
tubes fades through an array of
blanching heliotropish purples. The
different successions in which the
shades appear give us a hint as to
what part of the nervous system is
being marked for destruction. Ar-
ranged in order and numbered, they
are plotted into what are called col-
loidal gold curves. One such, re-
sembling a toboggan slide, suggests
general pareisis; another showing a
hump in the middle forbodes tabes
dorsalis.

Incidentally, these tests also show
that the spirochsetae have spread from
their landing-place and multiplied so
greatly that a general alarm has been
turned into the bloodstream. When
blood tests have become positive it is
likely that three weeks of valuable
time have been lost. But even now, if
proper, intensive, adequate treatment
be started and kept up, it is likely
that all evidence of the disease will
disappear forever. It is all a matter
of time : of prompt, accurate diag-
nosis and of quick, efficient and long-
continued treatment.

The reason, of course, is quite sim-
ple. Cure means the killing of all the
spirochaetae wherever they may be. To
kill them the remedy used must be
brought into direct contact with them,
and this is obviously most easily done
when they are lying loose in the in-
itial lesion or floating freely in the
accessible body fluids, before they
have had time to dig themselves into
the remote, inaccessible fastnesses of
the body. The first question of the
syphilitic, when he knows his state, is
'"'How long till I'm clear of it?" Be-
fore an answer' can be given, one
must ask, "How long have you had
it?" Generally, and with approxi-
mate truth, the chance of cure de-
pends on the promptness of diagnosis.

(Concluded in next issue.)

THE CANADIAN NURSE

573

Parent Training

By R. R. STRUTHERS, B.A., M.D., Montreal

In the course of my lectures to the
Senior Class last year I remarked, in
discussing certain faults and pecu-
liarities of infancy and childhood,
that these difficulties in the training
of children were not of themselves the
fault of the child, but rather showed
the lack of training on the part of the
parents. You will all agree with me,
I think, that there is no equally
serious undertaking which we assume
in life with as little preparation as
that of the upbringing of our chil-
dren. I wish to discuss briefly these
apparent faults in early childhood.

It is my contention that there is no
one thing which we, either as parents
or potential parents, can hand on to
our children which will be of such
inestimable value to them in later life,
as a stable nervous system. By a stable
nervous system, I mean particularly,
good emotional control, and the only
way we can inculcate in our children
good emotional control, is by precept
and example. It cannot be done by
teaching or by actual conscious effort
directed towards the child's emotional
life. It can only be done by example.
The emotional life of the child is
essentially founded on the emotional
life of its parents, who compose his
environment and, as I shall point out
to you, we can practically always
trace back the emotional disturbances
of young children, to emotional dis-
turbances in their environment. Such
tracing back is of necessity a labor-
ious, time-consuming procedure and
unless, in the investigation of such
disturbances, we are prepared to ex-
pend long hours of patient question-
ing, it is much better that we should
forego the attempt to elucidate the
emotional disturbances of young chil-
dren.

Emotional control as resrards the
young child may be divided into two

(A lecture to the School for Nurses, Montreal
General Hospital, 1931.)

phases; first, self-control as we ordi-
narily understand it, particularly as
regards the thwarting of immediate
desires, and second, independence. By
independence we mean two things —
independence of self as regards de-
pending on self for satisfaction of
emotional desires, of which I shall
speak later, and also independence of
parents in regard to the securing of
satisfaction of desires, such as ability
to do things for himself, that is, emo-
tional control in the language of the
psychologist requires extroversion of
ideas for emotional development
rather than intraversion : looking to-
wards self for satisfaction of emotion-
al life. These ideas will be made more
clear, perhaps, as my theme develops.
If you will regard the emotional life
of th^ child up to the age of puberty
as a straight line, thus up to the age
of two or three yearsi===
the child's demands are entirely per-
sonal or selfish and the distance be-
tween desire and accomplishment
must of necessity be short. This is
best shown by the example of the
young infant, who, when hungry, and
satisfaction of his hunger is not im-
mediately forthcoming, immediately
gives an emotional display in the form
of crying, which we regard as being
an essentially normal manifestation,
that is, the distance between the desire
and the period of attainment is short.
After the age of two the child's emo-
tional life as regards play and in-
terest is much more dependent on out-
side interests in the form of toys,
diversions, such as books and play-
mates, and the absolute dependence
on self is much less marked, so that
the distance between desire and at-
tainment may be much greater. That
is to say. thwarting of the immediate
desire is much more readily borne,
and the child learns to accept thwart-
ing for the moment and the postpone-
ment of the actual attainment of his

574

THE CANADIAN NURSE

desire until some more distant date.
Hence, the distance between desire
and attainment becomes more pro-
longed as the child increases in age
and learns to accept such thwarting.
In ordinary language we may state
this condition to be the ability to be-
come accustomed to making his desires
co-ordinate with the family life
around him. The acceptance of such
thwarting of desire, thus making him-
self by this means a pleasant attrac-
tive member of his household, is the
thing which we all admire, though un-
consciously, in the child whom we call
"well-trained" or "well-behaved."
He is essentially a pleasant member
of his household and is not the small
emperor of his kingdom, whose every
desire requires immediate attention,
which is the form of tyranny we are
accustomed to associate with the so-
called '^ badly behaved" or "ill-train-
ed" child, who expresses his slightest
thwarting by an emotional display.

It is necessary in this regard to say
a few words concerning the so-called
sexual life of the child. Because of the
child's complete dependence on self
for emotional activity during the first

dependent on no outside influences,
but the attainment of the desire can
be made immediate. On the other
hand, it is well known that such habits
tend to disappear when the child be-
comes less dependent on self for emo-
tional satisfaction, and such habits,
due to the distribution perhaps of the
child's attention by outside interests
after the age of two, tend to become
less frequent or to disappear. That
is, this form of auto erotic manifesta-
tion tends to disappear from the age
of three until the age of pre-puberty,
when, the physical changes going on
in the organism and the oncoming
signs of maturity, once more centres
the child's emotional life on himself
and such erotic habits again may be-
come manifest. In the case of the child
whose emotional life has been well
organised from the ages of three on
to pre-puberty, such interest in self
tends to giadually disappear and the
child passes through what is admit-
tedly the difficult emotional period of
puberty and he becomes again the less
self -centered individual, which he was
before, as regards his emotional life.
This idea can perhaps be best illus-
trated by a diagram :

year or two, there arise certain auto
erotic manifestations which we are
accustomed to consider "bad habits,"
such as masturbation, thigh rubbing
and thumb sucking. These are of
themselves not necessarily bad habits,
with evil consequences, but simply
bear out the idea that the child is
essentially dependent on self for emo-
tional satisfaction. That is, the dis-
tance between desire and attainment
is very short because these habits ap-
parently do give a certain amount of
satisfaction, and their fulfilment is

The whole question of so organising
the child's emotional life during this
training period of from three to ten
or twelve is dependent on his emotion-
al surroundings, that is, on his
parents. If I have made myself clear
on these points, which on the face of
them may have little to do with the
question of parent training, I will at-
tempt to show you the relationship of
such training to the future develop-
ment of the child.

Those children whom we are accus-
tomed to call emotional children or

THE CANADIAN NURSE

575

nervous children, are characterised
by certain physical peculiarities.
First, as regards appearance, such
children are usually lean, poorly
nourished ; they have a fickle appetite,
poor digestion as shown by frequent
digestive disturbances, sleep poorly,
tire easily, have poor ability of mental
concentration and are incapable of
sustained mental or physical effort.
In addition they fall readily into those
mannerisms which, for lack of a bet-
ter terra, we are accustomed to call
''bad habits." These so-called bad
habits can practically always be
traced to some malign influence in the
child's environment, particularly as
regards the lack of good emotional
control in parents, nurses or teachers.
The number of these so-called bad
habits is great and it is my desire
simply to enumerate a few of them
to you and see how they best can be
related to some similar, equally per-
nicious habits, in the adults about
them.

First, Fear. Fear is a habit of
mind which we are accustomed to as-
sociate with some other previous ex-
perience. This is not true in the case
of the majority of children. The greac
majority of children who are afraid,
of the dark for instance, have had no
unpleasant emotional experience as-
sociated with the lack of light, but
are simply imitating the attitude of
the adult members of the family. True,
the mother may have had some un-
pleasant experience in the dark which,
due to her lack of emotional control,
she is involuntarily giving to the
child. Similarly, the fear of animals
is not dependent in the case of the
child on previous experience. I have
in mind a young girl of seven, who
has had no unpleasant experience
with dogs but who has a very real and
intense aversion to them simply be-
cause in walking along the street the
mother, having the child's hand, in-
voluntarily tightens her grasp when
passing or approaching a dog, even
though the animal may show nothing
but playfulness in sniffing at their

heels. This is a well recognised
method of propagation of fear from
mother to child. Similarly, the fear
of attempting anything new. This is
best shown in the frequent refusal of
infants to eat anything new when
added to their diet. It may be some-
thing to which the mother has a dis-
tinct aversion and she unconsciously
passes on to the child this aversion in
her questioning manner in offering
this new article of diet to her infant.

Wilfulness, Disobedience, Temper
Tantrums and Breath Holding
Spasms, we are accustomed to associ-
ate with bad temper in the infant or
growing child. As a matter of facT;
they are simply the emotional means
which the child has at his disposal for
shortening the distance of which we
have already spoken, between desire
and attainment, and are merely the
carrying over from early infancy of
that emotional disturbance which is
most readily characterised by the ex-
ample we have already given of the
demand for satisfaction of appetite.
They simply mean that the child has
not yet learned to accept thwarting,
and the increase in the distance be-
tween desire and attainment, which
we are accustomed to observe in the
so-called well trained child. Such lack
of emotional control in thwarting, is
constantly seen in adults. The mother
who weeps or loses her temper over
the failure of obedience of her child,
is showing essentially the same emo-
tional reaction as her screaming child
who lies on the floor and bangs his
head, when his desire is not immedi-
ately fulfilled. The father who be-
comes impatient and shouts at the
youngster who does not immediately
perform his bidding, is showing equal-
ly with the child, lack of emotional
control and the failure to recognise
the necessarily increasing distance be-
tween desire and attainment. This
habit in the adult which we are accus-
tomed to call impatience is essentially
poor emotional control of which none
of us are free. Unfortunately, due to
our modern method of living and the

576

THE CANADIAN NURSE

constant hurry of life, all adults are,
in my opinion, chronically fatigued,
whether that fatigue be due to actual
physical effort, lack of sufficient rest,
lack of diversion or financial worry.
Such chronic fatigue is probably the
greatest enemy of good emotional con-
trol that we have today.

It would perhaps be of some in-
terest to give you a few concrete ex-
amples of some of these bad habits
which we, as practitioners in the
diseases of children, are constantly
meeting.

Mrs. ''C" brought her daughter
"A" to me complaining that she was
not able to stop the child, a school
girl of eight, from biting her nails.
Mrs. ''C" is a highly intelligent
woman of good education whose
daughter attends a private school. All
during the course of our conversation
Mrs. " C " rubbed at her fingers or bit
her nails. The nails on all ten fingers
were chewed to the quick, yet the
mother was unable to realise that her
daughter was simply copying the
mother's lack of emotional control in
also biting her finger nails. A reason-
ably good cure was effected by having
the mother wear gloves all the time
until her own nail-biting habit was
overcome. Similarly, Mrs. ''B"
brought her daughter of six complain-
ing that the child was always day
dreaming, yet the mother herself,
even in the course of an office visit,
was unable to carry on a connected
conversation. She was constantly star
gazing and in a so-called fit of ab-
straction. The mother herself was an
excellent example of one of the char-
acteristics of the nervous child which
we mentioned, that is, the inability to
carry on sustained mental or physical
effort. Improvement of the child was
only secured by separation from the
mother. A similar form of imitation
is seen in the habit of eye blinking in
children. This habit is usually a direct
imitation from some member of the
family who is unconsciously suffering
from the same habit. Relief is most

easily secured by separating the child
from the eye-blinking adult.

Mr. and Mrs. Mac, the latter a fair-
ly well-educated women, brought their
boy of five to the office because be
stuttered. No physical cause was
found for the stuttering but after an,
hour and a half of constant question-
ing and listening to answers, reducing
the mother to tears and the father to
apparent great shame, a story of gross
marital unhappiness was evolved. The
father was two years younger than
the mother, earning a comparatively
small salary, fatigued and financially
v.orried, was constantly ill tempered ;
the mother overworked, underweight,
was constantly emotional, wept when
the children misbehaved or when the
father, as he so freqiiently did, spoke
crossly or unreasonably. The explana-
tion to the parents that their maritally
unhappy emotional life was the cause
of their child's emotional disturbance,
the sending of the mother on a holi-
day and providing her with help for
her household, proved a speedy and
apparently complete cure of the
child's emotional instability, as ex-
pressed by stuttering. This is a very
illuminating example of the transfer
of lack of emotional control on the
part of the parents to the child.

We know comparatively little of the
stuff that dreams are made of or what
dreams in childhood mean, the cause
of night terrors or of sleep walking.
These are occasionally classed as bad
habits. Joan ''C" was an only child
living in a very emotional household.
She suffered frequently from night
terrors, the substance of which .seem-
ed to be the fear of being beaten. The
father and mother had constant dis-
agreements which unfortunately oc-
casionally became physical. One such
physical disagreement the child had
witnessed and there is no doubt thar
the emotional shock played a large
part in the onset and continuance of
her night terrors. True, there are
apparent physical causes for night
terrors. We are constantly being re-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

577

minded of them by the nightmares
which we suffer after late meals or
midnight biscuits and cheese. Chil-
dren frequently have night terrors,
which, fortunately, do not develop
into permanent bad habits, and which
are due simply to an over-indulgence
at the supper table. Such night ter-
rors, which are not essentially emo-
tional in their basis, are comparative-
ly readily overcome.

"W" was a bright emotional child
who was and is, a confirmed sleep
walker. No progress has been made
in the relief of this complaint, due
to the alcoholic and consequent emo-
tional habits of his mother and father.
I am quite sure that if emotional
stability could be secured in the
mother and father by removal of the
alcoholic complication and the conse-
quent discord in the family life,
"Ws" sleep walking would absolute-
ly disappear and his emotional con-
trol be infinitely improved.

The most frequent complaint which
we, as paediatrists, see in children
over the age of one year, is lack of
appetite for which we can find no
physical explanation. Such lack of
appetite has practically always a very
definite emotional basis in the mother.
Unfortunately a great many mothers,
particularly .those of only children,
have, through the public press, ill-
advised reading, and physicians, been
over educated as regards the need for
certain definite food intake both as
regards character and quality, in
their offspring. This has led them to
attempt to force in their children bv
persuasion, coaxing, threat or offer of
reward, certain food for which the
child has, at the moment, neither need
nor desire. The refusal on the part
of the child to take such food leads
to an emotional display on the part
of the mother. The child very quickly
learns that such, to him, delightful
emotional display, can be provoked
and readily prolonged by refusing to
eat his food ; hence Junior gets a
"kick" out of refusing to eat his
dinner because mother will either get

cross and threaten, offer a pleasant
reward or be reduced to tears. You
would be astounded to know of the
number of mothers who come to a
physician's office and shamefacedly
admit that they can be reduced to
tears and their whole day be emo-
tionally upset because baby refused
to eat his or her dinner. The answer
is, of course, obvious. If we were rais-
ing a small animal such as a pup, and
the animal refused to eat its food
when set before it, we would take
what steps we could to assure our-
selves that the animal was not physi-
cally ailing, and having received such
assurance, proceed to teach the animal
to either take it or to go without, with-
out any emotional display on our part.
Similar measures, though they sound
very unparental and cold blooded,
are extremely efficacious in the treat-
ment of this bad habit — anorexia
nervosa— in children. Offering of food
in a room alone where there are no
other disturbances and parents with
their emotional instability are out of
the picture, and removing the meal if
refused, usually produces a very
rapid and complete cure. It is well
known that such anorexia nervosa is
not seen among the poor. Where there
is barely sufficient food to go round
the family board, lack of appetite, in
the absence of physical illness, is an
unknown quantity. Only where there
is excess of food and excess of parent-
al solicitude does anorexia nervosa
make its appearance.

Finally, to return for a moment to
those so-called auto erotic practises
which we mentioned, thumb sucking,
thigh rubbing, masturbation; such
bad habits are essentially simple
manifestations of the child's interest
in self and his ability to secure emo-
tional satisfaction immediately, from
himself, without outside assistance.
It is mj'- belief that they are not of
themselves practices which produce
evil end results. The evil of thumb
sucking is the danger of deformity of
the face and mouth and only because
of the danger of producing this would

578

THE CANADIAN NURSE

I recommend steps towards its dis-
continuance. Because of the likelihood
of such unfortunate development,
some means of preventing its con-
tinuance must be instituted. Such
means are several and need not be
enumerated here, the point being that
interference is required, not because
of the bad habit but because of the
severe physical consequences which
follow. Masturbation and its equiva-
lent, thigh rubbing, in infancy, does
not, in my experience, produce any
gross physical, moral or mental defect,
nor is it, as it is so frequently con-
sidered, a sign of mental deficiency or
backwardness. It is seen frequently
in backward or mentally deficient
children, probably because of their
inability to develop outside interests
and they remain dependent entirely
on self for emotional satisfaction.

These wandering thoughts may seem
of themselves not related to the topic
of parent training. However, I have
attempted to show you the course of
development of the child's emotional
life, its pattern of the life about him,
the gradual acceptance of thwarting
and the gradually increasing distance

between desire and attainment in the
hope of greater benefit. This gradual
acceptance we expect, as being the
characteristic of normal emotional
adult life in our present civilisation.
I have tried to point out to you that
the emotional training of childhood
and infancy depends entirely, not on
something within the child himself,
but is subject to the example of the
adults who compose his emotional
environment. A successful emotional
training of children is not possible
excepting in the presence of emotional
well - trained parents, and until
parents, through training and educa-
tion, can secure for themselves good
emotional stability, we cannot look
for emotionally stable children. Hence
my topic — Parent Training.

Te repeat the aphorism which I
quoted early in my lecture : There is
nothing which we can pass on to our
children of as great value to them as
good emotional control, which is far
better than good physique or worldly
wealth, and such good emotional con-
trol is only attained by precept and
example.

• Increase of Tuberculosis Among Nurses

By ANN M. FORREST, Lady Superintendent, The Queen Alexandra Sanatorium,

London, Ont.

Looking over the records of the last
ten years, it has been a source of con-
siderable encouragement to those en-
gaged in tuberculosis work, to note
the steadily decreasing death rate
from this disease throughout the Do-
minion.

This improvement may be attribut-
ed to three causes: (1) to better edu-
cation in health generally, which has
raised the standard of living for the
very poor and the indigent; (2) to
preventive measures by means of

(A paper given at a meeting of District 5,
Registered Nurses Association of Ontario, June
13th. 1931.)

travelling and extension clinics which
reach the early, and contact cases in
remote districts, and (3) to increased
hospital accommodation which cares
for the advanced and open cases, thus
removing sources of infection from
the homes.

While this encouraging situation
exists in the general population, it
has become evident that tuberculosis
is increasing rather than decreasing,
among one of the valuable groups of
workers in the campaign for better
health — that is among the nurses.

The following figures show the in-
crease in the number of nurses ad-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

579

mitted to one sanatorium in Ontario
during the last ten years :

1921 5 1926 6

1922 3 1927 15

1923 4 1928 10

1924 4 1929 21

1925 6 1930 16

As we are all aware, good health is
one of the first and most important
requisites for entrance to our schools
of nursing, and a high standard of
health is necessary to success in our
work.

Dr. J. A. Myers makes the follow-
ing statement : " A nurse's breakdown
from such a communicable disease as
tuberculosis reflects upon her profes-
sional training and upon the practice
of preventive medicine," and he adds,
''Every year in this country (the
United States) a good many public
health nurses have the adult type of
tuberculosis disease, detected only
when it is in its advanced stage."

The problem of the cause and the
control of tuberculosis among nurses
is receiving the serious attention of
the medical profession.

In 1926 a preliminary study was
made by Dr. D. A. Stewart, of Mani-
toba Sanatorium, Ninette, and data
collected from thirteen Canadian
sanatoria. In March, 1930. a paper
was published in the Canadian Medi-
cal Association Journal by Dr. E. L.
Ross, of the Manitoba Sanatorium,
Ninette, based on a study of tuber-
culosis in sixty nurses who had been
patients in that sanatorium within
the previous five years, together with
facts gathered from the preliminarv
study of 1926.*

In June, 1930, Dr. J. A. Myers pre-
sented a paper at the convention of
the American Public Health Associa-
tion in Milwaukee on "The prevention
of tuberculosis among nurses."

All of these papers reveal a most
painstaking study of the subject and
are interesting reading for nurses. I

(♦See The Canadian Nurse, June, 1930.)

am quoting freely from all three, and
wish to fully acknowledge my indebt-
edness to them for the facts contained
in this paper.

Of the series of sixty studied in
Manitoba forty broke down during
training, ten developed symptoms
within the first year after graduation
— and it is very interesting to find
that eight of the ten had remained in
hospital positions ; the remaining ten
broke down in from three to seven-
teen years.

Of the sixty, fifteen had broken
down before the age of twenty, and
thirty-four — or more than one-half —
before the age of twenty-two. It is
significant, perhaps, that three-
fourths of this series began training
before twenty-two and some had
finished before that age.

The type of disease shown was some-
what similar to the type common in
childhood and it was thought that the
causes were the same.

Children have little immunity, and
when exposed to gross infection de-
velop acute disease, often basal,
whereas the adult type usually shows
lesions in the apices.

Young nurses from average or bet-
ter than average homes living under
good conditions, have met with little
infection and have, therefore, develop-
ed little immunity. When they meet
with open cases of tuberculosis,
especially if they are not protected by
proper routine they are virtually in
the position of little children. It musr
be remembered too, that previous to
beginning training most of their life
had been spent in school. Few had
done definite work or carried much
responsibility. It is not surprising
that the majority of them found the
work exacting, the hours long and the
increased emotional strain exhaust
ing. Hospital environment, routine,
and even food is different ; and there
is likely to be unwise expenditure of
energy even with the most careful
supervision.

580

THE CANADIAN NURSE

There is much in these changed con-
ditions to lower resistance, and any-
thing which tends to lower resistance
tends also to increase the danger of
illness, especially of tuberculosis.

In an analysis by age periods, made
a few years ago in the United States,
it was found that the mortality from
tuberculosis had declined 36 per cent.
in the whole population over the pre-
vious decade.

The greatest decline was shown for
children under five years — over 50 per
cent. From tive to fourteen years —
about 41 per cent, and from twenty-
five to forty-five years, when the
hazards of life are great for both men
and women, the death rate from tuber-
culosis had declined about 42 per cent.
The young adult group alone, from
fifteen to twenty-four years, had made
little progress in overcoming tuber-
culosis; and in the age, from fifteen
to nineteen the death rate for girls
was 75 per cent, higher than for boys.

What the causes may be has brought
forth much discussion, but whatever
the causes, the situation is one which
calls for serious thought, since the
recruits to our profession come from
young women at these very ages. We
must recognise that we are dealing
with a group which has the highest
mortality from tuberculosis in the
entire population.

A further study of tuberculosis
with reference to occupations appear-;
to indicate that the incidence among
nurses is relatively higher than,
among women in other occupations.
In a total of 1514 women treated in
thirteen Canadian sanatoria, ninety-
nine were nurses, a little over 6^ per
cent. As many nurses were under
treatment as school teachers, steno-
graphers and university women taken
together.

Dr. Myers states, "Every girl who
enters the nursing profession, exactly
as every girl or boy who enters the
medical profession, knows that she i.i
entering a profession of hazard," and

he continues, "I am firmly convinced
that nursing is a far more hazardous
occupation than it should be."

Are student nurses exposed to in-
fection while training in general hos-
pitals; and are we doing all that we
should to protect student and gradu-
ate nurses from tuberculosis?

Many hospitals have rigid rulings,
to the effect that no tuberculous
patient can be admitted for treat-
ment, yet the truth is, that there are
few general hospitals which do not
have their tuberculous patients daily.
They are admitted for other condi-
tions, for which they are treated,
without ever having their tuberculous
disease suspected.

Patients come to the hospital for
operative treatment, for fractures, for
goitre and for chronic disease of
many kinds, and among them are
some undiagnosed, open cases of
tuberculosis. Because of symptoms
which are detected during a general
examination these cases may be given
a chest examination while still in hos-
pital. They have been found to have
advanced tuberculosis with cavitation
and positive sputum.

It is generally stated that tuber-
culous people may be safely treated
in general hospitals if known, and
classed as tuberculous, and if the
training of the nurses includes the
essential measures necessary for the
care of the patient and for the safety
of the nurses.

Nurses should receive definite and
thorough teaching about tuberculosis
and about the routine for tuberculous
patients, especially about the routine
as to cough, and the disposal of
sputum.

Tuberculous infection is carried
principally in the sputum and in the
droplets spread over clothing, hands,
food, etc., by careless coughing and
sneezing.

A cough is practically always dang-
erous, whatever the cause, and every
cough should be covered. The best

THE CANADIAN NURSE

581

way to cover a cough is with a paper
handkerchief, held closely over the
mouth and nose, and discharged at
once into a paper bag and the bag and
contents burned.

Apart from tuberculosis much
could be done to prevent common
colds and other infections of the res-
piratory tract if this simple rule was
always observed.

Wliat measures could be carried out
by the school of nursing and the hos-
pital for the greater safety of the
student nurse?

(1) Every applicant for training
should have a careful physical exam-
ination, including an x-ray of the
chest, and an intracutaneous tuber-
culin test. There should be repeated
examinations at regular intervals.

(2) Every patient admitted to the
hospital should have a thorough
history taken, and should have a com-
plete physical examination made.

(3) Every general hospital should
have its tuberculosis service, where
these patients may be treated, thus
giving better service to the commun-
ity. On such a service, the student
nurse can be taught the technique of
the prevention of the spread of con-
tagious disease, how to protect her-
self, and how to teach others the pre-
vention of tuberculosis.

What is the nurse's own responsi-
bility to herself and to her patients?
It is to practise and teach the funda-
mental principles of personal hygiene.

Perhaps the very simplicity of this
formula has made it seem unworthy
of much emphasis, yet the practice
of the five important factors of per-
sonal hygiene are, at present, basic in
the treatment of tuberculosis. Rest,
fresh air, sunshine, adequate diet and,
the sanitary disposal of body dis-
charges, are subjects the nurse should
practise herself, and teach to others
if she wishes to make a real contribu-
tion to the prevention of tuberculosis
among nurses and among all members
of the community.

Another aspect of the problem of
tuberculosis among nurses which can-
not be overlooked, is their care and
maintenance when active disease has
developed ; and their re-establishment,
in suitable occupations when they
have recovered a measure of health.
The nurse's income is rarely sufficient
to permit of any substantial accumu-
lation, but systematic investment of
even small amounts, over a period of
years, will give some protection for
the rainy day, and a peace of mind
which goes a long way towards restor-
ing health.

The American Nurses Association
has a Relief Fund which can be drawn
on by those requiring it, as a loan, I
believe. The report of the committee
in charge of this fund in June, 1930,
showed that of the nurses who had
received aid since 1911 approximately
47 per cent, were suffering from
tuberculosis.

In Canada we have no relief fund,
and the nurse who has made no pro-
vision for illness, or whose funds be-
fome exhausted during the lengthy
course of the disease, becomes a public
charge.

The re-establishment of the tuber-
culous ex-patient is being rather in-
adequately dealt with at present, but
several schemes are being studied and
in some places practical results are
being obtained, in a small way.

For the nurse the best place to
achieve re-establishment is undoubt-
edly in special hospitals or sanatoria
for the care of the tuberculous. In
These institutions, gradually increas-
ing exercise can be given, and super-
vision continued until the nurse is
able to return to full-time duty. This
would involve considerable outlay on
the part of the institution for in-
creased accommodation, etc., and
where the necessary funds can be ob-
tained is part of the problem before
•us. That there is a real problem can
scarcely be ignored in view of the
published facts.

582

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Canada, Host to the American Hospital Association

September 29lh to October 2nd, 1931

It was Toronto's privilege to act
as host for Canada, to the American
Hospital Association, on the occasion
of the 33rd Annual Convention, Sep-
tember 28th to October 2nd, 1931.
Toronto has always been distinguish-
ed for graciousness of manner and
true hospitality towards all visitors
to that fair city. As a climax to the
perfect arrangements. Dame Nature
added her contribution. The weather
Avas perfect : warm, sunny days, beau-
tiful sunsets, and moonlit evenings.
The new Automotive Building, situ-
ated in the Canadian National Exhi-
bition grounds, is architecturally and
materially pleasing to the most criti-
cal eye. It is situated on the lake
front and as one stood on the wide
stone entrance looking out over the
green grass and gardens sponsoring
tall red cannas and salvia, one felt
that the setting for the day time
activities was all that could be de-
sired. The Royal York Hotel lent its
beauty to the evening functions.

Registration was arranged immedi-
ately inside the Automotive Building.
There was no confusion. Arrange-
ments were made for registration as
to hospitals, state or province, and
city. The badges, designed by the
local committee, were most attrac-
tive : a name plate on a heavy blue
satin badge, weighed down by an at-
tractive gold maple leaf bearing the
ciest of the American Hospital Asso-
ciation.

Surrounding the registration booth
v/ere post office, telephone, telegraph
end information desks, also an at-
tractive flower booth. On the balcony
an excellent cafeteria was in opera-
tion. The four corners of the huge
It all were built up with sound proof
material and used as auditoriums.
Each was named in honour of a de-
ceased president of the Association.
The balance of the floor space was
given over to exhibits, professional

and commercial. Large sky lights
provided day light and sunshine to
the exhibitors. This was an unusual
and restful feature. The commercial,
as well as the professional exhibits
were of great educational value. In
many instances the president, or
other executive officers of the firms
exhibiting, were present, affording
one unusual opportunity to discuss
equipment features, good or bad. The
exhibitors gave one the impression
that they were receiving equal assist-
ance from the hospital people. Selling
was not stressed, therefore, one felt
quite free to linger and learn. Often
one would see two or three hospital
people in conference with the exhi-
bitor on important matters relating
to his product. The professional
exhibits were well arranged and well
supervised. Here one gathered many
extracts and interesting booklets for
home reading.

The programme as arranged by the
Association was full and brimming
over. Something for everyone in
every phase of hospital work. A hos-
pital could send every member of the
staff, including the chief engineer,
x-ray technician, office staff, training
school staff and so on, and all could
glean valuable information, saying
nothing of stimulus obtained from
attending such an event. No one
could leave without having caught
the spirit of the tremendous effort
being put forth to better hospital
conditions on this continent. Boards
of Trustees of hospitals were un-
usually well represented at this
meeting.

As well as providing a programme
for the members, the local committee
undertook to provide entertainment
for visiting guests, the families and
iriends of the members. A delightful
tea was arranged at "Deancroft,"
the home of Mrs. A. E. G-ooderham.
Lady Eaton entertained at a delight-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

583

ful reception and a musicale in the
new auditorium of the T. Eaton Com-
pany. The large hospitals in the city
held open house for the members of
the Association and their friends.

Following the Trustees' Section
meeting, on the evening of Tuesday,
September 29th, the local committee
f-rranged a delightful supper dance
at the Royal York Hotel. The annual
banquet of the Association was un-
usually fine. "We were honoured by
the presence of the Honourable R. B.
Bennett, Prime Minister of Canada,
v/ho brought greetings to the Asso-
ciation. The celebrated Toronto
Mendelssohn Choir entertained the
Association at this time. Those
present will never forget the render-
ing of the National Anthems of Can-
ada and the United States by the
L-hoir. We were spell bound.

The Nursing Section meeting, held
on Thursday evening, was well at-
tended. The subject of the symposium
was "An Experiment in Co-operative
Planning," introduced by Miss Ethel
Johns, R.N., Director of Studies,
Committee on Nursing Organisation,
New York Hospital, Cornell Medical

College Association, New York. Dis-
cussion was opened as follows : From
the point of view of the hospital
superintendent, Miss E. Muriel Ans-
combe. Superintendent of Jewish
Hospital, St. Louis, Mo.; from the
view point of a director of a School
for Nursing by Miss J. I. Gunn,
Reg.N., Superintendent of Nurses,
Toronto General Hospital; from the
Public Health point of view, by Miss
E. Smellie, Reg.N., Chief Superinten-
dent, The Victorian Order of Nurses
of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. Follow-
ing this meeting the Toronto nurses
entertained the visiting nurses at a
delightful supper at the Royal York
Hotel.

Mr. Paul H. Fesler, Superintendent,
University of Minnesota Hospital,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, was elected
president of the American Hospital
Association, succeeding Dr. Lewis A.
Sexton, Superintendent, Hartford
Hospital, Hartford. Conn. We are all
very happy in the appointment of
Dr. George P. Stephens, Superinten-
dent, Winnipeg General Hospital,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, as president
elect. E. M. McK.

The Lazaretto at

By WINNIE L. CH

The disease leprosy is not common
in Canada, yet that it is present is
evident from the fact that there aro
in Canada two special hospitals for
the care of leprosy, one situated at
Traeadie, New Brunswick, and one on
Bentinck Island, British Columbia.

The incidence of leprosy in the
province of New Brunswick is well
known as it is part of the early
history of the province. How two
sailors from Levant in the year 1812
landed at Caraquet, and walked from
there to Traeadie. There they re-
ceived hospitality from a French
family named Benoit. These two
sailors are reported to have exhibit-
ed several ulcers on their bodies.
Within the few years immediately

Bentinck Island

UTE, B.A., Reg.N.

following some members of the
Benoit family were found suffering
from leprosy which is supposed to
have constituted the focus from
which the disease spread to the popu-
lation. It spread to such an extent
that in the year 1844 the government
of the province was prevailed upon
to establish a lazaretto, and during
the first year as many as twenty-
seven lepers were segregated in that
place. The changes in this lazaretto
and the existing condition there at
the present time under the manage-
ment of the Sisters of St. Joseph
have been described by a Sister of St.
Martha in The Canadian Nurxr of
July, 1929. With the coming of the
emigrants from the oriental and cen-
tral European countries, there aros»>

584

THE CANADIAN NURSE

in all parts of Canada leprosy of
foreign origin. A few eases in the
central and eastern provinces were
cared for at Tracadie, but the greater
number occurred in the west and
British Columbia, and so it became
necessary to establish a hospital for
lepers in British Columbia.

The history of the lazaretto in
British Columbia is connected with
the laws which have been enacted at
various times relating to this disease
and with the development of the De-
partment of National Health. A
group of buildings on Darcey Island
composed the first lazaretto. This
island is situated in the Gulf of
Georgia, about fifteen miles from
Victoria City. Dr. C. B. Brown, Medi-
cal Superintendent of the present
lazaretto, in writing about this first
building, states: "There was no or-
ganisation of any account. The build-
ings were of the shack nature. Peri-
odically a tugboat with supplies and
a doctor went out to see them. They
had a signal they hoisted if they
specially needed anyone in the inV
tervals. Finally in 1906 all lepers be-
came the care of the Dominion Gov-
ernment. Arrangements were made
to repatriate them. They, fourteen in
number, being sent to China to the
care of a leper mission. This was
successfully carried out."

Following this, suitable buildings
were erected on Darcey Island; that
these buildings were erected on two
islands, on one a residence for the
caretakers and on the other a two-
room cottage for the patients may be
taken as an evidence of the attitude
taken at that time towards the
disease, as we find that later this idea
of complete segregation was not car-
ried out. The supervision of these
buildings was carried out by the
medical officers at the quarantine
station at William Head. In 1915 the
cottage for the patients was aban-
doned and others erected on the same
island as the caretaker's residence.
At this time a new caretaker was
appointed, whose wife being a grad-
uate nurse, was engaged to care for

the patients. To again quote Dr. C.
B. Brown, "From this time on the
patients have been treated with the
most advanced treatment known to
medicine for this disease. Added to
this they get the most careful and
sympathetic nursing. They have reg-
ular medical attention. Their quar-
ters have been simple but suited to
the needs." Following the organisa-
tion of the present Dominion Depart-
ment of National Health and certain
investigation made by that depart-
ment, it was felt that Darcey Island
was unsuitable because of its isola-
tion. Bentinck Island, situated about
three miles from William Head and
very accessible for supplies and medi-
cal attention, was chosen as the site
of the new lazaretto. The patients
were moved in 1924, to this, the pre-
sent site of the lazaretto.

If we visited this island today, we
might be accompanied from the
quarantine station at William Head
by Dr. C. B. Brown, a specialist in
this disease and one who takes the
keenest interest in the patients. Dr.
Brown is medical superintendent of
the lazaretto as well as quarantine
officer at William Head. We would
land at a small but well built landing
wharf.

Mrs. Williamson, a graduate nurse
who eo-operates with Dr. Brown and
his co-workers in the care of the
lepers, would be found in one of the
two comfortable residences, provided
for the staff of workers who care for
these patients. These residences are
made modern with electric lights and
running Avatcr furnished from a
central Delco plant. As we are in-
terested in the patients, we proceed
at once to their living quarters. At
the present time all the patients are
Chinese. Each patient has a two-
roomed cottage with a verandah
facing south, furnished simply, but
Avith sufficient equipment for com-
fort, with a plot of ground for a
garden, a chicken house and a run.
If the patient's physical condition is
fit each one is encouraged to do his
own work. Two cottages, larger than

THE CANADIAN NURSE

585

the others, with running water and
bath rooms are for the possible white
patients; two such, both Russians,
one a Jew and one a Doukhobor,
have in the past occupied these
cottages. Another cottage may be
used as a hospital for a bed patient
and one is reserved to be used as de-
tention quarters. In the care given
the patients, hygienic living condi-
tions and a diet, high in fat, vita-
mines and mineral salts is stressed.
Those requiring drugs are treated
v/ith moogrol and alepol derivatives
(ethyl esters of the fatty acid) of
chaulmoogia oil; these are adminis-
tered by injection, also the whole oil
is given by capsule. Each new pa-
tient received into the lazaretto is
examined by Dr. Brown, who makes
photographs of the affected parts of
the body. These photographs become
])art of the case records used in
lectures on the disease. Treatment
with moogrol and alepol is started,
but if these drugs are not effectual,
others are used. Mild disinfectants
and ointments are used to cleanse
and treat the open sores.

Our visit to such a lazaretto would
reveal several surprising things to
us; we would learn that many pa-
tients show no outward evidence of
the disease and also that the disease
is not extremely infectious. We
would see patients illustrating the
two forms which the disease takes.
Here a patient suddenly develops

blisters on an arm or leg, the blisters
go on to ulcerative sores, and after
months the bone becomes involved:
on the removal of the diseased bone
the lesion heals quickly. In another
it takes the nodular form with tro-
phic ulcers: this is the most horrible
form. On seeing such a patient we
understand why the attending doctor
states that this type calls for heroic
nur.sing care. Again, there is the
patient who is blind as a result of
this disease and nothing has been dis-
covered yet to prevent this destruc-
tion of the visual apparatus.

We learn also that leprosy is not
infectious, that one case contracts
the disease from another, but it is the
least infectious of all the diseases.
The use of ordinary medical and sur-
gical technique is an ample safeguard
against the disease. The Leprosy Act
states that all persons afflicted with
the disease may be confined in a
lazaretto unless they are non-infect-
ious and not a menace to the public
health.

The writer of this article desires to
acknowledge and to express appreci-
ation to the following persons for the
information used in this article : Dr.
J. D. Page, of the Division of Quaran-
tine and Immigrant Medical Service.
Department of Pensions and Nation-
al Health, Ottawa ; Dr. C. B. Brown,
^Medical Superintendent, and Mrs.
B. ^r. Williamson, nurse in charge,
Lazaretto, Bentinck Island, B.C.

TRIBUTE TO A NURSING SISTER

The announcement of the death of Mrs. (Dr.) A. Greenavvay, of Edmonton, was
received with deep regret, e.specially by Alumnae membens of the School of Nursing-.
Toronto Western Hospital, and former members of the nursing- staff of No. 4 Canadian
General Hospital, Canadian Army Medical Corps.

Mrs. Greenaway was formerly Agnes Huston and graduated fiom The Toronto
Western Hospital in 1913. Miss A. J. Hartley, Matron-in-Chief, Department of Pensions
and National Health, pays the following- tribute to the late Mrs. Greenaway:,

"It was with deep regret I heard of the death of Mrs. Greenaway. She was an out-
standing Military Nui-se during the late war, serving in England, France. Malta,
Gallipoli and Salonica fiom 1915-1919 with No. 4 Canadian General Hospital, University
of Toronto Unit, receiving Decoration R.R.C. She was an ideal nurse, a noble Christian
woman and beloved by all."

586

THE CANADIAN NURSE

i^parlm^nt of Nurfitng Eiurattnn

National Convener of Publication Committee, Nursing Education Section,
Miss MILDRED REID, 10 Elenora Apts., Winnipeg, Man.

Suggested Curriculum for Schools of Nursing in Canada

SECTION III.

In the October issue of The Cana- in the second, but the periods allowed
dian Nurse the content of the prelim- for these subjects (at present includ-
inary and junior terms were publish- ed in the Practical Procedures) could
ed. The second or intermediate year be slightly reduced. In some institu-
subjects are presented in the current tions these two courses follow im-
issue, and it is hoped that superinten- mediately after the Advanced Pro-
dents and instructors will criticise cedures in the first year. In the case
these freely. of the communicable diseases, the de-
THEORETiCAL COURSE OF STUDY tail of diet, demonstrations of tech-
(Continued) nique and isolation precautions,
Second Year Subjects '"'^'^^i .^^e not usually included,

Hours would be covered by a physician in

Psediatrics and Psediatric Nursing the regular communicable diseases

Clinics 12 - 15 Icctures. It also prepares the nurse

Medical Lectures 15 for practical experience in the depart-

Diseases of the Skin 3 .^^nt, should she receive it early in

Surgical Lectures 12 , "^

Gyntecology 4 ^^^ COUrSC.

orthopa-dics 3-4 rpj^^ Pediatric Nursing course, if

AnreftLTsif '"..'^!!''"'!"!::::: 2 g^^^^^ ^P^^t from the Practical Nurs-

Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat 8 i^g course. should include demonstra-

Orai Hygiene 1-2 tions of all important procedures

Communicable Diseases 8 common in a psediatric department

locZ^'mseLes: 2-3 ^^^ ^^'^ .^^^ ^P^^^^l P^^^^^ i^ feeding

, and routine care of infants and young

81 - 37 children. If the class can be divided

Note: In hospitals where there is into groups and clinics given on the

a good psediatric and communicable .^'^.^^ '^ \^^ ^^f ^^^^^ ^'^^^^ ^^ «t^«^^-

diseases department, it enhances the ^^"ng interest.

value of the course to have the super- Commencing classes during the
visor of these departments (rather first week of September for second
than the practical instructor) give six year students, this would mean three
to eight periods in the nursing care of class periods weekly for nine weeks
her special branch. This, of course, and two periods weekly for the re-
would increase the number of lee- mainder of the session until the end
tures, either in the first year or early of May (allowing two weeks without
lectures during Christmas and New

(Prepared by a Special Committee of the Year). Where claSSeS gO OU Until the

Kursing Education Section, Canadian Nurses end of Juue, it WOuld mean practi-
Association, of which Miss G. M. Fairley is n , i i , -, • i

convener.) cally two hours Weekly during the en-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

587

tire session. This does not make any
time allowance for cancelled classes,
and as this problem is a common one
in most hospitals it sometimes means
crowding towards the end of the class
year unless the instructor, or whoever
is responsible for the arrangement of
lectures and lecturers, is alert in mak-
ing the necessarj' adjustments. Some-
times it is possible to have one or two
substitute lectures ready (if due no-
tice of a cancelled class is given) and
thus save wasting a class period. For
instance the lectures on anaesthesia,
or oral hygiene or one of the operat-
ing room technique series can fairly
easily be introduced without breaking
into the continuity of the course.

Practical Experience

By the commencement of the second
year, having gained considerable ex-
perience during the first night duty
term, the student has usually develop-
ed greater poise and is ready for still

further responsibilities. Also she is
ready for some of the special depart-
ment training and can be posted for
such experience as diet kitchen, com-
municable diseases, pediatric service,
and later (about midway in her train-
ing) operating room and obstetrics. If
possible at all, operating room service
should precede obstetrics. The size of
the hospital and also the departments
within the hospital vary so much that
where in one institution there may be
plenty of experience in obstetrics and
case room, in another it may be diffi-
cult for all students to see the neces-
sary number of cases. However, it is
important to plan the practical course
so that experience in the special de-
partments will, as far as possible, be
complete in about two and one-half
years, so that during the last six
months the student can apply the ex-
perience thus gained and also have an
opportunity of developing executive
abilitv.

Comments on Suggested Curriculum for Schools of Nursing

(Second Year Subjects)

It has already been stated that the
Suggested Standard Curriculum is in
no way an arbitrary outline or one
that can be rigidly adhered to in
either large or small schools of nurs-
ing, but merely a minimum standard
for the guidance of those who are in-
terested in and responsible for the
education of student nurses.

In adapting this curricvilum to suit
the existing conditions and the pro-
blems which present themselves in
every school, certain definite prin-
ciples should, however, be borne in
mind, an accepted one being that the
theoretical instruction in any subject
should precede or run concurrently
with the practical experience. To send
a student to any department for prac-
tical experience without this prepara-

tion is nothing short of disastrous.
One might almost as well eat the meal
and consider the preparation of it
afterwards. If nurses are to get prac-
tical nursing experience in obstetrics
"mid-way in the course," the lectures
and classes in obstetrics must precede
or accompany this experience. For
this reason too many consider that
medicine and surgery should be in-
eluded in the "first year" subjects,
leaving a space for lectures in mental
hygiene and at least the elementary
principles of public health nursing
and social service to be given early in
the second year. While it is recog-
nised that practical experience in a
psychopathic department is not al-
ways, and indeed is seldom feasible,
a few well-thought-out, carefully-

588

THE CANADIAN NURSE

delivered lectures in mental hygiene
should not be omitted from any
school curriculum and should be given
quite early in the course Some know-
ledge of the intricacies of the nervous
system, the close relationship of the
mental and physical make-up of an
individual, and of the power of sug-
gestion is an almost indispensible as-
set to the nurse and should enable her
to be a much more understanding as-
sistant to the patient and, indeed, to
those who are not patients but with
whom she comes in daily contact.

The idea of teaching public health
in the first or second year of the
course is to many a fairly new
thought, but is a sound one. Do not
all authorities recognise today the
importance of preventive medicine?
Can we fail to recommend that this
be taught as a basic principle to those
who are to be pre-eminently health
teachers, irrespective of the capacity
in which they serve? Such instruc-
tion is also necessary in order that
students may be alive to the immedi-
ate opportunities that are theirs and
have a better understanding of some
of the social problems affecting those
with whom they have to deal.

Advanced Ethics may with advant-
age be introduced into the intermed-
iate year, and some of the principles
and problems of administration in-
cluded. It would seem that such an
important subject cannot be taught
in a brief course of lectures given
during the preliminary term. Should
not these guiding principles be kept
before the students, and in larger
schools many directors find this op-
portunity to maintain contact with
their students a valuable one?

Such subjects as dermatology may
be regarded as special and be dealt
with in the third year, students hav-
ing learnt in the study of communic-
able diseases the necessity of dealing
promptly and discreetly with all
"rashes" and, for purposes other
than diagnosis, even to distinguish
between the more common ones of an
infectious nature. Here the desir-
ability, when possible, of using bed-

side instruction is obvious. When
this is not feasible, graphic charts,
etc., will be found a valuable substi-
tute.

^lay I suggest that schools, large
and small, feel the benefit of affilia-
tion for certain special subjects? Here
students have the advantage of con-
tact with and teaching by those who
are experts in this particular phase
of the work. Such subjects as paedia-
tric nursing and communicable dis-
eases are possibly better taught in
this way. In dealing with the former,
.special attention should be given to
infant feeding and not less than 56
hours devoted to the preparation of
formulae.

It is presumed that it is the inten-
tion to include with this suggested
curriculum a list of text books recom-
mended for use in the study of vari-
ous subjects and of those that are
considered suitable for the nucleus of
a reference library, and some in-
formation regarding slides, charts,
etc., would undoubtedly be welcomed.

The importance of bedside clinics
has already been emphasized and
much of the instruction now given in
the class room might well be carried
to the ward, or arrangements made
for patients to be the actual subject
of discussion. With a little explana-
tion and tactful arrangement this can
be effected without any violation of
their feelings and rights. When sug-
gested it will be found that doctors,
too, welcome this method of teaching
as compared with a more mechanical,
and frequently monotonous, repeti-
tion of facts in the class room.

The ever-present problem of caring
for the patient of today and tomor-
row has also to be considered : those
who are faithful to their responsi-
bilities and the conduct of a training
school must do justice to both. To
relieve nurses for the attendance of
classes and not to let the patient suf-
fer, or the student become harassed
and over-burdened, taxes the ingen-
uity of most managements. Various
suggestions are offered, and in some
of the larger schools it has been found

THE CANADIAN NURSE

589

more satisfactory to divide a class
into groups, definitely relieving
nurses from a certain number of
hours of ward duty and giving them
instruction in more concentrated
form. Such an arrangement, however,
has its drawbacks, including the re-
petition of lectures, which is often
impossible.

In schools where one or possibly two
persons are responsible for the con-
duct of the school and instruction of
students, such an outline may seem
alarming, but this condition should
not now exist; nursing education is
too important and complicated a per-
formance to be combined with other
engrossing duties or to be delegated
to those who possibly lack adequate
preparation. Careful analysis will
show that this Suggested Curriculum

includes nothing that can be safely
eliminated. The subjects suggested
for the second year will prove to be
divided into the study of the more
advanced branches of medicine and
surgery as they concern the nurse,
and without this knowledge her edu-
cation cannot be considered complete.

K. W. E.

Note: Reader.s may note a similarity
})etween the foregoing comment on the
third section of the Suggested Curriculum
and that published in the October number
lelative to the second section. As the
nurses who by special request contributed
comment on these two sections had no
opportunity of learning the opinion of each
other, it is deemed advisable to publish
the foregoing, although opinion expressed
coincides with thRt published in the pre-
ceding issue.

The Final Armistice

Christ of the glowing heart and golden speech,

Drawn by the charm divine of Thy sweet soul.

The nations tend unto that far-otf goal

Whereof the sages dream, the prophets preach.

AVe shall not always fail ; we yet shall reach

Through toil and time that shining table-land

To which Thou beckonest with wounded hand.

For evermore Thy goodness doth beseech

A warring world to lay its weapons dow^n.

So shall we rest and songs of plenty drown

The wail of hunger: and our bitter tears.

Streaming 'tnstanchcd through all the dreadful years,

And freely flowing still, shall yet be dried,

"When Thou art King, who once wast crucified.

—Fnmh B. ('oir<fill.

590

THE CANADIAN NURSE

i^partm^ttt nf Prinal^ iutu Nuraittg

National Convener of Publication Committee, Private Duty Section,
Miss CLARA BROWN, 23 Kendal Ave., Toronto, Ont.

Treatment of Empyema

By J. A. CAMPBELL, M.D., St. Thomas, Ont,

A discussion on the treatment of
acute empyema requires, first of all,
reference to the physiology of respira-
tion. In a normal healthy adult the
vital capacity — that is — the maximum
amount of air that can be expired
after a full inspiration, equals about
230 cubic inches. During ordinary'
quiet inspiration the amount of air
inhaled, the so called tidal air, equals
about 30 cubic inches or about one-
eighth of the maximum vital capacity.

In the case of the patient with a
pleural effusion, although the vital
capacity is diminished in proportion
to the size of the effusion, he is able
to breathe quite comfortably as long
as he is at rest provided the effusion
is not large enough to prevent the in-
halation of 30 cubic inches of air dur-
ing each inspiration, but as soon as he
begins to exercise and the 30 cubic
inches of air is not sufficient to pro-
vide for his increased need of oxygen
he becomes short of breath.

Further, as a result of the experi-
mental work of Graham and Bell, and
of observations made in military hos-
pitals during the 1917 and 1918 epi-
demics, it has been demonstrated that
the mediastinum cannot be considered
to be a structure dividing the chest
into two cavities entirely independent
of each other in their pressure rela-
tionship : that anything injected into
or accumulating in the pleura of one
side affects the intrapleural pressure
on the other side to an equal degree
and that except where the pressure ot"

one side is markedly increased, we
must consider the chest as a single
cavity and not as two separate cavities
with an effective barrier between
them. As long as we are dealing with
a pleural effusion in a closed chest it
is not a matter of vital importance,
whether the mediastinum imposes an
effective barrier between the two sides
of the chest or not. As long as there
is sufficient space left in the thorax
of the patient to inhale 30 cubic inches
of air every time he breathes it is not
important whether he inhales it into
one lung or two. But as soon as the
closed cavity is opened it then be-
comes a question of utmost impor-
tance, as it is possible by a large open-
ing to produce a condition in which
all the air enters the pleural cavity,
and very little or none enters the
lung, causing a sudden asphyxia, and,
in a patient who is very ill and labour-
ing under respiratory difficulties al-
ready as heavy as he can bear may
turn the scale against him.

The dangers of open drainage apply
only to cases in which there are no
adhesions. In those patients in whom
the empyema is sealed off from the
rest of the thoracic cavity by dense
adhesions between the visceral and
parietal layers of the pleura, thus
binding the lung to the chest wall and
stabilizing the mediastinum, it is a
matter of little importance as far as
respiration is concerned whether the
cavity is closed or open or whether
it is filled with pus or atmospheric

THE CANADIAN NURSE

591

air. It is, therefore, necessary to dis-
tinguish early between the two classes
of empyema, those in which the pus
is free in the cavity and those in
which it is shut off by dense adhesions.

Now, the formation of adhesions is
entirely a matter of time. In ordinary
lobar pneumonia an empyema is
usually a comparatively late manifes-
tation. It develops gradually as the
pneumonia begins to subside and by
the time it is diagnosed it is usually
cut off entirely from the rest of the
thorax by the formation of dense ad-
hesions. On the other hand, in the
case of streptococcal empyema as-
sociated with a bronchopneumonia the
condition is just the reverse. The in-
vasion of the pleura by the infective
organism takes place quite earh' in
the illness : an empyema develops al-
most at the same time as the broncho-
pneumonic changes in the lungs and
may appear so rapidly as to constitute
almost a primary manifestation of the
illness. In such eases there has been
no time for adhesions to form. The
pus is free in the thorax. Such cases
which are common in children are al-
ways severe, and the patient, especial-
ly if a young child, is usually desper-
ately ill. and any operative procedure,
especially if it involves even a tem-
porary open pneumothorax, is ex-
tremely dangerous. If it is necessarj^
to apply drainage to a case of this
type, aspiration should be done to
tide the patient over this critical
period, giving time for adhesions to
form and the general condition im-
prove.

Aspiration itself is a somewhat
painful and distressing operation,
e.-peeially in a very sick and possibly
frightened child. In such cases the
introduction of a .self-retaining cathe-
ter attached to some suction appar-
atus is a much better form of treat-
ment. The introduction of a catheter
is not difficult, the shock is less and
the dangers attached to an open pneu-
mothorax are avoided. It, therefore,
may be employed early, even in the
streptococcal cases in which no ad-

hesions may be expected to have
formed.

Another important point in the
treatment of empyema is the necessity
of sterilising the cavity at the earliest
possible moment and preventing any
secondary infection through the open-
ing in the chest wall. Prolonged in-
flammation of the pleura, whether it
results from the primary infecting
organism or from some secondary in-
fection, may result in a chronic
empyema with all the attendant risks
to health and life. In order to sterilise
an empyema cavity frequent irriga-
tions with a most suitable antiseptic,
as Dakin's Solution, is of great assist-
ance. It is non-toxic and can be freely
used, and it has the action of soften-
ing the large masses of exudate which
makes efficient drainage a difficult
matter.

In conclusion, in the treatment of
empyema :

(1) Operative procedure should be
such as to involve the minimum of
time and the minimum of shock.

(2) If it is necessary to employ
open drainage, it should not be em-
ployed until it is reasonably certain
that the empyema cavity is well wall-
ed off by adhesions.

(3) It is necessary to distinguish
between pneumococcal empyema in
which adhesions are usually formed
by the time the empyema has been
diagnosed and streptococcal empyema
where adhesions are not usually form-
ed till later.

(4) In order to minimise the dang-
ers of secondary infection the opening
in the chest should be no larger than
necessary to admit the drainage tube
and should fit closely around the tube
when in position.

(5) The cavity should be sterilised
early by frequent irrigations with
Dakin's Solution.

(6) The lung should be encouraged
to expand by insuring a negative pres-
sure in the pleural cavity throughout
drainage.

592

THE CANADIAN NURSE

(7) Convalescence should be assist-
ed by plenty of nourishing food and
the patient kept in the open.

To meet these requirements the em-
ployment of the closed continuous
suction drainage is the most advan-
tageous as:

(1) The introduction of the cathe-
ter is easy and entails very little
shock.

(2) Anaesthesia is brief and with
the exception of the child may be done
under local.

(3) The tube causes little pain.

(4) Nursing is easier and cleaner.

(5) The risk of secondary infection
is very much diminished.

(6) The wound closes earlier.

(7) Re-expansion of the lung is
more rapid and complete.

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS STUDIES CHILD MORTALITY

The Child Welfare Committee of the
I^eague of Nations has just released the
report of the studies of the causes of infant
mortality in Europe and Latin America
made by the Health organisation of the
League of Nations, and carried out in twenty-
nine urban and rural districts of seven
countries: Austria, France, Germany, Great
Britain, Italy, Netherlands, and Norway.

The inquiry drew attention to the fact
that stillbirths and deaths of infants in the
first few days of life have not decreased^
whereas there has been a marked falling off
in infant deaths occurring later in infancy — ■
and due to such causes as digestive dis-
tiu-bances, infectious diseases and diseases
of the respiratory tract. The control of
these diseases has been brought about in
districts in which the economic conditions
are favourable, the intellectual level of the
population high, and where effoits have been
made to improve public health and medical
practice. However, these particular dis-
tricts have not brought about any reduction
in the still-birth rate, the number of pre-
mature births, or the number of infants
dying in the first week of life.

The committee considered that these
problems call for further research by ob-
stetricians and pediatricians. The cause,
prevention and treatment of respiratory
diseases raised still more problems to be
.settled. The committee felt that the in-
adequacy of the training of mothers, in
infant and maternal welfare, and the in-
sufficient number of trained visiting nurses
and social workers should be included among
the social causes of infant mortality.

A study of our vital statistics reveals
that a reduction in infant deaths has been
brought about in Canada. The progress
in the last ten years is well marked. The
infant death rate in 1920 wa.s 102 per thousand
live births and in 1930, 89.3 per thousand.
This reduction has been in diseases of the
digestive sy.stem. Public Health authorities
consider this reduction due to our newer
knowledge of the feeding of infants, to
better hygienic care of the infant, to safer
milk and water supply and to the educational
emphasis on breast feeding. The reduction
of losses that has been made has been limited

practically to after one month of life. Canada
still loses annually 21,000 to 22,000 infants,
half of this number in the fir.st month of
life, and a third of the total deaths in the
first week of life. It is noteworthy that in
1930, four causes present at birth, namely
premature birth, injury at birth, congenital
debilitj' and congenital malformations ac-
count for Tieaily 43% of the total deaths.
Add to this loss the loss in infant lives
through still-births, which in 1930 amounted
to 3.1%. of live births or 7695 infant lives,
and one is appalled to find the total deaths
in these groups almost equals that of deaths
from all causes in the first year of life.

To sum up, while there has been a marked
reduction in the number of infant deaths
under one year- — public health officials
state that there are still unnecessary deaths
in this group and especially from respiratory
diseases. There is need also in Canada
for further research into the causes and
prevention of still-births, premature births,
and infant deaths under one month of age.
Obstetricians have brought to our attention
the fact that many maternal and infant
lives could be saved by the ^.trengthening
of each link in the chain of obstetric super-
vision, an increased watchfulness over all
.stages of pregnancy, labour, and post-
partum care. <

More popular education of the mother
and of the public in the neces.sity for adequate
maternal and child care seems to be required
in Canada as well as in Europe.

The Canadian Council on Child and Family
Welfare, through the financial a.ssi.stance of
the Canadian Life Insurance Officers' As-
sociation, have prepared for free distribution
to any mother, anywhere, simple scientific
information dealing with her care during
the nine months of pregnancy and in the
post-natal period and with the care of the
child in its first year of life. The Council
wishes to make the .service known to every
expectant mother in Canada. The dis-
tribution is arranged through the Provincial
Department of Health in each province, and
through application to the Canadian Council
on Child and Family Welfare, Council
House, Ottawa, Ont.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

593

i^partm^ttt nf Publtr l^^alttj Nuratng

National Convener of Publication Committee, Public Health Section.
MARY F. CAMPBELL, 344 Gottingen Street, Halifax, N.S.

The American Public Health Association

By MARGARET L

MOAG, Chairman, Public Health Section, Canadian Nurses
Association

Public Health As- case procedure in drawing up a men-

The American

sociation held its Sixtieth Annual
fleeting at the Windsor Hotel, Mont-
real, September 14th to 17th, 1931. It
was one of the most important gather-
ings of medical men held during the
year, and leaders in movements to im-
prove the standards of public health
were present from all quarters ; from
Cuba, Mexico, England, the United
States, and every part of our Domin-
ion, since health workers regard their
problems in a truly international
way. The great scope of their activi-
ties was to be seen in the programme
of sections, which included contribu-
tions ranging from the laboratory
group endeavouring to find the causes
of disease, to the epidemiologist, who,
in the field, attempts to solve the pro-
blems connected with the spread of
disease. Leaders in the medical, pub-
lic health nursing, dental, nutritional
and mental health fields came to-
gether to discuss the aims and general
trends of health work.

Of particular interest to public
health nurses were the joint ses-
sions, where nurses and medical men
met to discuss their relationships and
efforts for the bettei'ment of the
health of mankind. Mental hygiene
and its place in the programme for
community health was discussed from
various angles at the first of these
joint sessions, Dr. C. W. Hincks,
Director of the Canadian National
Committee for ]\Iental Hygiene, pre-
siding. That no well balanced public
health programme should be consid-
ered complete without mental hygiene
was emphasized in the different pa-
pers presented at this session. ]\Iod-
ern concepts were outlined, the
necessity for a four-fold field of study
in child guidance, and the value of
adhering to the rules of individual

tal hygiene programme for any com-
munity were set forth. ^Nliss K.
Tucker, General Director of the
N.O.P.H.N., emphasized the import-
ance of correlation with the establish-
ed work of the public health nurse,
while Miss Eflfie Taylor, Professor of
Nursing at Yale University, reiterat-
ed the necessity of mental hygiene
training for every nurse. That the
public health nurse has a definite re-
sponsibility in influencing parents
and the public regarding the import-
ance of mental hygiene, through her
wide community contacts, was the
subject of the discussions that fol-
lowed. It seemed reasonable to sup-
pose that all public health nurses
should recognise their responsibilities
and opportunities, and improve their
own knowledge and ability in this
particular field.

Two joint sessions on Child Hy-
giene were held, where papers and
discussions on the ''Aim and Practi-
cal Application of Professional Ser-
vices." and the "Education and
Training of Personnel for Child
Health Work." migbt well have pro-
vided a programme for the entire
week. The undesiral)ility of appoint-
ing either physicians or nurses with-
out special preparation for this im-
portant field was pointed out. also the
difficulties in the cost of training to
universities and to larger health
organisations financed by community
funds, who find it necessary to oper-
ate training centres. Dr. Ferrel, of
the Rockefeller Foundation, noted
that rigid eligibility requirements as
to age and academic qualifications
cannot yet be enforced, but progreSiS
in laying a foundation for suitable
standards in the future were being
made.

594

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Emphasis of the value of provid-
ing the undergraduate nurse with a
certain amount of information re-
garding the structural, physiological
and mental development of the nor-
mal child was made by Miss C. H.
Peck, Director of the Infant Welfare
Society, Minneapolis. This, she sug-
gested, might be provided through
three months' affiliation with a pub-
lic health nursing organisation where
well supervised field work prevailed.
Miss Marion Howell, Director of the
School of Applied Social Sciences,
Western Reserve University, Cleve-
land, drew attention to the fact that
all university courses are new and
that much basic knowledge which
should have been given in the parent
training school had, of necessity, to
be taught in post-graduate courses.
The lack of well selected and properly
trained personnel is evident in all
public health nursing organisations,
and the need for worthy teachers in
universities who can inspire students
was stressed by the speaker. The
needs of the future were summarized
to include increased financial support,
well qualified personnel, and increas-
ed professional support from our
nursing group, who can do much to
interest lay members.

The value and difficulties of staff
education was emphasized by Miss
Elizabeth Fox, Director of the Visit-
ing Nurses Association of New
Haven, as well as other speakers, but
the expense of the organisation has,
of necessity, to be a matter of con-
sideration.

The Administration of a Nursing
Service in a large city was presented
by Miss Esther Beith, Executive
Director of the Child Welfare As-
sociation of Montreal, who stated that
she saw no possibility of an adequate
sickness service applicable to the class
who most need it being provided, ex-
cept through some form of health in-
surance.

Papers were also presented by Dr.
Phair, Director of the Division of
Child Hygiene, Provincial Depart-
ment of Health, Ontario, on the work

of the rural field, while that of the
medium city was discussed by Dr.
Ruhland, Committee of Health, Syra-
cuse, New York, and Miss E. Cryder-
man, District Supervisor, Victorian
Order of Nurses, and others.

To have listened to Miss Agnes
Martin's paper on ''What the Chief
Nurse Expects of Her Health Offi-
cer," wherein she outlined the diffi-
culties confronting the chief nurse
when her staff were appointed prim-
arily for their "good looks," or
through political favour, the need for
closer co-operation between the
health officer and the chief nurse, and
to have heard the discussion that fol-
lowed among the large group of
health officers who were present, made
one feel that there need be no fear
for the future.

Steps that have been taken by a
special committee, selected to study
the effects of pre-natal care on infant
and maternal mortality, and some of
the difficulties that have been en-
countered, were outlined by Dr. C. E.
A. Winslow, Yale University. Fur-
ther facts and figures were given by
Dr. Julius Levy, State Department
of Health, New York, in a report to
the committee that has been investi-
gating infant and maternal mortality
during the past two .years.

An interesting paper on the De-
velopment of Pre-natal Care in the
Province of Quebec was presented by
Miss Alice Ahern, Assistant Super-
intendent of Nursing, Metropolitan
Life Insurance Company, Ottawa.

Handicaps under which Public
Health Nursing Education labours,
and means by which they may be
overcome, were discussed by Miss Lil-
lian Hudson, Professor of Nursing at
Columbia University. The advisabil-
ity of directing young women of high
capacity to large schools of nursing,
and better preparation of the student
for public health work was urged,
also the need at present for staff edu-
cation, extension courses, and insti-
tutes for those already in the field.

The sessions on Health Education
were full of interest to those engaged

THE CANADIAN NURSE

595

in school work. A summary of her
methods in teaching health matters
was outlined by Miss Creech, Cleve-
land Heights High School, where the
teaching of health is a required sub-
ject for all girls throughout their
junior year. Here personal hygiene,
home nursing, and infant care are
taught and demonstrated, and ante-
natal and sex instruction are diplo-
matically handled. In this school,
health has gained a fixed and respect-
ed place in the curriculum. Other
speakers pointed out the fact that
health education is health training,
and that through the early establish-
ment of health habits a recognition
of community and social health and
their own relationship to it would be
cultivated in the minds of students,
the ultimate object being the prepara-
tion of young men and women to
rightly meet work, love and friend-
ship.

To those who have the responsi-
bility of keeping the public informed
and interested, the sessions on Public
Health Education were fascinating.
The value of radio broadcasting, mo-
tion pictures, the press, health ex-
hibits, club addresses were demon-
strated through numerous papers and
addresses, while lively discussions
were stimulated through the person-
ality of Mr. E. G. Routzahn, Director
of the Surveys and Exhibits Depart-
ment, Russell Sage Foundation. More
than one speaker advanced the idea
that if one put it directly up to men
how health service definitely meant
saving a measurable number of lives
there would be no difficulty in obtain-
ing finances to carry on the work. The
personal factor was emphasized by
Miss E. A. Russell, Director of Pub-
lic Health Nurses, Winnipeg, who
paid tribute to the work of women's
organisations in arousing public
health interest in Manitoba. Dr. H.
Vaughn, Health Commissioner of De-
troit, showed the value of charts of
districts, which enabled health work-
ers of large cities in pointing out the
necessitj' of funds to the aldermen of

such districts, while Miss Stevens,
Director of the Public Health Nurs-
ing Association, of Pittsburgh, de-
scribed the publicity methods used to
put over a community chest drive,
emphasizing the value of giving hon-
est facts without mawkish senti-
mentality.

It was evident that all members of
the A.P.H.A. would seem to be agreed
that all that is required of diet is that
it should be "well balanced," the
depth of meaning lying behind those
words being realised to varying de-
grees by different speakers at the ses-
sions on "Food, Nutrition and
Drugs. ' '

The British delegation, who pre-
sented papers dealing with different
aspects of the admihistraition of
public health in England, reported
the appointment of a Nutritional
Committee to the Ministry of Health.

The usual breakfast, luncheon, and
dinner sessions were arranged, and
during the public health nurses'
luncheon. Miss Margaret L. Moag
presented the greetings of the Cana-
dian Nurses Association and wel-
comed the delegates on behalf of the
Public Health Section.

All who attended the meeting
voiced their deep appreciation of the
work of the Hospitality and Enter-
tainment Committee, under the chair-
manship of Dr. Grant Fleming. Ex-
cursions to county health units were
arranged, also a charming dinner on
the opening night, when Hon.
Athanase David, Provincial Secretary
of the Province of Quebec, and other
speakers welcomed the delegates.

The garden party on the mountain
the last day was particularly enjoy-
able ; the day was perfect, Beloeil and
St. Hilaire mountains were very clear
in the distance, and the city and lord-
ly river presented a view from the
summit that one would always re-
member. As one of the delegates re-
marked, "It was a very fitting ending
to a very delightful and stimulating
meeting."

596

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The Victorian Order Exhibit at the A.P.H.A.

The Victorian Order of Nurses for
Canada Avas fortunate in being able
to obtain space for a small exhibit at
the American Public Health Associa-
tion meeting in Montreal in Septem-
ber. By means of this exhibit the
Victorian Order of Nurses attempted
to convey a twofold message : first,
that the Victorian Order of Nurses is
a national visiting nursing organisa-
tion; second, a brief statement of the
type of work in which the organisa-
tion is engaged.

The central part of the exhibit was
a Davis bulletin machine, which
changed cards containing pictures
and captions. Flanking the machine,
and an integral part of the back-
ground, were two panels with a small
amount of wording on each.

The whole was supported on a
flight of three steps on whose faces
was printed a brief resume of the
work of the Order.

In the foreground was a life-sized
coloured cut-out figure of a nurse
holding a receptacle for Victorian
Order booklets.

The exhibit, carried out in shades
of blue and yellow and with a slightly
modernistic accent, presented a pleas-
ing and dignified appearance and eli-
cited a considerable amount of fav-
ourable comment.

On Monday, September 14th, ]\Iiss
Elizabeth Smellie entertained at a
very delightful tea in the Blue Room
of the Windsor Hotel, Montreal, in
honour of some of the delegates at-
tending the sessions of the American
Public Health Association meeting.

Assisting Miss Smellie in receiving
the guests were Mrs. H. S. Birkett of
Montreal and the Right Honourable
George P. Graham. LL.D.. President
of the Victorian Order of Nurses for
Canada.

PUBLIC HEALTH NEWS

Nurses in Canada will welcome the return
of ]Miss Edna Moore, who for the past two
years has been associated with the National
Organisation of Public Health Nursing in
United States as Assistant Director in charge
of the N.O. P.H.N, joint project with the
American Social Hygiene Association.

Miss Moore has been appointed Director
of Public Health Nursing of the Division of
Child Hygiene of the Department of Health,
for Ontario. She will return to Toronto for
December 1st. Public Health Nursing (Oct-
ober, 1931), announcing Miss Moore's retire-
ment from the N.O.P.H.N., states in part:
"While we rejoice with Ontario and with
^liss Moore in the opportunities that lie
ahead, we are keenly conscious of the loss
which we are sustaining. Coming, two years
ago, into a new programme in what is perhaps
the most difficult phase of public health
nursing to explain to nurses and the public.
Miss Moore has won signal success. She has
travelled from Montana to Louisiana, from
New England to the South Atlantic States,
giving Social Hygiene Institutes. Wherever
she has gone, the response has been en-
thusiastic, and letters of appreciation have
poured into headquarters.

"Not only the covmtrv at large but also the
staffs of the N.O.P.H.N. and the A.S.H.A.
will miss the loyal, effective and hearty
comradeship of Mi&s Moore. Canada gains
what we lose. Added to our best wishes for

future success to Miss Monre and to the
Province of Ontario is our a.ssuraiice that a
new understanding and a new friendship
transcending all boundaries will result be-
tween American and Canadian health workers
through Miss Moore's unique contribution
to public health."

Miss Mary Lambie has been appointed
Director, Division of Nursing, for New
Zealand. She succeeds Miss Bicknell,
A.E.R.C, who retired some time ago.

Miss Lambie is well known to many ir.
Canada, as several years ago she Avas a
student at the Department of Public
Health Nursing, University of Toronto. On
her return to New Zealand she became In-
structor in Public Health Nursing for the
Post-Graduate Diploma issued by the Vic-
toria University and the Department of
Health, a position which she filled admir-
ably until her recent appointment.

Miss Lambie is a graduate of Christ-
church Hospital and had the Certificate ot
Midwife and the Karitan Certificate in
Child Welfare. Her friends in Canada are
delighted to learn of Miss Lambie 's pro-
motion to chief nurse in New Zealand and
extend their best wishes for her future
success.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

597

Reports of Annual Meetings

NEW BRUNSWICK ASSOCIATION OF
REGISTERED NURSES

The 1931 annual meeting of the Xew
Brunswick Association of Registered Nurses
was held in St. Andrew's Church Hall,
Fredericton, September 16th and 17th.
From the standpoint of number in attendance
and interest displayed, the meeting was a
successful one. At the o\ ening session, Mayor
Clarke gave an address of welcome, to which
the President suitably replied. The Presi-
dent's address was most timely, anticipating
the arrival of the Report of the Survey on
Niu-sing Education in Canada, and impressing
on the members the need for study of its
content. The leport submitted by the
Secretary, Treasurer, and Registrar showed
an increase in membership of 71, a bank
balance of 8548.15, a total legistration to
date of 871 nurses. Registration examina-
tions are held twice yearly, on the first
Wednesday and Thursday of May and
November, at provincial points alternating
with Saint John. The report from the
convener of the Nursing Education Section
told of conferences with directors of Voca-
tional Schools and the need for establishing
the exact meaning of the word "equivalent"
in reference to the educational entrance
requirement for prospective pupils for pro-
vmcial schools of nursing. The Public
Health Section reported the addition of two
members to the Section: Miss Ada Burns,
Chairman of Publications and Exhibits, and
Mrs. C. VanDorrser, Chairman of Educa-
tional sub-committee. A Child Welfare nurse
was appointed recently at Shediac, another
Victorian Order nurse was added to the
Fredericton staff, and Victorian Order of
Nurses services begun at Edmunston and
Newcastle. The Private Duty Section had no
definite changes to report. No orgam'sed
relief was necessary for unemployment
among nurses, although a number are un-
employed. The Constitution and By-Laws
Committee reported briefly on the strenuous
work in connection with the attempt to secure
amendments to the Registration Act, and the
futility of the effort. The convener of "The
Canadian Nurse" reported reorganisation of
the work in connection with the affairs of the
magazine; New Brunswick has only 70
subscribers. Miss Kathleen Lawson, convener
of the Provincial Committee of Registries,
reptorted a meeting of the committee and the
resignation of Miss H. S. Dykeman as Public
Health representative on this Committee.
Two very excellent addresses were heard at
the afternoon session, one given by Dr. G.
Clowes Van Wart, on "Educational Stand-
ards—What Eventually These Should Mean,"
and one on "Problems of the Present Day for
the Private Duty Nurse," by Miss Mabel
McMullin. At the close of the afternoon
session, the delegates were delightfully
entertained at the home of Mrs. C. D.
Richards, wife of the Premier. An enjoyable

social tea hom- was spent. At 8 p.m. the
delegates were guests of the Fredericton
Chapter of Registered Nurses at a reception
and bridge held in the reception looms of
the Victoria Hospital, where a very pleasant
evening was spent. On Thursday, reports
were received from the four local chapters:
Saint John, St. Stephen, Fredericton and
Moncton. The reports showed that regular
meetings were held, increased attendance,
and activities increasing along educational,
social and philanthropic lines. Miss Murdoch
reported verbally on the progress of arrange-
ments for the General Meeting of the Cana-
dian Nurses Association in Saint John, June,
1932. Miss Retallick gave a report of an
informal interview with Dr. Stewart Cameron
in the interests of the formation of a Pro-
vincial Joint Study Committee. Short papers
of most interesting content on phases of
Public Health Nursing in New Brunswick
were read by five Public Health nurses:
"Duties of a Public Health Nurse," by Miss
Jessie Murray, St. Stephen; "Technique of
Bedside Nursing and Care of the Bag," by
Miss McPhail, St. George; "A Day on the
Tobique," by Mrs. W. L. Ross, of Riley
Brook; "How a Voluntary Organization May
Assist a Public Health Nurse with Her
Duties," by Miss Agnes Hachey, Bathurst;
and "The Care of the Premature Infant," by
Mrs. Michaud.

The following resolutions were passed;

1. That the local chapters take up the
matter of establishing hourlj' nursing services
in their respective communities.

2. That all applicants of doubtful standing
to provincial nursing schools be required to
pass Grade X examination.

3. That further efforts to secure amend-
ment to the Registered Nurse Act be post-
poned until after the Report of the Survey
has been received and studied.

4. That Miss Margaret Murdoch and Miss
Retallick be the two nurse representatives on
the Joint Study Committee.

5. That the secretary of the Registered
Nurses Association write the secretaries of
the New Brunswick Medical Association,
Hospital Boards and all institvitions and
organisations which employ nurses and ask
that preference be given to New Brunswick
Registered Nurses if available for duty.

6. That a resolution be sent from this
annual meeting to the Workmen's Compensa-
tion Board asking the reason for placing the
students in provincial schools of nursing under
Workmen's Compensation.

Conveners of Sections and Committees
elected for 1932: Public Health, Miss H. S.
Dykeman, Health Centre, St. John; Private
Duty, Miss Mabel McMullin, St. Stephen;
Nursing Education, Sister Kerr, Hotel Dieu
Hospital, Campbelltown; Constitution and
Bj'-Laws Committee, Miss S. E. Brophy,
Fairville; "The Canadian Nurse," Miss A. A.
Burns, Health Centre, St. John.

598

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Officers and Council Members: President,
Miss A. J. MacMaster, Moncton Hospital,
Moncton; First Vice-President, Miss Mar-
garet Murdoch, General Public Hospital,
Saint John; Second Vice-President, Miss E. J.
Mitchell, 20 Millidge St., Saint John; Hon.
Secretary, Mrs. W. S. Jones, Albert. Council
Members: for Saint John, Misses Brophy,
Coleman, Lawson and Dykeman; for St.
Stephen, Misses J. Murray, McMullin; for
Fredericton, Miss K. Johnson, Mrs. A. G.
Woodcock; for Moncton, Misses M. Kay, M.
MacLaren; for Campbelltonw, Sister Kerr,
Miss G. M. Murray; for Chatham, Sister
Kenny; for Bathurst, Miss M. E. Stuart; for
Woodstock, Miss Elsie M. Tullock. Secret-
ary-Treasurer-Registrar, Miss Maude E.
Retallick, 262 Charlotte St. West, Saint John,
N.B. Miss Margaret Miu-doch was re-appoin
ed to the Board of Examiners.

THE MARITIME CONFERENCE,

CATHOLIC HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION

CONVENTION

With Reverend Sister Kenny of the Hotel
Dieu Hospital, Chatham, N.B., as Chairman,
the eighth annual convention of the Maritime
Conference of the Catholic Hospital Associa-
tion, which was held at Campbelltown, N.B.,
on August 26-28, proved one of the most
interesting meetings in the history of the
organisation. Distinguished visitors were:
Rev. A. M. Schwitalla, President, Catholic
Hospital Association; Dr. G. Harvey Agnew,
Department Hospital Service, Canadian
Medical A.ssociation; Rev. Mother Concordia
and Sister M. Irene, St. Louis, Mo.; Rev.
Mother Murray and Sister Helen Jarrell, St,
Bernard's Hospital, Chicago; Sister St. James,
Hotel Dieu Hospital, Kingston; Dr. M. M.
Coady, Antigonish; and IVIr. M. R. Kneifle,
Secretary of the Catholic Hospital Associa-
tion. In addition to several medical men of
the province; the following contributed to the
programme: Rev. A. M. Schwitalla, Dr. H.
Agnew, and Sisters Jarrell, Kenny, Branch,
Stanislaus and M. Beatrice, all registered
nurses. The papers and addresses were inter-
esting and instructive, the discussions were
lively and the roimd table was efficiently
conducted. Reports were received from the
following active committees: Publicity, Nurs-
ing Education, X-Ray, Sodalities. An im-
portant feature of the Convention was the
decision of the As.'^ociation to send delegates
to the proposed Canadian Hospital Council,
which will be formed in Toronto on September
28th. Rev. R. Williams, St. Thomas College,
Chatham; Mother Audet, Superior of the
Hotel Dieu of St. Joseph, Campbelltown;
and Mother M. Ignatius, of Bethany, Anti-
gonish, were appointed as delegates to attend
the initial meeting of the Canadian Hospital
Council.

A hearty welcome to the delegates was
extended by Rt. Rev. Monsignor A. Melan-
son, of Campbelltown, and by the Deputy

Mayor of the town. The citizens of the town
of Campbelltown placed their cars at the
disposal of the visitors and delegates, who
were entertained by the Sisters of the Hotel
Dieu of St. Joseph and the Sisters of the
Assumption. The delegates returned home
favourably impressed by the cordial hospital-
ity accorded them and were enchanted by the
picturesque scenery of the many parts of New
Brunswick which they visited.

The officers of the ensuing year are:
President, Sister Kennv, R.N., Chatham,
N.B.; First Vice-President, Sister M. Beat-
rice, B.A., R.N., Antigoni.sh, N.S.; Second
Vice-President, Mother Mary of the Sacred
Heart, Chatham, N.B.; Third Vice-President,
Sister Marv of the Sacred Heart, Sydney,
N.S. Executive: Mother Audet, R.N., Camp-
belltown, N.B.; Mother M. Ignatius, R.N.,
Antigonish, N.S.; Sister Veronica, Saint John,
N.B.; Sister John Baptist. Antigonish, N.S.;
Sister Harquil, R.N., Campbelltown, N.B.;
Secretary, Sister St. Stanislaus, B.A., Chat-
ham, N.B.

BOOK REVIEWS

Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat for Nurses, by Jay
G. Roberts, Ph.G., M.D., F.A.C.S'. Published
by The Macmillan Company, Ltd., of Canada.
Toronto. Price, $2.25.

In the prefare to this work the author quite
correctly deplores the little attention paid to
diseases of the eye. ear, nose, and throat in the
curriculum of the average school of nursing. He
points out that e.xisting text books do not devote
sufficient space to the subject. To remedy these
deficiencies and to raise the standard of nursing
in the departments of eye, ear. nose, and throat
arc the laudable reasons which prompted Dr.
Roberts to prepare and publish this book.

It contains 200 pages and over 100 illustra-
tions. It is well printed and easy to read.
Points, often omitted from other text books, are
discussed.

For a work that aims at providing a good
reference and standard 'book for nurses, the ar-
rangement of the various sections and subsections
is not the best. It would have been better had
the author followed the method adopted in all
standard works, viz., the division of the work
into four distinct sections rather than jumping
from one to the other only to return back to
them again. For example, would it not have been
better had the external diseases of the eye been
treated first and then the internal eye diseases?
The author starts chapter v. with "Iritis," fin-
ishes with "Keratitis" and has "Conjuncti-
vitis" and "Blepharitis" in between.

In view of the fact that the whole book is
devoted to diseases of the eye, ear, nose, and
throat, it is unfortunate that so meagre a de-
scription is given to conditions such as Sym-
pathetic Ophthalmia, Trachoma, Gonorrheal
Ophthalmia, etc. Sufficient importance cannot be
attached to the technique in the treatment of
these conditions by the nurse and the precau-
tions she must take to prevent the spread of the
infection to other patients or to herself. There
is not an illustration in the book to show the
Crede's method of treatment.

The book, as a whole, is unequal and in its
present form is on too small a scale to be of as
much value to the graduate nurse as might be the
case. The expansion and rearrangement of the
material would be an undou'bted advantage. —
M. R. L.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

599

Nf ma Nnt^H

BRITISH COLUMBIA

Victoria: At the last meeting of the Royal
Jubilee Hospital Alumnae it was announced
that Miss F. Helen Archer of Grand Forks
Hospital was awarded a bursary of one
hundred dollars for post-graduate work.
The Alumnae have given this amount this
year and plan to increase the bursary to at
least two hundred for the following year.
For this reason, efforts are being doubled in
an attempt to make the coming winter a big
success financially.

MANITOBA

St. Boniface: The official opening of St.
Boniface Sanatorium took place on September
29th, in the presence of a distinguished
gathering representing state, church, uni-
versity, the medical and nursing professsion
and a host of friends. This new institution
for the care of the tubercular provides beds
for 250 patients. With this additional space
Manitoba has the largest number of beds for
tuberculosis cases per capita of population in
Canada. Other sanatoria are the Manitoba
Sanatorium at Ninette and the Tuberculosis
Clinic, Winnipeg.

NEW BRUNSWICK

Saint John: Miss E. J. Mitchell was
re-elected president of the Saint John Chapter
of the New Brunswick Association of Reg-
istered Nurses at its annual meeting,held in
the Lecture Hall of the General Hospital
on September 28, 1931. Miss Mitchell in
her address as president, cordially thanked
the officers and members for their hearty
support. The reports of the year's work
were gratifying. After five years in office,
as secretary. Miss Agnes Sutherland resigned,
and appreciation of her service was expressed.
The election of officers resulted as follows:
President, Miss E. J. Mitchell; First Vice-
President, Miss Ada Burns; Second Vice-
President, Mrs. G. Van Dorser; Secretary,
Miss E. Black; Treasurer and Registrar,
Miss M. Eraser; Private Duty Section
Convener, Miss Muriel McConnell; "The
Canadian Nurse", Miss F. Townsend;
Programme Committee, Miss Margaret Mur-
doch and Miss R. Wilson. Delegates to
Women's Council were reappointed as
follows: Mrs. O. A. Bumham, Mrs. John H.
Vaughan, Miss E. J. Mitchell, Miss F.
Coleman, Miss L. Gregory and Miss Mary
Easson.

Mrs. G. L. Dunlop entertained a number
of nurses in honour of Mrs. W. Sanson
(Miss Elizabeth Brittain, Saint John General
Hospital, 1915), who was on a visit in Saint
John from her home in Cobalt. Much
sympathy is extended to Mrs. G. Van
Dorser in the loss of her father.

NOVA SCOTIA

Windsor: Deep regret was expressed by
the citizens of Windsor when on August 31,
1931, the death of Miss Margaret Martin,
Superintendent of the Payzant Memorial
Hospital, was announced. Miss Martin's
death, which was due to cerebral haemorrhage,
occurred shortly after she first became ill.
Miss Martin was bom in Guysboro County,
N.S., and graduated as a nurse from Victoria
General Hospital, Halifax. Following post-
graduate work In Philadelphia and New York,
she was engaged in institutional work in
United States, later accepting the appoint-
ment of Superintendent of the Payzant
Memorial Hospital. Miss Martin was greatly
esteemed by all those with whom she came
in contact and dearly loved by her student
nurses and nurse associates. Members of the
Board of Management, Women's Auxiliary,
the graduates and student body, and many
friends attended a funeral service which was
held at Christ Church, Windsor. Interment
was made in the family plot at Mulgrove,
N.S., on August 25th.

Quoting from the Windsor paper: "Windsor
was fortunate to have had Miss Martin's
services for the time she was here. The devel-
opment of the Payzant Memorial Hospital
during that time and its present condition is
surely a worthy monument to a noble life
spent in the service of the highest welfare of
the community. The floral tributes expressed
the love, loyalty and affection of many."

ONTARIO

Paid-up subscriptions to "The Canadian
Nurse" for Ontario in October, 1931, were
966, forty-eight less than in September, 1931.
Appointments

Public General Hospital, Chatham:
Miss Jean Davis (1926) has resigned from
her position as X-ray and Laboratory
Technician, and is succeeded by Miss Hazel
Simpson (1931). Miss Florence Quigley,
Instructor, has resigned her position and
will be succeeded by Miss Gertrude Myers,
graduate of Brockville General Hospital,
post-graduate of Children's Hospital, Cleve-
land, and University of Toronto.

General Hospital, Toronto: Miss
Lillian Bailey (1923) has accepted the
position of Medical Supervisor. Mis.ses
Marjorie Rowland (1929) Constance Sand-
with (1930) and Margaret McKay (1930)
have been appointed to the nursing staff.

District 1
The regular quarterlv meeting of District
No. 1, R.N.A.O. was held in Chatham, Ont.,
on October 15th, with Miss Nellie Gerrard
in the chair. Rev. Mr. Calder opened the
meeting with prayer and Mr. Thompson,
civic manager, extended a very cordial
welcome on behalf of the citv. Dr. Rut her-

600

THE CANADIAN NURSE

ford, representing the medical profession,
welcomed the members and gave a short
talk in which he assumed the role of critic.
Noticing the numbers of older nurses at the
meeting, he said there must be something
wrong with an association which could not
interest the younger members. Something
should be done to remedy this as he believed
the association to be a wonderful thing to
which every graduate nurse should belong.
In speaking of the over supply of nurses
he thought, at pre.sent, superintendents
would do young ladies a favour in dis-
couraging them from entering schools of
nursing. Mr. H. S. Thomas, of the Rotary
Club, gave a very interesting paper on "The
Service Club and its uses in a Community."
Not only do those clubs elevate the ideals
of the individual members but they ac-
complish wonders with the crippled children,
and boys. Mr. G. H. Smith, Inspector of
Public Schools for Kent County, gave a
short talk on "Pre-Vocational Education,"
stating he thought matriculation a necessity
before entering a school of nursing. At the
close of the meeting the Alumnae Associations
of Chatham General Hospital and St.
Joseph's Hospital were hostesses at a de-
lightful social tea hour.

Public General Hospital, Chatham:
At the annual graduation exercises of the
Public General Hospital School of Nursing,
held in Park Street United Church, Chatham,
twelve nurses received diplomas and gradua-
tion honours. Miss Katherine Crackel was
awarded the medal for general proficiency
given by the Alumnae Association of the
Public General Hospital. Hon. W. G.
Martin, Minister of Public Welfare of the
Province of Ontario, was the guest speaker.
Following the exercises a reception was held
at the Nurses Residence where Miss Campbell,
Superintendent of Nurses, received with the
members of the graduating class. After the
reception a dance was held.

The annual picnic of the Alumnae As-
sociation was held at the home of Mrs.
Archie Shanks, Port Alma. There were
about fifty members present. A most
enjoyable afternoon was spent in playing
games and renewing acquaintances, after
which lunch was enjoyed by all present.

The regular monthly meeting of the
Alumnae Association was held on September
1st, with Miss W. Fair presiding, in the
absence of Miss Head, the president. After
the regular business was transacted, arrange-
ments were made for the district meeting
to be held in Chatham.

Miss Hazel Payne, 1930, has resigned from
the staff of the Public General Hospital,
Chatham.

District 2

Brajnttford: At the recent convention of
the American Hospital Association held in
Toronto, the Brantford General Hospital
was awarded the certificate of merit for the
North American Continent in connection
with National Hospital Day observance.
The following nurses attended the American

Hospital Association meeting in Toronto:
Misses E. M. McKee, J. M. Wilson, D.
Arnold, F. Stewart, T. Dawson, S. Livett,
G. Westbrook, K. Charnlev, H. Muir. L.
Gillespie, I. Marshall. Miss G. Van Fleet
entertained at a miscellaneous shower on
September 30th, in honour of Miss Audrey
RoadhousC; whose marriage to Mr. Robert
Hutton Malcolm, took place on October
12th. The Florence Nightingale Club was
entertained at the home of Miss Clara Fisher
on October 5th. The Alumnae Association
of the Brantford General Hospital met in the
Nurses Residence, October 6th, when Dr.
W. W. Hughes gave a very interesting
address on life in the British West Indies.
Mrs. L. M. Norton, a recent post-graduate
student of the Brantford General Hospital,
and with the Victorian Order of Nurses,
has registered for the Public Health Course
at the University of Toronto. On September
14th, the student nurses, B.G.H., held a
very successful garden party in the hospital
grounds. Home made cooking, home made
candy, soft drinks, weiners and rolls, and
ice cream cones were sold. Dancing, a
fish pond, and fortune telling were special
features. About $100.00 was realised after
all expenses were paid, arud this amount was
added to the Student Government As-
sociation funds. Miss Jessie McGregor (1914)
Operating Room SupervLsor, Harotin Poly-
clinic Hospital, Chicago, 111., was a recent
visitor in Brantford.

General Hospital, Guelph: Miss Mary
Bliss, Superintendent, attended the annual
convention of the American Hospital As-
sociation in Toronto.

A very successful tea and sale of home
cooking and work was held on September
3rd at the Nurses Residence, under the
auspices of the staff and student nurses.
Miss Bliss, Miss MacDonald, and Miss
Kenney were hostesses. Miss Kaemph,
Miss Groenewald and Miss Speers poured
tea which was served at small tables on the
spacious porch, and were assisted by the
student nurses. About $170.00 was realised.
Miss Hazel E. Dennis (1923), and Miss
A. L. Fennell (1919) are among the 1931-32
class at the University of Western Ontario,
London, taking the Public Health Course for
Nurses.

General Hospital, Galt: Miss S. M.
Jamieson attended the annual conventions
of the American Hospital Association and
the Ontario Hospital Association.

Simcoe: Miss M. Buck, Superintendent,
Norfolk Hospital, who recently underwent
an operation for appendicitis has completely
recovered. Mi.ss Buck attended the con-
ventions of the American Hospital Assoc-
iation and the Ontario Hospital Association
in Toronto recently.

General Hqspital, Woodstock: Miss
Helen Potts and Miss A. M. McPhedran,
Woodstock General Hospital, attended the
convention of the American Hospital Assoc-
iation in Toronto. Miss Vida Burns (1913),

THE CANADIAN NURSE

601

of Middleburv, Conn., and Miss Agnes
Weston (1918), of Albany, N.Y., have
recently completed a course in School
Nursing at the University of Toronto.
Miss Annie Drake (1925), 'of Xew York,
and Miss Jean Anderson (1930), of Detroit,
were recent visitors at the Woodstock
General Hospital. Miss Lenora Arm.strong
(1920) has returned to Korea where she is
engaged in missionary work. Sincere sym-
pathy is extended by members of the Alumnae
to Miss Eleanor Hastings and Miss Martha
Calvert on the death of their mothers.

District 5

More than 125 members of District No. 5,
Registered Nurses Association of Ontario,
were present at a meeting held on September
19th, at Whitby. The nurses met at the
Ontario Hospital, and were taken through
the various wards and pavilions by Miss
Bryan, Superintendent of Nurses, who
explained the various treatments and appar-
atus used for these special patients. After
tea, provided by the Hospital, the regular
business meeting was held followed by a
most interesting address given by Dr.
McKenzie, of the Toronto General Hospital
on "Brain Surgery."

Many Toronto nunses attended the recent
convention in Toronto of the American
Hospital Association, and enjoyed the wonder-
ful exhibits. A publicity and information
booth at the Royal York Hotel was staffed
by relays of Toronto nurses. Mi.ss Gunn,
assisted by Toronto nurses, entertained at
supper at the Royal York Hotel after the
evening meeting of Nursing Section of the
Association.

General Hospital, Toronto: Word has
been received of the safe arrival in China of
Miss Allegra Doyle (1929) and Miss Georgina
Menzies (1929). Miss Doyle and Miss
Menzies plan to remain in China for five
years to engage in medical nursing.

Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto:
During the American Hospital Association
convention. Miss Austin entertained at tea
and was assisted by Mrs. Bower and Mrs.
Irving Robertson in receiving the guests.
Miss Dorothy Mitchell (1929) has been
awarded the Red Cross Scholarship for
Public Health.

District 5

Women's Colleoe Hospital, Toronto:
The September meeting of the Alumnae was
held at Grenville St. Clinic. During the short
business session the resignation of the
Secretary, Miss Lottie Blair (1929), was
presented and accepted with regret. Miss
Blair is leaving to take a missionary course
at the Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, in
preparation for the foreign field. Miss
Bolton (1924), who is home for some months,
spoke to the members of her work in the Pine
River District. Her talk was very interesting
and instructive, and those present were once
again assured that the Hospital spirit of
helping the less fortunate was being well
carried out in the western provinces. The

meeting closed after the usual social tea.
Congratulations are extended to Miss Jessie
Patterson (1925), who pas-sed her Summer
School examination for school nursing.

QUEBEC

Children's Memorial Hospital, Mont-
REA.L: Miss Jean Bancroft has resigned her
position as Assistant Instructor, and has
been replaced by Miss L. Beeman, Hospital
for Sick Children, Toronto. Miss Sybil
Gilling, of St. Joseph's Hospital, London,
Ont., has been appointed to the nursing staff.
j\li.ss M. Flander and Miss R. Miller (1928)
are attending the School for Graduate
Nurses, McGill University, the best wishes
of the Alumnae are offered to Misses Flander
and Miller. Miss Vey, of Vancouver,
Mrs. Peter Bartleman, of Asbestos, Que.,
and Mrs. F. IMcLean were recent visitors to
the Hospital. Miss R. Paterson is again
working with the Poliomyelitis Serology
Department. Among the recent graduates
to join the staff are: Misses B. Cleary, J.
Argue, M. Ripley, B. Clarke, C. Mcintosh,
B. Gale.

The Montreal General Hospital:
Misses Annesley, Ethel Cook and Edna
Church (1928) have each been given a scholar-
ship from The Montreal General Hospital and
are attending the School for Graduate Nurses,
McGill University. Misses Candlish, D.
Murphy, Yule and Lilly (1930) are doing
floor duty at the Montreal General Hospital.
The engagenemt has been announced of Miss
Marjory Taylor (1929) to Mr. Charles
Woodside, of Buffalo, N.Y.

SASKATCHEWAN

Rehina: On October 1st the second meeting
of the year of the Regina Branch, Registered
Nurses Association of Saskatchewan, was
held at the Nurses Residence, with forty
members present. After the usual business
meeting, a bridge was vary much enjoyed,
having been arranged by the Executive.

The Executive of the Regina Branch, S.R.
N.A., consists of: Hon. President, Mrs. W. M.
Van Valkenburg; Hon. Vice-President, Miss
Helen Smith; President, Miss M. McRae;
First Vice-President, Miss H. McCarthy;
Second Vice-President, Miss M. Buker;
Secretary, Miss M. Munson; Treasurer, Miss
D. Wilson; Registry Convener, Miss M.
Phillips; Membership, Miss E. Pennock;
Sick Nurses, Miss F. Linton; Press Reporter,
Miss J. Campbell; Public Health, Miss Jean
McKenzie; Education Convener, Miss Helen
B. Smith; Entertainment, Miss K. Morton.

General Hospital, REr:iNA: At the recent
1931 graduation exercises of the Regina
General Hospital, forty-four nurses received
their diplomas and the following awards were
made: Henry Judson Crowe Scholarship for
a University Course, Miss Helen Snedon;
Dr. Low Gold Medal for General Proficiency,
Miss Helen Snedon; Dr. Thomson Gold
Watch for Obstetrics, Miss Jean McDonald;
Dr. Stephens Gold Pin for Practical Work,

602

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Miss Laura Balfour; Florence Nightingale
Prize, choice made by the graduating class,
Miss Emily Thiessen; Dr. Johnstone Prize
for Surgical Nursing, Miss Helen Ross; and
Dr. Gareau Prize for Pediatrics, Miss Alice
Jewitt.

Miss Helen Snedon, gold medallist (1931),
who was awarded the Crowe Scholarship, is
taking the course in Public Health Nursing at
the University of Toronto. Miss J. Bert-
whistle (1931), chosen by the Victorian Order
of Nurses for the Provincial Scholarship, is
attending the same course at the University
of Toronto. Miss Evelyn Bowman, forrner
instructor of nurses, has accepted a position
in the Vancouver General Hospital as
clinical ward instructor. Miss Marian Myers,
of the Montreal General Hospital, who has
been instructor of nurses, Moose Jaw General
Hospital, has been appointed instructor of
nurses. Following the resignation of Mrs.
Hugh Kennedy, graduate of the Hospital for
Sick Children, Toronto, Miss Rossie Cooper,
graduate of the same hospital, was appointed
supervisor of the Children's Ward. Miss
Cooper was formerly assistant night super-
intendent, and her position has been filled by
Miss Mildred Munson (1930). Miss Laura
Balfour (1931) has accepted a position on the
operating room staff. Miss Jessie McGhie
(1923), for four years a medical missionary at
Camundongo, JPortuguese West Africa, is
home on furlough for a year. Miss Helen
Lamb (1925) is on the staff of the Colony

Hospital at Lorlie, Sask. The following
nurses are taking post-graduate courses:
Misses E. Stone (1931), in Operating Room
Technique; D. Slack (1930), in the Obstetrical
Department; D. Dobson Smith (1930), in
Tuberculosis at the Saskatoon Sanatorium;
and O. McDonald (1929), in Tuberculosis at
Fort Sanatorium.

VICTORIAN ORDER OF NURSES

Toronto: The corn roast, which has been
given for the nurses the last three years by
Dr. Powell, a member of the Board, was
held on the beach near Scarboro at the full
moon in September. A very enjoyable
evening was spent.

The fall meeting of the Staff Council,
Toronto Branch, was held at Central Office,
281 Sherbourne St., on October 7th, with Miss
Eva Bayne presiding.

The Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada
at the request of the Department ol Health,
Toronto, arranged a two-day Institute on
Maternal Care which was conducted by
Miss Cryderman, Ontario Supervisor. This
is the third Institute since March, 1931.
There was an attendance of forty nurses.
A short demonstration was given by Miss
Mm-iel Winter, Toronto Branch, V.O.N. ,
and the teaching Exhibit of the Mothers'
Club, Toronto Branch, was displayed and
discussed.

BIRTHS, MARRIAGES AND DEATHS

BIRTHS

BROCK— Recently, to Mr. and Mrs. A.
Brock, of Port Perry, Ont. (Marguerite
Jackson, Hospital for Sick Children,
Toronto, 1929), a son.

CLARKE— In August, 1931, at Port Dover,
Ont., to Dr. and Mrs. L. A. Clarke (Laura
Irwin, Toronto General Hospital, 1925), a
daughter.

CRAFT— On August 11, 1931, at Saint
John, N.B., to Mr. and Mrs. Perry Craft
(Jennie Straight, General Hospital, St.
John), a daughter.

FARRELL— On July 6, 1931, at Hamilton,
to Mr. and Mrs. Leslie Farrell (Katherine
Bailey, Hamilton General Hospital, 1928),
a son, Michael Shawn.

FAWCETT— On September 10, 1931, to
Mr. and Mrs. Fred. E. Fawcett (Marion
McLaughlan, Saint John General Hospital,
1927), a daughter.

FLEWELLING— In July, 1931, to Mr. and
Mrs. Bertrum Flewelling (Ruth Carey,
Saint John General Hospital, 1930), a son.

FRASER— On August 12, 1931, at Frederic-
ton, N.B., to Mr. and Mrs. Earl Eraser
(Lottie Wood, Victoria Public Hospital,
Fredericton, 1928), a son.

FULLERTON— On July 25, 1931, at Truro,
N.S., to Mr. and Mrs. B. L. FiiUerton
(Christine Higgins, Saint John General
Hospital, 1924), a son.

HALL— On July 20, 1931, at Toronto, to
Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Hall (Miss Akins,
Women's College Hospital, Toronto, 1927),
a daughter, Barbara Joan.

HILI^-On August 9, 1931, at Hamilton,
Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. Francis Hill (Laura
Hunt, Hamilton General Hospital, 1927),
a daughter, Elizabeth Anne.

KRUZNER— Recently, to Mr. and Mrs.
Kruzner (Marie Peterson, Saint John
Infirmary, 1928, formerly of the Victorian
Order of Nurses Staff in Saint John), a
daughter.

LACEY— Recently, to the Rev. and Mrs.
Ed. Lacey, of Prescott, Ont. (L. Harding,
Children's Memorial Hospital, Montreal,
1927), a son.

MASON— Recently, to Mr. and Mrs. Herbert
Mason of Peterboro, Ont. (Violet Mclntvre,
Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, 1929),
a son.

McCAFFERY — Recently, at Oromocto,
N.B., to Mr. and Mrs. T. McCaffery
(Mary Holleran, Victoria Public Hospital,
Fredericton, 1925), a daughter.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

603

McTAGGART— On September 30, 1931, at
Toronto, to Mr. and Mrs. Donald H,
McTaggart (Hazel Defoe, Toronto General
Hospital, 1928), a son.

METCALFE— On September 18, 1931, at
Toronto, to Mr, and Mrs. Metcalfe
(Harriette Towne, Toronto General Hospi-
tal, 1929), a daughter.

O'DOWD— On August 2, 1931, at Hamilton,
Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. T. J. O'Dowd
(Myrtle Hammil, Hamilton General Hospi-
tal,'1920), a daughter.

SCOTT— On August 18, 1931, at Orange-
ville, Ont., to Dr. and Mrs. I. C. Scott
(Jennie Bishop, Hamilton General Hospital,
1928), a son.

WILLIAMS— On September 15, 1931. at
Toronto, to Mr. and Mrs. E. S. Williams
(Doris Baldwin, Toronto General Hospital,
1929), a son.

WILSON— Recently, to Rev. Hugh and
Mrs. Wilson (Laurel Shaw, Woodstock
General Hospital, 1922), a son.

MARRIAGES

ADAMS— BASHAW— On September 26,
1931, at Chamblv, P.Q., C. Jean Ba,shaw
(Montreal General Hospital, 1928) to
Captain F. T. Adams.

ALVING— FISHER— Recently, Dorothy M.
Fisher (Hospital for Sick Children. Toronto,
1928), to Dr. Alfred Alving, of New York.

ANDERSON— PELTON— On September 9'
1931, at Toronto, Beatrice H. Pelton
(Toronto General Hospital, 1923), to
Edward Leonard Anderson, of Toronto.

BAKER— HEWITT— On September 5, 1931,
at Toronto, Edna M. Hewitt (Toronto
Western Hospital, 1924) to Harold Lloyd
Baker.

BIELBY— STYNE— On April 10, 1931,
Lottie Stvne (Regina General Hospital,
1923), to Sidney Bielbv, of Stenon, Sask.

BOOTH— KEIR— In August, 1931, at St.

Catharines, Ont., Margaret Keir (Toronto
General Hospital, 1928), to Arnold K.
Booth, of Toronto.

CLINCH— SOMERVILLE— On September
19, 1931, Annie Viola Somerville (St.
John General Hospital, 1927), to Archibald
Gordon Clinch, of St. John, N.B.

CRAWFORD— DUNPHY— On September
22, 1931, at South Devon, N.B., Winifred
Dunphy (Victoria Public Hospital, Freder-
icton. i930), to Percy Crawford, of South
Devon, N.B.

DEAN— JOHNSON— Recently, Hazel Jean
Johnson (Hospital for Sick Children,
Toronto, 1926), to Sidney Roscoe Dean,
of Pittsfield, Mass.

DEVINS— WHATELY— In August, 1931,
at Thornbury, Ont., Alice Carmeta Whate-
ly (Toronto General Hospital, 1927), to
Dr. William Percival Devins, of Toronto.

DOUGLAS— COLLINS— On October 3, 1931,
at Waterloo, Ont., Jean E. Collins (Toronto
General Hospital, 1929), to William H. T.
Douglas, of Toronto.

HILI^-SIMPSON— On September 30, 1931,
at Montreal, Rhoda Simpson (Montreal
General Hospital, 1928) to Dr. Emerson
HiU.

HORNCASTLE— MILLER— On September
18, 1931, at Montreal, Bernice Miller
(Montreal General Hospital, 1926) to R. S.
Homcastle.

HUTCHISON— KIRKHAM— On Septem-
ber 25, 1931, at Montreal, V. W. Kirkham
(Montreal General Hospital, 1927), to
Stanley Hutchison.

JAMIESON— HUGHSON— On July 11,
1931, at St. John, N.B., Margaret Lillian
Agnes Hughson (St. John General Hospital,
1928), to Sydney Jamieson, of Dalhousie,
N.B.

LAMB— ETTEY— On August 24, 1931, at
Port Perrv, Ont., Gwendolin Ettey(Toronto
General Hospital, 1929), to Fred. Lamb.

McCANNEI^-W^ATSON— Recently, Elsie
Watson (Regina General Hospital, 1929),
to Cecil McCannel, of Rosetown, Sask.

MOFFAT— POTTRUF— On July 1, 1931,
at Southcote, Ont., Fern Pottruf (Hamilton
General Hospital, 1927), to Roy Moffat,,
of Carluke, Ont.

MULDOON— SMART— Recently, Genevieve-
Smart (St. Joseph's Hospital, St. Thomas),
to Robert Muldoon, of Caledonia, Ont.

ROSS— NOBLE— On September 29, 1931,
Barbara Noble (Montreal General Hospital,
1929) to Dr. Malcolm Ross.

SOMERS— ROWE— On September 2, 1931,
at Woodstock, Ont., Laura K. Rowe
(Woodstock General Hospital, 1930), to
Marley T. Somers, of IngersoU, Ont.

STOREY— BEARANCE— On September 26,
1931, Ada Bearance (Regina General
Hospital, 1929), to Norman Storey.

WELLER— PRINGLE— On July 18, 1931,
at Toronto, Flossie Mjrrtle Pringle (Hamil-
ton General Hospital, 1921), to Howard
Weller, of Nobleton, Ont.

WEMP— SMYTHE— In July, 1931, at Chat-
ham, Ont., Mrs. Edith P. Smythe (Public
General Hospital, Chatham, Ont., 1925),
to O. B. Wemp.

WERRY— McKINNON— In August, 1931,
at Toronto, Helen McKinnon (Toronto
General Hospital, 1927), to Gordon T.
Werry, of Toronto

WRIGHT— GLEESON— In June, 1931, at
Merlin, Ont., Pearl Gleeson (Public General
Hospital, Chatham, Ont., 1925), to B.
Wright.

WRIGHT— HENRIKSON— On September
21, 1931, at New York, E. M. Henrikson
(Montreal General Hospital, 1929) to
Leslie Wright ,of Horwick, P.Q.

604

THE CANADIAN NURSE

DEATHS

ESSEX— On August 25, 1931, at Toronto »
Fannv Clendenning Essex (Toronto West-
ern Hospital, 1919).

GREEN AWAY— On April 29, 1931, at
Edmonton, A!ta., Mrs. A. Greenaway
(Agnes Huston, Toronto Western Hospital,
1913), after a brief illness, pneumonia.

MARTIN— Suddenly, on August 23, 1931,
at \Mndsor, N.S., Margaret Mundell
Martin (Victoria General Hospital, Halifax)
Superintendent of Payzant Memorial Hos-
pital, Windsor, N.S.

WANTED for the Old Ladies' Home,
Halifax, N.S., on December 1st, a grad-
uate nurse as Matron of the Home, and
a trained housekeeper as Assistant.
Applicants to apply, stating qualifica-
tions, age and salary, to the Secretary,
Mrs. W. G. Watson, 40 Francklyn Street,
Halifax, N.S.

Shoes and Hosiery
for all occasions

1119 St. Catherine St. West
MONTREAL, Que.
:^=S 290 Yonge St., TORONTO, Ont.

General Health
NIPPLES

A Victoria Nurse says :

"they are wonderful."

— They will not collapse

— •'V^ill not pull off. and

can be put on with one

hand while holding a

baby.

Large Size 25c, Small 10c

National Drug &

Chemical Co. Ltd.

B.C. Drugs Ltd. and

Alberta National

Drug Co. Ltd.

Registration of Nurses

PROVINCE OF ONTARIO

Examination
Announcement

An examination for the regis-
tration of Nurses in the Prov-
ince of Ontario will be held in
November.

Application forms, informa-
tion regarding subjects of
examination, and general in-
formation relating thereto maj''
be had upon written application
to

Miss A. M. MUNN, Reg.N.,

Parliament Buildings,

TORONTO

llllllllllltiniHIHIUHIIIUIIIIIIMIiniMII

When Ordering From Your Suppliers Specify ^

"Maple Leaf" |

(BRAND) I

ALCOHOL

For Every Hospital Use |

Highest Quality Rest Service 1

Medicinal Spirits, Rubbing Alcohol, I

Iodine Solution, Denatured Alcohol, 1

Absolute Ethyl B.P., Anti-Freeze |

Alcohol. I
Sold by all leading Hospital Supply Houses |

Canadian Industrial Alcohol Co. Ltd. I

Montreal Toronto Corbyrille

Winnipeg Vancouver

Made In Canada

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The official organ of the Canadian Nurses Association, owners, editors and
managers. Published monthly at the National Office, Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion. 511 Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

Editor and Business Manager: JEAN S. WILSON, Reg.N.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

605

(§f^tm{ itr?rtnrg

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES
Secretary.. Miss Christiane Reimann, Headquarters: 14 Quai des Eaux-Vives, Geneva,

Switzerland.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

Officers

Honorary President Miss M. A. Snively, General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.

President Miss F. H. M. Emory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont

First Vice-President Miss K. W. Ellis^^ Winnipeg General Hospital, Winnipeg.

Second Vice-President Miss G. M. Bennett, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.

Honorary Secretary Miss Nora Moore, City Hall, Room 309, Toronto, Ont.

Honorary Treasurer Miss R. M. Simpson, Parliament Bldg;r,., Regina, Sask.

COUNCILLORS

Alberta: 1 Miss Eleanor McPhedran, Central Alberta Ontario: 1 Miss Mary Millman, 126 Pape Ave.,

Sanatorium. Calgary: 2 Miss Edna Auger, General Toronto; 2 Miss Constance Brewster, General

Hospital, Medicine Hat; 3 Miss B. A. Emerson, fl04 Hospital, Hamilton; 3 Miss Clara Vale, 75 Huntley

Civic Block, Edmonton; 4 Miss Mildred Harvey, St., Toronto; 4 Miss Clara Brown, 23 Kendal Ave.,

Box 132, Lethbridge. Toronto.

British Columbia: 1 Miss M. P. Campbell, 118 Prince Edward Island: 1 Miss Lillmn Pidgeon,
Vancouver Block, Vancouver; 2 Miss M. F. Gray, Prmce Co. Hospital Summerside P.E.L; 2 Miss
Dept. of Nursing, Universitv of British Columbia, A^^na Mair Prince Edward Island Hospital, Char-
Vancouver; 3 Miss M. Kerr, 3435 Victory Ave., New lottetown; 3 Miss Mona Wilson Red Cross Head-
Westminster; 4 Miss E. Franks, 1541 Gladstone quarters, o9 Grafton St Charlottetown; 4 Miss
Ave. Victoria B C. Mar>' Lowther, 179 Grafton St., Charlottetown.

Quebec: 1 Miss M. K. Holt, Montreal General Hos-

Manitoba: 1 Mrs. J. F. Morrison, 184 Brock St., pital, Montreal; 2 Miss Flora A. George, The

Winnipeg; 2 Miss Mildred Reid, 10 Elenora Apts., Woman's General Hospital, Westmount; 3 Miss

Winnipeg; 3 Miss Isabel McDiarmid, 363 Langside Marion Nash, 1246 Bishop Street, Montreal; 4 Miss

St., Winnipeg; 4 Mrs. S. Doyle, 175 Royal Ave., West Sara Matheson, Haddon Hall Apts., 2151 Comto

Kildonan. Street, Montreal.

Saskatchewan: 1 Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normal

New Brunswick: 1 Miss A. J. MacMaster, Moncton School, Moose Jaw; 2 Miss G. M. Watson, City

Hospital, Moncton; 2 Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Hospital, Saskatoon; 3 Mrs. E. M. Feeny, Dept.

Dieu Hospaal. Campbellton; 3 Miss H. S. Dyke- of Public Health, Parliament Buildings, Regina;

man. Health Centre, Saint John; 4 Miss Mabel 4 Mjgg l. B. Wilson, 2012 Athol St., Regina.

McMuUin, St. Stephen.

ADDITIONAL MEMBERS TO EXECUTIVE

Nova Scotia: 1. Miss Margaret E. MacKenzie, 315 (Chairmen National Sections)

Barrington St., Halifax; 2 Miss Elizabeth O. R. Nursing Education: Miss G. M. Fairley, Vancouver

Browne. Red Cross Oflice, 612 Dennis Bldg., Halifax; General Hospital, Vancouver, B.C.; Public Health:

3 Miss A. Edith Fenton, Dalhousie Health Clinic, Miss M. Moag. 1246 Bishop St., Montreal, P.Q.;

Morris St., Halifax; 4 Miss Jean S. Trivett, 71 Private Duty: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St.

Cobourg Road, Halifax. South, Hamilton, Ont.

Executive Secretary Miss Jean S. Wilson.

National Office, 511, Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

1 — President Provincial .Association of Nurses. 3 — Chairman Public Health Section.

2 — Chairman Nursinu Education Section 4 — Chairman Private Duty Section

NURSING EDUCATION SECTION
Chairman: Miss G. M. Fairley, Vancouver General
Hospital, Vancouver; Vice-Chairman: Miss M. F.
Gray, University of British Columbia, Vancouver:
Secretary: Miss E. F Upton, Suite 221, 1396 St.
Catherine St. West, Montreal; Treasurer: Miss M.
Murdoch, General Public Hospital, St. John, N.B.
Councillors. — Alberta: Miss Edna Auger, General
Hospital, Medicine Hat. British Columbia: Miss
M. F. Gray, University of British Columbia, Van-
couver. Manitoba: Miss Mildred Reid, 10
Elenora Apts., Winnipeg. New Brunswick:
Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Dieu, Campbellton.
Nova Scotia: Miss Elizabeth O. R. Browne, Red
Cross Office, 612 Dennis Bldg., Halifax' Ontario:
Miss Constance Brewster, General Hospital, Hamil-
ton. Prince Edward Island: Miss Anna Mair,
Prince Edward Island Hospital, Charlottetown.
Quebec: Miss Flora A. George, Woman's General
Hospital, Westmount, P.Q. Saskatchewan: Miss
G. ^I. Watson, City Hospital, Sjiskatoon.
Convener of Publications: Miss Mildred Reid, 10
Elenora Apts., Winnipeg, Man.

New Brunswick: Miss Mabel McMullin, St.
Stephen. Nova Scotia: Miss Jean Trivett, 71
Coburg Road, Halifax. Ontario: Miss Clara
Brown, 23 Kendal Ave., Toronto. Prince Edward
Island: Miss Mary Lowthor. 179 Grafton St.,
Charlottetown. Quebec: Miss Sara Matheson,
2151 Comte St., Montreal. Saskatchewan: Miss
L. B. Wilson, 2012 Athol St., Regina.
Convener of Publications: Miss Clara Brown, 23
Kendal Ave., Toronto, Ont.

PRIVATE DUTY SECTION
Chairman: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St. S.
Hamilton, Ont.; Vice-Chairman: Miss Moya
MacDonald, 111 South Park St., Halifax, N.S.;
Secretary-Treasurer: Miss Mabel St. John, 379
Huron Street, Toronto, Ont.
Councillors. — Alberta: Miss Mildred Harvey, Box
132, Lethbridge. British Columbia: Miss E.
Franks, 1541 Gladstone Ave., Victoria, B.C. Mani-
toba: Mrs. Doyle, 175 Royal Ave., West Kildonan.

PUBLIC HEALTH SECTION
Chairman: Miss M. Moag, 1246 Bishop St., Montreal,
Que.; Vice-chairman: Miss M. Wilkinson, 410
Sherbourne St., Toronto, Ont.; Secretary-Treas-
urer: Miss I. S. Manson, School for Graduate
Nurses, McGill University, Montreal, Que.
Councillors. — Alberta: Miss B. A. Emerson, 604
Civic Block, Edmonton. British Columbia: Miss
M. Ken, .3435 Victory Ave., New Westminster.
Manitoba: Miss Isabell McDiarmid, 363 Langside
St., Winnipeg. New Brunswick: Miss H. S.
Dykeman, Health Centre, Saint John. Nova
Scotia: Miss A. Edith Fenton, Dalhousie Public
Health Clinic, Morris St., Halifax. Ontario: Miss
Clara Vale, 75 Huntley St., Toronto. Prince
Edward Island: Miss Mona Wilson, Red Cross
Headquarters, 59 Grafton St., Charlottetown,
Quebec: Miss Marion Nash, 1246 Bi.shop St..
Montreal. Saskatchewan: Mrs. E. M. Feeny,
Dept. of Public Health, Parliament Buildings,
Regina.
Convener of Publications: Miss Mary Campbell,
Victoria Order of Nurses, 344 Gottingen St., Halifax,
N.S.

606

THE CANADIAN NURSE

ALBERTA ASSOCIATION OF BEGISTEBED
NURSES

GRADUATE NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
BRITISH COLUMBIA

President, Miss M. P. Campbell, R.N.. 118 Van-
couver Block, Vancouver; First Vice-President, Misa
E. Breeze, R.N., 4662 Angus Ave., Vancouver; Second
Vice-President, Miss G. Fairley, R.N., Vancouver
General Hospital, Vancouver; Registrar, Miss Helen
Randal, R.N., 118 Vancouver Block, Vancouver;
Secretary, Miss M. Button, R.N., 118 Vancouver
Block, Vancouver; Conveners of Committees: Nursing
Education, Miss M. F. Gray, R.N., University of
British Columbia, Vancouver; Public Health, Miss M.
Kerr, R.N., 3435 Victory Ave., New Westminster;
Private Duty, Miss E. Franks, R.N., 1541 Gladstone
Ave., Victoria; Councillors, Misses J. Archibald, R.N.,
L. Boggs, R.N., M. Duffield, R.N., L. McAllister, R.N.

REGISTERED NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
ONTARIO (Incorporated 1925)

President, Miss Mary Millman, 126 Pape Ave.,
Toronto; First Vice-President, Mis.s Marjorie Buck,
Norfolk General Hospital, Simcoe; Second Vice-
President, Miss Priscilla Campbell, Public General
Hospital, Chatham ; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Matilda
Fitzgerald, 380 Jane Street, Toronto.

District No. 1: Chairman, Mist, Nellie Gerard, 911
Victoria Ave., Windsor; Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs. I. J.
Walker, 169 Richard St., Sarnia. District No. 2:
Chairman, Miss Marjorie Buck, No; folk General
Hospital, Simcoe: Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Hilda
Booth, Norfolk General Hospital, Simcoe. District
No. 4: Chairman, Miss Anne Wright, General Hos-
pital, St. Catherines; Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs.
Norman Barlow, 134 Catherines St. S., Hamilton.
District No. 5: Chairman, Miss Rahno M. Beamish,
Western Hospital, Toronto; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss
Irene Weirs, 198 Manor Road E., Toronto. District
No. 6: Chairman, Miss Rebecca Bell, General Hos-
pital, Port Hope; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Florence
Mclndoo. General Hospital, Belleville. District No.
7: Chairman, MibS Louise D. Acton, General Hospital,
Kingston; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Evelyn Freeman,
General Hospital, Kingston. Di.strict No. 8: Chair-
man, Miss Alice Ahern, Metropolitan Life Insurance
Co., Ottawa; Secretary-Treasurer, Mios A. C. Tanner,
Civic Hospital, Ottawa. District No. 9: Chairman,
Miss Katherine MacKenzie, 235 First Ave. E., North
Bay; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss C. McLaren, Box 102,
North Bay. District No. 10: Chairman, Miss Anne
Boucher, 280 Park St., Port Arthur; Secretary-Treas-
urer, Miss Martha R. Racey, McKellar General
Hospital, Fort William.

MANITOBA ASS'N OF REGISTERED NURSES

President, Mrs. J. F. Morrison, 184 Brock Street;
First Vice-President, Miss J. Purvis, General Hospital,
Portage la Prairie; Second Vice-President, Miss C.
Kettles. General Hospital, Dauphin, Man.; Third
Vice-President, Miss McNally, General Hospital,
Brandon, Man.; Conveners of Committees: Press and
Publication, Miss G. Hall, Miss M. Meehan; Social
and Programme, Miss Cory Taylor; Sick Visiting,
Misses W. Carruthers, A. Starr, G. Thompson and M.
Frost; Conveners of Sections: Private Duty, Mrs. S.
Doyle, 175 Royal Ave., West Kildonan; Nursing Educa-
tion, Mi.ss Mildred Reid, 10 Elenora Apts., Winnipeg;
Public Health, Miss Isabel McDiarmid, 363 Langside
St., Winnipeg; Executive Secretary, Treasurer and
Registrar, Mrs. Stella Gordon Kerr, 753 Wolseley Ave.,
Winnipeg.

NEW BRUNSWICK ASSOCIATION OF REGIS-
TERED NURSES

President, Mi.ss .\. .1. MaoMaster, Moncton Hosnital,
Moncton; First Vice-President, Mis.1 Margaret Murd-
och, General Public Hosoitnl, Saint .Tohn; Second Vice-
Presdent, Miss E. J. Mitchell, 20 Millidgp .St., Saint
John; Hon. Secretary, Mrs. W. S. Jone.'», Albert, N.B.
Councillors —Saint John: Misses Brophy, Coleman,
Lawson and Dykeman; St. Stephen, Nlisses .lessie
Mmray and Mabel McMullen; FYedericton, Miss Kate
Johnson, Mrs. A. G. Woodcock: Moncton: Misses
Myxtle Kay and Marion MacLaren: Campbelltown:
Sister Kerr, Miss G. M. Murray; Chatham: Si.ster
Kenny; Bathurst: Miss M. E. Stuart; Wood.st ock
Miss Elsie M. Tulloch. Nursing Education, .Sister
Corinne Kerr, Hotel Dieu Hospital, Campbelltown;
Public Health, Miss H. S. Dykeman, Health Centre,
Saint John; Private Duty, Miss -Mabel McMuUin, St.
Stephen; Constitution and By-laws Committee, ^Ii33
S. E. Brophy, Fairville; "The Canadian Nur^e,"
Miss A. A. Burns, Health Centre, Saint John; Secretarv-
Treasurer-Registrar, Miss Maude E. Retallick, 262
Charlotte St. West Saint John.

REGISTERED NURSES ASSOCIATION OF
NOVA SCOTIA

President, Miss Margaret E MacKenzie, 315
Barrington St., Halifax; First Vice-President, Miss
Anne Slattery, Dalhousie Health Clinic, Morris St.,
Halifax; Second Vice-President, Miss Margaret M.
Martin, Payzant Memorial Hospital, Windsor; Third
Vice-President, Miss Josephine Cameron, Halifax;
Recording Secretary, Miss A. M. Eraser, "Pineleigh,"
North-West Arm, Halifax; Treasurer and Correspond-
ing Secretary, Miss L. F. Eraser, 325 South St., Halifax.

ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED NURSES OF
THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC (Incorporated 1920)

Advisory Board: Misses Mary Samuel, L. C. Phillips,
M. F. Hersey, Mere M. V. Allaire, Rev. Soeur Augus-
tine; President, Miss Mabel K. Holt, Montreal General
Hospital; Vice-President (English), Miss C. V. Barrett,
Royal Victoria Montreal Maternity Hospital; Vice-
President (French), Melle. Rita Guimont, Hopital
Saint Luc, Montreal; Hon. Secretary, Miss Margaret
L. Moag, V.O.N. , Montreal; Hon. Treasurer, Miss
Olga V. Lilly, Royal Victoria Montreal Maternity
Hospital; Other members. Melles. Edna Lynch,
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, Montreal;
Melle. Marie-Anysie Deland, Inijtitut Bruchesi,
Montreal; Mde. Caroline Vachon, Hotel-Dieu, Mont-
real; Rev. Soeur Marie-Rose Lacroix, Hopital St. Jean,
St. Jean, Que.; Rev. Soeur Bellemare, Hopital Notre
Dame, Montreal; Conveners, Private Duty Section
(English), Miss Sara Matheson, Hadden Hall Apts.,
2151 Comte St., Montreal; (French), Melle Jeanne
L'Heureux, 774 Davaar Road, Outremont; Nursing
Education Section (English), Miss Flora Aileen George,
Woman's General Hospital, Westmount; (French),
Rev. Soeur Augu.stine, Hopital St. Jean-de-Dieu,
Gamelin, P.Q.; Public Health Section, Miss Marion
Nash, V.O.N. , 1246 Bishop Street; Board of Examiners,
Convener, Miss. C. V. Barrett, Mde. R. Bourque,
Melles. Lynch, Senecal, Misses Marion Nash, Rita
Sutcliffe; Executive Secretary, Registrar and Official
School Visitor, Miss E. Francis Upton, Suite 221,
1396 St. Catherine Street, West, Montreal.

SASKATCHEWAN REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION. (Incorporated March, 1927)

President, Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normal School,
Moose Jaw; Firjt Vice-Piesident, Miss M. H. McGill,
Normal School, Saskatoon: Second Vice-President,
Miss G. M. Watson, City Hospital, Saskatoon; Coun-
cillors, Miss R. M. Simpson, Department of Public
Health, Regina, Sister Mary Raphael, Providence
Hospital, Moose Jaw; Conveners of .Standing Com-
mittees, Public Health, Mrs. E. M. Feeny, Dept. of
Public Health, Regina; Private Duty, Miss L. B.
Wilson. 2012 Athol St., Regina; Nursing Education,
Miss G. M. Watson, City Hospital, Saskatoon; Sec-.e-
tary-Treasurer and Regi.strar, Miss E. E. Graham,
Regina (College, Regina.

CALGARY ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

Hon. President, Mrs. Stuart Brown; President, Miss
J. B. von Gruenigan; First Vice-President, Miss Lynn;
Second Vice-President, Miss Barber; Treasurer. Miss
M. Watt; Recording Secretary, Mrs. B. J. Charles;
Corresponding Secretary, Miss Jackson; Registrar,
Miss D. Mott, 616 loth Ave. W.; Convener Private
Duty .Section, Mrs. R. Hayden-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

607

EDMONTON ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE

NURSES
President, Mrs. K. Manson; First Vice-President,
Miss B. Emerson; Second Vice-President, Miss F.
Welsh; Secretary, Miss C. Davidson; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss J. G. Clow, 1113S S2nd Ave.; Treasurer,
Miss L. Ward, 1132S 102nd Ave.; Programme Com-
mittee, Miss A. L. Young, Miss I. Johnson; Sick
Visiting Committee, Miss P. Chapman, Miss Gavin.
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss M.
Griffith, 10806 98th St.

MEDICINE HAT GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

President, Mrs. Mary Tobin; First Vice-President.
Mrs. C. Anderson; Second Vice-President, Miss L.
Green; Secretary, Miss M. E. Hagerman, City Court
House, 1st Street; Treasurer, Miss Edna Auger;
Convener of New Membership Comrnittee, Mrs. C.
Wright; Convener of Flower Committee, Miss M.
Murray; Correspondent, "The Canadian Nurse," Miss
F. Smith.

Regular meeting First Tuesday in month.

A. A., ROYAL ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL,
EDMONTON, ALTA.

A. A., KOOTENAY LAKE GENERAL HOSPITAL,
NELSON, B.C.

VANCOUVER GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

President, Miss M. Duffield, 226 Lee Bldg., Van-
couver; First Vice-President, Miss G. Fairley, Van-
couver General Hospital; Second Vice-President, Miss
J. Matheson; Secretary, Miss Perrin, 3629 2nd Ave. W.,
Vancouver; Treasurer, Miss L. Archibald, 536 12th
Ave. W., Vancouver; Conveners of Committees:
Council, Miss M. Button; Directory Committee, Miss
D. Bullock; Ways and Means, I^Iiss R. Mc Vicar;
P*rogramme, Miss M. Kerr; Social, Miss Munslow;
Sick Visiting, Miss A. L. Maxwell; Local Council,
Miss M. Gray; Creche, Miss M. A. McLellan; Re-
presentatives: "The Canadian Nurse," Miss M. G.
Laird; Local Press, Rotating members of Board.

A.A., ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, VANCOUVER

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Superior; Hon. \'ice-
President, Sister Therese Annable; President, Miss B.
Berry; Vice-President, Mi.ss K. Flahiff; Secretary,
Miss Mildred Cohoon; Assistant Secretary, Miss E.
Hanafin; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss L. Elizabeth
Otterbine; Executive, Misses Marjorie McDonald,
N. Comerford, A. Kerr, B. Geddes, G. Oddstad.

A. A., VANCOUVER GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Grace Fairley; President, Miss
Joan Hardy; First Vice-President, Miss Dorothy
Coughlin; Second Vice-President, Miss Mary McLean;
Secretary, Mrs. Percy Jones, 3681 2nd Ave. W.;
Assistant Secretary, Mrs. Hugh McMillan; Treasurer,
Mi.ss Eva Webster, The Vancouver General
Hospital; Committee Conveners: Refreshment, Mrs.
Ferguson; Programme, Miss Hannon; Sewing, Miss
McLennan; Sick Visiting, Miss Hilda Smith; Re-
presentatives Local Press, Mr.'?. McCallum; "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Stevenson; Women's Building,
Miss Whitteker; Membership, Miss L. Maxwell; Sick
Benefit Fund and Bond Committee, Miss Isobel
McVirar and Miss Bullock.

A.A., JUBILEE HOSPITAL, VICTORIA, B.C.

BRANDON ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

Hon. President, Miss E. Birtles; Hon. Vice-President,
Mrs. W. H. Shillinglaw; President, Miss M. Finlayson;
First Vice-President, Miss H. Meadows; Second Vice-
President, Miss J. Anderson; Secretary, Miss K.
Campbell, Park View Apts., Brandon; Treasurer,
Miss L Fargey, 302 Russell St., Brandon; Conveners
of Committees: Social, Mrs. S. J. S. Pierce; Sick
Visiting, Miss Bennett; Welfare Representative, Miss
Houston; Blind, Mrs. R. Darrach; Cook Books, Miss
^L Gemmell; Press Representative, Miss D. Longley;
Registrar, Miss C. Macleod.

A. A., ST. BONIFACE HOSPITAL, ST. BONIFACE,
MAN.

Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Mead, St. Boniface Hos-
pital; Second Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Krause, St.
Boniface Hospital; President, Miss E. Shirley, 28
King George Crt.; First Vice-Picsident, Miss E. Perry,
1628 Roy Ave., Weston; Second Vice-President, Misa
H. Stephens, 15 Ruth Apts.; Secretary, Mrs. Stella
Gordon Kerr, 753 Wolseley Ave.;Treasuier, Miss A.
Price, Ste. IS Diana Crt.; Conveners of Committees,
Social, Miss T. O'Rourke, Ste. 48 Marlhurst Apts;
Refreshment, Miss C. Miller, Ste 2 St. James Park
Blk.; Sick Visiting, Miss T. Guville, 211 Hill St.,
Norwood; Representative to Local Council of Women,
Miss C. Code, 1238 Downing St., Miss C. Wright, 340
St. Johns Ave.; Representative to Manitoba Nurses
Central Directory Committee, Mrs. E. MacDonald,
369 Langside St.; Press and Publication, Miss M.
Meehan, 753 Wolseley Ave.

Meetings— Second Wednesday of each month, 8 p.m.,
St. Boniface Nurses Residence.

A. A., WINNIPEG GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Mrs. W. A. Moody, 97 Ash St.;
President, Mrs. J. A. Davidson, 39 Westgate; First
Vice-President, Mrs. S. Harry, Winnipeg General
Hospital; Second Vice-President, Miss I. McDiarmid,
363 Langside St.; Third Vice-President, Miss E.
Gordon, Research Lab., Medical College; Recoiding
Secretary, Miss C. Briggs, 70 Kings way; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss M. Duncan, Winnipeg General Hos-
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. I. Graham, 99 Euclid St.;
Sick Visiting, Miss W. Stevenson, 535 Camden Place;
Programme, Miss C. Lethbridge, 877 Grosvenor Ave.,
Membership, Miss A. Pearson, Winnipeg Genersl
HospitaL

DISTRICT No. 8, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Chairman, Miss Alice Ahern; Vice-Chairman,
Miss D. M. Percy; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss A. G.
Tanner, Ottawa Civic Hospital; Councillors, Misses
M.' Stewart, M. Slinn, G. Woods, M. B. Anderson,
Amy Brady, Ella Rochon; Conveners of Committees,
Membership, MisS E. Rochon; Publications, Miss M.
Stewart; Nursing Education, Miss M. E. Anderson;
Private Duty, Miss Mary Slinn; Public Health, Miss
Marjorie Robertson; Representative to Board of
Directors. Miss A. Ahern.

DISTRICT No. 10, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Chairman, Miss A. Boucher; First-Vice President,
Mrs. F. Edwards; Second Vice-President, Miss V.
Lovelace; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss M. Racey;
Conveners of Committees: Nursing Education, Miss
B. Bell; Public Health, Miss L. Young; Private Duty,
Miss I. Sheehan; Publication, Miss M. Flannagan;
Membership, Miss M. Sideen, Miss D. Elliott; Social:
Miss E. Hamilton, Miss Chiver-Wilspn, Miss E. Mc-
Tavish; Representatives to Board of Directors Meeting.
R.N.A.O., Mrs. F. Edwards.

Meetings held first Thursday *very month.

608

THE CANADIAN NURSE

GRADUATE NURSES ASSOCIATION.
KITCHENER AND WATERLOO

President, Miss V. Winterhalt; First Vice-President,
Mrs. W. Noll; Second Vice-President, Miss Kathleen
Grant; Treasurer. Mrs. W. Knell, 41 Ahrens St. W.;
Secretary, Miss E. Master, 13 Chapel St.; Represent-
ative to "The Canadian Nurse", Miss E. Hartleib,
Kitchener and Waterloo Hospital.

A. A., BELLEVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Florence Mclndoo; President,
Miss H. Stacey; Vice-President, Miss A. Derbyshire;
Secretary, Miss B. Cryderman; Treasurer, Miss V.
Babcock; Flower Committee, Miss H. P'itzgerald;
Representative, "The Canadian Nurse," Mrs. C.
Arnott.

Regular meeting held first Tuesday in each month at
3.30 p.m. in the Nurses' Residence.

A. A., BRANTFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. Muriel McKee, Superin-
tendent; President, Miss I. Marshall; Vice-President,
Miss A. Hardisty; Secretary. Miss H. D. Muir, Brant-
ford General Hospital; Assistant Secretary, Miss F.
Batty; Treasurer, Miss L. Gillespie, 14 Abigail Ave.,
Brantford; Social Convener, Miss M. Meggitt; Flower
Committee, Misses P. Cole and F. Stewart; Gift
Committee, Mrs. D. A. Morrison, Miss K. Charnley;
"The Canadian Nurse" and Press Representative,
Miss E. M. Jones; Representative to Local Council of
Women, Miss G. V. Westbrook.

A.A., BROCKVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss A. L. Shannette; President,
Mrs. H. B. White; First Vice-President, Miss M.
Arnold; Second Vice-President, Miss J. Nicholson;
Third Vice-President. Mrs. W. B. Reynolds; Secretary,
Mi^s B. Beatrice Hamilton, Brockville General Hos-
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. F. Vandusen, 65 Church St.;
Repreeentativ* to "The Canadian Nur«e," Mias V.
Kandrick.

A. A., ST. JOSEPHS HOSPITAL,
CHATHAM, ONT.

Hon. President. Mother St. Roch; Hon. Vice-
President, Sister M. Loretta; President, Mrs. Pearl
Johnston; Vice-President, Miss Jean Lundy; Secretary,
Miss Irene Gillard, .52 Raleigh St.. Chatham; Treasurer.
Miss Jean Bagnell: Executive, Misses Jessie Ross,
Katherine Dillon and Agnes Harrison; Flower Com-
mittee. Miss Felice Richardson and Mona Middleton;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse." Miss
Jessie Ross; Representative, District No. 1, R.N.A.O.,
Miss Hazel Gray.

A. A., CORNWALL GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Lydia Whiting; President,
Miss Mary Fleming; First Vice-President, Miss
Boldick; Second Vice-President, Miss B. McKillop;
Secretary- Treasurer, Miss C. Droppo, Cornwall
General Hospital; Representative to "The Canadian
Nurse," Miss B. Paterson.

A.A., GALT HOSPITAL, GALT, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Jamieson; President, Misp G.
Rutherford; First Vice-President, Mrs. F. L. Roelofson;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. E. D. Scott; Secretar>--
Treasurer, Miss S. Mitchell, 11 Harris St.; As.sistants
Misses A. Sickle and I. Atkinson: Programme Com-
mittee, Misses TurnbuU, Murphy, Baker and Frizelle.

A. A., GUELPH GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. F. Bliss, Supt., Guelph
General Hospital; President, Miss. L. Ferguson: First
Vice-President, Miss C. Zeigler; Second Vice-President"
Miss Dora Lambert; Secretary, Miss N. Kenny!
Treasurer, Miss J. Watson; Committees, Flower;
Mrs. R. Hockin, Misses Creighton, L Wilson; Social,
Mrs. M. Cockwell (Convener); Programme, Miss E.
M. Eby (Convener); Representative "The Canadian
Nurse," Miss A. L. Fennell.

A. A., HAMILTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon President, Miss E. C. Rayside, Hamilton
General Hospital; President, Miss Annie B Boyd
60, Mam St. E.; Vice-President. Miss M. Buchannan!
Hamilton General Hospital; Trea.«urer, Miss E. Bell,
1 Cumberland Ave.; Recording Secretary, Miss b'
Aitken, 44 Victoria Ave. S.; Secretary-Treasurer Mutual
Beneht Association, Miss L. Hannah, 25 West Ave S •
Executive Committee, Mrs. N. Barlow (Convenei)!
211 Stenson St., Misses E. Baird, C. Chappel. M.
Pegg, Mrs. E. Johnson; Programme Committee. Miss
Mary Ross (Convener), Misses M. Watt, H Baker
E. Davidson, J. Lenz, M Harvey, C. Currah, Blanche
Pond; Flower and Visiting Committee. Miss Sturrock
(Convener), Misses Squires, Blanchard, Burnett
Representatives to Local Council of Women, Mrs
Hess, Misses Harley, Buckbee, Burnett; Representative
to R.N.A.O., Miss G. Hall; Representatives to "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Buscombe (Convener), Misses
Strachan and Carruthers; Representative to Women's
.\uxiliary. Mrs. J. Stephen; Registry Committee,
Mrs. Hess (Convener), Misses Nugent, Hack, Gringer.

A. A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, HAMILTOH

Hon. President, Mother Martina; President, Mi»i
E. Quinn; Vice-President, Miss H. Fagan; Treasurer
Miss L Loyst. 71 Bay Street S. ; Secretary, Miss m!
Maloney, 31 Erie Avenue; Convener, Executive Com-
mittee, Miss M. Kelley; The Canadian Nurse, Mi«»
Moran.

A. A., HOTEL DIEU, KINGSTON. ONT.

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Donovan; President,
Mrs. William Elder, Avonniore Apts.; Vice-President,
Mrs. V. L. Fallon; Treasurer, Miss Millie MacKinnon-
Secretary, Miss Genevieve Pelow; Executive, Mrs. L
Welch, Mrs Cochrane, Mrs. L. E. Crowley, Misses
Millie Mackinnon, Evelyn Finn; Visiting Committee
Misses Ohve McDermott, C. McGarry; Entertainment
Committee, Misses MacKinnon, Murphy, Bain,
Hamell, McCadden, Mrs. Ryan, Mrs. Fallon.

A. A., KINGSTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

First Hon. President, Miss E. Baker; Second Hon.
President, Miss Louise D. Acton; President, Miss
Oleira ^L Wilson; First Vice-President, Mrs. G. H.
Leggett; Second Vice-President. Mrs. S. F. Campbell;
Third Vice-President. Miss Ann Baillie; Treasurer.
Mrs. C. W. Mallory. 203 Albert St.; Corresponding
Secretary. Miss C. Milton, 404 Brock St.; Recording
Secretary, Miss Ann Davis, 96 Lower William ,St.;
Convener Flower Committee, Mrs. George Nicol, 355
Frontenac St.; Press Representative. Miss Helen
Babcook, Kingston General Hospital; Private Duty
Section, Miss Emma McLean. 478 Frontenac St.

A.A., KITCHENER AND WATERLOO GENERAL
HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss ^L Snider; President, Miss
L. McTague; First Vice-President, Mrs. V. Snider;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. R. Fetch; Secretarv,
Miss T. Sitler, 32 Troy St.; Asst. Secretary. Miss J.
Sinclair: Trea.surer, Miss E. Ferry; "The Canadian
Nurse". Miss E. Hartlieb

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

A. A. VICTORIA HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

Hon. President, Mrs. A. E. Silverwood, 517 Dufferin
Ave.; President, Miss Delia Foster, 420 Oxford St.;
First Vice-President, Miss Mary Yule, 151 Bathurst
St.; Second Vice-President, Miss Christine Gillies.
Victoria Hospital; Treasurer, Miss Edith Smallman,
814 Dundas St.; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Mabel Hardie, 182 Bruce St.; Secretary, Miss Isobel
Hunt, 898 Princess Ave.; Representative to "The
Canadian Nurse," Mrs. S. G. Henry, 720 Dundas
St.; Board of Directors, Mrs. C. J. Rose, Mrs. W.
Cummins, Misses H. Hueston, H. Cryderman, E.
Gibberd, A. MacKenzie; Representatives to Registry
Board. Misses M. McVicar, S. Giffen, A. Johnston
and W. Wilton.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

609

A. A., NIAGARA FALLS GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President. Miss M. S. Park; President, Mrs. J.
Taylor; Vice-President, Miss L. McConnell; Secretary,
Miss J. McClure; Treasurer, Miss I. Hammond. 632
Ryerson Crescent, Niagara Falls; Convener Sick Com-
mittee, Miss A. Irving; Asst. Convener Sick Committee,
Miss Coutts; Convener Private Duty Committee, Miss
K. Prest.

A. A., ORILLIA SOLDIER'S MEMORIAL
HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. Johnston; President, Miss
G. Went; First Vice-President, Aliss McMurray;
Second Vice-President, Miss S. Dudenhoffer, Secretarj--
Treasurer, Miss M. B. MacLelland, 128 Nississaga
St. W.

Regular Meeting — First Thursday of each month.

A. A., OSHAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss MacWilliams; President, Miss
Ann Scott, 26 King Street E., Oshawa; Vice-President,
Miss Emily Duckwith; Second Vice-President, Mrs.
H. Harland; Secretary, Mrs. Mabel Yelland, 14
Victoria Apts., Simcoe St. S., Oshawa: As.st. Secretary,
Miss Jessie Mcintosh; Corresopnding Secretary, Miss
Helen Hutchison, 14 Victoria Apts., Simcoe St. S.
Oshawa; Treasurer, Miss Jane Cole; Social Convener,
Miss Amber Sonley, Visiting and Flower Convener,
Mrs. M. Canning; Convener Private Duty Nurses,
Miss Margaret Dickie; Representative, Hospital
Auxiliary, Mrs. M. Canning, jtlrs. E. Hare, Mrs. B.
A. Brown.

A.A., ST. LUKES HOSPITAL, OTTAWA

Hon. President, Miss Maxwell; President, Miss
Doris Thompson; Vice-President, Mies Diana Brown;
Secretary, Miss Isobel Allan, 408 Slater Street, Ottawa;
Treasurer, Mrs. Florence Ellis: Nominating Committee.
Misses Mina MacLaren, Hazel Lyttle, Katherine
Tribble.

A. A., LADY STANLEY INSTITUTE, OTTAWA
(Incorporated 1918)
Hon. President, Miss M. A. Catton, 2 Regent St.;
Hon. Vice-President, Miss Florence Potts; President,
Mrs. W. Elmitt; Vice-President, Miss M. McNiece,
Perley Home, Aylmer Ave.; Secretary, Mrs. Lou
Morton, 49 Bower Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Mary C.
Slinn, 204 Stanley Ave.; Board of Directors. Mi.ss E.
McCoU, Vimy Apts., Charlotte St.. Miss C. Flack,
152 First Ave.; Miss L. Belford. Perley Home, Aylmer
Ave.; Miss E. McGibbon, 114 Carling .\ve.; Re-
presentative "The Canadian Nurse," Miss A. Ebbs,
80 Hamilton Ave.; Representative to Central Registry
Miss A. Ebbs, 80 Hamilton Ave.; Miss Mary C. Slinn,
204 Stanley Ave.; Press Representative, Miss E.
Allen.

A. A., OTTAWA CIVIC HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Gertrude Bennett; President,
Miss Evelyn Pepper; First Vice-President, Miss
Elizabeth Graydon; Second Vice-President, Miss
Dorothy Moxley; Treasurer, Miss Winnifred Gemmell,
221 Gilmour St.; Recording Secretary, Aliss Greta
Wilson, 4S9 Metcalfe St.; Corresponding Secretary,
Miss Eileen Graham, 41 Willarcf St.; Councillors,
Mrs. G. W. Dunning, Misses Elizabeth Curry, Gertrude
Moloney, Mary Lamb, Gladys Moorehead; Convener
of Flower and Sick Visiting Committee, Miss Margaret
MeCallum; Press Correspondent, Miss E. Osborne.

A.A .OTTAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. F^resident, Rev. Sr. Flavie Domitille; President,
Miss Juliette Robert; First Vice-President, Miss C.
McDonald; Second Vice-President, Mrs. A. Latimer;
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Stella Kearns, 478 Cumber-
land Ave., Ottawa; Membership Secretary, Misa
PauTine Bissonnette; Representatives to Local Council
of Women, Mrs. C. L. Devitt, Mrs. A. Latimer, Mrs.
E. Viau and Miss F. Nevins; Representatives to
Central Registry, Miss L. Egan and Miss A. Stackpole;
Representative to The Canadian Nurse, Mias Juliette
Robert.

A. A., OWEN SOUND GENERAL AND
MARINE HOSPITAL
Hon. President, Miss B. Hall; President, Mrs. D. J.
McMillan, 1151 3rd Ave. W.; Vice-President, Miss C
Thompson; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss A. Mitchell,
466 17th St. W.; A.<wistant Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs.
Tomlinson; Flower Committee, Miss M. Story, Miss
C. Stewart, Mrs. Frost; Programme Committee,
Misses Sim, C. Stewart; Press Representative, Miss M.
Morrison.

A. A., NICHOLLS HOSPITAL, PETERBORO, ONT.

Hon. President, Mrs. E. M. Leeson; President, Miss
H. M. Anderson; First Vice-President, Miss L. Simpson;
Second Vice-President, Miss M. Watson; Treasurer,
Miss L. Ball; Secretarj', Miss I. Armstrong; Correspond-
ing Secretary, Mi.ss H. Hooper, Peterboro Hospital;
Convener Social Committee, Miss A. Dobbin; Con-
vener of Flower Committee, Miss S. Armstrong.

A. A., SARNIA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. Lee; President, Miss L.
Siegrist; Vice-President, Miss J. Hodgins; Treasurer.
Miss M. Wood; Secretary, MissS. Trea; "The Canadian
Nurse," Miss D. Shaw; Committees, Flower, Miss H.
Abra; Programme, Misses A. Silverthorne, C. Aledcraft,
Mrs. S. Elrick; Social Miss B. MacFarlane. Mrs.
Kennedy.

A. A., STRATFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Mi.ss .\. M. Munn: Pre.''ident, Miss
Florence Kudoba; Vice-President, Miss Rcna John.ston;
Secretary-Treasurer, Mi.ss Alma Ro?k, 97 John St.;
Conveners of Committees: Social, Mrs. Lloyd Miller;
Flower, Miss Margaret Derby; Correspondent, "The
Canadian Nurse." Miss Helen Dinsdale.

A.A., MACK TRAINING SCHOOL
ST. CATHERINES

Hon. President, Miss .\nne Wright, Superintendent,
General Hospital; President, Miss Helen Brown,
General Hospital; First Vice-President, Miss Marriott,
94 i Queenston St.; Second Vice-President, Mrs. E.
Dewar, 39 Marquis St.; Secretary-Treasurer, Mias
Florence McArter, General Hospital; Asst. Secretary-
Treasurer, Mrs. Charles Hesburn, 54 George St.;
"The Canadian Nurse" Representative, Miss Aleda
Brubaker, 29 Page St.; "The Canadian Nurse" Sub-
scriptions and Press Correspondent, Mrs. S. Ockenden,
4 Beech St.; Social Committee, Mrs. R. E. Elderkin
(Convener), Mrs. G. I. Zumstein, Mrs. F. Newman,
Mrs. N. Buchanan; Programme Committee, Mias
Tuch (Convener), Miss Moyer, Mrs. W. Durham.

A. A., MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, ST. THOMAS

Hon. President, Miss Lucille .\rmstrong. Memorial
Hospital; Hon. Vice-President, Miss Mary Buchanan,
Memorial Hospital; President, Miss Margaret Benja-
field, 39 Wellington Street; First Vice-President, Mrs.
Frank Penhale; .Second Vice-Presidrnt, Miss Bessie
Pollock; Recording Secretary, Mrs. John Smale, 34
Erie Street; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Alice
Patrick, 33 Gladstone Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Bella
Mitchener, 50 Chestnut Street: "The Canadian Nurse,"
Miss Isabella M. Leadbetter, Talbot Street. Executive,
Misses Hazel Hastings, Lissa Crane, Mary Oke,
Mildred Jennings, Florence Treherne.

A. A., TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Snively; Hon. Vice-President,
Miss Jean Gunn: President, ^Iii^3 E. Manning; First
Vice-President, Miss J. Algie; Second Vice-I*resident,
Miss Jean Browne; Secretary, Mits Jean Anderson,
149 Glenholme Ave., Toronto; Treasurer. Miss M.
Morris, Ward "C," Toronto General Hospital; Coun-
cillors, Misses G. Gawley, A. Landon, G. Ross; Arch-
i\-ist, Mi»s Kniseley; Committees: Flower, Misses
Clubine (Convener), Hannant, Forgie, Eugenia
Stewart; Programme, Mis. Driver (Convener), ^Iisses
Annie Dove, Edna Fraser, Ethel Campbell, Dorothy
Dove; Social, Mrs. Stevens (Convener), Misses Neal,
L. Bailey: Nominations, Mrs. Dewey (Convener),
Misses Marion Stewart, Myrtle Murray, Mary Mc-
Farland, "The Canadian Nurse." Misses Betty String-
all (Convener), McGarry, E. Thompson.

A.A. , GRACE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. C. J. Currie; President,
Mrs. L. B. Hutchison: Recording Secretary, Miss M.
Teasdale; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Lillian E.
Wood, 20 Mason Blvd., Toronto 12; Treasurer, Misa
V. M. Elliott, 194 Cottingham St.

A.A., GRANT MACDONALD TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR NURSES, TORONTO, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Esther M. Cook. 130 Dunn
Ave.; President, Miss Ida Weeks, 130 Dunn Ave.;
Vice-President, Miss Sadie McLaren; Recording
Secretary, Miss I. Ostic; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
M. Whittall; Treasurer, Miss McCullough, 130 Dunn
Ave.; Social Convener, Miss P. Lawrence.

610

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A.A., TORONTO ORTHOPEDIC HOSPITAL
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES

Hon. President, Miss E. MacLean; President, Miss
Hazel Young, 100 Bloor St. W.; Vice-President, Mrs.
W. J. Smithers. 35 Wilberton Road; .Secretary- Treas-
urer, Miss R. HoUingworth, 100 Bloor St. W.; Re-
presentatives to Central Registry, Miss C. Grannon,
205 George St., and Miss M. Beston, 5 De Savery
Crescent; Representative to R.N.A.O., Miss A.
Bodley, 43 Metcalf St.

A. A., RIVERDALE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss Carrie Field; First Vice-President,
Miss Gertrude Gastrell; Second Vice-President, Mrs.
W. H. Thompson; Secretary, Miss Breeze, Riverdale
Hospital; Treasurer, Miss Margaret Floyd, Riverdale
Hospital; Board of Directors — Committees: Sick and
Visiting, Miss S. Stretton, 7 Edgewood Ave.; Pro-
gramme, Miss K. Mathieson, Riverdale Hospital;
Membership, Miss Murphy, Weston Sanitariom,
Weston; Mrs. E. G. Berr>% 07 Bond St., Oshawa;
ftess and Publication, Miss C. L. Russell, General
Hospital, Toronto; Representatives to Central Registry,
Misses Hewlett and Morris.

A.A., HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN,
TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. Goodson; Hon. Vice-Presidents,
Miss F. J. Potts, Miss H. Panton and Miss P. B.
Austin; President, Mrs. F. E. Atkinson; First Vice-
President, Miss Petron Adam; Second Vice-President,
Miss Alice Grindley; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Mary Ingham; Recording Secretary, Miss Mary
Acland; Treasurei, Miss V. Marie Grafton, 534 Palm-
erston Blvd.; Councillors, Misses Louise Rogers,
Hilda Rose, Jean Beaton, Helen Needier, Mabel St.
John and Mrs. Harold McClelland.

A.A., ST. JOHN'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Sister Beatrice, S.S.J. D., St. John's
Convent, Major Street; President, Miss Cook, 464
Logan Ave.; First Vice-President, Miss Holdsworth,
Islington 297; Second Vice-President, Miss Anderson,
468 Kingston Road; Recording Secretary, Miss Frost,
450 Maybank Ave.; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Garnham, 26 Balmoral Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Slimon,
464 Logan Ave.; Press Representative, Miss Doherty,
7 Howland Ave.; Convener of Flowers and Sick, Miss
Davis, 51 Brunswick Ave.

A.A.., ST. JOSEPH'SHOSPITAL. TORONTO, ONT.

Hon. President, Rev. Sister M. Meianie; President,
Miss E. Morrison, 1543 Queen Street West, Toronto;
First Vice-President, Miss A. O'Neill; Second Vice-
President, Miss L. Boyle; Treasurer, Miss M. Heary,
158 Marion Street, Toronto; Recording Secretary, Miss
R. Rouse; Corresponding Secretary, MissO. MacKenzie
43 Lawrence Ave. West, Toronto; Councillois, Misses

0. Kidd, M. Howard, V. .Sylvain, G. Davis; Constitu-
tionals, Misses A. Hihn, M. Howard, L. Boyle; Pro-
gramme Committee, Misses R. Jean-Marie, L. Dunbar,

1. Voisin.

A.A., ST. MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Margaret; Hon. Vice-
President, Rev. Sister M. Amata; President, Miss
Grace Murphy, St. Michael's Hospital; First Vice-
President, Miss H. M. Kerr; Second Vice-President,
Miss E. Graydon; Third Vice-President, Miss M.
Burger: Corresponding Secretary, Miss M. Doherty;
Recording Secretary, Miss Marie Melody; Treasurer,
Miss G. Coulter, 33 Maitland St., Apt. 106, Toronto;
P^ess Representative, Miss May Greene: Councillors,
Misses AI. Foy, J. O'Connor, Stropton; Private Duty,
Miss A. Purtle; Public Health, Miss L McGurk; Re-
presentative Central Registry of Nurses, Toronto,
Miss M. Meldoy.

A.A., WELLESLEY HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss Ruth Jackson, 80 Summerhill Ave.;
Vice-President, Miss Janet Smith, 13S Welle.sley
Crescent; Recording Secretary, Mi.ss Muriel Johnston,
94 Homewood Ave.; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Florence Campion, 14 Carey Road; Treasurer, Miss
Constance Tavener, 804-A Bloor St. W. ; Correspondent
to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss W. Ferguson, 18
Walker Ave.; Flower Convener, Miss E. Fewings,
177 Roehampton Ave.; Social Convener, Miss Marion
Wansbrough, 18 Wellesley St.

A.A., TORONTO WESTERN HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss B. L. Ellis; President, Miss
Rahno Beamish, Toronto Western Hospital; Vice-
President, Miss L. Smith Recording Secretary,
Miss Matthews, 74 Westmount Ave.; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss Buckley, Toronto Western Hospital;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss
Milligan; Representative to Local Council of Women,
Mrs. McConnell; Hon. Councillors, Mrs. Yorke, Mrs.
McConnell; Councillors, Miss McLean, Orthopedic
Hospital, Misses Cooney, Steacy, Stevenson, Wiggins,
J. G. Smith, Devine; Social Committee, Miss Sharpe
(Convener), Misses Agnew, Woodward, Miles; Flower
Committee, Miss Lamont, Miss Ayerst; Visiting
Committee, Misses Lowe, Harshaw, iEssex; Layette
Committee, Miss Cooper.

Meetings will be held the second Tuesday in each
month at 8 p.m. in the Assembly Room, Nurses'
Residence, Toronto Western Hospital.

A.A., WOMEN'S COLLEGE HOSPITAL,
TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. H. M. Bowman; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Harriet Meiklejohn; President, Miss
Vera Allen; First Vice-President, Miss Munns; Second
Vice-President, Miss Lougheed; Recording Secretary,
Miss Bankwitz; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Blair,
64 Delaware St.; Assistant Secretary, Miss Clark, 64
Delaware St.; Treasurer. Miss B. Fraser, 526 Dover-
court Rd.; Representatives to Central Registry, Miss
Bankwitz, Miss Kidd; Representative to District No.
5, Miss Clarke; "The Canadian Nurse," Miss E. E. K.
Collier.

Meetings at 74 Grenville St., second Monday in each
month. — ■ — ■ — ■ — ■ — — ■

A.A., CONNAUGHT TRAINING SCHOOL FOR
NURSES, TORONTO HOSPITAL, WESTON

A.A., HOTEL DIEU, WINDSOR, ONTARIO

President, Miss Angela Code, Maple Aoti-.; First
Vice-President, Miss Helen Piper; Second Vice-
Pre.sident, Miss Alice Baillageon; Secretary, Miss
Helen Slattery; Treasurer, Miss Evelyn Wolfe; Press
Correspondent, Miss Mary A. Finnegan.

A.A., GENERAL HOSPITAL, WOODSTOCK

GRADUATE NURSES ASSOCIATION OF THE
EASTERN TOWNSHIPS

Hon. President, Miss H. S. Buck, Superintendent
Sherbrooke Hospital; President, Miss D. Stevens;
First Vice-Presiaent, Miss J. Fenton; Second Vice-
President, Miss Humphrey; Recording Secretary,
Miss D. Ingraham; Corresponding Secretary, Miss H
Hetherington; Treasurer, Miss M. Robins; Repre-
sentative, "The Canadian Nurse," Miss C. Hornby,
Box 324, Sherbrooke, P.Q.; Private Duty Represent-
ative, Miss Alice Lyster.

A.A., LACHINE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. L. Brown; President,
Miss M. A. McNutt; Vice-President, Miss J. C.
McKee; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss E. Jf. Dewar, 558
Notre Dame Street, Lachine, Que.; Private Duty
Representative, Miss M. Lamb, 376 Claremont Ave.,
Montreal; Executive Committee, Miss Robinson,
Miss Goodfellow.

Meeting — First Mondav of «»ach month, at 9 p.m.

MONTREAL GRADUATE NURSES' ASS'N

Hon. President, Miss L. C. Phillips, 3626 St. L'rbain
St.; President, Miss Agnes Jamieson, 1230 Bishop St.;
F"irst Vice-President, Miss Jessie Robertson, 3546
Shuter St.; Second Vice-President, Miss Kate Wilson,
1230 Bishop St.; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Ethel
Clark, 1230 Bishop St.; Day Registrar, Miss Lucy
White, 1230 Bishop St.; Night Registrar, Miss Ethel
Clark, 1230 Bishop St.; Relief Registrar, Miss H. M.
Sutherland, 12 Selkirk Ave.; Convener GrifEntown
Club, Miss Georgie CoUey, 261 Melville Ave., West-
mount, P.Q.

Regular Meeting — First Tuesday of January, April,
October and December.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

611

A.A., CHILDREN'S MEM. HOSP., MONTREAL

Hon. President, Miss A. S. Kinder; President, Mrs.
F. C. Martin; Vice-President, Miss Alice Adlington;
Secretary, Miss M. Flander, Children's Memorial
Hospital; Treasurer, Miss H. Easterbrook; Repre-
sentative to "The Canadian Nurse", Miss Viola
Schneider; Sick Nurses' Committee, Miss Ruth
Miller, Aliss Alexander; Members of Executive Com-
mittee, Mrs. Moore. Miss B. Cleary; Social Committee,
Misses Gough, Paterson, Bell, Atkinson.

A. A., MONTREAL GENERAL HOSPITAL

President, Mrs. Allan; First Vice-President, Miss A.
Jamieson; Second Vice-President, Miss M. Mathewson;
Recording Secretary, Miss Inez Welling; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Anne Thorpe; Treasurer, Alumnae
Association and Mutual Benefit Association, Miss
Isabel Davies; Hon. Treasurer, Miss H. M. Dunlop;
Executive Committee, Misses M. K. Holt, F. E.
Strumm, J. Meigs, L. Urquhart, C. M. Watling;
Representatives, Private Duty Section,lMisses Morrison
(Convener), R. Loggie, Melba Johnston, Winnifred
Spier; Representatives to "The Canadian Nurse,"
Misses C. M. Watling (Convener), N. Kennedy-Reid,
Ruth Hamilton; Representatives to Local Council of
Women, Miss G. Colley(Convpner), Miss Marjorie Ross
(Proxy), Miss Harriett Ross; Sick Visiting Committee,
Mrs. Stuart Ramsey Convener), Misses L. Shepherd,
B. Noble; Refreshment, Committee, Misses D. Flint(Con-
veneri, M. I. McLeod, Theodora McDonald, S. Fraser.

A. A., HOMOEOPATHIC HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mrs. H. Pollock; President, Mrs. J.
Warren; First Vice-President, Miss I. Garrick; Second
Vice-President, Miss D. Campbell; Secretary, Miss
M. Brighty; As.st. Secretary, Miss M. Hayden; Treas
urer. Miss D. W. Miller; Asst. Treasurer, Miss N. G.
Horner; Private Duty Section, Miss A. M. Porteous;
"The Canadian Nurse" Representative, Miss A.
Pearce; Social Committee. Miss D. Smith; Montreal
Nurses Association, Miss D. Smith, Miss M. Bright.

A. A., ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. Presidents. Miss E. A. Draper, Miss M. F.
Hersey; President, Mrs. E. H. Stanley; First Vice-
President, Mrs. G. LeBeau; Second Vice-President,
Miss E. Gall; Recording Secretary, Miss E. MacKean;
Secretary-Treasurer, ^iiss K. Jamer; Convener, Fin-
ance Committee, Miss B. Campbell; Representatives to
Local Council, Mrs. V. Linnell, Mrs. G. Porter; Con-
vener Sick Visiting Committee, Miss A. Deane;
Convener Programme Committee, Mrs. F. A. C.
Scrimger; Convener Private Duty Representatives,
Miss M. MacCallum; Convener Refreshments Com-
mittee, Miss Adams; Executive Committee, Miss M. F.
Hersey, Miss Goodhue, Mi.ss E. Reid, Mrs. Roberts,
Miss B. Forgey, Miss M. Etter; "Canadian Nurse"
Representative, Miss E. Flanagan.

A.A., WESTERN HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Miss Craig; President, Miss Birch;
First Vice-President, Miss Edna Payne; Second Vice-
President, Miss L. Sutton; Treasurer, Miss Jane Craig,
Western Hospital; Secretary, Miss Olga McCrudden,
314 Grosvenor Ave., Westmount, P.Q.; Finance Com-
mittee, Miss L. Johnston, Miss A. Yates; Programme
Committee, Miss Cross, Miss Williams; Sick and
Visiting Committee, Miss Dyer; Representative to
Private Dutv Section, Miss Taylor; Representative to
"The Canadian Nurse," Miss McOuat.

A. A., NOTRE DAME HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mother Dugas; Hon. Vice-Presi-
dents Mother Mailloux and Rev. Sister Robert;
President, Miss G. Latour: First Vice-President. Miss
M. de Courville; Second Vice-President, Miss F.Filion;
First Councillor, Miss B. Lecompte; Second Councillor,
Miss F. Gariepy; Secretary, Mi.ss Margot Pauze, 4234
St. Hubert St.; Asst. Secretary, Mrs. Choquette;
Treasurer, Miss L. Boulerice; Conveners of Committees:
Social, Miss E. Merizzi; Nomination, Misses A. Lepine,
A. Lalande, E. Rousseau: Sick Visiting, Misses A.
Martineau, G. Gagnon, B. Lacourse.

A.A.. WOMAN'S GEN. HOSP., WESTMOUNT, P.Q.

Hon. Presidents, Miss E. F. Trench, Miss F. George;
President, Mrs. Crewe; First Vice-President, Miss N. J.
Brown; Second Vice-President, Miss M. Forbes^
Recording Secretary, Miss L. Wallace; Corresoonding
Secretary, Miss L. Steeves; Treasurer and 'The
Canadian Nurse." Miss E. L. Francis, 1210 Sussex
Ave., Montreal; Sick Visiting. Miss L. Jensen, Miss K.
Morrison; Private Duty, Mrs. Chisholni, N'iss L. Smiley.

Regular monthly meeting every third Wed., 8 p.m.

A.A., JEFFERY HALE'S HOSPITAL, QUEBEC

Hon. President, Mrs. S. Barrow; President, Miss
Muriel Fischer; First Vice-President, Miss Daisy
Jackson; Second Vice-President, Miss Cecile Caron;
Corresponding Secretary. Miss H. A. Mackay; Record-
ing Secretary, Miss Gertrude Martin; Treasurer, Miss
Eunice MacHarg; Refreshment Committee, Miss Flora
Ascah, Miss Lyla Moore; Sick Visiting Committee,
Mrs. S. Barrow, Miss F. Imrie; "The Canadian Nurse"
Representative, Mrs. Harold A. Planche; Private Duty
Section, Miss Ethel Douglas; Councillors, Misses E.
Fitzpatrick, Daisy Jackson, Flora Ascah, G. Mayhew,
C. Kennedy.

A. A., SHERBROOKE HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss H. S. Buck; President, Mrs.
Guy Bryant; First Vice-President, Mrs. Roy Wiggett;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. Nelson Lothrop; Record-
ing Secretary, Miss Evelyn Warren; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Nora Arguin; Treasurer, Miss Alice
Lyster; Correspondent to "The Canadian Nurse,"
Miss Kathleen Hatch; Committee, Miss Sutton, Aliss
Ella Marrisette, Mrs. Davey.

MOOSE JAW GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

Hon. President, Mi.ss Kier; Hon. Vice-President.
Miss Smith; President, Mi.s.<i Stocker; First Vice-
President, Miss Ella Lamond; Second \'ice-President,
Miss L. French; Secretarj'-Trea.surer, Miss M. Arm-
.strong, 100.5 2nd Ave. N.E.; Press Convener. Mrs.
W. H. Metcalfe. Representatives: Nursing Education,
Sister \l. Raphael; Public Health. Miss ^L Arnstrong;
Private Dutv, Miss Cowgill; "The Ctnidian Nurse,"
Miss L. French.

A. A., REGINA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss D. Wilson; President, Miss M.
Lythe; First Vice-President, Miss Helen Wills; Second
Vice-President, Miss L. Smith; Secretary, Miss B.
Calder; Aijsistant Secretary. Miss A. Forrest; Treasurer,
Miss D. Dob.son-Smith, 2.300 Halifax St.; Committees:
Press, Miss M. Baker; Programme, Miss K. Morton;
Refreshment, Misses D. Kerr and H. Wills; Sick
Nurses, Miss G. Thompson

A.A., ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, SASKATOON

Hon. President, Rev. Si.ster Fennel!; President,
Miss Alma Howe; Vice-President, Miss Cora Harlton;
Secretary, Miss M. Hennequin; Treasurer, Mrs. J.
Broughton, 437 Ave., H. So. Saskatoon; Executive,
Misses E. Unsworth, E. Hoffinger, and H. Mathewman.

Meetings, second Monday each month at 8.30 p.m.,
St. Paul's Nurses Home.

A.A., SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES,
McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL, P.Q.

Hon. President, Miss Mary Samuel; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Bertha Harmer; Hon. Members, Miss
M. F. Hersey, Miss G. M. Fairley, Dr. Helen R. Y
Reid, Dr. Maude Abbott, Mrs. R. W. Reford; President,
Miss Martha Batson, Montreal General Hospital;
Vice-President, Miss George, Women's General
Hospital; Secretary-Treasurer, Mi.ss Eileen C. Flan-
agan, Royal Victoria Hospital; Programme Committee,
Miss M. Armstrong, 12.30 Bishop St., Montreal; Miss
Elsie AUder, Royal Victoria Hospital; Repre.senfative
to Local Council of Women, Miss Liggett, 407 Ontario
St. W., and Miss Orr, Shriners' Ho.spital; Repre-
sentatives to "The Canadian Nurse," Public Health
Section, Miss Hewton; Teaching, Miss SutcliflFe,
Alexandra Hospital; Admini."itration, Miss F. Upton,
1396 St. Catherine St. W.

A. A. OF THE DEPT. OF PUBLIC HEALTH
NURSING, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Hon. President, Miss E. K. Russell; President, Miss
Barbara Blackstock; Vice-President, Miss E. E.
Fraser; Recording .Secretary, Miss I. Weirs; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss C. C. Fraser, 423 Gladstone Ave ,
Toronto, Ont.; Conveners: Social, Miss E. Manning;
Programme. Miss McNamara; Membership, Miss
Lougheed

AA. HOSPITAL INSTRUCTORS AND AD-
MINISTRATORS, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Hon. Prc'^'dent. Miss Cj. Hiscock.s; Hon. ^'ice-
Presidents. Miss K. Russell, Miss A. M. Munn;
President, Miss E. Stuart; First Vict-f'resident, Miss
G. Jones; Second Vice-I'resident, Sister M. Helen;
Secretary, Mrs. C. S. Cassan, 136 Heddington Ave.;
Treasurer, Miss E. Langman, Hospital for Sick
Children.

612

THE CANADIAN NURSE

MNtminininMiiniiiHiiiiHiiii

The Central Registry of
Graduate Nurses, Toronto

Furnish Nurses at any hour
DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Kingsdale 2136

Physicians' and Surgeons' Bldg.

86 Bloor Street, West,

TORONTO

HELEN CARRUTHERS. Reg N.

Montrea! Graduate Nurses'
Association Register

NURSES CALLED DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Uptown 0907

LUCY WHITE, Reg.N., Registrar,
1230 BishoD Street,

MONTREAL, P.Q.

Club House Phone Up-5666.

THE

Manitoba Nurses' Central Directory

Registrar— ANNIE C. STARR; Reg. N.
Phone 30 620

753 WOLSELEY AVENUE

WINNIPEG. MAN.

The Central Registry Graduate Nurses

Phone Garfield 0382

Registrar: ROBENA BURNETT, Reg.N.
33 Spadina Ave., Hamilton, Ont.

Why Nurses Recommend

SI®DMANlS

»2«^^%;;'; POWDERS

They know constipation is baby's greatest
foe — that a gentle aperient is essential to
keep the little system regular and the
blood clean and cool. And so they recom-
mend S'teedman's Powders — a safe and
gentle aperient, made especially for tender
years. Our "Hints to Mothers" deals with
all baby's little ailments. Write for copies
to John Steedman & Co., 504 St. Lawrence
Blvd., Montreal.

School for Graduate Nurses

McGILL UNIVERSITY
Session 1931-1932

Miss BERTHA HARMER, R.N., M.A.
^ Director

COURSES OFFERED:

Teaching in Schools of Nursing
Supervision in Schools of

Nursing
Administration in Schools of

Nursing

Public Health Nursing

Organization and Supervision

of Public Health Nursing

A CERTIFICATE will be granted for
the succes.sful completion of an approved
programme of studies, covering a period of
ONE academic year, in the major course
selected from the above

A DIPLOMA will be granted for the succeB?-
ful completion of the major course selected
from the above, covering a period of TWO
academic years.

For particulars apply to:

SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES
McGill University, Montreal

A Post-Graduate Training
School for Nurses

AND

An Affiliated Training
School for Nurses

This course is very valuable to
public health nurses, especially to
those in schools and industries.

Hospital capacity, 211 beds; Out-
patients daily average 226. A com-
fortable and attractive Nurses'
Home faces the Charles River. Al-
loAvance to post-graduate students,
twenty (20) dollars a month and full
maintenance. The same course, in-
cluding the third month, is available
by application to students of ap-
proved schools.

For further information address: —
SALLY JOHNSON, R.N.,
Superintendent of Nurses

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN NURSP:

613

Obstetric Nursing

ri^HE CHICAGO LYING-IN HOSPITAL offers a four-months* post-graduate
X course in obstetric nursing to graduates nf accredited training schools con-
nected with general hospitals, giving not less than two years' training.

Board, room and laundry are furnished and an allowance of $10.00 per month to
cover incidental expense.

AfiSliations with accredited Training Schools are desired, as follows:

A four-months' course to be given to pupils of accredited training schools asso-
ciated with general hospitals.

Only pupils who have completed their surgical training can be accepted.

Pupil nurses receive board, room and laundry and an allowance of f 5.00 per month.

ADDRESS

Chicago Lying-in Hospital and Dispensary

5841 Maryland Avenue, CHICAGO

"PARAGON BRAND"
Surgical Dressings

ABSORBENT GAUZES
BANDAGES
CHEESECLOTHS
ELASTOPLAST

(Adhesive Plasters)

ABSORBENT COTTON
SANITARY NAPKINS
MATERNITY PADS

SMITH & NEPHEW, LTD.

378 St. Paul St. W.

MONTREAL - - P. Que.

CETOPHE

COMPOUND

C. T. NO. 217 "^JwAl"

Headaches

Rheumatic Pains

Neuralgia

Colds and

Grippe

C. T No. 217

ACETOPHEN ft PHENACETIN
COMPOUND

Acetophen W2iT-

Phenacetin. .. .2>2gr.
Caffeine Citrate . J/^ gr.

Dose: One or two
tablets.

ANTIPYRETIC

ANTIRHEUMATIC

e6ai^6.(iwddt'&&.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

614

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Willi'/ / ^ non-narcotic agent ^ V,

Wlmi I P''**'^"^'^ ^y physicians throughout \
\mM I the world in the treatment of

'amenorrhea, .

^smenorrhea, Etc.

5) Ergoapiol (Smith) is jupplied only in

^M I packages containing twenty capsules.

^\ Dose: One or two capsules
^Ky \ three or four times a Jay.

MARTIN H.SMITH COMPANY.NewYorkJ^Y.U.SaP

W//mimnn\\m/////////////j//////////y//xmK\\\\^^\^^^

Smartly tailored

UNIFORMS

DOWMAN'S uni-
forms are styled
for modern chic.
Durable and retain
their individuality
after repeated laun-
derings. Far superior
to standardized uni-
forms.

I LLU ST R A T ED —

Our famous model No. 20

full flare, form fitting.

BOWMAN'S

APRON SHOP

BOWMAN'S APRON SHOP,

810 Granville St., Vancouver, B.C.
Telephone, Douglass 3883
Please send free literature and prices.

Name

Address

C.N. No. 1

Woman's Hospital In the State of New York

POST-GRADUATE COURSES

EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENT— At least three years of High School.
Preference given to those with greater educational preparation.

SIX MONTHS' GENERAL
Practical Work -Gynecological Wards, Operating Rooms, Sterilizing Rooms, and Re-
covery Rooms; Obstetrical Ward, Nursery and Formula Room, De-
livery and Labor Rooms; Out-Patient Department and Social Service.

Theory Nursing Procedures 40 hours. Anatomy and Physiology. 10 hours.

Obstetrical Nursing 30 hours. Lecture Course (approx.).20 hours.

Gynecology 20 hours.

FOUR MONTHS' OBSTETRICAL
Practical Work. Obstetrical Ward, Nursery, and Formula Room; Delivery and Labor
Rooms; Oul-Patient Department and Social Service.

Theory Nursing Procedures 40 hours. Anatomy and Physiology. 10 hours.

Obstetrical Nursing 30 hours. Lecture Course (approx.). 15 hours.

FOUR MONTHS' OPERATING ROOM TECHNIC AND MANAGEMENT
Practical Work .Operating Rooms, Sterilizing Rooms, and Recovery Room; Manage-
ment of Opierating Rooms; Suture Nurse experience during last
month to espjecially qualified students.

Theory Nursing Procedures 24 hours. Anatomy and Physiology. 10 hours.

Gynecology 20 hours. Lecture Course (approx.). 15 hours.

In addition to advanced subject matter given in all Courses, special emphasis is placed upon methods
to be used in teaching of such material.

Theoretical Instruction by Educational Director. Lectures by Attending Staff.

ALLOWANCE — Full maintenance for entire Course; $15.00 per month beginning second month.
AFFILIATIONS offered to accredited Training Schools for Four Months' Course in Obstetrics.

For further particulars, address— DIRECTRESS OF NURSES

141 WEST 109th ST., NEW YORK CITY, N.Y.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

617

Only the Best
is Good
Enough

BABY POWDERS are
different — largely be-
cause of the difference
in talcs. The high-grade
Italian talc used for John-
son's Baby Powder is made
up of soft, tiny flakes — but
the inferior talc used in
some baby powders contains
sharp, needle-like particles!
You can feel the difference
by rubbing a little Johnson's
Baby Powder between your
thumb and finger.

In the equixmient of nurses on post-maternity, Johnson's
Baby Powder is a necessary item. Doctors are prompt to
recommend it — for its soothing and protective qualities —
for its unvarying talc purity.

dofvu/jran^

BaiMj (PovjdAY^

COUPON
Johnson & Johnson, Limited,

Pius IX Boulevard, Montreal, Que.

Gentlemen :

Please send me, free, a full-size tin of Johnson's Baby Powder.
I want to see if it is all you claim for it.

A Johnaon tf Johnson Product ' l^anie

Made in Canada ■ Address

I City Province

Please mention "The Qanadian Nurse" when replying to Advertiser*,

618 THE CANADIAN NURSE

A Monthly Journal for the Nurses of Canada
Published by the Canadian Nurses Association

Vol. XXVII. WINNIPEG. MAN.. DECEMBER, 1931 No. 12

Refiatered at Ottawa. Canada, a* ■econd-clau matter.

Entared aa aecond-claas matter March 19th, 1905, at the Post Office, Buffalo, N.Y., under the Act of

Congreas, March 3rd, 1897.

Editor and Businesa Manager: —
JEAN S. WILSON, Reg.N., 51t Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

DECEMBER, 1931

CONTENTS

PAGE

The Forgotten Nurse J can E.Browne 619

Florence Nightingale Modernised ------ Leslie Bell 622

An Experiment in Modern Education and Its Results - Jean R. G. Steel 625

The Evolution of the Feeding Bottle ------- 628

Impressions of a Visit to the Osler Library,

McGiLL University Catherine de Hueck 630

A Subcutaneous Apparatus - Alice Laporte 631

Some Newer Ideas About Syphilis — Part II - - Dr. G. S. Fenton 632

Department of Nursing Education:

Suggested Standard Curriculum for Schools of Nursing

IN Canada, with Comments 637

Department of Private Duty Nursing:

Private Duty Nursing under Present Conditions Mabel McMullen 642

Department of Public Health Nursing:

The Child Welfare Clinic in Meeting the Problem

OF Infant Deaths ------- Esther M. Beith 644

Book Reviews ------------ 648

News Notes ---_--.---__ 649

Index 1931 655

Official Directory ----------- 659

Vol. XXVII.

DECEMBER. 1931

No. 12

®I|? iFflrgott^tt Nura?

By JEAN E. BROWNE, Toronto Ont.

It must be confessed at the outset
that the title is an adaptation of the
one used by Walter H. Page in his
famous Greensboro address in 1897,
''The Forgotten Man."

This title, in some respects, is sin-
gularly inappropriate, for the nurs-
ing profession has been receiving of
late a good deal of publicity. This
publicity has been of a critical nature,
and has beejj part and parcel of a
public expression of the stress caused
by the high cost of illness. Obviously,
it is unjust that this criticism should
be laid almost solely at the door of
the nurse, but such has been the case.
It was in order to get at the real facts
that a Joint Study Committee, com-
posed of three representatives of the
Canadian Medical Association and
the Canadian Nurses Association, was
organised in 1927.

The Committee at once found itself
floundering in a mass of conflicting
opinions and prejudices, and it was
soon recognised that its only logical
recommendation was that a scientific
survey be made of nursing education
in Canada. There was one man in
Canada eminently fitted to make such
a survey — Dr. George Weir, Professor
of Education in the University of
British Columbia. Fortunately, the
President and Board of Governors of
the University of British Columbia
were sufficiently public-spirited to re-
lease Professor Weir for the time
necessary to make the survey.

And now we may return to our title.
In the printed report which will very
soon be in circulation, there is abun-
dant evidence that in the great educa-
tional movements which have been
going on in recent years, the state has
obviously forgotten the nurse. The
education of the nurse has been a

haphazard affair, depending almost
entirely on the policy of the indi-
vidual hospital board. To quote from
the Report :

''Surely the state is no longer justi-
fied, in the face of unimpugnable
facts, in complacently standing by
and ignoring its duty to contribute to
a great national enterprise — namely,
the education of the student nurse.
. . . There is no more valid reason,
when all the facts of the situation are
impartially weighed, why, for in-
stance, the state should pay the costs
of normal school education than that
it should pay the cost of educating
student nurses. It is admitted that
the state is justified in insisting upon
adequate standards of nursing educa-
tion, involving efficient inspection and
supervision of the nurse in training
and in service, as a condition pre-
cedent to the granting of financial as-
sistance. And such competent super-
vision, kept clear of all partisan in-
fluence, would be welcomed by the
true friends of nursing education.
. . . From a financial viewpoint,
nursing education should be made an
integral part of the provincial educa-
tional system as is the education, for
instance, of the teacher. . . . Fur-
thermore, it is scarcely subject to
serious doubt that the adequate train-
ing of the nurse is at least as complex
as that of the teacher. Fully as much
laboratory equipment and library
facilities, for instance, should be avail-
able for the professional education of
the former as for that of the latter.
The quality of the instruction in each
case should be reasonably equivalent.
That this relative equality by no
means exists — with the exception of
certain nursing schools in medical
centres or university courses for

620

THE CANADIAN NURSE

public health nurses — will be mani-
fest to anyone who impartially studies
the situation. From the viewpoint of
teaching facilities and equipment as
well as quality of instruction, the
standards obtaining in the average
training school for nurses in Canada
are distinctly inferior to those found
in the average high school or collegiate
institutes, not to mention the average
normal school. As a matter of fact,
the full-time instructor, even in the
best type of training school for nurses,
is a comparatively recent innovation.
. . . Poorly equipped schools for the
training of doctors, lawyers, or teach-
ers are no longer tolerated. And there
is no valid reason for the training of
nurses being placed in a different
category. ... To use Lord Dur-
ham's classic stricture in a new set-
ting, the nursing profession cannot
'remain an old and stationary society
in a new and progressive world'."

Indeed the analogy between the
"Forgotten Nurse" and Walter H.
Page's ''Forgotten Man" in the
Southern States is not so far-fetched.
Before Page's famous Greensboro ad-
dress, there was no publicly support-
ed system for training the southern
child. The glaring fact that empha-
sized the outcome of this official
neglect was an illiteracy, among white
men and women, of 26 per cent.
Page's message, as is usually the case
in all incitements to change, involved
the bringing to light of many un-
pleasant facts. The revelation of these
unpleasant facts brought down on
Page's head a great storm of abuse.
History, of course, repeats itself, and
it is altogether to be expected that the
Survey of Nursing Education in
Canada will cause tirades from several
quarters, especially from those per-
sons who don't read it.

In the case of "The Forgotten
Man," the victim was not disturbed
over his situation. He was content to
be forgotten and was a definite oppon-
ent of social progress. Politicians
flattered him and he became a dupe

to the old heresy that what was good
enough for his fathers was good
enough for him. It is scarcely over-
drawing the picture to say that much
the same is true of far too high a per-
centage of nurses. They desire to be
left alone to bask in the aftermath of
graduation speeches, where clergy-
men, politicians, even educators tell
them in unctuous terms that nursing
is the noblest profession for women —
that in the practice of this profession
it is not intelligence or education that
is needed, but rather devotion to duty
(as if these two requirements were
somehow at variance one with the
other). Those who read Professor
Weir's Report will realise that it is
not lulling the nursing profession
needs, but rather waking up and
shaking up.

It is now a matter of history that
Page's educational campaign brought
about results for North Carolina and
the South generally that were little
short of miraculous. Out of his cam-
paign grew the Southern Educational
Conference and later the Southern
Educational Board. This body at-
tracted the attention of John D.
Rockefeller, who during a period of
less than ten years, gave $53,000,000
towards financing its activities. We
can scarcely carry our analogy to a
point of prophesy in regard to the
financial outlook, but it seems quite
reasonable to expect that the Survey,
Report, revealing as it does some very
unpalatable and humiliating facts,
will be the beginning of a new and
sounder basis for nursing education
in Canada.

An equalised distribution of nurs-
ing services, and the unemployment
of nurses, are big issues that emerge
from the starting point of supply and
demand. One of the revelations of the
Survey is the amazing fact that over
60 per cent, of the cases of average
acuteness (not colds or minor illness)
in Canada are reported to be cared for
by non-trained attendants. Doctors
who replied to the questionnaires

THE CANADIAN NURSE

621

estimated the surplus of graduate
nurses in Canada — with the exception
of public health nurses and full-time
instructors, of whom there is a short-
age— at about 34 per cent. Nursing
registries placed the median surplus
of private duty nurses in Canada at
about 45 per cent. A density and dis-
tribution map shows in graphic form
that 25 cities, which account for one-
third the population of Canada, have
the services of about ht'o-thirds of all
active registered nurses. The recom-
mendations made by the Director in
connection with this problem should
be studied intensively as soon as nurs-
ing groups have had the opportunity
of reading them in their setting.
I\Iany of the reforms advocated in the
Survey will not be realised for a good
many years, but the problem of un-
equal distribution of nursing services
and unemployment of nurses is one
that should be tackled at once with
determination and courage.

If there was one thing more than
another on which the nurses of this
generation prided themselves, it was
all that the term "registered nurse''
is supposed to signify, but even this
idol apparently has feet of clay. What
has the Survey to say of the examina-
tions set for registration ? ' ' The pro-
portion of failures on the Reg.N.
Examinations in Canada is approxi-
mately 27 per cent, of that on the high
school examinations conducted by
Provincial Departments of Education.
Nor are the latter examinations un-
duly severe. "What then can be said
of the Reg.N. Examinations? They
constitute the most magnanimous
gesture of the most indulgent exam-
ination system ever encountered by
the Survey. ... At present it is
possible for a girl with less than high
school entrance standing, of relatively
low grade intelligence, and with a
nursing knowledge crammed from
books to pass this so-called test. . . .
The crux is in the standard and
method of scoring as well as in the
setting of fair and thought-provoking

questions. It matters little how dif-
ficult the questions may be, if the
examiner assumes that there should
be salvation alike for the strong and
weak candidates. It is unfair to the
competent and well-prepared candi-
date to oblige her to take such a test.
It is equally or more unfair to the
public to have an examination sieve
with such large meshes as to allow the
inferior nurse to escape and inflict
herself upon an unsuspecting and
largely unprotected community. For
the great majority of these nurses
join the free-lance, unsupervised
class. . . . Much, of course, could
be said in favour of abolishing the
Reg.N. Examinations in the case of
graduates of approved training
schools of the future. The adoption
of the accrediting system will pro-
bably become a reality, but it should
be accompanied by a rigid system of
inspection. ' '

It is well that the chapters entitled
"The State and Public Health deal-
ing with Socialised Nursing" and
"Control and Supervision" were kept
until the end of the Report, other-
wise the shock of such radically new
ideas applied to nursing might have
been too much for the average nurse
reader to bear. These chapters set
forth considerations which should
bring nursing thought in Canada
smartly to attention, and, may I say,
ro salute !

It was generally recognised by the
members of the Joint Study Commit-
tee that Professor Weir came to his
task of conducting the survey with a
completely open and unprejudiced
mind. It was interesting to watch, as
his investigation proceeded, how the
evidence which he collected gradually
changed his attitude of neutrality to
one of keen and under.standing sym-
pathy towards nursing. In the end he
emerged as a champion of "The For-
gotten Nurse." Who can doubt it
wbo reads his prophetic words regard-
ing the role of the nurse of the
future : ' ' But who else than the train-

622

THE CANADIAN NURSE

ed nurse can possibly be in the stra-
tegic position to act as liaison officer
between the 'values and virtues' of
the old and rapidly passing school of
medicine and the scientific efficiency
of the new? No one but the nurse is
in the field or available for this su-
preme venture. If she fails, the case
is lost by default. Nor can she succeed
unless she be competent to carry out

in the sickroom the instructions of the
modern specialist in the spirit and
with the humanitarian touch of the
erstwhile medical generalist. Unless
she be a woman of superior capacity,
thoroughly educated in her art, there
can be little likelihood either that the
best of the old will be maintained or
that the best of the new will be
added." J.E.B.

Florence Nightingale Modernised

By LESLIE BELL.

"Two long and three short — that's
our ring," remarked the district
nurse putting down her cup.

We were having breakfast in the
two-roomed shack where she lives and
the telephone was about six feet from
the stove, beside which we were at
breakfast. "All right — who's driving
me to the station ? ... Is he ready ?
I'll be there in a few minutes. . . .
We don't have much money but we
do see life," she finished, turning to-
wards me. . . . "It's a maternity
case down the line — I'll have to go in
the speeder as there's no road in.
Would you care to come along?" I
said I would, having come west in
order to observe medical and nursing
work in our rural districts.

The nurse scribbled a line on tlie
slate, whieh always hangs outside her
door, saying where she liad gone, and
stooped to pick up her bag. Trans-
portation for the nurse must be pro-
vided by the person who sends for her,
and many and various are the forms
it takes. Sometimes it is a dog-team ;
occasionally a caboose has been used ;
in a community where there are no
roads the journey is made on horse-
back, but usually a vehicle of some
sort is provided and in the present
circumstances we were driven to the
station in a small roadster belonging
to the owner of the local garage.

The sky was coldly overcast and a
chilly wind caught our ankles as we

clasped the iron bar of the "speeder.''
The roaring of the engine precluded
conversation. Hills, deep blue, seem-
ed to close us in from the outer
world, and a hawk circled slowly
above some marshy ground.

Our destination was a place on the
edge of a lake and consisted of a
section-house and another building
which was evidently post-office, res-
taurant, and what-not. No other
dwellings were visible.

An Outpost Nursing Station, 65 miles from a
doctot.

I think that I have never in my
life seen quite so many flies excepting
in the native bazaar in Lahore ! They
fairly glued themselves to the poor
little patient. Her husband and I did
what we could with two towels and
a good deal of muscular effort, but 'I
completely failed to hold my portion
of "the salient" and we were obliged
to darken the window and hope for

THE CANADIAN NURSE

623

the best. There seems no way to cope
with these pests, as the different pa-
tent fly-killers are too expensive for
many settlers to be able to afford
them, and as one distracted mother
explained to me, "with the children
running in and out all day, I can't
keep the flies from coming in."

The little house was very tidy and
the bedding spotless. Only those who
have seen it can realise the heavy la-
bour and the amount of time involved
when one woman must attend to all
the family needs, including sewing,
baking, taking care of three small
children and all the washing, plus the
task of carrying every drop of water
from the rain barrel or the well.
Wives of pioneers take it all as a mat-
ter of fact and one seldom hears any-
one complain.

I think the ob.stetricians in some of
our city maternities would feel com-
pletely baffled if they were faced with
the conditions which confront a dis-
trict nurse. Technique must be adapt-
ted to the available equipment, and
resourcefulness and ingenuity are
essential.

Maternity cases are by no means
the only ones which rural nurses are
called upon to assist. A brisk "busi-
ness" is done on mail nights in the
little dispensary (consisting usually
of a medicine closet and a couch),
where the nurse makes up prescrip-
tions and dispenses good counsel.

"Say, nurse," 1 heard one man
ask, "can you give me something for
dad? He's got an awful bad pain in
his stomach." After his departure I
asked the nurse if she enjoyed long-
distance treatment. "Well, I would-
n't be much good up here unless I
were willing to take a chance, and I
know what I gave him can't possibly
do any harm. I'm pretty sure, from
what he told me, that it will relieve
'dad's' pain!" Then an ex-service
man came in suffering from trench
mouth ; he was followed by a half-
breed carrying his wife, who had
burned herself severely. The next pa-
tient brought a lump to my throat ; a
babe of two months old with infected

glands. . . . The uurs§ kept it and the
mother overnight and sent them out
on the train next day to the hospital.
There are also the occasional emer-
gency cases which test the reliability
and adaptability of a nurse severely.
A nurse in the northern part of one
of the prairie provinces was called to
a little girl eight miles away in the
bush. The only way to get there was
on horseback. The child's symptoms

Nurse and patient sometimes use a caboose.

indicated the need for immediate
operation. ... A stretcher was im-
provised and two men conveyed the
little patient through the bush to a
farm where they knew a horse and
waggon could be secured to take her
as far as the railroad. Then by means
of a gas "jigger" (which the nurse
had to pump herself) a place down
the line was reached where a car was
available for the remainder of the
journey to the hospital, a distance of
seventy-five miles. During this
anxious time the child was held in
the nurse's arms in Fowler's position.
Happily, she made a good recovery
from the operation, although she was
thirteen hours on the way.

Another strenuous journey was
made by this same nurse when she
had to take a man with a perforated
appendix to the hospital. It took
from four p.m. till nine a.m. in the
baggage car. I asked her how she
managed.

"Oh, I gave him a sedative and
kept ice-bags on him. The trainmen
were perfectly wonderful; I couldn't
have got on without them. They
brought me ice from somewhere, and
they even speeded up the train so

624

THE CANADIAN NURSE

that we got to town and the hospital
a little ahead of time. The railway
men are very good to the nurse. . . .
Many a time on a cold morning
they've shared their hot tea with me
and thawed me out in the caboose!"

A big, broad-shouldered Scandin-
avian, living with his wife and two
brothers, was stricken with pleuro-
pneumonia. Critically ill, he was
twenty-two miles from the nursing
station. Every second day the nurse
made that trip — forty-four miles in
an open sleigh, with the temperature
well below zero. "It was worse for
the men than for me, because they
had to come for me and take me back
again — eighty-eight miles ! Of course,
they relayed the horses, and the
brothers took turn about. Even so, it
was no joke, and I used to hope I
wouldn't have three patients on my
hands before we finished."

One nursing organisation puts
these words in its Regulations : ' ' This
branch of the service exemplifies most
fully the highest ideals of the nurs-
ing profession. The responsibility
put upon the nurses requires sound
judgment and courage of the highest
order."

This is certainly not overstating
things, and one is proud that Cana-
dian women, trained in Canadian
hospitals, are carrying on the tradi-
tions of their pioneer forebears. One
of them mentioned with a smile
that her mother was born in Fort
McPherson; she herself was bom in
Saskatchewan and trained in Eastern
Canada. She has had a wide experi-
ence in the north from Fort Ver-
million to Dawson City, and I am
quite sure she would go with perfect
equanimity to Aklavik on the Arctic
Ocean or to the Magdalene Islands
in the Atlantic if she thought her
duty called her.

Several organisations, slightly dif-
ferent in character, are engaged in
rural nursing in Canada and New-
loundland, where the N.O.N. I.A.*
nurses are doing gallant service in
isolated fishing villages. Dotted over

the prairie provinces are twenty little
mission hospitals supported by the
United Church ; the Red Cross So-
ciety has about fifty outposts distri-
buted over three provinces, and the
Department of Public Health in
Alberta has a well-organised system
of district nurses and a travelling
clinic.

The emphasis is put upon provid-
ing obstetrical care for women in un-
settled districts in an effort to reduce
the infant and maternal mortality,
which had been abnormally high.
Those in charge of this work recog-
nise the essential unsoundness of any
policy which, while stressing Can-
ada's need for settlers, at the same
time permits potential citizens and
mothers of families to perish for want
of proper care in child-birth.

In a leaflet issued by one of the
above organisations these words ap-
pear: "Unexpected duties are often
the nurse's lot; on occasions she has
had even to bury the dead. When
alone, eighty-five miles from a rail-
road, with neither clergyman nor
doctor at hand, there is no question
whether or not she can do it. There
is no alternative — it is her task. . . .
To lift these brave pioneers above
themselves and give them a glimpse
of the possibilities which lie within
their reach is surely nation-building
work of the highest character."

Inspired by the spirit of their great
leader, Florence Nightingale, these
nurses neither desire nor expect any
recompense for the risks they take,
beyond the modest salary they re-
ceive and the joy which comes with
the doing of their work and the true
and lasting friendships which they
make amongst the valiant pioneers
whose lives they share.

*N.O.N.I.A. — The Newfoundland Out-
port Nursing Industrial Association under
the patronage of Lady Allardice. The
nurses belonging to the Association live in
isolated fishing villages and do the same
sort of work as the Red Cross nurses do
in the Outposts. Funds for nurses salaries
are raised by the wives of fishermen who
knit. The Depot (headquarters) is in St.
John's.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

625

An Experiment in Modern Education and Its Results

By JEAN R. G. STEELE, Instructor, Red Cross Unit, University Hospital, Edmonton

This is an account, as true as I can
express in words, of an educational
experiment which has been carried
out during the past year (1930-1931)
in the Children's Orthopaedic AVard
of the University Hospital, Edmon-
ton.

There is such a general misconcep-
tion and often over-sentiraentalized
idea as to the exact nature of a ward
like this that it may be well to point
out that it is simply a group of nor-
mal children, alike in every way to
any other group of children, but crip-
pled physically for a certain period
of months or perhaps years. The
sunny wards, the regular hours, the
intelligently planned diet, the sym-
pathetic understanding of the indivi-
dual tastes of each child, and the con-
stant expert medical care quickly re-
sult in remarkable physical improve-
ment, which adds to their natural
mental activity.

In normal circumstances, these
children would have three broad in-
fluences in their life: the school, the
home, and the vast and ever-increas-
ing number of outside interests. Cir-
cumstances, however, have altered
those conditions to a very circum-
scribed physical environment : a ward
in a hospital with often the added
limitation of a spica cast and Balken
frame, and everything, therefore, that
is to contribute to the child's mental
growth and unfold his hidden poten-
tialities must be brought to him. It is
a common thought that the reading of
books is the best and almost only
means of doing this, but a mass of in-
formation acquired from reading
alone has a very limited value, often,
on the contrary, contributing the in-
sidious but very definite evil of clog-
ging the child's mind until he be-
comes inert and aimless, swallowing
contentedly a mass of predigested
facts, and the activity of thought has
become an impossibility. The preser-
vation of that inner vitality and sense

of awareness to the outer world; the
cultivation of independence and in-
itiative ; the ability to face and handle
the various situations of life as they
appear; it is these that are the test
of a child's education, and it was
from this point of view that every
branch of our school work was plan-
ned and developed.

They were a markedly cosmopoli-
tan group of children of all ages and
nationalities, and the work ranged
from kindergarten and Montessori
work to grade IX algebra, geometry,
Latin, literature, composition, and
history.

Our scheduled teaching hours are
nine to twelve, and naturally these
are also the hours of ceaseless activity
on the part of everyone connected in
any way with the hospital. We had,
fortunately, in connection with each
main ward a large and attractive sun
parlour always in use by some of the
children. Maids, orderlies, nurses,
doctors were all equally busy. Floors
were being swept, washed and pol-
ished ; children were being prepared
for and received from the operating
room, special cases of massage, quartz
light treatment and physical exercises
were being given ; there were the doc-
tor's daily visits and the occasional
clinic — this constituted the environ-
ment in which they worked. It may
seem impossible that work could be
accomplished, but children have a re-
markable faculty for seeing only
fundamentals : they are the true real-
ists and they developed a power of
concentration and the ability to ig-
nore outside interruptions that was
infinitely more valuable than the
actual information acquired.

To a considerable extent we were
faced with the same problem that
meets hundreds of teachers in rural
schools; namely, how to provide oc-
cupation for the children who are not
being taught by the teacher. We have
always tried to keep in touch as close-

626

THE CANADIAN NURSE

ly as possible with the work as plan-
ned by the Department of Education
and to use and, if necessary, originate
methods that would accomplish the
greatest amount of work in the short-
est time. Young children are incap-
able of listening for a long period :
the law of their nature is to do and
to learn through the medium of the
sense of touch ; therefore we develop-
ed our reading, writing and number
work in this way. There are many ex-
cellent methods of teaching reading,
but they usually involve the presence
of a teacher working with the chil
dren. Two different methods, however,
by which the children practically
teach themselves have been very
thoughtfully worked out by Miss Mac-
Kinder, of London, and Dr. Decroly,
of Paris, and it was on the basic prin-
ciples of these educationists that we
built a method to suit our own condi-
tions.

Very briefly, this consists of a
group of thin boards painted in var-
ious colours. The work is graded in
difficulty, beginning with the learn-
ing of single sounds to words of un-
usual appearance. These are taken
from the reader in current use in the
province. For example, one of the
"boards is like this: a light wooden
board for the purpose of teaching ten
new words from their reader. The
words are dog, cat, pig, hen, tree,
chair, table, hill, pail, flower. The
board is painted yellow; a picture of
each word drawn and coloured green ;
beneath, the word itself is written and
printed. On ten small pieces of wood,
in corresponding colours, the same
words are written and printed, and
the reading game or lesson is to place
the small word on the large board.
Other boards can be made by which
are learned the different colours; the
days of the week, the months of the
year, and so on. In this way, a vocabu-
lary of two or three hundred words
is quickly and easily learned and
without the presence of a teacher,
^•who can be busy elsewhere. Also, the
'..aeujor boys can prepare these during
the year, providing them with hours

of interesting activity at very little
cost and doing work which they see
being put to practical use.

Number work is taught on similar
lines, and offers no special diiBeulty.

In teaching writing, again self-
taught, we make a series of boards,
6 inches by 24 inches, painted in dif-
ferent colours, on each of which five
5-inch letters in script were written
and painted in blackboard paint.
This was in order that chalk might
be used. A small yellow dot showed
where to begin. These could be used
easily in bed, and the child went over
each letter as many times as he wish-
ed until the arm movement became
automatic. When they felt ready, they
usually of their own accord took a
small blackboard and tried to make
the letter without the copy, going
back to the original board if they
found any difficulty. By use of these,
all the small letters, capitals, and
numbers were easily learned.

In the intermediate grades, geo-
graphy, history, and nature study
were the subjects to which we devoted
as much time as possible. The set of
Geography Readers, compiled by Miss
Donalda Dickie of the Provincial
Normal School, were specially helpful
in providing endless exercises in com-
position, and were the groundwork
for more extensive excursions in geo-
graphy and history. We replaced to
a great extent the memorization of
geographical and historical facts
from books and substituted instead
clay modelling, work in plasticine,
and a composition of salt and flour
which could be coloured very success-
fully in water colour; the making of
countless maps in cardboard and
wood on as large a scale as could be
handled conveniently; in fact, the
representing pictorially or by models
of every phase of geography and his-
tory that we felt could be so repre-
sented.

With regard to the high school
work, the six subjects of grade IX
already mentioned, a new element en-
tered. In the first place, it was the
wish of the children themselves to do

THE CANADIAN NURSE

627

the work, and with that fortunate be-
ginning, major difficulties vanished.
We began by taking each subject and
analysing the work to be covered that
year : making schedules for each
month and term ; discussing probable
difficulties ; jotting down books of re-
ference; talking over different meth-
ods and the order in which each
would be taken, and doing exercises
in analysis and concentration to illus-
trate to the children the value of the
qualities and habits of mind : our ob-
ject being to have a broad, general
idea of the work and of the road along
which we were travelling. Our pro-
gramme, of course, was very flexible;
it was never intended to be rigid, and
was subject to constant revision.

Algebra and geometry went along
very evenly and with only the occa-
sional snag. So often we hear children
say, ' ' Oh, what is the use of algebra ? ' '
So as time went on, they occasionally
chose from a scientific work — perhaps
by Eddington or ]\Iillikan, a complex
formula which we all — shall I say —
worshipped from afar. Algebra was
then seen to l)e a foreign language
translatable if you had the key, an
intensely microscopic shorthand to
express the great and illimitable
forces of the universe.

Geometry can be much more easily
brought into touch with our daily life
and work, but one book which we had
on loan for a few days left a very
vivid impression on their minds. It
was "Dynamic Symmetry," by Jay
Hambidge, in which he shows by
countless exquisite drawings and il-
lustrations that the most delicate of
Greek vases is built on as sound and
solid a geometrical principle as the
Parthenon itself. They could not, of
course, understand the complexity of
his geometrical reasoning, it was not
intended that they should ; what they
did receive was of much greater im-
portance, namely, a new idea, a real-
isation of the definite relationship
between geometry and art, and fur-
ther, that the mathematicians of
Egypt and the craftsmen of Greece
were each expressing, through a vast-

ly different medium, the same funda-
mental idea. It ceased to be a lesson
m history or geometry, and became
one in ethnology.

In history, they used for reference
at least ten other books to supplement
their own reader; to show the varied
opinions of acknowledged historians
and how the same historical data can
have many different interpretations.
They made numerous charts and
maps, which proved an excellent
means of review at the end of the
year. They also compiled a scrap book,
in which were pasted any articles
from current papers and magazines
that had any reference to their work.
The choice was left entirely to them-
selves, and was unerringly true. This
also had the effect of keeping con-
tinually fresh in their minds and con-
versation work that would otherwise
have lain fallow for several weeks.
That history was not merely a school
subject but a very living reality may
be shown by the following incident.
One morning, when I went in after
working with the younger children,
I was greeted with:

"We had such fun last night. Do
you know what we did? We each
adopted ancestors ! ' '

"Oh," I said, "a reversal of the
usual process. Whom did you adopt?"

"I adopted Alexander the Great.
It was he who gave us the idea. You
remember his mother used to tell him
when he was a child that he was de-
scended from Achilles, and that idea
stayed with him when he grew up and
made him do things and go places he
would never have thought of going to ;
so I adopted Alexander because, al-
though he did things that had better
be forgotten — still — he had a con-
quering spirit!"

Another said: "I adopted Julius
Caesar because I wanted to make up
to him for the awful thoughts I've
had about him all these years. I al-
ways hated him for conquering Eng-
land, and got such a surprise when
I found out what he was really like. ' '

The last child said, rather apologeti-
cally : "I adopted Socrates; I really

628

THE CANADIAN NURSE

felt too dumb to have him for an an-
cestor, but I like those old Greeks
because they did their own work and
left other people alone."

They had carried this whimsical
idea to a considerable length, com-
paring and discussing the respective
lives and achievements of their tem-
porary relatives, with an intensity o?
interest usually expended in these
days on Ramon Navarro or Douglas
Fairbanks, and unconsciously and
naturally giving each other the finest
history lesson possible.

The literature was carried out in a
similar manner ; continual discussions
and comparisons leading us many
times along queer paths. Whenever
possible, we drafted the literature
selections as plays or moving picture
scenarios. We only planned the
scenes, characters and general stage
appointments, and did not attempt
the actual conversation. Children of
that age have not the necessary liter-
ary ability to write good dialogue ; it
is either utterly banal and common-
place, or has a forced and over-con-
scious smartness and cleverness that
are better avoided.

No question that any child asked
was ever put aside ; we always at-
tempted a solution, although the
older boys spoke continually in, to

me. the unfamiliar language of volts
and amperes. To quote a few lines
from ''Punch" :

"Our boys but lately in their cots

Apply their hearts and souls
To intercourse with kilowatts,
With magnets, plugs and poles."

The following are a few" of the
questions asked throughout the year :

1. "How did people come to talk so
many different languages?"

2. "Do the cells of your brain
grow when you think, or do they just
change partners?"

3. "Do flowers get electric shocks?"

4. "How does Sir James Jeans
measure the distance of our earth
from the stars?"

5. "Do mice have memory and im-
agination?"

At the end of the year the children
were as fit physically and as eager
mentally as at the beginning. There
was no feeling of fatigue or nervous
exhaustion, w^hich was avoided by
each child having worked at his ow^n
individual speed or rhythm : they
worked continually in groups, but in
co-operative and not competitive
groups. Nothing is finished; it is con-
tinually a process of doing and being,
and so we shall leave them, with a
mark of interrogation facing the to-
morrow.

The Evolution of the Feeding Bottle

The nineteenth - century French
physician, Mauchamp, declared that
an animal is as fit to feed a young
child as a woman is fit to feed a
young calf. In spite of such argu-
ments against it, however, direct
feeding from animals has always
been a popular form of artificial feed-
ing, and in a Hungarian paper re-
cently there appeared an illuminat
ing account of the various uses of
animal's milk and of the develop-
ment of the feeding bottle.

From early Egyptian paintings it

(Reprint from The World's Children, Septem-
•ber, 1931.)

is clear that artificial feeding was
common with this civilisation and
that it was customary to suckle the
child and the young animal at the
same time. According to a Greek
legend, Zeus was nourished by a goat
ynd again there is the famous and
]>opular story of Romulus and Remus
and the wolf. In the folk lore of the
^liddle Ages there are several refer-
ences to artificial feeding, and mod-
ern literature carries on the theme.
The German writer Hauptmann illus-
trates the friendly feeling between
beast and man, and there is a further
famous example of it in Rudyard
Kipling's "Jungle Books."

THE CANADIAN NURSE

629

Children have been nourished at
various periods in history by all
manner of animals — asses, dogs,
lions, deer, goats, and cows. Asses —
these were popular at one time in
France — cows and goats were the
most commonly used. Asses 's milk^
however, was found to be lacking in
fat and only suitable for small babies,
and neither asses nor cows were con-
venient things to have about the
house. Goats, on account of their size
and comparative docility, were the
most popular on the Avhole. But even
goats presented difficulties, and al-
though nursing benches were made
which secured the animal's feet and
provided seats for the mother or
nurse, the animals still fidgeted and
people complained of their disagree-
able smell. So it was that the in-
direct method of artificial feeding
gradually began to supersede the di-
rect method, and spoons, feeding
cups, and various rough and ready
variations of the teat came into
vogue.

The spoon has always been popular
as a feeding instrument because it is
compact and easy to handle, and it
seems to have been especially com-
mon at the time of the Renaissance,
for it is curious to note that nearly
all the Renaissance pictures of the
infant Jesus portray Him as holding,
or being fed by a spoon. The popu-
larity of feeding cups was analogous
with that of feeding spoons, but they
were never found very practical and
have become so little used as to rank
among the treasures of antiquity.

But both these contrivances were
unsatisfactory because they did not
make the baby suck. The importance
of the sucking principle has always
been realised, and there is evidence
that some kinds of sucking bottle
have been used since the earliest
times, in Abyssinia, Babylon, and
ancient Egypt, and with the Greeks
and Romans. But such creations were
not always used for feeding, some-
times merely as "comforters" or
thirst quenchers between meals. In
this eatagory comes the little linen

bag which Thebesius describes in his
midwives' guide, which was filled
with cake, biscuits, sweets, etc.,
moistened and placed in the child's
mouth ; it did not appease his hunger,
but it kept him quiet and induced a
sucking action. It was sometimes
thought safer to substitute the corner
of a pillow, soaked in brandy, for the
linen bag, as a pillow could not be
swallowed.

In the Middle Ages the usual type
of feeding bottle was a sucking horn.
Some of these were made simply with
a hole through which the baby could
gulp its food, but the better ones
were arranged with an incision at
one end, through which passed a tube
bound with animal hide; this, being
punctured with small holes, prevent-
ed the contents from flowing too
freely. "Women working out of doors
often used to tie the sucking horn
above the baby's head so that the
child could feed itself when it was
hungry.

In the fifteenth eontury the suck-
ing horn gave place to a rather prim-
itive edition of our modern feeding
bottle. The shape and size of the
bottles varied, but they were usually
of wood and were made with a teat.
In the following century silver and
zinc feeding bottles came into gen-
eral use which were more scientific-
ally planned, their metal teats being
moulded into the shape of a human
nipple, and these in their turn were
superseded by china and glass. The
Baldini bottle was one of the earliest
types of glass feeding bottle. It was
made with a long neck, plugged at
the end with a sponge covered with
perforated leather. Through this the
baby had to suck vigorously to ob-
tain its food, and the bottle had the
further advantage of being easy to
rinse out, while the sponge could be
removed and properly cleaned. But
the modern conception of a hygienic
feeding bottle, dumpy in shape, with
its wide outlets and removable teats,
is an invention of the last twenty
vears.

630

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Impressions of a Visit to the Osier Library,
McGill University

By CATHERINE de HUECK, Montreal General Hospital School of Nursing.

On a bright, crisp October morning
our 1934 Class of humble M.G.H.
"probies" wended their way to the
Medical Building of the*^ McGill
Campus, to see Sir William Osier's
Library, hear Dr. Francis give us a
short sketch of his life and have Dr.
Maude Abbott show us the collection
of pathological specimens prepared
by his own hands, which formed the
nucleus of the now extensive patho-
logical museum.

To me personally it was far more
than a mere visit of curiosity. I had
come from the far away lands of
Russia. For several years now I had
been living in Canada, eagerly absorb-
ing her background, her history, her
ways and customs.

Yet, countries are only as great as
their greatest men, and here I had
the precious opportunity to learn
about one in whom Canada takes great
pride.

It was, therefore, with concentrated
attention that I listened to all Dr.
Fiancis had to tell about Sir William
Osier.

Gradually, as he spoke, before me
arose a man, who set forth to help to
conquer the world of disease — he was
equipped with many weapons of
science, art and knowledge, but these,
interesting as they were, did not hold
my attention closely — for the moral
portrait of a great man began to ma-
terialise, through the manifold, often
incredible, activities of the man.

I saw a boy, born in a country par-
sonage, learning the great lessons of
life and religion by example, having
for background that lovely, semi-wild
Canadian countryside which charms
the European.

I saw him go out to study and begin
a new life strong in mind, heart and
body. I saw him gradually rise to
fame, growing inwardly — applying

unto himself and others, the teaching
in which he believed.

I heard how increasingly and un-
selfishly he gave of himself — yet I
understood that never for a moment,
did the source of that giving run dry
— for he, in turn, received his strength
from the Source of all things.

How could it be otherwise in a man
who had repeatedly taught and lived
the saying of the Mount, ''Take, there-
fore, no thought for the morrow — for
the morrow shall take thought of
itself!" Hearing and feeling all this,
I knew that Dr. Osier had found the
Secret of Peace, which is not in the
power of Man to give.

Yet another man rose before me
when we went through this library,
and I saw the beautiful first editions
of priceless medical books, the com-
plete collection of all editions of his
favourite author, Thomas Brown —
the lovely bindings of Religio Medico
— the rounded out classics — simply
good literature of the day — what rich
nature and gifts were his.

The man of science, the perfect
technician, confronted me, when we
went through the pathological
museum and saw his own specimens.
Nothing was too unimportant for him
to master, for tedious must have been
the progress toward such a perfect
technique !

Slowly I made my way back to the
library in silence. I remained before
the bronze bas-relief which hides his
ashes, thinking that indeed here was
tradition to be lived up to ; no wonder
his name is spoken with such rever-
ence and love in The Montreal Gen-
eral Hospital. I felt proud to be a
"probie" in a hospital where he had
"learned and taught." Indeed, more
than that, I came a step nearer to
Canada by being privileged to a
glimpse into the soul of one of her
great sons.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

631

■ — Courtesy, Miss A. Laporte.

A Subcutaneous Apparatus

By ALICE LAPORTE, Superintendent of Nurses, Misericordia Hospital, Winnipeg, Man.

A subcutaneous apparatus which
has proven satisfactory in our hos-
pital is made in the following way :

A Winchester bottle is graduated to
100 cc. spaces. Glass tubes are bent
and adjusted into a two-holed cork
to fit the neck of the bottle ; one tube
reaching to the bottom of the bottle,
the second extending one-half inch
below cork. A large clamp holds the
cork firmly.

A rubber bulb such as that used
for atomizers is connected to the
shorter tube. To the longer is at-
tached one piece of rubber tubing 40
to 45 inches long, a rustless needle 2h
inches long is fitted to this tubing.

To maintain the temperature of the
solution, an enamel arm bath is used.

both sides of which are cut one-half
inch wide and three inches long, to
obviate the possibilities of either tube
or bulb coming in contact with the
wpter Handles are riveted on each
side and an enamel cover completes
the apparatus.

While the cost of such an apparatus
is very small, its advantages are
many. A few points in favour of this
equipment are :

1. The solutions are easily kept
warm.

2. Transfering of solutions is un-
necessary, thus avoiding contamina-
tion.

3. The amount of solution absorbed
is easily and accurately computed.

MANITOBA ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED NURSES

The Annual Meeting of the ^lanitoba Association of Registered Nurses
will be held in Winnipeg on January 14th, 1932.

632

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Some Newer Ideas About Syphilis

By GEORGE S. FENTON, M.D., Ottawa

PART 11.
In dealing with the treatment of
syphilis two points of view must be
considered. The first and most import-
ant regards the syphilitic as a danger-
ous member of the community, one
quite capable, no matter how inno-
cently, of infecting others with his
disease. Usually this is done by direct
contact of skin to skin. Since the deli-
cate germ lives such a short time on
contaminated articles, indirect infec-
tion occurs only in circumstances that
are unusual and peculiar, and since
the invariable tendency of spirochaetae
is to make for inside, untouchable
places, it follows that the average
syphilitic, even without treatment,
usually becomes harmless to handle
within a few months of the beginning
of his disease. But in the early stage,
while he is at large and dangerous
from a public health point of view,
there is one remedy which is pre-
eminently useful. That is an intricate
compound of arsenic which we call
"606," salversan or arsphenamine.
While it may be argued that these
arsenicals, as we call them, have not
great penetrating power, they do not
deal satisfactorily with the dug-in
organisms of an old infection, no one
denies that when a sufficient amount
of a suitable preparation can be
brought into contact with free organ-
isms, the effect is prompt and efficient.
In a few days it is possible by the in-
travenous administration of these
forms of arsenic to render any super-
ficial syphilitic sore or lesion harmless
and free from all traces of the in-
fecting organisms. Now, as a public
health measure, this has very great
value. Carried to the ideal extreme it
would mean that if all cases of
syphilis in Canada could be recog-
nised promptly and properly treated,
syphilis would soon become as rare as
typhoid fever, or indeed, extinct. Nor
is this altogether a theoretical ideal.
The effect of such imperfect know-

(A paper given by Dr. Fenton at a meeting of
District No. 8, Registered Nurses Association of
Ontario, on May 16th, 1931, at Renfrew, Ont.)

ledge and ability as we now have i>
already becoming evident. Syphilis in
Canada is certainly on the decline.
Text-books of ten years ago used to
claim that ten per cent, of the popu-
lation was infected. My own experi-
ence and the records of the Ottawa
Civic Hospital, where routine tests
are taken on all public ward admis-
sions, gives no evidence that even half
that percentage show any sign of the
disease. You remember that my ex-
perience is very small and that the
Ottawa Civic Hospital is not so very
large. Yet it is the opinion of many
observers that we are within a century
or so of the complete eradication of
syphilis.

The other point of view in treat-
ment is that of the sufferer. He
usually has a very keen desire to be
cured. His chances, as I have said, de-
pend upon how soon he begins treat-
ment. What one means by cure, of
course, is a most uncertain matter.
So far as we know, it can never be
absolutely proven that every single
spirochaeta in the body of a syphilitic
is dead. And also, so far as we know,
wherever one or two live ones are
gathered together trouble is possible.
However, experience teaches us that
if the diseased person within a reason-
able time, say within the first year,
takes sufficient regular treatment for
a long enough time, it may be for the
rest of his life, it is extremely unlikely
that any effects of the disease will
ever show themselves. The earlier he
begins the less treatment he will need,
but for all his life he will have to take
into account the possibility of what
we called "accidents" happening.
And if he is wise he will frequently,
three or four times a j'ear, have his
blood tested and other investigations
made, even long after his blood has
become negative. While he lives no
syphilitic can ever say that every
spirochffita in him is dead.

A negative blood-test, by the way,
has just as indirect a meaning as has
a positive one. It cannot be construed

THE CANADIAN NURSE

633

to mean that all of the infection has
gone. It does mean that there is not
suflfieient infection remaining to make
it worth while for the tissues of the
body to produce a protecting sub-
stance. In this way the information
given by a negative blood-test may be
misleading or may give a false and
dangerous sense of security.

Other than the arsenieals, the drugs
most used in treatment are bismuth,
mercury and iodine. Bismuth is a
drug of recent and proven reputation.
As a direct killer of spirocha?tae it has
almost as much power as salversan. It
is supposed to be somewhat less rapid
in action, but is a sheet-anchor in
cases where arsenic is not well toler-
ated by the patient. Bismuth is al-
ways given by intramuscular injec-
tion.

Mercury, as a cure, is almost as old
as the disease itself. It has been used
for hundreds of years and a vast
amount of information regarding it
has accumulated. In the old days it
was given by mouth, by inunction or
in the form of vapour in a bath. Now-
adays it is used mostly as an intra-
muscular injection, occasionally by
vein in very small doses of a soluble
salt. On the whole, and notwithstand-
ing the .strong prejudice of the older
men, mercury is undoubtedly giving
place to bismuth in the treatment of
.syphilis.

The exact method in which iodine
acts is somewhat uncertain, but of its
usefulness in the later stages of the
disease there is no doubt. Some of
you will perhaps remember the stu-
pendous doses of the drug which were
given when syphilic disease of the
brain was suspected. ^lodern supposi-
tion is that the iodides break down
the protecting wall of scar tissue and
leave hiding organisms open to attack
of the more actively offensive drugs,
arsenic and bismuth.

But sometimes, for various reasons.
any or all treatment fails to prevent
the later course of the disease, and
signs and symptoms develop which
make it evident that the spirochaitae,
allowed to lodge and live in remote
hiding nests, are arousing themselves

to destructive activity. These lat»
manifestations of syphilis used to be
called "para-syphilitic." In the old
days there was some doubt as to their
direct connection with the disease, but
since the finding of the causal organ-
ism, spirochffita pallida, twenty-five
years ago, it has been proven to exist,
it has been seen in every tissue where
these disturbances are found. It has
been seen in the brains of those who
die from general pareisis of the in-
sane ; in the walls of aortae which have
given way in aneurisms: and unsus-
pecting surgeons have contracted the
disease from the prick of a splinter
of bone.

Of course, what you see, as symp-
toms of later syphilis resuming acti-
vity, depends upon what tissue is the
site of the disturbance.

The most spectacular and disastrous
accidents occur when vital struc-
tures like brain and blood vessels are
damaged, but any part of the body
may suffer. It has become the custom
to consider all aneurisms of the aorta
as probably caused by syphilis and to
look with suspicion on any mental or
nervous degeneration appearing for
the first time between the ages of
thirty and fifty.

The process of damage is identical
in every lesion. The living cells of the
part are killed. Nature replaces them
with scar tissue, her one and only
patch for holes. As a patch this may
be perfect : but you cannot think with
scar tissue: it will not forever hold
strong in the aortic wall, nor can it
conduct an impulse in the muscle of
the heart.

On no account must you believe
that the ending of sj'philis is often so
spectacular. It is not. Although al-
ways in potential danger, as a matter
of fact very few syphilitics die direct-
ly from the disease. But nearly all of
them, without proper treatment, suf-
fer from some indefinite deterioration
of health. They often have headaches;
they are not as well as they might be.
To such, a little arsenic and bismuth
has a miraculously tonic effect.

In connection with syphilis of the
nervous system and specially with

634

THE CANADIAN NURSE

pareisis, a new form of treatment has
come into use. Some years ago ob-
servers in mental hospitals noticed
that their paretic patients seemed to
improve after they had suffered from
some other sickness which gave them
a high fever. It was also remembered
that in countries where malaria, a dis-
ease which gives repeated high tem-
peratures, was prevalent, pareisis was
rare. Then was born the idea of inocu-
lating with malaria, patients who had
this nervous trouble. In the last few
years many hundreds have been done,
and the results on the whole are
guardedly hopeful. The best claim is,
that one-third are cured, one-third ar-
rested and one-third show no change.
The procedure is simple. Nearly every
mental hospital has a patient under-
going this treatment, with active
malaria in his blood. Five or ten cc.
of blood is withdrawn when the fever
is rising to a chill. As soon as possible
it is injected into the vein of the per-
son to be treated. The amount of
blood used is so small that type dif-
ferences are not considered. In a few
days one hopes for chills to come.
Temperatures of 106° are desirable.
The patient is allowed to have as
mam^ as it is thought he can stand;
say, from eight to fifteen, and the pro-
ceeding is easily stopped with a few
grains of quinine.

This type of artificial malaria is
not transmissible by mosquito. It is
not, apparently, a dangerous proceed-
ing in any surroundings. When they
do come, the good effects are slow in
appearing. One may have to wait a
year or two for them. The exact man-
ner in which good is accomplished is
vague. It is thought that the high
temperature either kills the spiro-
ch?etae or makes them more suscept-
ible to the attacks of other treatment.

Still more recently, another method
of burning out the disease has been
tried. That familiar form of physio-
therapy, diathermy, has been* put to
this use. In diathermy, as you know,
heat is generated inside the tissues
by their resistance to the passage
through them of an electric current.
It is hard work for the current to go

from one point to another through
flesh — and all hard work makes heat.

For a long time it had been used on
arms and legs. Later it was suggested
as a treatment for pneumonia; and a
year or so ago some bright mind con-
ceived the idea of heating up the
whole body to high temperatures
when we wished to burn out such an
infection as syphilis.

Large chain-mesh electrodes are ap-
plied so as to cover back and front of
the patient's trunk. He is well cover-
ed with newspapers and tucked in
with many blankets.

There is no reason why this
mechanical fever should not be as effi-
cient as the fever of malaria. One cer-
tainly has more control as to time and
degree. It can be used when malaria
fails to act. The method is too new
to be fairly judged. My own experi-
ence is confined to the heating of a
Chinaman some weeks ago. It took
three hours to get to 103°.

Congenital syphilis I have purpose-
ly left for separate consideration. The
disease, in this manifestation, has
quite distinct moral and social fea-
tures. Strictly speaking, it is not an
hereditary disease. Few people who
speak strictly and with meticulous
accuracy in defining an hereditary
disease, would require that its cause
existed in either germ cell — spermato-
zoon or ovuni: — before these unite to
form a new entity, the foetus. It is
hard to believe that any spermatozoa
or ovum could take part in a concep-
tion while it was burdened with a
spirochffita. Hfemophila is perhaps
the only true inherited disease, or, at
least, we can't prove that it isn't.

Congenital syphilis is always ac-
quired from the mother through the
placental circulation. The mother al-
ways gets the infection first. Long ago
this was hard to understand. There
was the not uncommon mystery of a
woman giving birth to an obviously
syphilitic baby, yet not showing a sin-
gle sign of the infection herself. And
more, she was able to nurse with im-
punity this child, even though it had
the very sores on its little lips.
Usually when people bump against

THE CANADIAN NURSE

635

something that is utterly beyond their
comprehension they make a law about
it — a fixed rule with which to settle
doubts and answer foolish questions.
For this miraculous preservation of
the mother from her infected baby,
Colles law was made : that a clean
mother could suckle a sick child with-
out being herself infected.

In the light of present knowledge
there is no mystery and no need for a
law. Such a mother is not clean. She
always has syphilis. But before we
could do blood tests, when latent
syphilis was absolutely unrecognis-
able, she was thought to be clean.
Such women always have positive
blood reactions. Many, many times
they have absolutely no other observ-
able sign. It is one of the most strik-
irsr examples of the wonderful ability
of the spirochaeta to remain latent,
hidden beyond our ken. This freedom
of women from obvious signs of infec-
tion is somewhat characteristic of the
infection. Syphilis has been called a
chivalrous disease. It is much easier
on women than on men. They are
much less likely to show serious dis-
turbances of nervous system and cir-
culation, but, apparently, they are
just as capable of harbouring hidden
harm.

Probably the most startling sign of
the disease in a married woman is a
series of abortions or miscarriages
culminating in the birth at last of an
infant who shows undoubted evidence
of syphilis.

Now from one point of view, mar-
riage has no bearing on the disease.
It may be contracted as readily with-
out as with the benefit of the clergy.
But from another angle it is evident
that married women are more likely
to be exposed to the danger, more like-
ly to suffer it innocently and ignor-
antly, and more likely to be unwit-
ting factors in that sad family tra-
gedy, an illborn baby.

It may seem that I am wandering
from my subject into moral and
sociological questions. But we are
dealing now with an aspect of the dis-
ease which affects what, up to late
years at least, was considered the verv

groundwork of our Christian civilisa-
tion— the family unit. And even in
these days it is quite the thing for
children to be born in families. And
here^ with sj^philis as an intruding
factor, we see not only the sins of the
fathers visited upon the children, but
that they force an innocent and in-
terested third person, the mother, to
be the direct administrator of the
punishment. Such cannot be a very
happy family.

Remember that in the majority of
instances women are unaware of their
condition. Time after time I see this
at the clinic. Any attempt to obtain
an accurate history of the beginning
of the disease leads to an honest state-
ment of sheer ignorance. All they
know is that they are married. Don't
you see that it all comes back to that
sinister power of the spirocheeta to re-
main alive but invisible for years and
years — to strike and destroy, without
warning, the most essential fibres of
our being? Syphilis is a sneak.

When referring to the disease in
many women and all children, the
word "venereal" is an unjust cruelty.
Many women, as I have said, are inno-
cent sufferers forced indeed by their
very religious customs to undergo a
terrible risk. And surely the harshest
dictum of the Mosaic law could im-
pute no iniquity to their unfortunate
and misbegotten offspring.

]\Iany of these domestic tragedies
are the result of carelessness and ig-
norance of the prospective parents;
more are due to the same faults in
our own profession. Yet it is very
hard to say when infected persons
may marry, very hard to say when all
the germs are dead. Osier demanded
three years of treatment and one of
freedom from symptoms. The greater
knowledge we gain by blood-testing
reveals that such a limit might have
been too short. It all depends upon
the promptness and thoroughness of
the treatment. A suggested period
would be two years after the first
negative blood, provided that during
this time the blood has remained
negative to frequent examinations.

636

THE CANADIAN NURSE

For some poor wretched unfortun-
ates this would have been a happier
world if, in addition to calling the
banns, they conned the blood: if the
marriage license had two negative
Wasserman reports attached.

Syphilis in the newborn is some-
times obvious ; often it is at its old
sneaking game of hiding and latency.
The obviously infected infant has the
usual textbook signs; he snuffles, he
cannot nurse, his skin shows its
peculiar rash. Liver and spleen are
often enlarged, and above all, there is
an old-age appearance of ill-health
about him. And indeed he has already
suffered the disease for some months
in utero. Treatment is an urgent
necessity, for here we have to forestall
certain interference with growth and
development. The average baby who
starts treatment within the first few
weeks of life will show negative blood
tests within eighteen months. But, of
course, the time to begin is long be-
fore the baby is born, by treating the
mother all through her pregnancy.
Here, every dose does double duty. If
thoroughly carried out, the prospect
of a healthy advent is very good.

Some babies show no evident signs
at birth. They appear healthy and
normal in every way, and if no blood
test be taken it may be that the spiro-
cheetae are deceiving you again with
their clever hiding. Infancy may be
normal, young childhood may show no
sign, yet in the tenth year, yes, even
in the eighteenth year, there may first
appear undoubted evidence of paren-
tal syphilis.

Commonly this shows itself in eye
diseases, such as interstitial keratitis.
In these children in whom early treat-
ment has been neglected, it is very
hard to get negative blood tests, al-
though proper treatment usually
stops the obvious progress of the dis-
ease. In some I have tried the effect of
malarial treatment after four or five
3^ears of other varieties, but my re-
sults are as yet indefinite so far as
blood tests are concerned. Children
with these late signs of parental
syphilis are not considered infectious
and no special care is observed in the
handling of them.

I should have been able to tell a
better story, for this is the most in-
teresting and human of all diseases.
Romance and religion have hidden
syphilis in an obscurity of dread and
ignorance. And syphilis is old enough
to deserve some mythology. The
Chinese knew it 2,000 years before
Christ. The Pharaohs, heedless of
Israel's wise hygiene, show in their
bones what penalty they paid. And
through all the following years
syphilis has been intimate with our
progress. The most wicked war, the
holiest crusade, alike have given it the
importance of an epidemic. By its
peculiar power to destroy in man
those high qualities which separate
him from lower things, intellect and
judgment and conduct vanish with its
insidious increase. Civilisation has
paid dearly when in the brains of our
great ones syphilis has provoked wars
or prevented sonatas.

BACK COPIES NEEDED

Headquarters of the International Council of Nurses requires the following- numbers
of back copies to complete bound volumes of "The Canadian Nurse":
1916 — February, March, April and June.
1917 — April, May and June.
1924— April.
Individual requests have been received for:

1931 — March, September and October.
Subscribers who are able to supply one or more of these copies are asked to send
them to the National Office, Canadian Nurses Association, 511 Boyd Building, Win-
nipeg, Man.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

i^partm^nt nf Nurstny iE^urattnu

National Convener of Publication Committee, Nursing Education Section,
Miss MILDRED REID, 10 Elenora Apts., Winnipeg, Man.

637

Suggested Curriculum for Schools of Nursing in Canada

SECTION IV. the school, thus giving wider oppor-
This Suggested Standard Curri- tunity for developing executive,
culum for use in Schools of Nursing As outlined above, this arrange-
in Canada has been prepared by a ment necessitates about three class
Special Committee of the Nursing periods weekly from the first week
Education Section, Canadian Nurses of September. Final examinations
Association, of which ]\Iiss G. M. can usually commence immediately
Fairley is convener. Superintendents following the Christmas recess. If all
and instructors are invited to for- the subjects suggested for the second
ward criticism to the Editor of the year course are not completed by the
Journal. time classes stop for vacation, then it
In the October and November issues would mean a slightly more crowded
of the Journal there were published class schedule during the third year,
the content of preliminary and junior Adjustments of this kind must of
terms, and the second or intermediate necessity be left for the individual
year. The third year subjects are pre- schools to work out.
sented herewith: During the whole course too much

Theoretical Course of Study ^^^^^^ ^^°"°^ ^^^ ^^""'^^ ^^ clinical

teaching; and where, as happens m

6ra Year Subjects many hospitals, the members of the

Obstetrics and Obstetrical Nurs- ^^ ^^^^^ medical statf do not give bedside

Dis^eLes'of ■the'NerVous'system.'.' \ """^^ clinics, this should be done by the

Mental Diseases (including head nurse or whoever is in charge of

Clinics when possible) 8 " practical instruction. ]\[uch of the

Public Health and Sanitation 8 " criticism that has been hurled at the

Professional problems, including profession during the past fevv years

an introduction into the Private «! over educating the nurse would

Duty, Institutional and Public have been less justified if the theoreti-

Heaith Fields 10 " cal teaching had been supported by

■"■ more and better teaching in the
wards. There has been a recent swing

By arranging the course as out- of the pendulum, and one hears on all

lined the number of lectures in the sides of the appointments of clinical

third year is considerably less than instructors or teaching supervisors,

in the second year, and this should In smaller hospitals where it is not

allow the student opportunity of feasible to increase or change the

more uninterrupted practical work, teaching staff it is quite possible for

Where lectures are only repeated once the head nurse or assistant to give

yearly, it means that students in the clinics at regular intervals and in

senior section of the final year have small groups. This should not be

class work right up till Christmas, limited to teaching of senior proced-

or, in other words, the final examina- ures and discussion of cases and case

tions are held just at completion of records only, but should include ele-

training. The junior group (those mentary and junior procedures also,

commencing in September or Octo- From the moment the probationer is

ber) are more fortunate and usually on ward duty she should be familiar

finish the theoretical course consider- with this type of teaching. A definite

ably before they are ready to leave period some time in the day should

638

THE CANADIAN NURSE

be set aside for this purpose, and
when systematically carried out,
credit can be given in the class
records.

In localities where there is a pro-
vincial mental hospital the lectures on
nervous and mental diseases can
sometimes, by arrangement, be given
at that hospital by a member of the
statf. In this way clinics can be ar-
ranged and the different phases of
mental disease demonstrated. Where
this is not possible, a visit to the men-
tal hospital following the lectures
often serves to stimulate interest in
this important branch of nursing.

The Committee hopes that those
who have found by experience any
particularly good method of presenta-
tion of any of the subjects included
in the curriculum will discuss it in
these columns for the benefit of all
members of the Association.

Affiliate Courses

Schools of nursing within special
hospitals or general hospitals with
limited services can usually supple-
ment their course by arranging for
affiliation with some hospital that has
a department which can meet the
deficiency. As these affiliations are
usually planned during the senior
year it means that the student gets
the maximum of experience in the
available time, and the contact with
other students and in another en-
vironment is beneficial from the point
of development of the student. Where
a hospital has not an isolation or
paediatric department this affiliation is
specially necessary, as these are two
of the major essential branches of
nursing. The majority of isolation
hospitals, sanatoria and children's
hospitals are willing to arrange such
courses and are capable of making a
particularly fine contribution in a
course where either communicable
diseases or paediatrics is lacking. Also,
as a means of stimulating an interest
in the public health movement these
services are of great value.

In institutions where there is not
an active out-door department or
other clinics (such as V.D.), affilia-

tion can sometimes be arranged with
existing public health organisations
for periods of one or two months. The
Victorian Order of Nurses has been
very generous in arranging for such
experience. It is, however, essential
that affiliations of this type be ar-
ranged only where adequate teaching
supervision can be given. Similar
courses might be arranged with the
department of education, under the
guidance of the school nurse, or local
or provincial departments of health.

The outstanding benefit to the stu-
dent is in creating an interest in pub-
lic health work and also in learning
something of the environment from
w^hich the patients come whom she
has met in her previous hospital ex-
perience.

The need for, or rather lack of,
psychiatric experience in our so-
called general hospitals has been em-
phasized so strongly both by our na-
tional and provincial associations that
the Committee strongly urges every
effort being made to include this in
the curriculum. As has been stated by
so many authorities that half of the
patients in hospitals on this continent
are housed in mental institutions, it
would appear that there .should be no
difficulty in arranging affiliations for
students from general hospitals.

In spite of the number and size of
these institutions throughout the
Dominion, there does appear to be
difficulty in establishing affiliations
for students from general hospitals
which would in every way be accept-
able to the parent school. Probably
the main reason is the shortage of
well trained instructors in this
branch, but where it is known that a
mental hospital is equipped to give
such a course the Committee advo-
cates every effort being made to estab-
lish an affiliation of two months. It
is felt that such experience would be
a great asset and would further pre-
pare the nurse for the problems of
mental hygiene that she will meet in
W'hatever branch of work she may take
up later.

Note: In the October number of
The Canadian Nurse, in the third

THE CANADIAN NURSE

639

paragraph of that section, reference
was made to brief outlines of each
course being available on application
to Miss Upton, Secretarj^ of the Nurs-
ing Education Section. There seems
to be some doubt as to the content
of these outlines, and for the informa-
tion of those who may be interested
in having them, they are being pre-
pared with the heading of each sug-

gested lecture arranged according to
the course. A complete set may be
had, or individual subjects, as re-
quested. The Committee think that
these outlines may be helpful,
especially when there is a change of
instructor or lecturer, to avoid too
drastic change in the lecture content.
These outlines will be available about
December 20th. 1931.

Comments on Suggested Curriculum for Schools of Nursing

Third Year Subjects

Nurse educators throughout Canada
have followed with interest the Sug-
gested Curriculum for Schools of
Nursing in Canada, divisions of which
have been appearing in recent issues
of The Canadian Nurse. The follow-
ing comments have been called forth
after reviewing the topics suggested
for the third year.

As this is a curriculum for small as
well as large schools, one wonders
whether it is advisable to leave Ob-
stetrics and Obstetrical Nursing until
the final year. In most small hospitals
the proportion of maternity cases is
large and the student nurse must, of
necessity, receive practical obstetrical
training quite early in her second
year. Giving this subject in the second
year would, of course, add materially
to an already heavy programme, un-
less some adjustment could be made.
Possibly lectures on Eye, Ear, Nose
and Throat and Social Diseases might
be substituted in the third year in
schools where the exchange seemed
to be indicated.

In submitting the curriculum out-
line the committee in charge has
stressed the value of affiliations. With
reference to short affiliations of one
or two months in special branches
such as psychiatry, communicable
diseases, paediatrics or V.O.N, diffi-
culties arise unless an adequate teach-
ing staff make it possible for the
senior group to practically complete
lectures during the spring of the third
year. This would make them available

for affiliations in the fall. The junior
group would then complete lectures
during the fall term and be available
in the spring. Where it is not possible
to procure affiliation advantages for
all students of a school it is some-
times possible to provide them as
elective courses, given to those stu-
dents who would be likely to profit
most by them. Students of small
training schools who affiliate for the
third year with a larger school receive
their third year lectures in the latter
school. They should also be given the
opportunity of taking any subjects
listed for the second year, in which
they have not received instruction in
their own school.

The curriculum outline also stresses
the value of clinical instruction
throughout the three years of train-
ing. There is no doubt that the lack
of this has been a serious defect in
recent years in nurse training and in
the senior year it should be of maxi-
mum benefit to the student. The in-
stitution of this type of teaching can-
not be too strongly urged. Yet the
fact remains that, under existing con-
ditions in most Canadian schools, it
is not possible on any large scale.
Inadequacy of teaching personnel and
lack of opportunity on the ward, for
the reason that the student is still
almost entirely responsible for ward
nursing, make it extremely difficult.
It has been suggested that, where
clinical instructors are absent, clinics
may be conducted by the head nurse.

&40

THE CANADIAN NURSE

This is a desirable objective, possible
where the head nurse has available
time and is qualified to do so.

In the planning and carrying out
of any ideal curriculum nurses are
faced, in the final analysis, with the
fundamental problem of nursing edu-
cation, lack of its recognition as a
form of education, with a consequent
lack of financial support. This would
appear to be the problem which must
first be solved before it is possible to
realize the objectives stated in the
I.C.N. Committee Report and men-
tioned in the Introduction to this
Curriculum.

A.S.C.andF.H.W.

Each of us recognises and acknow-
ledges the need and desirability of a
standard curriculum. As far back as
1894, Miss M. A. Snively advocated
one, yet all these years have elapsed
before a definite start has been made.
But the more we study the needs of
the nursing profession as a whole,
honestly and with a forward look to
the future, the greater the doubt as
to whether there is not a greater and
more important need to be faced at
once.

What other profession would ex-
pect its students to become competent
in their chosen field with as poor ^
background in the school, of teaching
equipment or clinical experience, as
we expect our student nurses to do in
the majority of our hospital schools
of nursing?

In the hospitals of less than 100
beds with the proportion of nurse to
patient averaging 1-3, the average
daily number of patients on the sur-
gical wards is less than one. This is
true for medical diseases, with a very
much lower percentage for obstetrics ;
while paediatrics, gynaecology, oto-
laryngology, etc., are lower still. How,
then, can the student gain experience
sufficiently varied to make her a com-
petent nurse, for even the ordinary
routine types of sickness, let alone the
more unusual and unexpected cases?

Taken in conjunction with the fore-

going lack of practical experience,
there is most frequently found insuf-
ficient theory to make the future
nurse at least acquainted with the fact
that there are diseases and conditions,
operations, treatments and experi-
ments which she has never seen.

However, we know that it is not the
nursing profession that must bear the
full responsibility for this condition,
knowing as we do that it is the hos-
pital and its governing board — what-
ever the name — that is responsible for
having a school of nursing and man-
aging it. But are we not responsible
for educating these people to a better
understanding of the situation?

The argument that schools of nurs-
ing are needed in small communities
to supply local needs is not wholly
true. From each community a number
of young women go to train in larger
centres and after graduation fre-
quently wish to return home, but find
they cannot, as there is no work for
them, due to the graduates from the
local school.

The expense of a school of nursing
is greater than with a graduate staff,
provided the proper teaching equip-
ment, personnel, working and living
conditions with sufficient clinical ex-
perience are provided.

Starting with sufficient clinical ex-
perience for the number of student
nurses, a standard curriculum is most
desirable, for then all future nurses
would have a common background.
This might do considerable toward
wiping out much of the present criti-
cism of private duty nurses — a situa-
tion not found with the Victorian
Order of Nurses or Public Health
Nurses. As it is, hospitals whose
schools of nursing are not recognised
or are barely within the recognition
line, yearly turn out young women as
nurses who compete with those who
have received an excellent training in
every way. With few exceptions, the
public knows no difference and judges
all by the sample they meet. The set-
tling of this matter is not by decision,
solely, of the local hospital, nor by

THE CANADIAN NURSE

641

the nursing profession, but also by the
public and by the government of the
country.

In planning our standard curric-
ulum, we should take a broad outlook
forward and start with the future
needs of the nurse, who may be called
on to work in many varied localities
and care for many types of sick
people with wide variation of ail-
ments. We must think in terms of the
world need, not our local require-
ments. Therefore, the nurse must have
a rich intellectual background and
incidentally needs it in order to fully
co-operate with the medical man of
today. The nurse needs the ability to
form sane, well-balanced opinions —
an impossibility without knowledge
on which to base her judgments — and
well-developed reasoning powers.

The outline of the Theoretical
Course of Study for the first year
provides much food for thought.
Though bacteriology and pathology
are grouped together yet they need
not be given together, which appears
unwise. Also, it is very doubtful if
pathology should be given at all in
the preliminary term, due to the lack
of both a proper theoretical and clini-
cal background.

Lectures on general medicine seem
to be left until after the first year. As
theory in the preliminary term has
been leading almost entirely to medi-
cal conditions, one feels that lectures
on general medicine, preceded by or
coincident with pathology, would be of
greatest value in the junior term.

As the Principles and Practice of
Nursing form the very foundation of
our work, the hours recommended are
quite inadequate to cover thoroughly
the necessary ground, let alone the
accessory subjects of bandaging and
institutional housekeeping. Possiblj"
the outline, when it appears, will re-
vise this opinion, but those of us who
are teaching, year by year find we
must include more and more in the
preliminary term, in order to prepare
the student for the demands made on
her once she becomes a junior nurse.

If chemistry and physics are both
to be given in the number of suggest-
ed hours, it would seem better to leave
the subjects out of the curriculum
entirely. Even if all the hours were
given to chemistry, they would be
quite inadequate for more than a cur-
sory introduction, let alone sufficient
grounding to aid in explaining and
linking such subjects as anatomy and
physiology, dietetics, materia medica,
bacteriology, pathology and practical
nursing.

Incidentally, is physics really need-
ed for the average nurse? If needed
for some special field of work, she
should take an adequate training in
the subject.

It is undoubtedly most desirable to
have dietetics given in both the pre-
liminary and junior terms, or later.
But in the small hospital it is suf-
ficiently difficult to find adequate time
for the dietitian to give the course in
the preliminary term. Some places
try to give more theory in the pre-
liminary term and extra practical ex-
perience in the diet kitchen as a pro-
bationer or junior nurse, and later the
regular diet kitchen term.

With the strong emphasis, today,
being placed on preventive medicine
and aseptic nursing technique, eight
hours for personal hygiene and no
progression onward into the field of
sanitation seems a serious omission.
Even if more time for this phase of
nursing knowledge is given later in
the intermediate or senior year, yet
the need seems greatest in the pre-
liminary term when the student, new
to the life, is learning how to protect
herself and future patients by prac-
ticing "health" ways of working, be-
sides laying a strong "habit" founda-
tion for future use as the demands on
her knowledge and experience grow
greater.

Few schools of nursing, especially
so in the smaller hospitals, have any-
one on their staff competent to teach
psychology. Unless the subject matter
is Avell prepared and well taught it

(Concluded on page 648)

642

THE CANADIAN NURSE

i^partm^nl nf Prtuat^ iuty Nursing

National Convener of Publication Committee, Private Duty Section,
Miss CLARA BROWN, 23 Kendal Ave., Toronto, Ont.

Private Duty Nursing Under Present Conditions

By MABEL McMULLEN, St. Stephen, N.B.

Before beginning I would like to
explain that when collecting material
for this paper I found that it was
impossible not to refer to the school
of nursing as well as to some other
branches of the nursing profession.
We are agreed that all branches of
our profession should dovetail one
into the other, so if I make reference
to them it is because of some certain
point I wish to make.

As life and civilisation become more
and more complex, the competition in
all lines of endeavour becomes in-
creasingly keener, and the nursing
profession is no exception to this
competition.

Preparation for most professions is
acquired in colleges and universities,
which prepare their graduates for a
variety of fields of work, and now-
adays there are college, vocational
and placement bureaux to balance the
wheel by showing when any one pro-
fession or business is tending towards
overcrowding.

It is a generally accepted fact that
the field of general nursing is over-
crowded; consequently the individual
nurse, by that I mean the private
duty nurse, is suffering from a situa-
tion which she had no part in creat-
ing. She has leisure time thrust upon
her. She has no stated salary, no
''steady job," but is dependent upon
the amount of illness in the com-
munity where she is located ; also, no

(Read at the annual meeting of the New
Brunswick Association of Registered Nurses,
September 16-17, 1931.)

doubt, she is suffering from the pres-
ent world-w^ide depression.

Already in the educational world
the condition of over-production has
been met by colleges, law schools, en-
gineering schools, etc., raising the
academic entrance requirements, thus
increasing the desirability of the ap-
plicants, and at the same time lessen-
ing the number of applicants. The
business world attempts to adjust
production to the demand, to reach
all available markets, and to develop
markets to absorb over-production.

Many schools of nursing have tried
to run parallel with these methods,
and from time to time have raised
nursing standards, and in other ways
have tried to keep the nursing pro-
fession abreast of advancing science.

No profession stands still. It must
recognise changing conditions and ad-
just itself to them.

The traditional background of our
profession makes it difficult for the
nurse to arouse sympathy and to
secure understanding from the pub-
lic. By background I mean that ori-
ginally the nurse had no hours, no
income, but voluntary service was
given for "sweet charity's sake."
Only in recent years has a nurse been
recognised as a wage-earner. For
years the general public had no reali-
sation of the little margin which a
nurse possesses to safeguard her
health or increase her income. The
general public is inclined to think
that the nurse is coining money, while

THE CANADIAN NURSE

643

as a matter of fact she possesses no
surplus resources to provide a secur-
ity against reverses or to provide fin-
ancial means for post-graduate study
in any special line. Many insurance
companies have withdrawn disability
from nurses because of the high risk.
Nurses, on the whole, have not re-
sented the situation, nor have they in-
dulged in self-pity. Nevertheless, they
are beginning to think that they have
accepted unsatisfactory conditions
long enough. They realise that they
need to be a little more intelligent in
their sacrifices, and a little more bell-
igerent in their protests. Lawyers,
doctors, clergymen and teachers have
already undertaken to make required
adjustments in their professions, so
why should not the nurses regulate
the numbers permitted to enter their
profession, also regulate the fees to
be charged by those practising in the
profession ?

Now let us consider the source of
the production of nurses : the school
of nursing in which the student nurse
serves three years, and during that
time she receives practical experience
in the care of medical and surgical
patients, also in paediatrics and ob-
stetrics, and in some hospitals care
in communicable diseases.

She graduates and is equipped to
do general nursing. Also, she grad-
uates with an empty pocketbook and
naturally has always turned to pri-
vate duty work as the one available
source of cash. Her one aim is to get
"a case." Frequently, her school can-
not provide her with work, neither
can it recommend her to a position
in any special line of work. She must
take a post-graduate course to pre-
pare herself for public health work,
laboratory, anaesthesia, physio-
therapy, or any of the various fields
of work now open to the present-day
graduate. She mu.st be able to finance
herself, so naturally she turns to her
local registry, and to the doctors with
whom she has been associated during
her years of training. All graduates
do not take up private work, but a
sufficient number do to become the

cause of the over-supply in this parti-
cular field. Also the distribution of
new recruits is not spread evenly over
our population. This is another one
of the influences bearing upon the
serious question of unemployment
among nurses.

The situation among the private
duty nurses not only of New Bruns-
wick but all over the country is the
same, namely:

Constant over-production ;

Lack of proper distribution ;

Lack of direction into the less filled
channels of nursing;

Supply in one line of work greater
than the demand.

From time to time the nurses have
asked for increased fees and shorter
hours of service. These have been a
bone of contention many times. I will
not comment further upon these. The
question has been discussed each year
by our Assocation at the annual meet-
ings. Personally I do not consider our
fees are exorbitant, and I would sug-
gest that they remain as they are. The
unemployment situation at present
would not warrant an increase, and
we could not work for less and earn
a decent living. The question is a big
one. It will adjust itself, as all situa-
tions do, with "the greatest good to
the greatest number. ' ' In the Septem-
ber number of The Canadian Nurse is
a paper by E. Muriel McKee, in which
the situation is dealt with — READ
IT.

As one of the older private duty
nurses of the province, I ask that the
situation be considered by the mem-
bers of the Association, that super-
intendents of schools and all leaders
of the profession discuss this question
with private duty nurses, for it is a
problem that they cannot solve by
themselves. I feel assured in stating
that private duty nurses will be ever
so grateful for any interest shown.
This paper is not a work of art. It
was written in a haphazard way, but
I do hope it will open up a discussion
and help in some way to ease the
present situation among the private
duty nurses.

644

THE CANADIAN NURSE

National Convener of Publication Committee, Public Health Section.
MARY F. CAMPBELL, 344 Gottingen Street, Halifax, N.S.

The Child Welfare Clinic in Meeting the Problem of

Infant Deaths

By ESTHER M. BEITH, Executive Director, Child Welfare Association of Montreal,

Montreal, Que.

country, but the record of births in
some still leaves much to be desired.
Whether this is due to lack of in-
telligence on the part of our people,
or lack of public health effort, it
might be difficult to state. Personally,
T think it is due to both and there
is no doubt that a more accurate regis-
tration of births in the province of
Quebec will have a definite result in
the mechanical lowering of the infant
death rate for almost every section of
our province, from that which is now
quoted by the Dominion Bureau of
Statistics.

Another mistake, which we fre-
quently make, is the comparison of
infant death rates of various coun-
tries, cities or provinces, one with the
other, without taking into comparison
the economic factors, customs and
characteristics of race, nationality and
climatic conditions, and we assume
because any given place has used cer-
tain methods and arrived at certain
results, we by copying their methods,
without any thought of adapting them
to our own peculiar local conditions,
may achieve the same goal. Some of
us can bear personal testimony to the
fallacy of such a policy. Nevertheless,
we can learn much from a study of
the statistical results of other places.

A study of the decline in the infant
(loath rate in New Zealand to its
present low level of 84, leads us to
inquire into the methods used in that
country. Minneapolis and St. Paul
with a .ioint population of over
600.000, using practically the same
methods in both cities, had in 1929
an infant mortality rate of 47.5. New
York, with its enormous population
and all its economical and racial pro-

During the last fifteen or twenty
years, the writer, and some of the
present audience, have listened to a
great many speakers on the subject
of the problem of infant deaths. We
have all quoted and listened to others
quote statistics and rates, which we
felt were indisputable in proving that
the j)ar1icular factor we wished to
emplijisizc was largely responsible for
an increase or reduction in our infant
mortality rate. In fact, we have al-
most come to the bored conclusion
that, given a paper, a platform, a few
figures and the subject of infant
deaths, anyone can prove almost any-
tliing. However, in the light of these
years of experience, I think we will
all acknowledge that there is one
factor contributing to the saving of
infant lives that does not need sta-
tistical pioof, that stands out far
above all the rest and on which all
other factors are dependent — that is,
the ability of parents to give intelli-
gent care to their own children.

Tt has been stated many times that
infant mortality is the most sensitive
index we have of the results of public'
health effort, or, even further than
that, of the intelligence of our whole
social system. Yet we know that such
an index, if used in a compjirative
sense, is sul).iect to error. The actual
rate of mortality for infants in any
country, province, city, town or dis-
trict is dependent on two factors: an
accurate statistical record of births
and deaths. The record of deaths is
fairly accurate in every civilized

(Rpnd Bt the First Bilinuunl Confprencp of the
riinndiiin Council on Cliild and Family Welfare,
hi>l(l in Quebec, February 23rd, 24th and 25th.
1031.)

THE CANADIAN NURSE

645

blems, had a rate of 59. London, Eng-
land, a rate of 67. When we compare
this with two cities in this province —
Montreal, 132, and Quebec, to quote
the 1928 figure, 173, we ask ourselves
what are those cities doing that is not
being done here. 1 think the answer
very definitely is — they are doing
more than we are to educate the
parents of their children in approved
methods of child care.

"In 1892, Dr. Budin of France,
moved by the numberless deaths of
babies among the poor, devised a plan
, of education for the mothers. He
established an institution designated
as the 'Consultation de Nourissons,'
where he attempted to reduce infant
mortality according to the following
plans: first, by encouraging breast
feeding as far as possible ; second, by
giving sterilized milk if necessary;
third, by supplementing maternal
milk with good cow's milk, if the for-
mer was insufificient ; fourth, by mak-
ing systematic observations of each
infant in order to note its progress."

Two years later, also in France,
another form of institution, known as
the Goutte de Lait, was established.
Thi.s provided modified cow's milk for
infants who needed to be artificially
fed, and also provided medical exam-
ination. From this beginning, a modi-
fication of these two, termed for the
purpose of this paper The Child Wel-
fare Clinic, has spread to every civil-
ized country in the world and to some
that we would classify as uncivilized.
An institution that has stood the test
of thirty-nine years; that has been
adopted and adapted to every race
and every country; that in spite of
opposition from some of the profes-
sion responsible for its establishment,
and in spite of many diversified meth-
ods of organisation and control, has
gone on steadily increasing in num-
bers and strength, must have some-
thing of value to offer to account for
its present place in our health pro-
giamme.

The present Child Welfare Clinic
is much the same everywhere. It is a

centre where infants and pre-school
ciiildren are brought periodically to
be weighed, so that their progress can
be carefully watched. There is a
physician attached who is present at
stated intervals, once or twice each
week, who gives physical examina-
tions and advice as to feeding and
care. One or two nurses are present
to aid the physician and emphasize
his teaching either in the clinic or by
visiting in the home. Class instruc-
tion to parents is undertaken. Such
clinics are wholly preventive in their
character. If medical treatment is
necessary, the parent is referred to
the family physician, or if unable to
pay, to a hospital clinic.

The chief value of the Child Wel-
fare Clinic, since its establishment
thirty-nine years ago, is not limited
to the service it has given to the chil-
dren who have come under its care.
It is to the infant and pre-school child
what the school is for the school child,
the focal centre of community interest
in that age group. It has provided the
best opportunity, outside institutions,
for physicians, nurses and other wel-
fare workers to study the so-called
normal or well baby. It is true that
certain interested and intelligent
members of a community can visualise
the results, to the collective group,
from a series of individual experi-
ences. Nathan Straus, in New York
in 1893, saw tiie result of feeding im-
pure milk to babies and opened the
Strauss milk depots, the forerunner
of the modern child welfare clinic,
from which pure milk was supplied
for artificially fed infants. This, in
New York, as it has done elsewhere,
focused the community interest in
providing a safe milk supply for
children.

The failure of infants to respond to
the treatment advised by physicians
in child welfare clinics, led to the pro-
vision of specially trained nurses, now
called l^ublic Health Nurses, to follow
these infants into their homes to see,
and, if possible, overcome conditions
which prevented their healthy de-

646

THE CANADIAN NURSE

velopment, and it was chiefly through
this method that the ignorance of
parents as to how to care for their
habies was brought to the attention
of the public and the parents them-
selves. When large groups of babies
failed to respond to certain types of
tieatment, and from careful observa-
tion the fault could not be found in
the home, physicians interested in
this work realised that something
must be wrong with their own treat-
ment, and, as the result, we have
thousands of such men and women all
over the world giving their best efforts
and scientific training to improving
methods of caring for babies and
small children.

Maternal nursing, the lack of which
was responsible for the establishment
of the first clinic in France, is the
keynote of the infant mortality re-
duction programme in New Zealand,
St. Paul and Minneapolis, the results
of which show in two of the lowest
infant death rates we have anywhere.

Child Welfare Clinics soon showed
our physicians that after a baby is
born is too late to institute methods
for his protection. Then followed the
establishment of prenatal clinics and
education, in which programme for
Canada the Canadian Council on
Child and Family Welfare has taken
a very active part. The Child Welfare
Clinic has proved that certain con-
ditions will respond to our present
methods of infant care. Rickets, which
even fifteen years ago filled our chil-
dren's wards in hospitals with hun-
dreds of deformed children, is never
seen except in its mildest manifesta-
tions in any child who has been under
the supervision of a properly run
Child Welfare Centre. Intelligent
feeding, cod liver oil and sunshine can
practically wipe out this disease.
Cases of infant scurvy, a scourge of
infancy till recent years, can hardl'y
be found for medical student teach-
ing.

The marasmic or malnutrition
babies — the little old men whom the
writer remembers being admitted in

numbers to hospitals, to die within a
few hours, are rarely seen in cities
where a widespread programme of
child welfare is carried on. Smallpox
has been practically eliminated as a
cause of infants deaths. It has re-
sponded to vaccination. Diphtheria,
we know, can be prevented by im-
munization. This is an important part
of the work of every Child Welfare
Clinic. Deaths from summer diar-
rhoea, possibly the greatest cause of
infant mortality, have responded to
the greatest extent. The rate per
thousand of babies dying in Montreal
last year from this cause was 42; in
1921 the rate was 65, a reduction in
nine years of 23 deaths in every 1,000
births from this cause alone. Toronto
had reduced its deaths from summer
diarrhoea to five in every thousand
births in 1924. This year it has gone
up again to 13. The present economic
situation — mothers working and lack
of maternal nursing may account for
this increase.

Deaths from early infancy have
responded to improved prenatal care
and proper care at confinement. There
is still much to be done — our maternal
death rate is too high. Respiratory
infections, whooping cough and
measles, while they have responded to
improved methods of treatment and
quarantine, have not joined the group
of preventable diseases ; but to me, the
most encouraginsr factor connected
with all our Child Welfare Clinic
work is, that the demand for some
preventive measure for these and
other causes of infant deaths, is not
coming from the medical and nursing
profession, or a few of the more in-
telligent of the community alone, but
from parents themselves. We are find-
ing, in INIontreal, that it is no longer
necessary to carry all our teaching
to the parents — they are coming to
us with a demand for education.
Mothers', and even fathers', classes
are a definite part of our Child Wel-
fare Clinic programme. These, though
they will never obviate the necessity
for all individual instruction, have a

THE CANADIAN NURSE

647

decided advantage over home visiting
in that the parents come with a defi-
nite desire to learn. There are no in-
terruptions— the door bell does not
ring nor the soup boil over. They are
a great saving of time. Twenty to
twenty-five mothers can be given an
hour's instruction in less than one
afternoon. It would take 35 to 40
hours to give this in the home. But
the point that we stress most is, that
parents learn from each other, when
such education is properly supervised
and directed.

"While the baby is the centre of in-
terest of the Child Welfare Clinic and
the reduction of infant mortality the
keynote of its work, we have learned
two facts from our years of experience
— one, that to keep an infant alive is
not sufficient. In fact we, as child
welfare workers, are sometimes criti-
cized on the very grounds that by so
doing we are interfering with the
laws of natural selection and preserv-
ing the weak and feeble of our race.
This is not a just criticism. No one
can foretell the future value of any
infant, save possibly of those few who
are so physically or mentally handi-
capped that there seems no possibility
of their contributing to the welfare of
the race. Even for these, who of us
can decide of what value they are or
are to be, in the development of the
lives of those responsible for theii*
care. "We know that deaths from pre-
ventable causes do not always occur
among the weak. It is frequently the
strong and sturdy that succumb.
Again there is the most important
point of all, and that is, that condi-
tions which operate to prevent death,
also operate to prevent sickness. For
every infant kept alive there are many
more saved from sickness and suffer-
ing. The second fact we have learned
is, that the health of an infant can not
be divorced from that of its family or
its environment. Practically every
phase of public health work has a
direct bearing on infant life. The
country health units of our province,
of which we are all justifiably proud,

rank very high in our "reduction ol:
the infant death" programme. There
is not much use spending money on
promoting the health of an infant, if
either or both of its parents are active
cases of tuberculosis and are left to
infect the child. This is equally true
of the social and economic factors.
The necessity for the employment of
the mother or the unemployment of
the father, insufficient income, bad
housing, lack of play spaces — these
and many other factors influence
every child's healthy development.
The younger the infant, we admit, the
easier it is to adjust these factors.
With proper care and supervision an
infant will thrive under pretty ad-
verse conditions. This is not so true
of the pre-school child. The healthy
development of the toddler under our
modern conditions of small apartment
houses, streets teeming with traffic, no
place to play, either inside or out, is
one of the most serious problems of
our age and one does not wonder that
our schools, courts and clinics are
filled with the so-called problem child.

This brings us back to the prime
function of the Infant Welfare Clinic,
that of an educational centre, whether
it is the education of physicians,
nurses, social workers, parents or the
community, whether the education be
given individually or collectively, in
the clinic or in the home, it is all part
of a Child Welfare Centre pro-
gramme, and it is aimed towards one
goal — the acquiring for and impart-
ing to parents the best knowledge we
can obtain as to the prevention of
disease and promoting of health.
When all parents have this Knowledge
and the knowledge of all the cor-
related economic and environmental
factors, and have the desire to correct
them, they who are the voters and
legislators of our country will take
action ; and then, and then only, will
the problem of our infant deaths be
reduced to its irreducible minimum.
As to what that irreducible minimum
is, I doubt if anyone is prepared to
answer.

648

THE CANADIAN NURSE

(Concluded from page 641)

would be much better left out, for
wrong ideas and impressions are so
easily the result, with dangerous
sequences.

The work, theory and practice which
must be covered in the preliminary
term, cannot be done in a thorough
manner, in less than four months. If
there is a full-time instructor for the
probationers, the ideal way is to con-
centrate for the first month on class
and demonstration room instruction.
Following this 3-4 hours per day
might be spent on the wards, under
the intimate supervision of the in-
structors. When intensive theory and
demonstration room work is given
during the first month, it allows for
progressively more time being spent
on the wards in the succeeding
months, when greater gain in know-
ledge by observation is possible, due

to the background of theory already
supplied.

Many hospital schools of nursing
give a short course of lecture and
laboratory work in urinalysis. The
outline as presented so far has not
mentioned this subject. Most feel, a
minimum of know^ledge on this sub-
ject must be secured and the best time
appears to be during the preliminary
term when it is so easily correlated
with anatomy and physiology, be-
sides being needed for the intelligent
and understanding nursing care of
the patient expected of the student
once she enters her junior term. Much
of the preliminary theory in practical
nursing, and later the various tests
and treatments as seen on the wards
are unintelligible to the young student
who has no knowledge of the subject
of urinalysis.

S. M. J.

Book Reviews

Health and Social Evolution, 1931. Tlie Halley
Stewart Lecture, 19S0, by Sir George Newman,
K.C.B.. M.D., Hon. D.C.L., LL.D. Published by
George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London. 200 pages.
Price, $1.25.

Here, in less than 200 pages, is a record of the
progress of health and social evolution from the
Middle Ages in England to the present day. These
lectures show how medical practice, in some form,
has been for centuries more or less related to the
state; their main purport, however, is to show
the absolute interdependence of health and social
evolution. Higher standards of living have reg-
ularly been accompanied by higher standards of
the public health, and with the progress in both
there has developed the "New Humanism" re-
sulting in less of the down-trodden serf, less of
the sordidness of poverty in an environment of
disease and pestilence, less of the revolting con-
ditions of child labour, less, in fact, of man's
inhumanity to man — especially to the defenceless
child — a "collective Humanism," which, as Sir
George states, "is the inspiration of all good
government and which claims that life is more
than the meat and the body than raiment." And,
in this humanisation, the national health policy
"has been made more personal and domestic,
more educational and iirevpntivp nnd brought
nearer to the needs of the individual."

In a prose which reads like poetry. Sir George
Newman has arrayed fact after fact, has analysed
and compared the conditions of the past and the
conditions of today in England and leaves the
reader in no doubt at all that the new Humanism
under which the erovernmental policies of health
and social 'betterment are developed is a distinct
advance towards the Ideal — the Christian Ideal,
if one cares to put it that way.

For those who bemoan the passing of the
"good old days" this book is especially valuable.
This must not be interpreted to mean that S'ir
Georsre sees or pictures the past as all bad.
Nothing of the kind. He shows how each Age
has made its contribution to the Ideal, how the
light of the Ideal was held high through the most
trying periods in England's history and how
apparent disaster often hastened improvement.
Put read these contrasts in reference to the
eighteenth century. "The lovers and the critics

of that period know full well that, as in Greece
in the fifth century B.C., there were two worlds
of people and affairs, lords and slaves, the bright,
artistic, glittering world and the underworld.
Alongside glorious architecture there were the
beginnings of slums, Burke's India as well as
that of Warren Hastings, spacious homes and
indescribably mean prisons, the loveliness of the
children of Gainsborough and Reynolds and the
shocking misery and mortality of the children of
the people, the winsomehess of Nature and the
sordidness of industrial towns, a ru^al England
sliding unconsciously into an urban England."

Sir George shows, too. the price that must
necessarily be paid for the higher standards of
social life and health, individual and national.
He shows what the new Humanism is costing
England today — and what it is saving in lives.
He recognises the new problems that have arisen
by application of the new Humanism, e.g., the
problem of caring for a greater population for
which there is less work. He takes into con-
sideration the possible changes in the character
of the people under the influence of the new
Humanism. He admits that the health and social
amelioration schemes in England today — the Na-
tional Health Insurance Act, Old Age Pensions,
Unemployment Insurance, War Pensions, Educa-
tion, etc., are not yet perfect — although such
schemes cost England three hundred and forty-
eiffht million pounds in 1929. In 1891 the ex-
penditure was twenty million. But he is not dis-
couraged. He is taking stock and balancing his
accounts and preparing for the future.

Even to indicate the store of information and
critical analyses contained in this book in refer-
ence to health and social evolution is, for this
reviewer, impossible. It is at once a most in-
structive, interesting and inspiring volume. As
to the presentation, one need only say that it ia
the work of Sir George Newman. That alone is
sufficient to attract everyone in public health and
in a very wide circle outside — not only in the
medical and nursing professions but in all walks
of life.

The book is clearly printed in large type and
is without typographical errors. It certainly
should be read by every nurse and physician.

N. E. McK.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

649

N^ma Nnt^a

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF
NURSES

The following interesting announcement
has been received from headquarters:

Your readers would probably be interested
to know that from October 8th the services
of a nurse have been placed at the disposal
of the Health Section of the League of
Nations for a period of two years, through
the medium of the International Council of
Nurses. This arrangement has been made
possible by a money grant from an anony-
mous nurse donor, the gift having been
extended and the matter planned tnrough
Miss Clara D. Noyes, First Vice-President,
and the Board of Directors of the Inter-
national Council of Nurses, which met in
Geneva this summer.

Although the Health Section of the
League has hitherto referred nursing matters
which have arisen in connection with its
work to the Headquarters of the Inter-
national Council of Nurses, an increasing
need, expecially relating to field work, has
been felt. The offer extended by the Council
of the help of a nurse qualified both in
public health nursing and hospital work was
therefore gratefully accepted. The salary
given is the same as that granted to the
medical members on the staff of the Health
Section serving directly under the Medical
Director, Dr. L. Rajchman, and, therefore,
puts the nurse on an equal footing with her
medical associates working immediately under
the Director. The period of two years will
make it possible for the League to decide if
work dealing with our profession is worth
while continuing.

Miss Hazel A. Goff has been appointed
to this position. She is a trained dietitian,
and graduated as a nurse from the Mas-
sachusetts General Hospital School of Nursing,
Boston, one of the oldest and finest in-
stitutions of its kind in the U.S.A. After
considerable experience in training school
work in different institutions there, she was
selected by the American Red Cross to direct
the school of nursing which it was sponsoring
in Sofia, Bulgaria. So well did she do her
work there, that she was able after a period
of three years to leave the school imder the
direction of the graduates. Following this
she was for three years Field Director on the
nursing staff of the Rockefeller Foundation,
European Office. Since September, 1930,
Miss Goff has been at Teachers College,
New York, where she has obtained her B.S.
degree in Public Health Nursing Administra-
tion.

"The I.C.N." and the March number, 1930,
of the "International Nursing Review,"
has been issued in pamphlet form with
illustrations. The pamphlet is for sale from
International Headquarters of the Council,
14 Quai des Eaux-Vives, Geneva, the price
including postage, being 4 Swiss francs
(85 cents, Canadian currency) per copy.

DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE

Miss Hilda C. Laird, Dean of Women,
Queen's University, Kingston, who is con-
vener of the League of Nations Committee,
National Council of Women of Canada, has
addressed a circular letter to members of her
Committee throughout the Dominion.

This letter bespeaks the support of all
members of the Coimcil to the Disarmament
Conference which is to be held in Geneva,
in February, 1932.

Local and provincial groups of nurses who
have undertaken to stimulate interest among
their members in this Conference are asked
to forward a brief report of these activities
to Miss Elizabeth Smellie, Chief Super-
intendent of the Victorian Order of Nurses
of Canada, Jackson Building, Ottawa. Miss
Smellie is the Canadian Nurses Association
representative on the League of Nations
Committee of the National Council of Women
of Canada.

The history of the International Coimcil
of Nurses up to 1925, written by Mrs.
Bedford Fenwick, the Founder of the Council,
and Miss Margaret Breay, for twenty-two
years its Treasurer, which was published in
the July and October, 1929, number of

BRITISH COLUMBIA

The following are the results of the recent
Examination for Title and Certificate of
Registered Nurse of British Columbia: 91
candidates wrote full papers; 86 passed; 4
failed; 1 passed with supplemental to write.
Standino in Order of Merit

First Class — 80% and Over: Misses D.
M. Cornwall; Vancouver General Hospital,
and H. C. Foy, Vancouver General Hospital.

Second Cla.ss— 65% to 80%: Miss&s K. B.
Reid, J. A. Beattie, E. M. Jones, M. H.
Lunam, K. M. Strang, F. A. McDonald, E. L.
EUiott, F. M. Stoddart, I. M. I. Magee,
(M. Mellish and D. A. Cuff, equal), K. F.
House, (N. K. Malone and A. I. Fomeri,
equal), B. K. Makola, G. M. Barner, M. H.
Busselle, (P. M. Gansner and M. I. Taylor,
equal), H. J. Dobson, (H. M. Arnold and B.
K. McCuaig, equal), L. N. Cyr, (K. M.
Haynes and A. M. Earle, equal), R. E.
Woodley, S. Dolhun, (I. C. Dezall and E. E.
LaFontaine, equal), D. E. Wallis, (N.
Downes and M. McLennan, equal), M. E.
Sanderson, (C. I. Ferguson and V. M. Free-
man, equal), (D. J. Russell, A. M. Caven and
B. L. Robson, equal), M. E. Dickson, L. E.
Beech ey, (G. M. Boseley and A. P. Osborne-
Smith, equal), F. D. Foster, (M. E. Jermyn
and M. B. Head, equal), P. G. Barff, D. C.
Hamilton, I. E. Alger, M. G. Scroggie, (E. E.
Custison, M. C. Withyman and M. B.
Hodgert, equal), E. L. Lfoyd, E. R. Stender,
E. E. Fiddick, (B. V. Matthews, R. V. Evans

650

THE CANADIAN NURSE

and B. L. MacDonald, equal), Z. W. Service,
T. D. Rowan.

Passed— 60% to 65%: Misses (M. Camp-
bell and C. Withyman, equal), E. E. Steven,
M. Kelly, (M. L. Brown and M. I.iddle,
equal), (M. L. Bingham and M. Stoddart,
equal), B. A. Brown, G. W. Paterson, E. S.
Stokvis, (I. I. Powell and M. M. Stewart,
equal), A. I. Laing, M. M. McLean, M. A.
Clayton, E. T. Marshall, (S. B. McCuteheon
and M. M. Jaques, equal), O. I. Levar, (M.
A. Moore, Z. R. Dawson, W. A. Rabbitt and
V. V. Johnston, equal).

Passed with Supplemental to Write:
Miss E. V. Johnston.

MANITOBA

Brandon: The October meeting of the
Brandon Graduate Nurses Association was
held at the home of Mrs. W. H. Shillinglaw.
The meeting was in charge of the down-town
group, with Mrs. Ren wick in the chair. Miss G.
M. Hall, a provincial public health supervisor,
gave an interesting talk on Public Health in
Rural Areas. Miss Isabel Fargey, retiring
treasurer of the Association, was presented
with a copy of Canadian Poems. The Novem-
ber meeting was held in the nurses' home,
Brandon General Hospital. Miss C. Macleod,
president of the General Hospital group, was
in charge of the meeting. The guest speaker
was Dr. Jessie Finley, of Vellore, India, who
delighted the group with an illustrated talk on
hospital work in India. There was a large
attendance of member? at these meetings.
The Association was hostess to the wives of
the doctors who attended the annual meeting
•of the Manitoba Medical Association. Follow-
ing a motor drive with a visit to (he Sykes
Gardens, tea was served at the General
Hospital. Miss Alberta Hicks, formerly
surgical supervisor at the Brandon Mental
Hospital, has been appointed superintendent
•of nurses at the Hospital for Mental Diseases,
Essondale, B.C.

WiNNiPEf^ General Hospital: Miss Clara
J. Forbes (1929), is now engaged in public
health mu-sing in the Township of East
Whitby, Oshawa, Ontario. Miss Forbes was a
member of the class 1931 in Public Health
Nursing, University of Western Ontario,
London.

NEW BRUNSWICK

Hotel Dieu, Chatham: On October 7th
the Hotel Dieu was visited by His Excellency
Earl Bessborough, Governor-General of Can-
ada. His Excellency was accompanied by His
Worship the Mayor of Chatham and a
Titrmber of representative citizens. Received
at the entrance by members of the medical
and nursing staffs. Earl Bessborough, at his
request, had presented to him the Sisters in
attendance. Accompanied by Rev. Mother
Superior and the Sister Superintendent, His
Excellency visited the wards, where he
; greeted each patient in turn. Later Earl
IBessborough and party visited the recently
built school. His interest in the nursing staff

was evinced towards the teachers, who all
enjoyed the privilege of a warm and courteous
handshake from the Governor-General. All
those connected with the hospital deeply
appreciate His Excellency's remarks of
commendation on the home-like atmosphere
pervading the hospital.

Saint John: A very interesting address by
Dr. R. A. Hughes on Eye, Ear, Nose and
Throat Nursing was heard with much
interest by a large number of members at a
meeting of the Saint John Chapter of the
New Brunswick Association of Registered
Nurses held in the Health Centre. Miss E. J.
Mitchell, President, was in the chair. Miss
Christina McAfee (1931) has joined the staff
of the Saint John General Hospital.

ONTARIO

Appoint-ments

Miss Sylvia Hallman (Toronto General
Hospital), formerly Instructor of Nurses,
Evangelical Deaconess Hospital, Chicago,
recently accepted a similar position at the
Kitchener and Waterloo Hospital.

Miss Mary Stuart, formerly of New West-
minster, B.C., has been appointed Super-
intendent of Nurses at the Queen Victoria
Memorial Hospital, North Bay's Civic
Hospital, succeeding Miss E. Brewer. Miss
Collins has succeeded Miss Mary Ackland as
second assistant Superintendent of Nurses at
the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto.
Miss Anne Hardisty, Brantford General
Hospital (1923), has been appointed in-
dustrial nurse at the Barber-Ellis Company,
Brantford, succeeding Miss Florence Keffer .
District 1

The regular meeting of District No. 1
Registered Nurses Association of Ontario was
held in Chatham on September 5th, with
Miss Nellie Gerrard, Windsor, presiding.
The question of unemployment among the
registered nurses featured the main discussion.
After lengthy deliberation the Association
could not foresee any means whereby the
general condition could be helped and left the
question for each community to work out
for itself. Rev. A. C. Calder gave the Invoca-
tion. Dr. J. W. Rutherford, M.P., brought
greetings from the Chatham Medical Associa-
tion and took the opportunity to express a
view that too many nurses are being trained
at this time. He stated that in justice to
young women, they should be discouraged to
enter the profession for the next four or five
years. Mr. A. L. Thompson, City Manager,
brought the civic greetings to the nurses.
Mr. H. S. Thomas gave a very interesting
address upon the Service Clubs. He pointed
out that they held a very necessary position
in the social web of today with the fellowship
which was possible to the business and pro-
fessional men of the community, and the
chance they gave to assist the needy and
handicapped to find their proper place in life.
Mr. H. J. Smith gave an interesting address
on Nature Study. The greatest mystery of
Nature is life. The greatest blessing is

THE CANADIAN NURSE

651

health. Animated bodies are those in tune with
Nature. Inanimated bodies are those out of
tune. It is the intention of all animated life
to preserve itself to live on and on. It is one's
duty to assist human life to remain in tune to
live. Following the addresses and discussions
the Association was entertained by the
Alumnae As-sociations of St. Joseph's Hospital
and Public General Hospital.

Chatham: The regular monthly meeting
for October of the Alumnae Association of the
Public General Hospital was held in the board
room of the hospital with forty-seven mem-
bers present. "The main item of business
discussed was the lowering of graduate
nurses' fees for private duty. Later, on
October 12th, a joint meeting of the Alumnae
Associations of St. Joseph's Hospital and
Public General Hospital was held in the
NurSes' Residence, Public General Hospital,
when a reduction of fees of one dollar was
agreed upon, making charges of S4.00 for
twelve-hoiu" duty and $5.00 for eighteen-hour
general duty.

District 2
The annual meeting of Districts 2 and 3,
Registered Nurses Association of Ontario,
was held on October 7th in the Nurses
Residence of the Stratford General Hospital.
There was a representative group of nurses
present from the different centres, showing
the steady increase of interest in the Associa-
tion. Miss Marjory Buck, of Simcoe, called
the meeting to order at 2.30. The programme
included an illustrated address by Dr. H. W.
K. Creham, of Stratford, on his recent trip
through England and France, which was
greatly enjoyed. A very interesting address by
Miss Ethel Cryderman outlined the work
being carried on through the Institutes of
Maternal Welfare. Reports of standing
committees and the two special committees
were then presented, all showing steady
progress. Miss S. M. Jamieson, of Gait,
convener of a special committee to interest
high school girls in the best type of prelimin-
ary education to obtain prior to entering
schools of nursing, reported several high
schools having been visited and in most cases
a great deal of interest manifested, both by
teachers and pupils. Miss Hilda Muir, of
Brantford, convener of the committee to
raise funds for the Permanent Education
Fund, District 2, reported $140.00 having
been collected, $60.00 only of which belonged
to the 1931 quota. Miss Muir urged the
members who are still in arrears to meet
their obligations promptly. Discu.ssion
followed the report as to the best way of
raising the remainder of the money which has
been allotted to the district. The afternoon
meeting adjourned at 5.30 for tea, which was
served by the graduate nurses in the re-
creation room of the Nurses Residence.
During the tea hour, two of the pupil nurses
entertained those present with vocal and
instrumental solos. A short evening meeting
was called to order at 7 o'clock, and invita-
tions were received and accepted for the next
two meetings. The first for the January

meeting, from St, Mary's Hospital, Kitchener,
and the second from the General and Marine
Hospital, Owen Sound, for the June meeting.
The result of the voting, which was carried on
for the first time by ballot, was then reported
by the scrutineers, and the officers for the
year 1931-1932 are as follows: Chairman, Miss
J. M. Wilson, Brantford General Hospital;
Vice-Chairman, Miss S. M. Jamieson, Gait
General Hospital; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss
Hilda Booth, Norfolk General Hospital,
Simcoe. Councillors: Brant County, Miss H.
Kerr, 207 Brant Ave., Brantford; Bruce
County, Miss Marion Petty, Memorial
Hospital, Hanover; Grey County, Miss
Elizabeth Webster, 1022 4th Ave. W., Owen
Sound; Oxford County, Miss M. E. Cade,
Tillsonburg Memorial Hospital; Waterloo
County, Miss A. S. Weber, 71 P^'airview Ave.,,
Kitchener; Wellington County, Miss C.
Zeigler, General Hospital, Gueiph. Section
Representatives: Nursing Education, Miss M.
Bliss, Gueiph General Hospital; Private Duty,
Miss M. Davison, 146 Graham St., Wood-
stock; PubUc Health, Mrs. J. Mitchell, 207
Brant Ave., Brantford. Before the meeting,
adjourned Miss S. M. Jamieson, of Gait,,
expressed the appreciation of the nurses
present to Miss Zeta Hamilton and the
graduate nurses of Stratford for their very
kind hospitality. The following centres were
represented: Gueiph, Kitchener, Stratford,
Simcoe, Wingham, Gait, Brantford, Wood-
stock, Tillsonburg, Ingersoll, Owen Sound,
Paris, Ayr. This covers at least seven out of
ten counties with an attendance of sixty-five
at the meeting.

Brantford: Several showers have been
given recently in honour of Miss Annabelle
Hough, bride-elect, Brantford General Hos-
pital, 1922: Miscellaneous shower, Mrs. D. A.
Morrison and Miss Ida Martin; Cup and
Saucer shower, Mi.ss Wynn Barker; HavUand
China shower. Miss Lucille O'Brien and Miss
Gertrude Whittaker. Honouring Miss

Florence Keffer, Mrs. S. K. Culver, Water-
ford, was hostess at a shower when the bride-
elect was presented with a silver tea service
from the members of her graduating class.
The girls of the Barber-Ellis Company held
a kitchen shower in honour of Miss F. Keffer,
who has been industrial nurse for that com-
pany.

General Hospital, Guelph: The regular
meeting of the Alumnae Association was held
at the Nurses Residence, October 6, 1931.
Dr. Schofield of the Ontario Veterinary
College, addressed the meeting with a very
interesting talk on the Immunization of
Tuberculosis. A number of the Gueiph
General Alumnae motored to Stratford to
attend the meeting of District No. 2, which
was held in the Nurses Residence of Stratford
General Hospital. The quick-fire discu-ssion
which was led by Miss Cryderman was most
eagerly participated in.

St. Joseph's Hospital, Guelph: A bridge
and euchre was held October 4, 1931, in the
hall of the Church of Our Lady by the Nurses
Alumnae, with a good attendance.

652

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Simcoe: Resigning from the staff of the
Norfolk General Hospital Miss Vera Ed-
wards, graduate of Ontario Hospital, Whitby,
expects to be married early in Decemi er.
A Hallowe'en party was given in her honour,
at which the staff presented her with a
chesterfield end table and a lamp.

Kitchener: On November 2nd, the
Kitchener and Waterloo Graduate Nurses
Association held its annual election of
officers as follows: President, Miss K. W.
Scott; First Vice-President, Mrs. \\ m. Noll;
Second Vice-President, Miss K. Grant;
Secretary, Miss A. E. Bingeman; Treasurer,
Mrs. Wm. Knell; Representative, "Canadian
Nurse," Miss E. Hartleib.

The regular monthly meetings of the
Kitchener and Waterloo Alumnae Association
are being held at the homes of members. The
October meeting was held at the home of
Miss Thelma Setler, and the November
meeting at the home of Mrs. Wm. Noll.
After discussion of business, pleasant social
evenings were spent and refreshments served.

The Kitchener and W'aterloo Alumnae
Association held a successful bridge of
twenty tables in the Nurses Residence of the
Kitchener and Waterloo Hospital on Novem-
ber 3rd. The proceeds went towards Alumnae
Christmas work, which includes donations to
the Community Christmas Tree fund. Or-
phanage, and the Kitchener and Waterloo
Hospital.

District 4

Gekeral Hospital, Hamilton: The
rummage sale, which has become an annual
event was held October 29, 1931. The sum
of forty-five dollars was realised from the
sale. The money is to be used for Christmas
cheer among the nurses of the Alumnae
who are ill. The Alumnae held a bridge
at Robert's Restaurant on October 19, 1931.
Socially and financially the event was a
great success. Over fifty dollars was raised
for the "Nurses Mutual Benefit Association."
District 5

Grace Hospital, Toronto: Miss Louisa
Scott (1929), after completing a course of
one year at the United Church Training
School, Toronto, left in September to engage
in missionary work in India. Miss Ethel M.
Young (1930), who had been on the staff
of Grace Hospital as assistant supervisor
in the Obstetric Department, is taking the
course in Teaching and Administration,
Department of Nursing, University of
Toronto. Mrs. Florence M. Pike (1931), is
taking the course of Public Health Nursing
at the School for Graduate Nurses, McGill
University, Montreal.

General Hospital, Toronto: At the
regular monthly meeting of the Alumnae, held
on October 21.st, the President, Miss Elvira
Manning, on behalf of the Association, pre-
sented a picture to Miss Jean Gunn, her staff
and undergraduates. This gift was made in
assisting to express the appreciation of the
Alumnae for the help received for the Fiftieth
Anniversary Celebration.

An interesting talk on the Arctic was given
by Mr. Laurn Harris, and Miss Gunn reported
the meeting of representatives of various
hospitals on the unemployment situation.
On October 31st a successful benefit bridge
in aid of the unemployment fund was held at
the Royal York Hotel".

District 9

North Bay: Early in October the new
St. Joseph's Hospital in North Bay was
opened officially by the Hon. J. M. Robb,
Minister of Health for Ontario. The hospital
is equipped with two operating rooms and
has a capacity of approximately ninety beds,
and is furnished throughout with a colour
scheme of brown and tan. The building was
planned and erected under the guidance of
Bishop Scollard, and is under the direction
of the Sisters of St. Joseph. The hospital
is splendidly situated on the brow of th'e hill,
overlooking the city of North Bay.

QUEBEC

Montreal: The regular meeting of the
Montreal Industrial Nurses' Association
was held on October 5, 1931, at the home of
Miss Galarneau, 2195 Souvenir Avenue,
Montreal. This was the first meeting after
the summer vacation. The Association will
now meet every month.

Members of the Nursing Service of the
Metropolitan Life Insurance, Montreal, were
honoured by a visit from the Third Vice-
President, Mr. North, who addressed the
group on "Insurance as a means of putting
away for the proverbial rainy day, and the
necessity of a budget — personal, business and
national."

The speaker was introduced by Miss
Gauthier. Mr. Lavoie, District Manager,
translated the address into French. The
appreciation of the nurses present was
expressed to Mr. North in French by Miss
Adeste Martin of the McGill Office and in
English by Mrs. Ramsay of the Mount
Royal Office. Miss Alice Ahern, Super-
intendent of Nursing for Canada, M.L.I.,
spoke briefly. Among visitors present were
Miss Margaret Moag, Superintendent, Mont-
real Branch, V.O.N. , and several members of
her staff; also a number of nurses from
I'Ecole d'Hygiene Social Appliquee and the
City Health Department.

Mrs. Mable Ramsay was presented by Mr.
North with the Ten- Year Faithful Service
Medal, and her fellow-workers at the Mount
Royal office, in expressing congratulations,
presented Mrs. Ramsay with a bouquet of
flowers.

The third general meeting of the M.L.I.
nurses of Montreal and district was held on
September 12th in the Windsor Hotel.
Mrs. LaMalle, the guest of the evening,
impressed her audience by her charming
personality and thrilled them by her vivid
account of the work of the late Dr. Frankel.
She told of his inestimable influence on the
improvement of health, not only of the
Company policyholders but of the community
at large. She said that Dr. Frankel, although

THE CANADIAN NURSE

653

a very learned and clever man, never ceased
to study, and used every opportunity to
increase his overflowing fund of knowledge.
Mrs. LaMalle urged that the nurses imitate
this great leader in this respect and honour
his memory by upholding the high standards
he had set for them.

General Hospital, Montreal: Miss
Hilda Little (1923) is in charge of the hospital
in Grand Falls, Newfoundland. Miss C.
McCarron (1930) is industrial nurse at The
Silk Mills, Valleyfield, Que. Miss Louise
Stedham (1930), awarded a scholarship by
the Shriners' Hospital, Montreal, is attending
the School for Graduate Nurses, McGill
University. The sympathy of the Associa-
tion is extended to Miss Webster (Night
Superintendent) on the death of her sister,
and to Miss Abigail Baker on the death of her
father.

C.A.M.N.S.

Montreal: The members, Montreal Unit,
Overseas Nursing Sisters Association of
Canada, were very successful in their attempt
this year to assist with the sale of Vetcraft
Poppies.

The Sisters, many of whom were in army
uniform for the occasion, assisted by members
of the Edith Cavell Chapter, LO.D.E.,
undertook to sell their Poppies in the city
theatres during the evening of November
10th, and the result? were so encouraging
that all were unanimous in their wishes
expressed that the experiment be repeated
next year.

Remembrance Day was gloriously bright
and warm, and eighteen members of the
group were present at the ceremony at the
Cenotaph on Dominion Square.

Following the usual custom a re-union
dinner was held at 8 p.m. There were sixty-

five members present, including five who had
served in the Q.A.'s and four French-Cana-
dians. Greetings were received from three
absent members, two of whom were on the
high seas.

Miss Constance Harrison proposed a very
charming toast to Absent Friends, and Miss
Charlotte Nixon led in a two-minutes' silence
in memory of those who will not return.
"They shall grow not old, as we that are left
grow old;
Age shall not weary them, nor the years con-
demn.
At the going down of the sun and in the
morning we will remember them."

The guest of honour, Miss Mabel F.
Hersey, was received with marked applause.
Miss Hersey told of her recent visit to the
Nightingale School at St. Thomas's Hospital,
London, and concluded with a request that
the much favoured and privileged Overseas
Sisters consider seriously the report of
findings and recommendations by the Com-
mittee on Nursing Survey which will be
forthcoming at an early date.

Mr. James Rice and party provided an
hour's jolly entertainment, after which the
singing of many of the old war-time songs,
Auld Ivang Syne and the National Anthem
brought to a close the j oiliest re-union of
Overseas Sisters held since 1918.

Winnipeo: The Overseas Nursing Sisters
Club of Winnipeg held their annual reunion
on Armistice Day afternoon, when about
forty former Nursing Sisters met for a social
hour or two in the Marlborough Hotel.
Mrs. C. W. Davidson (nee McCombe)
received the guests, while Miss Margaret
McGilvray, Miss Lillian Gray, Mrs. Ritchie
(nee Doyle) and Mrs. Greenwood (nee
Jephson) presided at the tea table.

BIRTHS, MARRIAGES AND DEATHS

BIRTHS

ALLEN— On October 25, 1931, at Vancou-
ver, to Mr. and Mrs. John Allen (Bobbie
Burns, Vancouver General Hospital), a
son.

ANDERSON— On October 17, 1931, at Ot-
tawa, to Mr. and Mrs. Holland Anderson
(Florence Whimhey, Western Hospital,
Montreal, 1925), a son.

BAIN — On September 9, 1931, at Vancou-
ver, to Mr. and Mrs. William Bain
(Winnifred Crossling, Vancouver General
Hospital), a son (stillborn).

BOULTBEE— On October 23, 1931, at
Vancouver, to Mr. and Mrs. Ernest
Boultbee (Ellen "Tike" Whitehead,
Vancouver General Hospital), a daugh-
ter.

BRADSHAW— On September 19, 1931, at
Montreal, to Mr. and Mrs. F. W. Brad-
shaw (Marjorie Macfarlane, Montreal
General Hospital, Western Division,
1926), a daughter.

CAMPBELL— On August 19, 1931, at New
York, N.Y., to Dr. and Mrs. James
Campbell (Violet Hay, Kitchener and
Waterloo Hospital, 1926), a son (James
Jr.).

CRAWFORD— On September 17, 1931, to
Mr. and Mrs. William Crawford (Maud
Shortt, Hamilton General Hospital,
1925), a son (William Roy).

GRAHAM— On November 1, 1931, at Van-
couver, to Dr. and Mrs. Wilfred Graham
(Agnes Irvine, Hospital for Sick Chil-
dren, Toronto), a son.

JAMIESON— On October 19, 1931, at
Wingham, Ont., to Dr. and Mrs. W. D.
S. Jamieson (Anna Coutts, Hamilton
General Hospital, 1926), a son (Duncan
Melrose).

JOYCE— On September 13, 1931, at Van-
couver, to Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Joyce
(Elizabeth Henry, Vancouver General
Hospital), a son.

654

THE CANADIAN NURSE

McCANN— On September 14, 1931, at New
York City, to Mr. and Mrs. Harry Mc-
Cann (Jeanne A. Hudson, Grace Hospi-
tal, Toronto, 1926), of Eosalle, X.J., a
son (David).

PEACOCK— On September 23, 1931, at
Walkerton, Ont., to Mr. and Mrs.
Thomas Peacock (Edna Pinkney, Guelph
General Hospital, 1927), a daughter.

PILKEY— On August 22, 1931, to Mr. and
Mrs. A. M. Pilkey, Crookston, Minn.,
U.S.A. (Ruby Lillian Mounce, Grace
Hospital, Toronto, 1921), a son (David
Allen).

EUMNEY— On October 23, 1931, at Ham-
ilton, Ont., to Dr. and Mrs. Wilfred J
Rumney (Jessie McGregor, Brantford
General Hospital, 1929), a daughter
(Phyllis Joan).

SHAW— On November 3, 1931, at London,
Ont., to Mr. and Mrs. D. Bruce Shaw
(Anne Crisp, Vancouver General Hospi-
tal), a daughter.

STEVENSON— On November 2, 1931, at
Vancouver, to Mr. and Mrs. Robert
Stevenson (Viola Sinclair, Vancouver
General Hospital), a daughter.

WALKER— On November 5, 1931, at
Reading, England, to Mr. and Mrs. B.
Walker (Phylis Rising, Vancouver Gen-
eral Hospital), a daughter.

WILDERS— On September 28, 1931, at
Vancouver, to Mr. and Mrs. Stuart
Wilders (Georgina Peters, Vancouver
General Hospital), a daughter.

MARRIAGES

BEATTIE— MURRAY— Marjorie Murray
(Jeffrey Hale's Hospital, 1931), to A.
W. Beattie, of Quebec, Que.

BUTTEMORE— FORD — Dorothv Ford
(Jeffrey Hale's Hospital, 1918), to H.
Buttemore, of Quebec, Que.

CAUVET— HOLBROOK — On September
19, 1931, at New York City, Helen R.
Holbrook (Brantford General Hospital,
1927), to HoAvard Bradford Cauvet.
Mr. and Mrs. Cauvet have taken up resi-
dence in New York City.

CHRISTIE— WALSH — On October 22,
1931, at Vancouver, Mrs. Walsh (Van-
couver General Hospital), to C. M.
Christie, of Vancouver.

COWAN— DAVIS— On October 16, 1931,
at Chatham, Ont., Jennie L. Davis
(Chatham Public General Hospital,
1926), to Dr. Harry H. Cowan, of De-
troit, Mich.

KENNEDY— MALTBY— Gertrude Maltbv
(Jeffrey Hale's Hospital, 1931), to L.
Kennedy, of Quebec, Que.

LYM— EDNEY — Ruth Edney (Jeffrey
Hale's Hospital, 1930), to B'. Lym, of
Sherbrooke, Que.

MALCOLM— ROADHOUSE — On October
12, 1931, at Brantford, Ont., Audrey
Belle Roadhouse (Brantford General
Hospital, 1030), to R. H. Malcolm.

McDonald— TEBBS — On October 27,
1931, at Burlington, Ont., Gladys M.
Tebbs (Hamilton General Hospital,
1927), to Murdo Norman McDonald, of
Scotland.

McMURRAY— FOX — On September 24,
1931, at Vancouver, Christina Fox (Va?i-
couver General Hospital, 1930), to John
McMurray, of Vancouver, B.C.

McPERSON— SLATER — On October 24,
1931, at Buffalo, N.Y., Audrey Slater
(Brantford General Hospital, 1925), to
Dr. Colin A. MePerson.

PIGOTT— BROWN— On October 30, 193!,
at Chatham, Out., Larvarre Brown
(Chatham Public General Hospital,
1930), to John Piggott, of Detroit, Mich.

SCOTT— SUTHERLAND— On October 17,
1931, at Toronto, Ont., Dorothy Cather-
ine Sutherland (Grace Hospital, Toron-
to, 1930), to Dr. R. F. Scott, of Toronto.

SMITH— GOWANLOCK— On October 18,
1931, Mary Gowanlock (Winnipeg Gen-
eral Hospital, 1928), to Lorrimer C.
Smith. At home, Toronto.

STUBBINGS— LILLIE — On October 3,
1931, at Guelph, Ont., Gladys Lillie
(Hamilton General Hospital, 1929), to
Kenneth Stubbings, of Toronto.

WALKER— McDOUGALL— On September
26, 1931, at Fulton, Ont., Margaret Ann
McDougall (Hamilton General Hospital,
1930), to Reginald W\alker.

WEST— SCOTT— Eleanor Scott (Jeffrey
Hale's Hospital, 1929), to Ivan West, of
Quebec, Que.

WHITEHEAD— FLETCHER— On October
19, 1931, at Nassagaweya, Ont., Dorothy
Fletcher (Guelph General Hospital,
1930), to G. Whitehead, of Windsor, Ont.

WILKIN— MOORE— Lyla Moore (Jeffrey
Hale's Hospital, 1930), to Mr. Wilkin, of
Montreal, Que.

DEATHS

AGAR— On October 9, 1931, at Chatham,
Ont., Mrs. (Dr.) J. S. Agar (Berta Ken-
nedy, Chatham Public General Hospital,
1901), following a brief illness.

HORNER— In July, 1931, at Detroit,
Mich., Violet Horner (Jeffrey Hale's
Hospital, 1920).

TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL

A new Year Book is being compiled and the
committee are anxious to include the names
and addresses of all the jrraduates. Would any
nurse who did not attend the .Jubilee Celebra-
tion or any nur.se who has since changed her
address, please forward a-s soon as possible
her name (if married, maiden name as well),
year of graduation, and address, to Miss
M. Dulmage, Toronto General Hospital.

Final date for News Notes being re-
ceived and assured publication is the
twelfth of each month. — Editor.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

655

INDEX

Vol. XXVII.

Year 1931

January Pages 1- 56 May Pages 225-280 September

February " 57-112 June " 281-336 October

March.
April,

113-168 July.
169-224 August-

337-392 November...
393-448 December...

Pages 449-504
" 505-560
" 561-616
" 617-674

Annual Meetinpts:

American Public Health Association Convention, The - - -
British Columbia Graduate Nurses Association - _ _ _
Canada, Host to American Hospital Association - - . _
Canadian Public Health Association --__._
Manitoba Registered Nurses Association - _ _ _ _

Maritime Conference Catholic Hospital Association - _ _
New Brunswick Registered Nurses Association - _ _ _
Ontario Registered Nurses Association ------

Saskatchewan Registered Nurses Association - - - _ _
Victorian Order of Nurses -----___

Books, List of, Re Florence Niohtinoale _ _ _ _

Book Reviews ------__._

Dietotherapy:

Artificial Feeding in Infancy, A Simple

Method of Dr. H. P. Wright and Dr. A. K. Geddes

Diabetic Patient, Care of the - _ _ . _ Dr j? \y ^y Hipwell

Four F's, The _ . . . Ethel C. Pipes

Tomato Juice as a Source of Vitamines ------___

Use of Banana as a Food for Young Children - - - Dr. Scriver and Dr. Ross
Editorials:

American Hospital Convention in Toronto ------ G.H.A.

Another Step Forward ---------- E.K.R.

Biennial Meeting, 1932 ---------- J.S.W.

Birthday Best \Mshes ---------- J.S.W.

British Empire Red Cross Dav -------- J.E.B.

Do We Understand? ---------- K.W.E.

Health Unit and Public Health Nurse - - K.R.

International Council of Nurses -------- J.S.W.

"Lancet" Commission on Nursing -------- E.K.R.

National Hospital Day --------- E.M.McK.

National Organisation, The --------- J.S.W.

Our Responsibility in Maternal Care ---_.-- R.E.H.

Peace J.E.B.

Positive Health - J.S.W.

Scientific Spirit, A - -- F.H.M.E.

Universities ------------ E.K.R.

Educational:

Centralized Lecture Committee of Toronto forms Instructors' Section - - -

Impressions of a Refresher Course, Manitoba -------

Maternal Care, An Institute on------- Alice Thomson

Refresher Course, University of Toronto - - - - -

593
261

582
427
148
598
597
263
320
378
266
371 , 428, 543, 648

187
25
468
523
352

346
235
458
519
235
345
567
459
518
234
458
517
8
568
567
236

85
524
257

Scholarships Awarded --- -_ 308, 364, 483

Historical:

Department of Health and Public Welfare in Manitoba, Recent Developments in the

Evolution of Nursing in the Last Forty Years
First District Nursing in Saint John _ - - .
Florence Nightingale, The Achievements of -
Florence Nightingale Association Holds Farewell Dinner
Florence Nightingale Association of Toronto, The -
Florence Nightingale, Intimate Sketch of Life of -
History of Nursing Society of Montreal, The - - -
Microbe Hunters --------

Thermometer and Its Use, History of the - - -
Toronto General Hospital — Fiftieth Anniversary -
Hospitals:

Hospital Administration ------

International Hospital Association - _ . -

Stretching the Hospital Dollar - . . - -

- Nettie B. Little

Agnes D. Carson

Helen M. Bradshaw

Rubena Duff

Jean I. Gunn

Margaret Rhynas

Ethel M. Hillyard

Dr. Gibson

Dr. Heber Jamieson

Sister Mary

Gertrude F. Johnson

360
461
313
232
133
195
229
249
410
15
397

13
521
522

656 THE CANADIAN NURSE

Illustrations:

Avery, Mrs. Herbert ---------___ 135

Chart of Organisation of the Canadian Nurses Association - - - - - 31

Crest, Canadian Nurses Association -----_.-_ 520

Dobie, Miss Marjory --------__.. 521

Labrador Scenes ----------.__ (55

Materia Medica Drug Cupboard, Montreal General Hospital _ _ . . 308

Mothercraft Centre, Toronto --_.______ jg

Nightingale, Florence — Letter - - - - - - - - - - 513

Nurses in Uniform of 1881 -------___. 401

Nursing Staff, Toronto General Hospital, 1877 ------- 404

Red Cross Nursing Class, Toronto --_---_-_ 260

Rural Nursing - -._ _622, 623

Snively, Mary Agnes ---------_-_ 397

Subcutaneous Apparatus ------._--_ 631

Toronto General Hospital, 1892 406

Ukrainian Home, A------------ 144

York Hospital, The, 1819 - - - 399

Mannerheim, Baroness Sophie ------- Berta Edelfelt 10

Mental Hygiene:

Heredity and Environment Mrs. W. T. B. Mitchell 285

Mental Hygiene Mrs. W. T. B. Mitchell 120

Mental Hygiene for Nurses — - Dr. Harvey Clare 70

Mental Hygiene in Public Health Nursing - - - - Emma deV. Clarke 451

Mental Patient, Nursing the ------ Esther M. Northmore 72

Mentally Unstable, Protecting the Dr. F. H. C. Baugh 466

Miscellaneous:

Artificial Feeding in Infancy, A Simple

Method of Dr. H. P. Wright and Dr. A. K. Geddes 187

Breath of Life H. J. Fells 190

Caesarian Section -------- Dr. John MacPherson 129

Call for Readjustment, A- - -- - - -E. Muriel McKee 463

Canadian Nurses /Association MembtTship Chart ------- 484

Cancer Control in Canada -----------4 18

Cancer Problem, The ------- - Dr. F. B. Mowbray 295, 355

Child Mortality, League of Nations Studies -------- 592

Child Welfare in Finland, General Mannerheim's League of - Dr. Eric Mandelin 348

Cod Liver Oil, Sunshine and Viosterol ----- Dr. Harold Little 365

Common Ground ---------- Ethel I. Johns 177

Commonplace Miracles ---------A. C. Grant 414

Constipation, The Relief of------- Dr. A. S. Munro 81

Constructive Criticism ------------ 314

Crest of the Canadian Nurses Association, The ------- 520

Department of Health and Public Welfare in Manitoba, Recent Developments in 360

Dermatology, Progress in------- Dr. J. F. Burgess 293

Diabetes, Juvenile ------- Dr. I. M. Rabinowitch 124

Diabetic Patient, Care of the Dr. F. W. W. Hipvvell 25

Empyema, Treatment of------- Dr. J. A. Campbell 590

Evolution of the Feeding Bottle 628

Evolution of Nursing in the Last Forty Years - - - . Nettie B. Little 461

Experiment in Modern Education ------- Jean Steele 625

Final Armistice, The -------- Frank B. Cowgill 589

Fiftieth Anniversary, Toronto General Hospital ------- 397

Florence Nightingale, Intimate Sketch of Life of - - - Margaret Rhynas 229

Florence Nightingale, The Achievements of - - - - Helen M. Bradshaw 232

Florence Nightingale Modernised -------- Leslie Bell 622

Forgotten Nurse, The --------- Jean E. BrowTie 619

Four F's, The Ethel C. Pipes 468

Gynaecological Nursing, A Few Points in Pre- and Po?t- Operative -Dr. J. J. Mason 536

Health and Recreation - - - - - - - -- Winona \^"oods 539

Heredity and Environment Mrs. W. T. B. Mitchell 285

History of Nursing Society of Montreal, The- - - _ Ethel M. Hillyard 249
History of Nursing as a Force in Nursing Education, and

How to Teach It Dr. Maude E. Abbott 509

History Teaching, Standpoint in Professor F Clarke 471

Hospital Administration -------- Sister Mary 13

Hospital Sweepstakes Bill -.-_ 491

Hospitals and Libraries -------- Helen G. Stewart 182

Immigration Medical Service ------ Dr. Grant Fleming 302

Impetigo Contagiosa -------- Dr. G. V. Bedford 474

THE CANADIAN NURSE 657

International Hospital Association -----..__ 520

Lazaretto, The, Bentinck Island, B.C. ----- Winnie L. Chute 583

Leper Colony in Natal, A - - - Elinor N. Wade 21

Libraries and Hospitals ------.. Helen G. Stewart 182

Life in Canadian Labrador -----.__ Isobel Fleming 63

Life Insurance, The Graduate Nurses' Need of - - - Elizabeth F. Robb 4

Malnourished Child, The ----___ - Dr. H. Medow 117

Mastoidectomy, Post-Operative Treatment of - - - - Dr. Dumont 173

Margaret Scott Mission, A Day with the Olive Thomas 300

Medical Care, Suggestive Elements in - - - - - Dr. R. G. Armour 481

Mental Hygiene Mrs. W. T. B. Mitchell 120

Mental Hygiene for Nurses - - Dr. Harvey Clare 70

Mental Hygiene in Public Health Nursing - - - _ Emma deV. Clarke 451

Mentally Unstable, Protecting the Dr. F. H. C. Baugh 466

Mental Patient, Nursing the - - - - - - Esther M. Northmore 72

Microbe Hunters ---------- Dr. Gibson 410

Miracles, Commonplace - - - A. C. Grant 414

My Ideal Nurse -------.--__ a.T. 197

New Baby at the Frontiers, A - Margaret J. Mustard 362

Nursing m England, A Study of - - - - - - E. Kathleen Russell 7

Nursing Society of Montreal, The History of - - - . Ethel M. Hillyard 249

Occupational Therapy - - Rita S. Gilley 350

Operating-Room Technique, Efficiency in - - - - - Sister Mary 306

Osier Library, Impressions of a Visit to Catherine de Hueck 630

Parent Training Dr. R. R. Struthers 573

Parliamentary Procedure - - - - ... Alison Ewart 193, 237

Permanent Education Fund, Ontario --------- 46O

Preventive Medicine, Recent Steps in Dr. F. W. Jackson 59

Psychology and Nursing --------___ 253

Psychology in Medicine and its Application to Nursing - - Dr. Joseph Tanzman 250

Readjustment, A Call for ------- E. Muriel McKee 463

Records: Their Value in Public Health Nursing - - - - N. Emily Mohr 88

Recreation and Health --- _ Winona Woods 539

Registration for Nurses, The Significance of - - - - E. Frances Upton 139

Rest and Recreation - - - Madalene Baker 538

Scarlet Fever Antitoxin- Dr. Ellen Taylor 192

Schools of Nursing, Health Teaching in - - - - - - Edith Amas 563

Social History, The Value of, to the Psychiatrist - - - Isabel J. Dalzell 528

Sodium Amytal to Surgery, The Contribution of - - Dr. Lyon H. Appleby 309

Stretching the Hospital Dollar Gertrude A. Johnson 522

State Health Insurance Dr. E. S. Moorhead 74

Subcutaneous Apparatus ------._ Ahce Laporte 631

Suggestive Elements in Medical Care Dr. R. G. Armour 481

Syphilis, Some Newer Ideas About Dr. G. S. Fenton 569, 632

Thermometer and Its Use, The History of - - - - Dr. Heber Jamieeon 15

Three Objectives - - F. H. M. Emory 3

Toast to "Our Doctors"- - Jennie Webster 347

Tomato Juice as a Source of Vitamines --------- 523

Toronto General Hospital, Fiftieth Anniversary 397

Torticollis— Pre- and Post-Operative Care - - - - Jean S. Bancroft 181

Tuberculosis Among Nurses, Increase of Ann M. Forrest 578

TjTihus Fever ---- Janet L. Brydon 17

Universities, A Review - Donald Eraser 248

Use of Banana as a Food for Young Children - - - Drs. Boyd and Ross 352

Vacation in Quebec, A--------- Blanche Hume 244

Varicose Veins, The Injection Treatment of - - - - Dr. H. M. Elder 341

Watcher, The - Mary Widdemer 259

Where Are We Drifting Catherine de N. Fraser 422

NuRsiNo Education, Department of:

Evaluation of Examinations, The ----- Dorothy M. Anderson 420

Habit of Study, How May it be Encouraged in the Student - Eugenie M. Stuart 137
History of Nursing as a Force in Nursing Education and How to

Teach It, The Dr. Maude E. Abbott 509

History-Teaching, The Standpoint in - - - - Professor F. Clarke 471
High School Records and Intelligence Tests in Selecting Student

Nurses, Value of -- Sister John Gabriel 529

Nursing in England, A Study of---------- 7

Old and New in Nursing - Frances E. Welsh 23

Paediatrics, Case Study in Marion L. Robinson 198

Permanent Education Fund, Ontario --------- 46O

658 THE CANADIAN NURSE

Psychology and Nursing -------____ 253

Psychology in Medicine and Its Application to Nursing - Dr. Joseph Tanzman 250

Public Health Nursing, How it Can be Taught in a Hospital - Kathleen Panton 83

School Differences --------.. Marion Myers 304

Suggested Standard Curriculum for Use in Schools of

Nursing in Canada - --._.-_ -254,476,531,586,637

Teaching of Student Nurse, Correlation in - - - - Sister M. A. Chauvin 22

Vexatious Question, A _.._ Helen M. King 363

Obituary:

Nursing Sister Peggy Doherty ------____ 135

Nursing Sister Agnes Huston ---__ 585

Sister Monica --------____. 135

Sister M. Xavier --------___._ 393

Private Duty, Department of:

Child Mortality, The League of Nations Studies ------- 592

Cod Liver Oil, Sunshine and Viosterol ----- Dr. Harold Little 365

Contribution of Sodium Amytal to Surgery, The - - - Dr. Lyon H. Appleby 309

Diabetic Patient, Care of the ----- Dr. jr. \v. \v. Hipwell 25

Empyema, Treatment of - - - - - - - Dr. J. A. Campbell 590

Gynaecological Nursing, A Few Points in Pre- and Post-Operative Dr. J. J. Mason 536
Intangible Things in the Kit Bag of a Private Duty

Nurse - - E. G. Dwane and H. Hetherington 255

Medical Care, Suggestive Elements in - - - - - Dr. R. G. Armour 481

Night Nurse's Sleep, The Margaret Cecilton 202

Private Duty Nurse's Diary, From a Jean Trivett 86

Private Duty Nursing Experience as an Asset in Public Health

Nursing -- Mary Mathewson 200

Private Duty Nursing under Present Conditions - - - Mabel McMullen 642

Registration for Nurses, The Significance of - - - - E. Frances Upton 139

Rest and Recreation - Madalene Baker 538

Sodium Amytal to Surgery, The Contribution of - - Dr. Lyon II. Appleby 309

Suggestive Elements in Medical Care ----- Dr. R. G. Armour 481

Where are We Drifting Catherine de N. Eraser 422

Public He.'VLTh, Department of:

American Public Health Association Convention, The - - Margaret L. Moag 593

Child Welfare in Finland, General Mannerheim's League of - Dr. Eric Mandelin 348

Child Welfare Clinic in Meeting Problem of Infant Deaths - Esther M. Beith 644

County Units in Quebec, Public Health Work in - - - Anysie M. Deland 311
Department of Health and Public Welfare in Manitoba, Recent Developments

in the---- ____ 350

First District Nursing in Saint John ----- Agnes D. Carson 313

Health and Recreation V\ inona Woods 539

Health Nursing in Nova Scotia Normal College - - - Hilda MacDonald 367

Maternal Care Institute -_--.---___ 3gg

Maternal Care, An Institute on - Alice Thomson 257

Mental Hygiene in Public Health Nursing - - - - Emma deV. Clarke 451

Mothercraft Centre Established in Toronto -------- 18

Post-Graduate Course for Public Health Nurses, The

Advantages of Margaret DuflSeld 426

Public Health Councillor, The Duties of - - - _ Dorothy M. Percy 369

Public Health Nurse Apostrophizes Her Hat, The - - - Harriet S. Wilson 260

Public Health Nurse's Friend, The — A Clean Newspaper - Margaret E. Kerr 34

Public Health Work in County Units in Quebec - - - Anysie M. Deland 311

Records — Their Value in Public Health Nursing - - - - N. Emily Mohr 88

Recreation and Health Winona Woods 539

Rural Fields - Eileen W. Hamilton 144

Simlight at School - Dr. Robert Forgan 87

Then and Now -- Martha A. Twiddy 203

Trends in School Health Supervision ----- Barbara A. Ross 32

Schools of Nursino:

Nurses Home, St. Joseph's Hospital, Victoria, B.C. - - - Edith Franks 85

New Nurses Home in Saskatoon ---------- 197

St. Paul School of Nursing, Vancouver, B.C., The New ------ 544

News Notes 36, 94, 147, 204, 261, 315, 372, 429, 485, 545, 599, 649

Official Directory - - - 42, 99, 154, 209, 267, 323, 380, 436, 492, 548, 605, 659

IHE CANADIAN NURSE

659

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES
Secretary.. Miss Christiane Reimann, Headquarters: 14 Quai des Eaux-Vives, GeneTa,

Switzerland.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

Officers

Honorary President Miss M. A. Snively, General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.

President Miss F. H. M. Emory, Universitv of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

First Vice-President Miss K. W. Ellis, Winnipeg General Hospital, Winnipeg.

Second Vice-President Miss G. M. Bennett, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.

Honorary Secretary Miss Nora Moore, City Hall, Room 309, Toronto, Ont.

Honorary Treasurer ..Miss R. M. Simpson, Parliament Bldgs., Regina, Sask.

COUNCILLORS

Alberta: 1 Miss Eleanor McPhedran, Central Alberte Ontario: 1 Misa Mary Millman, 126 Pape Ave..
Sanatorium, Calgary; 2 Miss Edna Anger, General Toronto; 2 Miss Constance Brewster, General

Hoepital, Medicine Hat; 3 Misa B. A. Emerson, <i04 Hospital, Hamilton; 3 Miss Clara Vale, 75 Huntley

Civic Block, Edmonton; 4 Miss Mildred Harvey, St., Toronto; 4 Miss Clara Brown, 23 Kendal Ave.,

Box 132, Lethbridge. Toronto.

British Columbia: 1 Miss M. P. Campbell, US I*rince Edward Island: 1 Miss LUlmn Pidgeqn.
Vancouver Block, Vancouver; 2 Miss M. F. Gray. Prince Co. Hospital Summerside. P.E.I ; 2 Miss

Dept. of Nursing, University of British Columbia, r-^nna Mair Prmce Edward Island Hospital, Char-

Vancouver; 3 Miss M. Kerr, 3435 Victory Ave., New lottetown; 3 Miss Mona Wilson Red Cross Head-

Westminster; 4 Miss E. Franks, 1541 Gladstone quarters, o9 Grafton St Charlottetown; 4 Miss

Ave Victoria BC Mary Lowther, 1/9 Grafton bt., Charlottetown.

Quebec: 1 Miss M. K. Holt, Montreal General Hoe-
Manitoba: 1 Mrs. J. F. Morrison, 184 Brock St., pital, Montreal; 2 Miss Flora A. George, The
Winnipeg; 2 Miss Mildred Reid, 10 Elenora Apts., Woman's General Hospital, Westmount; 3 Miss
Winnipeg; 3 Miss Isabel McDiarmid, 363 Langside Marion Nash, 1246 Bishop Street, Montreal; 4 Miss
St., Winnipeg; 4 Mrs. S. Doyle, 175 Royal Ave., West Sara Matheson, Haddon Hall Apts., 2151 Comte
Kildonan. Street, Montreal.

„ „ ., ,,. .r,,», ,, Saskatchewan: 1 Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normal

New Brunswick: 1 Miss A. J. MacMaster, Monoton School, Moose Jaw; 2 Miss G. M. Watson, City

Hospital. Moncton; 2 Sister Corinne Kerr. Hotel Hospital, Saskatoon; 3 Mrs. E. M. Feeny. Dept.

Dieu Hospital. Campbellton; 3 Miss H. S. Dyke- of Public Health, Parliament Buildings, Regina;

man. Health Centre, Saint John; 4 Miss Mabel 4 Migg l. B. Wilson, 2012 Athol St.. Regina.

McMulIin, St. Stephen.

ADDITIONAL MEMBERS TO EXECUTIVE

Nova Scotia: 1. Miss Margaret E. MacKenzie, 315 (Chairmen National Sections)

Barrington St., Halifax; 2 Miss Elizabeth O. R. Nursing Education: Miss G. M. Fairley, Vancouver

Browne. Red Cross Office, 612 Dennis Bldg., Halifax; General Hospital, Vancouver, B.C.; Public Health:

3 Miss A. Edith Fenton, Dalhousie Health Clinic, Miss M. Moag, 1246 Bishop St.. Montreal, P.Q.;

Morris St., Halifax; 4 Miss Jean S. Trivett, 71 Private Duty: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St.

Cobourg Road, Halifax. South. Hamilton, Ont.

Executive Secretary. Miss Jean S. Wilson.

National Office, 511, Boyd Building, Winnipeg, Man.

1 — President Provincial Association of Nurses. 3 — <7hairman Public Health Section.

2 — Chairman Nursing Education Section. 4 — Chairman Private Duty Section

NURSING EDUCATION SECTION
Chairman: Miss G. M. Fairley, Vancouver General
Hospital, Vancouver; Vice-Chainnan: Miss M. F.
Gray, University of British Columbia, Vancouver;
Secretary: Miss E. F Upton, Suite 221, 1396 St.
Catherine St. West, Montreal; Treasurer: Miss M.
Murdoch, General Public Hospital, St. John, N.B.
Councillors. — Alberta: Miss Edna Auger, General
Hospital, Medicine Hat. British Columbia: Miss
M. F. Gray, University of British Columbia, Van-
couver. Manitoba: Miss Mildred Reid, 10
Elenora Apts., W'innipeg. New Brunswick:
Sister Corinne Kerr, Hotel Dieu, Campbellton.
Nova Scotia: Mi.ss Elizabeth O. R. Browne, Red
Cross Office, 612 Dennis Bldg., Halifax' Ontario:
Miss Constance Brewster, General Hospital, Hamil-
ton. Prince Edward Island: Miss Anna Mair,
Prince Edward Island Hospital, Charlottetown.
Quebec: Mi.ss Flora A. George, Woman's General
Hospital, W^estmount, P.Q. Saskatchewan: Miss
G. ^I. Watson, City Hospital, .Sa.'^katoon.
Convener of Publications: Miss Mildred Reid, 10
Elenora Apts.. Winnipeg, Man.

New Brunswick: Miss Mabel McMullin, St.
Stephen. Nova Scotia: Miss Jean Trivett. 71
Coburg Road, Halifax. Ontario: Miss Clara
Brown, 23 Kendal Ave., Toronto. Prince Edward
Island: Miss Mary Lowther. 170 Grafton St.,
Charlottetown. Quebec: Miss Sara Matheson.
2151 Comte St.. Montreal. Saskatchewan: Miss
L. B. Wilson, 2012 Athol St., Regina.
Convener of Publications: Miss Clara Brown. 23
Kendal Ave., Toronto. Ont.

PRIVATE DUTY SECTION
Chairman: Miss Isabel Macintosh, 353 Bay St. S.
Hamilton, Ont.; Vice-Chairman: Miss Moya
MacDonald, 111 South Park St.. Halifax, N.S.;
Secretary-Treasurer: .\Ii.s.s .Mabel St. John, 3S6.\
Huron Street, Toronto, Ont.
Councillors. — Alberta: Miss Mildred Harvey, Box
132, Lethbridge. British Columbia: Miss E.
Franks, 1541 Gladstone Ave., Victoria, B.C. Mani-
toba: Mrs. Doyle, 175 Royal Ave., West Kildonan.

PUBLIC HEALTH SECTION
Chairman: Miss M. Moag, 1246 Bishop St., Montreal,
Que.; Vice-chairman: Miss M. Wilkinson, 410
Sherbourne St., Toronto, Ont.; Secretary-Treas-
urer: Miss I. .S. Manson, School for Graduate
Nurses, McGill University, Ivlontreal, Que.
Councillors. — Alberta: Miss B. A. Emerson, 604
Civic Block. Edmonton. British Columbia: Miss
M. Kerr, .'J435 Victory Ave., New Westminster.
Manitoba: Miss Isabel McDiarmid, 363 Langside
St., Winnipeg. New Brunswick: Miss H. S.
Dykeman, Health Centre, Saint John. Nova
Scotia: Miss A. Edith Fenton, Dalhousie Public
Health Clinic, Morris St., Halifax. Ontario: Miss
Clara Vale, 75 Huntley St.. Toronto. Prince
Edward Island: Miss Mona Wilson, Red Cross
Headquarters, 59 Grafton St.. Charlottetown,
Quebec: Mis-s Marion Nash. 1246 Bishop St..
Montreal. Saskatchewan: Mrs. E. M. Feeny.
Dept. of Public Health, Parliament Buildings,
Regina.

Convener of Publications: Miss Mary Campbell.
Victorian Order of Nurses, 344 Gottineen St.. Halifax

N.S.

660

THE CANADIAN NURSE

ALBEBTA ASSOCIATION OF &EGISTEBED

NURSES

OBADITATE NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
BRITISH COLUMBIA

President, Miss M. P. Campbell, R.N., 118 Van-
couver Block, Vancouver; First Vice-President, Miss
E. Breeze, R.N., 4662 Angus Ave., Vancouver; Second
Vice-President, Miss G. Fairley, R.N., Vancouver
General Hospital, Vancouver; Registrar, Miss Helen
Randal, R.N., 118 Vancouver Block, Vancouver;
Secretary, Miss M. Button, R.N., 118 Vancouver
Block, Vancouver; Conveners of Committees: Nursing
Education, Miss M. F. Gray, R.N., University of
British Columbia, Vancouver; Public Health, Miss M.
Kerr, R.N., 3435 Victory Ave., New Westminster;
Private Duty, Miss E. Franks, R.N., 1541 Gladstone
Ave., Victoria; Councillors, Misses J. Archibald, R.N.,
L. Boggs, R.N., M. DufBeld, R.N., L. McAllister, R.N.

REGISTERED NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF
ONTARIO (Incorporated 1926)

President, Miss Mary Millman, 126 Pape Ave.,
Toronto; First Vice-President, Miss Marjorie Buck,
Norfolk General Hospital, Rimcoe; Second Vice-
President, Miss Priscilla Campbell, Public General
Hospital, Chatham; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Matilda
Fitzgerald, 380 Jane Street, Toronto.

District No. 1: Chairman, Mist. Nellie Gerard, 911
Victoria Ave., Windsor; Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs. I. J.
Walker, 169 Richard St., Sarnia. Districts Nos. 2
and 3: Miss .Jessie M. Wilson, General Hospital,
Brantford ; Secretary - Treasurer, Miss Hilda
Booth, Norfolk General Hospital, Simcoe. District
No. 4: Chairman, Miss Anne Wright, General Hos-
pi*al, St. Catherines; Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs.
Norman Barlow, 134 Catherines St. S., Hamilton.
District No. 5: Chairman, Miss Rahno M. Beamish,
Western Hospital, Toronto; Secretary- Treasurer, Miss
Irene Weirs, 198 Manor Road E., Toronto. District
No. 6: Chairman, Miss Rebecca Bell, General Hos-
pital, Port Hope; Secretary-Treasurer, Mine Florence
Mclndoo. General Hospital, Belleville. District No.
7: Chairman, MibS Louise D. Acton, General Hoipital,
Kingston; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Evelyn Freeman,
General Hospital, Kingston. District No. 8: Chair-
man, Miss Alice Ahern, Metropolitan Life Insurance
Co., Ottawa; Secretary-Treasurer, Mins A. C. Tanner,
Civic Hospital, Ottawa. District No. 9: Chairman,
Miss Katherine MacKenzie, 235 First Ave. E., North
Bay; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss C. McLaren, Box 102,
North Bay. District No. 10: Chairman, Miss Anne
Boucher, 280 Park St., Port Arthur; Secretary-Treas-
urer, Miss Martha R. Racey, McKellar General
Hospital, Fort William.

MANITOBA ASS'N OF REGISTERED NURSES

President, Mrs. J. F. Morrison, 184 Brock Street;
First Vice-President, Miss J. Purvis, General Hospital,
Portage la Prairie; Second Vice-President, Miss C.
Kettles, General Hospital, Dauphin, Man.; Third
Vice-President, Miss McNally, General Hospital,
Brandon, Man.; Conveners of Committees: Press and
Publication, Miss G. Hall, Miss M. Meehan; Social
and Programme, Miss Cory Taylor; Sick Visiting,
Misses W. Carruthers, A. Starr, G. Thompson and M.
PYost; Conveners of Sections: Private Duty, Mrs. S.
Doyle, 175 Royal Ave., West Kildonan; Nursing Educa-
tion, Miss Mildred Reid, 10 Elenora Apts., Winnipeg;
Public Health, Miss Isabel McDiarmid, 363 Langside
St., Winnipeg; Executive Secretary, Treasurer and
Registrar, Mrs. Stella Gordon Kerr, 753 Wolseley Ave.,
Winnipeg.

NEW BRUNSWICK ASSOCIATION OF REGIS-
TERED NURSES

President, Miss A. .1. MacMaster, Moneton Hospital,
Moncton; First Vice-President, Miss Margaret Murd-
och, General Public Hospital, Saint .lohn; Spcond Vice-
President, Miss E. J. Mitchell, 20 Millidge St., Saint
John; Hon. Secretary, Mrs. W. S. Jone.-?, Albert, N.B.
Councillors — Saint John: Misses Brophy, Coleman,
Lawson and Dykeman; St. Stephen, Mis.ses Jessie
Mmray and Mabel McMullen; Fredericton, Miss Kate
Johnson, Mrs. A. G. Woodcock; Moncton: Misses
Myrtle Kay and Marion Macl^aren: Campbelltown:
Sister Kerr, Miss G. M. Murray; Chatham: Sister
Kenny; Bathurst: Miss M. E. Stuart; Woodstock
Miss Elsie M. Tulloch. Nursing Education, Sister
Corinne Kerr, Hotel Dieu Hospital, Campbelltown;
Public Health, Miss H. S. Dykeman, Health Centre,
Saint John; Private Duty, Miss Mabel McMullin, St.
Stephen; Constitution and By-laws Committee, Miss
S. E. Brophy, Fairville; "The Canadian NuroC,"
Miss A. A. Burns, Health Centre, Saint John; Secretary-
Treasurer- Registrar, Miss Maude E. Retallick, 262
Charlotte St. West Saint John.

REGISTERED NURSES ASSOCIATION OF
NOVA SCOTIA

President, Miss Margaret E. MacKenzie, 315
Barrington St., Halifax; First Vice-President, Miss
Anne Slattery, Dalhousie Health Clinic, Morris St.,
Halifax; Second Vice-President, Miss Margaret M.
Martin, Payzant Memorial Hospital, Windsor; Third
Vice-President, Miss Josephine Cameron, Halifax;
Recording Secretary, Miss A. M. Eraser, "Pineleigh,"
North- West Arm, Halifax; Treasurer and Correspond-
ing Secretary, Miss L. F. Fraser, 325 South St., Halifax.

ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED NURSES OF
THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC (Incorporated 1920)

Advisory Board: Misses Mary Samuel, L. C. Phillips,
M. F. Hersey, Mere M. V. Allaire, Rev. Soeur Augus-
tine; President, Miss Mabel K. Holt, Montreal General
Hospital; Vice-President (English), Miss C. V. Barrett,
Royal Victoria Montreal Maternity Hospital; Vice-
President (French), Melle. Rita Guimont, Hopital
Saint Luc, Montreal; Hon. Secretary, Miss Margaret
L. Moag, V.O.N., Montreal; Hon. Treasurer, Miss
Olga V. Lilly, Royal Victoria Montreal Maternity
Hospital; Other members, Melles. Edna Lynch,
Metropolitan I^ife Insurance Company, Montreal;
Melle. Marie-Anysie Deland, Institut Bruchesi,
Montreal; Mde. Caroline Vachon, Hotel-Dieu, Mont-
real; Rev. Soeur Marie-Rose Lacroix, Hopital St. Jean,
St. Jean, Que.; Rev. Soeur Bellemare, Hopital Notre
Dame, Montreal; Conveners, Private Duty Section
(English), Miss Sara Matheson, Hadden Hall Apts.,
2151 Comte St., Montreal; (French), Melle Jeanne
L'Heureux, 774 Davaar Road, Outremont; Nursing
Education Section (English), Miss Flora Aileen George,
Woman's General Hospital, Westmount; (French),
Rev. Soeur Augustine, Hopital St. Jean-de-Dieu,
Gamelin, P.Q.; Public Health Section, Miss Marion
Nash, V.O.N., 1246 Bishop Street; Board of Examiners,
Convener, Miss. C. V. Barrett, Mde. R. Bourque,
Melles. Lynch, Senecal, Misses Marion Nash, Rita
Sutcliffe; Executive Secretary, Registrar and Official
School Visitor, Miss E. Francis Upton, Suite 221,
1396 St. Catherine Street, West, Montreal.

SASKATCHEWAN REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION. (Incorporated March, 1927)
President, Miss Elizabeth Smith, Normal School,
Moose Jaw; Firdt Vice-Pi esident. Miss M. H. McGill,
Normal School, Saskatoon; Second Vice-President,
Miss G. M. Watson, City Hospital, Sabkatoon; Coun-
cillors, Miss R. M. Simpson, Department of Public
Health, Regina, Sister Mary Raphael, Providence
Hospital, Moose Jaw; Conveners of Standing Com-
mittees, Public Health, Mrs. E. M. Feeny, Dept. of
Public Health, Regina; Private Duty, Miss L. B.
Wilson. 2012 Athol St., Regina; Nursing Education,
Miss G. M. Watson, City Hospital, Saskatoon; Secie-
tary-Treasurer and Registrar, Miss E. E. Graham,
Regina College, Regina^

CALGARY£ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

Hon. President, Mrs. Stuart Brown; President, Miss
J. B. von Gruenigan; First Vice-President, Miss Lynn;
Second Vice-President, Miss Barber; Treasurer, Miss
M. Watt; Recording Secretary, Mrs. B. J. Charles:
Corresponding Secretary, Miss Jackson; Registrar,
Miss D. Mott. 616 15th Ave. W.; Convener Private
Duty Section, Mrs. R. Hayden-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

661

EDMONTON ASSOCIATION OF GKADUATE
NURSES

President, Mrs. K. Manson; First Vice-President,
Miss B. Emerson; Second Vice-President, Miss F.
Welsh; Secretary, Miss C. Davidson; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss J. G. Clow, 11138 82nd Ave.; Treasurer,
Miss L. Ward, 11,328 102nd Ave.; Programme Com-
mittee, Miss A. L. Young, Miss I. Johnson; Sick
Visiting Committee, Miss P. Chapman, Miss Gavin.
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss M.
Griffith, 10806 98th St.

MEDICINE HAT ORADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

President, Mrs. Mary Tobin; First Vice-President.
Mrs. C. Anderson; Second Vice-President, Miss L.
Green; Secretary, Miss M. E. Hagerman, City Court
House. 1st Street; Treasurer, Miss Edna Auger:
Convener of New Membership Committee, Mrs. C.
Wright; Convener of Flower Committee, Miss M.
Murray; Correspondent, "The Canadian Nurse," Miss
F. Smith.

Regular meeting First Tuesday in month.

A. A., ROYAL ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL,
EDMONTON, ALTA.

Hon. President, Miss F. Munroe; President, Mrs.
Scott Hamilton; First Vice-President, Miss V. Chap-
man; Second Vice-President; Mrs. C. Chinneck;
Recording Secretary, Miss G. AUyn; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss A. Oliver, Royal Alexandra Hospital;
Treasurer, Miss E. English, Suite 2, 10014 112 Street.

A.A., KOOTENAY LAKE GENERAL HOSPITAL,
NELSON, B.C.

Hon. President, Miss C. TrefFry, Matron of Kootenay
Lake General Hospital; President, Mrs. J. K. Fraser;
First Vice-President, Miss D. Brown; Second Vice-
President, Mrs. A. Banks; Third Vice-President, Miss
A. Cook; Secretary- Treasurer, Miss J. Leslie.

VANCOUVER GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

President, Miss M. Duffield, 226 Lee Bldg., Van-
couver; First Vice-President, ISliss G. Fairley, Van-
couver General Hospital; Second Vice-President, Miss
J. Matheson; Secretary, Miss Perrin, 3629 2nd Ave. W.,
Vancouver; Treasurer, Miss L. Archibald, 536 12th
Ave. W., Vancouver; Conveners of Committees:
Council, Miss M. Button; Directory Committee, Miss
D. Bullock; Ways and Means, IVliss R. Mc Vicar;
Programme, Miss M. Kerr; Social, Miss Munslow;
Sick Visiting, Miss A. L. Maxwell; Local Council,
Miss M. Gray; Creche, Miss M. A. McLellan; Re-
presentatives: "The Canadian Nurse," Miss M. G.
Laird; Local Press, Rotating members of Board.

A.A., ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, VANCOUVER

A. A., VANCOUVER GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Grace Fairley; President, Miss
Joan Hardy; First Vice-President, Miss Dorothy
Coughlin; Second Vice-President, Miss Mary McLean;
Secretary, Mrs. Percy Jones. 3681 2nd Ave. W.;
Assistant Secretary, Mrs. Hugh ^IcMillan; Treasurer,
Miss Eva Webster, The Vancouver General
Hospital; Committee Conveners: Refre.shment, Mrs.
Ferguson; Programme, Miss Hannon; Sewing, Miss
McLennan; Sick Visiting, Miss Hilda Smith; Re-
presentatives Local Press, Mrs. McCallum; "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Stevenson; Women's Building,
Miss Whitteker; Membership, Miss L. Maxwell; SicTc
Benefit Fund and Bond Committee, Miss Isobel
McVicar and Miss Bullock.

A.A., JUBILEE HOSPITAL, VICTORIA, B.C.

Hon. President, Miss L. Mitchell; President, Miss
E. Oliver; First Vice-President, Mrs. Chambers;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. Carruthers; Secretary.
Miss S. Fatt, 601 Trutch St.; Assistant Secretary,
Miss B. Montague; Treasurer, Miss J. Paterson;
Convener, Entertainment Committee, Mrs. Lancaster;
Sick Nurses, Miss C. McKenrie.

BRANDON ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE
NURSES

Hon. President, Miss E. Birtles; Hon. Vice-President,
Mrs. W. H. Shillinglaw; President, Miss M. Finlayson;
First Vice-President, Miss H. Meadows; Second Vice-
President, Miss J. Anderson; Secretary, Miss K.
Campbell, Park View Apt.s., Brandon; Treasurer,
Miss L Fargey, 302 Russell St., Brandon; Conveners
of Committees: Social, Mrs. S. J. S. Pierce; Sick
Visiting, Miss Bennett; Welfare Representative, Miss
Houston; Blind, Mrs. R. Darrach; Cook Books, Miss
M. Gemmell; Press Representative, Miss D. Longley;
Registrar, MissC. Macleod.

A.A., ST. BONIFACE HOSPITAL, ST. BONIFACE,
MAN.

Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Mead, St. Boniface Hos-
pital; Second Hon. President, Rev. Sr. Krause, St.
Boniface Hospital; President, Miss E. Shirley, 28
King George Crt.; First Vice-Piesident, Miss E. Perry,
1628 Roy Ave., Weston; Second Vice-President, Miss
H. Stephens, 15 Ruth Apts.; Secretary, Mrs. Stella
Gordon Kerr, 753 Wolseley .'Vve.;Treasuier, Miss A.
Price, Ste. 18 Diana Crt.; Conveners of Committees,
Social, Miss T. O'Rourke. Ste. 48 Marlhurst Apts;
Refreshment, Miss C. Miller, Ste 2 St. James Park
Blk.; Sick Visiting. Miss T. Guville, 211 Hill St.,
Norwood; Representative to Local Council of Women,
Miss C. Code, 123S Downing St., Miss C. Wright, 340
St. Johns Ave.; Representative to Manitoba Nurses
Central Directory Committee, Mrs. E. MacDonald,
369 Langside St.; Press and Publication, Miss M.
Meehan, 753 Wolseley Ave.

Meetings^Second Wednesday of each month, 8 p.m.,
St. Boniface Nurses Residence.

A. A., WINNIPEG GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Mrs. W. A. Moody, 97 Ash St.;
President, Mrs. J. A. Davidson, 39 Westgate; First
Vice-President, Mrs. S. Harry, Winnip^eg General
Hospital; Second Vice-President, Miss L McDiarmid,
363 Langside St.; Third Vice-President, Miss E.
Gordon, Research Lab., Medical College; Recoiding
Secretary, Miss C. Briggs, 70 Kingsway; Correspondint
Secretary, Miss M. Duncan, Winnipeg General Hos-
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. L Graham, 99 Euclid St.;
Sick Visiting, Miss W. Stevenson, .535 Camden Place;
Programme, Miss C. Lethbridge, 877 Grosvenor Ave..
Membership, Miss A. Pearson, Winnipeg General
Hospital.

DISTRICT No. 8, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Chairman, Miss Alice Ahem; Vice-Chairman,
Miss D. M. Percy; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss A. G.
Tanner, Ottawa Civic Hospital; Councillors, Misses
M. Stewart, M. Slinn, G. Woods, M. B. Anderson,
Amy Brady, Ella Rochon; Conveners of Committees,
Membership, Miss E. Rochon; Publications, Miss M.
Stewart; Nursing Education, Miss M. E. Anderson;
Private Duty, Miss Mary Slinn; Public Health, Miss
Marjorie Robertson; Representative to Board of
Directors, Miss A. Ahern.

DISTRICT No. 10, REGISTERED NURSES
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

Chairman, Miss A. Boucher; First-Vice President,
Mrs. F. Edwards; Second Vice-President, Miss V.
Lovelace; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss M. Racey;
Conveners of Committees: Nursing Education, Miss
B. Bell; Public Health, Miss L. Young; Private Duty,
Miss I. Sheehan; Publication, Miss M. Flannagan;
Membership, Miss M. Sideen, Miss D. Elliott; Social:
Miss E. Hamilton, Miss Chiver-Wilson, Miss E. Mc-
Tavish; Representatives to Board of Directors Meeting.
R.N.A.O., Mrs. F. Edwards.

Meetings held first Thursday every month.

662

THE CANADIAN NURSE

GRADUATE NURSES ASSOCIATION,
KITCHENER AND WATERLOO

President, Miss K. W. Scott; First Vice-President,
Mrs. Wm. Noll; Second Vice-President, Miss K.
Grant; Secretary, Miss A. E. Bingeman, Freeport
Sanatorium; Treasurer, Mrs. Wm. Knell, 41 Ahrens
St. W.; Representative, "The Canadian Nurse," Miss
E. Hartleib.

A.A., BELLEVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Florence Mclndoo; President,
Miss H. Stacey; Vice-President, Miss A. t)erbyshire;
Secretary, Miss B. Cryderman; Treasurer, Miss V.
Babcock; Flower Committee, Miss H. Fitzgerald;
Representative, "The Canadian Nurse," Mrs. C.
Arnott.

Regular meeting held first Tuesday in each month at
3.30 p.m. in the Nurses' Residence.

A.A., HAMILTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss E. C. Rayside, Hamilton
General Hospital; President, Miss Annie B. Boyd,
607 Main St. E.; Vice-President, Miss M. Buchannan,
Hamilton General Hospital; Trea-^urer, Miss E. Bell,
1 Cumberland Ave.; Recording Secretary, Miss B.
Aitken, 44 Victoria Ave. S.; Secretary-Treasurer Mutual
Benefit Association, Miss L. Hannah, 25 West Ave. S.;
Executive Committee, Mrs. N. Barlow (Convenei),
211 Stenson St., Misses E. Baird, C. Chappel, M.
Pegg, Mrs. E. Johnson; Programme Committee. Miss
Mary Ross (Convener), Misses M. Watt, H. Baker,
E. Davidson, J. Lenz, M Harvey, C. Currah, Blanche
Pond; Flower and Visiting Committee, Miss Sturrock
(Convener), Misses Squires, Blanchard, Burnett.
Representatives to Local Council of Women, Mrs.
Hess, Misses Harley, Buckbee, Biu-nett; Representative
to R.N.A.O., Miss G. Hall; Representatives to "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Buscombe (Convener), Misses
Strachan and Carruthers; Representative to Women's
Auxiliary. Mrs. J. Stephen; Registry Committee,
Mrs. Hess (Convener), Misses Nugent, Hack, Gringer.

A.A., BRANTFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL A. A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, HAMILTON

Hon. President, Miss E. Muriel McKee, Superin-
tendent; President, Miss I. Marshall; Vice-President,
Miss A. Hardisty; Secretary, Miss H. D. Muir, Brant-
ford General Hospital; Assistant Secretary, ^liss F.
Batty; Treasurer, Miss L. Gillespie, 14 Abigail Ave.,
Brantford; Social Convener, Miss M. Meggitt; Flower
Committee, Misses P. Cole and F. Stewart; Gift
Committee, Mrs. D. A. Morrison, Miss K. Charnley;
"The Canadian Nurse" and Press Representative,
Miss E. M. Jones; Representative to Local Council of
Women, Miss G. V. Westbrook.

A. A., BROCKVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss A. L. Shannette; President
Mrs. H. B. White; First Vice-President, Miss M
Arnold; Second Vice-President, Miss J. Nicholson
Third Vice-President, Mrs. W. B. Reynolds; Secretary
MiM B. Beatrice Hamilton, Brockville General Hos
pital; Treasurer, Mrs. H. F. Vandusen, 65 Church St.
Representativs to "The Canadian Nurae," Mias V
Kandrick.

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL,
CHATHAM, ONT,

Hon. President. Mother St. Roch; Hon. Vice-
President, Sister M. Loretta; President, Mrs. Pearl
Johnston; Vice-President, Miss Jean Lundy; Secretary,
Miss Irene Gillard, 52 Raleigh St., Chatham; Treasurer,
Miss Jean Bagnell; Executive, Misses Jessie Ross,
Katherine Dillon and Agnes Harrison; Flower Com-
mittee, Miss Felice Richardson and Mona Middleton;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse." Miss
Jessie Ross; Representative, District No. 1, R.N.A.O.,
Miss Hazel Gray.

A. A., CORNWALL GENERAL HOSPITAL

A. A., GALT HOSPITAL, QALT, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Jamieson; President, Miss G.
Rutherford; First Vice-President, Mrs. F. L. Roelofson;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. E. D. Scott; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss S. Mitchell, 11 Harris St.; Assistants
Misses A. Sickle and L Atkinson; Programme Com-
mittee, Misses TurnbuU, Murphy, Baker and Frizelle.

A. A., GUELPH GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. F. Bliss, Supt., Guelph
General Hospital; President, Miss. L. Ferguson; First
Vice-President, Miss C. Zeigler; Second Vice-President;
Miss Dora Lambert; Secretary, Miss N. Kenny!
Treasurer, Miss J. Watson; Committees, Flower;
Mrs. R. Hockin, Misses Creighton, I. Wilson; Social,
Mrs. M. Cockwell (Convener) ; Programme, Miss E.
M. Eby (Convener); Representative "The Canadian
Nurse," Miss A. L. Fennell.

Hon. President, Mother Martina; President, Miss
E. Quinn; Vice-President, Miss H. Fagan; Treasurer,
Miss L Loyst, 71 Bay Street S. ; Secretary, Miss M.
Maloney, 31 Erie Avenue; Convener, Executive Com-
mittee, Miss M. Kelley; The Canadian Nurse, Mi«s
Moran.

A. A., HOTEL DIEU, KINGSTON, ONT.

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Donovan; President,
Mrs. William Elder, Avonmore Apts.; Vice-President,
Mrs. V. L. Fallon; Treasurer, Miss Millie MacKinnon;
Secretary, Miss Genevieve Pelow; Executive, Mrs. L.
Welch, Mrs Cochrane, Mrs. L. E. Crowley, Misses
Millie Mackinnon, Evelyn Finn; Visiting Committee,
Misses Olive McDermott, C. McGarry; Entertainment
Committee, Misses MacKinnon, Murphy, Bain,
Hamell, McCadden, Mrs. Ryan, Mrs. Fallon.

A.A., KINGSTON GENERAL HOSPITAL

First Hon. President, Miss E. Baker; Second Hon.
Pre.sident, Miss Louise D. Acton; President, Miss
Oleira M. Wilson; First Vice-President, Mrs. G. H.
Leggett; Second Vice-President, Mrs. S. F. Campbell;
Third Vice-President, Miss Ann Baillie; Treasurer,
Mrs. C. W. Mallory, 203 Albert St.; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss C. Milton, 404 Brock St.; Recording
Secretary, Miss Ann Davis, 96 Lower William St.;
Convener Flower Committee, Mrs. George Nicol, 355
Frontenac St.; Press Representative, Miss Helen
Babcook, Kingston General Hospital; Private Duty
Section, Miss Emma McLean. 478 Frontenac St.

A.A., KITCHENER AND WATERLOO GENERAL
HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. Snider; President, Miss
L. McTague; First Vice-President, Mrs. V. Snider;
Second Vice-President, Mrs. R.' Fetch; Secretary,
Miss T. Sitler, 32 Troy St.; Asst. Secretary, Miss J.
Sinclair; Treasurer, Miss E. Ferry; "The Canadian
Nurse", Miss E. Hartlieb.

A.A., ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

Hon. President, Mother M. Pascal; Hon. Vice-
President, Sister Ste. Elizabeth; President, Miss
Madalene Baker; First Vice-President, Miss Olive
O'Neil; Second Vice-President, Miss Florence Connelly;
Recording Secretary, Miss Stella Gignac; Correspond-
ing Secretary, Miss Gladys Gray; 'Treasurer, Miss Erla
Berger; Press Representative. Miss Lillian Morrison.

A. A. VICTORIA HOSPITAL, LONDON, ONT.

Hon. President, Mrs. A. E. Silverwood, 517 Duflferin
Ave.; President, Miss Delia Foster, 420 Oxford St.;
First Vice-President, Miss Mary Yule, 151 Bathurst
St.; Second Vice-President, Miss Christine Gillies,
Victoria Ho.spital; Treasurer, Miss Edith Smallman,
814 Dundas St.; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Mabel Hardie, 182 Bruce St.; Secretary, Miss Isobel
Hunt, 898 Princess Ave.; Representative to "The
Canadian Nurse," Mrs. S. G. Henry, 720 Dundas
St.; Board of Directors, Mrs. C. J. Rose, Mrs. W.
Cummins, Misses H. Hueston, H. Cryderman, E.
Gibberd, A. MacKenzie; Representatives to Registry
Board. Misses M. McVicar, S. Giffen, A. Johnston
and W. Wilton.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

663

A. A., NIAGAEA FALLS GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. S. Park; President, Mrs. J-
Taylor; Vice-President, Miss L. McConnell; Secretary,
Miss J. McClure; Treasurer, Miss I. Hammond, 632
Ryerson Crescent, Niagara Falls; Convener Sick Com-
mittee, Miss A. Irving; Asst. Convener Sick Committee,
Miss Coutts; Convener Private Duty Committee, Miss
K. Prest.

A.A., ORILLIA SOLDIER'S MEMORIAL
HOSPITAL .

Regular Meeting — First Thursday of each month.

A. A., OSHAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss MacWilliams; President, Miss
Ann Scott, 26 King Street E., Oshawa; Vice-President,
Miss Emily Duckwith; Second Vice-P*resident, Mrs.
H. Harland; Secretary, Mrs. Mabel Yelland, 14
Victoria Apts., Simcoe St. S., Oshawa; Asst. Secretary,
Miss Jessie Mcintosh; Corresopnding Secretary, Miss
Helen Hutchison, 14 Victoria Apts., Simcoe St. S.
Oshawa; Treasurer, Miss Jane Cole; Social Convener,
Miss Amber Sonley, Visiting and Flower Convener,
Mrs. M. Canning; Convener Private Duty Nurses,
Miss Margaret Dickie; Representative, Hospital
Auxiliary, Mrs. M. Canning, Mrs. E. Hare, Mrs. B.
A. Brown.

A.A., ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, OTTAWA

Hon. President, Miss Maxwell; President, Miss
Doris Thompson; Vice-President, Miss Diana Brown;
Secretary, Miss Isobel Allan, 408 Slater Street, Oitawa;
Treasurer, Mrs. Florence Ellis: Nominating Committee,
Misses Mina MacLaren, Hazel Lyttle, Katherine
Tribble.

A. A., LADY STANLEY INSTITUTE, OTTAWA
(Incorporated 1918)
Hon. President, Miss M. A. Catton, 2 Regent St.;
Hon. Vice-President, Miss Florence Potts; President,
Mrs. W. Elmitt; Vice-President, Miss M. McNiece,
Perley Home, Aylmer Ave.; Secretary, Mrs. Lou
Morton, 49 Bower Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Mary C.
Slinn, 204 Stanley Ave.; Board of Directors, Miss E.
McCoU, Vimy Apts., Charlotte St., Miss C. Flack,
152 First Ave.; Miss L. Belford, Perley Home, Aylmer
Ave.; Miss E. McGibbon, 114 CarlingAve.; Re-
presentative "The Canadian Nurse," Miss A. Ebbs,
80 Hamilton Ave.; Representative to Central Registry
Miss A. Ebbs, 80 Hamilton Ave.; Miss Mary C. Slinn,
204 Stanley Ave.; Press Representative, Miss E.
Allen.

A. A., OTTAWA CIVIC HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss Gertrude Bennett; President,
Miss Evelyn Pepper; First Vice-President, Miss
Elizabeth Graydon; Second Vice-President, Miss
Dorothy Moxley; Treasurer, Miss Winnifred Gemmell,
221 Gilmour St.; Recording Secretary, Miss Greta
Wilson, 489 Metcalfe St.^ Corresponding Secretary,
Miss Eileen Graham, 41 Willard St.; Councillors,
Mrs. G. W. Dunning, Misses Elizabeth Curry, Gertrude
Moloney, Mary Lamb, Gladys Moorehead; Convener
of Flower and Sick Visiting Committee, Miss Margaret
McCallum; Press Correspondent, Miss E. Osborne.

A.A .OTTAWA GENERAL HOSPITAL

A. A., OWEN SOUND GENERAL AND
MARINE HOSPITAL

A.A., NICHOLLS HOSPITAL, PETERBORO, ONT.

A. A., SARNIA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss M. Lee; President, Miss L.
Siegrist; Vice-President, Miss J. Hodgins; Treasurer.
Miss M. Wood; Secretary, Miss S. Trea; "The Canadian
Nurse," Miss D. Shaw; Committees, Flower, Miss H.
Abra; Programme, Misses A. Silverthorne, C. Medcraft,
Mrs. S. Elrick; Social Miss B. MacFarlane. Mrs.
Kennedy.

A.A., STRATFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss -\. M. Munn; President, Miss
Florence Kudoba; Vice-President, Miss Rena Johnston;
Secretary-Treasurer. Miss Alma Rock, 97 John St ;
Conveners of Committees: Social, Mrs. Lloyd Miller;
Flower, Miss Margaret Derby; Correspondent, "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss Helen Dinsdale.

A.A., MACK TRAINING SCHOOL
ST. CATHERINES

Hon. President, Miss Anne Wright, Superintendent,
General Hospital; President, Miss Helen Brown,
General Hospital; First Vice-President, Miss Marriott,
94i Queenston St.; Second Vice-President, Mrs. E.
Dewar, 39 Marquis St.; Secretary-Treasurer, Miai
Florence McArter, General Hospital; Asst. Secretary-
Treasurer, Mrs. Charles Hesburn, 54 George St.;
"The Canadian Nurse" Representative, Miss Aleda
Brubaker, 29 Page St.; "The Canadian Nurse" Sub-
scriptions and Press Correspondent, Mrs. S. Ockenden,
4 Beech St.; Social Committee, Mrs. R. E. Elderkin
(Convener), Mrs. G. I. Zumstein, Mrs. F. Newman,
Mrs. N. Buchanan; Programme Committee, Mias
Tuch (Convener), Miss Moyer, Mrs. W. Durham.

A. A., MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, ST. THOMAS

Hon. President, Miss Lucille Armstrong, Memorial
Hospital; Hon. Vice-President, Miss Mary Buchanan,
Memorial Hospital; President, Miss Margaret Benja-
field, 39 Wellington Street; First Vice-President, Mrs.
Frank Penhale; Second Vice-President, Miss Bessie
Pollock; Recording Secretary, Mrs. John Smale, 34
Erie Street; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Alice
Patrick, 33 Gladstone Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Bella
Mitchener, 50 Chestnut Street; "The Canadian Nurse,"
Miss Isabella M. Leadbetter, "Talbot Street. Executive,
Misses Hazel Hastings, Lissa Crane, Mary Oke,
Mildred Jennings, Florence Treherne.

A. A., TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon. President. Mias Snively; Hon. Vice-President,
Miss Jean Gunn; President, Miss E. Manning; First
Vice-President, Miss J. Algie; Second Vice-President,
Miss Jean Browne; Secretary, Mias Jean Anderson,
149 Glenholme Ave., Toronto; Treasurer, Miss M.
Morris, W'ard "C," "Toronto General Hospital; Coun-
cillors, Misses G. Gawley, A. Landon, G. Ross; Arch-
ivist, Mii>s Kniseley; Committees: Flower, Misses
Clubine (Convener), Hannant, Forgie, Eugenia
Stewart; Programme, Mrs. Driver (Convener), Misses
Annie Dove, Edna Fraser, Ethel Campbell, Dorothy
Dove; Social, Mrs. Stevens (Convener), Misses Neal,
L. Bailey: Nominations, Mrs. Dewey (Convener),
Misses Marion Stewart, Myrtle Murray, Mary Mc-
Farland; "The Canadian Nurse," Misses Betty String-
all (Convener), McGarry. E. Thompson.

A.A., GRACE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. FVesident, Mrs. C. J. Currie; President,
Mrs. L. B. Hutchison; Recording Secretary, Miss M.
Teasdale; Corresponding Secretary, Misa Lillian E.
Wood, 20 Mason Blvd., Toronto 12; Treasurer, Misa
V. M. Elliott, 194 Cottingham St.

A. A., GRANT MACDONALD TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR NURSES, TORONTO, ONT.

Hon. President, Miss Esther M. Cook, 130 Dunn
Ave.; President, Miss Ida Weeks, 130 Dunn Ave.;
Vice-President, Miss Sadie McLaren; Recording
Secretary, Miss I. Ostic; Corresponding Secretary, Misa
M. Whittall; Treasurer, Miss McCuUough, 130 Dunn
Ave.; Social Convener, Miss P. Lawrence.

664

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A. A., TOEONTO ORTHOPEDIC HOSPITAL
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES

A.A., RIVERDALE HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss Carrie Field; First Vice-President,
Miss Gertrude Gastrell; Second Vice-President, Mrs.
W. H. Thompson; Secretary, Miss Breeze, Riverdale
Hospital; Treasurer, Miss Margaret Floyd, Riverdale
Hospital; Board of Directors — Committees: Sick and
Visiting, Miss S. Stretton, 7 Edgewood Ave.; Pro-
gramme, Miss K. Mathieson, Riverdale Hospital;
Membership, Miss Murphy, Weston Sanitariom,
Weston; Mrs. E. G. Berry, 97 Bond St., Oshawa;
Press and Publication, Miss C. L. Russell, General
Hospital, Toronto; Representatives to Central Registry,
Misses Hewlett and Morris.

A. A., HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN,
TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. Goodson; Hon. Vice-Presidents,
Miss F. J. Potts, Miss H. Panton and Miss P. B.
Austin; President, Mrs. F. E. Atkinson; First Vice-
President, Miss Petron Adam; Second Vice-President,
Miss Alice Grindley; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Mary Ingham; Recording Secretary, Miss Mary
Acland; Treasurei , Miss V. Marie Grafton, 534 Palm-
erston Blvd.; Councillors, Misses Louise Rogers,
Hilda Rose, Jean Beaton, Helen Needier, Mabel St.
John and Mrs. Harold McClelland.

A.A.. ST. JOHN'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Sister Beatrice, S.S.J.D., St. John's
Convent, Major Street; President, Miss Cook, 464
Logan Ave.; First Vice-President, Miss Holdsworth,
Islington 297; Second Vice-President, Miss Anderson,
468 Kingston Road; Recording Secretary, Miss Frost,
450 Maybank Ave.; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Garnham, 26 Balmoral Ave.; Treasurer, Miss Slimon,
464 Logan Ave.; Press Representative, Miss Doherty,
7 Howland Ave.; Convener of Flowers and Sick, Miss
Davis, 51 Brunswick Ave.

A. A. . , ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL. TORONTO, ONT.

Hon. President, Rev. Sister M. Melanie; President,
Miss E. Morrison, 1543 Queen Street West, 'Toronto;
First Vice-President, Miss A. O'Neill; Second Vice-
President, Miss L. Boyle; Treasurer, Miss M. Heary,
158 Marion Street, Toronto; Recording Secretary, Miss
R. Rouse; Corresponding Secretary, MissO. MacKenzie
43 Lawrence Ave. West, Toronto; Councillois, Misses

0. Kidd, M. Howard, V. Sylvain, G. Davis; Constitu-
tionals, Misses A. Hihn, M. Howard, L. Boyle; Pro-
gramme Committee, Misses R. Jean-Marie, L.Dunbar,

1. Voisin.

A.A., ST. MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL, TORONTO

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Margaret; Hon. Vice-
President, Rev. Sister M. Amata; President, Miss
Grace Murphy, St. Michael's Hospital; First Vice-
President, Miss H. M. Kerr; Second Vice-President,
Miss E. Graydon; Third Vice-President, Miss M.
Burger; Corresponding Secretary, Miss M. Doherty;
Recording Secretary, Miss Marie Melody; Treasurer,
Miss G. Coulter, 33 Maitland St., Apt. 106, Toronto;
Press Representative, Miss May Greene; Councillors,
Misses M. Foy, J. O'Connor, Stropton; Private Duty,
Miss A. Purtle; Public Health, Miss I. McGurk; Re-
presentative Central Registry of Nurses, Toronto,
Miss M. Melody.

A. A., WELLESLET HOSPITAL, TORONTO

President, Miss Ruth Jackson, 80 Summerhill Ave.;
Vice-President, Miss Janet Smith, 138 Wellesley
Crescent; Recording Secretary, Miss Muriel Johnston,
94 Homewood Ave.; Corresponding Secretary, Miss
Florence Campion, 14 Carey Road; Treasurer, Miss
Constance Tavener, 804-A Bloor St. W.; Correspondent
to "The Canadian Nurse," Miss W. Ferguson, 16
Walker Ave.; Flower Convener, Miss E. Fewings,
177 Roehampton Ave.; Social Convener, Miss Marion
Wansbrough, 18 Wellesley St.

A. A., TORONTO WESTERN HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss B. L. Ellis; President, Miss
Rahno Beamish, Toronto Western Hospital; Vice-
President, Miss L. Smith: Recording Secretary,
Miss Matthews, 74 Westmount Ave.; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss Buckley, Toronto Western Hospital;
Representative to "The Canadian Nurse," Misa
MiUigan; Representative to Local Council of Women,
Mrs. McConnell; Hon. Councillors, Mrs. Yorke, Mrs.
McConnell; Councillors, Miss McLean, Orthopedic
Hospital, Misses Cooney, Steacy, Stevenson, Wiggins,
J. G. Smith, Devine; Social Committee, Miss Sharpe
(Convener), Misses Agnew, Woodward, Miles; Flower
Committee, Miss Lamont, Miss Ayerst; Visiting
Committee, Misses Lowe, Harshaw, Essex; Layette
Committee, Miss Cooper.

Meetings will be held the second Tuesday in each
month at 8 p.m. in the Assembly Room, Nurses'
Residence, Toronto Western Hospital.

A.A., WOMEN'S COLLEGE HOSPITAL,
TORONTO

Hon. President, Mrs. H. M. Bowman; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Harriet Meiklejohn; Piesident, Miss
Vera Allen; First Vice-President, Miss Munns; Second
Vice-President, Miss Lougheed; Recording Secretary,
Miss Bankwitz; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Blair,
64 Delaware St.; Assistant Secretary, Miss Clark, 64
Delaware St.; Treasurer, Miss B. Fraser, 526 Dover-
court Rd.; Representatives to Central Registry, Miss
Bankwitz, Miss Kidd; Representative to District No.
5, Miss Clarke; "The Canadian Nurse," Miss E. E. K.
Collier.

Meetings at 74 Grenville St., second Monday in each
month. — — ■ — ■ — ■

A. A., CONNAUGHT TRAINING SCHOOL FOR
NURSES, TORONTO HOSPITAL, WESTON

A. A., HOTEL DIEU, WINDSOR, ONTARIO

President, Miss .Angela Code, Maple Aots.; First
Vice-President, Miss Helen Piper; Second Vice-
President, Miss Alice Baillageon; Secretary, Miss
Helen Slattery; Treasurer, Miss Evelyn Wolfe; Press
Correspondent, Miss Mary A. Finnegan.

A. A., GENERAL HOSPITAL, WOODSTOCK

GRADUATE NURSES ASSOCIATION OF THE
EASTERN TOWNSHIPS

Hon. President, Miss H. S. Buck, Superintendent
Sherbrooke Hospital; President, Miss D. Stevena;
First Vice-Presiaent, Miss J. Fenton; Second Vice-
President, Miss Humphrey; Recording Secretary,
Miss D. Ingraham; Corresponding Secretary, Miss H
Hetherington; Treasurer, Miss M. Robins; Repre-
sentative, "The Canadian Nurse," Miss C. Hornby,
Box 324, Sherbrooke, P.Q.; Private Duty Repreeent-
ative. Miss Alice Lyster.

A.A., LACHINE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Meeting — First Monday of each month, at 9 p.ni.
MONTREAL GRADUATE NURSES' ASS'N

Hon. President, Miss L. C. Phillips, 3626 St. Urbain
St.; President, Miss Agnes Jamiesoa, 1230 Bishop St.;
First Vice-President, Miss Jessie Robertson, 3546
Shuter St.; Second Vice-President, Mi.ss Kate Wilson,
1230 Bishop St.; Secretary- Treasurer, Miss Ethel
Clark, 1230 Bishop St.; Day Registrar, Miss Lucy
White, 1230 Bishop St.; Night Registrar, Miss Ethel
Clark, 1230 Bishop St.; Relief Registrar, Miss H. M.
Sutherland, 12 Selkirk Ave.; Convener GrifBntown
Club, Miss Georgie CoUey, 261 Melville Ave., West-
mount, P.Q.

Regular Meeting — First Tuesday of January, April,
October and December.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

665

A. A., CHILDREN'S MEM. HOSP., MONTREAL

A. A., MONTREAL GENERAL HOSPITAL

President, Mrs. Allan; First Vice-President, Miss A.
Jamieson; Second Vice-President, Miss M. Mathewson;
Recording Secretary, Miss Inez Welling; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Anne Thorpe; Treasurer, Alumnae
Association and Mutual Benefit Association, Miss
Isabel Davies; Hon. Treasurer, Miss H. M. Dunlop;
Executive Committee, Misses M. K. Holt, F. E.
Strumm, J. Meigs, L. Urquhart, C. M. Watling;
Representatives, Private Duty Section,>Misses Morrison
(Convener), R. Loggie, Melba Johnston, Winnifred
Spier; Representatives to "The Canadian Nurse,"
Misses C. M. Watling (Convener), N. Kennedy-Reid,
Ruth Hamilton; Representatives to Local Council of
Women, Miss G. Colley (Convener), Miss Marjorie Ross
(Proxy), Miss Harriett Ross; Sick Visiting Committee,
Mrs. Stuart Ramsey (Convener), Misses L. Shepherd,
B. Noble: Refreshmeni, Committee, Misses D. Flint(Con-
veneri, M. I. McLeod, Theodora McDonald, S. Fraser.

A. A., HOMOEOPATHIC HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Mrs. H. Pollock; President, Mrs. J.
Warren; First Vice-President, Miss I. Garrick; Second
Vice-President, Miss D. Campbell; Secretary, Miss
M. Brighty; Asst. Secretary, Miss M. Hayden; Treas
urer. Miss D. W. Miller; Asst. Treasurer, Miss N. G.
Horner; Private Duty Section, Miss A. M. Porteous;
"The Canadian Nurse" Representative, Miss A.
Pearce; Social Committee, Miss D. Smith; Montreal
Nurses Association, Miss D. Smith, Miss M. Bright.

A. A., ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. Presidents, Miss E. A. Draper, Miss M. F.
Hersey; President, Mrs. E. H. Stanley; First Vice-
President, Mrs. G. LeBeau; Second Vice-President,
Miss E. Gall; Recording Secretary, Miss E. MacKean;
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss K. Jamer; Convener, Fin-
ance Committee, Miss B. Campbell; Representatives to
Local Council, Mrs. V. Linnell, Mrs. G. Porter; Con-
vener Sick Visiting Committee, Miss A. Deane;
Convener Programme Committee, Mrs. F. A. C.
Scrimger; Convener Private Duty Representatives,
Miss M. MacCallum: Convener Refreshments Com-
mittee, Miss Adams; Executive Committee, Miss M. F.
Hersey, Miss Goodhue, Miss E. Reid, Mrs. Roberts,
Miss B. Forgey, Miss M. Etter; "Canadian Nurse"
Representative, Miss E. Flanagan.

A. A., WESTERN HOSPITAL, MONTREAL

Hon. President, Miss Craig; President, Miss Birch;
First Vice-President, Miss Edna Payne; Second Vice-
President, Miss L. Sutton; Trea.surei, Miss Jane Craig,
Western Hospital; Secretary, Miss Olga McCrudden,
314 Grosvenor Ave., Westmount, P.Q.; Finance Com-
mittee, Miss L. Johnston, Miss A. Yates; Programme
Committee, Miss Cross, Miss Williams; Sick and
Visiting Committee, Miss Dyer; Representative to
Private Duty Section, Miss Taylor: Representative to
"The Canadian Nurse," Miss McOuat.

L'ASSOCIATION DES GARDES-MALADES
GRADUEES DE L'HOPITAL NOTRE-DAME

Bureau de diioction, Menibres honorairfs: R6v.
MSre Pich^; R^v. Mere Mailloux; R^v. .Sjoeur Despins;
R6v. Soeur Beilemarre; Rev. Sr. Robert; Melle M.
Guillemette; Melle T. Hayden: Melle C. Brideaux.
Pr^sidente. Jeanne L'Heureux; Secretaire, Marguerite
PauE6; Tr^soridre, Lydia Boulerice. Directeurs:
Blanche Lecompte, Eugenie Tremblay; Germaine
Latour; Sarah Gos.selin; .Alice T^e^pine.' Comit6 de
Fonda de Secours: Presidente. .\nopciade Martineau;
Secretaire, Elisabeth Rousseau; Tr^sori^ie, Sybille
Gagnon.

A.A., WOMAN'S GEN. HOSP.. WESTMOUNT, P.Q.

Hon. Presidents, Miss E. F. Trench. Miss F. George;
President, Mrs. Crewe; First Vice-President, Miss N. J.
Brown; Second Vice-PresiHent, Miss M. Forbes!
Recording Secretary, Miss L. Wallace; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss L. Steeves; Treasurer and "The
Canadian Nurse," Miss E. L. Francis, 1210 Sussex
Ave., Montreal; Sick Visiting. Miss L. Jensen, Miss K.
Morrison; Private Duty. Mrs. Cbisholni, N^i.ssL. Smiley.

Regular monthly meeting every third Wed., 8 p.m.

A.A., JEFFERY HALE'S HOSPITAL, QUEBEC

Hon. President, Mrs. S. Barrow; President, Miss
H. A' MacKay; First Vice-President, Miss Cecile
Caron; Second Vice-President, Miss Margaret E.
Savard; Recording Secretary, Jilrs. Winnifred Bates;
Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Douglas Jackson;
Treasurer, Miss M. McHarg; Private Duty Section
Miss Muriel Fischer; Sick Visiting Committee, Mrs. S.
Barrow, Mrs. Harold Blanche; Refreshment C^om-
mittee. Misses Cecile Caron and Gladys Weary;
Councillors, Misses Charlotte Kennedy, Emily Fitz-
patrick, IMuriel Fischer, Mildred Jack and Hilda
Stevenson.

A. A., SHERBROOKE HOSPITAL

Hon. President, Miss H. S. Buck; President, Mrs.
Guy Bryant; First Vice-President, Mrs. Roy Wiggett;
Second Vice-President. Mrs. Nelson Lothrop; Record-
ing Secretary, Miss Evelyn Warren; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Nora Arguin; Trea.surer, Miss Alice
Lyster; (^Correspondent to "The Canadian Nurse,"
Miss Kathleen Hatch; Committee, Miss Sutton, Miss
Ella Marrisette, Mrs. Davey.

MOOSE JAW GRADUATE NURSES
ASSOCIATION

Hon. President, Miss Kier; Hon. Vice-Presidenti
Miss Smith; President, Mis.s Stocker; First Vice-
President, ^Iiss Ella Lamond ; Second Vice-President,
Miss L. French; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss M. Arm-
strong, 1005 2nd Ave. N.E.; Press Convener, Mrs.
W. H. Metcalfe. Representatives: Xur.sing Education,
Sister M. Raphael; Public Health, Miss M. Arm.srtrong;
Private Duty, Miss (I^owgill; "The Canadian Nurse,"
Miss L. French.

A.A., REGINA GENERAL HOSPITAL

Hon, President, Miss D. Wilson; President, Miss M-
Lythe; First Vice-President, Miss Helen Wills; Second
Vice-President, Miss L. Smith; Secretary, Miss B.
Calder; Assistant Secretary, Miss A. Forrest; Treasurer,
Miss D. Dobson-Smith, 2300 Halifax St.; Committees:
Press, Miss M. Baker; Programme, Miss K. Morton;
Refreshment, Misses D. Kerr and H. Wills; Sick
Nurses, Miss G. Thompson

A.A., ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL, SASKATOON

Hon. President, Rev. Sister Fennell; President-
Miss Alma Howe; Vice-President, Miss Cora Harltonl
Secretary, Miss M. Hennequin; Treasurer, Mrs. J-
Broughton, 437 Ave.. H. So. Saskatoon; Executive,
Misses E. Unsworth, E. Hoffinger. and H. Mathewman.

Meetings, second Monday each month at 8.30 p.m.,
St. Paul's Nurses Home.

A.A., SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES,
McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL, P.Q.

Hon. President, Miss Mary Samuel; Hon. Vice-
President, Miss Bertha Harmer; Hon. Members, Miss
M. F. Hersey. Miss G. M. Fairley. Dr. Helen R. Y.
Reid, Dr. Maude Abbott, Mrs. R. W. Reford; President.
Miss Martha Batson, Montreal General Hospital;
Vice-President, Miss George, Women's General
Hospital; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Eileen G. Flan-
agan, Royal Victoria Hospital; Programme Committee,
Miss M. Armstrong. 1230 Bishop St.. Montreal; Miss
Elsie AUder, Royal Victoria Hospital; Representative
to Local Council of Women, Miss Liggett, 407 Ontario
St. W., and Miss Orr, Shriners' Hospital; Repre-
sentatives to "The Canadian Nurse," Public Health
Section, Miss Hewton; Teaching, Miss Sutclifife,
Alexandra Hospital; Administration, Miss F. Upton,
1396 St. Catherine St. W.

A.A. OP THE DEPT. OF PUBLIC HEALTH
NURSING, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Hon. President, Miss E. K. Russell; President, Miss
Barbara Blackstock; Vice-President, Miss E. E.
Fraser; Recording Secretary, Miss I. Weirs; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss C. C. Fraser, 423 Gladstone Ave.,
Toronto, Ont.; Conveners: Social, Miss E. Manning;
Programme, Miss McNamara; Membership, Miss
Lougheed.

A A., HOSPITAL INSTRUCTORS AND AD-
MINISTRATORS, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Hon. President, Miss G. Hiscocks; Hon. Vice-
Presidents, Miss K. Russell, Miss A. M. Munn;
President, Miss E. Stuart; First V'ice-President, Miss
G. Jones; Second Vice-President, Sister M. Helen;
Secretary, Mrs. C. S. Cassan, 136 Heddington Ave.;
Treasurer, Miss E. Langman, Hospital for Sick
Children.

666

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The Central Registry of
Graduate Nurses Joronto

Furnish Nurses at any hour
DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Kingsdale 2136

Physicians' and Surgeons' Bldg.,

86 Bloor Street, West,

TORONTO

HELEN CARRUTHERS, Reg.N,

IIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIMIIMinillHIIIMIKMMI^

Montreal Graduate Nurses'
Association Register

NURSES CALLED DAY OR NIGHT

Telephone Uptown 0907

LUCY WHITE, Reg.N., Registrar,
1230 BishoD Street,

MONTREAL, P.Q.

Club House Phone Up-5666.

School for Graduate Nurses

McGILL UNIVERSITY
Session 1931-1932

Miss BERTHA HARMER, R.N., M.A.
Director

COURSES OFFERED:

Teaching in Schools of Nursing
Supervision in Schools of

Nursing
Administration in Schools of

Nursing

Public Health Nursing

Organization and Supervision

of Public Health Nursing

A CERTIFICATE will be granted for
the successful completion of an approved
programme of studies, covering a period of
ONE academic year, in the major course
selected from the above.

A DIPLOMA will be granted for the success-
ful completion of the major course selected
from the above, covering a period of TWO
academic years.

For particulars apply to:

SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES
McGill University, Montreal

THE

Manitoba Nurses' Central Directory

Registrar— ANNIE C. STARR; Reg. N.
Phone 30 620

753 WOLSELEY AVENUE

WINNIPEG. MAN.

The Central Registry Graduate Nurses

Phone Garfield 0382

Registrar: ROBENA BURNETT. Reg.N.
33 Spadina Ave., Hamilton. Ont.

Irritable Babies Need

ST®DMANlS

jrofti

Oeet/iUiyto'yeens PO TrDEfRS

For year.s nurse.s have used and recom-
mended this safe and gentle aperient, made
especially for tender years. Steedman's
relieves constipation and feverishness and
keeps the blood clean and cool. Our
"Hints to Mothers" booklet is very prac-
tical and useful — for copies as desired
write .Tohn Steedman & Co., 504 St.
Ijawrence Blvd., Montreal.

A Post-Graduate Training
School for Nurses

I AND I

An Affiliated Training I

I School for Nurses

I The Massachusetts Eye and Ear |

I Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, i

I offers to graduates of accredited I

I training schools a two months ' course, |

I both theoretical and practical, in the |

I nursing care of the diseases of the I

I eye, ear, nose and throat. The course |

I includes operating room experience, f

I If desired, a third month may be |

I spent in the social service department, f

I This course is very valuable to |

I public health nurses, especially to |

I those in schools and industries. i

I Hospital capacity, 211 beds; Out- i

1 patients daily average 226. A com- |

I fortable and attractive Nurses* |

I Home faces the Charles River. Al- |

I lowance to post-graduate students, |

I twenty (20) dollars a month and full |

I maintenance. The same course, in- |

I eluding the third month, is available |

I by application to students of ap- |

i proved schools. i

i For further information address: — i

I SALLY JOHNSON, E.N.,

I Superintendent of Nurses i

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

667

THIS

YEAR

THAN

EVER,

VALUE

FOR

YOUR

MONEY

Buy

BLAND'S
UNIFORMS

Smartly

Dressed

Every uniform
made from cold
water shrunken
cotton.

They wear and
wear and wear.

Have you had our new

catalogue? If not, we

have one for you; if you'll

write.

An imported model, with or
without collar, 3 tucks on
each side of bodice' with
side pleats on skirt.

In Irish Poplin or Twill.
Wery smart.
Moderately priced.

BLAND & CO. LIMITED

1253 McGill College Avenue, MONTREAL, P.Q.

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

668

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Kills Lice and Nits

IN ONE APPLICATION
A New Preparation— CUPREX

Cuprex is a new and effective agent for destroying lice.
Its distinct advantage is that it kills not only the
vermin, but also their eggs or nits.
Only one application is necessary as a rule if the work
is done thoroughly.

Cuprex is harmless; does not irritate scratches or in-
flamed areas, does not injure hair or skin.
No tight-fitting caps or bandages are necessary in the
application of Cuprex.

Cuprex saves trouble because it is so easy to use, and
it saves time because it is so efficient.
Samples of Cuprex will be sent to any Physician, Nurse
or Public Health Official upon request. Send coupon
to Merck & Co., Limited, Montreal.

Cuprex KILLS LICE

Merck & Company, Limited,

Montreal, Que.
Gentlemen: Without cost or obligation to me please send me
a sample of Cuprex to try on a case of Pediculosis.

Name

Street

City Prov

Made in Canada

General Health I
NIPPLES 1

A Victoria Nurse says : I

"they are wonderful." I

— They will not collapse f

— ^XX'ill not pull ofF, and |

can be put on with one I

hand while holding a |

baby. f

arge Size 25c, Small 10c i

National Drug &
Chemical Co. Ltd. |
B.C. Drugs Ltd. and |
Alberta National
Drug Co. Ltd.

WALK OVER SHOE STORE

Shoes and Hosiery
for all occasions

1119 St. Catherine St. West
MONTREAL, Que.
C^=^ 290 Yonge St., TORONTO, Ont. ^^'''^'^

THE CANADIAN NURSE
511 Boyd Building : Winnipeg

Hospital Sheetings

and

Pillow Cottons

Annual Subscription, $2.00

Uniform Fabrics

Etc.

Dominion Textile Company

Limited

Head Office: MONTREAL

Sales Offices:
MONTREAL - - TORONTO
WINNIPEG - VANCOUVER

Please mention "The Canadian Nurse" when replying to Advertisers.

^3 3 00 3 008 72.

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "The Canadian Nurse Volume 27"

See other formats