THE
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
AND
JOURNAL OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
/AND
JOURNAL
/
OP THE
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. )
EDITED HY
JOHN EVANS, D.C.L., LL.D., TREAS.R.S., P.S.A.,
DK I/JSgTITUT DB RA.N'f'E,
BARCLAY V. HEAD, D.C.L., PH.D.,
ASSISTAXT-KKBl'KB OF COINS, BSITISH MUSBUM, OOBBBSPONDIVO MF/MCBB op THK
IMPBBIAI* OKBMAN ABCHvBOtOGIOAIj PT8T1TUTE,
AND
HERBERT A. GRUEBER, F.S.A.
THIRD SERIES. VOL. VII. M }
Factmn abiitmonumenta raanent.~0v. Pant,
LONDON :
BERNARD QUARITCH, 15, PICCADILLY.
PARIS: MM. ROLLJN ET FEUARDENT, PLACE LOUVOIS, No, 4.
1887.
NIC,
S(?r. 2>
v.7
6/ -\i <
X
PUINTKD BY J. S. VIRTUE AND CO., UMITKI
CITY KOAO.
CONTENTS.
ANCIENT NUMISMATICS.
The Electrum Coinage of Cyzicus. By the Rev. Canon W.
Greenwell, F.R.S., F.S.A ...... . 1
The Inscription on Coins of Gortyna. By J. N. Svoronos . 126
New Greek Coins of Bactria and India. By Professor Percy
Gardner, Litt.D., F.S.A ....... 177
The Exchange-Value of Cyzicene Staters. By Professor
Percy Gardner, Litt.D., F.S.A ...... 185
On a Coin of a Second Carausius, Caesar in Britain in the
Fifth Century. By Arthur J. Evans, M.A., F.S.A. . 191
Electrum Coins and their Specific Gravity. By Barclay V.
Head, D.C.L., Ph.D ........ 277
Note on Three Gold Coins from Crete. By T. Spratt, F.R.S.,
F.S.A., Vice- Admiral . . . . . . .309
Discovery of a Hoard of Roman Coins at Springhead. By
C. Roach Smith, F.S.A ........ 312
VI CONTEN 7 TS.
MEDIEVAL AND MODERN NUMISMATICS.
Tags
(Joinage of /Ethelbald of Wessex. By H. Montagu, F.S.A. 132
tyueen Anne's so-called " Bella et Pace " Farthing. By H.
Montagu, F.S.A 139
Papal Medals of the Fifteenth Century, By the late Arch-
deacon Powuall, F.S.A 160
Coinage of Elfwald II., A.D. 806807. By Nathan Hey-
wood, Esq. . ' 220
Dr. Hildebrand on the Earliest Scandinavian Coinage. By
0, F. Keary, M.A., F.S.A 222
On Some Peculiar Mediaoval Milanese Types. By John Gr.
Hall, Esq 237
English Personal Medals from 1760. By II. A. Grueber,
F.S.A 245
Groats of the Second Coinage of Henry VII. By the Rev. Gr.
F. Crowther, M.A. . . 31(3
ORIENTAL NUMISMATICS.
Fasti Arabici. VI. By Stanley Lane-Poole, M.R.A.S. 324
CONTENTS. Vll
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
Page
Revue Numismatique 174, 352
Annuaire de Numismatique 176, 354
Historia Numorum 273
A Catalogue of the English Coins in the British Museum,
Anglo-Saxon Series 276
Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik . . . . t . . , 349
Notice degli Scavi di Antichita . . . . . 355
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries . . . 355
Kevue Archeologique 355
MISCELLANEA.
Treasure Trove from Denby, near Barnsley, Yorkshire , 340
Contemporary Documentary Evidence on the Short Cross
Question 341
Unpublished Canterbury Penny of Henry VIII. . , .341
Unpublished Gold Coins of James 1 342
Alteration of an American Dollar . . . . . 344
Recent Sale of Coins . . . . . . . . 346
Sale of a Cabinet of Select Greek Silver Coins 347
V1U CONTESTS.
LIST OF PLATES CONTAINED IN VOL. VII
Plate
I. to VI. Coins of Cyzicus.
VII. Coins of Bactria and India.
VIII. Some peculiar Milanese types.
IX. English Personal Medals.
X. Electrum Coins.
XI. Do.
XII. Groats of Henry VII.
XIII. Arabian Coins, &c.
PBOCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC
SOCIETY.
SESSION 18861887.
OCTOBER 21, 1886.
JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., P.S.A., President, in
the Chair.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :
1. Jahrbiicher des Vereins von Alterthumsfreunden im
Kheinlande. Heft 81. From the Society.
2. Catalogue of Roman Consular and Imperial coins in the
coin-cabinet at Moscow. Part II. From the Directors.
3. An account of various silver and copper medals presented
to the North American Indians by the Sovereigns of England,
France, and Spain, from A.D. 1600 to A.D. 1800. From H. E.
Hayden, Esq.
4. Becker's dies of a Florin of Charles Robert, King of Hun-
gary, 1308 1342, and of another of Fr"anciscus Redey, Prince
of Transylvania, 1658; a silver impression from the latter and a
lead impression of a third die. From J. W. Trist, Esq.
5. Numismatische Zeitschrift, 1886, Part I. From the Society.
6. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London,
November 1885 to July 1886. From the Society.
7. Sitzungsberichte der Koniglichen Preussischen Akademie
der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Parts I XXXIX, 1886. From
the Academy.
a
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
8. Zeitschrift fur Numismatik. Part II, vol. xii. From the
Editor.
9. La Reforme monetaire en Egypte, 1885. From E.
Vincent, Esq. Cairo.
10. Bulletin de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest. Parts
I and II, 1886. From the Society.
11. Bevue Beige de Numismatique. Parts III and IV, 1886.
From the Numismatic Society of Belgium.
12. Guida Numismatica Universale compilata da Francesco e
Ercole Gnecchi. From the Authors.
13. The Decline of the Samanis and the rise of the Ghaznavis
in Mawara-un-Nahr and part of Khurasan. By E. E. Oliver,
Esq. From the Author.
14. What I believe. By Count Leon Tolstoi. From the
Translator, Constantine Popoff.
15. The Museum, May August, 1886. From E. A. Barber,
Esq., M.A.
16. Bulletin historique de la Societe des Antiquaires de la
Morinie. Part 138. From the Society.
17. Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift. Nos. 1 42,
1886. From the Publishers.
18. Memoires de la Societe royale des Antiquaires du Nord.
N. S. 1886. From the Society.
19. Aarboger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie, 1886.
2 nd Series, vol.i., Part II. From the Society.
20. A sketch of the coinage of the Mexican Revolutionary
General Morelos. By L. H. Low, Esq. From the Author.
21. Smithsonian Beport, 1884. From the Smithsonian
Institution.
The following exhibitions were made : Mr. Evans, an elec-
trotype of a large bronze medal of Henry VIII, preserved in
the Antiken Cabinet at Vienna, having on one side the bust
of the king, and on the other a crowned rose and the inscrip-
tion RVTILANS . ROSA . SINE . SPIN A ; also a small silver
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 3
medallion of Gallienus with the reverse OB CONSERVA-
TIONEM SALVTIS.
Mr. Durlacher, a rare half-sovereign of James I. with m.m. a
bunch of grapes, and the word IACOBVS written IACBVS,
and Mr. Krumbholz, a money-changer's silver weight with the
head of Elizabeth on both sides, and counter-struck with the
silver mark for 1618.
Mr. J. G. Hall read a paper on the types, &c., of European
mediaeval gold coins, in which he traced the origin of the gold
coinages in the principal European states. (See vol. vi, p. 212.)
Mr. Grueber read a paper on a unique and unpublished
medal of Anthony Brown, first Viscount Montagu, recently
presented by Mr. A. W. Franks to the British Museum. (Sea
vol. vi, p. 204.)
Mr. G. Sim communicated a notice of a hoard of silver coins
found in Aberdeen in May last. The hoard consisted of 12,236
pieces, comprising 11,741 English pennies of Edward I, II,
and III, and 131 Scottish of Alexander III, Robert Bruce, and
John Baliol ; 140 foreign sterlings ; and 224 illegible and frag-
mentary pieces. (See vol. vi, p. 247.)
NOVEMBER 18, 1886.
JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., P.S.A., President, in
the Chair.
George Deakin, Esq., Dudley B. Fay, Esq., and the Hon. G.
Hill Trevor, were elected Members of the Society.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
1. Journal of the Institute of Bankers. Parts VI and^VIII,
1886. From the Institute.
2. The Gloucester Mint. By J. Drummond Robertson, Esq.
From the Author.
3. Publications de la Section historique de 1'Institut royale
de Luxembourg, 1885. Parts XXXVII and XXXVIII. From
the Institute.
4. Archasologia ^liana. Part XXXII. From the Society of
Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
6. Bulletin mensuel de Numismatique, &c. By B. Serrure.
From the Editor.
6. Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift. Parts XLIII
XL VI. From the Publishers.
7. Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the coin-cabinet at Moscow.
Part III. From the Directors.
Sir H. Peek exhibited a gold medal commemorating the land-
ing of William of Orange at Torbay, 1688 (Medallic Illustra-
tions, p. 640), by the Flemish engraver R. Arondeaux.
Mr. Burstal exhibited six coins of JEthelred II, six of Cnut,
one of Harold I, and one of Edward the Confessor. Several
of these were varieties not noticed in Hildebrand's work, that
of Edward being especially remarkable as a new type. The
moneyer's name on this coin was S^EM^IR ON HIRTF (Hert-
ford).
The President exhibited a sovereign of James I. with the
bunch of grapes mint-mark.
Mr. Montagu, four very rare silver coin- weights of Elizabeth,
James I, and Charles I.
Mr. Montagu read a paper on a penny of JEthelbald, the
successor of -ZEthelwulf upon the throne of Wessex. The coin
is similar to that engraved in Hawkins (Silver Coins, No. 168),
but the name of the moneyer on Mr. Montagu's coin is
TORHTVLF, while that upon the coin described by Hawkins
is BEANMVND. (See vol. vii, p. 132.)
Mr. Hall read a paper on some mediaeval coins of Milan with
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
the device of St. Ambrose on horseback brandishing a whip, and
other peculiar types, such as that of a large serpent swallowing
a child, a branch of a tree with two buckets suspended from it,
&c. (See vol. vii, p. 237.)
DECEMBER 16, 1886.
JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., LLJX, F.R.S., P.S.A., President,
in the Chair.
J. W. Dorman, Esq., and J. Stewart Henderson, Esq., were
elected Members of the Society.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :
1. Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift, Nos. 47 50. From
the Publishers.
2. The Currency Question, by G. W. Revis, Esq. From the
Author.
Mr. H. Montagu was elected Vice-President by the Council in
the room of the late Yen. Archdeacon Pownall.
The President drew attention to the fact that the Numismatic
Society completed this month the fiftieth year of its existence,
it having been founded on the 22nd of December 1836, at a
meeting held in the rooms of the Royal Astronomical Society,
Dr. J. Lee being the first President.
Mr. Durlacher moved, and Mr. Webster seconded, a pro-
posal that the Society should strike a medal in commemoration
of the fiftieth anniversary of its foundation. The question was
referred to the Council.
Mr. B. V. Head exhibited, on behalf of the late Archdeacon
Pownall, a bronze medal, by Matteo Pasti, the pupil of Pisano,
of Isotta, third wife of Pandolfo di Malatesta, Lord of Rimini
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
and Fano, having on the reverse an angel descending from the
sky, holding a wreath with the inscription, OPVS . MATHEI .
DE . FASTIS . MCCCCXLVI, and on the obverse a portrait of
Isotta and ISOTE . ARIMINENSI . FORMA . ET . VIRTVTE .
ITALIE . DECORI.
Mr. Hall exhibited a " grosso " of Henry VII, of Luxem-
bourg, 13091313, struck at Milan with the type of St.
Ambrose, and another of the same mint with that of SS. Ger-
vasius and Protasius.
Mr. Copp exhibited a gold medal of Maximilian II, struck in
commemoration of his coronation in 1563.
The President read a paper on some rare and unpublished
Roman coins in his own cabinet, which he exhibited. (See
vol. vi, p. 265).
JANUARY 20, 1887.
R. S. POOLE, Esq., LL.D., Vice-President, in the Chair.
F. J. Thirlwall, Esq., was elected a Member of the Society.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :
1. Historia Numorum. A Manual of Greek Numismatics. By
Barclay V. Head. Oxford, 1887. From the Delegates of the
Oxford University Press.
2. Hawkins's Silver Coins of England. Ed. R. L. Kenyon.
Third edition, 1887. From the Editor.
3. Journal of the Institute of Bankers. Vol. vii, Part IX,
and Vol. viii, Part I, with list of Members. From the In-
stitute.
4. Journal of the Royal Historical and Archaeological Asso-
ciation of Ireland. Vol. vii, No. 65. From the Association.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 7
5. The Canadian Antiquarian and Numismatic Journal. Vol.
xiii, No. 2. From the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of
Montreal.
6. Revue Beige de Numismatique, 1887. Part I. From the
Numismatic Society of Belgium.
7. Aarboger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historic. 2nd
Series, 1886. Band I, Heft III. From the Society of Northern
Antiquaries, Copenhagen.
8. Bulletin Historique de la Societe" des Antiquaires de la
Morinie. 139th livraison. From the Society.
9. Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift, 1886. Nos. 51 and
62, and 1887, Nos. 2, 3. From the Publishers.
Colonel H. H. Kitchener exhibited a " Medjedieh " struck by
the late Mahdi and issued at Khartoum. It bears on the obverse
the inscription in Arabic, "By order of the Mahdi," cleverly
arranged so as to have the appearance of the Sultan's tughra or
cypher, and on the reverse, in Arabic, " Struck in the year of
the Hejra 1302." The whole piece bears a striking resemblance
to the Turkish coin of the same denomination now issued at
Cairo.
The other exhibitions were :
Mr. H. Montagu. Four shillings of Henry VII, all varieties,
two being of the " Septim " class.
Mr. Copp. A Tanner's ninepence and a copper farthing of
Cromwell.
Mr. Webster. A silver medal of Cardinal Antoine Perrenot
de Granvelle, Archbishop of Besa^on, by Lione Lioni.
Mr. Krumbholz. A shilling of Elizabeth, counter-marked
with the arms of Holland, a " wattled fence," and the letters
G.B.
The Rev. G. F. Crowther. Forgeries of pennies of Ethered,
Archbishop of Canterbury ; of Alfred the Great, struck in Lon-
don ; and of John, struck at Durham.
A paper on the medals of the Popes Innocent VIII and
Alexander VI, written by the late Archdeacon Pownall, was
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
read. All the medals described in the paper had been previously
published, but the writer explained their types more fully than
has been hitherto done. (See vol. vii, p. 160.)
FEBRUARY 17, 1887.
JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., P.S.A., President,
in the Chair.
Messrs. J. H. Andre, G. J. Bascom, A. Bom, L. H. Low, W.
Ransom, W. T. Ready, H. P. Smith, and Captain R. H. C. Tuf-
nell were elected Members of the Society.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :
1. Annuaire de Numismatique. November December, 1885.
From the French Numismatic Society.
2. Foreningen til Norske Fortidsmindesmerkers Bevaring,
1885, with Kunst og Haandverk, Part VI, 1886. From the
Society of Northern Antiquaries.
3. Jahrbiicher des Yereins von Alterthumsfreunden im Rhein-
lande. Part LXXXIL From the Society.
4. Journal of the Historical and Archaeological Association of
Ireland. No. 66, 1886. From the Association.
5. Journal of the Institute of Bankers. Vol. viii, Part II.
From the Institute.
6. Archaeologia Cantiana. Vol. xvi. From the Kent Archaeo-
logical Society.
7. Bulletin des Proces-Verbaux de la Societe* d'Emulation
d'Abbeville, 1885. From the Society.
8. Bulletin mensuel de Numismatique et d'Archeologie. By
R. Serrure. From the Editor.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 9
9. Bulletin Historique de la Societe des Antiquaires de la
Morinie. N.S., 143 me livraison. From the Society.
10. Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift. Nos. 4 7, 1887.
From the Publishers.
11. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. Vol. vii, No. 2. Text
and Plates. From the Hellenic Society.
12. A Series of Articles on Indian Antiquities and Coins, by
Surgeon-Major 0. Codrington. Reprinted from the Journal of
the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. From the
Author.
Mr. Evans exhibited a large brass coin of Domitian of his
eleventh consulship, having on the reverse Pax holding a cor-
nucopia and a torch, standing towards the left and setting fire
to a trophy of arms ; also an uncertain bronze coin of Julius
Caesar, with his head on the obverse accompanied by a star,
and on the reverse a barbarous inscription, CASER IVLIVS,
in a laurel wreath.
Mr. Montagu exhibited a large bronze coin of Rhodes, obv.
head of young Dionysus, rev. EHI EYAQPOY POAION, Nike
alighting on a globe, holding wreath and palm ; also a gold
octadrachm of Ptolemy II (Philadelphus), similar to figure 379
of Head's Historia Numorum.
Mr. Hall exhibited a series of Roman imperial aurei selected
with the object of showing the resemblances of the portraits of
different members of the same family.
Mr. B. V. Head read the first portion of a paper by Canon
Greenwell on the electrum coinage of Cyzicus, in which he
gave an account of the early history of the town, of its various
religious cults, and of the growth and extension of its com-
merce in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C., especially with
regard to the practical monopoly which it so long enjoyed- of
coining electrum staters. (See vol. vii, p. 1.)
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
MAKCH 17, 1887.
H. MONTAGU, Esq., F.S.A., Vice-President, in the Chair.
Messrs. Charles E. Mackerell and Charles Spink were elected
Members of the Society.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :
1. A Guide to English Pattern Coins from Edward I. to Vic-
toria. By the Rev. G. F. Crowther, M.A. From the Author.
2. Aarboger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historic, 1886,
2 nd Series, vol. vii, Heft IV. From the Society of Northern
Antiquaries.
3. Sitzungsberichte der Koniglichen Preussischen Akademie
der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Parts XL LIII. From the
Academy.
4. The Journal of the Royal Historical and Archaeological
Association of Ireland. Vol. vii. Series IV., No. 67. From
the Association.
5. Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift. Nos. 8 11, 1887,
From the Publishers.
6. The Medals, Jetons, and Tokens illustrative of Obstetrics
and Gynaecology. By H. R. Storer, A.M., M.D. From the
Author.
7. Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. Vol. xxvii,
Nos. 6 8 ; vol. xxviii, Nos. 21 25 ; and Cunningham Me-
moirs, Nos. 2 and 3. From the Academy.
8. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. January
July, 1886, No. 5, Science, and No. 7, Literature. From the
Academy.
9. Bronze medal commemorating the visit of Prince Albert
Victor of Wales to the City of London, June 29, 1885. From
the Corporation.
Mr. Montagu exhibited two large medals by Massimiliano
Soldani-Benzi, of Florence, one being of Dr. J. Inglis, cast in
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 11
1703, the other, cast in 1709, being of H. Newton, the Ambas-
sador Extraordinary for Britain to the Grand Duke of Tuscany
and to the Republic of Genoa. Mr. Montagu remarked upon
the close similarity in the design of these two medals, which
are the only specimens of the work of Soldani-Benzi in the
British series.
Mr. J. Brown, Q.C., exhibited a tetradrachm of Mithridates
Eupator with the date H S of the Pontic era = B.C. 90, the
the type of which was the drinking Pegasus.
Mr. Montagu read a paper on the so-called " farthings " of
Queen Anne inscribed BELLO ET PACE, 1713, which have
on the reverse a figure of Britannia standing, holding an olive
branch and a spear, and which he regarded as being merely
jetons. (See vol. vii, p. 139.)
APBIL 21, 1887.
JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., P.S.A., President,
in the Chair.
W. H. Taylor, Esq., was elected a Member of the Society.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :
1. Zeitschrift fur Numismatik. Band xiv, Parts III, IV.
From the Editor.
2. The Journal of the Institute of Bankers. Vol. viii,
Part IV. From the Institute.
3. Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift. Nos. 12 16. From
the Publishers.
4. Revue Beige de Numismatique, 1887, 2nd livraison. From
the Society.
5. Bulletin de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest, 1886,
4 e trimestre. From the Society.
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
6. Smithsonian Report, 1884, Part II. From the Smith-
sonian Institution.
7. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland,
18856. N.S., vol. viii. From the Society.
8. Autotype fac-similes of coins produced at the Birmingham
Mint. From Messrs. Ralph Heaton and Sons, Birmingham.
9. Formes et characteres des medaillons antiques de bronze
relatifs aux Jeux. By M. Ch. Robert. From the Author.
10. Les noms de Cologne en latin et dans les langues
modernes. By M. Ch. Robert. From the Author.
11. A modern imitation of a tetradrachm of Eucratides of
Bactria. From General G. G. Pearse, C.B., R.H.A.
Mr. A. J. Evans exhibited a tetradrachm of Syracuse similar
to the one described in the Brit. Mus. Cat., No. 188, and with
the signature of the engraver Evaenetus on both sides ; on the
obverse upon one of the dolphins, and on the reverse upon a
tablet carried by the flying Nike.
Mr. Webster exhibited an angel of the first coinage of
Henry VII ; also a Greek imperial coin of the town of Baris,
in Pisidia, struck in the reign of Gordian III., with a figure of
Hermes seated, holding a caduceus, on the reverse ; also a
small brass coin of Trajan with busts face to face of Plotina
and Marciana on the reverse, and the legend PLOTINA ET
MARCIANA AVG. This piece was countermarked with a
Capricorn, and is attributed to the colony of Parium, in Mysia.
Mr. Krumbholz exhibited a half-crown of Charles I, pro-
bably a variety of the so-called " Blacksmith " money struck in
Ireland.
Mr. C. H. Nash exhibited a cast of a pattern halfpenny of
Elizabeth, a counterfeit half-crown of William and Mary, and
other false coins.
Mr. C. F. Keary read a paper on the earliest Scandinavian
coinages, being a translation of a paper on the subject by Dr.
Hans Hildebrand, of Stockholm, with some additional remarks
by the translator. It is printed in vol. vii, p. 222.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 13
MAY 19, 1887.
JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., LLJX, F.R.S., P.S.A., President,
in the Chair.
Captain C. H. J. Hopkins, E. C. Mitchell, Esq., and A. Pre-
vost, Esq., were elected Members of the Society.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :
1. Contributions to the Study of Indo-Portuguese Numis-
matics, Parts II IV. By M. J. Gerson de Cunha. From
the Author.
2. Journal of the Royal Historical and Archa3ological Asso-
ciation of Ireland. Nos. 68, 69, 1887. From the Associa-
tion.
3. MccraKoviKct yo/xiV/Aara rwv AWCUTTWJ/ TT}S Xtov VTTO H.
Aa/x7r/oov. From the Author.
4. Annuaire de la Societe Franchise de Numismatique et
d'Archeologie. Mars Avril, 1887. From the Society.
5. Report and Proceedings of the Numismatic and Antiquarian
Society of Philadelphia, 1887. From the Society.
6. Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift. Nos. 17 20.
From the Publishers.
7. Coins supplementary to Mr. Thomas's Chronicles of the
Pathan Kings of Delhi, No. IV. By C. J. Rodgers, Esq. From
the Author.
8. Journal of the Institute of Bankers. Vol. viii, Part V.
From the Institute.
Mr. W. T. Ready exhibited a remarkable gold stater of Lamp-
sacus, having on the obverse a very fine head of Zeus, with a
thunderbolt at his shoulder, and on the reverse the usual half
Pegasus.
Mr. Evans exhibited a selection of fine Roman gold coins of
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
the following empresses : Domitia, Marciana, Matidia, Sabina,
Crispina, Manila Scantilla, Didia Clara, Julia Domna, Plautilla,
Magnia Urbica, Galeria Valeria, and Fausta.
Mr. Hall exhibited aurei of Caligula, Sept. Severus, ' and
Gallienus. Most of these coins were acquired at the recent sale
in Paris of the magnificent collection of the Vicomte de Ponton
d'Amecourt. Mr. Hall also exhibited a pale gold coin of Dorstat
belonging to the class of Carlovingian imitations described by
Mr. Keary at the last meeting of the Society.
Mr. Durlacher exhibited two pennies of Edward the Con-
fessor, one struck at Bedford, and reading LIOFTHEGEN ON
BEDE, type, a combination of Hawkins's 227 and 222 ; the
other struck at Gloucester, of the so-called sovereign type
reversed.
Mr. Montagu exhibited a sixpence of the Commonwealth
dated 1659 (mint mark, anchor), a coin which is important as
proving that money was struck in that year, a fact doubted both
by Hawkins and Kenyon. Mr. Montagu also exhibited a penny
of Harold II, of the " Pax " type, struck at Worcester, and
reading LEOFRIC ON PIRE.
Mr. B. V. Head read a paper by M. J. N. Svoronos on the
enigmatical inscription Ticrvpoi, which occurs in archaic cha-
racters written across the field on certain coins of Gortyna, in
Crete. (See vol. vii, p. 126.)
Mr. Evans read the abstract of a paper lately communicated
to the Academic des Inscriptions by Mr. R. Mowat, on the
v
hitherto unexplained inscription . . on coins of the time of
Constantine, which he interpreted as standing for " Decima
(pars) sestertii."
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 15
JUNE 16, 1887.
ANNIVERSARY MEETING.
JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., P.S.A., President,
in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Anniversary Meeting were read and
confirmed.
The Report of the Council was then read to the meeting as
follows :
GENTLEMEN, The Council again have the honour to lay
before you their Annual Report as to the state of the Numis-
matic Society.
With great regret they have to announce their loss by death
of eight ordinary members :
W. Brice, Esq.
Admiral Sir George N. Broke Middleton, Bart., C.B.
The Right Hon. the Earl of Enniskillen, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S.,
M.R.I.A.
The Hon. James Gibbs, C.S.I., C.I.E.
W. E. Hayns, Esq.
M. le Baron Lucien de Hirsch.
The Yen. Archdeacon Pownall, M.A., F.S.A.
Major W. Stewart Thorburn, A.P.D.
On the other hand the Council have much pleasure in record-
ing the election of twenty new ordinary members :
J. H. Andre, Esq.
G. J. Bascom, Esq.
M. A. Bom.
G. Deakin, Esq.
J. W. Dorman, Esq.
D. B. Fay, Esq.
J. S. Henderson, Esq.
Capt. C. H. J. Hopkins. -
L. H. Low, Esq.
C. E. Mackerel!, Esq.
E. C. Mitchell, Esq.
A. Prevost, Esq.
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
W. Ransom, Esq.
W. T. Ready, Esq.
H. P. Smith, Esq.
C. Spink, Esq.
W. H. Taylor, Esq.
F. J. Thirlwall, Esq.
Capt. R. H. C. Tufnell.
Hon. G. Hill Trevor.
According to our Secretary's Report our numbers are, there-
fore, as follows :
Ordinary. Honorary. Total.
June, 1886 '230 36 266
Since elected 20 20
250 36 286
Deceased 8 8
Resigned
Erased
June, 1887 242 36 278
The Council have also the honour to announce that they have
awarded the medal of the Numismatic Society in gold, to the
President of the Society, John Evans, Esq., D.C.L., LL.D.,
F.R.S., P.S.A., for his distinguished services to the science of
Numismatics, exemplified by nearly seventy papers on Roman,
British, Saxon, and English coins contributed to the pages of
the Numismatic Chronicle, and by his standard work on the
Coinage of the Ancient Britons.
The Treasurer's Report is as follows :
. OO O i i O
ec o o
00 O CM
o o
Tfl CO
CO O
3
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jj =-"l I
Js
C 'V*
I P
j CO CO 50 M O O O ^H
oo O5 rH t^ C*-! C^l O O SO OS
CO CO *~~
CO CO 00 CO . 2
^ GO co oo oo S
"i^^CC -a
o c o
-; ' o
^1
.s ' -g
-
-
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I'
5
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
At the conclusion of the reading of the Report, Mr. Montagu,
V.P., addressed the President as follows :
Mr. Evans, In the year 1883 you originated, as President
of this Society, the institution of an annual Medal, of which
you generously presented the dies to the Society.
As each recurring year necessitated the nomination of a fitting
recipient of this medal, the Council, with whom the selection
rests, has been of opinion that you were, yourself, entitled to
the benefit of that selection, but you have always insisted, with
greater modesty than justice, that the preference should be
given to some other eminent numismatist of whom in each case
it could be fairly stated that his claims were second only to
those of yourself.
In this the Jubilee )^ear, not only of the reign of our most
gracious Sovereign but also of our own Society, you have been
unable longer to resist the views and importunities of the
Council, and I have very much pleasure in being deputed by
them to present the Medal to you, on their behalf. It has
been thought well that on this occasion it should be struck in
gold in special commemoration not only of the auspicious nature
of the year, but also of the very important services which you
have rendered to the Society over a long course of years, in
your capacity first as Honorary Secretary and afterwards as
President.
Your indefatigable labours in the cause of Numismatic
Science are widely known and appreciated both here and abroad,
and there is no student of that science, particularly in connec-
tion with our English series, who is not deeply indebted to you
for the recorded results of your energy and research. You
were the first, practically to formulate, and certainly to put into
useful shape, those morphological theories which finally led to a
complete exposition on your part of the History of the Coinage
of the Ancient Britons, a work which will ever remain the stan-
dard authority on that subject.
You have also, in the pages of the Numismatic Chronicle,
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 19
elucidated the very abstruse questions connected with the
distinctions between the coins of Henry II, Richard I, John
and Henry HI, involving the settlement, final to this day, of
what was formerly called the "Short-cross Question." You
have lately, also, through the same medium, cleared up the
equally difficult points involved in the discussion as to where
the coinage of Henry VIII ends and where that of Edward VI
commences. In addition to these important contributions, you
have from the year 1849, when you first joined this Society, up
to the present time, written many valuable papers on other
subjects affecting English Numismatics and you have particu-
larly described with interesting and instructive comments many
finds of coins, amongst the most important of which have been
those of Anglo-Saxon pennies in the City of London and in
various parts of Ireland, and the two several finds of gold coins
at St. Albans.
In connection with the latter of these your exertions with
regard to the law of Treasure Trove in this country have borne
fruit in the shape of the new Regulations of the Treasury, which,
though scarcely adequate to the emergencies of the day, con-
stitute an appreciable improvement upon the law as it stood.
You have also written ably and usefully on the still more
complicated subject of ancient Jewish coins, and have contri-
buted most valuable notes on the ancient Roman series, of
which you possess so important a collection. Your assistance
has also always been afforded without stint or jealousy to other
writers on germane subjects, and your advice has been at the
service at all times of all interested in antiquarian lore. In
these and other departments of science the fact that you are
Treasurer of the Royal Society and President of the Society of
Antiquaries is conclusive not only as to your merits but also as
to the appreciation of these by your fellow-workers. Your
treatises on the Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons, and Orna-
ments of Great Britain, and on the Bronze Implements and
Ornaments of Great Britain, will ever be standing records of
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
your own powers of research and of incalculable aid to those of
others. Nor have academical and other honours been wanting.
You have received special distinctions from more than one
University and your practical abilities have secured to you a high
position in your county and in connection with other vocations
in which you have been actively engaged.
I could add greatly to this varied but necessarily imperfect
summary of the result of your versatile talents, but will now
content myself by expressing a hope, on behalf of our Society,
that you may ecjoy a long life, with such health of mind and
body as will enable you worthily to preside in the future, as
you have in the past, over our deliberations ; and I trust that
you may derive some pleasure in being the possessor of this
medal, the presentation of which is but an inadequate token of
appreciation on the part of those with whom you have always
worked so loyally and effectually.
In reply Mr. Evans said :
I accept with gratitude the high compliment paid me by the
Council, which has now met with the approbation of the
Society, in selecting rne as the recipient of this medal. When,
in 1883, I presented to the Society the dies for an honorary
medal, provision was made that a member of the Council was
not disqualified to be the recipient in case it was awarded by
the unanimous vote of that body. I little thought, however,
that I should be the first to come under this exceptional pro-
vision, and that a further exception to our ordinary course
would be made by striking the medal in gold. As to how far I
am deserving of the honours thus paid me, you may accept
Mr. Montagu's kind estimate or not. For myself I shall always
value the medal as a memorial of the goodwill of a Society
with which I have been connected for a period of more than
eight-and-thirty years and in which it has been my good
fortune to have numbered many firm and fast friends, and by
which in the capacity of its Secretary or President I have
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 21
always been treated with the utmost kindness and considera-
tion.
The President then delivered the following address.
In addressing you upon the present occasion I need hardly
remind you that the current year, 1887, is the Jubilee year not
only of Her Most Gracdous Majesty the Queen, whom may God
long preserve, but of our own body, the Numismatic Society o*
London.
The formation of such a society was proposed and discussed
at preliminary meetings held at the residence of the late Dr.
John Lee, at Doctors' Commons, on June 27 and December 1,
1836, and it was finally resolved at a meeting of the friends
of numismatic science, held in the apartments of the Royal
Astronomical Society on Thursday evening, the 22nd of De-
cember, 1836, " That a Numismatic Society be formed." The
first President was John Lee, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., who was
also the treasurer. The secretaries were John Yonge Akerman,
F.S.A., and Isaac Cullimore, M.R.S.L., and C. F. Barnwell,
F.R.S., F.S.A. ; Thomas Burgon, Sir Henry Ellis, F.R.S., F.S.A. ;
W. D. Haggard, F.S.A., F.R.A.S. ; Edward Hawkins, F.R.S.,
F.S.A. ; Captain W. H. Smyth, R.N., F.R.S., F.S.A. ; and
William Wyon, A.R.A., were appointed Members of the
Council.
The first ordinary meeting of the Society was held on
Thursday, the 26th January, 1837, and from that day to the
present our meetings have continued to be held at their regular
stated intervals.
On June 15, 1837, Dr. Lee delivered what may be termed
the first anniversary address, and at that date the ordinary
Members of the Society numbered a hundred and thirteen, of
whom, I believe, that only one now survives, our honorary
member and medallist, Mr. C. Roach Smith, F.S.A. For some
years after its institution the Society did not publish its own
transactions, but, by arrangement, they were left for publication
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
by Mr. Akerman, who had already, in June, 1836, commenced
the issue of the Numismatic Journal, of which the last part,
completing a second volume, appeared in April, 1838.
In 1839 began the issue of the first series of the Numismatic
Chronicle, and at the Annual Meeting on the 19th July
of that year the number of ordinary members amounted to
155. At this period the meetings of the Society were
held, by permission, in the rooms of the Royal Astronomical
Society, but, in 1841, apartments for the Numismatic Society
were secured in Exeter Hall. In 1842, however, it migrated
to rooms in Tavistock Street, Covent Garden. In 1843 the
number of members began considerably to fall off, being reduced
to 132, and in 1846 this had fallen to 123. In 1849, the year
in which I became a member of the Society, we numbered 106
only. In 1851 our numbers were still farther reduced to 93,
and in 1854, when I became one of the secretaries of the
Society, we mustered but 82 ordinary members. In 1856 the
fortunes of the Society had fallen still lower, and our President,
the late Mr. Vaux, made the liberal offer that the Society should
for the future meet in his rooms at 13, Gate Street, Lincoln's
Inn Fields.
In June, 1859, we attained our lowest point of 59 members ;
but in 1861, when the Numismatic Chronicle was taken into the
hands of the Society, and a vigorous effort was made to re-
establish it, our numbers had increased to 71.
By 1863 we had risen in number to 103. In 1871, after the
completion of the first ten volumes of the Second Series of the
Numismatic Chronicle, our number was 141. In 1874 the
Society again changed its domicile to apartments in the house
of the Royal Society of Literature, 4, St. Martin's Place, thanks
mainly to the kindness of our then President, Mr. Vaux. It
was in that year that I became your President, and at the
Anniversary Meeting our members were returned as 153. In
June, 1881, after the completion of the twenty volumes of the
Second Series of the Numismatic Chronicle, I recited some of
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 23
the statistics I have now given, and called attention to the satis-
factory circumstance that the number of our ordinary members
then amounted to 199. Since that time we have again changed
our home to the convenient apartments we now occupy, under
the Royal Asiatic Society, in Albemarle Street, for which also we
were mainly indebted to the late Mr. Vaux, and, as you have just
heard from the Report of the Council, our ordinary members are
now 242 in number, or fully four times what they were in 1859.
I think that I may fairly congratulate the Society on this
remarkable growth in its numbers, of which probably its own
activity has to a great extent been the cause.
Looking back upon what we have done, we may with justice
take credit for the greater part of the two volumes of the
Numismatic Journal, and of the twenty volumes of the first
series of the Numismatic Chronicle, while the whole of the
twenty six volumes of which the second and third series are
composed are entirely our own. We may, I think, also with
some satisfaction, point to the quality of much of the matter in
the Chronicle, which will, I think, well bear comparison with
that in any of the analogous foreign journals. I will not attempt
to specify particular articles, but all will agree that our scientific
knowledge of classical and English numismatics has made
material advances within the last thirty years, and that these
have been mainly due to the members of this Society and to the
contributors to the pages of the Numismatic Chronicle. Omitting
the names of those who are still among us, I may cite such
authorities as Akerman, Bergne, Birch, Borrell, Burgon,
Haigh, Henfrey, Lindsay, Sainthill, de Salis, Thomas, and
Vaux, whose reputation as numismatists is in many cases not
confined to this country.
There is another point in connection with the Jubilee of the
Society which also must be mentioned, although, through no act
of my own, it has assumed a somewhat personal character. The
Council in December last determined that it would be a fitting
memorial of the Numismatic Society's Jubilee, if a medal were
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
struck in honour of the occasion, which should be distributed
among its members. A design was proposed by which the
Jubilee of her Majesty would have been commemorated on the
obverse, where her portrait would have appeared, and the
Jubilee of the Society would have been recorded on the reverse.
The Council, however, with what I am afraid may appear
greater loyalty to their President than to their Sovereign, deter-
mined that the portrait and name of your President should be
shown on the obverse, alleging as a precedent that when the
Society was founded a medal was struck with the portrait of its
first President, Dr. Lee. Into the discussion of the subject I
could hardly enter, and I found myself in a contemptible
minority in upholding the first design.
The Jubilee year of her Majesty's reign will be commemorated
by the issue of a new coinage, on which the youthful portrait
that has now been in use for a period of fifty years will be
superseded by one more in accordance with her Majesty's
present age. This portrait is in the main taken from that by
Mr. Boehm, designed for the large commemorative medal, but
has suffered much in the reduction, mainly owing to the pro-
portions of the frill of the veil to the veil itself, and of the head
to the neck and shoulders, not having been successfully pre-
served. So far as denominations are concerned the principal
novelty is the introduction of a double florin or four-shilling
piece, of which the utility has still to be tested. The device on
the reverse of this piece reproduces the design of Simon for
the large gold coins of Charles II, and the reverse types of the
other coins are, with the slightest variations, reversions to types
which have been in use within the present century. One of
these variations is in the shape and character of the crown,
which appears to be but a doubtful improvement. It seems
unfortunate that so favourable an opportunity for introducing
really new designs on the reverse of our coins should have
been lost, and I cannot but think that some communication
between the Master of the Mint and the Council of this Society
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 25
on the subject of both the obverse and reverse designs might
possibly have been advantageous. Mr. C. Roach Smith, in a
memorial to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, has advocated the
adoption of designs having reference to some of the chief events
of her Majesty's reign, and though the exigencies of commerce
require a stereotyped uniformity in the types of our coins, yet
something might have been done in the direction thus indicated,
so that we might at all events have been spared from a reintro-
duction of the obsolete armorial designs of the great re-coinage
of 1816.
In my anniversary address of last year I expressed a hope
that the question of treasure -trove might be reconsidered by the
Government, and this hope has now been fulfilled. The new
regulations, however, while recognising the archaeological value
of objects found as being the basis of remuneration to the finder,
distinctly inform him that he is not to receive the full market
value of the articles retained for our national collections. As I
have already commented in the pages of the Numismatic
Chronicle 1 on the short-sighted policy involved in these regula-
tions I will not detain you longer on this subject.
I therefore address myself to a short review of the work
accomplished by the Society during the past year. The attend-
ance at our meetings and the number of objects of interest ex-
hibited at them has, I think, been somewhat above the average,
but there appears to have been a slight falling off in the number
of papers communicated, though perhaps not in their importance.
In Greek numismatics Canon Greenwell has favoured us with
an exhaustive memoir on the electrum coinage of Cyzicus, in
which, besides recording the political history of that town and
giving details of its mythology, he has described not less than a
hundred and seventy-two examples of the stater and its sub-
divisions, nearly all of which can without hesitation be referred
1 Vol. vi, 3rd Series, p. 176.
26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
to Cyzicus. When we consider that this coinage was absolutely
unknown to Eckhel, the advance that has been made in certain
departments of numismatic knowledge since his days is strongly
borne in upon us ; and though there are questions relating to
the meaning of some of the types, the relative value of the coins
to those of pure gold in circulation at the same time, and
perhaps many other points, the catalogue and details furnished
by this memoir render it the repertory of all that is at present
known, and the starting-point for future investigations as to this
interesting series.
Professor Gardner has made us acquainted with the principal
Greek coins acquired for the British Museum in 1885, among
which are some remarkable pieces. It is much to be regretted
that the limited purchasing power of the Museum has this year
been still further reduced, but to this point I shall recur
later on.
Mr. Svoronos has communicated some notes with regard to
an inscription on some coins of Gortyna which by Sestini has
been read as MYNOTAYPOZ, but which Mr. Wroth had
published as more probably TIZYPOI. Mr. Svoronos regards
this as an epithet of the Gortynians like that of the KPHTEZ
IEPAHYTNOI AZIOI, &c.
In Roman numismatics not much has been done. One of
our foreign members, M. Charles Robert, has called attention to
w
an explanation offered by M. R. Mowat of the symbol . yU
which occurs on some of the coins of the Constantine period
and which he interprets as Decima (pars) sestertii. The sug-
gestion seems plausible, but it may be urged against its accept-
ance that the symbol is not of general occurrence on the coins
of a particular weight, but is confined to the issues of two or
three Eastern mints.
The only other paper on the Roman Imperial coins was
one by myself, in which I gave an account of a few rare or
unpublished coins in my own collection, principally of gold.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 27
Among them were two unpublished aurei of Carausius and
Allectus.
On the Saxon coinage our only communication was from the
pen of Mr. Montagu and related to the rare coinage of JEthel-
bald of Wessex, the existence of which had by some been
doubted, as it rested on the authority of an engraving made
under the auspices of the notorious John White. Dr. Combe,
however, was satisfied as to the authenticity of the coin, the
money er's name on which was BEANMVND. In confirmation
of Dr. Combe, Mr. Montagu cites two coins of the same type but
struck by TORHTVLF, one of which was in his own collec-
tion and the other in that of Mr. Brice, though now both in
Mr. Montagu's possession.
Another paper by the same author relates to the so-called
BELLO ET PACE farthing of Queen Anne, and entirely disposes
of its claim to be regarded as a coin of the realm or as a pattern-
piece, and relegates it to the category of medalets or jetons.
An unpublished medal of Anthony Brown, first Viscount
Montagu, presented by Mr. Franks, with his usual liberality, to
the national collection, forms the subject of a paper by Mr.
Grueber, in which he gives some interesting particulars of the
diplomatist and warrior in whose honour the medal was cast.
Mr. Grueber is inclined to regard Trezzo, whose medal of
Mary is well known, as the artist who designed this of Viscount
Montagu.
A most useful Index to the Personal Medals in the British
Museum of later date than the accession of George III, has
been furnished to us by Mr. Warwick Wroth, and forms a
convenient and valuable supplement to the Medallic Illustrations
up to the death of George II by Messrs. Hawkins, Franks and
Grueber, published by the Trustees of the British Museum in
1885.
Another paper relating to medals was one by the late Arch-
deacon Pownall, which did not come before us until after his
lamented decease. It related to medals of Innocent VIII. and
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Alexander VI, and though the types described were already
published, the paper contained much of historical and personal
interest. It is sad to think that it closes the series of these
papers, and that the Society has lost one of the most constant
and instructive contributors to its Journal.
In illustration of the types and of the morphology of coins
we have had a suggestive paper from Mr. Hall on the gold
coinage of Mediaeval Europe, and Mr. Keary has furnished ua
with an abstract of Dr. Hans Hildebrand's paper on the earliest
Scandinavian coinage. The modifications of the Dorstat type
of the coins of Charlemagne afford another remarkable instance
of the changes which may result from successive imitations of a
type which has to a great extent lost its original signification.
We have had some accounts of recently discovered hoards
brought before us, including one by Mr. Sim of the remarkable
find at Aberdeen of upwards of 12,000 silver coins, mostly of
our three first Edwards.
Mr. Stanley Lane Poole has continued his Fasti Arabici, and
has given us notes on the collections of Mr. Leggett and Col.
Stewart, as well as a notice of the Oriental coins in the library
at Christ Church, Oxford. We have, therefore, had brought
under our notice no inconsiderable number of subjects ; but I
must take this opportunity of again impressing upon our
members that without a sufficient amount of material it will be
impossible for the Numismatic Chronicle to continue to appear
with its wonted regularity; and I would suggest that those
who are pursuing any special branch of numismatic study
should take the earliest opportunity of making the Society
acquainted with the result of their labours.
I must now turn to the sadder part of my duty on this occa-
sion, and say a few words with regard to those who have been
removed from among us by death.
In Archdeacon Assheton Pownall we have lost an ardent
numismatist, and a constant contributor to the pages of the
Numismatic Chronicle. He was the third son of James Pownall,
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY, 29
Esq., of Liverpool, and was born in 1822. He received his
education at Harrow, under Dr. Wordsworth, and subsequently
proceeded to Brasenose College, Oxford, where he graduated in
1845. In that same year he was ordained by Bishop Lonsdale,
of Lichfield, and after serving the curacy of Edginond, Shrop-
shire, for two years, he was presented by the Lord Chancellor
Cottenham to the rectory of South Kilworth, Leicestershire,
which was his home for the rest of his life. The population of
his parish never exceeded 500, so that he felt at liberty to
undertake useful work outside its limits. For many years he
represented the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in
Foreign Parts, arid visited, on their behalf, most of the towns
and villages of the Midland Counties. In 1867 he was appointed
Rural Dean of Gartree ; in 1875 he was made an Honorary
Canon of Peterborough ; and he was Proctor in Convocation
from 1871 till 1884, when he was made Archdeacon of Leicester,
still remaining a Member of the House.
It is, however, with Archdeacon Pownall's numismatic career
rather than with his ecclesiastical that we have now to do.
He joined the Society in April, 1860, and from that time until
the day of his death he took the warmest interest in its welfare.
His communications to the Society and to the pages of the
Numismatic Chronicle are too numerous for me to record here in
detail, being nearly thirty in number. His first papers, beginning
in 1861, related to the short cross coinage of Henry II and
Henry III, and to a curiously defaced penny of Stephen. The
subject of the short cross coinage was a favourite one with
Archdeacon Pownall, and he more than once recurred to it.
His list of the coins with the cross-pommee mint mark was, for
instance, most instructive and complete. The subject of
counter-marked coins was also one to which he paid much
attention. He likewise brought before us notices of various
finds of Roman and other coins, and raised the question as to
the amount of Italian influence that could be traced on the
coinage of Offa. On the coinage of the Edwards and the
30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Henrys he was no mean authority, some important hoards of
the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries having passed through
his hands. Of these he gave detailed accounts in the Numismatic
Chronicle. His paper 1 on the royal bust on early groats, con-
necting the representation of the monarch showing his neck
and shoulders naked with the ceremony of unction at the
Coronation, exhibited great ingenuity, and also went to prove
that the knowledge of subjects apparently most remote from
numismatic science may assist in throwing an unexpected light
upon some hitherto unobserved or mysterious detail.
On the coins issued from the mint at Stafford Archdeacon
Pownall's paper, published in 1880, furnishes the most com-
plete list that has hitherto been compiled. His inquiry in the
following year, Have ice no Irish Coins of Edward VI ? I ven-
ture to believe that I have been able to answer, and in doing so
I have fully borne out Archdeacon Pownall's suggestion, and
shown that there were large issues from the Dublin mint during
the reign of Edward VI, though the coins were struck with the
image and superscription of his father, Henry VIII. Of late his
attention had been principally directed to the series of Papal
medals, especially those of the fifteenth century, on which he
contributed a succession of interesting and instructive papers to
the Society. The last literary work on which he was engaged
was the paper that will appear in the forthcoming part of the
Chronicle. His decease took place almost suddenly at Dover
in November, 1886. Archdeacon Pownall was a Fellow of the
Society of Antiquaries, and for some years its local secretary
for Leicestershire, and in that capacity gave accounts to the
Society of various discoveries of antiquities in the Midland
Counties. As many of our members well know, he was a man
of the most genial disposition, always anxious thoroughly to
perform whatever he undertook, enthusiastic in his appreciation
of all that was of numismatic or antiquarian interest, a keen
1 Nwn Chron. N.S., vol. ix, 208.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 31
observer, and one who made, but never lost, friends. His
services to the Society while a member of the Council were
most valuable, though unobtrusively rendered, and if the medal,
of which I have the honour to be the recipient this year, is
ever productive of good to numismatic science, it must not be
forgotten that its foundation, as I stated in 1883, was in the
main due to the judicious suggestions of Archdeacon Pownall.
Of the affection in which he was held by his parishioners and
neighbours this is hardly the place to speak. It is testified by a
memorial window, placed in the chancel of South Kilworth
Church, which was so long the scene of his labours.
The Right Honourable William Willoughby Cole, third Earl
of Enniskillen, was born on the 25th January, 1807, and died
on the 12th November, 1886. He was elected into this Society
in May, 1861, and for many years took a warm interest in its
welfare, frequently serving on the Council, and as one of its
Vice-Presidents. His numismatic tastes were principally in the
direction of the coinages of foreign countries, in the collection
and arrangement of examples of which he materially aided the
British Museum. As a geologist, and especially as a collector
of fossil fish, he was widely known, and so long ago as 1828,
when still Viscount Cole, he became a Fellow of the Geological
Society. For many years before his decease his eyesight began
to fail, but until the last he maintained his interest in his
favourite pursuits, and rejoiced in opportunities of discussing
them. His almost gigantic frame, his genial smile, and his
merry laugh will long be remembered by those with whom he
was brought in contact, and probably other members of the
Society besides myself will cherish a remembrance of the kind
and hearty hospitality with which friends were received in the
fine old family seat of Florence Court.
Lieutenant-Colonel William Stewart Thorburn had been a
member of this Society since January, 1884, only. He had,
however, for many years been an ardent numismatist, having
been a collector from his early youth. He was the eldest son
82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
of the late James Thorburn, Barrister-at-Law, and Mary Anne,
daughter of William Stewart, of Shambellie, Dumfries, with
which district his family has been connected for several genera-
tions. He was born in 1838, and was educated at Dumfries
and Edinburgh. In 1858 he entered the army as ensign in the
1st Royal Scots, and after serving in India and elsewhere for
some years he joined the Army Pay Department, in which he
gained considerable financial experience. He subsequently again
served in India and in other parts of the world, rising through
the various grades in his profession until, in March, 1886, he
attained the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, and was selected for
the onerous and responsible post of Chief Paymaster in Ireland.
He was not, however, destined long to hold this office, as in
August last he was suddenly struck down by the rupture of a
blood-vessel in the lungs, and after a painful illness of ten
weeks he died on October 18th, 1886, at Dalkey, near Dublin,
at the age of forty-eight years. He is interred at Malvern,
Worcestershire, by the side of his only son, who died in the
previous year, aged fifteen.
Colonel Thorburn's taste for coins was developed while
still at school, a friend having presented him with some
Scottish coins that had long been treasured in his family.
During the whole of his military career he never lost sight of
his favourite study, and his collection, acquired by degrees,
comprised a considerable number of scarce coins and was
especially rich in those of the Stuart period. Numerous refe-
rences to coins in the Thorburn collection will be found in
Kenyon's Gold Coins of England. The work by which Colonel
Thorburn is best known is a Guide to the Coins of Great Britain
and Ireland with their value published in 1884, of which a
short notice appeared in the Numismatic Chronicle. On this
work he bestowed the leisure hours of some years and I believe
that he was contemplating another and a larger work when his
active and useful career was cut short by an untimely death.
Mr. William Brice had long been known as a most diligent
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 33
and judicious collector of coins. So long ago as January, 1850,
he became a member of this Society, but he shortly afterwards
resigned, and did not rejoin our body until February, 1886.
His family has for many years been settled in Bristol, in which
city Mr. Brice long practised as a solicitor, and of which for a
few years he was the Town Clerk. Shortly after his retire-
ment from active work in 1880, his long legal services were
fittingly acknowledged by his being placed on the roll of magis-
trates for the county of Gloucester. Although so skilled a
numismatist, he did not write upon the subject of coins,
though he was ever ready to help others with information ; and
Mr. Montagu, when writing on the copper coinage of Great
Britain, based many observations on the coins in Mr. Brice's
collection, which, I am divulging no secret in saying it, have
now passed into his own. Mr. Brice was never married, and
died after a very short illness on March 14th last, having nearly
completed his seventy-fifth year.
The Baron Lucien de Hirsch de Gereuth, 3 of Paris, was born
at Brussels in 1856, and became a member of this Society in
April, 1884, having in November, 1883, communicated to us an
important paper 4 on some rare and inedited Sicilian coins from
his own collection. His numismatic tastes dated from a visit
to Constantinople in 1869, where he was much struck by the
Prokesch-Osten collection. A few years afterwards he began
to collect on his own account, and his series of Greek coins,
which though limited in extent was of great beauty, comprising
some of the finest works of art of the ancient die engravers, was
exhibited in the Trocadero in Paris in 1878. 8 The coins of
Sicily formed the chief part of his collection, and on these he
could speak with authority. A posthumous memoir by. the
Baron L. de Hirsch on the coins of Orontobates or Rhoonto-
3 A more extended memoir will be found in the Rev. JVam.
1887, p. 195.
4 Numismatic Chronicle, 3rd Series, vol. in., p. 165.
5 Ann de Num., vol. v., p. 204.
e
34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
pates has just appeared in the Revue Numismatique, 1887,
p. 89.
Mr. James Gibbs, who for some years was a member of the
Council of the Supreme Government of India, joined this
Society in May, 1880, and communicated several papers to our
Journal. The first of these was on the Gold and Silver Coins
of the Bahman Dynasty which ruled over the Deccan for a
term of a century and a half, but of whose history and coinage
but little had previously been published. A second important
paper on some rare and unpublished coins of the Pathan and
Mogul Dynasties of Delhi was published in 1885, and forms a
necessary supplement to the works of Marsden and Thomas.
Sir Walter Elliot, another distinguished Oriental numismatist
and author of the work On the Coins of Southern India in the
International Marsden, has also passed away. He was, however,
I believe, at no time a member of this Society.
Among the more important numismatic works published in
this country during the past year I must place first the Histona
Numorum, by our excellent Secretary, Mr. Head, which has
been issued by the Oxford University Press. It is rightly
described on its title page as a Manual of Greek Numismatics,
and I think that it may fairly claim for itself the distinction of
being the most complete manual of the kind that has hitherto
appeared in any language. Numismatic science like all other
sciences is cumulative, and in addition to. being able to benefit
by the studies of our predecessors, and as it were to stand on
their ' shoulders when searching after knowledge, we of the
present day have the advantage of more widely spread general
knowledge of archaeological subjects and of more scientific
methods for their investigation. On the metric systems of anti-
quity, on their extension and diffusion from various centres,
on the chronological classification of coins by means of their
style, and indeed on most subjects connected with Greek numis-
matics, Mr. Head has long been able to speak with the
authority of mature experience. It is I think sixty years since
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 35
the complete publication of the Doctrina Numorum Veterum
of Eckhel, and nearly ninety since his death, and the Hivtoria
Numorum of Mr. Head is the only comprehensive work of the
same kind which has since been given to the world. A com-
parison of the two works will show how enormously our know-
ledge, at all events in some departments, has extended in this
interval of time. For instance, as I have already observed, not
a single Cyzicene was known to Eckhel, and of the coinage
of Elis, Corinth, Phocsea, and Attica his knowledge was incom-
plete and his attributions not unfrequently erroneous, while
the Lycian and Cypriote characters, towards the interpretation of
which so much has now been accomplished, were practically
unknown to him. None of us are infallible, and probably some
few corrections will eventually be made in Mr. Head's chrono-
logy of the coinages and possibly in their attribution ; but as a
whole I venture to predict that his manual will long remain the
standard work on the Greek coinage, and n the name of the
Society I beg to offer him our congratulations on the completion
of his arduous task, and our thanks for the assistance he has
rendered to our science.
Professor Percy Gardner has during the past year added
another volume to the valuable series of Catalogues of Greek
Coins in the British Museum. It relates to the coins of
Peloponnesus, excluding those of Corinth, which will appear in
a subsequent volume, and in addition to the mere catalogue
contains an important preliminary essay on the monetary stan-
dards in Peloponnesus, as well as on the types, chronology, and
origin of the coinage in the various states comprised in that
peninsula.
Students of English numismatics will gladly hail the first
volume of the Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum,
which relates to the earlier portion of the Anglo-Saxon Series
and has been carefully compiled by Mr. Keary. To this volume
also an excellent introductory chapter has been appended, and
autotype plates are given of all the principal coins. As might
36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
naturally be expected, our national collection is strong in the
coins of this series. There are, however, gaps to which the
publication of this catalogue will call attention, and which I
hope may in consequence be sooner or later filled. Unfor-
tunately the great growth which has taken place in the
number of those who take an intelligent interest in numismatic
and archaeological inquiries, has been met by the Government,
or perhaps I should say by the Treasury, with a diminution in
the annual grant to the British Museum, perhaps the most
important educational establishment in the kingdom, to the
extent of 10,000, or practically one-half of the funds available
for purchases. While spending millions on education, such a
curtailment seems in the highest degree ill-timed and irrational,
and I hope that the public voice will be raised against a
measure of small economy so manifestly misplaced.
It is, however, time to conclude this somewhat lengthy
address, and in doing so I will again thank the Society for the
great honour which it has conferred upon me, and express my
most ardent hopes that the next fifty years of the Society's
existence may be at least as [useful and as prosperous as those
which have now elapsed.
The Meeting then proceeded to ballot for the Officers of the
ensuing year, when the following gentlemen were elected :
President.
JOHN EVANS, ESQ., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., P.S.A.,
F.G.S.
Vice -Presidents.
H. MONTAGU, ESQ., F.S.A.
R. STUART POOLE, ESQ., LL.D
Treasurer.
ALFRED E. COPP, ESQ., M.R.A.S.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 37
Secretaries.
HERBERT A. GRUEBER, ESQ., F.S.A.
BARCLAY VINCENT HEAD, ESQ., D.C.L., PH.D.
Foreign Secretary.
PROFESSOR PERCY GARDNER, Lrrr.D., F.S.A.
Librarian.
OLIVER CODRINGTON, ESQ., M.D.
Members of the Council.
JOSEPH BROWN, ESQ., Q.C.
MAJOR-GEN. SIR ALEXANDER A. CUNNINGHAM, R.E., K.C.I E.,
G.S.I.
ARTHUR J. EVANS, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A.
THE REV. CANON GREENWELL, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A.
J. G. HALL, ESQ.
R. A. HOBLYN, ESQ.
F. W. PIXLEY, ESQ.
HERMANN WEBER, ESQ , M.D.
ERNEST H. WILLETT, ESQ., F.S.A.
WARWICK W. WROTH, ESQ.
LIST OF MEMBERS
OF THK
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
OF LONDON.
DECEMBEE, 1887.
LIST OF MEMBERS
OF THE
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
OF LONDON,
DECEMBER, 1887.
An Asterisk prefixed to a name indicates that the Member lias compounded
for his annual contribution.
*ALEXIEFF, M. GEORGE BE, Ctiambellan de . S.M. 1'Empereur tie
Russie, Ekaterinoslaw (par Moscou), Russie Meridiouale.
ANDR, J. H., ESQ., 127, New Bond Street, W.
ANDREW, W. J., ESQ., Moss Side, Ashton-under-Lyne.
ANDREWS, R. THORNTON, ESQ., Castle Street, Hertford.
ARNOLD, W. T., ESQ., Guardian Office, Manchester.
*BAJJINGTON, REV. CHURCHILL, B.D., M.R.S.L., Cockfield Rectory,
Sudbury, Suffolk.
BACKHOUSE, J. E., ESQ., The Rookery, Middleton Tyas, Rich-
mond, Yorks.
BAGNALL-OAKELEY, MRS., Newland, Coleford, Gloucestershire.
BAKER, W. R., ESQ., Bayfordbury, Hertford.
BARRETT, T. B., ESQ., 20, Victoria Terrace, Welshpool, Mont-
gomery.
BASCOM, G. J., ESQ., 109, Lexington Avenue, New York, U.S.A.
*BIEBER, G. W. EGMONT, ESQ., The Platanes, Champion Hill, S.E.
BIGGE, FRANCIS E., ESQ., Carlton Curlieu Hall, Leicester.
BIRD, W. S., ESQ., 74, New Oxford Street, W.C.
BLACKETT, JOHN STEPHENS, ESQ., C.E., Southerton, Kirkcaldy.
4 LIST OF MEMBERS,
BLACKMORE, H. P., ESQ., M.D., Blackmore Museum, Salisbury.
BLAIR, EGBERT, ESQ., F.S.A., South Shields.
*BLiss, THOMAS, ESQ., Coningsburgh, Bethune Road. Amherst
Park, N.
BOM, M. Adriaan, Keizersgracht, 428, Amsterdam.
BLUNDELL, J. H., ESQ., 157, Cheapside, E.G.
*BRIGGS, ARTHUR, ESQ., Cragg Royd, Rawden, Leeds.
BROWN, G. D., ESQ., 63, Albert Street, Regent's Park, N.W.
BROWN, JOSEPH, ESQ , Q.O., 54, Avenue Road, Regent's
Park, N.W.
BUCHAN, J. S., ESQ., 15, Barrack Street, Dundee.
BUICK, DAVID, ESQ., LL D., Sandy Bay, Larne Harbour, Ireland.
BULL, REV. HERBERT A., Wellington House, Westgate-on Sea.
BUNBURY, SIR EDWARD H., BART., M.A., F.G.S., 35, St. James's
Street, S.W.
BURSTAL, EDWARD K., ESQ., Sinclair House, Holy well Street,
Oxford.
BUSH, COLONEL' J. TOBIN, 29, Rue de FOrangerie, le Havre. France.
BUTLER, CHARLES, ESQ., F.R.G.S., Warren Wood, Hatfield.
BUTLER, JOHN, ESQ., Alexandra Mill, Bolton.
*BUTTERY, W., ESQ. (not known.)
CALDECOTT, J. B., ESQ., 12, Groom's Hill, Greenwich, S.E.
CALVERT, REV. THOS., 15, Albany Villas, Hove, Brighton.
CARFRAE, ROBERT, ESQ., F. S.A.Scot., 77, George Street, Edinburgh.
CAVE, LAURENCE TRENT, ESQ., 13, Lowndes Square, S.W.
CHURCHILL, Win. S., ESQ., 24, Birch Lane, Manchester.
*CLARK, JOSEPH, ESQ., 14, Mount Place, Whitechapel Road, E.
*CLARKE, HYDE, ESQ., F.R.H.S., 32, St. George's Square, S.W.
COCKAYNE, MORTON W., ESQ., Exeter House, Roehampton, S.W.
COCKBTJRN, JOHN, ESQ., Abbotsdene, Greenside, Richmond.
CODRINGTON, OLIVER, ESQ., M.D., M.R.A.S., 85, Upper Rich-
mond Road, Putney, Librarian.
*Copp, ALFRED E., ESQ , M.R.A.S., Hatherley, Wimbledon Hill,
and 37, Essex Street, Strand, Treasurer.
COTTON, W. A., ESQ,, High Street, Bromsgrove, Worcestershire.
LIST OF MEMBERS. O
CREEKE, MAJOR ANTHONY BUCK, Ashleigh, Burnley.
*CROMPTON-EOBERTS, OKAS. M., ESQ., 16, Belgrave Square,
S.W.
CROWTHER, EEV. G. F., M.A., 2o, Bloomsbury Square, W.O.
*CROY, PRINCE ALFRED EMMANUEL DE, Chateau du Roeulx, Hainai-t,
Belgium.
CUMLNG, H. SYER, ESQ., F. S.A.Scot., 63, Kennington Park Road.
CUNNINGHAM, MAJOR-GENERAL SIR A., E.E., K.C.I. E., C.S.I,
96, Gloucester Eoad, South Kensington, S.W.
DAMES, M. LONGWOTRTH, ESQ., C.S., M.R.A.S., Dera Ismail Khan,
Pan jab, India.
DAVIDSON, J. L. STRACHAN, ESQ., M.A., Balliol College, Oxford.
DAVIES, WILLIAM RUSHER, ESQ., Overthorpe House, Wallingford.
DAVIS, WALTER, ESQ., 23, Suffolk Street, Birmingham.
DEAKIN, GEO., ESQ., 238, Camden Eoad, N.
*DEWICK, EEV. E. S., M.A., 2, Southwick Place, Hyde Park, W.
DORMAN, JOHN WM., ESQ., B.A., C.E,, Kinsale.
DOUGLAS, CAPTAIN R. J. H., Junior United Service Club, Charles
Street, St. James's, S.W.
DOULTON, J. DUNEAU, ESQ. 8, Eaton Gardens, Brighton.
DRYDEN, SIR HENRY, BART., Canon's Ashby, By field, Northampton.
DURLACHER, A., ESQ., 15, Old Burlington Street, W.
DURRANT, EEV. CHRISTOPHER EAWES, Freston Eectory, Ipswich.
EADES, GEORGE, ESQ., The Abbey, Evesham, Worcestershire.
ERHARDT, H., ESQ., 9, Bond Court, Walbrook, E.C.
EVANS, ARTHUR J., ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., Ashmolean Museum, Oxfoid.
EVANS, JOHN, ESQ., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., P.S.A., Corr. de Tlnst.,
Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead, President.
EVANS, SEBASTIAN, ESQ., LL.D., 10, Eosary Gardens, South Ken-
sington, S.W. ^_/
FAY, DUDLEY B., ESQ., 37, Franklin Street, Boston, Massachusetts,
U.S.A.
FEU ARDENT, GASTON, ESQ., 61, Great Russell Street,, Blooms-
bury, W.C.
FEWSTER, C. E., ESQ., Hornsea, near Hull, Yorks.
6 LIST OF MEMBERS.
FORD, JOHN WALKER, ESQ., Chase Park, Enfield.
FRANKS, AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON, ESQ., M.A., F.K.S., F.S.A., British
Museum.
FREMANTLE, THE HON. C. W., C.B., Eoyal Mint.
FRENTZEL, RUDOLPH, ESQ., 20, New Broad Street, E.G.
*FRESHFIELD, EDWIN, ESQ., LL.D., F.S.A., 5, Bank Buildings,
E.G.
GARDNER, PROF. PERCY, Litt.D., F.S.A., 31, Norham Eoad, Oxford,
Foreign Secretary.
GEORGE, A. DURANCE, ESQ., 112, Bishopsgate Street Within, E.G.
GIBSON, J. HARRIS, ESQ., 73, Eenshaw Street, Liverpool.
GILL, HENRY SEPTIMUS, ESQ., Tiverton.
GILLESPIE, W. J., ESQ., Whitehall, Foxrock, co. Dublin.
GOODMAN, T. W., ESQ., Clifton Lodge, 155, Haverstock Hill, N.W.
GOSSET, COL. MATTHEW W. E., care of Messrs. Cox & Co., Craig's
Court, Charing Cross, S.W.
GRANT, ALEXANDER, ESQ., C.I.E., care of Capt. A. Field, Delrey
House, Cheltenham.
GREENE, T. W., ESQ., B.C.L., Newlands, Salisbury.
GREENWELL, KEY. CANON, M.A., F.E.S., F.S.A., Durham.
GRUEBER, HERBERT A., ESQ., F.S.A., British Museum, Secretary.
HALL, J. G., ESQ., 1, Masbro' Eoad, Hammersmith, W.
HALL, ROBERT, ESQ., Albert Cottage, Victoria Eoad, Sutton, Surrey.
HARRIS, W. BURTON, ESQ., 9, Chelsea Embankment, S.W.
HARVEY, WILLIAM G. L., ESQ., 22, Mersey Road, Aigburth,
Liverpool.
HEAD, BARCLAY VINCENT, ESQ., D.C.L., Ph.D., British Museum,
Secretary.
HENDERSON, JOHN L., ESQ., 14, Athole Gardens, Kelvinside,
Glasgow.
^HENDERSON, JAMES STEWART, ESQ., F.E.G.S., M.E.S.L.,M.C.P.,
7, Hampstead Hill Gardens, N.W.
HEYWOOD, NATHAN, ESQ., 3, Mount Street, Manchester.
HOBLYN, RICHARD A., ESQ., Hollywood, 79, Priory Eoad, West
Hampstead, N.W.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 7
HODGKIN, T., ESQ., D.C.L., Benwelldene, Newcastle.
*HOFFMANN, M. H., 1, Eue du Bac, Paris.
HOPKINS, CAPT. C. H. I., Wilton Tower, Wilton le Wear,
Darlington.
HOWORTH, H. H., ESQ., M.P., F.S.A., M.E.A.S., Bentcliff, Ecc'es,
Manchester.
HUBBARD, WALTER E., ESQ., P.O. Box 694, Montreal, Canada.
HUGEL, BARON F. VON, 4, Holford Road, Hampstead, N.W.
HUNT, J. MORTIMER, ESQ., 4, Airlie Gardens, Campden Hill, W.
*IONLDES, CONST ANTINE ALEX., ESQ., 8, Holland Villas Eoad,
Kensington, W.
JAMES, J. HENRY, ESQ., Kings wood, Watford.
JENNINGS, JOHN, ESQ., Lagrange House, Newmarket.
*JEX-BLAKE, EEV. T. W., D.D., Alvechurch, Eedditch.
JOHNSTON, J. M. C., ESQ., The Yews, Grove Park, Cainber-
well, S.E.
JONES, JAMES COVE, ESQ., F.S.A., Loxley, Wellesbourne, Warwick.
JONES, THOMAS, ESQ., Eglwyseg Manor House, Llangollen, North
Wales ; and 2, Plowden Buildings, Temple.
KAY, HENRY CASSELLS, ESQ., 11, Durham Villas, Kensington, W.
KEARY, CHARLES FRANCIS, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., 200, Cromwell Eoad,
S.W.
*KENYON, R. LLOYD, ESQ., M.A., Pradoe, West Felton, Shrops.
KING, L. WHITE, ESQ., Bengal Civil Service, Bannu, or Edwanls-
abad, Panjab, India.
KITCHENER, COLONEL H. H., E.E., care of Messrs. Cox & Co.,
Craig's Court, Charing Cross, S.W.
*KiTT, THOS. W., ESQ., Auckland, New Zealand.
KRTJMBHOLZ, E. C., ESQ., 38, Great Pulteney Street, W.
*LAGERBERG, M. ADAM MAGNUS EMANUEL, Chamberlain of H.M.
the King of Sweden and Norway, Director of the Numismatic
Department, Museum, Gottenburg, and Eada, Sweden.
*LAMBERT, GEORGE, ESQ., F.S.A., 10, Coventry Street, W.
8 LIST OF MEMBERS.
*LANG, ROBERT HAMILTON, ESQ., Pila Lodge, South Norwood
Park, S.E.
LATCHMORE, F., ESQ., High Street, Hitchin.
LAWRENCE, F. G., ESQ., Birchfield, Mulgrave Eoad, Sutton, Surrey.
*LAWRENCE, L. A., ESQ., Trehurst, 35, Maresfield Gardens, N.W.
LAWRENCE, W. F., ESQ., M.P., Coweafield House, Salisbury.
*LAWRENCE, EICHARD HOE, ESQ., 31, Broad Street, New York.
*LAWSON, ALFRED J., Esq., Imperial Ottoman Bank, Smyrna.
LEADER, J.D., ESQ., F.S.A., Moor End, Sheffield.
LEATHER, C. J., ESQ., North Grounds Villa, Portsea, Portsmouth.
LEES, W., ESQ., 44, Queen Street, Horncastle, Lincolnshire.
LEGGETT, E., ESQ., Kurrachee, India (care of Mr. E. C. Poulter,
4A, Middle Temple Lane).
*LEWIS, REV. SAMUEL SAVAGE, F.S.A., Corpus Christi College,
Cambridge.
LINCOLN, FREDERICK W., ESQ., 69, New Oxford Street, W.C.
LOEWE, DR. L,, M.R.A.S., 1, Oscar Villas, Broadstairs, Kent.
LONGSTAFFE, W. HYLTON DYER, ESQ., F.S.A., 4, Catherine Terrace,
Gateshead.
Low, LYMAN H., ESQ., 8,53, Broadway, New York, U.S.A.
*LYELL, A. H., ESQ., 21, Sumner Place, Onslow Square, S.W.
MACKE-RELL, C E., ESQ., Dunningley, Balham Hill, S.W.
MADDEN, FREDERIC WILLIAM, ESQ., M.E.A.S., Hilton Lodge, Sude-
ley Terrace, Brighton.
MARSDEN, REV. CANON, B.D., Great Oakley Rectory, Harwich, Essex.
MARTIN, ALFRED TRICE, ESQ., 10, Upper Belgrave Eoad, Clifton,
Bristol.
MASON, JAS. J., ESQ., Maryfield Cottage, Victoria Eoad, Kirkcaldy.
* MAUDE, EEV. S., Needham Market, Suffolk.
MclNTYRE, ^JNEAS J., ESQ., Q.C., 1, Park Square, Eegent's
Park, N.W.
MCLACHLAN, R. W., ESQ., 55, St. Monique Street, Montreal.
MIDDLETON, PROF. JOHN H., M.A., F.S.A., King's College, Cam-
bridge.
MINTON, Tiros. W., ESQ., Congleton, Cheshire.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 9
MONTAGU, H., ESQ., F.S.A., 34, Queen's Gardens, Hyde Park,'W.,
Vice- President.
MITCHELL, E. 0., ESQ., Meppadi S. Wynaad, Madras Pres., India
(care of Messrs. H. S. King & Co., 65, Oornhill).
MOORE, GENERAL, Junior U.S. Club, Charles St., St. James's, S.W.
MORRIESON, LIEUT. H. WALTERS, B.A., care of Mr. J. Bumpus,
350, Oxford Street, W.
MURDOCH, JOHN GLOOQ, ESQ., Huntingtower, The Terrace, Camden
Square, N.W.
MYERS, WALTER, ESQ., F.S.A., 21, Queensborough Terrace, Hyde
Park, W.
NASH, CHARLES HENRY, ESQ., Elmhurst, South Norwood Park,
S.E.
KECK, J. F., ESQ., care of Mr. F. W. Lincoln, 69, New Oxford
Street, W.C.
NELSON, EALPH, ESQ., 55, North Bondgate, Bishop Auckland.
*NUNN, JOHN JOSEPH, ESQ., Downhain Market.
NUTTER, MAJOR, W. Bough Lee, Accrington, and Cleveley's,
Poulton-le-Fylde.
OLIVER, E. EMMERSON, ESQ., M E.A.S., M.Inst.C.E., Holly Oak,
Simla, India.
OMAN, C. W. C., ESQ., M.A., All Souls College, Oxford.
PACKE, ALFRED E., ESQ., 1, Stanhope Place, Hyde Park, W.
*PATRICK, ROBERT W. COCHRAN, ESQ., F.S.A.Scot., Beith, Ayrshire.
*PEARCE, SAMUEL SALTER, ESQ,, Biugham's Melcombe, Dorchester,
PEARSE, GEN. G. G., C.B., E.H.A., Godfrey House, Cheltenham.
PEARSON, A. HARFORD, ESQ., 29, Ashley Place, S.W.
*PECKOVER, ALEX., ESQ., F.S.A., F.L.S., F.E.G.S., Bank House,
Wisbech.
*PERRY, MARTEN, ESQ., M.D., Spalding, Lincolnshire.
PHILLIPS, HENRY, ESQ., JUN., A.M., Ph.D. Numismatic Society
of Philadelphia, U.S.A.
PIXLEY, FRANCIS W., ESQ., 23, Linden Gardens, W.
10 LIST OF MEMBERS.
POLLEXFEN, REV. JOHN H., M.A., F.S.A., Middleton Tyas, Richmond,
Yorksliire.
POOLE, REGINALD STUART, ESQ., LL.D., Corr. de I'lnstitut, British
Museum, Vice- President.
POOLE, STANLEY E. LANE, ESQ., M.R A.S., Birling House, East-
dean, Eastbourne.
POWELL, SAMUEL, ESQ., Ivy House, Welshpool.
PHEVOST, AUGUSTUS, ESQ., 79, Westbourne Terrace, W.
PRIDEAUX, LIEUT.-COL., W. F., E.R.G.S., M.R.A.S., 2, Sidlaw
Terrace, Bognor, Sussex.
PULLAN, RICHARD P., ESQ., E.S.A., M.H.I.B.A., 9, Melbury Roud,
Kensington, W.
RANSOM, W., ESQ., F.L.S., Fan-field, Hitcliin, Herts.
RASHLEIGH. JONATHAN, ESQ., 3, Cumberland Terrace, Regent's
Park, N.W.
RAWLINSON, MAJOR GENERAL SIR HENRY C., K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S.,
21, Charles Street, Berkeley Square, W.
READY, W. TALBOT, ESQ., 55, Rathbone Place, W.
REED, P. R., ESQ., Rusholme, Grove Road, Surbiton.
RICHARDSON, A. B., ESQ., F. S.A.Scot., 16, Coates Crescent,
Edinburgh.
^ROBERTSON, J. D., ESQ., M.A., 11, College Green, Gloucester.
ROBINSON, T. W. U., ESQ., F.S.A., Houghton-le-Spring, Durham.
RODGERS, C. J., ESQ., Archaeological Surveyor, Panjab Circle,
Amritsar, India.
ROSTRON, SIMPSON, ESQ., 1, Hare Court, Temple.
*SALAS, MIGUEL T., ESQ., 247, Florida Street, Buenos Ayres.
*SANDEMAN, LIEUT.-COL. JOHN GLAS, 24, Cambridge Square,
Hyde Park, W.
SCHINDLER, GENERAL A. H., care of Messrs. W. Dawson and Son,
121, Cannon Street, E.C.
SCHLUMBERGER, M. G., 140, Faubourg St. Honord, Paris.
SELBORNE, THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL or, F.R.S., Blackmoor,
Selborne, Hants.
SHORTHOUSE, E., ESQ., 5, Charlotte Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
SMITH, H. P., ESQ., 269, West 52ud Street, New York.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 11
SMITH, R. HOBART, ESQ., 58,Wall Street, New York.
SMITH, SAMUEL, ESQ., Wisbech, Cambridgeshire.
SMITH, SAMUEL, ESQ., JUN., 25, Croxteth lload, Prince's Park,
Liverpool.
SMITHE, J. DOYLE, ESQ., F.G.S., National Church Club, 135,
New Bond Street, W.
SOAMES, REV. CHARLES, Mildenhall, near Marlborough, Wilts.
SPENCE, ROBERT, ESQ., 4, Rosella Place, North Shields.
SPICE R, FREDERICK, ESQ., Catteshall, Godalming, Surrey.
SPINK, C. F., ESQ., 2, Gracechurch Street, E.C.
STEPHEN, C., ESQ., Ludhiana, N.W. Provinces, India (care of
Messrs. H. S. King & Co., 65, Cornhill).
*STREATFEILD, R,EV. GEORGE SIDNEY, Vicarage, Streatham Common,
S.W.
*STUBBS, MAJOR-GEN. F. W., R.A., M.E.A.S., Dromiskin House,
Castle Bellingham, co. Louth, Ireland.
STUDD, E. FAIRFAX, ESQ., Oxton, Exeter.
STULPNAGEL, DR. C. E., Govt. College, Lahore, Panjab, India.
SUGDEN, JOHN, ESQ., Dockroyd, near Keighley.
SYMONDS, HENRY, ESQ., Oakdale, Farquhar Road, Edgbaston.
TABLEY, THE RIGHT HON. LORD DE, 62, Elm Park Road, Chelsea,
S.W.
TALBOT, MAJOR THE HON. MILO GEORGE, R.E., 2, Paper Buildings,
Temple.
TALBOT, THE HON. REGINALD, LL.B., 2, Paper Buildings, Temple.
TAYLOR, W. H., ESQ., Ivy Yiew, Erdington, near Birmingham.
THAIRLWALL, T. J., ESQ., 169, Gloucester Road, Regent's Park,
N.W.
*THEOBALD, W., ESQ., Budleigh Salterton, S. Devon.
TOPLIS, JOHN, ESQ., Grimsby Villa, 8, Arthur Street, Nottingham.
TREVOR, HON. GEORGE HILL, 25, Belgrave Square, S.W.
TRIST, J. W., ESQ., F.S.A., 62, Old Broad Street, E.C.
TROTTER, MAJOR HENRY, C.B., British Embassy, Constantinople.
TUFNELL, CAPT. R. H. C., 8, High Road, Nungumbankum,
Madras, India.
TUNMER, H. G., ESQ., 38, Tacket Street, Ipswich.
12 LIST OF MEMBERS.
VERITY, JAMES, ESQ., Earlsheaton, Dewsbury.
VIRTUE, JAMES SPRENT, ESQ., 294, City Road, E.G.
VIZJB, GEORGE HENRY, ESQ., 4, Loraine Eoad, Holloway, N.
*WADDINGTON, MONSIEUR, W. H., Membre de 1'Institut, 31, Rue
Dumont Durville, Paris.
VVAKEroRD, GEORGE, ESQ., Knight rider Street, Maidstone.
WALKER, R. K, ESQ., M.A., Trin. Coll. Dub., 9, St. James'
Terrace, Miltown, Co. Dublin.
WEBB, HENRY, ESQ., 11, Argyll Street, Regent Street, W.
WEBER, EDWARD F., ESQ., 58, Alster, Hamburg, Germany.
* WEBER, FREDERIC P., ESQ., 10, Grosvenor Street, Grosvenor
Square, W.
*WEBER, HERMANN, ESQ., M.D., 10, Grosvenor Street, Grosvenor
Square, W.
WEBSTER, W. J., ESQ., 1, Bloomsbury Place, Bloomsbury Square,
W.C.
WHELAN, F. E., ESQ., 61, Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.
WHITE, GEORGE, ESQ., Bank of England, E.G.
*WIGRAM, MRS. LEWIS, Woodlawn, Bickley, Kent.
WILKINSON, JOHN, ESQ., F.S.A., 13, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.
WILLETT, ERNEST H., ESQ., F.S.A., 6, Fairfield Road, Croydon, S.E.
WILLIAMSON, GEO. C., ESQ., Dunstanbeorh, Church Hill, Guild-
ford, Surrey.
WINSER, THOMAS B., ESQ., Royal Exchange Assurance, Royal Ex-
change, E.G.
WOOD, HUMPHREY, ESQ., Chatham.
WORMS, BARON GEORGE DE, F.R.G.S.,F.S.A., M.R.S.L., E.G.S.,D.L M
J.P., 17, Park Crescent, Portland Place, Regent's Park, W.
WRIGHT, REV. WILLIAM, D.D., The Avenue, Beulah Hill, Upper
Norwood, S.E.
WROTH, W. W., ESQ., British Museum.
WYON, ALLAN, ESQ., 2, Langham Chambers, Portland Place, W.
YOUNG, ARTHUR W., ESQ., 12, Hyde Park Terrace, W.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 13
HONORARY MEMBERS.
ADRIAN, DR. J. D., Giessen.
AMECOURT, M. LE VICOMTE DE PONTON D', 18, Eue de 1'Uni-
versite, Paris.
BARTHfiLEMY, M. A. DE, 39, Rue d'Amsterdam, Paris.
BERGMANN, J. EITTER VON, Vienna.
CASTELLANOS, SENOR DON BASILIO SEBASTIAN, 80, Rue S. Bernardo,
Madrid.
CHABOUILLET, M. A., Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris,
CHALON, M. RENTER, 113, Rue du Trone, Brussels,
COLSON, DR. ALEXANDRE, Noyon (Oise), France.
DANNENBERG, HERR BL Berlin
GONZALEZ, CAV. CARLO, Palazzo Rieasoli, Via delle Terme, Florence.
GROTE, DR. H., Hanover.
GUIOTH, M. LEON, Liege.
HART, A. WELLINGTON, ESQ., 16, Ex Place, New York.
HEISS, M. ALOISS, 48, Rue Cliarles-Laifitte, Neuilly, Seine.
HERBST, HERR d F., Director of the Museum of Northern Anti-
quities and Inspector of the Coin Cabinet, Copenhagen.
HILDEBRAND, DR. HANS, Riksantiquarien, Stockholm.
HUCHER, M. E., Le Mans.
IMHOOF-BLUMER, DR. F., Winterthur, Switzerland.
KENNER, DR. F., K. K. Museum, Vienna.
LEEMANS, DR. CONRAD, Direct, du Musee d'Antiquit^s, Lejden.
LEITZMANN, HERR PASTOR J., Weissensee, Thiifingen, Saxonj.
Lis Y RIVES, SE&OR DON V. BERT RAN DE, Madrid.
MINERVINI, CAV. GIULIO, Rome.
MOMMSEN, PROFESSOR DR. THEOUOR, Berlin.
MILLER, DR. L., Insp. du Cah. des Medailles, Copenhagen.
14 LIST OF MEMBERS.
SALLET, PROF. DR. ALFRED VON, Konigliche Museen, Berlin.
Six, M. J. P., Amsterdam.
SMITH, AQUILLA, EsQ.,M.D., M.E.I.A., 121, Baggot Street, Dublin.
SMITH, C. ROACH, ESQ., F.S.A., Temple Place, Strood, Kent.
STICKEL, PROFESSOR DR. J. G., Jena, Germany.
TIESENHAUSEN, PROF. W., Pont de la Police, 17, St. Petersburg.
VALLERSANI, IL PROF., Florence.
VERACHTKR, M. FREDERICK, Antwerp.
WEIL, DR. RUDOLF. Konigliche Museen, Berlin.
WITTE, M. LK BARON DE. 5. Rue Fortin, Faubourg St. Honore", Paris.
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
i.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS.
IT is not my intention in this account of the electrum
coinage of Cyzicus to enter upon a history of the state in
any of its relations, except so far as it may afford an eluci-
dation of my more immediate subject. The purpose of
the essay is to bring together as complete a list as is
possible of all the electrum coins issued by Cyzicus during
the long period of their emission, together with a repro-
duction by the autotype process of each type. It is hoped
that this in itself will be of service to numismatists and
others interested in Hellenic art and its development.
No attempt to publish a full list of these numerous
coins has hitherto been made since the time of Sestini,
whose catalogue, on account of the scarcity of types then
known, was necessarily a very imperfect one. I have long
felt that until a detailed, and to a very large extent an
exhaustive account was given, it was impossible that this
most valuable and extensive series of coin -types could be
presented to numismatic science with any prospect of
being adequately studied. In the hope, therefore, that
I may be able to supply these important materials . for
study and research to those desirous of becoming ac-
quainted with the marvellous series of the Cyzicenes,
I have prepared this account of them, the result of much
labour, but not undertaken without quite corresponding
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. B
2 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
pleasure. The work lays claim to be little more than
an accurate catalogue, though I have also sought to
make it useful to those not deeply acquainted with Hel-
lenic mythology and its various cults, by some illustrative
matter in connection with the different types.
Of this remarkable and large series of coins, Eckhel, as
I shall have occasion to mention again, knew nothing.
The first account of them was given by Sestini in his
Stateri antichi, published in 1817, where figures of several
staters and parts of the stater are given, not, however,
very correctly. The next "account is one by M. Charles
Lenormant, Essai sur les Stateres de Cyzique, in the first
volume of the new series of the Revue Numismatique, in
1^56, followed in 1864 by a paper by his son M. Francois
Lenormant, Stateres ine'dits de Cyzique, in the ninth volume
of that periodical. The same learned author has also
given an account of the coins of Cyzicus in Dictionnaire
des Antiquites of Daremberg and Saglio. Though I am
unable to agree with these eminent authors in some of
their views, I feel myself under great obligations to them
for much information and many suggestions. Two most
valuable papers by Mr. B. V. Head have appeared in the
Numismatic Chronicle, new series, vols. xvi. and xvii.,
" On a recent find of Staters of Cyzicus," and u Additional
Notes," &c., the latter being accompanied by a letter
from M. Six containing many valuable remarks on some
of the staters described in Mr. Head's first paper. Several
scattered notices of one or more of these coins have been
given by De Koehne, Mr. Borrell, Dr. Imhoof-Blumer,
and Herr Lobbecke in various serials.
It remains to mention Marquardt's very complete work,
Cyzicus und sein Gebiet, published in 1836. Though a small
space only is devoted to the electrum coinage indeed at
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 3
the time he wrote not many staters, &c., were known on
all other subjects connected with the state he gives a very
full account, and I am indebted to him for much of the
material I have used in this essay.
The pleasing task is left me of expressing my deep
obligation to the keepers of the various public collections
noticed in the following account of the different coins, and
to the private collectors who have most freely placed their
coins at my disposal for publication. To Mr. Poole and
the other officers of the Medal Room in the British
Museum it is impossible for me to fully express my grati-
tude, for the courteous and untiring way in which they
have received me in my numerous visits to that splendid
collection, and for most valuable information and counsel.
The position of Cyzicus was one admirably fitted for the
site of a great trading community. It shows us how the
genius of the Hellenic race instinctively selected places
suitable for colonization, and which afforded scope for the
development of that spirit of commercial enterprise, which,
existing at the time of our earliest acquaintance with that
people, has continued with many vicissitudes to our own
day. The town was placed on the neck of a promontory
which projected into the Propontis (Sea of Marmora), on
the northern coast of Mysia, about the middle of the
waterway between the -ZEgean and Euxine Seas, and had
therefore the advantage not only of the local trade with
the opposite coast of Thrace, but of the wider traffic with
the various towns on the shores of the two important seas
between which it was planted.
The oldest settlers in Cyzicus are stated to have been
Doliones, who were seated on the skirts of the Mysian
4 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Olympus and around the shores of Lake Ascanius. This
people had probably relations with the Hellenic stock, but
had affinity also with the Phrygians. They in this way
became influenced by the religious culture and civilisation
of the more eastern branches of the great Hellenic family,
which extended itself, through Thrace to Hellas proper
and to countries still farther to the west. Mysians, we
are told, were settled in the plain of the river ^Esepus, a
kindred people, differing little either in habits or lan-
guage from the earlier occupants. To these were added
Phrygians from Thrace, and the whole population became
so intermixed and fused that neither the autochthons nor
the later immigrants can be separated the one from the
other. It is due, probably, to there not having been any
very distinctive difference between the several elements of
the population that the inhabitants became one, and to
some extent a homogeneous people. The next occupation
was by Pelasgi from Thessaly, driven out thence by the
^Eolians, and who at a still earlier period had been dis-
possessed of Magnesia by Cretheus, son of ^Eolus. Ac-
cording to Conon, the author of the Aoyyrjcms, their
leader was Cyzicus, son of Apollo, or, as was other-
wise said, of ^Eneus and ^Enete, daughter of a Thra-
cian king, Eusorus. Cyzicus was married to Cleite,
daughter of Merops, king of Percote ; but according to
another account he died unmarried, though about to take
to wife Larissa, daughter of the Thessalian Piasus. These
genealogical stories appear to corroborate the Thessalian
origin of the Pelasgi who occupied Cyzicus. Conon
further relates that Cyzicus had no successor, and that
the Tyrrheni (Pelasgi) took possession of the Cyzicene
Chersonnese, subjugating the earlier Thessalians. Still
among the mist of mythical events we next come across
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS.
the Argonauts on their way to Colchis. On landing at
Cyzicus they were kindly received by the inhabitants, but
after leaving and being driven back on the coast during
the night, they were mistaken for enemies, and in the
ensuing fight Cyzicus was slain by Jason or Heracles. His
death was mourned by the Argonauts as well as by his
own people, and his wife Cleite killed herself for grief,
the tears of the nymphs originating a fountain which in
her memory was called Cleite. During the stay of the
Argonauts Hera instigated the giants, who dwelt on
Mount Dindymus close by Cyzicus, to destroy Heracles.
When Jason and the Argonauts were reconnoitring on
the mountain, Briareus and his brother giants threw
rocks down upon Heracles, who was left in charge of the
ships, and endeavoured to close the mouth of the river
Rhyndacus. The rocks were changed by Persephone
into an island called Besbicus, and the giants were slain
by the arrows of Heracles and his companions. Before
leaving the place the Argonauts besought Dindymene for
a favourable voyage, and are reported to have erected a
temple to Hhea-Cybele, which existed there in after years,
together with an image of the goddess, made of the wood
of the vine, and like the Artemis at Ephesus and Dionysus
of Naxos, no doubt a primitive agalma. As might be
looked for, some of the coin-types have reference to Jason
and other heroes of the Argonautic myth.
Passing onwards to later times, we arrive at what may
be considered the historical origin of the city, in the
advent of a colony from Miletus, actuated, it is sa;d, by
an oracle from Apollo. This apparently took place, though
different dates are given, in Ol. vi. 1, B.C. 756. Accord-
ing to an inscription of Roman times, four of the six
tribes into which the Cyzicenes were divided were of
6 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Athenian origin, coming from the Asiatic settlement of
Miletus. 1 Another colony is said to have come from
Megara, about a century later, in B.C. 675. From this
time until the extension of the Lydian kingdom under
Gyges, nothing appears to be known of Cyzicus. It came
to some extent under the Lydian power when that was
carried up to the Hellespont, including the whole of the
north of Mysia and almost all the coast from Adramyteum
to the Rhyndacus. Though it may be disputed to what
extent the Lydian king exercised authority in the
time of Gyges, it is clear that Crcesus, by his first
invasion of Ionia, made all the Greeks tributary. On the
overthrow of the Lydian empire by Cyrus in B.C. 546,
and the succeeding conquest of Miletus and other
Greek cities in Asia Minor, Cyzicus became subject to
Persian rule, and remained in that condition until B.C. 477,
when the supremacy of that empire over the Hellenic
cities of Asia Minor was overthrown. Cyzicus then came,
more or less, under Athenian hegemony. It revolted
before the battle of Cynossema, B.C. 411, but was, after
the defeat of the Spartans there, again brought under the
influence of Athens, whose power was farther strengthened
by the total defeat at Cyzicus of the Spartan fleet under
Mindarus, who fell in the battle, by Alcibiades and the
Athenians, B.C. 410. The rule of Athens continued up to
B.C. 405, when, at ^Egospotami, Lysander, the Spartan
commander, destroyed the Athenian fleet, and for the time
broke up the thalassocracy of Athens. Sparta then became
predominant, and remained so until B.C. 394, when Conon
and Pharnabazus defeated Peisander, and slew him in the
battle off Cnidus. Freedom was then restored to the
1 Caylus, torn, ii., PL 6062.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. f
various Greek towns of Asia which had been under Spar-
tan authority, and this they retained up to B.C. 387, when,
by the provisions of the peace negotiated by Antalcidas,
they again submitted to Persia. In this condition Cyzicus
remained till, in B.C. 364, it once more came under
Athenian hegemony, to be under her rule but a short time,
for after the defeat of Athens at Chios, B.C. 357, the Asiatic
towns regained their freedom. From this time until
B.C. 334, when Alexander conquered Asia Minor, Cyzicus
was a free and very flourishing state. It is unnecessary
to carry farther the history, for the issue of the electrum
coins, with which alone this essay is concerned, had cer-
tainly ceased before then.
The inner polity of an Hellenic state cannot be discon-
nected from the religion professed within it. The state
was supposed to have its origin in some one of the deities
of the Hellenic Olympus, or to be the offspring of the
prompting or leadership of a god or of some other being
in close relationship to him. Its medium of exchange in
the shape of money was, therefore, in one sense an out-
come of its religion, and received its authentication from
a religious sanction. According to Dr. Ernst Curtius,
so great an influence had the religion of the state upon
its coinage, that it was issued from the temples, and
was the vopurpa of the god therein worshipped rather
than of the civic community, if, indeed, in early times
the god and the state can be separated. The temples
were, on account of the offerings and bequests, and from
other sources, the great receptacles of property, the banks
in fact of the time, and were therefore under the most
favourable circumstances for becoming the issuers of
money, and to profit by the transaction. A somewhat
similar position was occupied by the great religious houses
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of the Middle Ages, which accumulating wealth by offer-
ings made to the shrines of saints and for masses, were
enabled through the possession of money to become
lenders of it, and so in the end, by obtaining mortgages
upon land, to become its owners.
The authentication of the currency being, therefore, a
religious privilege, whether the money was issued from the
temple treasuries or from the mint of the state, the designs
on the coins, which were the tokens of its being of a certain
weight and quality, were symbols associated in one way
or another with the deity whose temples were within the
limits of the state. The symbol, therefore, which con-
stituted the badge or arms of the state, was in every sense
a religious one, and signified that the city was under the
protection of the divinity with whom the symbol was
connected. To give a single well-known example, the
coins of Athens, from the earliest to the latest period of
its independence, bore on one face the head of Athena,
and on the other the owl and olive- spray, both so inti-
mately connected with her. The coin-types, therefore, of
a Greek state usually bear upon them the impress of the
religious cults of the state. In the case of Cyzicus, how-
ever, the coin-types do not appear to have been selected
with the same rigid adherence to local worship as in most
Hellenic cities, though the practice had still a certain and
even considerable influence upon the coinage. It will be
desirable, therefore, to give a short account of the various
cults which, as we learn from historical relation, prevailed
at Cyzicus.
The city was provided with a large number of temples,
witnessing to the skill of its architects, who were renowned
throughout Greece. Cicero (Pro legs Manilla) tells us
that Cyzicus was one of the most beautiful cities of the
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS.
Greek world, and according to Strabo, it rivalled the first
cities in Asia in size and beauty. 2 Among its buildings
the temples ranked as the most beautiful, and in them,
were honoured nearly the whole of the gods and goddesses
of the Hellenic Pantheon. It is not impossible that the
large and wide connection which Cyzicus had with the
trading communities of various countries may have been
the means of introducing some of their cults into the
state, and that as she derived many of her coin-types from
the currency of other cities, so she may also have adopted
their peculiar gods and worship.
Among the divinities worshipped at Cyzicus, one of the
most popular was Cybele, the Magna Mater of Phrygia,
who ultimately became merged in the Hellenic Rhea, the
mother of the gods, herself probably of Oriental origin.
Her worship was introduced at an early period from
Phrygia, and she was known at Cyzicus under the name
Dindymene, from the mountain Dindymus, in Phrygia,
which had its counterpart in another Dindymus close by
Cyzicus. She also appears under the name Lobrina, from
the mountain Lobrinion, and Placiana, from a town,
Placia, where she had a shrine, near Cyzicus. A legend
tells us that her worship was brought into Mysia and the
Troad by Dardanus. The worship of Rhea appears to
have been carried into the Troad and the district about
Mount Ida at an equally early period, and Mysia seems
to be the country where the two myths, the Phrygian and
Hellenic, became united in one.
In intimate association with Cybele is Atys, the shep-
herd changed into a pine, a tree which, keeping its verdure
through the winter, is a fitting emblem of the vivifying
2 Book xii. p. 71.
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. C
10 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
influence of the sun, with whom Atys may perhaps be
identified. He appears to occupy much the same position
in regard to Cybele as Alexander-Paris does to Aphro-
dite, who again, in her Oriental aspect as Astarte, comes
into very close relationship with Cybele, as Atys does
with Adonis. The Phrygian goddess especially associated
with mountains, where her images, many of them unhewn
stones, probably aerolites, were most frequently placed,
as the great goddess of the wild, is usually accompanied
by the lion. She is represented in a car drawn by lions,
or seated on a throne with a lion on each side. 3 She
usually wears the turreted crown, and the pine-tree was
sacred to her. Herodotus relates that when Anacharsis
visited the city, there was a great feast held at Cyzicus in
honour of this goddess. 4
Apollo and his sister Artemis are also prominent deities
at Cyzicus ; and as the father of Cyzicus, no god might
seem to have greater claims than Apollo for worship at a
city founded by his son. In his capacity, also, of apx^y^s
of the colony from the Ionian city Miletus, Apollo Didy-
maeus was regarded as a second founder of the state. 5 The
connection between Cyzicus and Miletus, through the god,
appears to have been long maintained, for in the time
of Prusias II (B.C. 180 149), Cyzicus gave presents
to the temple of Apollo at Miletus. 6 As Lycius,
the god of light, he was worshipped at Zeleia, a town
in Cyzicene territory, and at Adrastia, as 'Eic^ao-tos and
'A/cratos, he had an oracle, jointly with Artemis. The
3 In her temple at Cyziciis, under the name Dindymene,
there was a marble statue of the goddess between two lions
held by her. Zosimus II. 81.
4 Herod, iv. 76. Clem. Alex. 1715, ed. Potter, vol. i. p. 20.
6 Aristides, vol. i. p. 388, &c. (Dindorf, 1829.)
6 Boeckh, Corp: Inscr. Grac., vol. ii. Nos. 2855, 2858.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 11
Hyperborean Apollo naturally has an intimate relation
with the city, through the gold which, brought from, the
regions guarded by his griffins, so abundantly supplied the
mint of Cyzicus.
The worship of Artemis may have been brought from
Miletus together with that of Apollo, her brother. A
feast was held in her honour, and gifts were made to
her by the people of Cyzicus, at her temple at Muiiychia,
from which she had one of her names. 7 As Ai/x-ei/oo-KOTroc,
the harbour-guardian, she was especially and appropriately
reverenced at so important a sea-port as Cyzicus. 8 She
was also worshipped in Cyzicene territory as e/>/x<ua, at hot
springs on the river ^Esepus. 9
Persephone, equally with Cybele, was worshipped at
Cyzicus with peculiar cults and usages. According to
Appian, 10 the city was given to her by Zeus as a marriage-
gift, and in consequence she was honoured there above all
other gods, and a black cow was sacrificed to her, pos-
sibly as the wife of Hades, the god of the lower regions,
the abode of darkness. Appian tells a story which pos-
sesses much picturesque interest. During the siege of the
city by Mithradates, the people were reduced to such
straits that they were unable to provide a suitable cow to
sacrifice to Persephone; they therefore prepared one made
of flour as a substitute. And now a marvellous event
took place ; a black cow swam through the hostile fleet
and placed herself in front of the altar ready to be sacri-
ficed. So moved was Mithradates by the incident that he
raised the siege, not daring farther to molest a city that
7 Boeckh, vol. ii. No. 3657.
8 Callimach., Hymn, in Dianam, w. 39, 259.
9 Aristides, Orac. Sacr. iv., vol. i. p. 503 (Dindorf).
10 Bellum Mithrad. vol. i., ed. 1670, p. 371.
12 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
was protected by so powerful a goddess. 11 Cyzicus claimed
also to be the scene of the rape of Persephone. 12
Of her mother Demeter historical relation gives but
little account in connection with Cyzicus. Nor is any-
thing recorded which enables us to obtain a knowledge of
the worship of any of the other gods there, except what
Athenseus relates, 13 that there was in the city a statue of
Dionysus in the form of a bull.
The Argonautic expedition is the most important myth
in connection with the history of Cyzicus, and includes
Heracles and the young king Cyzicus, slain through mis-
adventure by the Argonauts. The latter, as the founder,
is most intimately associated with the city which bore his
name, and there is an inscription which records that a
statue was dedicated to him as icTtcm^. 14 Games were held
in his honour, 15 and his tomb is mentioned by Deilochus. 16
The importance of Cyzicus as a commercial and trad-
ing community began at an early time. Already in the
sixth century B.C., if not before, its trade had extended
widely, and it became a place whose alliance was sought
for by other and distant states. It is true that it was
not until a later period that its business intercourse with
the Euxine was completely developed, by which it was
enabled, besides other lucrative commodities, to draw a
large supply of gold on very favourable conditions,
through Panticapseum, from the rich metalliferous district
11 Plutarch, in his " Life of Lucullus," also relates that the
image of the cow was made of paste, and adds that the sacri-
fice was acceptable to the goddess.
12 Propertius, iii., Eleg. xxi. v. 4.
13 xi. p. 476, A. u Muratori, p. 1042, 5.
16 Apoll. Rhod. I. 1057 seq.
16 Schol. in Apoll. Rhod. I. 1061.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS.
of the Ural Mountains. In no way is its wealth more
clearly evidenced than by the large amount of money
which it issued, itself a source of profit by no means
inconsiderable. This abundance of money is shown not
only by the coins themselves, which still remain so nume-
rous and so varied, but by the accounts we possess from
various sources, of the large way in which its staters were
stored, and how commonly they were in use as a circulat-
ing medium over a wide area.
Cyzicus does not appear to have had any silver or gold
currency, except a very limited one, during the earlier
days of its prosperity ; indeed gold never, as in the case
of the not distant Lampsacus and Abydus, superseded the
earlier electrum coinage. 17 No silver coin is known belong-
ing to a time before the fourth century B.C., except one
or two excessively rare pieces, and it appears to be impos-
sible that so few should have come to light if they had
ever been systematically issued. It is very difficult to
account for this ; the more valuable currency of electrum
might be sufficient for large commercial purposes and
distant trading, but coins of the less valuable metal would
be required, it might have been expected, for the ordinary
home trade of the state.
Throughout the long period during which Cyzicus
issued an electrum coinage one standard only was in use,
the Phocaic. 18 It consisted of three denominations, the
17 A Daric, which has the prow of a ship on the reverse, may
possibly have been struck at Cyzicus during the satrapy of
Pharnabazus, but it cannot be considered as a coin of Cyzicus
itself.
18 The Phocaic standard, the stater of which had a maximum
weight of 256 grs., appears to have been based on the Babylonic
gold standard, the sixtieth of that mina being 260 grs. Head,
Num. Chron. N.S., vol. xv. p. 282.
14 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
stater, hecta or sixth, and the half-hecta or twelfth. The
stater, though ft sometimes rose as high as 252 grs., may
be considered to average as its highest weight 248 grs.,
the hecta 41 grs., and the twelfth about 20 grs. There
appears to have been a coinage of double staters, but the
issue must have been small and probably quite abnormal,
for no such coin has yet been discovered. The evidence
for its existence is contained in the schedule of the Trea-
sury of Athena in the Parthenon, where, in the list for
Ol. Ixxxix. 3, B.C. 422 and succeeding years, there is men-
tion made of TtTpd&paxpov xpvo-ovv of the weight of 500 '6
grs., which is just the double of a stater of quite full
weight. 19
The metal of which the Cyzicenes are composed is what
was called electrum, or white gold, and consists of gold
and silver in combination. That used at Cyzicus is of a
deeper colour than that of the early electrum coins of the
Asiatic standard, attributed to Miletus, Ephesus, Cyme,
Samos, &c., and, though varying to a great extent in that
respect, it never approaches the colour of pure gold, such
as the gold of the staters classed to Sardes in the time of
Croesus, or of the Darics. No Cyzicene stater has, so far
as I am aware, been analysed, and it is therefore impos-
sible to say what are the exact proportions of the metals
of which they are composed. The specific gravity has,
however, been taken of about half-a-dozen staters of
different types, by which it appears that the proportion of
19 Inscr. Attica, Kirchhoff, vol. i. pp. 61, 62, Nos. 165, 166,
170, 171, 173. A coin-weight of bronze first published by
Caylus and afterwards by Lenormant (Rev. Num. N. S. vol. i,
p. 7), has upon it with a tunny the inscription KYU AIC,
which latter he expands into Sicrra-n^ov. It weighs 29*90 gram.,
which, allowing for loss by oxidation, is just the weight of a
double stater.
THE ELECTRTJM COINAGE OF CYZICTTS. 15
gold to silver varies very greatly in different specimens.
The following are the exact figures :
j\r per cent. JR. per cent.
Satyr holding tunny . . . 52'25 47'75
Boar 1. on tunny ... 52 48
Lion with fore-paw raised, on
tunny 39 61
Head of Pallas on tunny (archaic
style) 38-48 61'52
Head of Ammon on tunny . . 38'44 61'56
Dionysus recumbent 1. on pan-
ther's skin ; beneath, tunny .27 73 w
It also seems certain that the metal is an artificial and
not a natural alloy. Gold is, however, sometimes found
which has a native alloy of silver combined with it, and
it is quite possible that some of the earlier issues of
electrum coins may have been struck in native electrum.
For instance, the metal of the early Lydian coinage was
very probably obtained from the sand of the river Pactolus
or from the mines of Mounts Tmolus or Sipylus. Analysis
has shown the proportion of gold to silver in this case to
be about three to one. Some of the electrum coins of the
Asiatic standard, of Miletus and other towns, already
referred to, may also have been struck in the same native
electrum. But even among the early electrum coins, as
of Ephesus, there are some so pale in colour as scarcely to
be distinguished from silver except by their weight, which
shows them to be adjusted to a divisional system other
than that used in the silver coinage of the state to which
they belong. These coins can only be the production of
an artificial admixture of the two metals, for no gold is
20 For further details see K. B. Hofmann, Num. Zeit., 1884,
p. 33, and F. Hultsch, Zeit.f. Num., 1884, p. 165.
16 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
found in a natural state which has so large a quantity of
silver in alloy as these in question must possess.
In the case of Cyzicus there cannot be much doubt that
the greater part, if not the whole, of the electrum used in
the coinage of its staters and hectae was an artificial pro-
duct and not of natural origin. Gold is not often found
in the condition of electrum, and the principal source of
supply of that peculiar metal must to a great extent
have been worked out before the large issue of Cyzicenes
began. There would therefore be a difficulty in obtaining
a sufficient quantity of the requisite quality without
manufacturing it from purer gold. The most abundant
supply of gold for the Cyzicene mint, as we have reason
to believe, came from a district the Ural Mountains
where the metal is of such a nature that to make it of the
quality of the staters would require the addition of silver.
The question whether the electrum money was intended
to pass current for gold or not has also been a subject of
controversy. If the electrum staters and hectae were
issued as gold coins, a large profit must have been gained
by the transaction, as the price paid for the alloyed metal
must have been much less than that paid for the pure.
They certainly possessed one advantage over gold coins in
the increased hardness gained by the addition of silver,
and the consequent saving in wear and tear. That they
were meant to circulate as coins of pure gold appears to
be improbable. At the time they were being issued the
people among whom they were current were accustomed
to gold as applied to decorative purposes and for orna-
ments. And during at least a part of the time when the
Cyzicenes were among the most important of the coins in
use in commerce, other coins of pure gold, such as the
Darics, and staters of Lampsacus, were equally circulating
THE ELECTBUM COINAGE OF CYZICIIS. 17
as trade mediums. People must therefore have been well
acquainted with the two metals and quite able to discri-
minate between them. It must, I think, be regarded as
almost a certainty that the electrum coins had a value of
their own, different from what they would have possessed
if they had been gold coins of the same weight. On the
other hand, they are described in the account of the Sur-
veyors of Public Works at Athens, B.C. 434, as x/<rou cn-aT^pes
KviKr)voi, Cyzicene gold staters, 21 and after the same fashion
in other public accounts at Athens during the later part
of the fifth century. 22 In one instance, in the schedule of
treasures TWV aAAcoi/ 0ewv, in the year B.C. 429, they are
classed with Aapetxov xpvo-tou erraT^/oes (the Daric being of
pure gold), and with Phocsean hectse of electrum. 23
The monetary value of the Cyzicene stater is a question
of much difficulty. We gather, however, that, at the time
of the retreat of the Ten Thousand, it was estimated higher
than the Daric, for in B.C. 400 the soldiers were promised,
presumably as increased pay, a Cyzicene a month, what they
had received previously having been no doubt a Daric. 24
We have, however, more exact information of the value of
the Cyzicenes towards the latter part of the fourth cen-
tury. Demosthenes, in his speech against Phormion, says
that the stater of Cyzicus was at that time, about B.C. 335,
worth twenty-eight silver Attic drachms in Bosphorus,
the same value as in B.C. 434 a gold didrachm, weighing
130 grs., obtained at Athens. 25 They had, perhaps, before
the end of the fourth century become deteriorated in value
31 Inscr. Attica, Kirchhoff, vol. i. p. 158, No. 301, seq.
22 L.c. vol. i. p. 79, No. 180, seq.
23 L.c. vol. i. p. 90, No. 199.
24 Xenophon, Anab. v. 6, 23 ; vii. 3, 10.
25 Inscr. Attica, Kirchhoff, vol. i. p. 160.
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. D
18 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
from what they had been at its commencement. In the
meanwhile there had entered into commerce the large
issues of the staters of Philip of Macedon, coined in various
places in his kingdom from the gold of the rich mines of
Philippi. This abundance of coins in the pure metal
would almost necessarily reduce the Cyzicenes to the same
value, circulating as the Philips did in the same countries
where before then the Cyzicenes to a great extent had a
monopoly.
Whatever the precise value of the Cyzicene stater may
have been during the period when it was being issued, it
formed for more than a century, from B.C. 500, the prin-
cipal currency for trading purposes of the cities on the
shores of the Euxine and of the ^Egean Seas. The only
other large coins of gold, whether in a pure state or
alloyed with silver, were the electrum staters of Lamp-
sacus and the Darics. Phocaea, Lesbos, and other states,
not easily identified, though issuing numerous coins of
electrum, struck, it seems, none of a higher denomination
than hectse, for no stater that can be attributed to these
places is known. The earlier issues of electrum of the sixth,
or possibly of the seventh, century had long ceased to be
used in commerce, and the gold coinage of Lampsacus, Cla-
zomenae, Rhodes, &c., had not come into existence. Nor
had Athens or Panticapaeum at that time adopted a gold
currency.
That the issue of staters by Cyzicus was very large is
shown by the number of coins of various types which
are now known, though so few had come to light in the
time of Eckhel that he doubted if the stater of Cyzicus
was ever anything more than money of account. But in
addition to the coins themselves we have the evidence of
Treasury lists and accounts of expenditure at Athens,
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 19
which show how common was the coin during the fifth
century, and how important an element it was in the
commercial dealings of that time. It did not require the
satirical remark of Eupolis in his comedy (IIoAets), //Sc
KV&KOS TrXia crTarrjpMv, to tell us how abundant were the
Cyzicenes at the time he wrote.
A large supply of gold was needed to furnish the mint
at Cyzicus with metal for its coinage, and it is not easy
to ascertain the source whence, in the earliest period of
the issue of the staters, it was obtained. Gold is found
in considerable abundance in several parts of Asia Minor,
and it is probable that Cyzicus may have obtained some
of the raw metal from these places. The rich mines of
Thrace and Macedon, so prolific in the reigns of Philip
and Alexander, may also have supplied other portions.
Nor is it impossible that trading relations may have
even then been established with Panticapaeum, though
Athens jealously guarded her interests there. In the
later period of the issues of Cyzicenes there can be
little doubt that the principal source of supply was
the district of the Ural Mountains, the gold of which
passed to Cyzicus through the market of Panticapseum.
The commerce of the Euxine had no doubt been kept
by Athens in her own hands as far as was possible ;
but even before she lost the hegemony which had for.
many years been hers, Cyzicus had traded in those
waters, and to the same port. M. Charles Lenormant
appears to think that it was only after the defeat of
Athens in Sicily in B.C. 413, and the victory of Sparta
over her at ^Egospotami in B.C. 405, that the monopoly of
the gold from the Urals was lost to Athens and came into
the hands of Cyzicus. This opinion is to some extent
influenced by his belief that the Cyzicenes belong in the
20 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
main to the fourth century, an opinion which I think
cannot be maintained. Whether Cyzicus obtained gold
from Panticapseum before the declension of the power of
Athens, as I believe she did, or not, it is certain that for
many years that place was a principal centre of supply.
It is enough to mention that several finds of Cyzicene
staters have taken place near Kertch to show the trade
connection between the two states, a connection which was
a very profitable one for Cyzicus. It is evident that gold,
as indeed might be expected, Was of less than its ordinary
value at Panticapaeum, from the fact that the stater of
that city was considerably in excess of the ordinary
weight, rising as high as 140 grains. In further proof of
the low price of gold there, M. Charles Lenormant (Rev.
Num., vol. xx. p. 29) has shown that, whilst in Greece
the proportionate value of gold to silver was as one to ten,
at Panticapceum it was as one to seven. Such a condition
was, therefore, most favourable to Cyzicus, which bought
gold there at a price much less than that current in Greece,
and benefited largely by the exchange. Cyzicus was not
likely to go beyond so favourable a market, and it may be
considered as certain that she received, at all events dur-
ing the later period of the issue of the staters, the greater
part of the gold required for her mint from Panticapseum.
The gold which we suppose Cyzicus obtained through this
channel from the Urals has proved, by analysis of the
metal from Siberia by M. C. Hose, to contain, as a maxi-
mum, sixteen parts of silver and a trace of copper, out of
a hundred, a little less than one-fifth, a proportion of
silver much less than what the electrum of the staters
undoubtedly possesses. There must, therefore, have been
a further addition of silver made before the staters and
hectse were issued from the mint of Cyzicus.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZIOUS. 21
One of the most important subjects in connection with
the electrum currency of Cyzicus is that of the types
which occur upon its coins. It affords the most valuable
and largest illustrations we possess of the various cults
which prevailed there. This is, however, to some extent
modified by the habit at Cyzicus of copying the types of
other states, a practice which will be more fully considered
later on. There is no Greek state which produced so many
and such varied types as did the city of staters upon
its electrum coinage. The series upon the coins of Abdera
is doubtless a very extensive and interesting one, but it
falls short of the number upon the coins of which I treat.
[May I be allowed to express a hope that some one will
undertake an account of the coins of Abdera. No more
acceptable work could be offered to numismatic science.]
Before, however, giving a description of the different
types, and attempting to divide them, as far as is possible,
into their several classes, it will be necessary to give a
general account of the coins in question.
It has been already mentioned that the whole of the
electrum currency of Cyzicus was struck after one stan-
dard, the Phocaic, but it is divided into two very distinct
coinages, both in respect of date and appearance. The
earliest one comprised, it appears, a single issue, of which,
so far as I know, a single specimen is known. It is the
stater No. 1, and differs from all the other electrum coins
of Cyzicus, not only in the form of the incuse of the
reverse, which is most distinct from that of the general
body of the Cyzicenes, but also in the subject of the
obverse, which separates itself from the ordinary features
of the staters in general, though perhaps the stater
No. 161 may appear to have something in common with it.
Different though it is, there can be no doubt that it is a
22 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
coin of Cyzicus ; the weight and the type afford sufficient
grounds for attributing it to that state without hesitation.
The type contains, as its principal part, the badge or arms
(tTria-rjfjior) of Cyzicus, the tunny fish (-Tn/Xa/xvs), a very
valuable product of the Propontis, where enormous
numbers were captured on their migratory passage, back-
wards and forwards, between the Euxine and the ^Egean
Seas. This badge and upon the stater in question it is
the principal type continued to be placed on the money
of Cyzicus, as a subordinate though distinguishing symbol,
during the whole issue of her electrum currency.
The second and long-continued coinage of electrum
money, which bears upon it, as I have just stated, the
tunny as a subordinate symbol, has for the principal
type on the obverse a large number of very varied sub-
jects. The reverse, however, throughout the entire period
of the several issues, consists of an incuse (PL I. 1 A, 1 B)
to which, on account of its resemblance to that apparatus,
the name of mill-sail has very appropriately been given.
This incuse, while retaining its general form, varies con-
siderably, and markedly in one particular. The two
sunken parts of the mill-sail pattern in many of the coins
have a plain surface (1 A), while in others, and they
belong to the later issues, the surface is granulated (1 B), or
has short raised lines upon it.
The name of the city is not found upon a single electrum
coin, and indeed upon one alone (No. 54) is there any in-
scription at all. Though there is nothing in the shape of
a name by which to class these coins to Cyzicus, the
presence of the tunny upon them is sufficient for their
attribution, just as the seal (phoca) upon certain hectee
enables us to give those coins to Phocaoa. Upon some of
the silver coins, however, the name of the city is to be
THE ELECTKUM COINAGE OF CYZ1CUS. 23
found, together with the tunny, and upon a coin-weight of
bronze, already noticed, first published by Caylus and
afterwards by M. Charles Lenormant, 26 the tunny and the
name of the city are both present.
In considering the types it will be necessary, in the first
place, to make an attempt to classify them according to
their subjects, and to attach them to the several gods or
myths to which they appear to belong ; and, secondly, to
trace those types which seem to be of foreign origin to the
states from whose coinage they have been copied, or from
which, on account of the subject, they appear to have been
adopted. Both these inquiries have, to some extent, been
carried out in the separate account of the various coins ;
but it seems desirable to make a more systematic classifi-
cation than could be made under the head of each type.
In connection with the types it is necessary to state that
it is highly probable that the subject upon each stater was
also produced upon the smaller denominations of the same
issue. It is impossible, with our present imperfect ma-
terial, to change this probability into a certainty, but there
are so many cases where staters and the subordinate parts
have the same type upon them, that I believe it is only
because so many coins are at present lost to us that we do
not possess the full complement of stater, hecta and
twelfth of every type. 27
To commence, then, with the great gods of the Olympian
hierarchy :
To Zeus may be attributed with certainty the figure with
eagle, No. 2, and the heads of Zeus-Ammon, Nos. .3, 4,
26 Rev. Num. N.S., vol. i. p. 7, PI. I. 2.
27 A table of all the types, showing in each case the denomi-
nations at present known, will be found at the end of the
introduction.
24 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and possibly the staters with an eagle, Nos. 151 to 153,
though No. 151 may be merely a copy, somewhat varied,
of a coin of Elis or of Agrigentum, and Nos. 152, 153
may be symbols of Helios.
To Poseidon may be attributed with certainty Nos. 5 to 8,
and Nos. 9, 10, in connection with his son Taras, though
here we have direct copies of two Tarentine types. Triton,
No. 11, may also be classed to Poseidon, though he has an
individuality of his own. The horse, No. 126, the dolphin,
No. 157, and the pistrix, No. 169, cannot well be sepa-
rated from Poseidon, though Apollo has a claim to the
dolphin ; and the strange types from No. 158 to No. 168,
including the crab, No. 159, and the shell, No. 160, appear
to fall into the same category.
To Demeter may be attributed Nos. 12 to 15, and the
stater with Triptolemus, No. 16, must be included in the
same class.
To Apollo, as might be expected, a large number of
coins may be attributed. Direct representations of the
god are found upon Nos. 17 to 21, and the omphalos,
No. 22, and the lyre, No. 172, are both in the closest
connection with him. Helios, No. 23, the sun-god, re-
presents the Oriental side of his attributes, and the head
placed on a disk, No. 77, is possibly one of Helios. The
griffin of Apollo occurs on Nos. 143 to 150, though these
types may originate in coins of Teos, Abdera, or Panti-
capoDum. The dolphin, No. 157, was sacred to him, but
Poseidon has, perhaps, the better claim.
Artemis does not occur herself, but she is represented
by the head of Actseon, No. 24.
Pallas is not found, except in representations of her
head, Nos. 25 to 29, if all of these are heads of the
goddess. The very strange head, No. 30, cannot be one
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZtCUS. 25
of Pallas, but may possibly, if a Gorgon-head, be con-
nected with her. Gaia, No. 31, and Cecrops, No. 32,
portions of a group where Athena receives Erichthonius
as his protector, naturally fall into the same series of
Pallas subjects, which may also include Harmodius and
Aristogeiton, No. 76, since Pallas and Athens are
inseparable.
Aphrodite is certainly represented, and accompanied by
Eros on No. 34, and, somewhat doubtfully, in the head,
No. 33.
Of Hermes there is only the head, No. 35, though the
goat, Nos. 133, 134, may have its place on the coins in
connection with him, Dionysus, however, having as good
a claim.
No other of the Olympian deities appear on the
electrum coins of Cyzicus, but the Great Mother, though
only appearing in one instance, No. 55, in her own person,
and once again through, the head of Atys, No. 56, is
very fully represented by the lion, Nos. 103 to 117, though
it is quite possible that in many, if not in all of these types,
it is not in connection with Cybele that the lion occurs.
Among the gods of a lower rank, Dionysus is by far
the most frequently found on the coinage of Cyzicus. He
occurs himself on Nos. 36 to 39. In connection with him
and his rites we have the head of Pan, No. 40, the
centaur, No. 46, and satyrs, in one or other aspect, on
Nos. 41 to 44, and a satyric mask, No. 45, and a bi-
frontal head, No. 47. The ass, No. 129, probably belongs
to him, and the fox, No. 142, was sacred to Bassareus, the
Lydian Dionysus.
Asclepius may be represented, though it is very doubt-
ful, through the fore part of the cock on No. 155 and the
cock's head on No. 156.
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. E
26 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
A Nereid, or Thetis, appears on No. 48, and the type
on No. 49 is distinctly Scylla.
River gods occur in the form of a man-headed bull on
Nos. 50, 51, though the latter may have no connection
with any river near Cyzicus, being a perfect copy of the
ordinary coins of Gela.
Nike is represented on Nos. 52, 53, on the first stater,
in commemoration of a naval victory ; and Eleutheria,
with her name attached, occurs on No. 54.
The voyage of the ship Argo and the myth connected
therewith, interwoven into the legendary history of Cyzi-
cus, introduces us to Heracles, who is represented on Nos.
62 to 69 ; and on No. 141 we have Cerberus, whom he
chained in Hades.
It is quite possible that Jason is the warrior who is
adjusting his arrow before fitting it to the bow on Nos.
93, 94, and the Scythian archer, No. 95, may have refer-
ence to the voyage to Colchis. With either Jason or
Helle, the ram on Nos. 130 to 132 was very probably asso-
ciated, and there cannot be much doubt that the prow on
No. 170 is of the ship Argo.
Perseus himself occurs on No. 74, and his head on No.
73, and in connection with him there is the Gorgon-head
on No. 75. Belleiophon, another solar hero, brings in the
Chimsera on Nos. 119, 120, and also Pegasus on No. 127,
though it probably occurs as a copy of the common type
of Corinth.
Odysseus appears to have the best claim, though it is
disputed, to the head on No. 70, and to be the warrior
killing the ram on No. 71. Nor do I think there can be
any doubt that the suppliant by the omphalos on No. 72
is Orestes. And the head on No. 80 is quite possibly of
the native hero Cyzicus.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF (TXZICUS. 27
A large number of types still remain which it is diffi-
cult to assign to any special god, hero, or myth, some of
them possibly connected with Oriental cults. Among
these are several heads, male and female, as Nos. 78, 79,
8.1 to 84; winged human figures, Nos. 58, 59, 61, and a
winged lion-headed man, No. 57, possibly Fear (<o/3os).
There are also several human figures, carrying the tunny,
Nos. 86, 87, 88, 89 ; on the stater and hecta, No. 88, holding
also a knife; carrying a helmet on No. 90, and holding a
shield, Nos. 91, 92. Then again there are harpies, sphinxes,
bulls, swine, and dogs, which it would be hazardous to
allot, and which I prefer to leave to the ingenious specu-
lation of persons more imaginative than myself.
The question arises with regard to the subjects on
the staters which can be appropriated to gods or myths,
whether they are derived from gods worshipped at Cyzi-
cus and to local myths, or from gods and myths belong-
ing more especially to other places. It is impossible to
decide this question with any degree of certainty. But
there can be no doubt whatever that Cyzicus adopted
subjects belonging to cults foreign to her and placed them
on her coinage. She appears to have followed this prac-
tice much more freely than did any other state ; indeed, it
is one almost peculiar to herself. For the reason of this
we must probably look to the wide- spread commercial
intercourse her citizens had with places where gods and
cults prevailed, strange to herself, and in some cases
strange even to Hellas itself. It may well have happened
that persons of importance in the state, and connected, as
magistrates, with the coinage, had intimate relations of
one kind or another with foreign and even far-distant
places. Such persons may have sought to distinguish
that connection by placing upon the coinage of their own
28 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
city, types selected from coins of the states with which
they were holding intercourse ; or the state itself of Cyzi-
cus may have wished to ingratiate itself or conciliate by
such a process other states with which it was connected by
trade or treaty. This appears to be illustrated by the sub-
jects on some of the staters which have a direct reference
to Athens, a state with which Cyzicus held the most inti-
mate relations, even to the extent of being for many years,
during the period of the electrum issue, under her hege-
mony. But Cyzicus carried the practice of placing on
her coinage subjects connected with other states and their
religions still farther. Many of the staters are direct
copies of the coins of other places, the only difference be-
tween the two types being the introduction of the tunny
upon the Cyzicenes. An examination of the plates will at
once show the coins just referred to, but it may be useful
to place them specifically before the reader in order that
they may be the more readily distinguished.
The two staters, Nos. 9, 10, are identical in all essential
points with well-known and common didrachms of Taren-
tum. Apollo holding a bow and watching the effect of
the arrow he has just discharged, No. 18, occurs on a
hemi-obol of Sicyon. Perhaps no one of the heads of Pallas
can be regarded as a direct copy of her head on the money
of Athens, but the head of Pan, No. 40, is so like that on
the coins of Panticapseum, that the one must almost cer-
tainly have been taken from the other. The forepart of
the human-headed bull, No. 51, might have come from
the mint at Grela, but for the metal of which it is com-
posed and the tunny upon it. The head of Odysseus, No.
70, is an exact counterpart of that on a gold coin of
Lampsacus, but it is difficult to say which is the proto-
type. The beautiful female head, No. 85, is a close copy
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZ1CUS. 29
of one on a tetradrachin of Syracuse. The lioness devour-
ing, No. 109, finds a counterpart in an archaic coin, of
which many have been found in Italy and near Marseilles,
but which is probably from the mint of Phocgea. The
lion's scalp, No. 113, though differently treated, is similar
to the ordinary type of Samos. The two bulls, Nos. 121
and 122, the one standing, the other butting, are so like
to the same animal on the coins of Poseidonia and Thu-
rium, that they cannot be regarded in any other light
than as copies, and the same may be said of Pegasus, No.
127, in relation to Corinth. The sow, No. 136, is identical
with one on an early electrum stater of the Asiatic
standard of uncertain attribution, and the forepart of a
winged boar, No. 137, is very like that on the coins of
Clazomense. The Chimsera, No. 120, bears a strong
resemblance to the same monster on an early electrum
coin of the Phocaic standard, attributed by Mr. Head
to Zeleia. The griffin, No. 144, must have been exe-
cuted by an artist who had before him, in his mind's
eye at least, the kindred creatures of Teos or Abdera,
and the eagle, No. 151, is the same bird as that of Elis,
while that on No. 153, is essentially one with the eagle
on an electrum coin of the Asiatic standard, attributed
to Abydos. Other coins might, perhaps, be added to
this list, but those above referred to are the most evident
copies.
The varied character and the large number of types
on the electrum coinage of Cyzicus may, perhaps, be
accounted for by the long period during which these
coins were issued, and, no doubt, with some modifications,
this was one cause of the diversity of types. Where the
practice of placing a mark on the coin, to designate the
magistrate under whose authority the coin was issued,
30 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
was in use, and when that practice had prevailed over a
long period of time, it follows as a necessary consequence
that the coins should present a large number of these dis-
tinguishing marks.
As a rule these marks were subordinate to the symbols
forming the badge of the state, which usually occupied the
most prominent position on the coin. At Cyzicus, however,
a quite different custom prevailed ; the magisterial device
became there the principal subject on the coin, the badge
of the state occupying a secondary position. In relation
to the annual issue of coin-types at Cyzicus, M. Six has
argued, 28 and with much force, that each type denotes the
coin- issue for one year, under the authority and contain-
ing the distinctive mark of the magistrate in authority for
that year. Mr. Head dissents from this opinion, and I think
on just grounds. The art style of the coins is the best, in-
deed, almost the sole evidence we possess in regard to their
date, for we have scarcely any help from history, and, in
the absence of inscriptions, we have no aid from letter-forms.
Judging, then, by their style, if we accept M. Six's theory
we should, in my opinion, be compelled to compress far
too large a number of different coins into a given period
than would be possible if only a single type had been
issued in each year. We may agree, I think, with
Mr. Head that it is " more probable that several, perhaps
numerous, types were in use at one and the same time/'
As the superabundance of coins of different types during
a given period is one objection to M. Six's view, so the
paucity of coins during other periods may also be urged
against it. This, however, is a much less valid objection
than the first, because we cannot tell how many types
28 Num. Chron. N.S., vol. xvii. p. 171.
THE ELECTED M COINAGE OF CYZ1CUS. 31
winch are now entirely lost to us may have been issued
from the mint of Cyzicus.
When we come to the consideration of the time during
which the electrum coinage of Cyzicus was in course of
issue, we are left without any direct evidence from his-
torical relation, and are, therefore, obliged in the main to
judge from the coins themselves, their fabric and their
art. At first sight they might appear, on account of their
thick and lumpy appearance and the nature of the reverse,
to be much earlier than they are. These features are,
however, merely survivals, and, like the archaic head of
Pallas on the later coins of Athens, were probably re-
tained by Cyzicus on account of trade requirements. The
incuse on the reverse was kept up at Cyzicus long after
its use had ceased in all other places except at Phocsea,
where it is equally found on the hectae of that state.
That side of the coin must, therefore, be disregarded in
the consideration of date, and the obverse with its type-
subject must alone be our guide.
The stater, No. 1, already referred to, separates itself
from all the other electrum coins of Cyzicus, not only by
the difference of its reverse, but by the time of its issue.
It is certainly much earlier than any of the electrum
coins of what may be designated as the second series, and
may be attributed to the first part of the sixth century
B.C., if it is not as early as B.C. 600. It stands quite alone
as the sole representative of the earliest coinage of the state.
For a period of almost a century Cyzicus does not seem
to have had any currency. The Lydian gold coinage
during that time probably supplied the commercial re-
quirements of the Greek states of Asia Minor. Cyzicus
had not then attained the wealth and importance of which
she afterwards became possessed.
32 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Some time about the year B.C. 500 Cyzicus appears to
have commenced the issue of the celebrated xP vcr v orarjjpcs
Kv&Kyvoi, together with the smaller denominations, hectse,
and half-hectse or twelfths, with which she was for many
years to be identified, and which made her one of the
richest cities of Asia Minor. That the first issue of this
series could not have taken place much, if at all, later
than B.C. 500 is shown by the style exhibited upon some
of the staters. For instance, the figures, Nos. 59, 61,
have all the characteristics of a very early date, one, pos-
sibly, still earlier than that specified as the commence-
ment of the second series of coinage. The whole of the
curious coins from No. 157 to No. 168, many of them with
the fish -head, including the stater, No. 161, also appear
to be rather before than after B.C. 500. Nos. 150, 154,
may also be included in the same class. A little later than
these, but still belonging to quite the archaic period, which
Mr. Head proposes to close at B.C. 480, are the head of
Pallas, No. 25, with the head in profile, but having the
eye as if seen in front ; the heads, Nos. 26, 27, 77, 78 ;
the strange head, No. 30 ; the Satyric mask, No. 45 ; the
bifrontal head, No. 47 ; the Gorgon head, No. 75 ; and
the helmet, No. 171 ; Triton, No. 11 ; the Satyr, No. 41 ;
the human-headed bull, No. 50 ; the lion-headed winged
man, No. 57 ; the running figure, No. 58, and the two
winged figures, Nos. 59, 61 ; Heracles with club and
bow, No. 65 ; figure holding two tunnies, No. 87 ; the
Harpies and the Sphinxes, Nos. 97 to 102 ; the forepart
of lioness, No. 109 ; the forepart of lion, No. 110 ; the
Chimaera, Nos. 119, 120 ; and the forepart of a winged
boar, No. 137.
To a period not long after B.C. 480, may perhaps be
attributed the head of Perseus, No. 73 ; the heads, Nos.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZ1CUS. 33
79, 84; figure holding tunny and knife, No. 88; the
griffin, No. 145 ; the forepart of cock, No. 155 ; and the
pistrix, No. 169.
Without attempting any classification of them in detail
we may regard a large proportion of the remaining coins
as belonging to a period between B.C. 440 and B.C. 410.
Among the coins which appear to have been issued during
this interval may perhaps be included : The human heads,
Nos. 3, 5, 17, 18, 21, 24, 28, 30, 36, 62, 73, 75, 80, 84,
85; the figures, Nos. 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 19, 23, 31,
32, 39, 42 to 44, 46, 48, 49, 53, 55, 63, 64, 66 to 69, 71,
72, 74, 86, 89 to 96; animals, 51, 60, 103 to 108, 113,
115, 117, 118, 121 to 127, 129 to 142 ; birds, 151 to 153,
155 ; monsters, 143, 144, 146, 148, 149 ; the prow, 170,
and the lyre, 172. The remainder of the types, including
Nos. 15, 19 to 21, 34, 38, 52, 54, 76, may be attributed to
the time between B.C. 410 and the accession of Philip to
the throne of Macedon, B.C. 359. Among the coins of the
last class are some human heads, Nos. 12, 13, 33, 37, 81
to 83, which in the opinion of persons of high authority
were struck not much, if at all, earlier than the time of
Alexander. With every deference for this opinion I feel
obliged to dissent from it, and to regard these coins,
though, perhaps, belonging to the latest of the staters, as
having been issued not later than B.C. 360. The conclu-
sion, therefore, at which I have arrived with regard to the
Cyzicenes is, that with the exception of No. 1, they all
belong to the time between the year B.C. 500, or possibly
a little earlier, and the year B.C. 360.
M. Francois Lenormant, holding the same view as his
father, in the last account he has given of the Cyzicenes, 29
29 Diet, des Antiq. Dareniberg and Saglio, under " Cyziceni."
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. V
34 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
expresses the opinion that the principal issue was between
the end of the Peloponnesian War, B.C. 404, and the time
of Alexander, who began to reign B.C. 336. M. Six,
whose authority is of great value, also considers that some
of the staters were issued as late as the time of Alexander's
accession.
If it were possible to adopt M. Lenormant's opinion, we
should have to cast aside all considerations of style, though
it is upon that evidence alone that the question of the date
of the staters must be decided. It is, however, an opinion
which cannot be entertained, for whatever view may be
taken of some of the heads, no one can pretend to say, hav-
ing regard to the style of the coins, that the greater part
were struck after the year B.C. 404. In rejecting M. Six's
view, which, however, has reference only to a very few of
the staters, I by no means feel the same confidence. It is
true, indeed, that the heads, Nos. 12, 13, and especially
No. 83 cannot be rejected, on account of their style, as
being inconsistent with the date M. Six attributes to them,
but on the other hand it cannot be justly asserted that
they may not have been struck before B.C. 360. It appears
to be on the whole a safer conclusion at which to arrive,
that the issue of staters entirely ceased before B.C. 360,
than to suppose that, several years after that time, two
or three types were struck in an abnormal way and quite
out of due course.
The fact that Demosthenes mentions Cyzicenes as a
common currency in Bosphorus in his own time has been
considered a proof that they were issued as late as then.
This evidence is, however, of a very inconclusive kind,
since it is certain that a class of coins so largely issued
and so widely circulated would continue to be used in
commerce and in other ways long after they had ceased
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 35
to be produced by the mint. It does not need to adduce
instances of so trite an occurrence. The same explana-
tion may be given of Cyzicene staters having been found
in a vase associated with coins of Alexander, as was the
case at the Piraeus a few years ago.
It is a fact which is indisputable that for a long period,
and over a large area, the Cyzicenes, together with Darics,
formed the principal gold currency of the shores of the
^Egean and neighbouring seas. This position they held
until a coin of purer metal was put into circulation in
large quantities, and then when Philip of Macedon issued
from numerous mints the stater which bore his name,
Cyzicus ceased to enjoy the monopoly which had so long
been hers, and the coinage of the Cyzicenes came to an end.
The position Cyzicus occupied in the Hellenic world in
regard to art cannot, perhaps, be either fairly or fully
estimated from the evidence afforded by its coinage. The
process of engraving on a die, leaving out of consideration
the limited space on which a subject has to be represented,
does not allow that scope for artistic treatment which is
granted to painting, to sculpturing in marble, or to cast-
ing in bronze. It is bound, like gem engraving, by laws
existing within its own province of expression, which it
cannot break, and from the control of which the kindred
arts are more or less free. Subject, however, to these
qualifications, the numerous representations of human and
animal form and the way in which the characteristic
features of gods and heroes, as well as those of the lower
orders of life, are depicted upon the coins, enable -us to
form an opinion, though it may be an inadequate one,
upon the artistic development of prosperous and wealthy
Cyzicus.
We know that the school of painting there had produced
36 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
artists of eminence, and, though we do not hear so much
of its sculptors, there can be little doubt that Cyzicus was
not behind other cities of Asia Minor, whose temple deco-
rations and other works of sculpture are still left to testify
to the genius and skill of their inhabitants. The site of
Cyzicus never having been excavated, we are left without
the evidence which has been supplied by an examination
of the remains of other cities, such, for instance, as Per-
gamon, with the sculptures of which place it is not impro-
bable that Cyzicus had much in common.
As has already been stated, the coinage of a state does
not afford a complete index of the wealth it possessed in
the productions of its sculptors, nor does it indicate, except
in an imperfect manner, the height to which at the place
in question plastic art had attained. But at Cyzicus we
have still less opportunity than at other cities of estimat-
ing by means of the coinage the artistic condition there.
In most Hellenic states the corn-types were local, the
outcome of the religious cults or myths of the place itself,
and were influenced not only by the traditional and con-
tinuous teaching of the special art-school there, but also
by the sentiment begotten of the worship of the gods with
whom the city was, in one or other way, connected, and
who were its tutelary guardians and protectors, and in
some cases its founders. At Cyzicus, on the contrary, the
subjects of the coin-types were to a large extent borrowed
from other states, and her school of die-engraving was, at
all events in the selection of the types, of the most eclectic
kind. It is difficult, indeed, to say of many of her coins
whether the subject upon them was indigenous to the
city or was adopted or adapted from the coinage or sculp-
ture of other and sometimes far-distant states, but that a
considerable proportion belong to the latter class is un-
questionable. With this limitation in respect of original
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF C\ZICUS. 37
design, which, however, must not be carried too far, the
artists of Cyzicus, who were the engravers of her coin-
dies, show great skill and even power in the way in which
they have treated the subjects at their disposal. In the
separate description of each of the types which is given
later on, it is noted from whence the several subjects,
which are direct imitations of other coins or are copies of
groups in marble, have been derived ; but it seems desir-
able to give here a few instances of coins where such a
reproduction has taken place. The staters Nos. 9 and 10,
figure riding on dolphin and horseman, are copies of
familiar coins of Tarentum. No. 51, forepart of human-
headed bull, is the ordinary type of Gela ; No. 85, female
head, is precisely similar to one on a Syracusan tetra-
drachm ; while Nos. 31 and 32, Graia and Erichthonius,
and Cecrops, are in all respects like to portions of a group
in terracotta, itself no doubt copied from one in marble ;
and No. 76, Harmodius and Aristogeiton, represents a
sculptured subject, once a celebrated and popular one at
Athens. In the case of these types the artists of the mint
of Cyzicus appear as little more than mere copyists, but
there are other cases in which they have adopted a sub-
ject from a coin of another city but have modified it after
their own fashion, showing in the process not only power
of adaptation but of invention also. Instances of this
may, perhaps, be found in No. 16, Triptolenms in the
serpent car ; No. 18, Apollo watching the effect of the
flight of his arrow; No. 21, Apollo on a swan; No. 63,
Heracles and Iphicles ; No. 69, Heracles strangling the
lion; No. 151, eagle tearing a tunny ; and also in the
lions, bulls, and griffins of which so many and different
representations occur on the staters. In no way, how-
ever, have the Cyzicene die-engravers shown their skill
more conspicuously than in the manner in which they
38 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
have adapted the subject to the space at their disposal \
their success in this very important feature in the treat-
ment of coin-types evidences much ingenuity and power
in the moulding of form. Striking examples of this are
shown in No. 38, Dionysus seated ; No. 48, Nereid carry-
ing a wreath ; Nos. 52 and 54, Nike and Eleutheria ; No.
68, Heracles holding club and lion's skin ; No. 71,
Odysseus slaying a ram ; and the staters where warriors
and others, satyrs among the rest, are represented in
kneeling or bending positions. But they achieved a still
greater success than this, for they have dared to make
the great gods assume, yet without loss of dignity, the
attitude almost of suppliants.
But the die-engravers of Cyzicus were not merely
copyists or adapters of the works of other artists, they
give evidence upon many of the staters of the faculty of
original design. This appears to be as fully expressed in
their treatment of Dionysiac types as in any other of the
numerous subjects on the coinage, and, indeed, in relation
to the currency, Dionysus figures at Cyzicus as a very
prominent and popular god. The staters, Nos. 42 to 44,
where satyrs are seen in different aspects, are examples of
quite novel treatment of those attendants upon Dionysus,
and they are examples as successful as they are novel.
It cannot, I think, be denied, after a due examination
of the whole series of the electrum coins, that at Cyzicus,
notwithstanding the eclectic tendency of its coin-types,
due in some respects perhaps to commercial relations, a
school of die-engravers was in existence which possessed
not only a distinctive character combined with originality,
but also much artistic power and skill in expression and
adaptation.
The subjects represented on the coins seem to have been
derived from many sources. Some are of original design,
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 39
some are simply copies of other coins, and some are modi-
fications of the types on the coins of other states. There
are also others which have been taken from single figures
or groups in marble, in whole or in part, and which in
some cases have been directly reproduced, while in others
they have been changed in a greater or less degree in
accordance with the taste or feeling of the artist, or to fit
them to the requirement of the space on the coin. All
those, however, which are not original designs give indi-
cations of the translation they have undergone, and show
the impression they have received from passing through
the mind and under the hand of the Cyzicene engraver.
The prototypes of some of the coin subjects appear to have
been separate groups or single statues ; but others, and
probably the greater number, were portions of scenes
which ornamented the friezes and pediments of temples,
or in some cases of metopes. If we had the good fortune
to be in possession of the sculptures which decorated the
temples of Cyzicus and other cities, neighbouring or
foreign, we should doubtless find some which would give
us the clue to the origin of many of the coin- types.
As might be expected, the greater number of the sub-
jects belong to the cults and myths of Hellas, and we are
brought face to face with Zeus, Poseidon, Demeter,
Apollo, Pallas, and Aphrodite, Dionysus, Heracles,
Odysseus, Orestes, and Perseus, though some of them
present an aspect not quite in harmony with their Hel-
lenic relations. There are also a large number which are
more or less Oriental in their character. The greater
part of these are subjects taken from cults where the
ancient Hellenic mythology had become influenced and
altered by Eastern systems of religious worship, but a few
appear to be even still more directly and purely of
Oriental origin.
40 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
On a review of the extensive and important series of
theCyzicene electrum coinage, extending as it did through
a lengthened period, during which art had developed from
almost its first beginnings to the highest perfection it
ever attained, we cannot but be struck by the sustained
excellence of the monetary art of Cyzicus. No state
equalled it in the variety of subjects represented on its
coins, as none excelled it in the high artistic qualities with
which those subjects were endowed. There are coins, no
doubt, among the large range of the money of the various
states of Hellas, which surpass any that proceeded out of
the mint of Cyzicus, but no state can pretend to equal it
in the number and variety of works of such high artistic
merit as the staters of Cyzicus present. If the coinage of
this great commercial city on the Hellespont is contrasted
with that of Athens, a state politically as superior to
Cyzicus as its trading enterprises were more widely and
largely extended, and which in art was at the head of all
Hellenic culture, the difference is indeed marvellous.
While the one city was issuing type after type, each one
rivalling the other in the beauty and appropriateness of
the design and the skill of its execution, the other was
reproducing, century after century, almost without any
change or advance in style, the same and only type with
which she had commenced her monetary issue. The
requirements of trade with the " barbarians " has been,
and probably with truth, alleged as the reason why
Athens, with all her wealth of sculptors and her supre-
macy in art, continued so long to send out from her mint
the uninviting " owl." But there were the same require-
ments to be considered at Cyzicus, and that she rose
superior to these considerations seems to demand from
all who admit the claims of art to be a civilising influ-
ence, a very high recognition of her merits.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 41
The circumstances attending the discovery of the staters,
either of single coins or of a number found deposited
together, is a matter of some importance, and we should
be much assisted in any inquiry as to the area within
which the Cyzicenes circulated, and to some extent also in
regard to the time at which certain types were issued, if
we were in possession of correct information about the
finding of these coins. It is, however, only on rare occa-
sions that anything authentic can be ascertained as to the
number, contents, and place of finding of the various
hoards which have been brought to light. We are, how-
ever, fortunately in possession of fairly trustworthy details
connected with two deposits of Cyzicene staters, and also
of the places where a few single coins have been found.
In the neighbourhood of Kertch, the ancient Panticapaeum,
several deposits of Cyzicenes have occurred, some, as has
been stated, in the numerous and rich tombs with which
the locality abounds. No exact account has been given
of these finds, and it is believed that the coins were in
most cases melted. Some isolated staters have also been
met with near Kertch, which have been preserved, and
which are noticed in the following account of the staters.
Of the two hoards above referred to, both of much im-
portance, I propose to state shortly what is known of their
contents.
The first was discovered in the year 1875, not far, it is
believed, from the site of Clazomenae. It consisted of
several Darics, many electrum staters of Lampsacus, and
a large series of staters of Cyzicus, but no hectae, nor
twelfths. I have found it impossible to ascertain what
was the whole number of coins, or the number of each
class, but I believe the following list includes the greater
part, if not all, of the types of the Cyzicenes.
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. G
42
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Nos. 3, 6, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24 ; [PL I., 3, 6, 17, 18,
19, 23,24, 25]. Nos. 30, 31, 32, 36, 42, 44, 48, 51 ; [PL II.,
7, 8, 9, 13, 20, 22, 26,31]. Nos. 64, 65, 68, 69, 73; [PL III.,
15, 16, 19, 20, 24]. Nos. 80, 85, 86, 87 P, 88, 89, 90, 93,
97, 99 ; [PL IT., 1, 7, 8, 9 ?, 10, 12, 13, 16, 23, 27]. Nos.
107, 113, 115, 121, 122, 124, 127, 129, 130, 134; [PL V.,
1, 6, 8, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 24, 29]. Nos. 141, 143, 144,
146 ; [PL VI., 3, 5, 6, 8].
The other discovery was made in 1882 at the Piraeus,
when about forty to forty-five coins appear to have been
found in a terra-cotta vase. The principal part were
C yzicene staters, but there were also some staters of Alex-
ander the Great, but no hectae nor twelfths. I have been
unable to obtain a full account either of the number or of
the types of the Cyzicenes, but I believe the following is
an almost complete list of the types.
Nos. 9, 24; [PL I., 9, 25]. Nos. 29, 43, 48, 50 ; [PL II.,
6, 21, 26, 29]. Nos. 63, 64, 67, 72, 76 ; [PL III., 14, 15,
18,23,28]. Nos. 99*, 100; [PL IV., 29]. Nos. 122, 127,
130, 134; [PL V., 16, 21, 24, 29]. No. 141 ; [PL VI., 3].
THE FOLLOWING COLLECTIONS ARE REFERRED TO IN AN
ABBREVIATED FORM.
British Museum, London Brit. Mus.
Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris Paris.
Bibliotheque Natiouale, De Luynes Paris
(DeL.).
Koenigliches Museum, Berlin Berlin.
Koenigliche Sammlung, Munich Munich.
Kaiserliche Sammlung, Vienna Vienna.
The Imperial Hermitage, St. Petersburg
St. Pet.
The Royal Cabinet, Copenhagen Copen-
hagen.
The Royal Cabinet at the Hague Hague.
Public Numismatic Museum, Athens-
Athens.
Herzogliche Sammlung, Gotha Gotha.
Hunter Collection, Glasgow Hunter.
Leake Collection, Cambridge Leake.
Sir Edward Bunbury, Bart., London -Bun-
bury.
Dr Weber, London -Weber.
Mr. Thomas Jones, London -Jones.
Lt -General Moore, London Moore.
Lord Ashburuham Ashburnham.
Mr. Arthur J. Evans, Oxford Evans.
Rev. William Greenwell, Durham W. G.
Mr. Carlrae, Edinburgh- Carfrae.
M. W. H. Waddington, Paris Wadding-
ton.
The late Baron de Hirsch, Paris Hirsch.
Dr. Imhoof-Blumer, Winterthur Im-
hoof.
M. J. P. Six, Amsterdam Six.
Herr A. Lobbecke, Brunswick Lob-
becke.
M. Iversen, St. Petersburg Iversen.
Messrs. Rollin and Feuardent, Paris
R. and F.
M. Hoffmann, Paris Hoffmann.
Professor Rhousopoulos, Athens Rhou-
sopoulos*.
M. Lambros, Athens Lambros.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYXICUS.
43
TABLE OF DENOMINATIONS.
No.
Stater.
Hecta.
Twelfth.
No. Stater.
Hecta.
Twelfth.
1
X
44
X
2
X
45
X
X
3
X
46
X
4
X
47
X
5
X
X
48
X
6
X
49
X
7
X
50
X
X
X
8
X
51
X
9
X
52
'X
X
10
X
53
X
11
X
X
54
X
X
12
X
55
X
13
X
56
X
X
14
X
57
X
15
X
58
X
X
16
X
59
X
17
X
60
X
18
X
61
X
19
X
62
X
20
X
63
X
X
21
X
64
X
22
X
65
X
X
23
X
X
66
X
24
X
67
X
25
X
X
X
68
X
26
X
X
69
X
27
X
X
70
X
28
X
71
X
X
29
X
72
X
X
30
X
73
X
X
31
X
74
X
X
32
X
X
75
X
33
X
76
X
34
X
77
X
X
X
35
X
78
X
X
36
X
79
X
37
X
80
X
38
X
X
81
X
39
X
82
X
40
X
83
X
41
X
X
84
X
42 x
85 X
43 X
86 X x X
44
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
TABLE OF DENOMINATIONS (continued).
No.
Slater.
Hecta.
Twelfth.
No.
Stater.
Hecta.
Twelfth.
87
X
130
X
X
88
X
X
131
X
89
X
132
X
90
X
X
133
X
X
91
X
X
134
X
X
X
92
X
135
X
X
93
X
X
136
X
X
X
94
X
137
X
95
X
138
X
X
X
96
X
139
X
97
X
X
140
X
X
98
X
X
X
141
X
X
99
X
X
142
X
99*
X
143
X
X
100
X
X
X
144
X
101
X
145
X
102
X
X
146
X
X
103
X
147
104
X
148
X
X
X
105
X
X
X
149
X
106
X
X
150
X
107
X
X
X
151
X
108
X
X
152
X
109
X
X
X
153
X
110
X
154
X
X
111
X
155
X
112
X
156
X
113
X
X
157
X
X
114
X
158
X
X
115
X
X
159
X
116
X
160
X
117
X
161
X
118
X
X
162
X
119
X
163
X
X
120
X
X
164
X
121
X
X
X
165
X
122
X
166
X
J23
X
167
X
124
X
168
X
X
125
X
X
169
X
126
X
170
X
127
X
171
X
128
X
X
172
X
X
129
X
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 45
CATALOGUE OF TYPES.
1. Obv. Tunny upright between two pellets.
Rev. Two incuse squares of different sizes ; the larger
one containing irregular forms, the other a cray-
fish or scorpion.
Brit. Mus., 252 grs. [PI. I. 1] .
JEngr. Num. Chron., N.S., vol. xv., PI. X. 7. Brit. Mus.
Guide, PL I., 12.
Noted. Nummi Veteres, R. Payne Knight, p. 150. 30
The tunny, here the principal type, assumes, as the
symbol, badge, or " arms " of Cyzicus, its place on the
earliest coinage of the state, a place it retained, though
in a subordinate position, as long as Cyzicus continued to
issue coins.
The incuse of the reverse is of a quite different form
from that afterwards adopted and universally exhibited on
the electrum coins of Cyzicus. The figure in one of the
squares is probably a cray-fish (do-raKos), a more likely
adjunct on the money of a powerful maritime state than
a scorpion. A similar creature occurs on coins once attri-
buted to Abydos and later to Ancore, but now assigned by
Dr. Imhoof-Blumer (Monnaies Grecques, p. 232) to
Astakos.
This stater, of the Phocaic standard and of good weight,
is the earliest coin which can be attributed to Cyzicus,
and must be assigned to a period not much, if at all, later
than the commencement of the sixth century B.C. It can-
not, under any circumstances, be placed after the time
when Croasus introduced his gold coinage (B.C. 560),
which, following in the track of his conquests, must to a
30 In future this Catalogue will be cited as Num. Vet., R. P. K.
46 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
large extent have displaced the electruin money of the
maritime cities of Asia Minor.
The tunny was a symbol of, and sacred to, Aphrodite-
Astarte, but it is very doubtful if it is in connection with
that goddess that it finds so important a place on the
Cyz'cene coinage. Except for the fact that all types on
Greek money, and especially early ones, are sacred sym-
bols, attached to some divinity, it might be supposed
that the value of the fish as an article of trade was the
reason why it was adopted as the badge of Cyzicus, in
like manner as the silphium was in the Cyrenaica. It
may, perhaps, be in a double capacity that both at Cyzicus
and in the Cyrenaica these two important articles of com-
merce were adopted as state badges.
2. Obv. Male figure wearing himation over lower part of
body, kneeling right on tunny ; in his right hand
he holds a long sceptre, and on his left an eagle,
about to take flight.
Rtw. Mill-sail incuse. 31
Paris (De L.), 245-6 grs. [PI. I. 2].
Noted. Ann. dell' Inst. di Corrisp. Archeol., xiii., p. 150a.
The figure is undoubtedly that of Zeus, though the
kneeling position is one not quite consistent with a repre-
sentation of the supreme god and father. He is identi-
fied by the eagle and sceptre, but in addition the whole
figure is characteristic of the powers and attributes it was
sought to idealise in a presentment of Zeus. Professor
31 In the account of each type any description of the reverse
will in future be omitted. It is invariably an incuse of the
mill-sail pattern, and differs only in the quarters being some-
times plain, PL I., 1 A., at other times covered with dots,
PJ. L, 1 B., or with short raised lines. The incuses which have
dots or lines appear to be of the later issues.
THE ELECTllTJM COINAGE OF CYZICVS. 47
Gardner (Types of Greek Coins, p. 87), regards the posi-
tion as simply relative to the requirements of the compo-
sition on a limited space, an explanation which will also
apply to others of the subjects found on the Cyzicene staters.
Though a seated figure of Zeus would have equally well
fitted the space at the artist's disposal, it is probable that
the subject was in this case accommodated to suit the coin.
On a coin of Trajan is a figure of Zeus, with sceptre
and eagle, and having an inscription, ZEY[Z] ZHTHP
KYZIKHNflN.
3. Bearded head to right, with ram's ear and horn. Beneath,
tunny right.
W. G. (ft), 248 grs. [PI. I. 3]. Brit. Mus. (a), 247'1. Paris
(c), 247. Vienna, 247'2. Weber, 247'2 (Whittall
sale, 1884, No. 743). Lambros (a),
(a) same die, (6), (c), different dies. 32
Engr. Mionnet, Suppl. v., PI. II. 3. Num. Chron., N.S.
xvi., PI. VIII. 10.
Noted. Brandis, Das Miinz-Mass- und Gewichtswesen,
p. 408.
Mr. Head (Num. Chron. N.S., xvi., p. 280) believes
the head to be of Dionysus Ammon rather than of Zeus
Ammon, but there does not appear to be any sufficient
reason to separate it from Zeus. On a coin of Macrinus,
struck at Cyzicus, together with a laureate head, possibly
of the Emperor, is one of Zeus-Ammon (Mionn., Suppl.,
v. p. 341, No. 385).
4. Bearded head to left, laureate, with ram's ear and horn,
hair hanging behind in three long curls. Be-
neath, tunny left.
32 The letters (b) (c), &c., designate a die different from that
noted (a), and also from each other.
48 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Paris (De L.), (a), 247'6 grs. [PI. I. 41. St. Pet. (a)
246-8. W. G. (6), 245-2.
(a), same die, (b), diff. die.
Engr. Mem. de la Soc. Imp. d'Archeol. (1852), vi.,
PI. XXI. 3.
Noted. Brandis, p. 408.
The head on this stater differs much in treatment from
that on the last coin, and appears to be of an earlier date.
Though the long flowing and curled hair is more in cha-
racter with Dionysus than with Zeus, there do not
appear to be any adequate grounds for attributing it to
the former god.
5. Bearded head to left, wearing a wreath of marine plants ;
behind the neck the head of trident. Beneath,
tunny left.
Berlin (Prokesch-Osten), 248*7 grs. [PL L 5].
Enrjr. Revue Numis., N.S. ix., PI. I. 7.
Hecta. Dupre sale (1869), No. 258.
As might be expected, Poseidon is likely to occur on the
coinage of a great maritime state, and several staters will
be found to contain the figure of the god, or, as in this
case, his head, or some subject connected with him.
6. Bearded figure, kneeling on right knee to right, on tunny.
On his extended right hand he holds a dolphin,
and in his left a trident downwards. He wears
a chlamys, ending in a tassel, which does not
appear to pass round the neck, but over the left
shoulder.
Brit, Mus., 247'4 grs. [PI. I. 6]. One (248'7) noted Num.
Chron., N.S., xvi., p. 281, No. 9.
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PL VIII. 12.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICTJS. 49
Poseidon is frequently represented on vases holding a
dolphin, but on one (Lenormant and De Witte, Elite des
Mon. Ceram., iii., PL VIII), he holds a fish, possibly a
tunny.
7. Bearded figure, wearing chlamys wrapped round left arm
and flying behind, seated right on sea-horse, and
striking with a trident, held in right hand.
Beneath, tunny right.
St. Pet., 247 grs. [PI. I. 7]. This stater was found near
Kertch.
Engr. Ant. du Bosphore Cimmer., ii., p. 154. Wieseler,
Denkmaler, ii., PL VII. 79.
Poseidon occurs twice on a cylix (671) in the Brit. Mus.,
wearing chlamys, riding on a sea-horse, and carrying a
trident over his shoulder, in one case upwards, in the
other downwards. (Lenormant and De Witte, Elite des
Mon. Ceram., iii., Pt. I., PL I. A, and Gerhard, Griech.
Yasenbilder, PL VIII.
8. Bearded figure, half-draped, riding on dolphin, left, and
holding a tunny by the tail in right hand.
Paris (De L.), 40'2 grs. [PI. I. 8] .
Though without a trident or any other distinctive cha-
racteristic, the figure is probably Poseidon.
9. Youthful male figure, naked, riding on dolphin, left, and
holding a tunny by the tail in right hand.
W. G. (a), 245-2 grs., [PL I. 9]. Brit. Mus. (b), 247,
(Thomas sale, No. 1777). Paris (c), 247.
(a), (b), (c), diff. dies.
Engr. Mem. de la Soc. Imp. d'Archeol, vi. PI. XXI.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl., x.p. 228. No. 8. Brandis, p. 405.
VOL. VII. THIRD SETITES. H
50 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The type, a figure of Tara8, son of Poseidon, is almost
identical with the well-known one of the Tarentine
didrachms, from which it differs only in having the
tunny in addition. This coin, like others of the staters
and as that next to be described, is essentially a copy of a
subject occurring on the money of another state.
10. Naked youth on horseback to left ; his right arm is stretched
out over the head of the horse, which he is about
to crown. Beneath, tunny left.
St. Pet., 228-8 grs. 33 [PL I. 10].
Entjr. Mem. de la Soc. Imp. d'Archeol., vol. vi (1852).
PL XXI. 6, described p. 370, No. 10.
Like the last described stater this is a direct copy of
one of the common types of Tarentum ; not a singular
instance, as will be seen in the sequel, where types
belonging to Grela, &c., are found on the staters.
11. Bearded human figure naked, the lower part ending in the
tail of a fish, reclining in a fronting position, but
to the left, on the right arm ; the left hand is
raised and holds a wreath or ring. Beneath,
tunny left.
Brit. Mus. 246 grs. [PI. I. 11].
JEngr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PL V. 15.
Noted. Num. Vet. R. P. K., p. 59. Mionnet, vol. vi., 616,
No. 20.
Hecta. Carfrae (a), 41 grs. (Dundas sale, No. 21). [PL I.
12]. Berlin (two), (Prok.-Ost.), 41 '3, another
(plated), 31-5. W. G. (b), 41-9.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr. Prokesch-Osten, Ined. (1854), PL IV. 3.
Noted. Brandis, p. 406.
33 Unless the weight is incorrectly given, this coin is probably
plated.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 51
The left hand on the stater is off the flan of the coin,
but on the hecta in Mr. Carfrae's collection it distinctly
holds a wreath or ring.
The subject is probably Triton, and corresponds to many
representations of the son of Poseidon. It is difficult to
explain what is held in the left hand, nor do other figures
of Triton throw any light upon it.
On a coin wrongly attributed by Combe to Corcyra is
a figure of Dagon much like this, holding a trident in his
right hand with which he is striking, whilst the left holds
up a round object (Museum Hunter., PL XIX., No. 12).
Dagon is somewhat similarly represented, and holds what
looks like a wreath, upon a coin of Aradus (Millingen,
Sylloge, p. 81, PI. IV. 61), and on a coin which M. Six
(Num. Chron., N.S., vol. xviii. p. 125, PL VI. 3), is
inclined to attribute to Azotus, he holds a trident in his
right hand and a wreath in his left. On the coins of
Itanus the figure which ends in a fish tail, and is not
unlike that on the staters, is called by Mr. Wroth, though
with a query, Glaucus. (Brit. Mus. Cat. of Cretan Coins,
p. 51, PL XIII. 1, 2, 3).
12. Female head to left, wearing a veil with corn-wreath over
it, the ears of corn projecting in front. Beneath,
tunny left.
Paris (De L.) (a), 246'9 grs., [PL I. 13J. Brit. Mus. (*),
247-4, (Thomas sale, No. 1778, Northwick, No.
953). Paris, 246'9.
(a), (6), diff. dies.
Engr. Rev. Num. N.S., vol. i. PL II. 9. Brit. -Mus.
Guide, PI. XVIII. 7. Gardner, Types of Greek
Coins, PL X. 41.
This beautiful head of Demeter belongs to the later
52 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
series of electrum coins of Cyzicus, and may, perhaps, be
classed to the second quarter of the fourth century B.C.
The goddess has here the mature expression of the
mother, with all the soft and gentle character of one so
intimately connected with the productive gifts of nature.
A somewhat similar but more youthful and virgin -like
head of Cora, with the title ZHTEIPA, is found on the
tetradrachms of Cyzicus. That the head is of Cora
appears to be shown by a coin of Imperial times which
has upon it a youthful head and the legend KOPH Zfl-
TEIPA KYZIKHNHN.
13. Female head facing, but slightly inclining to left, with corn-
leaves and ears wreathed in the hair, and wearing
a veil and plain necklace. Beneath, tunny left.
Paris, 248-5 grs., [PL I. 14].
Engr. Head, Hist. Num., Fig. 272.
This head of Demeter, like that on the last described
stater, belongs to the later series of the Cyzicenes. It
was copied on coins of Tyra in Sarmatia, which have on
the reverse a bull butting ; also a type which occurs on the
staters of Cyzicus.
14. Female figure, apparently half-length, to right, wearing
long chiton, and holding in each hand a lighted
torch, behind her a poppy. Beneath, tunny right.
Hirsch, 248 grs., [PI. I. 15].
Engr. D'Alexeieff, Dissertation sur une monnaie inedite,
PL Fig. 7. Paris, 1876.
The figure is Demeter, as is indicated by the torches
and the poppy. The coin unfortunately is in poor con-
dition, and it is, therefore, impossible to decide with
certainty as to the attitude. She does not seem to be
represented as standing, but rather as if sinking into the
ground. If this supposition is correct, she appears as on
her way in pursuit of Persephone to the lower world.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZ1CUS. 53
As Cyzicus was one of the places which claimed to be
the scene of the rape of Persephone, it might be expected
that Demeter would be represented on the coinage of the
city.
15. Female figure, wearing long chiton and peplos, kneeling
right on tunny ; she holds a long torch (?) in her
right hand.
Paris (De L.), 245-2 grs. [PL I. 16]. St. Pet. 245'3.
Both same die.
Engr. Ant. deBosph. Cimmer, vol. ii. p. 154. Rev. Num.,
N.S., vol. L, PL II. 8.
Noted. Brandis, p. 407.
The stater in the collection at the Hermitage was found
near Kertch.
The object held in the right hand of the figure is
doubtful. If, however, it is a torch, which appears pro-
bable, Demeter is represented.
16. Youthful figure right, wearing hiination over the back,
the breast and arms bare, holding two plants of
corn in left hand, and carried in chariot drawn
by two winged serpents. Beneath, tunny right.
W. G. (a), 246-9 grs. [PL I. 17]. Brit. Mus. (b), 247'6.
Paris (De L.), (), 247. Carfrae (a), 246'3.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr. Rev. Num., N.S. i., PI. II. 7.
Noted. Num. Vet., R. P. K., p. 81. Num. Chron., vi.,
p. 150. Brandis, p. 405.
There is no appearance of the chariot, though part of
one wheel is visible beneath the wing of the serpent. This
is, no doubt, due to the requirements of the coin. To have
represented the chariot would have overcrowded the sub-
ject and detrimented the composition.
54 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
If the figure be female it is Demeter, and iii the act of
pursuing Hades when carrying off Persephone. The full-
ness of the breast is maternal, and the attitude, the right
hand placed on the wing of the serpent, and the haste
displayed, point to a mother's anxiety and her desire for
the recovery of her child. Upon many of the Imperial
coins of Cyzicus Demeter occurs, carried in a car drawn
by serpents, and holding two torches.
The subject, however, with much more probability, re-
presents Triptolemus starting on his beneficent mission, as
the bestower of corn and fruits and the instructor of man-
kind in their cultivation. A very similar figure, though
he there holds a sceptre, is shown on a cylix, figured in
vol. iii. PL XLVI. of Lenormant and De Witte, Elite des
Mon. Ceram. The subject is not an uncommon one on
vases.
The type, like others on the coins of Cyzicus, is probably
due to the close relations between that state and Athens,
where Demeter and the cycle connected with her were
among the most ancient and intimate of its cults. A bronze
coin of Eleusis and there is a similar one of Athens has
a representation of Triptolemus quite like that of the
stater, the car, however, being clearly shown. (Imhoof-
Blumer, Monn. Grecq., p. 153, No. 101, PL C. No. 29.
Overbeck, Griech. Kunst-MythoL, iii. p. 581 ; Miinztafel,
PL IX. No. 3).
17. Youthful male head, wearing laurel wreath, nearly full-
face, but inclining to the right. Beneath, tunny
right.
W. G. (a), 247-1 grs., [PI. I. 18]. Brit. Mus. (6), 247'9.
Paris (De L.), (b). Waddington, 246-8. Car-
frae (a), 247-2 (Whittall sale, 1884, No. 739).
Lambros in 1885.
(), (b), diff. dies.
THE KLECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 55
Engr. Waddington, Asie Mineure, PI. VIII. 3. Rev.
Num. xvii., PI. V. 8. Num. Chron., N.S., xvi.,
PI. VIII. 2.
A head of Apollo, who as the father of Cyzicus, the
mythical founder of the city, and in other relations, was a
favoured deity there.
18. Naked male figure, wearing wreath, kneeling right on
tunny ; his right arm hangs down his side, and in
his left he holds a strung bow, and appears to
be watching the effect of an arrow he has just
discharged.
W. G. (a), 247-8 grs. (Bompois sale, No. 1372), [PI. 1. 19].
Brit. Mus. (6), 247-8. Berlin, 247.
(a), (b\ diff. dies.
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PI. VIII. 4. Bompois
Cat., PI. V.
Noted. Konigl. Miinz-Kab. (1879), No. 100.
The figure of Apollo on the stater is probably copied
from a group of which it formed a part. He is represented
either as the destroyer of Python (as seen on a coin of
Croton) or as shooting at the children of Niobe. The
latter is the opinion of M. Six (Num. Chron., N.S., xvii.,
p. 170), who thinks the subject of Niobe and her children
formed the central one on the front of a temple, and that
kneeling figures of Apollo and Artemis occupied the two
sides. He refers to a coin of Erchomenus in Arcadia
(Num. Chron., N.S., xiii., PI. V. 1), on which Artemis
appears on one face and Niobe and one of her children on
the other. By others the figures on the reverse are con-
sidered to be Callisto and Areas.
A figure of Apollo, almost identical with that on the
stater, occurs upon a small silver coin of Sicyon.
56 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
19. Figure wearing long chiton with sleeves, seated right on
omphalos, holding a lyre in left hand ; the right,
which hangs down, holds an indefinite object,
possibly a plectrum. Beneath, tunny right.
Berlin (Prok.-Ost.), 248*2 grs. [PI. I. 20].
Engr. Rev. Num., N.S., ix., PI. I. 8.
Though wearing a sleeved chiton, this is undoubtedly
Apollo, to whom M. Lenormant attributes it (Rev. Num.,
N.S., ix., p. 13). There is no wreath apparent on the
stater, but this may be due to imperfect striking. On
a coin of Delphi the god is clothed in the same way. On
silver coins of Cyzicus Apollo is represented on the
omphalos, and holding a lyre, but naked to the waist, and
wearing a wreath. On a half obol of Sicyon, Apollo,
holding a lyre, is seated on what has been usually called a
rock, but which, is probably the omphalos. The type on
the preceding stater also corresponds with that on another
half obol of Sicyon.
20. Male figure, laureate, wearing peplos over knees, seated
sideways, but with head turned to left, on griffin
to right ; in his right hand he holds a laurel
bough. Beneath, tunny right.
Evans, 244'8 grs. [PI. I. 21].
This stater was found near Kertch.
The Hyperborean Apollo, on his way to the country
where the griffins had charge of the gold, of which Hero-
dotus (iii. 116) gives an account. Although Apollo occurs
on several of the Cyzicene electrum coins, and is very fully
represented on the silver money of the state, such a subject
as the present one was most appropriate, for it is certain
that much of the gold used for the currency was obtained,
through Panticapaeum, from the Ural Mountains, the
locality indicated by the griffin-guarded land of Apollo.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZTCUS. 57
A similar subject, but where Apollo holds a lyre in the
left hand, occurs on a cylix in the Imperial Museum at
Vienna. (Lenormant and De Witte, Elite des Mon. Cerara.
vol. ii. PL V). The same is to be found on a coin of Tre-
bonianus Gallus, struck at Alexandria Troas. (Mionnet,
SuppL, vol. v. p. 541, No. 300). On a vase at Berlin
Apollo is seated on a griffin, holding a laurel bough, but
is clothed in a himation and wears buskins, as if equipped
for a journey, probably to the Hyperborean regions
(Lenormant and De Witte, I.e., vol. ii. PL XLIY). And
on a vase in the Brit. Mus. (E. 694) he is represented on a
griffin, laureate, and carrying a laurel bough, but only
wearing peplos over his knees.
21. Figure seated sideways on swan, but with head turned
to left, wearing peplos over knees. Beneath,
tunny left.
Paris (De L.), 247 grs. [PI. I. 22].. St. Pet., 250-5.
Both same die.
Engr. Rev. de la Numis. Belg., vol. ii. PI. V. 1.
Noted. Ant. du Bosph. Cimmer., vol. ii., p. 155. Brandis,
p. 407.
The stater at the Hermitage was found near Eertch.
It is difficult to decide with certainty as to the sex of
the figure. If female, it must be Aphrodite. On coins
of Camarina, where a somewhat similar representation is
found, the way in which the peplos is treated as a sail
gives a more graceful character to the subject. The
nymph Camarina, and not Aphrodite, is represented on
the Sicilian coin.
The figure, however, is almost certainly male, and
represents Apollo carried on a swan to Delos. Callimachus
in his Hymn to Apollo says,
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. I
58 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
6 Ar/Aios fj$v rt <oivi
ev r/epi KCL\OV de/Sei.
De Koehne (Ant. du Bosph. Cimmer., vol. ii. p. 155),
referring to the stater found near Kertch, calls the figure
Apollo, and attributes it to Chalcedon.
On a vase once in the Hamilton Collection, Apollo is
represented wearing himation and buskins, seated on a
swan, and holding a lyre. (Lenormant and De Witte,
lite des Mon. Ceram. vol. ii., PL XLII).
The representation on a vase in the Brit. Mus. (E. 240),
where Apollo is without a lyre, and holds a laurel bough,
is more like that on the stater.
22. The Omphalos, with fillets suspended from the top ; on
each side is seated an eagle, with closed wings,
the one facing the other. Beneath, tunny right.
Imhoof (a), 245'8 grs. [PI. I. 23]. Brit. Mus. (a), 248.
Copenhagen. W. G. (a), 248'5. Bunbury.
Weber, 247' 5. Jones. Lewis. Six, 248-2.
Rhousopoulos. Lambros.
(a) same die.
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PI. VIII. 6. Brit. Mus.
Guide, PL X. 12. Bompois Cat., PI. V.
The Omphalos at Delphi, where was situated the great
oracle of Apollo. The representation here probably alludes,
as Mr. Head suggests (Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., p. 279),
to the worship of the god in general, and as typical of the
Apolline cult throughout Hellas. At the same time
Cyzicus had, 'through its reputed founder, a very intimate
connection with Apollo.
The golden eagles of Zeus at Delphi are mentioned by
Pindar (Pyth., iv. 4) in reference to the oracle,
Atos dt^roiv TrapcSpos.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 59
The scholiasts connect these images with the legend
that Zeus sent forth one eagle from the east and another
from the west to find the centre of the world, and that
they met at the oracle of Delphi.
28. Helios, naked, radiate, kneeling right on tunny, holding
by the bridle two horses, prancing in opposite
directions.
W. G. (a), 247-8 grs. [PL I. 24]. Brit. Mus. (6),
248-4. Berlin, 247'4. Weber, 247'3. Hirsch
(c), 247. Lambros in 1885.
(a), (b), (c), diff. dies.
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PI. VIII. 5. Gardner,
Types, PL X. 3.
Hecta. Brit. Mus., 4O2 grs.
Noted. Brandis, p. 407.
The Sun God appears on the stater radiate, as on coins
of Rhodes. He was worshipped at Zeleia, a town on the
river Aesepus, and neighbouring to Cyzicus, as Helios
(Marquardt, Cyzicus und sein Gebiet, p. 129), and pro-
bably also at Cyzicus itself.
The subject, as here represented, is very gracefully
composed, and has probably, as is suggested by M. Six
(Num. Chron., N.S. xvii., p. 170), been copied from a
metope of a temple. He observes, " La composition est
parfaitement carr^e." It has, however, been accommodated
to suit the requirements of the size and shape of the coin
flan, a mode of procedure not uncommon with the artist
die-engravers of Cyzicus.
Representations of Helios with the chariot are not in-
frequent upon vases (Lenormant and De Witte, Elite des
Mon. Ceram., vol. ii. PL CXI., CXII.A., CXIIL).
60 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
24. Young male head to left, with stag's horn. Beneath,
tunny left.
Athens (), 247'9 grs. [PI. I. 25]. W. G. (a), 246*8
(Whittall sale, 1884, No. 747), [PI. I. 26]. Brit.
Mus. (b), 247-1.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S. xvi., PI. VIII. 19.
Noted. Num. Vet., R. P. K. p. 126.
The head of Acteeon, and connected with the worship of
Artemis. It is the only coin subject having relation to
the goddess which has up to the present time been found
on the staters, though she was worshipped in a temple not
far from Cyzicus, at a place where there were hot springs.
This seems to be the only instance where Act soon is repre-
sented upon a Greek coin. He appears on vases as a
youth, with stag's horns sprouting from his forehead, and
being attacked by his dogs (Lenormant and De Witte,
Elite des Mon. Ceram., vol. ii. PL C, CI, GUI).
25. Female head to left, wearing crested helmet with cheek-
pieces ; the socket for the crest is ornamented
with a zigzag pattern and clots, similar to that on
the early tetradrachms of Athens. The hair,
which hangs down beneath the back of the
helmet, is represented by dots. Beneath, tunny
left.
W. G. (a), 248-2 grs. (Bompois sale, No. 1869), [PL II. 1].
Brit. Mus. (), 247. Weber (a), 246-5. Im-
hoof(<i), 249-9. Hoffmann, 247-4.
'(a) same die.
Engr. Imhoof-Blumer, Choix, PL III, 99. Head, Hist.
Num. Fig. 271.
Noted. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Grecq., p. 241, No. 67.
Hecta. Brit. Mus. (a), 40'8 grs. Vienna (two), 40 (b),
42-6. Berlin (c) y 40-6. Athens, 4 [-2. W. G. (d) t
41-4.
(a), (b), (c), (d), diff. dies.
Twelfth. Paris (De L.).
Enyr. De Luynes, Choix, PL X, 13.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICTJS. (31
The head of Pallas is a type which occurs at various
periods on the Cyzicene staters. This coin is archaic,
and is probably not later than B.C. 500 ; others belong to a
time when Greek art was at its height. It is possible
that in these representations a part of the goddess may
stand for the whole, and that the head is intended for
Pallas herself. If this supposition is true we may have
here one portion of a group, other parts of which are
found on other coins, as, for instance, in the subject of
Gaia, Erichthonius, and Cecrops, in which Pallas was a
principal actor. A coin of Agrigentum, which has on one
face the head of an eagle, and on the other a crab's claw,
affords a good example where part of a type is put for the
whole.
That Pallas, the goddess of Athens, should occupy a
prominent place in the coinage of Cyzicus, is only what
might be expected when the long and intimate relation-
ship between the two states is taken into consideration.
Several types having reference to Athens will be found to
occur on the staters.
26. Female head to left, wearing a plain Corinthian helmet,
the hair behind hanging in a square mass, and
represented by dots. Behind, tunny downwards.
Imhoof (a), 248-7 grs. [PI. II. 2]. Brit. Mas., 249-6.
Vienna (6), 289'3. Weber (c), 249'1. W. G. (c),
248-2. Lambros in 1885.
(a), (b), (c), diff. dies.
Hecta. Munich, 40'8 grs. The Hague.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. VI. 15.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl. v., p. 370, No. 549.
An archaic coin, arid probably a head of Pallas.
62 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
27. Female head to left, wearing crested helmet. Behind,
tunny upwards.
St. Pet., 246-9 grs. [PI. II. 3].
Hecta. Six, 41 grs. [PI. II. 4].
Both the stater and hecta are in very poor condition,
and it is therefore difficult to make out the form of the
helmet. The head is probably of Pallas.
28. Female head to left, wearing crested Corinthian helmet,
hair in a long roll behind. Beneath, tunny left.
Paris (De L.) (a), 247 grs. [PI. II. 5]. Brit. Mus. (6),
246-8 (Thomas sale, No. 1779 ; Loscomb sale,
No. 575). Berlin (Fox), 246'9. St. Pet. (two),
247-2 (c), 247-3 (rf).
(</), (b), (c), (if), diff. dies.
Enyr. Mem. de la Soc. Imp. d'Archeol, vol. vi., PI. XXI. 4.
Fox, Unpubl. Coins, II., No. 25.
Noted. Brandis, p. 409.
Again a head of Pallas.
29. Female head, nearly full face, but inclining to right,
wearing helmet with three crests. Beneath,
tunny right.
Paris (De L.) (a), 247'2 grs. [PI. II. 6]. Berlin (b), 247.
Athens (b), 2481. W. G. (), 247'1. Weber
(b), 245-9. (Bompois sale, No. 1370).
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Noted. Konigl. Miinz-Kab., 1877, No. 99.
Still a head of Pallas.
30. Beardless head, full-faced, without neck, wearing a helmet
with a crest which has the appearance of an
inverted crescent, with a row of dots upon the
lower part of crest. Beneath, tunny left.
W. G. (), 245-1 grs. (Whittall sale, 1884, No. 756),
[PI. II. 7]. Paris (b), 247.
(), (6), diff. dies.
Engr. Mionnet, Suppl., v. p. 301. No. 109, PI. II. 5.
Noted. Brandis, p. 408.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 63
The crescent-like object upon the head appears to be
the crest of a helmet, and the line of dots favours that
view. The head, without any neck and with peculiar
projecting ears, scarcely appears like that of Pallas, and
is somewhat Gorgon -like. It possibly may be a Gorgon
head, and wearing, in connection with Pallas, the helmet
of that goddess. The way in which the crest is repre-
sented may be the result of an inability to show it in
perspective, for such a representation would require the
face to be turned a little on one side. A parallel instance
is found in the way in which the eye is placed, as if seen
in front, upon a face seen in profile.
31. Female figure to right, wearing sleeveless chiton ; she is
rising through the ground, and holds in her out-
stretched arms a child, as if presenting it to some-
one. The child is naked, except that it wears a
belt, with bullae attached, which passes over the
left shoulder and under the right arm. Beneath,
tunny right.
W. G., 247-5 grs. (Bompois sale, No. 1378), [PL II. 8].
Brit. Mus., 247'5. (Whittall sale, 1884, No. 755).
Both same die.
Engr. Head, Hist. Num. Fig. 277.
The representation is of Gaia giving Erichthonius into
the hands of Athena, and is a portion of a group, the ori-
ginal of which was probably in marble. The figure of
Cecrops on the stater next to be described formed another
portion of the subject, to complete which Athena is want-
ing. No coin has yet come to light which gives the figure
of the goddess, but there probably was one, unless she is
represented by a coin bearing her head, as already sug-
gested. The group from which the subjects of these two
staters were taken, must have borne a strong likeness to a
terra-cotta at Berlin (Archseol. Zeitung, 1872, p. 51, PL
64 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
LX1II), and though there are some slight variations, it is
probable that the terra-cotta and the prototype of the
staters were both copied from a common and well-known
piece of Attic sculpture.
The crepundia which Erichthonius wears may be seen on
the alliance coins of Samos, Ephesus, &c., which have the
type of Heracles strangling the serpents, and also on a
gold stater of Lampsacus.
The subject is found upon vases. See Lenormant and
De Witte, Elite des Mon. Ceram., vol. i. PL LXXXIV.,
LXXXV. On a hydria in the British Museum (E. 197), the
birth of Erichthonius is represented, the figures there being
a nymph. Zeus, Gaia holding the child, Athena, and Nike.
32. Bearded figure to left, the body ending in a serpent's tail ;
in his right hand he holds a branch of a tree, up-
right. Beneath, tunny left.
Iinhoof (a), 248-7 grs, [PL II. 9]. Brit. Mus. (b), 246'8,
[PI. II. 10]. Berlin, 247'6. St. Pet. (a), 247*7.
W. G. (), 248-1. (Whittall sale, 1884, No. 744).
Jones. Lambros, 249.
(ft), (b), diff. dies.
Enyr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PI. VIII. 14, 15. Zeitschr.
fur Numis., vi. p. 16 (woodcut). Brit. Mus. Guide,
PL X. 14. Gardner, Types, PI. X. 1.
Hecta. Paris.
Mr. Head (Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., p. 281) attributed
the figure to one of the giants of Mount Dindymus, who
attacked the ships when the Argonauts had ascended the
mountain. There is no doubt, however, as M. Six has
suggested in a letter to Mr. Head, printed 1. c. xvii. p.
169, that it represents Cecrops, and is part of a group
where Gaia is presenting Erichthonius to Athena. The
serpent, in allusion to his autochthonous, earth-born ori-
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 65
gin, is a frequent adjunct of Cecrops, and in the present
instance forms a portion of his body :
w KeKpoif/ ijpeos ai/a, TCC TT/OOS TroSwi/ BpaKovriSrj. Aristoph.
Vesp., 438.
The branch he holds is from the olive-tree on the hill
of the Acropolis, planted by Athena, and by which she
established her right to the country in the dispute with
Poseidon.
Cecrops is represented ending in a serpent's tail and
holding an olive-branch, on a vase. (Lenormant and De
Witte, Elite des Mon. Ceram., vol. i. PL LXXXY. A.).
A very similar treatment to that in the group from
which the type of this and the preceding coin seem to
have been taken, is found on a crater (Mon. Ined. delP
Inst., vol. iii. PL XXX). Hephaestus is, however, present.
On a cylix (1. c. vol. x. PL XXXIX), there is a group
somewhat like the last, but where, in addition to
Hephasstus, Herse also is present. On both of these vases
Cecrops is represented ending in a serpent's tail. A rhy-
ton in the British Museum (E. 471), has a figure of
Cecrops with a serpent's tail, and holding a sceptre and a
patera, into which a winged figure is about to pour a liba-
tion. Erichthonius, who is seated on a rock, appears as a
youth wrapped in a mantle.
33. Female head to left, wearing stepharie and earring. Beneath,
tunny left.
Paris (a), 245-5 grs. [PL II. 11]. Brit. Mus. (6), 246-3,
(Thomas sale, No. 1777). St. Pet. (b), 245'5.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr. Brit. Mus. Guide, PI. XVIII. 6.
Noted. Brandis, p. 408.
Probably a head of Aphrodite, and one of the later
staters of Cyzicus, not earlier perhaps than the second
quarter of the fourth century B.C.
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. K
66 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
84. Female figure standing facing, but inclining to left ; she is
naked to the waist, and holds up her dress with
her right hand, the left apparently resting on a
column, in front of which stands a naked youthful
winged figure facing, the right arm raised and the
legs crossed. Beneath, tunny left.
Paris, 247 grs. [PI. II. 12].
Noted. Brandis, p. 407.
Aphrodite and Eros. The composition is one of great
gracefulness, and is very skilfully balanced. The pose of
the figures and their varied and appropriate attitudes are
rendered in a very charming way. It was probably copied
from a larger group in marble, a work of celebrity and by
a great sculptor.
85. Head of Hermes to left, wearing petasus. Beneath,
tunny left.
Waddington, 246*7 grs. (Ivanoff sale, No. 190).
This is almost the only type on a stater or its parts that
I am acquainted with, of which I am unable to give a
representation.
No other coin of Cyzicus bearing a subject connected
with Hermes is known to me, unless those with a goat or
goat's head may be considered as belonging to his cult.
36. Bearded head to right, wearing diadem (the mitra), and
having an ivy wreath above and beneath it.
Beneath, tunny right.
W. G. (a), 246-2 grs. (Bompois sale, No. 1867), [PI.
II. 13]. Brit. Mus. (6), 2447. Paris (a), 246'3.
One engraved Num. Chron., N.S. PI. VIII. 8
(a), 246-2.
(a), (6), diff. dies.
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PI. VIII. 7, 8.
Noted. Brandis, p. 408.
THE ELECTKUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 67
Head of Dionysus, as noble in expression as it is beau-
tifully executed. The god is here presented as manifest-
ing the strength and repose of nature, not as when she
appears in the activity and tumult of production, but
when she has provided all that sustains and gladdens the
life of man, and rests, though without fatigue, from her
labour.
It may be contrasted, and much to its advantage, with
the head of the god on the coins of the Sicilian Naxus,
which, beautiful as it is, does not possess the calm dignity
of the Cyzicene picture. It may be compared with the
head on the tetradrachms and drachms of Thasus, which
for breadth of treatment and majestic quietness with
strength, is not surpassed by any head in the whole Greek
coin series.
37. Youthful head to left, wearing ivy wreath, with bunches
of berries in front; hair long and flowing.
Beneath, tunny left.
Imhoof (a), 248'6 grs. [PI. II. 14].' Paris (6), 247'7.
Berlin (two), (Prok.-Ost.) (), k 247'8, (Fox),
247-6.
(.), (b), din , dies.
Engr. Rev. Num., N.S. ix., PI. I. 5.
Noted. Brandis, p. 408. Konigl. Miinz-Kab. (1877),
No. 106.
The head is very feminine, and though probably of
young Dionysus, may be of a Dionysiac female, a Msenad.
88. Youthful male figure, wearing himation over the knees,
and fillet, the ends of which hang low and are seen
in front of and behind the head. He is seated
left on a rock, which is covered with a panther's
skin, the paws being visible beneath the tunny.
He holds a cantharus in his right hand, and his
left arm rests on the rock behind him. The head
of the thyrsus, with pine-cone and taenia, projects
in front of his knees. Beneath, tunny left.
68 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Paris (De L.) (a), 247 grs. [PI. II. 15]. Brit. Mus.
(b), 245-2, [PI. II. 16]. Paris (a), 246-2.
Berlin (two), 245*8, 244'7. St. Pet., 247.
Bunbury (Whittall sale, 1869, No. 39). Imhoof
W, 247.
(a), (b), (c), diff. dies,
Engr. Brit. Mus. Guide, PI. XVIII. 5.
Noted. Brandis, p. 406. Konigl. Miinz-Kab. (1877),
No. 102.
Hecta. Six, 89 grs.
Engr. Dumersan, Cat. Allier, PI. XII. 5.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl., v. p. 803, No. 121.
Dionysus is here figured youthful and beardless. He
reclines in an attitude almost of languor, with limbs softly
though fully moulded, and with even a feminine charac-
ter, not inconsistent with the dimorphic attributes of the
god. The panther's skin, the thyrsus and wine-cup, all
fit in with the richly developed form, and are in closest
harmony with the divinity in whom the wealth of a
bounteous and genial nature was most fully expressed.
The coin is probably a copy from a sculpture on the
pediment of a temple, and reminds us of the Heracles of
Croton, which strikingly recalls the pedimental Theseus
(so-called) of the Parthenon.
39. Youthful figure, naked, seated facing on tunny left ; he
wears a wreath of ivy and holds the thyrsus with
pine-cone head and tsenia in his left band ; the
right hand is off the coin, but it possibly held a
cantharus.
Paris, 248-5 grs. [PI. II. 17].
Dionysus appears here as a child, almost an infant, but
the nascent power of the god is shown in the firm pose of
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 69
the figure and the decision with which he grasps the
thyrsus.
40. Bearded head to left, with animal ears, and wreathed
with ivy. Beneath, tunny left.
Berlin (Prok.-Ost.), 247'6 grs. [PI. II. 18].
Engr. Rev. Num., N.S. ix., PL I. 3.
Noted. Konigl. Miinz-Kab. (1877), No. 107.
The head is of Pan, and but for the difference in the
form of the leaves of the wreath, is almost identical with
that on some of the gold coins of Panticapaeum. The head
of a member of the Dionysiac cycle would fitly appear on
the coins of Cyzicus, but in addition, on account of the
constant commercial relations between the two cities, the
principal divinity of Panticapaeum found a very appro-
priate place on a Cyzicene stater.
41. Bearded satyr with pointed ears and long and thick tail,
kneeling to left, holds a tunny by the tail in bis
rigbt hand, the left rests on his hip ; hair repre-
sented by dots.
Imhoof (a), 248-6 grs. [PI. II. 19]. Vienna (b), 247'4.
W. G. (6), 249. Weber (, 248-8. Hirsch (6),
247.
(a), (6), diff. dies.
Engr. Head, Hist. Num. Fig. 275.
Hecta. Paris (two), (DeL.), 41-6 grs., 41-3. Leake, 41-4.
Noted. Leake, Num. Hell. Suppl. p. 44.
One of the earlier staters. Satyrs, as part of the Diony-
siac cycle, might be expected to occur on coins of Cyzicus,
and we shall accordingly find them on the staters under
several different aspects. The characteristic features and
form of these ignoble attendants upon Dionysus are well
represented on the present coin, in the coarse and fleshy
nose and lips, as well as in the strongly formed but un-
graceful limbs.
70 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
42. Bearded satyr, with tail and animal ears, kneeling to
right on tunny ; he holds a cantharus in his right
hand into which he is pouring wine from an
amphora, held on his left arm.
W. G. (a), 247-8 grs. [PI. II. 20]. Brit. Mus. (b), 248.
St. Pet., 245-7. Waddington, 246*7. Weber,
247*1. (Bompois sale, No. 1374). Carfrae,
247'8. Hoffmann. Lambros.
(a), (6), diff. dies.
Engr. Num. Chron., N.R. xvi., PI. VIII. 9, vol. xx.
PI. I, 8. Head, Hist. Num. Fig. 274.
A subject which, with many others, belongs to the
cycle of Dionysus, who himself is more than once de-
picted on the staters. Mr. Head (Num. Chron., N.S.
xvi., p. 280) reminds us that Cyzicus was renowned for its
wines, and quotes the line,
IIpoTroimSos 6tvo7rdA.oto.
43. Satyr, with tail and animal ears, kneeling left on tunny,
is drinking from an amphora which he holds up
to his mouth with both hands ; a wavy line
depends from the amphora.
W. G. 247-1 grs. [PI. II. 21]. Collection at Athens.
Both found at the Piraeus with others in 1882,
and both from the same die.
The amphora has the appearance of being broken at the
neck, and certainly there is not room for it between the
body of the vessel and the lips of the satyr. Such a
representation would be a most unusual, not to say
unlikely one ; but it seems as if, in his eagerness to get
the sooner at the wine, the satyr had broken off the
mouth of the amphora. If this supposition can be enter-
tained, the waved line may be a stream of wine escaping
the lips of the too greedy drinker. On many vases where
wine is being poured into a vessel and is being spilt in
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 71
the operation or overflows, the appearance is much like
that on the stater.
44. Bearded satyr seated right, holding a flute (?) in each
hand. Beneath, tunny right.
Brit. Mus. 247-9 grs. [PI. II. 22]. Waddington, 247'2.
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S. xvi., PI. VIII. 20.
The object held in the satyr's left hand has also been
supposed to be an idol.
45. Satyric mask, tongue protruding. On either side, a tunny
upwards.
Paris, 41 grs. [PI. II. 23]. W. G., 41-1.
Different dies.
Engr. Mionnet, Suppl., vol. ix., p. 228, No. 7. PI. X. 8.
Twelfth. Munich, 20-5 grs.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant. PI. VI. 18.
Noted. Mionnet, vi. p. 620, No. 52. Suppl. v. p. 370,
No. 551.
46. Centaur galloping left, with head turned back, holding a
branch with both hands. Beneath, tunny left.
Paris (a), 40'7 grs. [PI. II. 24]. Munich (), 41. Hague.
bt. Pet. (a). Imhoof (b), 39'8. Six (c), 35'8.
(a\ (b), (c), diff. dies.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. V. 17, 18. Mionnet, PI.
XLIII. 9. Dumersan, Cat. Allier, PI. XII. 4.
Centaurs formed a part of the Dionysiac cycle ; but as
represented here, armed and in conflict, probably with
the Lapithse, some other connection may perhaps be
looked for, and possibly in association with Heracles.
Another motive may, however, be suggested. Jason was
brought up by the Centaur Cheiron, and this type may
originate, like others, in the Argonautic expedition.
72 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
47. Bifrontal head, male to right, female to left. Beneath,
tunny.
W. G., 40-9 grs. [PI. II. 25]. St. Pet., 41*4.
Diff. dies.
The heads are those of a Satyr and Nymph. In the
Inst. di Corr. Arch. Annali, 1858, Tav. d' Agg., is pub-
lished a bifrontal vase, with heads of a Satyr and Nymph,
back to back, with a memoir by De Witte.
48. Female figure, wearing long chiton, seated left on dol-
phin ; she holds a wreath in her right hand, and
carries a shield with a star upon it on her left
arm. Beneath, tunny left.
W. G. (), 247-4 grs. (Whittall sale, 1884, No. 749),
[PL II. 26]. Weber (a), 2487 (sale at Sotheby and
Wilkinson's, Feb. 19, 1877, No. 78), [PL II. 27].
Brit. Mus. (a), 247'6 (Thomas sale, No. 1775).
Paris (b), 247'6. Hoffmann (a), 247'9. Lambros
in 1885.
(), (6), diff. dies.
Enyr. Mem. de la Soc. Imp. d'Archeol., vol. vi. (1852),
PL XXI. 5. Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PL VIII.
22. Brit. Mus. Guide, PL XVIII. 4.
M. de Koehne (1. c., p. 376), who first published the
stater, considers the figure to be of Thetis, carrying the
shield forged by Hephaestus and a wreath to Achilles, the
vanquisher of Hector. It is more probable that it repre-
sents a Nereid, and that the coin was struck after a naval
victory. The date, judging by the style and fabric, may
well be about B.C. 410, and it quite possibly may have
commemorated the victory gained by the Athenians under
Alcibiades over the Spartan fleet, off Cyzicus, in that
year, at which, time the city was under Athenian hege-
mony. Upon a stater of Lampsacus, in the collection in
the Bibliotheque, Paris, is a very similar figure, though
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 73
having some slight variations. (Sestini, Stat. Ant., PL
VI. 13.)
49. Female figure, naked, to left, her hair tied in a knot at the
back of head ; two dogs' heads issue from her
shoulder, and she ends in the tail of a fish ; in
her right hand she holds a tunny. Beneath,
tunny left.
St. Pet., 246-9 grs. [PL II. 28].
Enyr. Mem. de la Soc. Imp. d'Archeol., vol. vi., PL
XXI. 7.
Scylla, and as usually represented, This type is only
found elsewhere upon coins of Italy and Sicily, and then
merely as an ornament or adjunct, except on a coin of
Cumse. A celebrated Cyzicene painter, Androcydes, a
rival of Zeuxis, was known for having produced as one of
his best works a picture of Scylla.
50. Bearded human-headed bull, with horns, face fronting,
standing left on tunny.
Athens, 245 grs. [PI. II. 29].
Hecta. Munich, 4O9 grs. [PI. II. 30].
Twelfth. Athens, 20 grs.
The symbolic representation of a river- god, and pos-
sibly of the river Aesepus.
51. Forepart of human-headed bull, with beard and horns,
swimming to right. Behind, tunny upwards.
Brit. Mus. 0), 248-5 grs. [PI. II. 81]. Paris (b). Berlin
(Fox), 247-4. W. GL (a), 247 grs. (Whittall sale,
1884, No. 748). Leake, 247'4.
(), (6), diflf. dies.
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. L
74 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Engr. Rev. de la Numis. Belg., ii. PI. V. 2. Num. Chron.,
N.S., xvi., PI. VIII. 21. Brit. Mus. Guide,
PI. X. 10. Zeit. fur Numis., vol. ii. p. 123
(woodcut).
Noted. Leake, Num. Hellen. Suppl., p. 44.
Hecta. Brit. Mus., 41 grs.
This type is identical with that so frequent on the coins
of Gela, and Yon Sallet (Zeit. fur Num., vol. ii. p. 123)
considers that it is merely a copy of those coins. Mr.
Head (Num. Chron., N.S., xvi. p. 283) inclines to be-
lieve it represents either the river Aesepus or the R/hyn-
dacus, both in Cyzicene territory. I prefer Yon Sallet's
explanation, nor can I see anything in the subject spe-
cially connected with Cyzicus. Many of the staters con-
tain direct reproductions of the types of other cities, and
the practice was not infrequent with the Cyzicene mint.
52. Winged female figure, wearing peplos over knees, kneel-
ing to left, and holding an aplustre in the right
hand in front of her face ; her left arm, which is
wrapped in the peplos, rests on her hips. Beneath,
tunny left.
Paris (a), 247 grs. [PI. III. 1]. Brit. Mus. (a), 245'4.
W. G. (a), 245-7. (Bompois sale, No. 1377).
Carfrae, 246*6. R. and F.
(a) same die.
Engr. Rev. Num., N.S., vol. i., PI. II. 5. Gardner,
Types, PI. X. 2.
Noted. Num. Chron. vi. p. 151. Leake, Num. Hellen.
Suppl. p. 44.
Hecta. St. Pet., 41 grs.
The figure is of Mke, and, as she holds an aplustre, the
victory commemorated must have been a naval one. It
may, as in the case of the stater No. 48, have been struck
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 75
after the battle off Cyzicus, B.C. 410. If this be so, we
have two coins serving as a memorial of the same event.
This, however, need cause no difficulty, and it is not
improbable that the two staters may have been issued in
different years and under the authority of different magis-
trates, which would naturally cause a change in the treat-
ment of the memorial- type. Indeed, if we may judge by
its art and other characteristics, the die for this stater
may have been engraved a few years after that of No. 48,
which would account for the slight advance in style which
it appears to exhibit. At the time in question art was
developing with great rapidity, and was about to culmi-
nate at the highest point it has ever reached, when a
short period was sufficient to allow of a material change
in design, fabric, and workmanship. M. Charles Lenor-
mant (Rev. Num., N.S., vol. i. p. 38, note) supposes the
stater to have been struck in commemoration of the
victory of Timotheus over the Peloponnesian fleet, B.C.
375, which he considers was a deliverance for Cyzicus.
There can be no doubt, as I have stated above, that the
type was connected with a naval victory, but not one so
late as that suggested. Nor does the victory in question
appear to be one sufficiently important to Cyzicus to have
induced her to commemorate it on her coinage.
This is perhaps the first instance where Nike appears
on a coin as the goddess of victory in war. On the coins
of other Greek states she seems to be, up to this date
and onwards, until the time of Alexander and the Dia-
dochi, the goddess of agonistic victory. The only re-
presentation of the same import with which we are
acquainted is the well-known tetradrachm of Demetrius
Poliorcetes, where Victory stands on a prow blowing a
trumpet.
76 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
53. Winged female figure, wearing long chiton, flying to right,
with outstretched hands, and holding a wreath.
In front, tunny upwards.
Hecta. Berlin, 40'7 grs. [PI. HI. 2].
Again a figure of Nike.
54. Female figure, wearing long chiton and peplos, seated
left, holds a wreath in her right hand, her left
resting on the seat behind her, upon which is
inscribed Beneath, tunny left.
Paris, 240-1 grs. [PI. III. 3]. St. Pet., 248. Found
near Kertch.
Both same die.
Knyr. Mil) in gen, Anc. Coins, PI. V. 13. Mionnet,
Suppl., v. p. 304, No. 127, PL III. 3. Ant.
du Bosph. dimmer, vol. ii. p. 154. Mon. Ined.
dell' Inst., vol. i. PI. LYII. B. 4.
Xnted. Brandis, p. 407.
Twelfth. Lobbecke, 10-4. It is inscribed rr-\y
Xotcil. Zcit fur Numis., xii. p. 312.
The figure is no doubt one of Eleutheria.
This stater appears to be of a later date than Nos. 48
mid 52, and may be attributed to the commencement of
the fourth century B.C. The victory of Conon over the
Lacedaemonian fleet under Peisander, near Cnidus, in
B c. 394, had put an end to the Spartan rule in Asia,
which had existed since the battle of JSgospotami, opposite
Lampsacus, B.C. 405. With scarcely an exception the
towns on the mainland and the islands now threw off the
Spartan yoke and accepted the autonomy proclaimed by
Conon and Pharnabazus as they visited the various
places. Though not specially mentioned, there can be
little doubt that Cyzicus was among the states which
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF OYZICUS. 77
declared against Sparta, for the connection with Athens
had been long and intimate. It is not improbable that
to this time the present stater may be attributed, and if
the figure denotes the victory obtained over the Lacedae-
monian fleet, then the inscription would record the free-
dom gained by the overthrow of the tyranny of Sparta.
The theory of M. Charles Lenormant (Rev. Numis.,
N.S., vol. i. p. 26), and accepted by some writers of
authority, notably by his son M. Frangois Lenormant,
that it commemorates the Persian defeat by Alexander at
the Granicus, B.C. 334, is quite untenable ; and, indeed, I
do not believe that any of the Cyzicene electrum coins
can, with any probability, be assigned to so late a period.
The theory of Millingen, who first published the stater,
appears to be equally untenable, but his error is in assign-
ing too early a time for its issue. He thinks that it was
struck in commemoration of the victory of the Athenians,
under Cimon, over the Persians, when, in B.C. 449, inde-
pendence was restored to the Greek cities in Asia and the
Persian yoke was broken.
A copper coin of Cyzicus, which has on the obverse a
head of Persephone, has for its reverse an almost exact
copy of the stater type. No wreath is visible, nor is there
any inscription on the seat, but EAEY0EPIA is placed
in front of the figure, inscribed in a single line.
55. Female figure, seated sideways on lion, but to left ; she
wears a long chiton with sleeves, and, apparently,
a turreted crown ; her right hand is outstretched
over the lion's head, and the left, wrapped in the
chiton, rests on her knee. Beneath, tunny left.
Waddington, 247 3 grs. [PL III. 4].
Enyr. Waddington, Voyage en Asie Mineure, PI. VIII.
2. Rev. Num., xvii. p. 87, PL IV. 2.
Noted. Brandis, p. 407.
78 NUMISMATTC CHRONICLE.
Part of the figure is off the coin, so that it is impossible
to say what, if anything, was held in the right hand. The
condition also is not sufficiently good to say positively
that the figure wears a turreted crown, though there appear
to be indications of it. There cannot be any doubt, how-
ever, that the Magna Mater, Cybele, is here represented,
and accompanied as usual by the great feline beast, her
sacred lion. Her worship had spread from Phrygia, and
was in early times established in Mysia, where she became
largely identified with Rhea. Under the name Dindy-
mene, her chryselephantine statue, 34 which had been
carried off from Proconnesus, was preserved at Cyzicus,
where she was worshipped under the names Lobrina and
Placiana.
On a frieze lately discovered at Pergamon there is a
representation of Cybele seated on a lion.
56. Beardless male head to right, with long flowing hair,
wearing necklace and Phrygian bonnet, upon the
lappels of which are dotted marks in sets of three.
Beneath, tunny right.
W. G. (a), 248-4 grs. [PL III. 5]. Paris (b), 247. Berlin
(Fox), 246-8. Munich (c), 250.
(), (b), (c), diff. dies.
Emjr. Mionnet, Suppl., v., PI. II. 4. Rev. Num., N.S.,
vol. i., PI. II. 2.
Noted. Brandis, p. 408.
Hecta. Paris (), 89-5 grs. [PI. III. 6]. Brit. Mus., 89-2.
Paris (De L.) (b). Imhoof (c), 40-8. Six (a), 41.
0), (b), (c), diff. dies.
Engr. Rev. Num., N.S., vol. i., PI. II. 3.
Noted. Brandis, p. 408.
34 The ivory was not elephant's tusk, but of the teeth of the
hippopotamus. Pausanias, viii. 46.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 79
The same head, with a tunny beneath, occurs on a
silver coin of Cyzicus, which has on the reverse a lion's
head with open mouth and the letter >| . All in square
incuse. (Rev. Num., N.S., vol. i. PL II. 4.)
This very charming head of Atys finds an appropriate
place on the coinage of Cyzicus, through his intimate
connection with the cult of Cybele.
57. Naked male figure, with rounded wings and short tail,
and the head of a lion, turned back, kneeling to
left; he holds a tunny by the tail in his right
hand, his left resting on his side.
W. G. (a), 246-7 grs. (Bompois sale, No. 1876). [PI. III.
7]. St. Pet., 246-8. Imhoof (b), 249-5.
(a), (6), diff. dies.
Engr. Imhoof-Blumer, Choix, PL III. 102.
Noted. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Grecq., p. 242, No. 71.
A type perhaps impossible to explain with entire satis-
faction. The oriental character of the monster is evident,
and its occurrence on a coin of Cyzicus may be due to
Persian influence. At the same time, in a city of so much
commercial enterprise, and which had relations of one kind
or another with many and different places, it is not to be
wondered that subjects with which the state had no
natural or intrinsic connection should be found on its
coinage. The type may possibly have been placed on the
stater by a magistrate who had trading business with
the maritime towns of Phoenicia, where, througb earlier
intercourse with Assyria, such strange monster forms
were familiar. A lion-headed man with eagle's feet occurs
frequently among Assyrian sculptures.
Were we to carry back the figure to its first concep-
tion, and seek for an explanation of its features, we might
recognise the revolution of the sun in its then supposed
80 NUMISMATIC CHROXICLE.
orbit, and imagine him as just escaping from the bondage
of night. The wings and the reverted hand and savage
leonine head, with its opened mouth, are all features quite
consistent with such an explanation.
Dr. Imhoof-Blumer (Monnaies Grecques, p. 242) re-
gards the figure as Fear ($o/?os). (Milchhofer, Arch.
Zeit, 1881, p. 286). On the chest of Cypselus, the shield
of Agamemnon, who is fighting with Coon, had upon it
a representation of Fear, with a lion's head. 35
On the frieze lately discovered at Pergamon, is a lion-
headed man.
Among a number of bas-reliefs near the village of
Jasili-Kaia, in ancient Cilicia, which are attributed to the
Hittites, are two winged monsters, one a lion-headed
man, the other, as M. Perrot thinks, a dog-headed man. 36
58. Winged female figure in rapid motion to left, the head
turned back, wearing stephane and a sleeveless
chiton, which reaches to the feet ; hair repre-
sented by dots. She holds a tunny by the tail
in the right hand, and in the left the tasselled
end of a cord (^VTJ), which is passed round her
waist.
Brit. Mus. (a), 247'6 grs. (Thomas sate, No. 1774).
[PI. III. 8]. Paris (De L.) (fc), 247'5.
(a), (6), diff. dies.
Engr. Annuaire de la Soc. de Num., vol. iv., PI. VIII.
12. Brit. Mus. Guide, PI. X. 7. Gardner,
Types, PL IV. 20.
Noted. Brandis, p. 406.
35 Pausanias, lib. v. c. 19.
36 Explor. Arclieol. de la Galatie, &c., par M. Perrot.
PL XLVIII., reproduced in Histoire de 1'art dans 1'Antiquitu,
Perrot et Chipiez, vol. iv. p. 640.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 81
Hecta. Paris (De L.) (a), 41-2 grs. [PI. III. 9].
Brit. Mus. (), 39-6. Paris (c), 41-4. Berlin,
40-8. Waddington, 41 (Dupre sale). Iversen,
40-2.
(a), (6), (c), cliff, dies.
Engr. De Luynes, Choix, PL X. 8.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl., ix. p. 230, No. 21.
An archaic coin, and possibly not later than B.C. 500.
The figure can scarcely represent Nike, for the action is
inconsistent with such an attribution. Like other staters
it appears to contain a part only of a larger subject, and
with some modifications was, probably, copied from such a
group. No coin has up to the present time come to light
which might be supposed to supply the complementary
part of the subject, but the same is the case in other
instances, where there can be no doubt that we have a
portion only of a group.
A figure much like that on the coin occurs, on a vase,
in association with a scene where Heracles is pursuing
Apollo carrying off a hind (Roulez, Choix de vases du
Mus. de Leide, p. 31). A similar figure is found on a
cylix by Brygos in the British Museum (E. 77), on which
is painted Iris seized by Satyrs, Dionysus standing by
(Mon. Ined. deir Inst., ix. PL XLYL). A winged
female figure holding a wreath and sceptre, or caduceus,
at other times a round disk on which a star is sometimes
found, and frequently having the head turned back,
occurs on coins of Mallus. M. "Waddington (Rev. Num.,
N.S., vol. v. p. 1, PL I.) suggests the figure may be
Iris or Nike. Other subjects on the coins of Mallus
appear to associate the types with the Syrian Aphrodite-
Astarte.
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. M
82 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
59. Naked winged male figure walking to left, holds a tunny
by the tail in each hand.
Berlin, 248'4 grs. [PL III. 10].
Engr. Blatt. fur Miinz., vol. iv., PL XLIV. 1.
A very archaic coin.
The subject, which has not as yet been explained, may
possibly be connected with some oriental cult. Koehne,
in the account of the stater in Blatter fur Miinzk.,
suggests that, perhaps, it is an Eros of very Asiatic
type.
60. Winged male figure running to left, holding tunny by
the tail.
Twelfth. Brit. Mus., 20 grs. [PL III. 11].
The coin is very badly struck, and presents the same
difficulty of explanation as the last.
61. Winged male figure, apparently naked, running to left,
holds a tunny by the tail in right hand, the left
being held up in front of face.
W. G., 249-3 grs. [PL III. 12].
Like No. 59 a very archaic coin, and equally difficult to
explain.
62. Bearded head, covered with lion's scalp, to right. Beneath,
tunny right.
Brit. Mus. (a), 246-4 grs. [PL III. 18]. Paris (b), 247.
Berlin (Fox), 246. Moore, 248-5.
(), (b), diff. dies.
Engr. Fox, Unpubl. Coins, Part II., No. 23.
Head of Heracles, who, as a partaker in the expedition
of the Argonauts, becomes connected with Cyzicus, and
who is represented in various aspects upon many of the
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 83
staters. Heracles upon a coin of Trajan, struck at Cyzi-
cus, is called the founder (KTMIT^S), probably on account of
his share in the Argonautic expedition.
63. Two youths, naked, kneeling on tunny left, and turned
from each other ; the one to left is strangling
two serpents, he to right appears to be in the
act of imploring aid.
Paris, 247 grs. [PI. III. 14]. Berlin (Prok.-Ost.), 248-5.
Munich, 247. W. G., 247-4. Weber, 248-6.
All from the same die.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant. PL VI. 12. Prok.-Ost. Ined.
(1854), PI. IV. 2. Bev. Num., N.S. viii., PI.
X. 6.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl., v. p. 369, No. 547.
Hecta. Munich, 40-2 grs. Imhoof, 40-4.
Both same die.
Etujr. Sestini, Stat. Ant. PL VI. 11.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl., v. p. 369, No. 546.
Heracles and his younger brother Iphicles, the former
strangling the serpents sent by Hera to destroy them.
The subject appears to have been copied from a group
in marble, and probably from one forming a metope of a
temple.
Among the vases at the Castellani sale (1884) was one
(No. 80), which represents Heracles and Iphicles, the latter
in the same attitude as on the stater, stretching his hands
towards Alcmena, Pallas standing by.
The same subject occurs on a coin of Lampsacus (De
Luynes, Ann. dell' Inst. Arch. xiii. p. 150), and the type
of Heracles and the serpents, but without his brother,
is found on coins of Thebes, and of Samos, Ephesus,
Cnidus, lasus, and Rhodes, states in alliance after the
84 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
battle of Cnidus, B.C. 394, also on coins of Lampsacus,
Croton, Tarentum, and Zacynthus. The type appears to
have originated at Thebes, which was the promoter of the
resistance to the Spartan hegemony, resulting in its over-
throw (B.C. 394 390), and was copied by the first group
of states, Samos, &c., as a symbol of confederacy in the
cause of independence, and afterwards adopted by Cyzicus,
Lampsacus, and other cities.
64. Heracles, youthful, naked, kneeling to right on tunny ;
he holds a club in his right hand, and in his lei't
a strung bow.
Imhoof (), 245-6 grs. [PI. III. 15]. Paris (b), 248'5.
Athens (b), 243-7. W. G. (b), 247'1 (Whittall
sale, 1884, No. 754).
(), (6), diff. dies.
65. Bearded figure of Heracles, naked, kneeling right, bran-
dishing a club, held in right hand, over his head,
and holding a strung bow and two arrows in his
left ; hair represented by dots. Behind him,
tunny upwards.
Brit. Mus. (a), 247'3 grs. [PI. III. 16]. W. G. (a), 249'2.
One sold at Sotheby and Wilkinson's, March 22,
1877, No. 101. Another sold at sale of Bank
Dupl., Feb. 13, 1878, No. 216.
(a), same die.
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvii., PI. VI. 1. Brit. Mus.
Guide, PI. X. 8. Gardner, Types, PI. IV. 19.
Hecta. Paris (De L.), 40 '2 grs.
Though this stater was one of the great find of 1875, it
belongs to a much earlier period than the majority of
those then discovered. If we may judge from its unworn
condition, it does not appear to have been much circulated.
We know that the staters were current, but they were no
doubt commonly kept as what may be called bank deposits,
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 85
and were stored to a large amount in the temple trea-
suries.
Among the gems (Blacas) in the British Museum is a
sard, upon one side of which is Heracles, wearing the
lion's skin on his back, and holding a club over his head
in right hand, and a bow in his outstretched left. On
the other side of the stone is Heracles in the garden of
the Hesperides.
66. Naked bearded figure, seated to left on rock, the head
and body partly facing, but inclining to right ; he
holds a club downwards in his right hand, his
left rests on the rock. Beneath, tunny left.
Berlin (Prok.-Ost.), 245-7 grs. [PI. HI. 17].
Engr. Rev. Num., N.S., ix., PI. I. 9.
Heracles in the attitude of repose after one of his
labours, his club reversed, and his hand resting peace-
fully behind him. A somewhat similar representation
occurs on a coin of Abdera in the Berlin Museum. 37
67. Bearded figure, naked, kneeling left, holding a club over
right shoulder in his right hand, and a horn
upwards in his left. Behind, tunny upwards.
W. G. (a), 248-4 grs. [PI. III. 18]. Paris (b), 245-7.
Weber (c), 248-1.
(a), (b), (c), diff. dies.
Heracles, after his defeat of Achelous, when he tore
oif one of his horns, is here represented either holding
that horn, or receiving in exchange that of Amaltheia,
the well-known horn of plenty.
37 Friedlander, Zeit. fur Numis., vol. v. p. 2 (woodcut).
86 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
68. Heracles, naked, beardless, kneeling to right on tunny, and
holding a club downwards in his right hand, and
the lion's skin on his left arm.
Brit. Mus., 247-7 grs. [PI. III. 19].
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvii., PI. VI. 2.
69. Heracles kneeling right on tunny, and strangling the
Nemean lion.
Paris (De L.) (a), 247 grs. [PI. III. 20]. Brit. Mus. (a),
247-1. Paris (a), 247. W. G. (a), 248. Weber,
247-9.
(a) same die.
Enyr. Raoul Rochette, Hercule Assyrien. PI. III. 6.
Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PI. VIII. 13.
Noted. Brandis, p. 405.
70. Bearded head to left, wearing conical head-dress (71-1X1 or),
wreathed with laurel. Beneath, tunny left.
St. Pet. (a), 247 grs. [PI. III. 21]. Paris (De L.) (6),
246'8. Ashburnham.
(a), (b), aiff. dies.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. VI. 2.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl. v., p. 368, No. 542, under
Lampsacus. Brandis, p. 408.
This head, which may be, as Professor Gardner sug-
gests (Types, p. 174), of a Cabeirus, is also found on a
gold stater of Lampsacus. It has usually been attributed
to Odysseus or Hephaestus. The head has not, perhaps,
as Mr. Gardner says, " The stately repose which belongs
to the divine and consummate artist Hephaestus/' but I
see no reason why it is not consistent with the crafty,
restless, and bold Odysseus, the hero of many wanderings.
It looks, indeed, like the head of a storm-tossed, but not
weary or disheartened warrior, such as was he who had
undergone, but not succumbed to, perils of war on land
and of tempests on the sea.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZfCUS. 87
71. Bearded figure, wearing chlamys and conical cap, kneel-
ing to left over a ram, which he is about to slay
with a sword, held in his right hand and pointed
downwards. Beneath, tunny left.
Berlin (Prok.-Ost.), 245-7 grs. [PL III. 22].
Engr. Rev. Num., N.S., ix., PI. I. 10.
Noted. Konigl. Miinz-Kab. (1877), No. 103.
Hecta. Berlin (Prok.-Ost.), 42'4 grs.
This subject, attributed by M. Francois Lenormant
(Rev. Num., N.S., ix. p. 15J to Phrixos sacrificing the
ram with the golden fleece, which had carried himself and
his sister Helle, is more probably Odysseus, by the advice
of Circe, slaying the animal she had provided, before his
descent into Hades. The bearded figure is an older person
than Phrixos as usually represented, and the head- cover
is the cap which Odysseus usually wears. Pausanias,
however (Book I., ch. xxiv.), says he saw on the Acro-
polis at Athens a statue of Phrixos sacrificing a ram to an
unknown god, but whom he conjectures to be the same as
him to whom the people of Orchomenos gave the name
Laphystios, an appellation of Zeus and corresponding to
Phyxios.
72. Bearded figure, wearing chlamys which hangs behind,
kneeling to left alongside the omphalos, on
which his left hand rests ; he holds a naked
sword upright in his right hand. Beneath,
tunny left.
W. G., 246 grs. [PI. III. 23].
Hecta. Brit. Mus., 38'6 grs.
Orestes at Delphi, after the murder of Aegisthus,
before his expiation. The figure, bearded and of mature
age, might be supposed to be incompatible with one of
88 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Orestes, who is usually represented as youthful, but on
many early vases youths are represented bearded.
Orestes occurs on vases either kneeling or sitting by the
omphalos, though not in quite the same position he occu-
pies on the stater. In all these instances he holds a
sword. 38 On a marble in the museum at Naples 39 he is
represented as a youthful figure, holding a sword and
seated near the tripod at Delphi. A female figure,
probably his mother, is represented as lying dead, and
Apollo holding a bow is placed on a term. Except for
the fact that many of the staters present subjects not
in any way connected with Cyzicus, so far at least as is
known, it might be doubted if Orestes is the person here
represented.
73. Head, wearing helmet which terminates at the back in a
rounded wing, hair hanging beneath helmet and
represented by dots. Behind, tunny downwards.
W. CT. (), 248 grs. (Whittajl sale, 1884, No. 747).
[PI. III. 24]. Paris (6), 248'7. [PL III. 25].
Weber (c), 248.
(), (I), (c), diff. dies.
Hecta. Munich, 41 grs.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. VI. 16.
Noted. Mionnet, vi., p. 620, No. 48. Suppl. v., p. 370
No. 550.
This stater, with the head of Perseus, wearing the
helmet of Hades lent him by the nymphs, is one of the
earliest coins among those of the great find of 1875. The
eye is represented as if seen in front, and the hair by
dots.
S8 Overbeck, Gal. heroischer Bildw., PL XXIX. 4, 7, 9, 12.
39 Mus. Borbon, vol. iv., PL 9.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 89
74. Male figure, kneeling left on tunny, with head turned
back and covered by a helmet terminating behind
in a pointed wing ; he wears a chlamys fastened
at the neck and folded over the left arm ; in his
right hand he holds the harpa, and in his left the
head of Medusa.
Paris (Do L.), 248-1 grs., [PI. III. 26]. Waddington,
245-7.
Engr. Mon. Ined. dell' Inst., vol. iii., PI. XXXV. 28.
Noted. Num. Chron., vi., p. 150, where Mr. Borrell
says the helmet is terminated by the head of a
vulture. Brandis, p. 406.
Hecta. Berlin, 41 -3 grs.. Imhoof.
Perseus, immediately after slaying Medusa. His atti-
tude betokens expectancy of attack from behind, and lie
appears to be viewing the Gorgons in pursuit, though
there is no indication of fear, the expression being that of
confident preparedness. According to Pausanias (v. c.
xviii), on the chest of Cypselus there was a representation
of the Gorgons pursuing Perseus. He also mentions (i.
c. xxii.) a picture in the temple of Nike Apteros at Athens,
where Perseus is bringing the head of Medusa to Poly-
dectes at Seriphos.
75. Head of Gorgon. Beneath, tunny left.
Hecta. Berlin, 41 grs. [PI. III. 27].
76. Two naked figures running in line to right ; the right hand
of the figure in front holds a sword prepared
to thrust with, and a chlamys hangs over the
extended left arm. Beneath, tunny right.
W. G. (a), 247-3 grs. [PI. III. 28]. Brit. Mus. (6), 246.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr. Gardner, Types, PI. X. 4.
Noted. Num. Vet. R. P. K, p. 109.
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. N
90 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Harmodius and Aristogeiton about to kill Hipparchus.
The subject, a popular one at Athens, was not unlikely to
occur on the coinage of a city so long connected with that
state as Cyzicus. It is probably a copy, more or less faith-
ful, of the group by Critios and Nesiotes, which replaced the
earlier one by Antenor, carried off by Xerxes, though
afterwards restored by Alexander Seleucus or Antiochus.
A copy of the original group exists at Naples, though
in a much restored form. 40 A similar representation to
that on the stater occurs on a tetradrachm of Athens
(Beule, p. 335), and on a Panathenaic vase in the British
Museum (B. 637). 41 The usual attitude represents the
figure behind holding his sword above his head in the act
of striking, and on the stater the same position appears
to be intended.
This seems to be the only representation of ordinary
mortals appearing on a coin of an early date. The
memory of the two brothers was, however, so venerated at
Athens that they became invested with more than merely
human characteristics, and in that relation were entitled
to a position equal to that of semi-deified personages.
77. Head to left, on raised circular disk, wearing earring ; the
hair, in formal rolls, is represented by dots, and
is apparently tied up behind. Beneath, tunny
left.
Brit. Mus. (a), 248'3 grs. [PI. III. 29]. Munich (6), 247,
[PI. III. 30]. Paris (c), 242'7.
(a), (b), (c), dhf. dies.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. Y. 1, 2. Dumersan,
Cat. Allier, PI. XII. 8. Rev. Num., N.S., vol. i.,
PL I. 6. Brit. Mus. Guide, PL X. 6.
40 0verbeck, Gesch. der Griech. Plastik, i., p. 117, seq., fig. 16.
41 Mon. Ined. dell' Inst., vol. x., PL XL VIII. , d.
THE ELECTRTIM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 91
Noted. Num. Vet., R. P. K., p. 134. Mionnet, vi.,
p. 617, No. 29. Brandis, p. 408.
Hecta. Berlin. Munich, 40'7 grs.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. V. 3, 4.
Noted. Mionnet, vol. vi., p. 617, No. 80.
Twelfth. Berlin, 21-3 grs. St. Pet., 20'7.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PL V. 5.
The head, though, wearing an earring, has more of male
than of female characteristics, and on a tetradrachm of
Amphipolis, Apollo is represented wearing an earring. 42
The disk is probably that of the Sun, and the head that
of Helios, as the Sun-god. It is not radiate, but on the
earlier coins of Rhodes the rays are equally wanting. On
another stater, No. 23, Helios is represented radiate, and
the later Rhodian coins also have a radiate head. Upon
a stater of Lampsacus the head of Helios is placed on a
radiate disk (Head, Hist. Num., p. 456).
It has been suggested that the head is of a discobolus,
placed upon a disc.
78. Male head, with pointed beard, to left ; hair hanging long
behind and represented by dots. Beneath, tunny
left.
Imhoof, 249-8 grs. [PI. III. 31].
Engr. Imhoof-Blumer, Choix, PI. III. 100.
Noted. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Grecq., p. 242, No. 69.
Hecta. Paris (two), 41 grs. (a), 38-7. Six (b), 37'6,
plated (Subhi sale, No. 667).
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. IX. 25. Rev. Num., N.S.,
vol. i., PI. I. 7.
Noted. Mionnet, ii., p. 528. No. 80.
An archaic coin, of a head not yet identified.
* a K6nigl. Miinz-Kab., 1877, No. 327.
92 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
79- Youthful male head, with short hair, to left. Behind,
tunny downwards.
W. G., 245-3 grs. [PI. III. 32].
This head may possibly, like that on the next stater, be
of the hero Cyzicus, but there is nothing distinctive
about it to enable us to attach it to any god or hero.
80. Youthful male head to left. Beneath, tunny left.
Paris (two), 243'6 grs. () [PI. IV. 1], 246'7. Brit. Mus.
(6), 243-6. W. G. (), 245-8. (Subhi sale, No.
211). Lambros.
(), (b), diff. dies.
Enyr. Num. Chron., N.S. xvi., PI. VIII. 11.
Noted. Brandis, p. 408.
The absence of a wreath is inconsistent witb the head
being attributed to Apollo or Dionysus. As has been sug-
gested by Mr. Head (Num. Chron., N.S., xvi. p. 281), it
may be of the hero Cyzicus, whose head, wearing a diadem,
and with his name, is frequently found on copper coins
of the state.
81. Bald, bearded and laureate head to right. Beneath, tunny
right.
W. G. (a), 245-9 grs. (Thomas sale, No. 1912. North-
wick, No. 955. Paravey, No. 187). [PI. IV. 21.
Paris (De L.) (6), 247-5. [PI. IV. 81. Paris, 242'7.
Berlin, 246-8.
(), (b), diff. dies.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. V. 20. Mionnet, PI.
XLIII. 1. Num. Chron., N.S., xx., PI. I. 10.
Gardner, Types, p. 175, PL X. 42.
Noted. Brandis, p. 408. Konigl. Miinz-Kab. (1877),
No. 105.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 93
A most remarkable coin, and one which presents grave
difficulties in its explanation. On account of the time at
which it must have been struck, it is perhaps impossible,
notwithstanding the exceptional scope of the Cyzicene
representations, to consider it as intended to portray any
individual personage of however exalted a position. At the
same time it must be remembered that there is, upon a
coin attributed to Colophon, as well as on others, a head
which can scarcely be regarded as other than a portrait,
though Professor Gardner (Types of Greek Coins, p. 144)
believes it to be the idealised head of a Persian king.
But whoever the artist of the Cyzicene stater meant to
represent, there can be little doubt he modelled the
portrait from the life.
82. Youthful, beardless, male head to right, wearing a wreath
of laurel ? Beneath, tunny right.
Paris, 247 grs. [PI. IV. 4].
Noted. Brandis, p. 408.
This head, which appears to wear a wreath of laurel,
may possibly be of Apollo, though it is certainly not one
characteristic of the god.
83. Youthful, beardless, male head to left, with short hair and
wearing taenia tied over the forehead. Beneath,
tunny left.
Paris (De L.) (), 246'5 grs. [PI. IV. 5]. Paris (6), 248'6.
Berlin (Fox), 247. (Thomas sale, No. 1911).
(), (b), diif. dies.
Engr. Fox, Unpubl. Coins, ii. No. 24.
Noted. Konigl. Miinz-Kab. (1877), No. 104.
One of the latest issues of the staters. It is very similar
to the head of Dionysus on a coin of Timotheus, dynast of
Heraclea, in Bithynia.
94 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
84. Female head to left. Beneath, tunny left.
Lewis, 245-5 grs. [PI. IV. 6]. Weber, 246'6.
85. Female head to right, wearing earring, and with head in
saccos drawn together at the top, and ornamented
with a masander pattern above and a zigzag.
Beneath, tunny right.
W. G., 246-9 grs. (Whittall sale, 1884, No. 759). [PI.
IV. 7]. Six, 248-3.
The head on this stater is a direct copy from that on a
well-known tetradrachm of Syracuse, similar to No. 112,
Cat. of Sicilian Coins, in the British Museum. It is
one of the many proofs, and a most convincing one, that
Cyzicus reproduced on its coinage the types of other and
sometimes remote states.
86. Naked figure, bearded, kneeling to left, holds a tunny by
the tail in his right hand, his left resting on his
right thigh.
Paris, 251-4 grs. [PI. IV. 8]. Brit. Mus., 248'7.
Diff. dies.
Enyr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvii., PL VI. 4.
Noted. Num. Chron., vi., p. 151. Brandis, p. 405.
Hecta. Brit. Mus. (a), 36'9 grs. Paris, 40'2. Munich
(b), 41. Vienna (c), 42'3. Berlin (three), (Prok.-
Ost.), 40-1. (Fox), 41. (Sperling), 39'7. Six
(</), 41-5. Bunbury, 40. Weber (rf), 41-6. W. G.
(b), 40-9. (Whittall sale, 1884, No. 351). B. and
F., 39-4.
(a), (b), ( C ), (d), diff. dies.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. V. 10.
Noted. Mionnet, vi., p. 616, No. 22.
Twelfth. Paris, 18'6 grs. Berlin (three), 20-6, 20-5,
19-5. Munich, 20-5.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. V. 11.
Noted. Mionnet, vi., p. 616, No. 23.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF C1ZICUS. 95
87. Naked male figure, half-kneeling to left, holding a tunny
by the tail in each hand.
W. G., 247 grs. [PI. IV. 9]. Lambros in 1885.
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xx., PI. I. 9.
A coin of an earlier date than the greater number of
those of the find of 1875, of which I believe, though I
have no certain proof, it formed a part. The exaggerated
way in which the muscles are expressed is very charac-
teristic of early work, and is well shown on the stater.
The subject is one, like the last and many others, which
seems beyond explanation.
88. Male figure, naked, beardless, kneeling right, wearing
taenia ; he holds in his right hand, which hangs
down by his side, a large knife downwards, and
on his extended left hand a tunny.
W. G., 248-1 grs. [PI. IV. 10]. Brit. Mas., 246-4.
Hunter, 248-4.
All diff. dies.
Engr. Hunter, PI. LXVI. 1. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. V. 8.
Num. Chron., N.S., xvii., PI. VI. 3.
Noted. Mionnet, vi., p. 616, No. 21.
Hecta. The Hague (a). [PI. IV. 11]. Brit. Mus. (two),
41 grs., (b), 40-3. Paris (De L.), 41. Berlin
(Prok.-0st.), 40-7. Imhoof (c), 41'5. Six (d),
41-4. Waddington (Dupre sale), 41-3. Carfrae
(), 40-5. W. G. (a), 40-3.
(a), (b), (c), (d), (), diff. dies.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. V. 9. De Luynes, Choix,
PI. X. 9 (incorrectly).
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl., v., p. 303, No. 120.
Upon some of the hectse the tsenia is very visible, and
the prominence of the spike over the forehead gives the
head somewhat of the appearance of having a horn.
96 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
89. Child, naked, seated facing, but turned to right, resting
on his left arm, and holding a tunny by the tail
in his right hand.
Brit. Mus., 245-9 grs. [PI. IV. 12]. Paris, 247.
Diff. dies.
Engr Mionnet, Suppl.,v., PI. III. 2. Num. Chron., N.S.
xvii.,Pl. VI. 5.
Noted. Mionnet, vi., p. 615, No. 19. Suppl., v., p. 301,
No. 110. Brandis, p. 405.
Possibly a figure of the youthful Heracles.
90. Naked male figure, kneeling to left on tunny; he is stoop-
ing forward, and holds on his right arm a crested
helmet, and in his left hand a short sword.
W. G. (a), 244-5 grs. (Whittall sale, 1884, No. 745).
[PI. IV. 18]. Brit. Mus. (/;), 246. Berlin. Wad-
dington, 246-9. R. andF. One sold at Whittall
sale (1884), No. 746.
(), (6), diff. dies.
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PI. VIII. 16.
Hecta. Brit. Mus., 41*7 grs. (Huber sale). Berlin, 41-2.
Mr. Head, in his paper on the coins of the find of 1875
(Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., p. 282), suggests that this
figure may be one of the Argonauts, and the attribution
is not improbable, the mythical history of Cyzicus being
so closely connected with their expedition.
91. Male figure, naked, in a stooping position to right, wear-
ing a crested helmet from which a plume projects
behind, on his left arm he holds a round shield,
his right being outstretched over a tunny down-
wards.
Imhoof (a), 246 grs. [PI. IV. 14]. Brit. Mus. (6), 246-3.
Paris (De L.), (c), 245*7. Bunbury (Dupre sale,
No. 252). Jones. W. G. (d), 249'8. Lambros
in 1885.
() ( fc ). ( c )> W. diff. dies.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 97
Noted. Num. Vet., B. P. K., p. 45. Brandis, p. 406.
Hecta. Paris (De L.), 42'8 grs. Copenhagen.
Engr. De Luynes, Choix, PI. X. 7.
Noted. Brandis, p. 406.
This figure perhaps represents a statue of a hoplite
who has either been victorious in a race and extends his
hand to receive the prize, or else one who is preparing for
the race. Cf . a kylix at Leyden, on which a victorious
hoplite stands, in the same attitude, at the goal ; he carries
a shield on which is a running hoplite. Cf . also Bull.
Napol. N.8. VI. Taf. 7; Mitth. d. arch. Inst. 1880,
PL XIII. ; and Pausanias I. 23, 9 (statue of Epicharinus).
92. Male figure, naked, kneeling left on tunny ; he is advanc-
ing a round shield on his left arm, and is appa-
rently about to thrust with sword or spear, held
in his right hand.
Paris, 247 grs. [PI. IV. 15].
Engr. Raoul-Rochette, Mem. d'Arch. comp. Sur 1'Her-
cule Assyrien. PI. II. 17.
The coin is double struck and in poor condition.
The warrior, whoever he may be, appears to be awaiting
the attack of an enemy, and covers himself from the
approaching lance or sword-thrust with his shield. This
may be another instance where a part has been selected
from a larger subject, such as one of Centaurs and Lapithae,
or of Greeks and Amazons. M. Waddington 43 gives an
engraving of a coin attributed to the Satrap rentes,
where a warrior, with a conical head-dress and armed
with a spear, shelters himself behind his shield. He
thinks it may represent the Athenian general Chabrias,
who introduced a system of tactics against an attacking
43 Rev. Num., N.S., viii., PI. XI. 5. The coin is also
figured, De Luynes, Satrapies, PI. VIII. 1.
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. O
98 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
enemy, in which the shield was placed on the ground,
and whose statue represented him in the same attitude.
Bronze coins of the Tauric Chersonesus have a similar
subject and treated in a similar way. The stater, how-
ever, cannot be attributed to so late a time as that of
Chabrias, who was killed B.C. 357, and although he intro-
duced a certain method of resisting an attack by placing
the shield of the hoplite on the ground instead of its being
held higher, the attitude is one which must have been
commonly used to resist an individual attack, if it was not
one where a larger body of men was employed. The
position is a quite common one upon Assyrian sculptures,
where native soldiers, and what may be Carian mercenaries,
are represented sheltering behind their shields fixed on
the ground.
93. Male figure, naked, wearing crested Corinthian helmet,
kneeling to right ; he holds an arrow with both
hands, along which he appears to be looking to
see if it is straight, before adjusting it to the bow,
which hangs upon his left wrist. Behind, tunny
downwards.
Brit. Mus. (two), (a), Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PI. VIII.
17, 247 grs. [PL IV. 16], (/>), 1. c., PL VIII. 18.,
248-2. W. G. (c), 247. [PL IV. 17]. Paris (b),
246-4. Berlin (Prok.-Ost.), 246'8. Waddington,
248-3.
(), (b), (c), diff. dies.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. V. 7. Mionnet, PI. XLIII. 3.
Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PI. VIII., 17, 18.
Gardner, Types, PL X. 5.
Noted. Mionnet, ii., p. 527, No. 77.
Hecta. Vienna, 40-6 grs. [PL IV. 18]. Iversen, 41'5,
(found at Kertch).
Engr. EckheL, Mus. Caes. Vind. Sylloge., L, p. 76, Tab.
VII. 5. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PL V. 12.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl. v., p. 303, No. 119.
THE ELECTR1TM COINAGE OF CYZICTJS. 99
94. Similar to the last, but the warrior kneels to left, and the
tunny is upwards.
W. G. (a), 245-9 grs. (Bompois sale, No. 1,373). [PI.
IV. 19]. Lobbecke (b), 248'7. [PI. IV. 20]. St.
Pet. (two), 246-32, (c), 247.
(), (6), (c), diff. dies.
Noted. Zeit. fur Numis., x. (1882), p. 76, No. 25.
Jason and the Argonauts are prominent actors in the
mythical history of Cyzicus, and the warrior represented
on this and the preceding coin may be Jason or one of his
band.
95. Male figure, wearing cloak, trousers, and boots, seated
right on tunny ; over his left wrist hangs a strung
bow, and in his right hand he holds an arrow,
which he appears to be examining.
St. Pet. 247 grs. [PI. IV. 21].
This stater is of very good work, and of more than com-
mon interest. The dress of the warrior is characteristic of
a Scythian, and corresponds with frequent representations
of those people on vases and other works. It may be
compared with the two staters last described (Nos. 93, 94),
where a Greek warrior is engaged upon the same opera-
tion with his arrow, and holds the bow in the same
position.
The subject appears to be another link between Cyzicus
and Panticapaeum and the Hyperborean regions, but it
may also have its place on the coinage of Cyzicus in con-
nection with the Argonautic expedition.
96. Male figure, naked, kneeling left on tunny, holids a lance(?)
in right hand and in his left a sword, point up-
wards, held by the blade, the hilt projecting
beyond the hand.
Berlin, 247 "8 grs. [PI. IV. 22].
100 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
97. Harpy, standing left and holding a tunny by the tail in
right hand ; two objects like vine tendrils project
from the back of the head.
W. G., 245-8 grs. (Whittall sale, 1884, No. 752). [PI. IV.
23]. Waddington, 247'5.
Hecta. Imhoof, 41 grs. [PI. IV. 24].
Engr. Millingen, Sylloge, PI. III. 39. De Luynes,
Choix, PI. X. 8.
The peculiar object which projects from the back of
the head is also found attached to the head of the Sphinx.
The very early representations of that creature on ivory
combs and plaques discovered at Spata have the head
covered with the mitre, to which, at the back, are attached
short plumes (?), with curled ends, and beyond them a
long streamer, which seems to float in the wind. 44 It may
be remarked that it is only where the whole creature is
represented on the staters and hectae that these appen-
dages are found ; where only the forepart of Harpy or
Sphinx, Nos. 98, 102, forms the type, they are absent.
98. Forepart of Harpy to left, holding a tunny by the tail in
right hand.
Hirsch., 249-7 grs. [PI. IV. 25].
Hecta. Paris, 30-2. [PI. IV. 26].
Twelfth. Paris, 20-2 grs.
Engr. Dumersan, Cat. Allier, PI. XII. 6. Mionnet,
Suppl., ix., PI. X. 4.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl., v., p. 303, No. 122, but he
calls it a Sphinx and places it to right. His
reference is to Dumersan.
41 Bull, de Corresp. Hellen., vol. ii., PI. XVII. 1,2. PI. XVIII. 1.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZ1CUS. 101
99. Sphinx standing to left on tunny, the right fore -paw
raised ; a plume or other object with two curled
ends projects from the back of head.
Brit. Mus. (a), 2434 grs. [PL IV. 27]. Waddington
(Dupre sale), 245-8. W. G. (a), 246-3. Weber (a).
(a) same die.
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvii., PI. VI. 7.
Noted. Brandis, p. 400, under Chios, who appears to
confuse the standing and seated Sphinx.
Hecta. St. Pet. (a), 41-5 grs. [PI. IV. 28]. Berlin (Prok.-
Ost.), 41-5. Imhoof (b).
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr. Dumersan, Cat. Allier, PL XVI. 1. Sestini,
Stat. Ant., PL IX. 8. Mionnet, PL XLIII. 11.
Prokesch-Osten, Ined., 1854, PL IV. 6.
Noted. Mionnet, iii., p. 265, No. 1. Brandis, p. 400.
The Sphinx is the long-continued coin-type of Chios,
and its occurrence on the staters and hectae of Cyzicus
may be nothing more than the reproduction on its own
coinage of the type of another state. In connection, how-
ever, with Dionysus the Sphinx would not be one unlocked
for among the many and varied types of the Cyzicene
coinage.
99*. Sphinx, with pointed wing, standing left, right fore-paw
raised. Beneath, tunny left.
W. G., 246-4 grs.
This stater formed one of the coins found at the Piraeus
in 1882, but it became known to the author too late to be
figured in the plates.
100. Sphinx seated left on tunny, the right fore-paw raised ;
hair represented by dots ; it has the usual pro-
jection behind the head.
Paris (De L.), 247 grs. [PL IV, 29].
102 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Engr. Rev. Num., N.S., vol. i., PL I. 8.
Hecta. Paris (two), 41 grs., 41. Munich (), 41. Six (a),
40-7. (Ivanoff sale, No. 160). W. G. (), 41 -8.
(rt) same die.
Twelfth. Gotha, 20-2 grs.
101. Sphinx seated, head facing, with two bodies ; the usual
projection behind the head.
Paris, 43-4 grs. [PI. IV. 30].
Enf/r. Bronsted, Voy. en Grece, vol. ii.,p. 153, vign. xli.
Mionnet, Suppl., ix., PI. X. 5.
Noted. Brandis, p. 400, under Chios.
Cousinery (Voy. dans la Macedoine, i., p. 99) describes
a terra-cotta with a similar representation, found at Fella.
It is possible that this treatment of the Sphinx is merely
a way of representing it as seen facing, arising from the
difficulty of depicting a figure in that position. A some-
what similar mode is found on the archaic figures of Nike
flying, on Sicilian coins, where the wings are spread on
each side of the body instead of appearing behind it.
102. Forepart of Sphinx to left, the right fore-paw raised.
Beneath, tunny left.
Brit. Mus. (a), 248-6 grs. (Subhi sale, No. 762). [PL IV.
81]. Paris (b), 248-5. W. G. (ft), 246-6.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr. Rev. Num., N.S., vol. i., PL I. 5.
Noted. Brandis, p. 400, under Chios.
Hecta. W. G., 40' 1 grs. (Whittall sale, 1884, No. 762).
103. Lion standing left on tunny, with closed mouth, and tail
turned outwards.
W. G. (a), 247-1 grs. (Von Rauch coll.). [PL IV. 82].
St. Pet. (a), 245-8. Leake (6), 246*5.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr. Head, Hist. Num. Fig. 273.
Noted. Leake, Num. Hellen. Suppl., p. 44.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 103
The lion or lioness appears under various aspects upon
the staters. The animal is represented whole or dimi-
diated, to use heraldic language, walking, sitting, devour-
ing his prey and breaking a weapon with his teeth, and
winged. It occurs usually alone, but also as forming part
of a subject, and sometimes there is merely the head.
The lion is connected in so many ways with Hellenic
mythology, and especially where it became influenced by
Asiatic cults, that it is, perhaps, impossible to associate
any individual coin-subject with a particular myth,
except in connection with Heracles. The lion as a sun-
symbol, and so associated with the god of day and light,
would be a quite natural type on the coinage of Cyzicus,
and to this we may, perhaps, attribute its frequent occur-
rence. In connection with Cybele the lion may equally be
expected on the coins of a state which by its position was
brought into intimate relation with the worship of the
goddess. It may also have reference to the cult of As-
tarte-Aphrodite, who, however, herself is, more or less, to
be identified with Cybele.
104. Lion standing left on tunny, with open mouth and tail
turned inwards.
Paris, 246-8 grs. [PI. IV. 33]. Copenhagen, 245'7,
(Thomas sale, No. 191 5 ; Huxtable sale,
No. 149).
Diff. dies.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. IV. 16. Mionnet,
PI. XLIII. 7.
Noted. Mionnet, ii. p. 527, No. 76.
105. Lion, with open mouth, seated left on tunny, the right
fore-paw raised.
Brit. Mus., 246-3 grs. [PI. IV. 34].
104 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Hecta. Brit. Mus. (), 41 grs. [PI. IV. 85]. Paris (a),
41. Paris (DeL.) (two), 41-7 (6), 41-4. Berlin.
Munich (/;), 414. St. Pet., 41-7. Leake, 41-9.
W. G. (a), 41-2. Prince of Windisch-Gratz, 41 -8.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. IV. 19, 20.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl., v. p. 302, Nos. 115, 116.
Leake, Num. Hell. Suppl., p. 44.
Twelfth. Brit. Mus., 21-2 grs.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. IV. 21.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl, v. p. 302, No. 117.
106. Lioness standing left on tunny, the right fore-paw raised,
the tail turned up over back.
Weber (a), 248-9 grs. [PL IV. 36]. Berlin (6), 248*8.
Hoffmann (fruste), 230.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Noted. Konigl. Miinz-Kab. (1877), No. 101.
Hecta. Munich, 30'8 grs. St. Pet., 40'5. Hirsch, 39'4.
W. G., 40-2 (Whittall sale, 1884, No. 760).
All diff. dies.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PL VIII. 16.
107. Lion to left, apparently devouring his prey. Beneath,
tunny left.
Brit. Mus. (.), 247 grs. [PI. V. 1]. Paris (De L.), 246-5.
W. G. (a), 246-6.
(a), same die.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PL IV. 18. Num. Chron.,
N.S., xvii., PL VI. 6.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl., v. p. 802, No. 113. Brandis,
p. 403.
Hecta. Paris (De L.) (a), 41'3 grs. Berlin (two), Fox,
41, Prok.-0st., 40-8. Vienna (b), 40-4. Leake
(b), 40-7.
(a), (6), diff. dies.
Noted. Brandis, p. 403.
Twelfth. Paris (a), 20-1 grs. Vienna, 22'7. St. Pet.
(), 24.
(a), same die.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 105
108. Lion standing to right, with tail between his legs, holds
the hilt of a weapon with his right fore-paw, and
is biting the blade, which projects beyond his
mouth. Beneath, tunny right.
W. G., 245-4 grs. [PI. V. 2]. St. Pet., 245-7.
Diff. dies.
Engr. Rev. de la Num. Belg., vol. ii., PI. V. 8.
Hecta. Imhoof, 89-6 grs.
The weapon held by the lion Is curved, and has more the
appearance of the harpa of Perseus than of a sword. Mr.
Burgon, the author of the Catalogue of the Thomas
Collection, where a similar coin formed lot 1914, was of
the opinion that it was the harpa, but, acknowledging the
unlikeliness of such a representation, withheld his judg-
ment until another coin turning up, might give a better
impression of the die. It is unfortunate that upon neither
of the two coins at present known to me, is the end of the
weapon quite distinct, still there is sufficient shown to
make it almost certain that it is the harpa, a fact which
would connect it with the myth of Perseus.
109. Forepart of lioness to left, apparently devouring her
prey. Behind, tunny upwards.
Brit. Mus. (a), 247'8grs. (Subhi sale, No. 1150). [PL V.
3]. Imhoof (b) t 248-3. [PL V. 4]. W. G. (b),
247'7. Lambros, in 1885 (two).
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Engr. Imhoof-Blumer, Choix, PL III. 101.
Hecta. Berlin, 40-2 grs. Munich, 39'7. Imhoof, 89-5.
All diff. dies.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PL IV. 22.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl., v. p. 804, No. 123.
Twelfth. Paris (De L.). Vienna (a), 22-5 grs. St. Pet.
(b), 20-1. Six (c).
(a), (6), (c), diff. dies.
Engr. De Luynes, Choix, PL X. 12.
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. P
106 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
On the hecta and twelfth the object held in the mouth
is much like a bone. The type is found on silver coins,
probably of Phocaea, many of which have been found in
Southern Italy and near Marseilles.
110. Forepart of lion to left, with open mouth, the head turned
back. Behind, tunny downwards.
W. G., 248-3 grs. [PI. V. 5].
111. Forepart of lioness to left, the head turned back. Behind,
tunny. 45
Berlin, 41 grs. Waddington, 40-8.
112. Head and neck of lioness to left, with paw. Behind,
tunny.
Waddington, 20-1 grs.
113. Lion's scalp, facing. Beneath, tunny left.
\V. G., 248-4 grs. (Whittall sale, No. 1044). [PI. V. 6].
Brit. Mus. 250-5.
Both the same die.
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PI. VIII. 26. Brit. Mus.
Guide, PL X. 13.
Hecta. Brit. Mus. (), 41-2 grs. Paris (two), 42-4,
(a), 41-5. Berlin (three), (Fox, two), (Prok.-
Ost.). Six (a).
(a), same die.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PL IV. 6. Mionnet,
SuppL, ix., PL X. 9.
Noted. Mionnet, vi. p. 614, No. 9. Brandis, p. 401,
under Samos.
A copy of the ordinary type of Samos.
46 I was not acquainted with this hecta, nor with the twelfth,
No. 112, in time to enable me to include them in the plates.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZ1CUS. 107
114. Head of lion, with open mouth to right. Behind, tunny
downwards.
Munich, 41-3 grs. [PI. V. 7].
Noted. Mionnet, vol. vi. p. 614, No. 7.
115. Head of lioness, mouth closed, to left. Behind, tunny
upwards.
Imhoof (a), 250 grs. [PL V. 8]. Brit. Mus. (b), 248.
Paris, 247. W. G. (6), 248-4.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
JSngr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvii., PI. VI. 10.
Noted, Brandis, p. 404.
Hecta. Paris, 40'1 grs. Paris (De L.) (two), 40, 39.
Berlin (Prok.-Ost.). Six, 41-3. Moore, 39-5.
Weber, 40-6 (Whittall sale, 1884, No. 1002).
Noted. Brandis, p. 404.
116. Head of lioness, facing. In field to left tunny down-
wards.
Brit. Mus., 41 grs. [PI. V. 9].
117. Forepart of winged lioness to left. Behind, tunny up-
wards.
Paris, 247-6 grs. [PI. V. 10].
Engr. Dumersan, Cat. Allier, PI. XII. 3.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl., v. p. 300, No. 104. BranJis,
p. 404.
It will be seen from the types on other coins that
winged creatures occur frequently on the coinage of
Cyzicus. Here it is a winged lioness, and there are. bulls,
boars, and dogs, without taking Pegasus into account.
These representations are no doubt Oriental in their
origin, and probably denote motion, in connection with
Solar worship
108 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
118. Head of lion to left, head of ram to right, joined at the
neck. Beneath, tunny left.
Lobbecke, 247'4 grs. [PI. V. 11]. W. G., 247'6.
Diff. dies.
Noted. Zeit. fur Numis. (1882), vol. x. p. 76, No. 24.
Twelfth. Paris (De L.), 20'5 grs.
.Enyr. Ann. dell' Inst. Archeol., vol. xiii., p. 150, Mon.
PL XXXV. 21.
A type similar in some respects to the early Lydian
stater, with the forepart of lion and bull conjoined in the
same manner, which are supposed to symbolise the sun
and mocn.
119. Chimaera seated to left, with open mouth, and tail end-
ing in a serpent's head. Beneath, tunny left.
Brit. Mus., 254-1 grs. [PI. V. 12].
The chimoora on this stater does not seem to have the
head of a lion, as the monster is ordinarily represented,
but on the stater next to be described that feature is quite
apparent.
The chimaeia appears upon an early electrum coin,
attributed by Mr. Head (Num. Chron., N.S., vol. xv.
p. 285) to Zeleia, a town which at one time was included
within the territory of Cyzicus. Though the ordinary
type of Sicyon, it is scarcely likely that this is one of the
cases where Cyzicus reproduced a subject from the coinage
of another state. As connected with the Bellerophon
myth, we might expect to find it upon the Cyzicene
coinage.
120. Chimaera standing to left, with open mouth. Beneath,
tunny left.
Imhoof, 247'2 grs. [PI. V. 18].
JSngr. Imhoof-Blumer, Choix, PI. III. 98.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZIGUS. 109
Noted. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Grecq., p. 241, No. 66.
Hecta. Paris, 40 grs. [PL V. 14].
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. V. 19. Mionnet,
PL XLIII. 8. Dumersan, Cat. Allier, PL VI.
14. Lajard, Culte de Venus, PL III., B. 20.
Noted. Mionnet, SuppL, iv. p. 160, No. 1047. Num.
Chron., vi. p. 136. Brandis, p. 404.
121. Bull walking left. Beneath, tunny left.
Brit. Mus. (), 248-5 grs. [PL V. 15]. Paris, 247. St.
Pet. (fl), 246-8. Imhoof (a), 247. Weber, 247'8
(Whittall sale, 1884, No. 751). W. G. (6),
247 '3. Jones. Hoffmann, 246'9.
(a), (6), diff. dies.
Enyr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PL VIII. 28. Brit. Mus.
Guide, PL X. 11.
Noted. Num. Vet. R. P. K., p. 95. Num. Chron., vi. p.
150. Leake, Num. Hell. Asiat. Greece, p. 50.
Brandis, p. 388, under Chalcedon.
Hecta. Berlin (Fox), 41 grs.
Twelfth. Berlin, 21-3 grs.
Brandis classes this stater to Chalcedon, but the presence
of the tunny compels it to be given to Cyzicus. The bull
occurs on the coinage of other cities as well as of Byzan-
tium and Chalcedon, and Cyzicus may have taken this
type from any one of them, As has already been noticed
in the introduction, Dionysus had a statue at Cyzicus in
the form of a bull.
122. Bull butting to right. Beneath, tunny right.
Brit. Mus. (a), 247-1 grs. [PL V. 16]. W. G. (), 247
(Bompois sale, No. 1362). Weber (6), 247'8.
Lambros (6), 247.
(a), (6), diff. dies.
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PL VIII. 27.
110 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
A copy of the ordinary type of Thurium. We have
an instance of Cyzicus taking a coin-type from a city
quite as far distant in No. 85, where a coin of Syracuse
served for the model.
123. Ox kneeling or lying down to left. Beneath, tunny left.
Brit. Mus., 40 grs. [PI. V. 17].
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PL IV. 24.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl., v. p. 804, No. 124.
124. Head of bull to left. Beneath, tunny left.
Brit. Mus., 247-5 grs. [PI. V. 18].
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PI. VIII, 29.
125. Forepart of winged bull galloping to left. Beneath, tunny
left.
W. G., 246-3 grs. [PI. V. 19]. Brit. Mus., 247'5. Lam-
bros in 1885.
All from the same die.
Twelfth. Paris (De L.), 20*1 grs.
Enyr. Ann. dell' Inst. Archeol., vol. xiii., PI. XXXV.
120. Horse galloping to left, reins hanging loose. Beneath,
tunny left.
St. Pet., 246-5 grs. [PI. V. 20]. Berlin (Prok.-Ost.), 247.
Enyr. Rev. Num., N.S., vol. ix., PL I. 1.
Poseidon, to whom the horse was sacred, occurs on the
Cyzicene staters, and it is probable that the horse may
have been used as a coin- type in connection with him.
It may, however, have been introduced as a copy of the
coinage of Maronea, where it had been, in alliance with
the vine, the long- continued badge of that city.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZTCUS. Ill
127. Pegasus flying to right. Beneath, tunny right.
W. G. (a), 247-1 grs. (Bompois sale, No. 1363) [PI. V.
21]. Brit. Mus. (a), 247'7. Paris (6), 246'9.
(a) (6), diff. dies.
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvi., PI. VIII. 23.
A type connected with the myth of Bellerophon ;
another type, the chimaera (Nos. 119, 120) equally belong-
ing to the same legend, has already been described. The
stater may have been copied from the long- continued and
widely diffused coins of Corinth and her colonies, with
which state Cyzicus, in its commercial relations, must
necessarily have been in frequent contact. The worship
of the Lycian hero had, however, at an early period spread
into the neighbourhood of Cyzicus, which was, moreover,
in many ways connected with Lycia, and we may perhaps
regard the type as of local origin.
128. Forepart of winged horse to left. Beneath, tunny left.
Brit. Mus., 40-9 grs. [PI. V. 22]. Paris (De L.)
Diff. dies.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. VI. 14.
Noted. Num. Vet. R. P. K., p. 138. Mionnet, Suppl.,
v, p. 369, No. 548.
Twelfth. Brit. Mus., 19-2 grs.
The forepart of a winged horse was the badge or arms
of the adjacent city of Lampsacus, and it occurs on the
coinage of other towns of the district. It would, there-
fore, be strange if it was not found on the currency of so
important a neighbouring state as Cyzicus.
It has, however, been suggested to me by Professor
Gardner that the animal is not a horse but a deer or ante-
lope, and he thinks he sees some indication of horns. It
112 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
is certainly not a good representation of a torse, and has
more of the form of the deer, both in the slenderness of
the neck and the length of the head. If a stater of the
same type should come to light the difficulty might be
solved.
129. Ass standing left on tunny.
W. G., 246-2 grs. (Wbittall sale, 1884, No. 757),
[PI. V. 23].
A Dionysiac type. It occurs upon many of the coins
of Mende.
130. Ram standing to left on tunny.
W. G. (a), 247-5 grs. [PI. Y. 24]. Brit. Mus. (b), 2474.
Weber (/>), 247. (Subhi sale, No. 1149.) Lam-
bros (b).
(a), (l>), diff. dies..
Enflr. Num. Cbron., N.S., xvi. PI. VIII. 80.
Noted. Brandis, p. 404.
Hecta. Paris (De L.), 41-3 grs.
Emir. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. VIII. 4.
Noted. Brandis, p. 404.
The ram, which occurs on others of the staters, may
have found a place there in connection with the myth of
Helle. On a gold stater of the neighbouring state of
Lampsacus Helle is represented riding on the ram. The
Argonautic expedition is so intimately connected with the
history of Cyzicus that we may expect to find incidents of
the story recorded on the Cyzicene coinage. The sacrifice
of the ram by Phrixus to Zeus Phyxius, and the subse-
quent presentation of its golden fleece to Aeetes, may be
considered the starting point of the expedition.
THE ELECT RUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 113
It is, perhaps, scarcely to be expected that the ram
should occur on the coinage of maritime Cyzicus as a
symbol of Apollo, the shepherd god (Kapvetos), though in
other relations he is frequent on the Cyziceiies.
131. Ram, with head turned back, kneeling left on tunny.
Brit. Mus., 247-6 grs. [PI. V. 25]. W. G., 249. Lam-
bros in 1885.
All the same die.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. VIII. 5, Brit. Mus.
Guide, PI. X. 9.
Noted. Num. Vet., R. P. K., p. 117.
132. Forepart of ram running to left. Behind, tunny upwards.
W. G., 248-3 grs. [PI. V. 26]. Weber, 249-2.
Both tbe same die.
133. Goat kneeling left on tunny.
Copenhagen 247 grs. (Ivanoff sale, No. 191.), [PL V.
27]. W. G. 246-3.
Diff. dies.
Noted. Brandis, p. 404.
Hecta. Berlin (Prok.-Ost.), 41-3 grs. [PI. V. 28].
It is probably in connection with Dionysus that the
goat occurs on the Cyziceiie coins, though it may have
been placed there as sacred to Hermes.
134. Head of goat to left. Behind, tunny upwards.
Bunbury (a), 247 grs. (Dupre sale). [PI. V. 29].
Brit. Mus. (i) 9 247-6. Paris (De L.), 249. St.
Pet., 247. W. G. (c), 247'5. (Bompois sale,
No. 1361). Lewis, 248-6. Lobbecke (d), 249-5.
Hoffmann (two), 247, 247*2. Lambros in 1885
(two).
(a), (6), (c), (d), diff. dies.
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. Q
114 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Engr. Mionnet, Suppl., v., PI. II. 1. Num. Chron., N.S.,
xvii.,Pl. VI. 11.
Noted. Num. Vet., R. P. K., p. 106. Brandis, p. 404.
Hecta. Berlin (Fox), 41 '4 grs. Six, 41'7, (Ivanoff sale,
No. 154.)
Twelfth. Brit. Mus., 19'9 grs. Paris, 20'1.
Noted. Brandis, p. 404.
135. Boar walking left on tunny.
Vienna, 246 grs. [PL V. 80], St. Pet., 247.
Both same die.
Hecta. Imhoof (), 41 grs. [PI. V. 81]. Paris (De L.) (b\
40-8. Berlin, 41.3. W. G. (6), 39'7.
((t), (b), diff. dies.
Noted. Brandis, p. 391, under Methymna.
The boar occurs on the early coins of Methymna.
186. Sow walking left on tunny.
Munich, 248'8 grs. [PI. V. 82].
E-iujr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. IV. 27.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl. v., p. 304, No. 125. Brandis,
p. 391, under Methymna, and he calls the animal
a boar.
Hecta. Brit. Mus. (), 41 grs. Paris (), 41-6. Hunter.
Leake.
(a) same die.
Engr. Hunter, PI. LXVI. 2. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. IV.
28. Brit. Mus. Guide, PI. X. 15.
Noted. Mionnet, vi., p. 615, No. 14. Suppl. v., p. 304,
No. 126. Suppl. ix., p. 231, No. 27. Leake,
Num. Hellen. Asiat. Greece, p. 50. Brandis,
p. 405.
Twelfth. Waddington, 20-2 grs.
The sow is found on one of the early unattributed staters
of the Phoenician standard, which have on the reverse a
square incuse, divided into four parts by thin raised lines.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS, 115
137. Forepart of winged boar swimming to left. Beneath,
tunny left.
Paris (a), 247-7 grs. [PI. V. 33]. Brit. Mus. (b), 247'8.
(Subhi sale, No. 764). W. G. (b), 247 '6.
(a), (6), diff. dies.
Engr. Mionnet, Suppl. v., PI. II. 2.
The distinctive type of many silver coins attributed to
Clazomense. It is found on an early electrum stater of the
Phoenician standard, also attributed to Clazomense, of
which this stater may be a copy.
138. Dog standing left on tunny, right fore-paw raised.
Paris, 188-7 grs. 46 [PL V. 34]. St. Pet., 237.
Diff. dies.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PL VIII. 13. Mionnet,
PL XLIII. 2.
Noted. Mionnet, iii., p. 176, No. 816. Brandis, p. 403.
Hecta. Brit.Mus. (two) 41-2 grs., 40-6. [PL V. 35]. Paris,
40-1. Berlin (three) Fox, 40; Prok.-Ost. (two)
42-8, 41-5. Copenhagen. St. Pet. W. G., 41-8.
Six (two), 42-3, 41 (Subhi sale, No. 767).
Noted. Brandis, p. 403.
Twelfth. Paris. Six, 20 '8 grs.
Diff. dies.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PL IV. 17.
Noted. Mionnet, Suppl. v., p. 302, No. 114.
In the Allier de Hauteroche Collection (PL XIV. 12) was
a silver coin, attributed to Colophon, precisely like the
stater. It has on the reverse a quadripartite square incuse.
It is engraved Sestini, Stat. Ant., PL VIII. 15. This,
possibly, may be an instance where Cyzicus, as in other
4fi The weight is much below the standard, and the coin is
probably plated.
116 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
cases, adopted the type of another state ; here the town was
Colophon.
189. Forepart of dog to left, head turned back. Behind, tunny
upwards.
Imhoof (), 84 grs. [PL V. 36]. Munich, 41-3. Six (6),
41-3 (Ivanoff sale, No. 155).
(a), (b), diff. dies.
Enyr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PL VIII. 14.
!-](). Winged dog, crouching to left on tunny, head turned
back.
W. G., 249-3 grs. [PL VI. 1].
Hecta. Munich (,/), 41-9 grs. [PL VI. 2]. Paris (/>),
41-8. Berlin (plated), 28-8. Waduington, 39'7.
(</), (6), diff. dies.
Enyr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PL IX. 4.
141. Cerberus standing to left. He has two beads with a collar
round each neck, and the tail ends in the head of
a serpent. Beneath, tunny left.
Brit. Mus. (a), 25(M grs. [PL VI. 8]. W. G. (A), 246-8.
One sold by Sotheby and Wilkinson, Feb. 19,
1887, 250-4 grs. A second sold by S. & W.,
Mar. 22, 1887, 240 grs.
(c<), (!>), diff. dies.
Eugr. Num. Chron., N.S., vol. xvi., PL VIII. 24.
Hecta. Paris, 41 grs. St. Pet. (//), 42'4. Six (a), 40-8.
(Hamilton sale, 1867).
(a) same die.
Noted. Brandis, p. 404.
Cerberus, as overpowered and chained, when Theseus
was delivered from Hades, forms an incident in the myth
of Heracles, with which several of the types on the Cyzi-
cene coins are connected. Mr. Head (Num. Chron.,
N.S., xvi. p. 284) suggests that the type was derived from
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 117
Cimmerium, anciently called Cerberion, with which dis-
trict Cyzicus was in constant commercial intercourse.
142. Animal with long tail standing to left on tunny.
Twelfth: Brit. Mus., 20'7 grs. [PL VI. 4].
Noted. Num. Vet., R. P. K, p. 3.
The animal, which has much the appearance of a squir-
rel, is no doubt a fox, and was placed on the coin in con-
nection with Bassareus, the Lydian Dionysus, to whom
the animal was sacred. On the reverses of early electrum
staters and half-staters attributed to Miletus and to Lydia
(Head, Hist. Num. pp. 503, 545), there is a figure of a
running fox within an oblong incuse, between two small
incuse squares containing respectively a stag's head and a
cross with pellets at the extremities.
143. Griffin, with rounded wings, standing left on tunny, the
right fore-paw raised.
W. G. (a), 247-2 grs. [PL VI. 6]. Brit. Mus. (a), 245-2.
Paris (De L.) (b), 247'8. Hague (6), 247'4.
Waddington (North wick sale, No. 956). Weber,
244-2 (Whittall sale, 1884, No. 750). Lobbecke,
246-9. Lambros.
(), (b), diff. dies.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PL IX. 1. Num. Chron., N.S.,
xvL, PL VIII. 25.
Noted. Num. Vet., E. P. K., p. 154. Brandis, p. 398,
under Teos.
Hecta. Berlin, 40 '1 grs.
There is no type, except the lion, which occurs so fre-
quently on the staters as the griffin. And in connection
with Apollo, the father of its mythical founder, we might
118 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
expect it to be common. As the guardian of the gold in
the land of the Hyperboreans, periodically visited by
Apollo, the griffin might again find a place on the Cyzi-
cene coinage, and with more than ordinary fitness, as the
gold used at Cyzicus came principally, through Pantica-
pocum, from the region where the Hyperboreans were
supposed to dwell. The griffin, as the common type, the
badge of Teos and Abdera, its colony, both of them not
far distant and wealthy states, was also to be expected on
the coins of a city which so frequently adopted the mone-
tary subjects of other states. Though, probably, used on
the coinage of Cyzicus in connection with Apollo, the
griffin was also a Dionysiac symbol. Types having refe-
rence to Dionysus and his worship are very common on the
staters, and it is evident that he was held in especial reve-
rence in Cyzicus.
144. Griffin, with rounded wing, seated to left on tunny, the
right fore-paw raised.
Brit. Mas., 2488 grs. [PI. VI. 6]. W. G., 247-1, (Subhi
sale, No. 766). Lamhros in 1885.
All the same die.
Enyr. Num. Chron., N.S., vol. xvii., PL VI. 8.
145. Griffin, with pointed wing, standing to left on tunny, the
right fore-paw raised.
Berlin, 39'7 grs. [PI. VI. 7].
146. Griffin, with pointed wing, seated left on tunny.
Brit. HUB., 247-5 grs. [PI. VI. 8].
Engr. Num. Chron., N.S., xvii., PI. VI. 9.
Hecta. Munich, 39-6 grs. [PI. VI. 9].
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PL IX. 2.
147. Griffin to left on tunny, holding head of spear in mouth.
Mionnet, Suppl. v., p. 202, No. 11.2, (Cab. de feu M.
d'Hermand).
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 119
I have been unable to trace this coin, and I think it
probable that it is wrongly described. It is the common
type on coins of Panticapseum, and one which might be
expected to occur on the coinage of Cyzicus, supposing
that the coin as described ever existed.
148. Forepart of griffin to left, with rounded wing. Beneath,
tunny left.
W. G. (), 246-6grs. [PL VI. 10]. Hoffmann (two), (ft),
246-8.
(), (b), diff. dies.
Hecta. Munich, 41 grs.
Engr. Sestini, Stat. Ant., PL IX. 3.
Noted. Mionnet, vi., p. 616, No. 26.
Twelfth. St. Pet., 18-7 grs.
Noted. Mionnet, vi., p. 616, No. 27.
The griffin on this stater is represented with the head
of a lion ; on all the others the head is the ordinary one
of an eagle or kindred bird.
149. Forepart of griffin to left, with rounded wings. In front,
tunny upwards.
Brit. Mus., 250 grs. (Subhisale, No. 209). [PL VI. 11].
150. Griffin's head and neck to left, on each side a tunny
upwards.
Six, 41-8 grs. (Greau sale, No. 1652). [PL VI. 12].
151. Eagle, with wings raised, to left on tunny and apparently
about to tear it.
W. G., 246-1 grs. [PL VI. 18].
A type very similar, except that the hare, &c., is
replaced by the tunny, to one frequent on the coins of
120 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Elis. An eagle standing on a dolphin is the ordinary
type of Sinope.
152. Eagle facing, but flying to right, behind, tunny downwards,
all upon disk or within a circle.
Paris, 247 grs. [PL VI. 14]. Berlin, 246-9.
Diff. dies.
Engr. Rev. Num., N.S., ix., PI. I. 6.
The disk probably represents the sun, and if so the type
is connected with Helios, the sun-god.
153. Eagle, with head turned back, standing to right on tunny,
all upon disk.
Berlin, 247'9 grs. [PI. VI. 15].
Etujr. Rev. Num., N.S., ix., PI. I. 2.
154. Eagle standing to right upon tunny; above it is a second
tunny whose head is covered by that of the
eagle.
Six, 40-8 grs. (Subhi sale, No. 767). [PI. VI. 16].
Twelfth. W. G., 20-8 grs. [PI. VI. 17]. Kotschoubey
Coll., 20-2.
Engr. De Koehne, Mus. Kotschoubey, PI. I. 1.
155. Forepart of cock, with rounded wing, to left. Beneath,
tunny left.
Brit. Mus., 248-2 grs. (Subhi sale, No. 765). [PL VI. 18].
The bird commonly offered in sacrifice to Asclepios was
a cock, and the type may have reference to the worship of
that god, whose head occurs on hectae of Phocaca. The cock
as the bird of dawn is the common type of Himera, but it
does not appear probable that there is any copying here
of the Sicilian coin. On the coins of Dardanus in Troas
the cock is of frequent occurrence, though commonly it is
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 121
a fighting cock. It is found, however, in a peaceful atti-
tude upon an early electrum stater of the Phoenician
standard, as well as upon silver coins of a little later date.
156. Head of fish, with spike, to left. Beneath, head of cock
turned towards the fish-head.
Imhoof, 42 grs.
This hecta, one of the class with the fish-head, probably
representing the whole tunny, came into Dr. Imhoof-
Blumer's collection too late to be included in the plates.
It was sent to him from Trebizond.
157. Dolphin to left. Beneath, tunny left.
Brit. Mus. (two), 41-6 grs., 40'4. [PI. VI. 19].
Diff. dies.
Noted. Num. Vet., K. P. K., p. 141.
Twelfth. Brit. Mus. (two), 20-7 grs. (a), 20-5 (b). W. G.
(a), 20-8.
(a), (b), diff. dies.
A type connected with Poseidon, who on the stater,
No. 6, holds a dolphin on his hand.
158. Crab holding in its claws the head of a fish to left.
Beneath, small tunny left.
Imhoof, 248-7 grs. [PI. VI. 20].
Noted. Imhoof- Blumer, Monn. Grecq., p. 242, No. 73.
Hecta. Brit. Mus., 36 grs. [PL VI. 21].
Of base gold. There is no tunny beneath the crab.
A type, like the last, probably connected with the wor-
ship of Poseidon. Upon the stater No. 161 the claws only
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. R
122 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of a crab are represented, together with two fish. Dr.
Imhoof- Blumer believes the fish not to be a tunny, and that
the fabric of the coin differs in some degree from that of
the Cyzicene staters. For these reasons, and also because
on the corresponding hecta the fish is absent, he thinks
the coin belongs to another state than Cyzicus. He sug-
gests that what appears to be the head of a fish held by
the crab is a sun-fish. It is quite true that the fabric of
this stater and of No. 161, as well as of the corresponding
hectaB and twelfths, which have upon them the head or tail
of a fish and other like devices, is different from that of the
ordinary Cyzicenes. The fish on these archaic coins differs
also from the usual representation of the tunny of Cyzicus.
The monetary system is, however, the same, and the in-
cuse of the reverse is of essentially the same form as that
of the acknowledged coins of Cyzicus, while the fish may
well be the tunny, though not executed with the same
truth to nature. I have, therefore, included this most
peculiar and puzzling class of coins (Nos. 158, 161 to 168)
among the electrum series of Cyzicus, though with a little
hesitation.
159. Crab. Beneath, tunny right.
Hoffmann in 1879, 14-8 grs. [PI. VI. 22].
I have not been able to trace this coin, of which M. Six
has kindly given me a cast, taken from it when in M.
Hoffmann's possession.
160. Pecten shell, hinge downwards. Beneath, tunny left.
Brit. Mus., 21-1 grs. [PL VI. 23].
Engr. Sestini, Sfcat. Ant., PL VI. 20.
Noted. Num. Vet., R. P. K., p. 150.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZ1CUS. 123
161. Two fish to left, with a dot between their tails. Beneath,
two crab claws.
Imhoof, 249-5 grs. [PI. VI. 24]. Berlin, 249'8.
Engr. Rev. de la Numis. Beige, vol. v., p. 248,
PL VII. 1.
162. Tunny to left, above head of fish, with spike projecting
from it behind, to right. Beneath, tail of fish to
right.
Imhoof, 41-8 grs. [PL VI 25]. Lambros, 281 (plated).
163. Head of fish with spike, to left, behind a trifid fleur-de-
lys-shaped object (a flower ?). Above, tunny
right.
Imhoof, 250 grs. [PL VI. 26].
Hecta. Brit. Mus., 41-5 grs. [PL VI. 27]. Leake, 41-3.
Noted. Leake, Num. Hellen. SuppL, p. 44.
The hecta has no trifid object, but only the spike, with.
a dot above it.
164. Head of fish, with spike, to right. Above, tunny to right,
over whose tail is a trifid flower (?) upright.
Paris, 42 grs. [PL VI. 28].
165. Head of fish, with spike, to right. Beneath, tunny right.
Paris, 20-8 grs. [PL VI. 29]. W. G., 20-6.
Diff. dies.
166. Head of fish, with spike, to right. Above it tunny (?).
Beneath, tunny left.
Paris, 21-6 grs. [PL VI. 30].
167. Head of fish, with spike, to left. Beneath, tail of fish to
left.
Paris, 41-8 grs. [PL VI. 31].
124 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
168. Two fish-heads, each with spike, to left, one above the
other. Behind them tunny upwards. In field
to right two dots ; and in field to left one dot.
Hirsch, 41-7 grs. [PI. VI. 32].
Twelfth. Brit. Mus., 14-3 grs. [PI. VI. 33].
Noted. Num. Vet., R. P. K,p. 150.
The twelfth is of very pale electrum, and has two dots,
one above and the other beneath the fish-heads.
169. Pistrix to right. Beneath, tunny right.
W. G., 248-2 grs. [PI. VI. 34].
A type probably connected with Poseidon, if it is any-
thing more than a copy of a portion of another coin. The
pistrix is found in the exergue, beneath the chariot, upon
a large series of the earlier tetradrachms, &c., of Syracuse.
Mr. Head has suggested, with much probability, that it
was placed there to commemorate the naval victory gained
by Hieron over the Etruscans near Cumae, B.C. 474.
Upon a vase where Poseidon is represented as crushing
Ephialtes with a rock, among other creatures of the sea,
is a pistrix. 47
170. Prow of a ship to left, from which issues the forepart of a
winged wolf. Beneath, tunny left.
Paris (De L.), 248 grs. [PI. VI. 35]. Imhoof, 249-2.
Both the same die.
Engr. Rev. Num., N.S., vol. i., PI. II. 6. Mon. Ined.
dell' List. Archeol., vol. iii., PI. XXXV. 20.
The expedition of the Argonauts plays an important
part in the mythical history of Cyzicus, and the prow
47 Lenormant and De Witte, Elite des Mon. Ceram, vol. i.,
PI. V.
THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF CYZICUS. 125
represented on the stater is probably that of the ship
Argo. The ordinary type on the coinage of Cius in
Bithynia is a prow, and that place is also connected with
the Argonautic myth.
171. Crested Corinthian helmet to left. Beneath, tunny left.
Imhoof, 248-6 grs. [PL VI. 36].
Noted. Imhoof -Blumer, Monn. Grecq., p. 242. No. 72.
Though the helmet is of Corinthian, and not Athenian
form, it may possibly be in connection with Pallas that it
is placed on the stater.
172. Lyre. Beneath, tunny right.
Paris (De L.) (a), 246-1 grs. [PL VI. 37]. Paris, 245*8.
Imhoof (a), 246'2.
(a) same die.
Engr. Mionnet, Suppl. v., PI. III. 1.
Noted. Brandis, p. 409.
Twelfth. Paris, 19' 5 grs.
Noted. Brandis, p. 409.
A type connected with Apollo makes a fitting termina-
tion to the long and varied series of the electrum coins of
Cyzicus.
W. GREENWELL.
II.
THE INSCRIPTION BO^VMaT (TIZYPOI) ON COINS
OF GORTYNA.
AMONG Cretan coins few are more interesting than the
following didrachmon of Gortyna :
Obr. Europa wearing chiton and peplos, seated 1. in tree ;
her r. hand supports her head ; her 1. rests on
tree. Around the figure is the inscription
SO^VMST, which is partly in the field of the
coin, and partly confined to the tree. 1
Rev. Bull standing r. looking back.
This coin, on account of its inscription, has excited the
curiosity of many Numismatists. In 1820, Sestini 2 first
published an account of three specimens of the same coin,
that is, of two in the Munich public collection and one in
the Hedervar private collection ; but he gave the following
very fanciful description of them :
1, 2. Mulier moesta a. s. capiti Minotauri (!) insidens,
superne ONYM et in cornu dextero Minotauri
legitur TAYPOS (!!) id est MYNOTAY
POS (!)
1 Brit. Mus., Wroth, Catalogue of Cretan Coins, p. 89, No.
20, PI. X. 4.
2 Descrizione di moUe medaglie yreche esistenti in piu musee,
pp. 96, 9V, Tab. XIII., fig. 8 ; and, Descrizivne del museo
Hrdervariano, I., p. 154. 1830.
THE INSCRIPTION TISTPOI ON COINS OF GORTYNA. 127
Rev. Taurus ad d. gradiens et retrospiciens. Ex m. R.
Bav. Tab. XIII. , fig. 8. Duplex, quorum unus
recusus.
8. Caput tauri, vel Minotauri detracta pelle adversum, cor-
nibus dilatatis in medio insidet Europa moesta,
d. demissa, s. ad pectus composita, juxta pla-
tanus, superne NVM et in cornu dextero
OTAVPOC id est MVNOTAVPOC (!1)
Rev. rOPTYHIOM (retrograde). Taurus gradiens et
respiciens. Ex Mus. Hedervar.
Some time after (1833) M. Streber 3 published another
description of the two specimens in the Munich collection,
and showed the complete inaccuracy of Sestini's description
and interpretation ; but although the writer gave a good
description, he could not, on account of the bad preser-
vation of the specimens, read more than two letters, VM,
in the inscription, and he concluded from the legend
MV of another Cretan coin of the same period that the
coin in question belonged to the Cretan town Myrina.
A few years ago (1879) the learned Director of the
Berlin collection, Dr. von Sallet, 4 published a description
of a similar and very well preserved specimen in the
British Museum. He read the inscription, T/ovpoi, and
sought, with his well-known caution, to explain its signi-
ficance in an article, "Die Umschrift der Europa auf
Silbermiinzen von Gfortyna." He says, " Das Gebirge der
Nordspitze von Kreta, allerdings ziemlich weit von Gor-
tyna entfernt, heissfc Ttrvpos. Nun ist zwar soviel ich weiss
liberal! iiberliefert, dass Zeus im Stiden der Insel gelandet
und sich in der Nahe von Gortyna niedergelassen. Aber-
3 Numlsmata nonnulla Graeca ex Museo req. Bavariae, pp. 163
166.
4 Zeitschriftfur Numism., vi., pp. 263 265.
128 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ware nicht doch erne Version der Sage moglich ? Ware es
ganz unmoglich, dass eine Version der Sage den Zeus am
Gebirge TiVvpos, plural TiVu/ooi, oder wie unsere Miinze in
leichter dialektischer Aenderung hat, TtVv/ooi, sich mit
Europa niederlassen lasst ? Dass Gebirge ofter auf
Miinzen vorkommen ist bekannt. Ein Beamtenname isl
es gewiss nicht."
At the same time and in the same Zcitschnft, Fried-
laeiider 5 also noticed this inscription, which he called
enigmatical, and included among the explanatory inscrip-
tions, e.tj., TAAHN, MINUS, FEAXANOZ, PITOAI
OIKOZ, &c., which are very numerous upon Cretan coins.
Finally, in 1883, Mr. Wroth, in his excellent paper upon
Cretan coins referred to Sallet's explanation thus: 6 "As he
admits that Mount TtVupos was some distance from Gortyna,
and that there is no direct mention of its being connected
with Europa, his explanation cannot be regarded as alto-
gether satisfactory. An ingenious suggestion has been
made by Mr. E. Stuart Poole that the letters of this in-
scription are intended to represent some actual ' graffiti '
left by worshippers who visited the sacred Gortynian
plane-tree. 7 It is well known that the Greek, no less
than the Shakespearian, lovers delighted to carve on every
tree the names of their Rosalinds ; but against Mr. Poole's
suggestion it may fairly be urged that the Greeks would
hardly have ventured to cut words or names upon a sacred
tree, and it might also be objected that the inscription in
question is not entirely confined to the tree (as a graffito
would be), but partly appears in the field of the coin. The
6 Zeitschriftfiir Niimism., vi. p. 233.
6 In Numism. Chron., 1884, vol. iv. p. 35.
7 See also upon Mr. Poole's suggestion, Head, Hist. Num.,
1887, p. 395.
THE INSCRIPTION TI2TPOI ON COINS OF GORTYNA. 129
only Greek word of which Dr. von Sallet's reading
is suggestive is Ti'/oos, the Doric form of "^arvpos, though,
according to Strabo (X. 466, 468, 470) the Tirvpoi are to
be distinguished among the followers of Dionysos from the
^aTvpoL and SeiA^i/oiV
These are the several opinions concerning this interest-
ing inscription. "We believe, however, that yet another
and more probable interpretation is possible, thanks to the
discovery of two new specimens of the coin. In 1884, the
Berlin collection acquired possession of the hitherto un-
edited coin :
Obv. Europa wearing chiton and peplos seated 1. in tree ;
her r. hand supports her head ; her 1. rests on
tree.
Rev. 8OS[V]M[3T]. Bull recumbent 1. looking back.
A second identical specimen (with ins. 3O1V[M3T]) is
described by Mr. Wroth in his Catalogue of Cretan
Coins in the British Museum. 8 These two very impor-
tant coins, as the inscription is upon the reverse and
as it occupies exactly the same place as the legend,
NOSNVT^OA (roprwtwv) upon some other specimens
of the same types and period, 9 serve to show, in the first
place, that we must seek an explanation not in connection
with Europa or the old tree, and in the second place, that
it may be another name of the inhabitants of Gortyna. There
are many examples of coins of the same town having more
than one ethnical name inscribed upon them. 10 We know
also from Stephanas Byzantinus (rdprw), that Gortyna was
called variously 'EAAom's, Aa/no-o-a, and KprJ/xi/ia, and Hesy-
8 P. 39, No. 19, PI. X. 3.
9 Gortyna, Nos. 7, 8, 21, and 25.
10 Head, Hist. Num., pp. 424, 495, &c. Friedlaender, Zeit.
fur Num., ii. 280.
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. S
130 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
chius tells US that Kaprc/mScs OVTCD 01 Toprvvioi Ka\ovvro
and Kopva-Tvot, ovrw oi TOPTVVLOL tKoAowTo. It is, therefore,
I believe, very possible that the Gortynians were called
also Tla-vpoL.
It may be objected, perhaps, that Sestini says that the
Hedervar specimen has upon the obverse M VNOTAVPOS
(that is Ticri'pot, and upon the reverse NOINYTSOA
Po/oTwtW) . But what numismatist can agree with Sestini ?
I have examined eight specimens of same type of coin,
and not a single one has a trace of any other inscription
than 8CHVMIT (see also von Sallet I.e.). To us it is
apparent that Sestini has very often, in the case of Cretan
coins, read inscriptions fancifully. I am of opinion
that in the case under consideration he has copied the
inscription from a different specimen, described before by
Pellerin, with the same inscription, NOINVT^OA. To
this coin Sestini refers in support of his reading. But if, in
spite of all these objections, the Hedervar specimen had
really Ttervpot upon the obverse and ToprwiW upon the
reverse, that cannot, I believe, affect the soundness of my
explanation that, in accordance with the inscriptions of
other Cretan coins, KPHTEZ IEPAPVTNIOI, KPHTEZ
AEIOI, KPHTEZ KVAHNEATUN, etc., we may rea-
sonably read TOPTVNIOI TIZVPOI, TIZVPOI
rOPTVISII-QN. We know, moreover, that there are
found other specimens in Crete on which the eSi/t/coV is
upon both sides of the coin. 11
I may add that if the inscription is in the nominative,
TiVupot, and not in the gen. plural, Ticrv'pwv, or Tp/<m/,
this is no objection to my explanation, because we know
11 M. in Berlin with Obv. APTA, Rev. PAIflN !
THE INSCRIPTION TI2YPOI ON COINS OF GORTYNA. 131
of similar eccentricities, both out of Crete, e.g., ZYPA-
KOZIOI TEAHNOZ, and in Crete itself K/^rcs Ilpa,
*Atoi, &c., of the Roman period, and AVTTSO9
(Avmoi) upon two unpublished drachms in the Berlin col-
lection of the same period as the Gortynian coins in ques-
tion.
J. N. SVORONOS.
III.
COINAGE OF ^THELBALD OF WESSEX.
JETHELBALD, the eldest son of Ethelwlf, succeeded his
father upon the united throne of Wessex and its depen-
dencies, late in the year 857 or early in that of 858.
With respect to this date there is considerable difference
amongst historians. The numismatic authors differ also.
Folding gives the date of his accession as 857. Hawkins
states that he reigned from 855 to 860. Professor Free-
man, who is generally very accurate in his dates, in his
History of the Norman Conquest leads us to infer that
^Ethelbald succeeded to his father's throne in 858. The
Saxon chronicle clearly states that he reigned five years
expiring in 860, in which year Asser also states that he
died. Florence of "Worcester also gives this date as
being the year in which ".^Ethelbald died, having licen-
tiously governed the kingdom of Wessex for two years
and a half." William of Malmesbury affirms the period of
his reign to have been from 857 to 862, and Roger of
COINAGE OF .^STHELBALD OF WESSEX. 133
Wendover, from 857 to 861. Roger of Hoveden, in his
list of the kings of Wessex, mentions JEthelbald as having
reigned five years ; but in his text, after referring to the
death of Ethelwlf A.D. 856, states that the latter being
dead and buried at Winchester, his son -ZEthelbald, during
two years and half, after the reign of his father, governed
the West Saxons and died in 860. The dates of his
accession and death are given in Ethelwerd's Chronicles
as 857 and 861 respectively. That Ethelwlf could not
have died before 856 at all events, is proved by a grant
dated A.D. 856, and set forth by Mr. Walter de Gray
Birch in his very useful Cartularium Saxonicum, by which
Ethelwlf conveys to the thegn Aldred land at Aescesbyrig,
or Ashbury, in Berkshire, clearly within Wessex territory.
In this grant Ethelwlf designates himself as " Altithroni
favente dementia rex Occidentalium Saxonum." To
understand the effect of these varying dates, and to be
able to draw anything like an accurate conclusion from
them, some consideration is required of the very few
historical facts in connection with .ZEthelbald that have
been handed down to us. It appears indisputable that
Ethewlf had, at some time previously to his death,
nominated his son to the kingdom of some appanage or
dependent state, yielding subjection to the then great
kingdom of Wessex. Alfred, a younger son, who after
the successive deaths of .2Ethelbald, JEthelbearht, and
j3Gthelred, succeeded to the throne and is known to us
as Alfred the Great, was the favoured son of his father,
who had sent him to Rome between the years 853 and
855 for the purpose, it is stated, of securing the succes-
sion to him. The Pope, Leo IV., went through the form
of anointing him with holy oil and of consecrating him
as king. Thither Ethelwlf, also, shortly afterwards pro-
134 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ceeded, and while abroad espoused Judith, the daughter
of Charles the Bald, King of the Franks. During Ethel-
wlf's absence from the shores of this country, a revolt was
organized against him in connection with the general
discontent prevailing. This was headed by ^Ethelbald,
and on the king's return civil war appeared inevitable.
The disturbance was, no doubt, to a great extent caused
by the jealousy experienced by .ZEthelbald at the conse-
cration of his younger brother Alfred, and which he
naturally regarded as being the first step towards the
latter being nominated successor to the throne of Wessex.
Fortunately for all parties, an amicable arrangement was
effected, and according to Sir Francis Pal grave, a valu-
able authority on all that appertains to Anglo-Saxon
history, Ethelwlf took to himself the government of the
eastern states belonging to Wessex, namely, the ancient
kingdom of Kent, together with Sussex, Surrey, and
perhaps Essex, whilst the kingdom of Wessex proper,
which of right belonged to the head of the family, became
the portion of -ZEthelbald, though with a nominal subjec-
tion to his father. Evidence is not wanting upon the
coins of Ethelwlf of the concurrence, or perhaps sequence
of events referred to, as although on some the some-
what ungrammatical inscription OCCIDENTALISM
SAXONIORVM occurs, others bear the type and
character of the East Anglian A, and others again the
word CANT for Kent and DORIBI for Canterbury in
monogram. With regard, however, to the conflicts of
dates mentioned in the beginning of this paper, it seems
clear that as the general consensus of opinion on the part
of the old chroniclers is to the effect that JEthelbald
reigned five years, and that he reigned two years and a
half after his father, one half of his reign must have
COINAGE OF JETHELBALD OF WESSEX. 135
occurred during the lifetime of his father under the
amicable arrangement before referred to.
On the balance of authority he must have died in 860,
and I am therefore of opinion that he did not succeed his
father, in the possession of the whole kingdom, until 857.
It is, however, of course, possible that this might not have
occurred until the early part of 858. That after the
partition between the father and son, the former still
styled himself " King of the West Saxons," is no matter
for surprise, as titles were not so distinctive and exact as
they are now, and it is even possible that some further
changes took place which have not been duly recorded.
In addition to this it was by no means uncommon for a
king and his successor to have joint authority, and the
Saxon Chronicle, at a later date puts upon record that
on Ethel wlfs death, .ZEthelbald took upon himself the
government of the West Saxons, and his brother .ZEthel-
bearht that of Kent, Essex, and other provinces. After his
father's decease ZEthelbald contracted an incestuous
marriage with his step-mother Judith, and it is to this
that the chroniclers refer when they talk of his licentious
reign. Beyond this and the scandal caused by it, there
is little recorded subsequently concerning him or his
doings, except that having after some time put away
Judith, he repented of his sin and ruled his kingdom for
the remainder of his life in peace and righteousness.
Having regard to the preceding outline of the history of
JEthelbald, it is possible that he might have coined money,
either during his father's lifetime or afterwards. * The
reigns of his brothers ZEthelbearht and ZEthelred who
successively came after him, extended jointly over a
period of eleven years only (excluding the term of
ZEthelbearht's reign in ZEthelbald's lifetime), and yet
136 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the pennies of both are fairly numerous and are of
several types. There appears, therefore, to have been no
sufficient reason why ^Ethelbald alone of the three
brothers (always excluding from consideration JElfred,
whose reign was so much longer, and whose coins both in
number and type were more than porportionately abun-
dant), should have neglected to have left a record of his
name and effigy upon the coinage of the time. There
were not the disturbances and troubles in his reign
caused by the Danish incursions to the extent, or any-
thing like the extent, which they attained after his death,
and particularly in the reign of ^Ethelred I., when, accord-
ing to Professor Freeman, the second period of the inva-
sions may be said to have fairly begun. In the first
period of these invasions there was constant plundering
on the part of these northern freebooters, and plunder,
merely, seemed to be their object. In the second period
their object was clearly no longer mere plunder, but
settlement. Their operations would be less likely to have
diverted ^Ethelbald from the privilege, then so .highly
appreciated, of coining money, than was the case with
his immediate successors. Nor, of course, on the other
hand, had the necessities of the realm arrived at the pitch
attained in the reign of JEthelred II., appropriately
called the Unready (not in its modern sense, but because
he was so wanting in " raed," i.e. counsel) when possibly
money was often coined for the express purpose of its
being paid away in bribes to the Danish invaders. In
his work on the Silver Coins of England (2nd. edit. p.
116), Mr. Hawkins refers to a penny of ^Ethelbald,
which is engraved as No. 168 in the plates attached to
that work. This coin, however, is given upon the authority
of a plate drawn under the auspices of the notorious Mr.
COINAGE OF ^THELBALD OF WESSEX. 137
John White ; but it is further stated by Ruding (3rd ed.,
vol. i. p. 124), that Dr. Taylor Combe saw the coin in the
collection of Mr. Austin and was satisfied of its authen-
ticity. It subsequently disappeared and has never made
its reappearance. It is difficult to form an opinion based
upon a mere illustration of a coin, but the judgment of
Dr. Combe was generally sound, and Ruding expressly
states that he was convinced that that learned antiquary
could not have been mistaken as to the existence of the
coin, and that it was not probable that the correctness of
his eye could have been deceived by a forgery. Having
regard to the fact that the piece in question appears to be
of the same type as an undoubtedly genuine penny of
this monarch, specimens of which are in the cabinets of
both Mr. William Brice and of myself, there is further
reason to believe that Mr. Austin's coin may also have
been genuine. I have headed this paper with a wood
engraving of my coin, which was formerly in the collec-
tion of Mr. Joseph Gibbs, and which is apparently from
the same dies as Mr. B rice's specimen. The weight of my
piece is almost 18 grains, but Mr. B rice's piece, purchased
by him some ten years ago from the late Mr. Webster,
who thoroughly believed in its genuineness, weighs as
much as 19^ grains. The moneyer's name on both
coins is TORHTYLF. The type of all the three pennies
referred to is that of ^Ethelbearht (Hks. 169, Rud.
XV. 1, 2), and which occurs less commonly in the reign
of his father Ethelwlf (Hks. No. 1 type, Rud. XIV. 2).
In the case of the coins of this type of the three successive
monarchs, Ethelwlf, .ZEthelbald, and JEthelbearht, as
illustrated by the specimens belonging to Mr. Brice and
myself, the king's profile head on the obverse scarcely
varies, except that -ZEthelbald's head is encircled with a
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. T
138 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
diadem of pearls. The head on the piece, Hks. 168,
before referred to, is very different indeed ; it wants the
diadem, and the work generally appears far above the
quality of work of the period. If it be accurately en-
graved these points would to my mind form the only
element of suspicion that could be adduced in opposition
to its authenticity. Fortunately, however, the fact of the
existence of pennies of ^Ethelbald now depends in no way
upon this piece, although it may be mentioned in its
favour that the name of the moneyer BEANMVND
appearing on it, also occurs on pennies of the same type
of his successor .^Ethelbearht. The name of the moneyer
TORHTVLF, who is responsible for the pieces in the
collections of Mr. W. Brice and of myself, occurs on
pennies of the same type in the reigns of both Ethelwlf
and ^Ethelbearht. It appears probable, therefore, that
the same moneyer performed his functions during the
three successive reigns, and hence also may arise the
cause for the before-mentioned similarity of the portraits
of the three monarchs upon the pieces of this type.
H. MONTAGU.
IY.
QUEEN ANNE'S SO-CALLED "BELLO ET PACE"
FARTHING.
IN my work on the Copper, Tin, and Bronze Coinage of
England?- I have, under the reign of Queen Anne,
described (No. 16, p. 51) a very rare piece of that period,
as follows :
" Obv. ANNA . DEI . GRATIA. The queen's bust within
a double inner circle. Under the head, a scroll.
The letters of the legend on both sides are sunk,
instead of being raised.
"Bev. BELLO ET PACE. Britannia, helmeted, and
standing, holds an olive-branch in her right hand
and a spear in her left, in a double inner circle.
In exergue, 1713. A broad grained rim. R. 7."
I further stated that the piece was incorrectly engraved
in Ruding, Suppl. Part II. Plate IY. JNo. 1, and that
examples occurred in the Hunter Collection and in the
British Museum ; the latter in poor condition. I also
1 Rollin and Feuardent. London, 1885.
140 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
referred to one comprised in the Bergne Sale (Lot 1076),
and which was described as being in pewter or mixed
metal.
The piece described, whether it be coin or medalet, is
of most inferior design and execution ; and in consequence
of some excitement in the numismatic world, caused by
the fact that the specimen formerly belonging to Mr.
Bergne was sold at the sale of some portion of the coins
of Mr. E. Shorthouse, at Birmingham, on the 2nd Decem-
ber, 1886, for the large sum of 19 17s. 6d., I have been
induced seriously to consider whether it is really a farthing
or only a jetton or medalet of the period. In the result,
I have come to the conclusion that it is nothing more nor
less than a badly-designed and as badly-struck medalet
privately issued in celebration of the peace of Utrecht.
I have carefully examined the specimen in the National
Collection, an engraving of which is given above, as well
as another specimen which came into the possession of
Mr. C. E. Mackerell under the circumstances hereafter
mentioned. Both these are struck in a better kind of
copper than the Bergne and Shorthouse piece, which by
the courtesy of its purchaser and present proprietor, Mr.
Murdoch, I have also carefully scrutinised. All the
specimens appear to be more in the nature of cast than of
struck pieces, and would at first sight seem to have been
cast from a chased model. On the whole, however, I am
of opinion that they were struck from dies carelessly
engraved, and probably also in a somewhat worn con-
dition.
It is with great diffidence and with some hesitation,
having regard to the kindness displayed on all sides, that
I have decided upon putting forward my views concern-
ing the attribution of these pieces, but magna est veritas
QUEEN ANNE'S " BBLLO ET PACE" FARTHING. 141
et praevalebit, and their owners have proved themselves
true numismatists by not in any way discountenancing
a free discussion on a subject in which they are so greatly
interested.
Mr. Murdoch's piece is, notwithstanding the description
in Bergne's Sale Catalogue, not of pewter or mixed
metal, but certainly of copper, though apparently of a
somewhat inferior quality. It formed Lot 829 in the
Shorthouse sale, and among the remarks appended to its
description was a statement to the effect that only three
specimens were known. This is not accurate, as in addi-
tion to those mentioned in my book, the late Mr. Webster
had two, one of which he sold to Mr. Mackerell, in whose
possession, as before stated, it now is, and the other went
elsewhere. It is possible that others may exist, as Mr.
Webster obtained his two specimens quite casually, and
the piece is one that would scarcely inspire the uninitiated
with any presentiment of its rarity, having regard to its
worthless execution and " cast " appearance.
Notwithstanding the inaccuracy in other respects of the
engraving in Ruding, that author correctly inserted the
date, 1713. It is, however, somewhat natural that the
final 3, which is most wretchedly formed, should have
been mistaken by others for 5, as a magnifying glass is
almost necessary to prove its identity. The error referred
to was made by no less an authority than the late Mr.
William Till in his Description of the Farthings and
Pattern Halfpennies of Queen Anne? issued as an appen-
dix to his Essay on the Roman Denarius, he having pre-
viously described the piece with the same erroneous date
in The Mirror of the 30th May, 1835, published by
Limbird at 134, Strand.
a Longman, Orme, Brown & Co. London, 1888.
142 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
It is due, however, to Mr. Till to state, that he con-
cludes his description as follows : " These last described
farthings, if farthings they really are, are of extreme
rarity ; indeed they differ so much from the others in
their execution as to induce me to doubt their emanating
from the Royal Mint. The work on them appears very
inferior to that of Croker. They might have been exe-
cuted by Samuel Butt or Gabriel Clerk, two other mint
engravers at this period."
1 know nothing of the work of Gabriel Clerk, but the
surviving handiwork of Samuel Bull, who, I presume, is
the artist referred to as Samuel Butt, is very superior in
every respect to the work displayed by the engraver of
the jetton in question.
The Rev. Henry Christmas, in his work on the Copper
and Billon Coinage of the British Empire of which but
very few copies are extant, owing to the circumstances
explained in my own treatise upon the same subject, not
only repeats the error as to the date, but also adds to his
description of the piece, " This last is said to exist in
white metal, and is remarkable for the date 1715, being
the year after the Queen's death." He also observes that
it is probably not the work of Croker. As to this there
can of course be no doubt, and the importance of the
author's observation as to the remarkable nature of the
date fails with the correction of the error into which he
and Mr. Till appear to have so strangely fallen.
Mr. S. Martin- Leake, in his Historical Account of
English Money (2nd edition, 1745), refers to farthings
of Queen Anne, but does not mention any coin of that
denomination at all similar to the piece in discussion.
This is valuable evidence, though of a negative character
only, inasmuch as he must have studied the subject
FARTHING. 143
at a period not very distant from the date of the
piece.
Thomas Snelling, also, who wrote in 1763, was no mean
authority, and in matters of detail offers us the most
perfect and accurate information on the subject of English
coins and patterns that we possessed prior to Ruding's
magnum opus. He depicts in a somewhat poorly executed
plate, and describes in his text, four different kinds of
farthings, or patterns for farthings, of Queen Anne, but he
also does not in any way refer to this piece. It is scarcely
credible, having regard to his extensive knowledge of
English coins, and his no less extensive dealings in them,
that he should have failed to record its existence, had he
thought that it could possibly have been a farthing or
pattern for a farthing.
The only other writer whom we may consult with
advantage is the celebrated Dean Swift, who in 1712
delivered to the Lord Treasurer his plan for improving
the British Coinage. He proposed
(i.) That the English farthings and halfpence be re-
coined upon the union of the two nations.
(ii.) That they bear devices and inscriptions alluding
to all the most remarkable parts of her Majesty's reign.
(iii.) That there be a society for finding out of proper
subjects, inscriptions, and devices ; and
(iv.) That no subject, inscription, or device be stamped
without the approbation of the Privy Council (Guardian,
No. 96).
1712
In a letter to Mrs. Dingley dated January 4, f ^ TTJ , he
l/lo
says, " The Lord Treasurer has at last fallen in with my
project (as he calls it) of coining halfpence and farthings
with devices, like medals, in honour of the Queen, every
144 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
year changing the device. I wish it may be done."
(Letters by Dean Swift, &c., vol. i. p. 297; see also
Ruding's Annals, 3rd ed. vol. ii. p. 65, where, how-
ever, the BELLO ET PACE piece is referred to as a
farthing.)
There were reasons why Dean Swift's proposals were
favourably received by Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford,
who was then the Lord Treasurer. The Dean had never
been shaken in his fidelity to him, both in prosperity and
adversity, and was especially entitled to some gratitude
for his strong advocacy of the Earl's cause during the
political crisis of 1711. In that year he had penned in
support of his patron, the famous prayer, " Pray God
preserve his health ; everything depends upon it," &c.,
which, however, did not protect the Lord Treasurer from
a dangerous and almost fatal wound, which was within a
few days afterwards inflicted upon him by the ex -abbe de
la Bourlie, better known as the Marquis de Guiscard,
while the latter was being examined before the Privy
Council on a charge of treachery to the nation which had
given him shelter.
I do not think that there is any other unofficial autho-
rity which throws any light on the subject, but I thought
it well, before arriving at any definite conclusion, to
examine thoroughly the Mint Records of the period, to
which, by the courtesy of the Hon. C. W. Fremantle, the
Deputy Master, I have had unrestricted access. On this
head, I may remark that no regular Records were at that
time kept, and very disjointed entries only occur in the
Mint books. These entries appear to have been made in
a very perfunctory manner, apparently only as and when
it occurred to some subordinate officer to make them ; and
even then in many cases the documents entered appear to
FARTHING. 145
be in the nature of mere precis, and not to be exact copies
of the originals. In contrast to this state of things,
future generations of zealous numismatists will, I hope,
combine with those of the present day, in their apprecia-
tion of the carefully prepared and exhaustive Mint
Reports that are now annually presented to us.
In the Mint Records of Queen Anne there is absolutely
nothing recorded concerning the farthings actually coined
in her time, but a great deal concerning those which were
not. There is no mention whatever of John Croker, the
talented engraver, in connection with his execution of the
dies for the halfpennies and farthings of the Queen.
Croker's name was originally Johann Crocker ; he was
born at Dresden on the 21st of October, 1670, and came
to England in 1691. In 1697 he was appointed Assistant
Engraver to the Mint, and in 1705, Chief Engraver.
There is no doubt but that his mind had been greatly
influenced by the before-mentioned suggestions on the
part of Dean Swift, and he clearly agreed with the views
of those who thought that the time had come when the
principle adopted in the old Roman mint should be revived,
and that every coin should exhibit some fact in the history
of the time. The complaint of the Dean and of those who
favoured his views was directed then, as ours is now even
in these enlightened times, against mere heraldic reverses
and the general poorness of the monetary devices in use.
It was to these influences that we owe the pattern half-
pennies and farthings of Queen Anne. Most, however, if
not all of the specimens of these now existing in our
cabinets, were not struck off till 1740 or thereabouts, by
Mr. Bush, of the Ordnance Office in the Tower, into whose
hands the dies had passed and who retained them until
the Hon. Richard Arundell, who held the office of Master
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. U
146 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of the Mint from 1733 to 1740, ordered them to be
destroyed.
There is no mention in any of the Mint Becords either of
the engraving or of the destruction of these dies. There
is, however, a valuable entry, under date of the 5th De-
cember, 1712, in the shape of a letter addressed to the
Mint authorities from the Treasury Chambers, which
runs as follows :
" TREASURY CHAMBERS, 5th December, 1712.
" GENT*, My Lord Treasurer is pleased to direct
you to make forth and transmitt to his Lship an Extract
of the sev 1 proposals that have been preferred to you since
her Ma ys Accession to the Crowne for making halfpence
and farthings and of the reports that have been made by
you thereupon.
"I am, Gent 11 ,
" Your most humble Serv*,
"F. HARLEY."
Robert Plarley, Earl of Oxford, was, as before stated,
the Lord Treasurer at that time, and in reply to the letter
above set forth an elaborate minute was prepared and put
into the form of a report, a copy of which I have found
more convenient to append to this paper.
Upon a careful perusal of this report, and from what
has been already stated with regard to the improvements
proposed, and to some extent executed, in respect of the
coinage generally, it will be seen that great importance
was attached on all sides to an amelioration of the then
existing state of things. The feeling of the country and
of those entrusted with the administration of the currency
(or as Professor Leone Levi would have us call it, the
circulation) question, was clearly in favour of an improved
QUEEN ANNE'S " BELLO ET PACE " FARTHING. 147
system, accompanied by more artistic designs, and what is
not unimportant to the present discussion, an improved
quality of the metal employed. These were not only the
views of the Lord Treasurer, but also of many of his con-
temporaries, including more especially the celebrated Sir
Isaac Newton, who was then Master of the Mint.
With reference to the subject of the quality of the
metal, there is a minute in the books of a communication
1713
made to the Treasury on the 22nd January, , , a copy
of some portion of which is worth recording.
" To the most Hon ble Robert, Earle of Oxforde, fyc.
" In obedience to y r Ldshps verbal order of reference
concerning the best manner of Importing copper into the
Mint to be coined into Copper Money of a certain Standard,
and whether such Importation may be made free, we
humbly represent to your Lordships that if copper be
mixed with any other base mettal or semi-mettal it will
not endure the hammer when red-hott, butt will fly in
pieces. So soon as it is refined by the copper workers to
that degree as to be pretty well purged from all other
base mettals it begins to endure the Hammer when red-
hott without flying in pieces, but nott without cracking.
And for making Vessells and other Utensills of Copper
there is no need to refine it higher, &c., &c.
" The weight of all the copper received and the weight
and tale of all the copper money coined may be entered
into Books and in the accounts of the Master and Worker,
and the surplus above all charges may be paid into the
Exchequer."
The above is valuable as evidencing the opinion of so
philosophic a worker as Sir Isaac Newton, and is not of
148 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
less use in conjunction with the terms of the report ap-
pended hereto as proving the improbability of the issue,
at all events by authority, of a piece of so worthless a
design, and more especially of such base metal as that on
the subject of which this paper is written.
The coinage of the Queen had, in every respect and in
every metal, been brought to such a pitch as well to merit
the eulogy indulged in by Ruding (3rd ed., vol. ii. p. 61),
who after a reference to the debasement during the reigns
of James II. and William III., refers to the subject in the
following terms : " Thus the art of coinage languished
until this glorious reign restored to a high degree of
vigour those powers which neglect had so greatly de-
bilitated."
In any event, also, if the piece really represented a
current farthing, a great number of them should have
naturally survived to our times ; firstly, because the date
is not a very distant one, and secondly, because the mere
stamping upon a current coin of an historical design would
have certainly insured its preservation as an object of
curiosity.
It may be urged that, admitting it was not a current
or authorised pattern, it may have represented a private
pattern submitted on behalf of some one among those who
were anxious to secure a Government patent for the coin-
ing of farthings, and of whom there were several, as appears
by the before-mentioned report. In reply to any such
argument I can only say that any such aspirants, also,
would have been only too anxious to issue a pattern which
would be superior and not inferior in execution to the
inartistic copper pieces of the preceding reigns, and they
would have endeavoured in point of design and execution,
if not to equal, at all events not to fall so far below the
QUEEN ANNE'S " BELI.O ET PACE " FARTHING. 149
patterns then or so shortly afterwards struck by Croker.
To have submitted such a wretched production as that
which is figured above, could only have had the effect of
inviting its instant rejection.
The only remaining point to be considered under this
head is that of the weight. The ordinary current farthing
of Queen Anne, dated 1714, weighs when in the finest
condition about 81 grains, but this is as a "dump." The
thinner and more spread pieces, probably struck as patterns,
of the same type, weigh 71 grains or thereabouts, and in
the case of one of my specimens, only 67 grains. Mr.
Mackerell's specimen of the BELLO ET PACE piece
weighs 66 grains, and that belonging to the National
Collection, 7 or 8 grains more, though the latter appears
to be in an inferior state of preservation. With respect,
therefore, to the question of weight, nothing definite can
be predicated, except that so far as it goes, it is rather in
favour of than against the authenticity of the piece as a
farthing. I attach, however, little importance to this, as
any coincidence in point of weight is necessarily due to the
similar coincidence in point of size, but for which the
question involved would never have necessitated a dis-
cussion.
On the negative evidence, therefore, so far as the circu-
lation question is concerned, I venture to assume that
almost everything is against, and that there is absolutely
little in favour of our perpetuating the idea that the piece
is either a farthing or a pattern for a farthing.
I will now deal affirmatively with the more prpbable
theory that it is a medalet or jetton only.
As to this, there could never have been any doubt, but
for the fact that the piece is of about the size and weight
of a farthing, and that the obverse bears the simple in-
150 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
scription of ANNA DEI GRATIA, which occurs in that
form on all the farthings or patterns for farthings of
Queen Anne, except in one instance where the equally
simple form ANNA REGINA takes its place. The
reverse is clearly of a medallic character, as I shall here-
after show. Sunk letters were unknown on the current
coins of the realm, and were not adopted until the reign
of George III., and then only very temporarily on the
copper coinage of 1797.
My theory is tliat the rarity of the piece was caused
entirely by its common and worthless character, which
had the effect of its not being thought worthy of preser-
vation and of being handed down to posterity, as was the
case with more artistic medals.
In the course of study of our medallic series, assisted by
that valuable addition to our book-shelves, The Medallic
Illustrations of Britisli History* w r e frequently find that
certain medals of artistic value, and particularly coronation
medals of our sovereigns, are not uncommon, but that the
badly-executed inedalets or jettons, evidently cheap copies
of these and contemporaneously issued for sale in the
streets, are more or less rare. This is entirely due to
their not having been considered worth preserving at the
time. In many cases they are of very much greater
rarity than their prototypes, and as a general rule they
are absolutely not procurable in a high state of preser-
vation.
There is an instance of this clearly in point of the reign
of Queen Anne which tends to prove my case. The coro-
nation medal of that august sovereign, with the reverse
3 Printed by order of the Trustees of the British Museum.
London: 1885.
QUEEN ANNE'S "HELLO ET PACE" FARTHING. 151
legend YICEM GERIT ILL A TONANTIS, is a very well-
known piece, and on the original issue the Queen's name
appears with all her titles, ANNA : D : G : MAG : BR :
FR : ET HIB : REGINA. At the same time, however,
very common and worthless imitations were issued under
the circumstances above alluded to, and all these bore the
inscription of ANNA DEI GRATIA or ANNA D GRA
only (Med. Ill, vol. ii., pp. 229230, Nos. 6, 7, 8, and 9),
and they are all much rarer than the authorised coronation
medals. Again, those counters equally poor in execution,
which seem to convey a somewhat coarse satire upon the
negociations for peace in 1714, and upon which the Queen
was depicted in the act of inviting the approach of Louis
XIY. (Med. Ill, vol. ii., pp. 415416, Nos. 285288),
bear the Queen's title shortly in a similar manner, and
they are all very rare. It may be fairly assumed that the
saving of words on the die was of some importance in con-
nection with the question of expense, as, doubtless, this
class of medalet was necessarily issued at the very lowest
possible price, so that he who ran might buy.
Similar cheap counters of the reign of George I. also
bore the King's title in a short form (Med. III. vol. ii.
p. 428, No. 17 ; p. 429, Nos. 21 and 22 ; p. 483, No. 14).
With regard to the reverse of the piece in discussion, I
may in the first place observe that, in my opinion, the
visage of the Queen was intended to be depicted both on
the figure of Pallas on the coronation medals and also
upon the figure of Britannia on the pieces hereinafter
referred to as commemorating the peace of UtrechU In
the same manner and for the same reasons, I think that
the figure on the reverse of this piece may probably also
have been intended to bear the Queen's likeness.
There is no resemblance, in the case of any of these, to
152 NUMISMATIC CHROMCLE.
the typical form borrowed in the time of Charles II. from
the features of the beautiful Frances Stewart, afterwards
Duchess of Richmond. As to the latter, I may take this
opportunity of stating that I unreservedly accept the
correction of my critics, to the effect that the features of
Britannia on the reverse of Charles II. 's copper coins
were so derived, and retract -the statement to the con-
trary, contained in my work on the copper coinage.
But with regard to the coins of Queen Anne, the fine
lineaments of the countenance disappear, and it seems
clear to my mind that Britannia on her pieces is always
represented with a close copy of her more stolid face.
Nothing is more probable than that a delicate compliment
to the Queen was thereby intended, as was not unusual in
those times. There appears to be circumstantial proof as
to this in the fact that on the farthings of the Queen,
bearing the date 1714, which were in actual circulation in
her time, the figure of Britannia, bearing, as I contend,
her likeness, has the right leg covered and the bosom
also is fairly clothed. In the case, however, of Croker's
various patterns for halfpennies and farthings, and which
were not adopted in her reign, the right leg is bare and
the bosom is very uncovered. The Queen's well-known
delicacy evidently induced her not to approve these pat-
terns, and they were set aside in accordance with her
wishes. This suggestion is not free from corroboration, as
it is an ascertained fact that the same objection arose in
connection with the rare pattern guinea of 1702, also by
Croker, with the monogram M in the' centre of the
reverse, which the Queen rejected in like manner,
owing to her bust being so uncovered as to shock her
modesty.
In addition to this, her bust on her current gold
QUEEN ANNE'S " BELLO ET PACE " FARTHING. 153
coinage, unlike that of her immediate predecessors or
successors, is not bare, but is modestly draped to satisfy
her sensitive ideas.
On this subject, it may be lastly observed that the
figure of Britannia bears the Queen's lineaments upon its
face throughout the copper coinage of George I., also the
work of Croker, but that at the beginning of the reign of
George II., finer features and a younger face were intro-
duced, and have continued with more or less variation to
the present day.
I have in making these observations departed, I am
afraid, somewhat from the immediate scope of this article,
but returning now to the question of the design of the
reverse of the piece in discussion, it will be seen that, in
point of general device, it resembles to some extent that
of the reverse of the very well-known medal struck in
1713, in celebration of the peace of Utrecht. This medal
is described in the Medallic Illustrations (vol. ii. p. 400,
No. 257) as follows : " Britannia stands, 1., with spear
and shield, and holds out an olive branch ; on one side
are ships, on the other, men ploughing and sowing. Leg.
COMPOSITIS . VENERANTUR . ARMIS. Ex.
MDCCXIII." This was struck by authority and distri-
buted at the public expense to members of both Houses
of Parliament and to other persons.
The next two medals described in the Illustrations,
specimens of which are in the National Collection, and
both of which are extremely rare, prove my case much
more thoroughly. The size of the first of these (vol. i.
p. 401, No. 258) and the design of its obverse, are iden-
tical with those of the preceding piece, but the reverse is
thus described : " Rev. Britannia, helmeted, standing
front face, holds an olive branch and a spear ; on one side
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. X
154 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
are ships, on the other, men ploughing and sowing. Leg.
BELLO ET PACE (In war and peace). Ex. ANNO
MDCCXIII. PAX RESTITQTA (Peace is restored in
the year 1713)." The second of these two medals has a
similar obverse and reverse, and only varies in its size,
being 1*9 as against 1*35.
Here we have, therefore, the very device and the very
inscription of our own piece ; and what is more natural
than that a third variety of still smaller size should have
been struck, particularly having regard to the tendency
of the times before referred to in connection with the
issue of cheap and inferior copies of interesting medals
for sale in the streets ?
As against this it may, of course, be urged that the
pattern farthing of Queen Anne, by Croker, bearing the
equally medallic device of Peace in a biga, with an olive
branch and sceptre, and which bears the legend PAX
MLSSA PER ORBEM and the date 1713, should upon
the same argument stand or fall with the more debateable
piece of which I am now treating. I see no doubt, how-
ever, as to the authenticity of that pattern. It has in its
favour size, shape, and workmanship, and it was indisput-
ably struck in several metals from Croker's dies, in the
reign of George II., under the circumstances before re-
ferred to, and this alone affords conclusive proof on the
subject. Notwithstanding this, it is yet included as a
jetton, in the collection of the late M. M. L. de Coster,
and it is so described in the Description du Cabinet de
Jettons Historiques d'or et d'argent y bearing his name. 4
It is, however, more accurately called a farthing by the
Count Maurin Nahuys in his article on that collection, in
4 Bruxelles, chez Fr. J. Olivier, 1883.
FARTHING. 155
the Revue Beige de Numismatique, and he expatiates
on its rarity in silver, on the ground that the natural
metal was copper, little knowing that as a matter of fact
the impressions in copper are rarer than those in silver.
The device of the piece which is in discussion was not
wholly confined to the English medallists, as there is a
very similar jetton of Louis XIV., also struck in comme-
moration of the peace of Utrecht. This bears the head of
the King to the right, and the inscription LVDOYICVS
MAGKNYS REX ; on the reverse stands Pallas with the
olive-branch, in her right hand a spear, to which are
attached two mural crowns ; in the exergue EXTRAOR-
DINAIRE DES GUERRES, 1714.
On the whole, therefore, it appears to me to be certain,
that our piece, heretofore considered to be our rarest
Queen Anne's farthing, must yield its place under that
head, and must be relegated to the more ordinary class of
medalets or jettons. Its rarity as a medalet or jetton can-
not be disputed, but it owes that rarity to the fact that
it was not considered to be a piece worthy of preservation.
I must apologise if, in endeavouring to prove my case,
I have been somewhat discursive and have introduced,
perhaps, more material than was absolutely necessary.
I, however, think that if a fallacy exists, it is better to
try. to kill it outright than simply to scotch it and leave
to it any vitality by which it might survive, again to
trouble some future generation of numismatists.
H. MONTAGU.
156 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
APPENDIX.
REPORT. Abel Slaney, Citizen and Woollen Draper of Lon-
don, as principal undertaker for the coining halfpence and
farthings in the reign of the late King and Queen, alledging that
he was a very great sufferer in the changing of Tin halfpence
and farthings for copper by tale, proposed, in the year 1703, to
coin 700 Tun of Copper halfpence and farthings in seven yrs. of
eq 1 value, weight, and fineness of the last halfpence and far-
things, to be melted, rolled, cut, and stamped att her Ma y ' s Mint
in the Tower, subject to a comptroller to be appointed by Her
Majesty and at the undertaker's expence.
In consideration of such grant, the said Slaney for himself
and partners proposed to give Her Majesty a fine of 5,000 and
a rent of 1,000 p. ann. by half-yearly payments, and to be
under such restrictions and regulations as Her Ma ty should think
reasonable. Thomas Renda, Esq vo , Edward Ambrose, and
Dan 1 Barton, who were before Partners with the said iSlaney in
coining the former halfpence and farthings, understanding that
the said Slaney designed to intitle a new sett of partners to the
merit of another patent upon the terrnes by him proposed, did
peticon that if Her Ma ty thought fitt to grant a new pattent for
making copper halfpence and farthings, strangers might nott reap
the benefitt of the expences they had been att in performing the
former pattent which they pretended was done to their loss,
butt that they might have such new pattent, paying for the
same what was proposed by the others.
Will. Shepherd, N. Shepard, and George Freeman, did in
1704
March -TTP peticon to have a patent to Impower them to
coine forty or fifty Tunns every year for eight or ten years,
obliging themselves to make them of English Copper of equal
weight (and) fineness with those now currant.
The fellow Money ers being poor and needy and haveing no
worke in the Mint did about the same time peticon to the same
effect, that out of the profitt of such coinage they might sustain
themselves until the Mint was sett to work about gold and silver
moneys.
Soon after the Union, S r Talbot Clerk and partners did repre-
sent that having, in the year 1686 obtained Letters patents for
14 years to putt in practice a new Invention of Furnaces for
QUEEN ANNE'S "HELLO ET PACE" FARTHING. 157
melting and refining Metals out of Oars, and that by their care
and expence great advantage had accrued to the Nation, but
that by reason of great diffioultys they mett with in the manage-
ment, and the time having expired, they had nott made the
hoped for advantage, they therefore did peticon that in some
recompence for their charges and expences they might send in
two Tunns of Copper Blanks per week into the Mint until they
had disposed of Seven hundred Tunns.
Mr. Chambers, hearing of this proposal of S r Talbot Clerk,
represented that lie and divers other pet sons had purchased, at
a very dear rate, of the said S r Talbot Clerk and others con-
cerned with him, their Interest in the said Pattent and were
afterwards incorporated by K. W. and Q. M. under the name of
the Governor and Comp y of Copper Mines in England. And
that having very much improved the Copper Works, and at the
charge of above 20,000 having obtained the knowledge of the
making copper fine, and having a greater stock in his hands than
could be disposed off, did propose to send 100 Tuns of Copper
into the Mint at the rate of 12 d - p. pound to be there coined into
halfpence and Farthings at such value as should be directed so
that the charge of coining the same and other incidents might
be born out, and that He might have 12 d -p. pound to be paid to
Him as fast as the Copper Money should be disposed off.
William Morgan, Gent., and others did, in the year 1708,
peticon for the grant for the coining 1,000 Tuns of English
Copper, one half into halfpence and the other half into farthings
and half-farthings, within the Terme of Seven years, to be of
weight and Fineness according to a standard to be agreed to,
which standard was to be at least 20 per cent, finer and better
Copper than the 700 Tuns formerly coined. And was to be
melted, assayed, rolled, cutt, and stamped at the Mint in the
Tower, subject to a comptroller to be appointed by her Majesty
and at the expence of the undertaker.
By this proposal all the copper halfpence and farthings
formerly coined were to be taken in and exchanged by the
proposer in Tale for those of the new stamp and so melted
down.
Mr. William Palmes, in the year 1710, did peticon that
towards a Recompence for Losses he had sustained, he might
have a pattent for the coining 700 tuns of Copper in fourteen
years, subject to such agreement, limitations and covenants as
were made in the pattent granted for the coining the former
700 Tuns.
The several reports that have been made upon those respective
peticons and proposals have all been to the same effect, humbly
158 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
setting forth that all the coinages of halfpence and farthings
since the year 1672 viz* in the reign of King Charles the 2 d ,
King James the 2 d and in the beginning of their late Majestys,
King William and Queen Mary, were performed by Comrn rs who
had money imprested from the Exchequer to buy Copper and
Tin, and coined at most at 20 d - per pound Avoir-depoise, and
accounted upon oath to the government for the charge and pro-
duce thereof by Tale.
That upon calling in the Tin farthings and halfpence by
reason of the complaints made against them, a pattent was
granted to S r Joseph Herne and others who contracted to
Change the same, and to enable them to bear that Charge they
were allowed to coine 700 Tunns at 21 d - p. pound weight with
a remedy of a halfpenny without being accountable to the
Government for the Tales, the reason of which allowance ceas-
ing, wee have all along been humbly of opinion that the said
pattent was nott to be drawn into president, especially since the
money made thereby was light, of bad copper and ill-coined.
We have further humbly reported that it is best to coin the
copper money as near as conveniently to the intrinsic value,
including the charges of coinage, sett allowances, and incidents,
and reckoning the copper att what it would sell for if the new
money should be melted down again, for which reason itt ought
to be free from such mixtures as diminish the markett price,
and that whatever profitt arises by the coinage Her Majesty may
have it in Her power to gratifye whom she please therewith.
And therefore the former method by Commission and upon
ace* seemed the more safe, commendable, and advantageous to
the Government, especially if the method used in the coinage of
gold and silver be observed as near as can be conveniently in
the coinage of copper. For thereby the Coinage may come
nearer to the Intrinsic value and will be better performed and
of better copper, and by a standing commission any Quantity
may be coined at any time as the uses of the Nation shall from
time to time require for preventing Complaints. For in the
times of the peticons and proposals above inenconed, there was
at first no want and afterwards no considerable want of copper
money, and it was thought safest to coin only what was wanted
least the coinage of too great a Quantity at once should occa-
sion complaints, as it did actually in parliam* in the coinage of
the first Six hundred Tuns of the present copper money.
And further upon the peticon of Mr. Morgan there was a
verbal report to, that to call in all the copper money then
currant would be a loss of 70 or 80 Thousand pounds to the
Governm* or above, and that a Thousand Tunns were too
159
much, six or seven hundred Tunns being found sufficient to
stock the Nation of England. And to an argum* of the pet rs that
a new coinage of weightier and better money would cause the
old money to be rejected by the people and lose its currancy, it
was answered that a great coinage, suppose of 600 or 700 Tuns,
might have that effect because alone sufficient for the uses of
the Nation, but a small coinage nott sufficient for that purpose
was best.
This is the tenour and substance of the Eeports which have
been made upon the peticons and proposals referred to this
Office during Her Majesty's reigne. All which is most humbly
submitted to Y r Lo 1 '. 8 Great Wisdom.
( CRAVEN PEYTON.
Mint Office, the December, 1712. 1 Is. NEWTON.
( EDW D - PHILIPPS
(Copies of Slaney and Shepherd's reports follow.)
V.
PAPAL MEDALS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
INNOCENT VIII. (Giovanni Cybo) 148492.
IN Rome scenes of riot followed the death of Sixtus IV.,
and Roman turbulence, headed by the Colonna, held its
saturnalia. For many days the Sacred College was afraid
to meet in conclave to elect another Pope ; and when it
did meet, it met to find itself speedily the subject of a
surprise. During the night of August 28th, two of its
members, men versed in intrigue, went from cell to cell of
the younger cardinals, and so made terms with them that
when morning broke, those who slept were awakened with
" Come, we have made the Pope." On their enquiring
" Whom ? " " The Cardinal of Melfi," was the answer.
"How?" "Why, during the night while you were
sleeping, we collected the votes, save of you sleepers."
Then, they perceiving that those who had played this
trick were eighteen or nineteen, and that they were too
few themselves to undo what had been done, consented,
and Cardinal Cybo was accordingly proclaimed. Such is
the narrative of the chronicler.
Giovanni Battista Cybo was a Genoese by birth, but a
Greek by extraction. His father was a soldier of some
distinction in the wars with Naples, but the son early
betook himself to Rome as a churchman, and was there
PAPAL MEDALS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 161
befriended by a brother of Nicholas Y. In 1473 he
became Cardinal, and now was chosen Pope in the manner
described, assuming the dignity under the name Inno-
cent VIII. His coronation took place September 12th,
1484, in St. Peter's. The letter which our English king,
Richard III., wrote to him on the occasion, congratulating
him on his elevation to the Apostolic See, and " rejoicing
that the Church of God had been provided with so worthy
a pastor," has been preserved. It is signed with Richard's
name, and was " written from his castle at Nottingham."
A king's courtly phrases and nothing more. Innocent's
reign lasted nearly eight years, and it had little in it
which can interest us of to-day; while, as regards the
interests of the great Western Church, it left no more
mark on them than his shadow left on the walls of the
Vatican. To this it is fair to add that in his later years
the Pope suffered from a constitutional lethargy which
would cause him to drop asleep even while transacting
business. His continued feuds with the King of Naples
feuds which he is accused of having fomented from in-
terested motives followed with ill-grace that prompt
appeal which he made to Europe to combine together
against the Moslem. Subsequently, his reception at Rome
of Zizim, son of Mahomet II., and brother of the reigning
Sultan, forms, doubtless, the most conspicuous event in his
reign. At Prusias, in Bithynia, the brothers had met in
arms, disputing for the throne. Zizim being worsted,
rather than submit to Bajazet's fraternal embraces fled
for shelter to Rhodes ; he preferred to trust himself. to the
Knights Hospitallers of St. John. Their Grand Master,
Peter d'Aubusson, however, delivered him to the King of
France, who in turn delivered him to the Pope.
Innocent received the fugitive prince honourably
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. Y
162 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
enough, 1 indeed, at one time it seemed as though Zizim
was the destined commander of the Crusade, which the
Pope was beseeching the Powers of Christendom to take
part in ; but eventually it answered his purpose better to
treat Zizim as a prisoner at large, and allow the Sultan to
transmit yearly to the papal treasury the sum of 40,000
crowns of gold for his brother's maintenance. The Pope's
ardour as to the Crusade was in part professional, for in truth
he was by nature peaceful, 2 but the sincerity of Bajazet
thus to make provision for his rival's residence in some
other city of the world than Constantinople may not be
doubted.
Calendared among the State Papers we have a letter to
Innocent from another king of England, which, connecting
this Pope with English affairs of that day, strikes the
note of a tune which has been heard since then. It is a
letter written in 1487 by Henry VII., in which he names
certain Irish prelates for lending their assistance to the
rebels, and to a certain spurious lad " whom victory hath
now delivered into our hands, they pretending that the
lad is the son of the late Duke of Clarence, and crowning
him as king of England." " I implore your Holiness,"
adds the King, " to cite them, as having incurred the
censures of the Church." The letter, signed with the
royal autograph, was written " from our palace, near the
Castle of Kenilworth."
Innocent died at Rome in 1492. His body lies buried
in St. Peter's, in the Capella del Coro, the chapel well
1 " Vixit Zizimus toto deinceps Innocentii pontificatu Romas
in Vaticano honesta custodia." Onuphrius, de Vita Innocentii
VIII.
2 His epitaph, when re-written in 1621, described him as
" Italiae Pacis Perpetuus Gustos."
PAPAL MEDALS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 163
known to modern visitors as that in which the daily ser-
vices are held. Beneath its arcade there stands, over his
tomb, the graceful monument in bronze which Yasari
mentions as the work of Antonio Pollaiuolo. It represents
the pontiff seated, in the act of blessing.
The medals of this Pope are few in number.
1. Obv. INNOCENT!! . IANVENSIS . VIII . PONT .
MAX . MCCCCLXXXIV. Bust of pope to left,
head bare, showing toe sure, pluviale over his
shoulders brought together by " rationale " on
the breast.
Rev. IVSTITIA . PAX . COPIA. Three female figures
draped. Justice to the left holds a sword over her
shoulder and a balance in her left hand ; Peace
stands, holding a cornucopias, and in her left hand
a palm-branch ; Plenty, to the right, with a cor-
nucopias over left shoulder, and in the right hand
heads of corn.
Armand, vol. i. p. 60, 4, 5; Bonanni, vol. i.
p. 107, 4 ; Venuti, p. 39.
Sizes 85 and 55 millimetres.
This medal, though unsigned, has been generally attri-
buted to an artist whose praises are found largely in the
pages of Yasari, and whom Venuti describes as " artifex
certe optimus," the above-named Antonio Pollaiuolo.
Yasari tells us it was this Pope who brought him to Rome.
The portrait which Antonio has given us on the medal
represents the Pope as handsome, but not without some
coarseness of expression ; and his contemporary Onofrio
has confirmed this impression with the words, "corpore
procero, candido et decoro/' which he uses as his own
description. The treatment by which the medallist has
164 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
rendered the figures of Justice, Peace, and Plenty, on the
reverse, is altogether classical ; the figures themselves
must be taken to stand for that material prosperity which
it was the desire of Innocent that Rome should enjoy,
although, by his meddling in the affairs of Naples, he one
day brought to the city's gates the Duke of Calabria with
an army (1486).
While minding his own business at home he was, how-
ever, certainly successful in promoting peace, for he cleared
the States of the Church of robbers, arid the streets of the
city of footpads. There is another medal of this same
type, but smaller in module, and the date is omitted.
Neither one sort nor the other is common.
It is related in Bonanni, that when the tomb of Innocent
was opened, September 5th, 1606, and his remains were
removed to the new basilica, they were found enveloped
in tissue of gold, and lying near the feet was one of these
medals.
2. Oiv. INNOCENTIVS . VIII . PONT . MAX. Bust of
pope to right, tiara, collar of pluviale plain.
lice. ANNO . DOMINI . M . CD . LXXXIV. Arms of
the Cybo family. Shield divided by horizontal
line, or per fesse. Above, or, a cross, gules ;
below, gules, a bend cheeky, azure and argent,
surmounted by keys and tiara ; above and below
the shield and on either side of tiara is a small
asterisk.
Tresor de N. (Papes), Plate III. 4 ; Bonanni,
vol. i. p. 107, ii. ; Armand, vol. i. p. 297, 20.
Size 13, Mionnet's scale.
I have said the family of Cybo (or Cibo) was originally
Greek, but for a long time they had been settled in Italy,
and from the Neapolitan branch had sprung Boniface IX.,
pope in 1381.
PAPAL MEDALS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 165
The bend (cheeky, azure and argent) points to the name
root, Kvy3os, a cube, and in the plural, dice ; for the bend is
composed of little cubes or squares, blue and white alter-
nately. The arms of the city of Genoa (or, a cross, gules)
which appear in the upper part of the shield, formed an
honourable augmentation, which, in the thirteenth century
the Cybo family received, when William Cybo returned
from an embassy to France with such results that this
became the grateful Republic's recognition of his merit
" praeclarum summse laudis testimonium," saith Onofrio.
In Venuti, his numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, have the arms of the
Cybos, surmounted by the cross keys and tiara. The first
three, he says, are cast medals. Such I have never seen.
No. 4, which is struck and not cast, is of recent produc-
tion.
3. Obv. INNOCENTIVS . VIII . PONT . MAX. Bust of
pope to right, tiara exactly like No. 2.
Rev. ECCE . SIC . BENEDICETVR . HOMO. (Psalm
cxxvii. 4). The pope seated, blessing a crouching
figure, who has in his right hand a coronet, and is
kissing the pope's foot ; on the pope's right stands a
cardinal, on his left there is another, seated, under
whose feet are the initials of Paladino, the
medallist, G. P. The floor is tesselated. In the
exergue, KOMA.
Tresor de N. (Papes), Plate III. 5 ; Bonanni,
vol. i. p. 107, iii. ; Armand, vol. i. p. 298, 21.
Size 12.
The question, is, what personage can this be who is
thus represented kissing the pope's foot, with the coronet
in his hand, which is meant for his head ? Yenuti be-
lieved it to be Zizim, the Turkish refugee. Bonanni
held otherwise, and I think rightly. He cites several
contemporary writers to show that Zizim, when pre-
166 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
sented to the Pope, altogether declined thus to render
homage. Bossi, Canon of Verona, who was an eyewit-
ness, wrote thus after Zizim's arrival in Rome. " Non
multos post dies publicum in Consistorium deductus ad
Pontificis Maximiconspectum,conspicuo in throno sedentis,
neque fiecti ante ilium neque deosculari ex more pedes, ut
qui prsesunt sacris ritibus ilium facere edocebant, omnino
renuit ille" Again, Burchard, Pontifical master of the
ceremonies at the time, and therefore no mean authority,
says expressly of the same interview, " Venit per Con-
sistorium coram Pontifice, et licet diceretur ipsum Turcum
reverentiam Pontifici facturum, Turcorum more, terram
inanu tangendo, deinde manum osculando, tamen Hind
facere, rccusavit, sed in introitu consistorii, ubi genuflecti
solet, genuflectere noluit immo n>, et valde parum caput
coopertum Pontifici incHnavit" With this evidence before
us we shall do well with Bonanni to look elsewhere for an
explanation of this reverse. He considered the kneeling
figure to represent Ferdinand, Duke of Capua, nephew
and heir presumptive of the King of Naples, who, together
with his family, had been lying for some time under the
censures of the Church, and who was in 1491 absolved.
Thereupon Ferdinand hied to Rome to do homage, and
was there received by Innocent with every mark of honour
barring this. The medal was an afterthought, the work
of the sixteenth century, so that after all some doubt may
remain as to the correct identification of the prostrate
figure, but it is a reverse which set before the eye that
which every devout Roman dearly loved to see, and that
which the legend of another medal, " OMNES REGES
SERVIENT El," aptly conveyed to the mind in words.
Bonanni, page 113, gives account of another medal
of Innocent VIII., which has for a legend on the reverse
PAPAL MEDALS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 167
ARDVA VIRTVTEM, and exhibits an olive and palm-
branch on the summit of an eminence. Venuti either did
not know it, or so lightly regarded it, that we have no
description of it from him. It is known to me only from
Bonanni's description, and I confess I do not consider it
worth more mention.
ALEXANDER VI. (Roderigo Borgia) 14921503.
In the Doge's palace at Venice, the Sala del Maggio
Consiglio has round its walls a celebrated frieze on
which are depicted the portraits of the Doges in succession,
but there is one space, the space which should have been
occupied by the portrait of Marino Falieri (1355) that is
covered with a black veil, and underneath the veil is an
inscription simply describing his crime and its punish-
ment. In imitation of this treatment do I now pro-
pose to deal with the reign of Innocent VIII. 's successor,
omitting the short biographical sketch for reasons well
known, and restricting myself to little more than a
description of his medals.
Roderigo Borgia was the son of Godfrey Lenzolio, a
wealthy nobleman of Valencia, by Joan Borgia, sister of
Calixtus III.
He was elected to fill the vacant chair in August,
1492, when he took the name Alexander VI. He died
in August, 1503, as it is believed of the poison which
he intended for Hadrian, Cardinal of Corneto. 3
3 Marino Sanuto, vol. v., quoted in Ranke's History of the
Popes, Appendix, Section I., No. 4. The medals of Alexander
VI. receive little or no illustration from history, so that we caii
take them apart from the acts of his reign.
168 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
1. Olv. ALEXANDER r VI r PONT Y MAX Y Bust of
pope to the left, bareheaded, the pluviale with
richly ornamented collar.
Rev. Coronation of the pope, who sits under a baldacchino,
enthroned ; tiara is being placed on the pope's
head by a cardinal. Figures to right and left ;
some on the left, armed, and one is mounted ;
behind, a building with archways. In exergue, the
word CORONAT.
Tresor de N. (Papes), Plate III. 7 ; Bonanni,
vol. i. p. 115.
Size 13.
The cardinal who officiated was Piccolomini ; he was a
nephew of Pius II., and became the Pope's successor. This
medal has been attributed by the late Dr. Friedlaender to
the Milanese artist, Ambrogio Foppa, surnamed Caradosso.
By Venuti it was considered to be the work of Antonio Pol-
laiuolo, who died in 1498. It must be observed that it is
the triregno, or triple crown, the papal tiara, which is in
the hands of the officiating cardinal. Now, it must be
observed further that on those medals which can properly
be assigned to the fifteenth century, the papal tiara sel-
dom appears ; usually the pontiff is represented bare-
beaded. On the ECCLESIA medal of Nicolas V., by
Guacciolotti, and on the GLORIA ISPANIE of Calixtus
III., by the same artist, the Pope is wearing a mitre, and
it is on the GRAECI ET ARMENI " medal of Eu-
genius IY. that the papal tiara first appeared ; but then,
is that medal, though early, really as early as the reign of
Eugenius ? Paul II. 's great consistory medal has the Pope
crowned with the tiara, as also have the reverses of the
"AVDIENTIA PYBLICA," and two others of his medals.
In the reign of Sixtus IY., the use becomes more frequent,
and yet only then first does the crowned head of a pope
appear on the obverse. Afterwards the use grew and
PAPAL MEDALS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 1G9
became common. Of course it had its significance, and
we find Bonanni bestowing half a dozen pages on the
coronation medal of Alexander to explain the significance,
and to date the assumption of the triple crown by the
popes. To this effect he quotes these words of Angelus
Hocca, " Cum Summus Pontifex coronatur, Capiti ejus
Tiara, quam ' Regnum Mundi ' appellant, imponitur,
tribus constans coronis tres potestates, hoc est, Imperato-
riam, Regiam, et Sacerdotalem, plenariam scilicet, et
universalem totius orbis auctoritatem, repraesentantibus."
I do not think the subject worth dwelling on ; without
Bonanni we can see that underlying the use of the papal
diadem there is a reference to the Book of Revelation
xix. 12. Yet we should I apprehend grievously mistake the
" many crowns " which the Apostle St. John saw (v. 12)
on the head of the Aoyos rov Oeov, if we were to imagine the
crowns there mentioned to be that strange structure which
is seen built up in a papal tiara, and which not even deft
Italian art can render sightly. The fact being, that the
word 8wSi?/*a (diadem, crown) conveyed to the mind of the
ancients no such idea as that which is given us by the
triregno, or triple crown ; it was simply a linen band, or
fillet (fascia) bound round a king's brow ; and this, and
nothing more than this, was to them the "
," the distinctive mark of king-dom.
2. Obv. ALEXANDER . VI . PONT . MAX . IVST . PACIS .
Q . CVLTOR. Bust to the left, head bare, plu-
viale with collar richly ornamented.
En. ARCEM IN MOLE . DIVI . HADR . INSTAVR .
FOSS . AC . PROPVGNACVLIS . MVN. Castle
of St. Angelo, from the towers on either side a flag
is flying bearing the papal insignia; above the
great central tower is the figure of the Archangel
Michael, with drawn sword in his hand.
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. Z
170 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Tresor de N. Med. Ital. Pt. I. PI. xxv. 5; Keary,
Guide to Italian Medals, B.M., p. 81 ; Bonanni,
vol. i. p. 115; Venuti, p. 42; Armand, vol. ii.
p. 63, 10.
Size 15.
This medal is likewise cast. Its interest lies in the
representation which it affords us of the ancient castle of
St. Angelo, for the history of the castle would be an epitome
of the history of Rome itself during the Christian era.
Originally it was the sumptuous mausoleum erected by
the Emperor Hadrian to receive his own remains, but it
became also the depository of the ashes of a number of his
successors, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Commodus,
Septimius Severus, Geta, and Caracalla. When the base-
ment of this building was laid open on one side, in the
year 1825, they found it contained in the centre two huge
sepulchral chambers, the doorway of which stood opposite
the Pons ^JElius, the bridge constructed by Hadrian as an
approach to the mausoleum. Its walls are of enormous
thickness, and still retain traces of the marbles and mosaics
with which the interior was embellished. Procopius, the
Greek historian and secretary to Belisarius, saw it in the
sixth century, and is quoted in a book I have Donato's
Roma Veins ac Recens to show how in his time it had
been turned into a fortress, but without injury to its
decorations. The injury came afterwards, and from the
hands of its defenders. " That venerable structure," wrote
Gibbon, " which contained the ashes of the Antonines, was
a circular turret rising from a quadrangular base ; it was
covered with white marble of Paros, and decorated by the
statues of gods and heroes ; and the lover of the arts must
read with a sigh that the works of Praxiteles or Lysippus
were torn from their lofty pedestals and hurled into the
ditch on the heads of the besiegers." 4
4 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. v. p. 188.
PAPAL MEDALS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 171
But in the introduction to Vasari's Lives of the Painters
it is asserted the mausoleum also suffered despoilment to
build the churches of the Christian faith, its columns of
marble being taken for that purpose. In later ages it
formed the stronghold of the popes ; so, when on the last
day of the year 1494, the young King of France,
Charles VIIL, entered Rome by torchlight, on his Nea-
politan expedition, lance on knee, as though it were a
hostile city, Alexander VI. prudently betook himself to
the shelter offered him by the castle. One Sunday in
October of that year its great central tower was struck by
lightning, and the upper portion, together with the marble
figure of St. Michael, was dashed to a distance. It was
that which led to the restoration and re-construction,
which is commemorated on this medal. Alexander raised
the tower and strengthened the fortifications. For this
work he employed the architect Antonio San Gallo, and
Vasari relates how it obtained for him great credit with
the Pope and with his son, Caesar Borgia. The work was
finished in 1497.
A medal akin to this is included by M. Armand in his
list, vol. ii. p. 63, which, he tells us, is in the Archaeolo-
gical Museum at Madrid ; but I find no mention of it in
the early writers. It has on the obverse the bust of the
Pope, and on the reverse the castle of St. Angelo, with
the somewhat enigmatic legend, MO . AD . VAL . FO .
S . PROP . COR . Q. C.
3. Obv. ALEXANDER Y VI r PONT r MAXIMYS r
Bust to the left, head bare, clothed in pluviale.
Rev. OB . SAPIENTIAM . CVM . FORTVNA . CONI-
VNCT. An ox (the Borgia arms); in the air a
winged genius who spreads a sail, which appears
filled by the wind, arid at the same time places a
crown on the head of the ox.
172 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Tresor de N. Med. Ital. Pt. I. PL XXV. 4 ;
Bonanni, vol. i. p. 115; Venuti, p. 43; Armand,
vol. ii. p. 63, 9.
Size 11.
A complimentary medal, emblematic of Borgia's good
fortune, and indicating the causes of his success in life.
According to a diarist of the time, " no man ever proposed
matters with more art, or drew others with more ease into
his sentiments." His administrative powers and versatility
seldom have been exceeded. To this eulogy I shall allow
Onofrio Panvinio to make an addition in his own words:
" Si quando negotiis non premeretur omni se jucundidatis
generi sine discrimine dedit. Mulieribus maxime ad-
dictus, ex quibus quatuor filios et duas filias tulit." His
appearance in the portrait we have on his contemporary
medals does not belie this description. I have never seen
an example of No. 3, but in the books it is described as
cast.
4. Obv. ALESSANDRO * VI * PONT * MAX * Bust to
the left, bareheaded, clothed in pluviale, oil the
ornamental collar of which is the figure of a saint,
and on the groundwork the heads of cherubim.
Uev.CITA . APERITIO . BREVES . ^ETERNAT .
DIES . (in the exergue). The Pope breaking
open the " Porta San eta," as on a corresponding
medal of Sixtus IV., already described (Num.
Citron., 3rd S., IV., p. 187). Here, likewise,
appears on the sill of the door the signature of
G. PALADINO.
Size 13.
The superior condition of this medal enables me to add
to rny description of the other, for I find that among the
clouds from which descend rays of light on the Pope and
his company, are the heads of cherubs. There is no men-
tion made of this medal either in the pages of Bonanni,
Venuti, or M. Armand.
PAPAL MEDALS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 173
5. Obv. ALESSANDRO * VI * PONT * MAX * The pope
bareheaded, his pluvial e ornamented as on No. 4.
Rev. RESERAVIT . ET . CLAVSIT . ANN . IVB. In
the exergue, M . D . The pope, surrounded by
his cardinals, is seen placing the first stone of the
wall which is to close again the " Porta Sancta."
Bonanni, p. 115,4; Venuti, p. 44; Armand,
vol. i. p. 298, 23.
Size 13.
Yenuti reveals some inaccuracy in this reverse, because,
as a matter of fact, the Pope was not present at this
ceremony ; he was ill of gout, and his place was taken by
two cardinals.
6. Obv. ALESSANDRO * VI * PONT * MAX * The bust
to the left, bareheaded, &c., as on No. 4.
Rev. RODERICO * LENZVOLA * D * BORGIA * SP *
M * CD * XCII * * * Arms of the Borgia family
surmounted by the keys and tiara. Or, party per
pale ; first, an ox passant, for Borgia ; second,
three bars, argent, for Lenzolio.
Tresor de N. (Papes), Plate III. 6 ; Venuti, p. 42 ;
Bonanni, p. 115, 2 ; Armand, vol. i. t>. 298, 22.
Size 12.
It must be remembered that Alexander VI. was a
Spaniard, Lenzolio or Lenzuola, and it may be questioned
whether he did any kindness to the Borgias when he
assumed that name as his patronymic.
Besides these there is another medal, which appears in
M. Armand's list (vol. ii. p. 64, 12), which has on the re-
verse a Greek cross adorned with nine rosettes, and without
legend. This medal is unnoticed by Bonanni and Venuti.
I only know it from M. Armand's description, and the
illustration in the Tresor de JV. Med. Ital. t "Pt. I.,
PL XXV. 3. From the character of the reverse we
must, I conceive, place it among the late medals, although
the rosette appears as an ornament on the della Rovere
medal of Sixtus IV.
ASSHETON POWKALL.
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
The Revue Numismatique, 1886, Part IV, contains the fol-
lowing articles :
1. J. P. Six. Lycian Coins (continuation).
2. E. Babelon. On the coins of the towns of Asia Minor
bearing the name of Comana and Comama. These are (i.) Co-
mana in Pontus, which, under the Romans, bore the surname
of Hierocaesareia. The coins read KOMANUN, and after the
time of Sept. Severus, I6POKAICAP. KOMANEHN.
(ii.) Comama in Pisidia, which received a Roman colony under
Augustus. The coins read, COL - AVG COMAMA, COL
IVL F COMAMA, and COL IVL AVGG F COMAM-
ENORVM. (iii.) Conane in Pisidia, of which the coins bear
the legend KONANGflN. (iv.) Comana in Cappadocia,
distinguished, by the epithet Chryse, from its colony of the
same name in Pontus. To this town no coins bearing the name
of Comana can be attributed, but as the town bore also the
name of Hieropolis, it is possible that some of the coins with
the legend, IGPOnOA6ITnN, &c., given to other towns of
this name, may belong to it.
3. Th. Reinach. Essay on the Numismatics of the Kings of
Cappadocia. In this paper the author brings to a conclusion
his valuable researches in the history and coinage of the regal
series of Cappadocia. As an appendix he gives careful genea-
logical tables of the three dynasties which successively ruled
over Cappadocia between the time of Alexander the Great and
the Constitution of the Roman Province of Cappadocia in
A.D. 17.
4. P. Lambros. Discovery of the gold ducat of the Grand
Master of Rhodes, Dieudonne de Gozon, 1346 1353.
5. J. Roman. Classification of the episcopal coins of Saint-
Paul-Trois-Chateaux.
The Revue Numismatique, 1887, Part I, contains the follow-
ing articles :
1. J. P. Six. Lycian Coins (conclusion).
M. Six in these articles has compiled a mass of information
on the coins of ancient Lycia which can hardly fail to elicit in
due course still further material for the numismatist and the
historian to work up. He has shown most clearly that the
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 175
inscriptions on the Lycian coins, which Fellows took to be the
names of cities, are in reality, with very few exceptions, the
names of dynasts or rulers of the various communities or city
leagues into which Lycia, in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.,
was broken up. Each petty local dynast seems to have pos-
sessed the right of coinage within his own territory. But at
the same time there existed undoubtedly a wider league which
united the whole country in a more or less binding confederacy,
the symbol of which was the well-known Lycian Triskelis, com-
posed, as M. Six will have it, of two or four serpents interlaced.
Historically, the coins which bear the names of Lycian dynasts
range from about B.C. 450 to 362, when Lycia fell under the
dominion of Mausolus, the Satrap of Caria. M. Six's chrono-
logical classification, by style, of the coins within this period,
leaves nothing to be desired, and may be accepted without
hesitation as almost minutely correct ; but when he attempts
a geographical distribution of some dynasts to Telmissus, of
others to Xanthus, Patara, Antiphellus Limyra, &c., it appears
to us that he is working upon a less solid foundation. In many,
perhaps in most, cases his guesses may turn out to be right,
but in the present state of our knowledge it seems on the whole
safer not to hazard any hypotheses with regard to the local
attribution of the greater number of the forty or fifty names of
Lycian rulers which are for the most part only known to us
from the coins. Turning to the Lycia of more recent times we
note with much satisfaction that M. Six has demolished the
theory of the alliances of separate pairs of Lycian towns sup-
posed to be indicated by such inscriptions as KP ZAN,
KP-PA, KP TAH, MA MY, &o. Oragus and Masicy-
tus, as M. Six points out, are not town names at all, but those
of two mountain ranges which gave their names to the two
principal districts into which Lycia was at that time divided.
The above-mentioned inscriptions do not, therefore, mark al-
liances between the towns of Cragus and Xanthus, Cragus and
Patara, Cragus and Tlos, or between Masicytus and Myra, but
rather assert that the coins were issued by the Cragian division
of the Lycians inhabiting Xanthus, Patara, Tlos, &c., or by the
Masicytan division inhabiting Myra, &c.
We welcome M. Six's article as the most important con-
tribution to the study of Lycian numismatics and history which
has yet appeared, and it is now for the first time possible
to arrange our series of Lycian coins in their true historical
order.
2. Westphalen (Comte de). The date of the accession of
Constantine the Great according to Eusebius and the coins.
176 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
8. Deschamps, de Pas (L.). Some observations on the coins
of Fauquembergues struck by Eleonore, chatelaine of Saint-Diner
shortly before A.D. 1315.
4. Danicourt (Alfred). On medals, &c., of tin and lead dis-
covered in Picardy. Among the specimens engraved is a curious
piece with a king in a ship copied from an Angel or Noble of
Richard II or III, bearing the legend RICSART KIENG OF
INGLANT.
5. Schlumberger (G.). On a new coin of the Danishmend
Emir of Cappadocia, Dhu-1-Karnein, about the middle of the
twelfth century, bearing a Greek inscription.
6. Valton (P.). On a fifteenth-century medal of Jacopo
Galeota, made at the Court of Burgundy during the reign of
Charles the Bold.
The Annuaire de Numumatique, Jan., Feb., 1887, contains
the following articles :
1. Revillout (M.). Letter to M. Lenormant on the relation
between gold and copper coins to silver coins under the
Ptolemies. M. Revillout shows that the proportion of 1 to 12^
between gold and silver, and 1 to 60 between silver and copper,
recognised by Letronne and Momrnsen, must be now definitely
abandone 1 in favour of 1 to 10 between gold arid silver, and
1 to 120 between silver and copper.
2. Hermerel (J.). On a find near Troyes of anonymous
feudal coins of Champagne (Troyes, Meaux, Crespy, Provins,
Sens, Chartres, and Orleans), dating from the early part of the
eleventh century.
3. Troutowsky (W.). On an unpublished coin of Abu Sai'd
Behadur Khan (1451 1469), in the collection of the Imperial
Hermitage at St. Petersburg.
4. Barbier de Montault (Ch.). On Papal deneraux or patterns
(Clement VII to Pius IX).
Num. ttron. A
10
18
20
ta
2
CYZICU
""S.
Num. Own SerJHMMR/I.
19
20
22
26
21
28
30
3l
CYZICUS.
13
23
24
28
29
Mm. Mrm&rll/MWP/Jf.
15
20
25
30
10
16
!
21
22
26
31
32
CYZICUS.
VI.
NEW GREEK COINS OF BAGTRIA AND INDIA.
IT is scarcely a year since the British Museum Catalogue
of Coins of the Greek and Scythic Kings of India appeared ;
but already the Museum has acquired some very im-
portant additions to the series there published.
First among these must be mentioned a most interest-
ing and wonderful decadrachm found two or three years
ago at Khullum, in Bokhara, and presented to the British
Museum by Mr. A. W. Franks. Its authenticity seems
to be above suspicion. Its description follows :
Obv. Macedonian horseman, wearing conical helmet and
cuirass, charging with lance couched an elephant
retreating r., bearing on his back two gigantic
warriors, one of whom seizes the lance as it
penetrates his back ; the other, with raised hand,
threatens the enemy with some weapon.
tOL. til. THIRD SERIES. A A
178 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev. A king, as Zeus, standing 1. He is clad in Persian
cap (?), cuirass, and cloak ; a sword bangs at his
waist ; he holds in r. hand a thunderbolt, in 1. a
spear ; in field 1. JA. 1
31. 1-4. Wt. 653 grains. (PL VII., 1.)
Looking for the first time at this extraordinary coin, or
rather medal for it is clearly a historical monument
everyone will be tempted to exclaim, " Alexander and
Poms ! " I do not, however, believe that this is the
correct explanation of the obverse type, though the true
explanation is scarcely less interesting.
Let us first consider the place of issue and date of the
coin. It is fairly certain that it was found on the north
of the Paropamisus, and its art and fabric are like those of
the coins of the early Antiochi, which come from that
region. It would seem, then, to have been certainly
issued in Bactria, and not in India ; and as it was issued
by Greeks, it must be given to the period between
Alexander's invasion of B.C. 330 and about B.C. 125,
when Bactria passed finally into the hands of the
Yueh-chi.
This date is confirmed by considerations of style. The
horseman of the obverse, with his firm, vigorous seat,
clearly belongs to a period earlier than that which produced
the horsemen of the coins of Philoxenus and Hippostratus ;
the elephant, too, is of excellent style. The contrast between
the Hellenic warrior and his barbarous foes is admirably
rendered. When we turn the piece, we find a somewhat
1 Or 5$, for there seems to be a trace of a second B after
the A as well as of one before it. It looks as if the die-engraver
had begun to make the B after the A, and then abandoned his
intention and made it in front instead.
NEW GREEK COINS OF BACTRTA AND INDIA. 179
inferior style ; the standing king reminds us not a little
of the king on coins of Kadphises and Kanerkes, and his
cloak hangs as a background -just like cloaks on their
coins. But we must not press this likeness ; after all it
only shows from what school the Kushan kings procured
the artists who made their coins from Bactrian rather
than Indian cities.
After considering place of mintage and style we have
next to find an explanation of the types : here we will
begin with the reverse. We can scarcely be mistaken in
discerning in the deified standing king Alexander the
Great, who was represented by Apelles, the painter, as
holding a thunderbolt. He is fully armed as a cavalry
soldier, wearing cuirass and chlamys, but no greaves ; a
sword is slung round his body ; on his head, in place of a
helmet, is what seems to be a Persian mitra, with long
ends hanging over the neck. This Persian head-dress
must contain a reference to Alexander's position as suc-
cessor of the great Kings of Persia. The letters AB or
BA, which constitute the whole legend of the coin, do not
afford us any safe clue for its attribution. We may per-
haps read them Bao-iAeus 'AA.e'avSpos, or w r e may consider
them as an abbreviated form of ABIA, which appears on
certain eastern coins of Antiochus I. 3
Turning to the obverse we find a life-like battle scene.
A horseman, who is every inch a Greek, pursues and
pierces with his lance a gigantic foe seated on an elephant.
On the back of the elephant is a second rider, who seems
to threaten the charging foe with some weapon. As
to the nationality of these barbarous elephant-riders there
can, I think, scarcely be a dispute. Their physiognomy
2 Num. Chron. 1880, p. 190.
180 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
is not Indian, but exactly like that of the Kushan kings,
Kadphises and Kanerkes, on their coins, and they wear
not a moustache only in Indian fashion, but full beards
like the Scythic kings. The coarse and brutal type of
features is not to be mistaken, and is well interpreted by
the Greek artist.
It may perhaps seem strange that if the barbarians are
Scythic, they should be seated on an elephant; the
elephant being essentially the war-beast of the Indians,
and not to be expected in an army of invaders coming
from the north. But this rule does not hold good for the
period after Alexander the Great. The Seleucid kings of
Syria had a large stud of elephants at Apameia, and
Pyrrhus even introduced them into Italy. In the wars
between the kings of Pergamon and the Gauls they were
much used. In fact, during the whole period between
Alexander's invasion of Asia and the Roman conquest,
they were considered in the East as a most valuable instru-
ment of war. That the Scythic invaders of India fully
appreciated them is certain ; for Kanerkes and Hooerkes
on their coins hold the ankus, or elephant-goad, and the
latter rides an elephant : an elephant also makes its
appearance on coins of Maues and Azes.
The present type obtains a fuller meaning, if one goes
to it direct from descriptions of ancient battles in which
elephants and cavalry met one another. Horses, as we
learn, could never face elephants, being inspired with
terror by their trumpetings and their vast size. To
follow up an elephant even when retreating, would be a
bold deed in a Greek horseman, to spear his rider would
be a great feat of arms. When Poms fled from the
battle by the Hydaspes, Alexander sent many heroes to
pursue him, but he does not seem to have been stopped
NEW GREEK OINS OF BACTRIA AND INDIA. 181
until he voluntarily surrendered to his fellow prince,
Meroes.
There can be little doubt that this remarkable deca-
drachm was struck on the .occasion of some notable vic-
tory won by a Greek King of Bactria over the invading
hordes of Yueh-chi in the second century B.C. The
victory had but a temporary effect ; but that is a kind of
fact which a victor seldom lays to heart. He may have
fancied that the barbarous invaders were put to flight for
ever.
Which king was it who won the victory thus cele-
brated ? This question we cannot with certainty answer,
but indications are not entirely wanting. The only
horsemen depicted on Greek coins of the far East who
closely resemble the horseman of the present coin are the
Dioscuri on coins of Eucratides, who resemble him alike
in style and attitude. 3 And the reverse-type used by
Eucratides' son Heliocles is the figure of Zeus standing
holding thunderbolt and sceptre, a figure in general
scheme closely like the Alexander-Zeus of the present
coin. These shreds of evidence, though their importance
must not be exaggerated, seem to indicate that the issuer
of the coin was Eucratides or Heliocles.
Somewhat more than a year ago a find of didrachms of
the Greek kings, Diomedes, Strato, Philoxenus, and Her-
mseus, came to light in the neighbourhood of Kawal Pindi.
Of how many coins the find consisted is not known : the
British Museum has been successful in acquiring some
important and unpublished specimens :
3 It is by no means impossible that the horseman of our coin
may be one of the Dioscuri ; they wear conical hats, but the
chlamys rather than the cuirass.
182 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
DlOMEDES.
2. O^.-BAZIAEHZ ZHTHPOZ AIOMHAOY.
Bust of the king r. diad.
2lev. Maharajasa tradatasa Diyamedasa. The Dioscuri
holding palms, and with lances couched, charg-
ing r. ;' below, monogram (j).
M. 1-05. Wt. 146. (PI. VII., 2.)
8. Ohc. Inscr. as last. Bust of the king, helmoted, and
wearing oegis, thrusting 1. with spear.
Eev.As last.
M. 1- Wt. 144-7. (PI. VII., 3.)
Hitherto only small coins of Diornedcs have boen pub-
lished.
STRATO I.
4. Civ. BAZIAEnZ ZHTHPOZ A1KAIOY
ZTPATflNOZ. Bast of the king r., diad.
llev. Maharajasa tradatasa dhramikasa Stratasa. Pallas,
facing, armed, hurls thunderbolt with r. hand.
On 1. arm is an rcgis ; to 1. monogram Jef.
Al. 1-05. Wt. 145-8. (PI. VIL, 4.)
o. Obi\ Same inscr. Bust of the king, r., bearded, diad.
Eev. Same inscr. Pallas, 1., hurls thunderbolt with r.,
an fegis on 1. arm ; to 1. monogram t^P.
JR. 1-05. Wt. 146-1. (PI. VIL, 5.)
6. Obv. BAZIAEHZ ZHTHPOZ KAI AIKAIOY
ZTPATQNOZ. Bust of the king r., diad.
and helmeted.
Eev. As last.
JR. 1-05. W T t. 143-6. (PL VIL, 6.)
These are new varieties. Tbe facing Pallas of No. 4,
NEW GREEK COINS OF BACTRIA AND INDIA. 183
the bearded king's head on No. 5, the helrneted king's
head on No. 6 are all new.
STRATO AND AGATHOCLEIA.
7. Qbv BAZIAEHZ ZnTHPOZ ZTPATHNOZ
KAI ArAGOKAfclAZ. Busts of the king
and queen, jugate, r. diad.
Rev. Maharajasa tradatasa dliramikasa Stratasa. Pallas 1.
armed, thunderbolt in raised r. hand, aegis on 1.
arm ; to 1., monogram N 3 .
JR. 1-05. Wt. 144-5. (PL VII., 7.)
Copper coins have been published with the head of
Agathocleia ; but this is the first time that her head has
appeared in conjunction with that of Strato. The por-
trait is in this case far more distinctive than that of the
copper pieces.
PHILOXENUS.
8. Obv. BAZIAEnS ANIKHTOY 4>IAOZENOY.
Bust of the king 1. helmeted and wearing asgis ;
thrusting with spear.
Rev. Maharajasa apadihatasa Philasinasa. King on horse-
back r. ; beneath
JR. 1-05. Wt. 145. (PL VII., 8.)
The type of a king thrusting with a spear, familiar to
us on coins of Eucratides and Menander, was not known
in the case of Philoxenus.
HERMJEUS.
9. Obv. BAZIAEHZ ZI1THPOZ EPMAIOY. Bust
of the king r., helmeted, diad.
Rev. Maharajasa tradatasa Heramayasa. Zeus radiate,
seated 1. on throne ; r. hand extended, in 1.
sceptre ; to 1. gh.
M. 1. Wt. 140-2. (PL VII., 9.)
184 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The other didraehms of Hermaous bear an unhelmeted
head.
A remarkable feature of the whole find is the degree
in which the coins of which it is composed seem to be
contemporary. There is no marked difference in- style
and fabric between those of Diomedes and those of Her-
msous ; nor do the coins which we should suppose to be
most ancient show more signs of having been long in circu-
lation than do those which we should consider most recent.
If we suppose that the hoard was buried in the early part
of the reign of Hermacus, about B.C. 50 or 40, we may
fairly conclude that the other kings, Diomedes, Strato,
and Philoxenus, belong to the earlier half of the first
century B.C. ; and to this period I had already assigned
them in the British Museum Catalogue, p. xxxiii.
PERCY GARDNER.
TIL
ME EXCHANGE-VALUE OF CYZICENE STATERS.
IN Mr. GreenwelPs very complete paper on these coins,
in the last number of the Chronicle, one point is treated
in a less conclusive way than others, 1 namely, their
exchange-value ; and to this subject I propose to return.
I do not quite agree with the construction which Mr.
Greenwell puts on the passages of Demosthenes which he
cites. First comes the passage in Demosthenes' Oration
against Phormio (p. 914) which is not easy to understand.
The question raised in it is whether Fhormio has or has
iiot paid to one Lampis in Bosporus a debt of 2,600 Attic
drachms. Phormio declares that he has paid it by means
of 120 Cyzicene staters; to which Demosthenes replies
that this is on the face of the thing absurd, for a Cyzicene
stater being worth 28 Attic drachms, 120 of them are
equivalent to 3,360 drachms, and so would be an over--
payment of 760 drachms. Demosthenes states distinctly
that the value of 28 to 1 held in Bosporus, and as we*
have not Phormio's speech, we have no means of checking
the statement ; but we may strongly suspect that Demos*
thenes was misleading the jury, that 28 to 1 was the ratio
1 Above, p.- 17.
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. B 13
186 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
holding at Athens between the Cyzicene and the drachm,
and so familiar to the jurors, but that the relation at Bos-
porus was what Phormio evidently supposed it to be,
*f, that is, nearly 22, or exactly, 21f to 1.
In two passages of Xenophon's Anabasis (v. 6, 23 ; vii.
3, 10) a Cyzicene a month is spoken of as the pay of mer-
cenaries, but it does not appear from the context whether
this pay was regarded as high or low. The normal pay of
mercenaries in Persia at the same time was a daric a
month (Amb., i. 3, 21).
With regard to the value of the daric we have more
satisfactory information. We have reason to believe that
from the earliest times down to those of Xenophon (Anab.,
i. 7, 18) a daric was equivalent to 20 Persian silver sigli
of 86 grains. And as we learn from another passage that
in Xenophon's time (Aiiab. i. 5, 6) the siglos was regarded
as equal to 1J Attic drachms, we may conclude that a
daric was rated in Persia as equivalent to 25 Attic
drachms.
At an earl.'er time (B.C. 434) a didrachm of pure gold
(daric) was regarded at Athens as equivalent to 28 drachms
of silver (Kcehler, C. I. A., p. 160).
All our data seem to imply that the value of the daric
and the Cyzicene was the same ; and this probability
seems to be increased when we consider the history of the
introduction of silver at Cyzicus. The earliest silver was
beyond doubt issued while the electrum staters were the
main coinage of the city probably about B.C. 400. The
weight chosen for them is the Phoenician standard of
about 232 grains, which Brandis considers as introduced
in various cities of Asia Minor because of the convenient
relations obtaining between silver coins of that weight
and the daric the proportion of value being 2 to 15.
THE EXCHANGE- VALUE OF CYZICENE STATERS. 187
That a sj^stem based on the daric should be introduced at
Cyzicus seems to prove that the stater of Cyzicus was
equivalent to the daric.
The identity of value of daric and Cyzicene is on the
whole confirmed by the results of analysis. The daric
consists of almost pure gold, but in the analysis of the
Cyzicenes there is great variety. As yet Cyzicene staters
have not been chemically analysed ; but an attempt has
been made to determine their purity by means of their
specific gravity. The results of a series of weighings in
water have been published by Dr. Hofmann in the Numis-
matische ZeUschrift for 1884 and 1885. Of five Cyzicene
staters weighed by this savant the purest contained 52*25
per cent, of gold, the least pure 38*44 per cent, ; the mean
was nearly 46 per cent. Of five hectae and half hectae
weighed, the extremes of purity were 52*07 and 42*67, the
mean purity 48 per cent.
Other weighings published by Dr. Hultsch (Zeit. f.
Num., xi., 165) appear to show a slightly lower standard
of purity than that discovered by Dr. Hofmann. I have
myself obtained accurate weighings in air and water of
some Cyzicene staters, through the kind aid of Mr. H. A.
Miers, of the Department of Mineralogy in the Natural
History Museum. The result is as follows :
188
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
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THE EXCHANGE-VALUE OF CYZ1CENE STATERS. 189
Here the first three columns give the results of the
weighings, accurate to the hundredth of a grain ; the
fourth column gives the specific gravity. From these
data I have determined the approximate proportions of
gold and silver by aid of the formulse given in Dr. Hof-
mann's papers. Any exact statement must be misleading,
as there are two error-producing elements present in the
case of every coin ; we do not know the proportion of
copper or other metal present in each coin, and we do not
know to what extent the fact of electrum being a mixed
metal may alter its specific gravity.
The result of the presence of these two elements of dis-
turbance is that the proportion of gold actually existing
in the coins is higher than appears from our calculations ;
but the inaccuracy is not very great, it may perhaps
amount to 3 or 4 per cent.
Our experiment shows (a) that the archaic electrum
coins of Cyzicus (1 and 2) are of decidedly purer alloy
than the later issues ; (ft) of 6 staters (3 to 8) of the ordi-
nary issues, the average composition is N* 43 '5, M. 56'5 ;
or neglecting No. 4, which is exceptionally base, A". 45,
JR. 55 per cent.
Putting side by side the results of this series of weigh-
ings and that of Dr. Hofmann, the fairest conclusion seems
to be that the ordinary proportion of gold and silver is 46
and 54. Taking the weight of a Cyzicene stater at
254 grains we have the following results : 46 per cent,
of gold = 117 grains of gold; 54 per cent, of silver =
137 grains = 10 grains of gold ; total value 127 grains
of gold, which is almost exactly the weight of the claric.
Hence the results of analysis entirely confirm the equi-
valence of the Cyzicene and the daric. And it seems that
in the time of Xenophon either of these coins passed at
1,90 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Athens as equivalent to 28 Attic drachms, at Pantica-
pscum as equivalent to 22 Attic drachms, and in Persia
as equivalent to 25 Attic or 20 Persian drachms. These
various values agree well with the circumstances of each
place cited : at Athens silver was common and gold rare ;
at Panticapsoum gold was common and silver rare ; while
in Persia neither metal was scarce. The variety seems
enormous to a modern ; but we must remember that in
ancient days the transport of precious metal was a matter
of great risk and difficulty. At Cyzicus the electrum
staters would pass for 7 of the silver staters of the city.
PERCY GARDNER.
Till.
ON A COIN OF A SECOND CARAUSIUS, CMSA.R IN
BRITAIN IN THE FIFTH CENTURY.
THE remarkable bronze coin of which the engraving
appears above happened to strike my observation amongst
a lot of Roman and Romano-barbarous coins found at
Richborough, the famous Portus Rutupis or RutupiaB of
the ancients. The obverse presents a head modelled in
a somewhat barbarous fashion on that of a fourth-century
Emperor, diademed and with, the bust draped in the
paludamentum. The legend, reading outwards, is :
DOMINO CARAV8IO CES (the AE, V8I, and E8 in ligature).
The reverse presents a familiar bronze type of Constans
or Oonstantius II. The Emperor holding phoenix and
labarum standard stands at the prow of a vessel, the
rudder of which is held by Victory. 1 In the present
case, however, in place of the usual legend that accom-
panies this reverse FEL . TEMP . REPARATIO ap-
pears the strange and unparalleled inscription
DOMIN . . . CONTA ... NO.
1 The Emperor's legs are omitted, as also a part of the fore-
part of the vessel, as if to make room for the inscription, NO.
192 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The last three letters of OONTA . . . are in con-
tiguity, followed by uncertain traces of another, and
the NO is placed over the fore part of the vessel; in the
field to the left are apparently three pellets. The exer-
gual inscription is invisible. The coin bears traces of
having been washed with white metal, and it weighs 4'2J grs.
It will be seen at once that, though both in its obverse
and reverse designs approaching known fourth-century
types, the present piece is not a mere barbarous imitation
of a coin of Constans or Constaritius II. It presents tis,
on the contrary, with a definite and wholly original legend
of its own. The name of the CcTsar represented is clearly
given as Carausius;, but the whole character of the design
and the reverse type, which only makes its appearance on
the imperial dies towards the middle of the fourth century,
absolutely prohibit us from attributing it to the well-
known usurper who reigned from 287 to 293, and who,
moreover, always claimed the title of Augustus.
The present official style is wholly unexampled on a
Roman coin. D . N for DOMINYS NOSTER becomes
of course usual on coins from Constantine's time onwards,
and DOMINOR . NOSTROR . CAESS is also frequent,
but the title DOMINO, standing alone without qualifying
pronoun, as it appears on this coin, is as exceptional a
phenomenon as the legend on the remarkable piece of an
earlier date, in which the titles DEO ET DOMINO are
coupled with the name of Aurelian. 2
The CONTA . . of the reverse is enigmatic. The
Romano-British tendency, of which other examples will
be given, to omit unaccented i's in certain positions, would
make COMT . . (which, owing to the ligature of the N and
* DEO ET DOMINO NATO AYRELIANO ATC.
ON A COIN OF A SECOND CARAUSIUS. 193
T, is a possible version of the legend) a thoroughly legiti-
mate abbreviation for COMIT . . in the same way as on a
Roman inscription found in Britain we find MILTum for
MILITum. But a numismatic reference to a COMES
AVGYSTI other than a god does not exist, and we can
hardly venture to look for it even on so exceptional a piece
as the present. I will leave it, therefore, for others to
detect upon our coin the sentinel form of a Comes Littoris
Saxonici looking forth from the prow of his galley in expec-
tation of the Saxon pirate, and will content myself with
the suggestion that either an S has been carelessly omitted,
in which case CONTA . . stands for CONSTA, or that the
X-like crossing of the second and third stroke of the N
indicates the presence of an X. According to the analogy
of late Romano-British inscriptions, an X may stand for
an S, and we should have here CONXTA . . = CONSTA,
as on a Romano-British monument we find CELEXTI
for CELESTL 3 The effaced traces of letters which follow 1
I venture to read N TI in ligature, and if the NO above the
prow of the vessel, which evidently forms the continuation'
of the legend, be joined on to the rest, we get the form
CONXTA[NTI]NO for CONSTANTINO.
The prototype of the reverse desigin of our coin, repre-
senting the Emperor standing on the prow of a galley
steered by Victory, and holding the phoenix and labarum
standard, is on'e of the commonest of the fourth-century
imperial types, and its date can be fixed within certain"
limits. The issue of the class of coins to which it belongs'
is conterminous with the last period of the reign of. the
3 Inscriptions Britannia Christiana, 128. Similarly on
African inscriptions, MILEX for MILES. XANC(tissimo) for
SANC(tissimo), on Italian XANTISSIMVS, &e.
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. C C
194 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Emperor Constans, and the contemporary portion of that
of Constantius II. It is not found on the coins of
Constantino the younger, who met his death in 340 A.D.
On the other hand, at the moment of Constans' murder,
and the consequent accession of Magnentius in 350, it
seems to have been already superseded by the allied type
on which the phoenix is replaced by a globe and Victory.
On .the coins of Magnentius, as on those of Constantius
Gallus, who was associated by Constantius II. in 351,
only this later variety appears.
We are thus enabled to establish a terminus a quo in
two directions for the period during which the class of
coins that supplies the prototype of the present piece was
issued from the imperial mints. Its emission cannot well
have been earlier than 340 or later than 350 A.D. But
there seem to me to be sufficient grounds for fixing the
date of this type within still narrower limits. Evidently
it records a maritime expedition ; and in the case of the
Emperor Constans this maritime expedition is not far to
seek. In other words, it must refer to Constans' passage
to Britain in 343 in answer to the appeal of the hard-
pressed Provincials one of the most important episodes
in his reign, as may be gathered from the reference to it
in the later books of Ammianus Marcellinus ; 4 though,
alas ! a full account of it, recorded in an earlier book of
the same author, together with his notice of British
geography, has perished. The connexion of the present
type with this British expedition is rendered still more
probable by its close analogy with a more elaborate com-
position on a contorniate medal of the same Emperor,
which was certainly commemorative of that event. On
4 Lib. xx. 1. 1 ; xxvii. 8, 4.
ON A COIN OF A SECOND CARAUSIUS. 195
the reverse of this medal the Emperor stands on a galley,
in the attitude of a champion, armed with spear and
shield. Behind him are two standards, and the prow is
headed by a Victory holding a wreath. A nymph directs
the course of the galley, and behind is a tower, explained
by the inscription BONONIA OCEANEN . Bononia
Oceanensis, as Boulogne^sur-Mer seems to have been known,
to distinguish it from its namesake of the ^Emilia. Bononia
was the natural crossing point for Britain ; and accordingly
we find a law of Constans in the Theodosian Code, dated
from that city in January 343. 5 By the end of June, in
,the same year, as we know from the same source, Constans
was back again at Trier. 6 Assuming this maritime expe-
dition of Constans to have given occasion to the issue
of the above class of coins their date of emission is
further limited between the years 343 and 350.
There can, however, I venture to think , be little doubt
that the coin with which we are at present concerned
belongs to a considerably later date than its prototype.
It is, indeed, notorious that the coins of Constantine and
his family, being the commonest of the fourth-century
issues, continued, especially in Britain, where they were not
so abundantly succeeded by the issues of later Emperors,
,to be current down to the sixth and seventh centuries.
It is to imitations of these types, indeed, that we owe our
.earliest English coinage, 7 and though the Sceatta series
5 Cod. Theod., vol. iv. p. 117. Gothofred rightly corrects
Constantius into Constans.
6 Cf. Clinton, Fasti Romani, ad ann.
7 I am glad to see that Mr. C. F. Keary, in his Catalogue of
English Coins, has renounced his former opinion (Num. Chron.,
1879, p. 441) that the wolf and twins type was derived from the
rare denarius of Carausius, and in this case, as in that of the
" Standard " type, accepts a Constantinian origin.
196 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
hardly dates from an earlier period than the seventh
century, there are not wanting earlier examples of more
or less exact reproductions of fourth-century Roman coins
in this country and elsewhere. These Constantinian types
formed the basis of a long series of Northern bracteates
Scandinavian, Frisian, and Anglo-Saxon, as well as
of some sixth -century Merovingian coinages, and a note-
worthy example of a revival of the same kind is to be
found in the gold solidus, supposed to date from about
the year 600, 8 presenting on the obverse the head
and blundered superscription of a coin of Honorius, and
on the reverse the well-known type of the Emperor
holding the labarum and the globe surmounted by Vic-
tory and setting his foot upon a captive, here associated
with a Runic inscription. It is a reversion of this sort to
an earlier model, but by a Romano- British instead of a
half -Romanised Teutonic artist, that makes itself apparent
on the present coin. There are peculiarities of fabric
which remove it from the barbarous contemporary coun-
terfeits of the coins of Constans and Constantius. Such
contemporary imitations present us with blundered copies
of the legends on the genuine imperial coins. Here, on
the contrary, we have a wholly original style and inde-
pendent inscription, which, though rustic in its latinity
and orthography, has a deliberate meaning of its own,
and is thus analogous to the Runic legend on the piece of
Teutonic fabric. More than this, as I hope to demonstrate,
the letters and their peculiar ligatures, while deviating
from fourth-century practice, show a remarkable affinity
8 See Dr. Wiinmer's remarks in Keary's Catalogue of English
Coins, p. Ixxxiv, seqq.
ON A COIN OF A SECOND CARAUSIUS. 197
to certain forms that occur on some of the late Roman -
Christian monuments of Britain.
That the coin itself was struck in our island may be
safely assumed, both from the place where it was found
and from the name of Carausius that it bears upon its
obverse. Whatever the original extraction of Carausius,
there can be no doubt that the name of the first asserter
of Britain's maritime dominion struck a deep root in her
soil. 9 A curious manifestation of this is seen in a grave-
stone found at Penmachno, in Caernarvonshire, recording
in barbarous Latin the sepulture of a later and Christian
Carausius beneath a cairn. It is headed by the Christian
monogram, and the inscription, of which a reproduction
is given below, reads, CARAYSIYS HIC IACIT IN HOC
CONGERIES LAPIDVM. It belongs to an interesting
class of Romano-British monuments dating from the period
when the last of the Roman legions had been recalled
from our shores, but representing still the continuity of
the Roman as distinguished from the more purely Celtic
population of Britain. It is included by Dr. Hiibner 10
in his " First Period." Here, as in other instances, we
have a name of Roman imperial association, and the ap-
pearance of the name of Carausius on this stone may be
9 Nennius, it is to be observed, gives great prominence to
Carausius in his sketch of Roman Britain. He makes him
rebuild Severus' wall, " Garautius postea imperator resedificavit
(murum) et septem castellis munivifc " (Hist. Brit., c. xix.).
" Carautius .... transverberavit omnes regulos Britonum et
vindicavit valde Severum ab illis et purpuram BritanniaB
occupavit" (c. xx.). Professor Rhys informs me that Carausius
under the late form of Ceris has given his name to a pool in the
Menai Straits.
10 Inscriptiones Britannia Ghristiana, p. xx. Dr. Hiibner
places it amongst those written more Romano rather than more
Britannico.
198 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
set beside that of Severus, Victorinus, Martinus, the public-
spirited Pro-Praofect, who was driven to commit suicide
by the Inquisitor of Constantius II., and Victor, the son
and associate of Magnus Maximus, all of them Emperors
or Governors in a special way connected with Britain,
whose names reappear on tituli of the same class, 11 and
seem to indicate a distinct Roman national tradition, as
opposed to that more purely British tradition exemplified
by names like Boduoc or Conbellinus. The direct con-
nexion with Rome had been cut off, but some part of our
soil, at least, remained " Romania." l2
A comparison of the lettering and arrangement of the
inscription on the monument of this Christian Carausius
suggests some very remarkable parallels with the style of
the legends on the coin of our Carausius Caesar.
11 Amongst other purely Roman names that appear on these
late monuments may be mentioned Vitalis, Vitalianus, Eternus,
Eternalis, Severinus, Secundus, Coelestis (Celexti), luvenalis
(Icvenalis probably = Juvenalis), Saturninus, Nobilis, Avitus,
Justinianus, Viventius, Majorius, Salvianus, Pompeius (Pun-
peius), and Paulinas.
12 The passage in Gildas (De Excidlo Britannia, c. v.) in
which he sums up the effects of Roman rule in Britain in the
words, "ita ut non Britannia sed Romania insula censeretur,"
derives peculiar interest from the parallels that it recalls in
other parts of the Roman Empire. It was only by the fourth and
fifth century that the process of Romanization in the provinces
had become sufficiently complete and the contrast with aggres-
sive barbarism sufficiently strong to fully evoke the national
feeling, " Quod cuncti gens una sumus," of which the term
" Romania " is the territorial expression. Had the English con-
quest been less thoroughgoing the name might have lived on here
beyond the Channel, as it has lived on to this day beyond the
Danube. Gildas himself records the preservation of the Roman
name by Britain after the separation from the rest of the Empire,
though he regrets the loss of Roman customs and laws, "Insula
nomen Romanum nee tanien mores legemque tenens quin potius
abjiciens " (c. xxvi.).
ON A COIN OF A SECOND CARATJS1TJS.
199
HOCGD
Sepulchral Slab at Penmachno, Caernarvonshire.
(Eeduced to | diam.) 13
13 The above copy of the inscription was executed by me
from the stone (at present in Penmachno Church), carefully
collated since with a paper cast made at the same time. The liga-
tures are not accurately rendered in Inscript. Brit. Christ. 136.
200 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Comparing this with an enlarged fac-simile of the ob-
verse and reverse legend of the present coin
DOMINO
DOMINIC] coyyrA|ri]No
we note
1. The same tendency to ligature that of the VS and
ES of the two examples presenting analogies of the most
striking kind. Ligatures like the above are wholly absent
from the imperial series of the first four centuries of our
era. Oil' the olher hand, something analogous is occasion-
ally found on coins struck by Gallic cities in the fifth and
sixth centuries, and the practice fits in with the mono-
grammatic tendency of those times. It may be noticed in
this Connexion that the peculiar G of the monument first
appears, so far as I am aware, on the imperial coinage in
the reign of Theodosius II., 408 450 A.D. U It is adopted
in the monogrammatic signature of the Burgundian King
Gondebald on coins struck by him in the name of Anas-
tasius, from 491 onwards. 15
2. The S of the inscription, though not reversed as
those of the coin, has an almost identical form, consisting
of a somewhat angular bend at top and a horizontal pro-
longation of the lower curve. This forin is characteristic
of a whole series of Romano-British inscriptions belong-
ing approximately to the same period.
3. The form of the first R in the inscription and of
14 Sabatier. Monnaies Byzantines, PL V. 11. The L of the
Carausian inscription apparently first occurs on coins of Leo I.,
457474.
15 See Annuaire deNumismatique, vol. i. (1886), PL VI., 1 G.
ON A COIN OF A SECOND CARAUSIU3. 201
that on the coin approximates to a characteristic p of
the same series of monuments, itself the precursor of the
Saxon ft. This form occurs on coins of Constantino III.
4. Finally we find the language itself, in both cases, pre-
senting characteristics rather Romance than Roman. The
IN HOC CONGERIES of the stone belongs to a time
when the last letter of the case-ending had been dropped
in pronunciation, and when letters were accordingly set
on by would-be classical scribes in a purely arbitrary
fashion, the spoken language affording them no guide and
grammars not being forthcoming. In the case of the
coin we have no added letter, but the form points to the
Romance style. It is not necessary to suppose that the
DOMINO CARAVSIO CES. &c., is to be taken in its
literal grammatical sense as a dedicatory form in the
dative. From Diocletian's time onwards, at any rate, where
such formula are used on coins, they are generally accom-
panied by DIVO, and are literal dedications to the deified
departed, as DIVO CONSTANTIO PIO PRINCIPI, on
the memorial coins of Constantius Chlorus. Parallels
may indeed be found to this dedicatory style on the coins
of living sovereigns and without the DIVO, but they are
at least unusual, and in the present case it is possible to
find a simpler explanation. In other words, this inscrip-
tion belongs to a time when the nominative case-end-
ing was being generally dropped, and all nouns, save in
exceptional instances, were being reduced to a common
termination. In this respect it finds numerous analo-
gies in other inscriptions belonging to the same class
as the would-be classical titulus with which we are deal-
ing. On another monument, also belonging to Dr.
Hiibner's " First Period," and found at the same place,
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. D D
202 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Penmachno, 16 " GIVE " and " CONSOBBINO " are used
as nominatives. In the same way we find on earlier
Roman inscriptions found in Britain forms like " YOTO
SOLVIT LIBENS," n and on a later British example,
"SINGNO CRVCIS IN ILLAM FINGSI." 18
That the Carausius of the inscription is the same per-
sonage as the Carausius Caesar of the coin, I shall neither
affirm nor deny. But there seems nothing to exclude
the possibility, or even probability, of such an identifica-
tion. In both cases we find the name associated with the
Christian monogram, though that on the labarum held by
the standing Emperor on the reverse of the coin has been
much effaced. The coincidences observable in the liga-
tures and some of the letter forms are, as already shown,
of so striking a kind as to point to a close correspondence
of date. That no imperial title should appear on the
stone does not count for much. A Carausius Caesar who
had reigned at Richborough and commanded on the
Saxon Shore, would hardly have found his way to this
bleak Caernarvonshire resting-place, beneath the shadow
of Snowdon, otherwise than as a fugitive who had already
exchanged his purple for a cassock. The practice of
erecting inscribed monuments in Britain in the fifth
century was not so common as to lead us to suppose that
those commemorated were wholly obscure personages.
10 Hiibner, Imc. Brit. Christiana, No. 135. CANTIORI
HIC IACIT VENEDOTIS CIVE FVIT CONSOBRINO MA-
(G)LI MAGISTRATI. I have carefully examined the stone
and find that there is no reason to suppose that GIVES or
CON SOBRINOS 1 was the original reading. The inscription
seenas to be metrical, answering to the rhythm of " Mihi est
propositum in taberna mori."
17 C. I. L. vii. 769. Of the year 258 A.D.
* Insc. Brit. Christ. 94.
ON A COIN OF A SECOND CARAUSIUS. 203
On the contrary, we find in several cases that those thus
distinguished were persons of mark civic and military
officers, or at least their kinsmen, while the names as
already noticed point in several cases to the existence of
family traditions linking their bearers to past Emperors or
Governors connected with Britain. The mention of a
cairn, " congeries lapidum" contained in the inscription
itself certainly conveys the impression that the Carausius
interred beneath it was not unknown in the annals of the
time. The significance of cairns in the Britain of a
slightly later date is shown by the legendary account
preserved by Nennius, 19 of the cairn " congestus lapidum"
with a monument at top erected by Arthur in honour of
his dog Cabal, and impressed with the footprint of that mar-
vellous hound. So too the traditional monument of Horsa, 20
at Horsted, in Kent, which is already mentioned by Bseda
(dr. 731), was represented in the last century by "a
quantity of flint stones." 21 The usage of the times might
provide both the invader and the defender of the Saxon
Shore with the same form of monument.
So far indeed as the present argument is concerned,
it is not by any means necessary to identify the Carau-
. 19 Hist. c. Ixxix. " Est aliud mirabile in regione quae
dicitur Buelt. Est ibi cumulus lapidum, et unus lapis super-
positus super congestum cum vestigio canis in eo. Quando
venatus est porcum Troit impressit Cabal, qui erat canis Arturi
militis, vestigium in lapide. Et Artur postea congregavit con-
gestum lapidum sub lapide in quo erat vestigium canis sui ;
et vocatur Carncabal. Et veniunt homines et tollunt lapidem
in manibus suis per spatium diei et noetis et in crastino invenitur
super congestum suum."
20 Hist. EccL, I. c. xv. " Horsa postea occisus in bello a
Brittonibus, hactenus in orientalibus Cantia? partibus inonu-
mentum habet suo nomine insigne."
21 ArcJueoloyia II. (1773), p. 110,
204 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
sins on our coin with the person of the same name
referred to on the sepulchral stone. All that I wish
to insist on is, that whether we regard the form of the
letters, the abnormal style of the legend and title, or the
character of the legend, a striking analogy is observable
between the present coin and the class of Romano- British
monuments to which the titulus belongs. The inference
that we are entitled to draw from these resemblances is
that, between the coin and the earliest monuments of the
class referred to, there is a certain approximation of date.
And that a coin, ex hypothesi struck in Britain, should
present such analogies with contemporary monuments, is
rendered the more probable by the parallel supplied by
the coins of the earlier Carausius, who reigned in Britain
at the end of the third century. As this subject has not
received the attention it deserves, I may here refer to a
few of the cases I have collected, in which the legends on
the coins of Carausius show striking points of contact
with the provincial orthography, as traceable on the
Roman monuments of Britain. (See pp. 205, 206.)
These and other legends existing on the coins of Carau-
sius minted in Britain, are generally ascribed to the mere
haphazard blundering of barbarous engravers. But apart
from the fact that many of the most characteristic forms
occur on coins that are not otherwise of barbarous fabric,
it will be seen, I think, from the above comparative table,
that there is a certain method in these mis-spellings. It
is possible that, in individual instances, this is due to a
certain prevalent fashion in orthography, and to a mere
widespread mode without rhyme or reason in itself, but
characteristic of a certain epoch. But it must in any
case be admitted that a large proportion of the forms
common to these Romano-British coins and monuments
ON A COIN OF A SECOND CARAUSIUS.
205
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206
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
p s
H CO H^ O OQ
ALESAN[DE:
DESTER (=
MACRINV ( =
VALENTINV
CO
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ON A COIN OF A SECOND CARATJSIUS 207
are due to the influence of the provincial dialect, and
exhibit undoubted characteristics of incipient Romance
pronunciation and Romance grammatical simplification.
As the coins of this earlier and better known Carausius
stand to the earlier epigraphic monuments of Roman
Britain, so the present coin stands to that later Romano-
British series, which represents the survival of the Roman
language and traditions in this country at a time when
the official ties with what survived of the Empire over
sea were already cut away.
The general geographical distribution of this latter
class of inscription seems to refer their origin to a period
when a large part of South-Eastern Britain was alread}' in
Saxon hands. In other words the bulk of them can hardly
be earlier than the middle of the fifth century. Many, no
doubt, date from the sixth century ; one commemorates
a certain Paulinus, who has been identified with a bishop
who attended a provincial synod shortly before 5Q9. 21 On
the other hand, seventh-century inscriptions, like the de-
dication of the Basilica at Jarrow by "King Egfrith in 685,
show forms of letters which are of a distinctly later cha-
racter 28 than those on the more purely Roman class of
monument With which we are dealing.
Admitting, however, that the great majority of these
inscriptions range from the middle of the filth to the end
of the sixth or the first half of the seventh century, there
is a piece of strong, though hitherto neglected, evidence,
which tends to show that some at least belong to a some-
what earlier date. In 1774 a very interesting inscription
27 Insc. Brit. Christ., 82, where Dr. Hiibner refers to Kees'
Lives of the Welsh Saints, p. 188.
28 Insc. Brit. Christ,, 198. The late forms of the 0, E, and C
are specially to be noted.
208 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
was found at Ravenhill, near Whitby, which records the
building of a Castrum by a certain Justinianus, who seems
to have borne the title of Prsepositus Militum. It is
written in a character which links it on to other inscrip-
tions of the present class, and shows, for example, much
the same form of S as that on our coin, and a peculiar
ligature of C and I, which presents a close analogy to
that of the CO on the Carausian Monument. Dr. Hiibner
has included it in his Inscriptiones Britannia? Christiana,
and justly remarks that the form of the letters brings it
down to the fifth or sixth century. 30 A Roman military
officer ordering the construction of a Castrum in Britain
at so late a date as that indicated by the inscription in
question is a striking figure, and we might even expect to
find some historic notice of such a personage. And as a
matter of fact we do find a reference in Zosimus (and as I
venture to think in Olympiodoros also) to a high Roman
officer of the name of Justinianus, who held a post in
Britain in the early part of the fifth century.
Zosimus, after relating the rapid succession of Marcus,
and Gratianus, and the final elevation of Constantine by the
Roman soldiery in Britain, whom the progress of the bar-
barians beyond the Channel and the apathy of Honorius
had stirred to the self-defensive choice of a warlike
29 No. 185. According to Dr. Hiibner's version it reads
IYSTINIANVS P(rce)P(ositus) VINDICIANVS M(agister)
A(R)BITERIV (for Arbitrio ?) PR(a3positi) M(ilitum) ? CAS-
TKVM FECIT A[nn]0. . . . For M ARBITERIV the pos-
sible alternative MAGISTER1V is suggested. Mominsen com-
pares C.I.L. iii. 8370 FL(avius) IOVINVS EX P(rge) P(osito)
MILITVM HISTRICORVM ET FL(avius) PAVLVS BIARCVS
PATER ET FILIVS DOMVM A FVNDAMENTIS IVSSER-
VNT FABRICARI.
30 C.I.L. vii. 268. " Litterarum formas ad saeculum quintum
sextumve ducunt."
ON A COIN OF A SECOND CARAUSIUS. 209
Emperor, proceeds to give an account of Constantine III.'s
Gallic expedition. He first sent over two of his officers,
Justinianus and Nevigastes, whom he placed in command
of the Gallic (" Celtic ") forces, and then crossed over him-
self to Boulogne. As Constantine himself was raised to
the empire in Britain, and the whole pronunciamento was
originally confined to the British soldiery, we must sup-
pose that Justinianus and his colleagues had previously
enjoyed high commands in the island and were personages
whom it was necessary for Constantine to conciliate to his
interest. The Yorkshire inscription seems to indicate
the whereabouts of Justinian's British command, and
if the identification which I have suggested be cor-
rect, the date of the inscription recording the construc-
tion of the castrum must be shortly anterior to 407 A.D.,
the year of Constantino's elevation. Justinianus was
shortly after killed in battle with Stilicho's general
Sarus. 31
Assuming this approximate date to be established, it
will be seen that the analogies existing between the
lettering and orthography of our coin and these late
Romano-British monuments do not necessarily involve a
later date for the issue of this remarkable piece than the
first part of the fifth century. On the other hand the
rapid progress of the Saxon Conquest leaves little place
31 Zosimus, lib. vi. Olympiodoros, Hist. Grcec. Minores
(Dindorf), I. 453, gives the same account in slightly different
words, but changes the name of Justinianus to Justinus.
Zosimus, however, preserves the fuller and presumably the
more correct account. He distinguishes Justinianus, who was
killed in battle with Sarus in Gaul, from another officer called
Justus, who was sent by Constantine with his son and col-
league the Emperor Constans into Spain and there excited tho
rivalry of Gerontius.
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. E E
210 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
fora Roman " Caesar " in South-eastern Britain during
the latter part of that century.
Taking all the facts into consideration it seems to me
that the elevation of the Carausius Caesar of our coin, who
from its provenance may be supposed like his greater
namesake to have made Rutupia? a principal stronghold,
is not unconnected with the episode of Constantino III.'s
Gallic adventure. The title of Ccesar itself implies the
recognition of an Augustus, and if I am right in reading
the reverse legend CONXTA[NTI]NO for CONSTAN-
TINO, there can be little difficulty in recognising the
British Constantine as the colleague of our Carausius.
The chequered career of Constantine in Gaul makes it
highly probable that he found it politic to strengthen his
precarious hold on his British provinces by the recog-
nition of a British colleague with the Ca3sarean title.
On the other hand a new and self-elevated British
tyrannus whose position was not yet assured, would be
likely to imitate, perhaps in a more humble form, the
precedent of earlier British usurpers who claimed to be
the colleagues of those whom it was their chief object to
overthrow. It is thus we find the earlier Carausius strik-
ing coins in honour of his imperial " brothers," and
adding their titles on his monetary inscriptions, 32 while
the British Constantine himself successfully laboured .to
secure his recognition by Honorius.
The crisis in Constantino's British Government came
in 409, when his general Gerontius revolted in Spain.
Gerontius, himself of British origin, and from whom
were apparently drawn some of the legendary features
32 Of. the inscriptions CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI
PAX AVGGG., MONETA AVGGG., &c.
ON A COIN OF A SECOND CAHAUsIUS. 211
of the Vortigern in the Hengist story, 33 stirred the
Barbarians then in Gaul to a revolt which was fo'-
lowed by a general incursion of their kinsmen from
beyond the Rhine into Gaul and Britain. Then it was
that the Britons in despair expelled their Imperial
Governors and took such effective measures for their own
defence as to beat back for the time the barbarian invader.
In the earlier moment of the crisis however, and before
the thoroughgoing adoption of Home-Rule, 34 the authority
of Constantine would still have been recognised, and it
must have been the last endeavour of his adherents
in the island to hold on to the stronghold which was the
key to communication with Gaul. Whether we regard
this Carausius as an actual nominee of Constantine at
this critical juncture, or whether we regard him as an
independent usurper who considered it politic to bid
for Constantine's recognition in a Caesarean capacity, we
shall not be far wrong, on the hypothesis here adopted,
in referring the issue of this unique and highly interesting
coin to the year 409. It is perhaps a fair induction that as
" the memory of the great Constantine whom the British
legions had given to the Church and to the Empire " 35 had
influenced the British soldiery in choosing the last usurper,
so the memory of the brave Carausius, who first raised
Britain to a position of maritime supremacy, may have
33 Rhys, Celtic Britain, p. 97 [Ed. ii.].
34 Zosimus's expressions (Lib. vi.) are strong : "777$ Pw/Wwv
apv j/t; dTrocrnJi'ai tfat KaO iavrov /^toreueti/ o'v/cert TOL<$ TOVTWV 7ra.Kov-
OI/TO. vo/xois, . . . /ecu 6 'Ap/>jpix o s ctTras KOL erepaL raXarwi/'cTrap-
^tat Bperavvovs fji^ad/jf vat Kara TO laov or0as r] > XeuOepaxrav rpoTrov,
KJ3d\\ovcrai ptv rous Pwyucuovs ap^ovras, otfcetov <5e /car'
35 See Gibbon c. xxx. Orosius (vii. 40) says that Constan-
tine III. was chosen " propter solam spem nominis."
212 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
influenced the choice of this obscure Caesar at a moment
when the Komano-British population was about to assert
as it had never done before its independence of Conti-
nental Empire.
The association of our Carausius with the British Con-
stantine indicated by the present coin, may at least be
taken as evidence that the new Caesar stood forth as
the representative of the interests of the Constantinian
dynasty in the island as against the faction of the rebel
Gerontius and his barbarian allies. It is not unlikely
even that he belonged to the same family as Constan-
tine III. The probability that the later Romano-British
princes, Ambrosius Aurelianus, Constantine of Dam-
nonia, Aurelius Conan, and others, traced their descent
from the third Constantine has already been shown by
Dr. Guest. 36 Gildas 37 distinctly tells us that Ambrosius
Aurelianus (who ruled from about 4b'3 onwards) was of
Roman race, and that he was the survivor of a family,
members of which had been clothed in the purple, but
who had been slain during the troublous period that
preceded his reign. Dr. Guest notices the difficulty that
no Roman usurper was known to have appeared in Britain
after the time of Constantine III. and Constans, and that
those Emperors met their deaths in Gaul. Perhaps the ele-
vation of another imperial usurper in Britain itself, of which
we have now numismatic evidence, may explain the words
36 " The Early English Settlements in South Britain," in
Salisbury volume of Arch. Inst. Journal, pp. 49 and 70.
(Oriyines Celtics II. 172).
37 Hist. c. xxv. "Duce Ambrosio Aureliano qui solus fuit
comes fidelis fortis veraxque forte Romance gentis, qui tantae
tempestatis collisione, occisis in eadem parentibus purpura
nimirum indutis, superfuerat."
ON A COIN OF A SECOND CARAUSIUS. 213
of the British historian, and the reference to the violent
end of emperors of Ambrosius' family may include a
tragedy in which the Carausius Caesar of our coin played
a leading part.
It is possible that after the expulsion of the officials
of the Central Government at Aries, a Caesar of British
election may have continued for a while to maintain him-
self within the walls of Richborough or London. But a
variety of historical considerations, a brief statement of
which will not be found impertinent to the present inquiry,
precludes us from supposing that any one pretending to
an imperial title in the island could have long survived
the Revolution so forcibly described by Zosimus.
It is probable that during the period that immediately
succeeded the overthrow of direct Imperial Government
in Britain, at least its South- Eastern parts were adminis-
tered by the civic officers of the various municipal Com-
monwealths. Unity of action would be to a certain extent
secured by the provincial Conventus of the Civitates, the
tradition of which seems to find expression in the " con-
ventional " election of the "Monarch s of Britain" recorded
in the Welsh Triads, 38 just as the Conventus of the Illyrian
Civitates is preserved by the Couvend of the Albanian
clans. The resuscitation of the Conventus of Gallic
cities at Aries, by Honorius, was a sign of the times ;
and it is noteworthy that the celebrated meeting of the
Britons and Saxons, the legendary scene of Hengist's
treachery, is described by Nennius as such a Conventus.
The Conventus of the Civitates was the natural .place
for electing the military officers who still continued to
perform the necessary functions fulfilled by the Dux
38 Triad 34, 3rd Series (Myvyrian Archaiology II. 63). " Tri
Unbenn Dygynnul ynys Prydain," &c.
214 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Britanniarum and Comes Littoris Saxonici of late im-
perial organization. But of any one pretending to the
higher imperial titles, whether of Caesar or Augustus,
at this time in Britain there is no question. ConLtantius,
the contemporary authority for the account of St. Ger-
manus' two visits to our island in 429 and 447 or 448,
mentions no one higher than a " Primus regionis," bear-
ing, it is to be observed, the Gracco-Roman name of
Elaphius, and a magistrate who exercised the office of
" Tribune." 29 Gennanus himself, as " Dux pra3lii " in the
" Alleluia battle " and the operations that preceded it,
assumed a military rank akin to that borne by the
typical Roman chieftain in Britain of the last half of the
fifth century. Ambrosius Aurelianus appears only as Dux,
in the Welsh chronicles " Wledig " or " Gwledig," a title
which, as has been suggested by Professor Rhys, 40 seems
to represent the unbroken tradition of the Dux Britan-
marum. So, too, the Arthur of Nennius, though allied
with British kings, is himself spoken of as " Dux belli." 41
But the depletion of the urban population of South-
Eastern Britain, consequent on the barbarian ravages,
Pictish, Hiberno-Scottish, and Saxon, was constantly
39 Constantius, Vita S. Gennaui, i. 24, in Acta Sanctorum,
ad diem, 31 Julii. " Vir Tribunitia? potestatis." The same
phrase occurs in Gregory of Tours (lib. x., c. 21 ; cf. lib.
vii., 23). From Fortunatus (lib. vii. 16) the office of Tribune
seems to have been a step towards the dignity of Comes. He
had charge of the Castra and prisons (cf. Ducange, s.v.
Tribunus, ed. Favre). A Cornish inscription (Insc. Brit. Christ.
13) reading . . . BONEMIMORI FILLI TPJBVNI seems to
contain a reference to this title ; cf. " CONSOBRINO MAGLI
MAGISTRATI," of No. 125. Both inscriptions belong to Dr.
Hiibner's " First Period."
40 Celtic Britain, p. 103.
41 Hist. c. Ixiii. " Artur pugnabat contra . . . Saxones cum
regibus Brittonum sed ipse dux erat bellorum."
ON A COIN OF A SECOND CARAUSIUS. 215
giving greater prominence to the Celtic element even in
that part of the island which during the past four cen-
turies had been most thoroughly Romanized. It was, no
doubt, to a great extent the natural outcome of these
altered relations, that the title of " "Rex " now comes to
the fore in British annals. Already in the version of St.
Grermanus's mission, given by the British hagiographer,
Marcus Anachoreta, 42 and followed with variations by
Nennius, we find the Saint repulsed from a royal palace,
and himself represented as a king -maker. Gildas,
writing of the state of Britain after the embassy, to
Aetius, in 445, speaks of a succession of kings. 43 His own
contemporaries and their predecessors bore the royal
title. 44 The British prince Riothimus, whose aid was suc-
cessfully sought in 470 AD. by the Emperor Anthemius
against the Yisigoths under Euric in Gaul, receives the
title of Rex Britonum from his only chronicler Jordanes. 45
But this growing prevalence of the regal title in Britain
42 Acta Sanctorum, loc. cit., p. 272, Nennius, c. xxxi.
Marcus appears to have nourished in the eighth century. He
was a Briton by birth, educated in Ireland, and after having
been for many years a bishop in his native country, was enticed
to France by Charles the Great's munificence, and received as
an Anchorite at St. Medard's Monastery.
43 De excidio Britannia, c. xix. "Ungebantur Reges et non
per Deum, sed qui caeteris crudeliores extarent, et paulo post ab
unctoribus, non pro veri examinatione, trucidabantur, aliis
electis trucioribus."
44 Epistola GildcB. " Reges habet Britannia sed tyrannos."
Vortipor is addressed as " boni regis nequam fili." Maglo-
cunnus has the regal title, and he had in early youth slain the
king, his uncle. (" Nonne in primis adolescentiaa tuae annis
avunculum regem . . . oppressisti ? ") Maglocunnus (Maelgwn)
himself died, according to the Annales Cambriae, in 547.
45 Jordanes, de Getarum sive Gotli<>rum origine. Ed. Closs.
p. 160. The defeat of these " Brittani " at Bourges is men-
tioned by Gregory of Tours (Lib. II. c. 19), but he does not
notice their transmarine origin.
216 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
must not by any means be taken to indicate the abroga-
tion of all Roman traditions. The title of Rex itself was
no doubt recommended by its claims to barbarian allegi-
ance, but if we consider the changed usage of the times
in other provinces besides Britain, it will be seen that
by the fifth and sixth century it had been frankly adopted
by Roman rulers in their relation with Roman popula-
tions. The title of Rex had, indeed, already Imperial
associations, as we know from the instance of Constantino's
nephew Hanniballianus, who was not only allowed, in
virtue of his oriental government, to assume this style,
but to add it to his name on the coinage of the Republic.
In the fifth century we find the Gallo-Roman population
of Northern Gaul, isolated from the rest of the Empire by
the Frankish conquests, obeying a prince of the name of
Syagrius, with the remarkable title of Rex Romanorum. 46
The Patrician who thus stood forth as the champion of
his nationality in this Gallic " Romania," ruled over bar-
barians as well as men of Roman blood, and his full title
seems to have been REX FRANCORVM ET ROMAN-
ORVM. In Africa, too, after the Vandal conquest a
curious parallel occurs. From a Mauretanian inscription
it appears that a remnant of the Roman population in
close confederation with the Moors prolonged awhile
their independence of the Teutonic invader under the
headship of a prince Masuna, who here receives the title
of REX GENTIYM MAVRORVM ET ROMANO-
RYM. 47 Obvious parallels may be supplied from the Italy
of Odoacer and Theodoric as well as the Illyrian regions,
46 Greg. Tur. Lib. II. c. 27. It is probable that his father
^gidius, who also reigned at Soissons, had the same title.
47 C. I. L. viii. 9835. The inscription is of the year 508
and begins : PRO . SALYTE . ET INCOL(umitate) . REG(is)
. MASYNAE . GENT(ium) MAYR(orum) ET ROMANOR(um).
ON A COIN OF A SECOND CARAUSIUS. 217
and in Britain, where the Celtic element now claimed for
itself political parity, there is every reason to believe
that a dual title of the same kind was adopted by Riothi-
mus and his predecessors, who were no doubt Reges Ro-
manorum et Britonum, or even, it may be, Saxonum as well.
It is characteristic of the times that Gildas, in his review
of Roman history, speaks of " Reges Romanorum " after-
wards obtaining the " Imperium " of the World, 48 an
expression curiously prophetic of the usage of the Holy
Roman Empire.
A " Rex Romanorum " then was no longer an anomaly.
The Rex himself had become an imperial official, who
often united to the regal title the dignities of the
Patriciate or the Ducatus. As a title it afforded a con-
venient bridge to unite the fealty of Roman and barbarian.
But the very fact that such a title obtained a currency
among the isolated patches of Romanic population that in
Gaul, Africa, or Britain, still raised their heads above the
barbarian flood, is a witness to their despair of setting up
pretenders to higher imperial rank. The time had gone
by when a Maximus could go forth from his British home
to Rome or Trier, or a Carausius could even secure his
sway over so much of the Roman world as was con-
tained within the isle of Britain. There was no place in
these contracted dominions for a Caesar or Augustus, and
though the name of Imperator has survived in Welsh,
and has even attached itself to Arthur in Welsh saga,
there is no allusion in any of our early authorities to its
adoption by a Romano -British king. 49
48 De Excid. Brit., c. iii. " Romanorum Reges cum orbis
Imperium obtinuissent," &c. There is a variant reading,
<k Romani Reges."
49 The Gwledigs, or Over-Kings, were sometimes called
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. F F
218 NUMISMATJC CHRONICLE.
In short, all historic probability seems strongly to
weigh against the existence of any prince in Britain
calling himself Caesar and Dominus during the period
which intervened between the overthrow of the direct
Imperial Government in Britain in 409 and the final
conquest of the South-Eastern part of the island by the
English invaders. The titular authority of the Roman
Emperors no doubt continued, and they may even have
gained in sentimental veneration from the loss of effectual
control. But the Emperors whose titular authority was
acknowledged lived far away at Rome, or even Constan-
tinople. Honorius, by his letters to the Cities of Britain,
was careful to legalise the new state of things, and the
very instrument that abrogated the direct government
of his officials still asserted his dominion. The Embassy
of the Britons to the Consul Aetius implied the recogni-
tion of his titular sovereign the Emperor Valentinian III.
The mission of St. Germanus was itself a rehabilitation of
the spiritual sway of Rome as against the incursions of
Celtic heterodoxy, and the Synod of Verulamium was,
from every point of view, a re-cementing of the ties that
still bound Britain to the Respublica Romana. And that
those ties were not so purely sentimental as we might be
prone to imagine, is shown by the readiness with which
the British Riothimus answered the call of the Emperor
Anthemius, and crossed the Channel at the head of his
forces in the capacity of Imperial commander against the
Goths. The loyalty of the Roman element in Britain to
the Empire at a still later date is strikingly attested by
the words of Gildas, 50 who, when describing the career of
Ktissarogwn , i.e. Caesarians, by the bards (Rhys, Celtic Britain,
Ed. ii., p. 135), in virtue of their Ducatus.
5U De Excidio Britannia, c. x.
ON A COIN OF A SECOND CARAUS1US. 219
the British Emperor Magnus Maximus, cannot refrain,
two centuries after the event, from an indignant outburst
against the usurper who had wickedly presumed to raise
his hands against "his Lords the two legitimate Em-
perors." It would be interesting to know how far the
writer's presumable loyalty to the Emperor Justinian
might have stood the shock of learning that his great
commander Belisarius had offered Britain to the Goths in
exchange for Sicily. This proposal, recorded by Pro-
copius, 51 is at least of interest, as showing that if Britain
still recognised the titular sovereignty of the Augustus,
he on his side still affected to consider it a subject
Diocese.
But this very recognition of imperial over- lordship,
shadowy as it had become, precluded the existence
of imperial pretenders in Britain itself. The reappear-
ance of the highest imperial titles in our own island
was rather the work of the later Anglo-Saxon kings,
and was the insular reply to the revival of the Western
Empire by Charlemain on the Continent. The usual
imperial title of ^Ethelstan and his successors was
"Basileus" or " Imperator," and it was reserved for
Eadred, as " Cyning and Casere," 52 to translate into an
English form that Csesarean style of which the coin of the
second Carausius before us must be taken to supply the
latest memorial in Roman Britain.
ARTHUR J. EVANS.
51 De bello Vandalico, lib. ii.
52 Cod. DipL, ii. 303. Mr. Freeman remarks on this (Nor-man
Conquest, 1. 558) that this diploma is remarkable as "the only
one on which the title of Caesar appears in any shape. Casere
is the regular English description of the Continental Emperors,
but I know of no other instance of its application to an English
King."
IX.
COINAGE OF ELFWALD IL, A.D. 806807.
NOTWITHSTANDING Mr. Keary's assertion that no coins are
known of this king, 1 I venture, with much deference, to
hold an opposite opinion.
In my cabinet is the brass styca above engraved (which
was found at York in 1842, amongst ten thousand stycas
bearing the names of other personages), and for the fol-
lowing reasons I appropriate it to the reign of Elf-
wald II. :-
1. No stycas before Eardulf's reign have a moneyer's
name upon them.
2. The money er's name upon it is EADVINI, and
EADVINI was a moneyer of Elfwald II.'s predecessor
and successor respectively.
3. The letter E. (EX) follows the king's name, as on
the styca of Eanred, Ethelred, &c.
The late Mr. Lindsay had a styca 2 (now lost) with the
1 A Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum, 1887,
p. 143.
1 Coins of the Heptarchy, PL L, No. 81.
COINAGE OF ELFWALP II., A.D. 806 807. 221
same legend as mine, although the arrangement of the
letters was slightly different ; and I think, had these two
stycas been issued during the reign of the first Elfwald, a
rude animal, or some grotesque ornament, would not im-
probably have occupied the reverses in lieu of a moneyer's
name.
I do not see any necessity for assigning any stycas to
Elfwald I., or any sceattas to Elfwald II., until more
cogent evidence presents itself.
NATHAN HEYWOOD.
X.
DR. HILDEBRAND ON THE EARLIEST SCANDINAVIAN
COINAGE.
DR. HANS HILDEBRAND, the well-known antiquary and
keeper of the Antiquarian Museum in Stockholm, has
recently published, in the Journal of the Royal Historical
and Antiquarian Academy, a paper on the earliest Scandi-
navian money (Nor dens tildsta mynt), which will, I think, be
of considerable interest for the readers of the Numismatic
Chronicle, I will therefore give a short abstract of that
paper, which, through the kindness of Dr. Hildebrand in
procuring cliches of his illustrations for the use of the
Numismatic Chronicle, we shall be able the better to
explain by illustrations. Some points not touched upon
in the article Dr. Hildebrand has added in a private letter
to the present writer.
I Dr. Hildebrand' s paper is, in effect, divided into two
parts. In the first he discusses the attribution of certain
coins hitherto generally considered as the earliest money
actually struck in Scandinavia. These pieces are all pub-
lished in the first page of Schive's important Norges mynter
i middelalderen, and Dr. Hildebrand makes some corrections
to Schive's attributions. In the second part he publishes a
number of pieces which have lately been discovered at
Bjorko, in Sweden. In this short resume, I propose to
reverse the order of treatment, to speak first of the Bjorko
THE EAULIEST SCANDINAVIAN COINAGE. 223
224 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
pieces, which I think Dr. Hildebrand conclusively shows
are earlier than the coins published by Schive, and to
turn to these last when we have dismissed the Bjorko' coins.
Bjorko is an island in Lake Malar, a little to the east
of the mouth of the Gripsholmsvik in that lake, and it is
now generally accepted as identical with the ancient
Birca. The ancient and the modern names are the same
in meaning, both signifying " birch-island ; " and the dis-
covery of numerous antiquarian remains in Bjorko has
further tended to its identification. The localisation of
Birca upon the Upsala branch of Lake Malar, though it
appears in Von Spruner's Atlas, must be abandoned.
Birca was the first place at which the first missionary to
Sweden, St. Anscar, made any stay. It will be remem-
bered by those who have read the life of this saint how,
on his first voyage to Sweden, the vessel which bore
Anscar and his brother missionary Witmar was attacked
by pirates (Yikings), and how they and the crew only
saved themselves by leaping overboard and swimming to
the shore. Thence the missionaries wandered across
country on foot until (apparently) they came to Lake Malar
and to the harbour of Bjorko, where King Bjorn received
them favourably, and they were allowed to build a church
on Bjorko, the first Christian church erected in Sweden.
This was in A.D. 830 1. Some ten years later the Swedes
rose against the missionaries, and Anscar's successor, Gauz-
bert, the bishop of the church in Sweden, 1 was driven from
the country. For seven years Birca remained without
any Christian missionary, until Anscar dispatched Andgar
to continue the work of his predecessor. This work, how-
1 There were now two Christian churches, one at Birca,
another at Sigtuna, the capital of Bjorn's kingdom.
THE EARLIEST SCANDINAVIAN COINAGE. 225
ever, made little progress until, about 850, Anscar himself
made a second journey to Sweden. After an assembly held
at Birca, leave to preach and minister in this kingdom
was accorded to the Christians, and Anscar returned [c. 854]
to his archbishopric of Bremen, leaving his nephew, Erim-
bert, as Christian priest in Bjorko.
The accompanying coins, Nos. 1 6, 2 represent the
different types of the coins which have been found during
excavations at Bjorko by Dr. Stolpe, and which are pub-
lished by Dr. Hildebrand. At the same place English
coins have been found, dating from the earlier years of
the tenth century, e.g. Edward the Elder (d. 924), and
Sihtric of Northumbria (d. 926 or 927). But the series
of pieces here given are certainly not derived from any
English coins of this class. They are derived, as Dr.
Hildebrand very clearly shows, from the coinage of Dor-
stat (Duurstede), chiefly that of the time of Charles the
Great and Louis the Pious [compare Nos. 2, 3, and Figs, b
and c rev., taken from Van der Chijs, Munten der Frankish-
en Duitsch Nederlandsche VorstenJ] No. 1, which is No. 11
on Dr. Hildebrand's plates, I will leave on one side for
the present. No. 2 has the remains of the inscription
CAEOLVS on the obverse and DORSTAT on the reverse.
Nos. 3 and 4 retain the traces of CAROLYS. Nos. 3, 5, 6
have all on one side a ship, which is a type peculiar to
Dorstat and to Quentovic among all the Carlovingian
coinage. Nos. 4 6 have apparently original types upon
2 I have slightly altered the order in which these coins are
engraved by Dr. Hildebrand for reasons which will immediately
appear. My No. 1 in his plate follows No. 6. The order of
the others is the same. Nos. 7, 8 are coins of the same class
found elsewhere than on Bjorko.
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. G G
226 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
one side. It is possible, indeed, in the case of the first of
the three, that its reverse type is a somewhat remote
derivative from the well-known " temple " type of Charle-
magne and Louis the Pious [compare Van der Chijs,
o. c., PL XI. 1, for a type, which may have been instru-
mental in forming the type of our No. 4]. I cannot
point out any undoubted prototype of the stag on No. 5
nor of the two cocks on No. 6.
Dr. Hildebrand next connects with the stag-type a
number of others slightly varying among themselves, of
which Fig. 1 is the representative. But it must be pointed
out that there is considerable difference between the stag
on No. 5 and the animal on No. 1. "What the type of
No. 1 seems to me to be derived from is a sceatt-type, of
which numerous examples have been found in the Nether-
lands, and some at Dorstat itself (Fig. a). The type is
engraved in Dirk's Lcs Anglo-Saxons et leurs Sceattas, and
is called by M. Dirk " type Wodan-monstre." Of course
it has nothing to do with Wodin, but is in its turn
derived from a Merovingian type with the head of Christ
(see my Cat. Eng. Coins, vol. i., p. 16, and PL III., 14
18, and Morphol. of Coins, N. C. 3 S., vol. 6 (1886),
p. 50). The type of the sceatt or Low-Country denarius
is on both sides the prototype of the Bjorko piece, as may
be seen on comparing No. 1 3 with Fig. #, or with the
Cat. Eng. Coins, PL III., No. 18, or with Dirk's PL D,
No. 2530 (No. 29 is a good example), or E, d. This
last piece has the further interest of having been actually
found at Duurstede (Dorstat). Or, again, we may take
Yan der Chijs o. c., PL IV., No. 2931.
Thus we have in this Bjorko find a series of pieces
3 The reverse must be turned through 45 to the r.
THE EARLIEST SCANDINAVIAN COINAGE. 227
copied from coins current at Dorstat, but of coins of
somewhat different periods. The sceatt coins probably
belong to the seventh or the first half of the eighth cen-
tury, whereas the Carlovingian coins belong to the very
end of the eighth century or the beginning of the ninth.
Nevertheless, the earlier coins may have continued in cir-
culation concurrently with the later ones.
Every student of the history of Western Europe in the
ninth century will have noticed the important place occu-
pied by the town of Dorstat as a centre of commerce.
Some passages in the life of Anscar especially point to
the relationship between this town and the north, as,
for example, c. 20, where the pious woman Frideburg,
on her deathbed, gives direction to her daughter Catta
to take her wealth and (because there are no poor in
Birca) go with it to Dorstat. 4 And the city is described
in terms which do not, perhaps, sound in modern ears so
laudatory as they would to readers in that age : " Ibi sunt
ecelesise plurimse, et sacerdotes et clerici, ibi indigentium
multitude." In another passage (c. 24), we read of the
Christians who came from Dorstat and Hamburg to Schles-
wick where the first church had been built in Denmark.
Hamburg remained from that time to this a great sea-port
and emporium, but Dorstat seems to have been ruined by
the frequent Viking raids from which it suffered during
the ninth century. We hear little of it after the middle
of the ninth century.
The inference, I think, is that the Bjorko pieces were
originally copied from Dorstat coins, which could very
well have been in circulation during the first portion of the
ninth century, but could hardly have been so at a much
4 Compare also c. 27. (Pertz II. 712.)
228 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
later date. It seems, in fact, not too much to believe that
they were actually carried over at the time of St.
Anscar's mission in A.D. 829.
This, of course, does not imply that the Bjorko pieces
themselves were made at such an early period. It only
implies that the earliest coins from which their types
were derived could not have arrived in the country later
than about A.D. 829.
We have one more point to notice in the morphological
history of these pieces. In the Zeitschrift far Numis-
matik, 1877, Taf. iii., are engraved a number of coins from
a find at Liibeck (described by Hr. Dannenberg), in which
will be seen a coin with on the obv. one of the types of Cnut
(Hildebrand, type G) ; on the reverse a stag, similar to
the stag on the obv. of our Fig. 5. The question then
arises whether the Bjorko pieces can belong to a date as
late as the time of Cnut. On this point I will quote ver-
batim the observations of Dr. Hildebrand. 5
" It would seem at first quite correct to attribute the
coins which I have described [the Bjorko coins] to the
epoch of King Canute. But I find that quite impossible.
That all the coins figured by me must be regarded as a
group seems quite clear to me, on account of the transi-
tion which can be established between the different types.
It is not a continued development, but the transition lies
in the combination of the types. That the oldest speci-
mens are connected with the coinage of Dorestad I must
regard as evident.
" It is quite natural to ask, * Cannot the different types
be attributed to different parts of a somewhat lengthened
period ? Cannot the youngest types be attributed to the
5 In a letter to the present writer.
THE EARLIEST SCANDINAVIAN COINAGE. 229
epoch of King Canute ? ' To the first question I answer
without any hesitation, * Yes ; ' to the latter, ' No/
"All the coins figured by me are found on the isle of
Bjorko, in the lake of Malar, in tombs or in the refuse-
heaps of the city, which must have existed there in old
times. We very seldom find by the side of a village of
central Sweden more than about one hundred tombs. Even
at this day more than two thousand tombs exist upon the
island of Bjorko. Its name, ' Birch -island/ identifies it
with the Birca of Rimbertus ( Vita Ansgarii] and of
Adamus Bremensis. It was to the city of Bjorko that
St. Anscar and his followers went. There Christianity
was first effectively preached in Sweden, and St. Anscar
was sent by Louis le Debonnaire.
" The city was destroyed but when ? Unhappily, our
chronicles do not give us the exact date. We have to
look for it in studying the archaeological and the numis-
matic evidence of the finds, not only the accidental
ones, but also those which result from systematic dig-
gings.
" Arabic coins are found in the tombs and the refuse-
heaps of the island. Some Carlovingian coins are found,
as well as English coins of Edward I. [Eadweard the
Elder], as well as [Guthorm] ^Ethelstan of Northumbria
[East Anglia], and coins of York with the name of St.
Peter. But not a single coin has been found there belong-
ing to the Anglo-Saxon kings of our period of Anglo-
Saxon treasure-troves ; not a single German coin occurs
in the same finds. As the city of Bjorko was, for the
time and the country, very considerable, the later Anglo-
Saxon coins and their German contemporaries must have
found their way thither at the time when they were
brought in such great numbers to Sweden, if the city had
230 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
existed at this time. But as no coin of Eadgar, of
JEthelred II., of Canute, nor of his successors has been
found at Bjorko, it seems to me possible to draw but
one conclusion : that the city of Bjorko had been already
destroyed at this time, when the great influx of Anglo-
Saxon and German coins commenced. Therefore it is
impossible to ascribe any of these Bjorko coins to the
epoch of King Canute the Great. All of them must belong
to a period before A.D. 1000.
" But some of these coins have been preserved, and from
such a coin some mint-master [moneyer] of Canute has
copied his reverse."
II. The other part of Dr. Hildebrand's paper (the first
in his order) is connected with what may fairly be called
the beginnings of a native Scandinavian coinage. The
pieces with which it deals are the coins (Nos. 5 15) of
Tab. I. of Schive's Norges Mynter i Middelaldcrcn. Schive
rightly attributes his Nos. 1 4 to Eric Blodox, son of
Harold Haarfagr. But as these coins were struck in
England, they are in no sense a beginning of the native
Scandinavian coinage. Those which follow Schive attri-
butes as follows :
No. 5, Olaf Tryggvesson (Norway), 9951000.
Nos. 6, 8, Jarl Erik Hakonsson (Norway), 10001015.
Nos. 9, 10, Olaf Skotkonung (Sweden), 10001015 in
Norway.
Nos. 11, 12, Svend Tvaeskegg (Denmark), 10001014.
Nos. 13, 14, Hakon Eriksson (Norway), 1015.
Nos. 1520, Olaf the Saint (Norway), 10151028 + 1030.
All the coins 5 14 are copied from the same type of
.^Ethelred II. (Hildebrand, Type C), and therefore there is
nothing in the types of the earliest Scandinavian coins to
THE EARLIEST SCANDINAVIAN COINAGE. 231
show the priority of one over another. No. 15 is derived
from JEthelred II., Type D. No. 20 copies a rare type
(G) of jEthelred. The rest are all derived from types
of Cnut. Concerning the attributions of coins 15 20,
there can, in fact, be little dispute. But Schive's attri-
bution of 5 14 is by no means above question. One of
the latest writers upon this subject, Prof. K. Ersler, of
Copenhagen, comes to the conclusion that the earliest
Scandinavian coins are those of Svend Tvaeskegg and
Olaf Tryggvesson ; later come those struck by Olaf Skot-
konung. Svend was in England more or less constantly in
Viking expeditions between 982988. In 994 he and Olaf
Tryggvesson, in conjunction, made another Viking raid
here ; they fell upon London, and harried a large part of
the surrounding country. The English paid a heavy Dane-
geld, Olaf left this country to obtain the crown of Norway,
and Svend left England in peace for the moment. Svend
was, however, again in England in 1003 1004, and again
in 1 1 3 . On the last occasion he was acknowledged as king,
but left the country 1014. His son Cnut was, as we know,
acknowledged on the death of -ZEthelred in 1016.
Now as the coin attributed to Svend in the above series
and that attributed to Olaf both have the same money er's
name, Godwine, on the reverse, it has been natural to sup-
pose that the coins were made at this time, or were made
in Scandinavia by a moneyer whom they carried away
with them in 994.
Olaf Skotkonung may have taken the type of his coin
from Svend, who was his step-father. Svend married
Olaf Skotkonung's mother in A.D. 999.
There would not be much difficulty in these attributions
were there any continuous Norwegian series of coins from
Olaf Tryggvesson downwards. Schive, indeed, does give
232 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
such a continuous series, ascribing coins to Jarl Erik
Hakonsson (10001015) and to Hakon Eriksson (1015),
after which we come to St. Olaf, about whose having
struck coins there can be no question. But Dr. Hilde-
brand shows, I think conclusively, that the coins ascribed
by Schive to Erik could not really have been struck by
him. One of these coins (the last) has unintelligible
letters. The Stockholm Cabinet has two examples similar
to Schive' s, with intelligible legend ; one showing the
end of an inscription ... A EEX ZVENO [Olaf] a rex
Svenovum. This shows that all these coins were not struck
by Erik but by Olaf Skotkonung. The other two coins
engraved by Schive and attributed to Erik, read on the
obverse HENRICVS COM[es], and on the reverse HROSA
ME EEC [it]. Comes might very well stand for Jarl,
but it is impossible that an English or a Scandinavian
money er should have written Henricus for Erik. More-
over, Hrosae, the name of the moneyer, is not either an
English or a Scandinavian name (of this date), though
it is a German one. 6 In fact, there can be little doubt
that the coin in question was struck for some German
Count Henry of the eleventh century. Dr. Hildebrand
admits the attribution of Schive' s coins to Hakon Eriksson
(1015), as, of course, those to St. Olaf, whose reign also
began in 1015.
This leaves such a large gap after the death of Olaf
Tryggvesson before the earliest known Norwegian coin
that it becomes doubtful, or more than doubtful, whether
the attribution of coins to Olaf Tryggvesson can be sus-
tained ; and in fact Dr. Hildebrand attributes the coin we
have been discussing to St. Olaf.
6 Dr. Hildebrand refers to Forstemann's Alt deutsche Namen-
biwh.
THR EARLIEST SCANDINAVIAN COINAGE. 233
In the same way, as there is no intermediate coinage
between the one coin of Svend and the beginning of a
regular Danish coinage under Cnut, it is natural to attri-
bute the former piece to the very end of Svend' s reign,
i.e. to a time just after the last visit to England in 1013
1014.
We then have to correct Schive's list of the issuers of
the earliest native Scandinavian coins to the following :-
Sweden. Olaf Skotkonung, 10001015 (in Norway).
Nos. 9, 10, of Schive.
Norway. Hakon Eriksson, 1015. Nos. 13, 14, of Schive.
St. Olaf, 10151038 + 1030. Nos. 5, 15, 20,
of Schive.
Denmark. Svend Tvseskegg, 10001014. Nos. 11, 12,
of Schive.
The weight system of these coins is not uniform, that
of Olaf Skotkonung following the Swedish, and not
the English system. Earl Hakon's coin does the same, and
therefore appears to be influenced by the coin of Olaf
Skotkonung, who ruled in Norway between A.D. 1000 and
1015. The relationship between Svend and Olaf the
Swede dates from the marriage of the former to Olaf's
mother in A.D. 999 ; and (it seems to me) that either may
have copied his coin from the other though the money
of neither (we may assume) dates before about A.D. 1013
1014. St. Olaf must have copied his coin with the
name of Godwine from the similar coin of Svend.
These, then, are the results of Dr. Hildebrand's paper.
It may be interesting, in connection with them, to give a
glance at the early history of Scandinavian money in
Europe, so far as it can now be reconstructed. I have
already said, in the first volume of the Catalogue of English
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. H H
234 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Corns, 7 that the remarkable Cuerdale find seems on one
hand to represent the earliest Scandinavian coinage. We
know the coins of this find to have been most of them
struck before the end of the ninth century, and from
their peculiar types half English and half Frankish
they seem to deserve, more than any other, the name of
Yiking coinage ; for the most important half of the
Viking period what might indeed be called, par excel-
lence,ihe " Viking Age " lies chiefly in the ninth century
and in the earliest years of the tenth. Many of the
names of moneyers of the Cuerdale coins are of Frankish
form, and others may be Danish. This series includes
the coins of the earliest Dano-Northumbrian kings
(Gu^red) Cnut and Sief red, coins which have a character of
their own, quite distinct from that either of the contem-
porary English kings or the later Danish or Norse kings
of Northumbria.
We have, on the other hand, the Bjorko coins, which
have been discussed above, if ice admit that they did pass
current as coins. I am myself by no means prepared either
to admit, or categorically deny this. We have seen that
the originals from which these types were copied were
probably carried to Sweden in the first half of the ninth
century ; the copies themselves might belong to the same
time, but more probably to fifty years or even a hundred
years later they must have been made before A.D. 1000,
as Dr. Hildebrand has shown. But, on the other hand, the
type of some of them was still known as late as the time
of Cnut, so that it seems reasonable to suppose that they
were not made so very long before Cnut's days. This
would suggest that they were made about the middle of
the tenth century.
P. 20.
THE EARLIEST SCANDINAVIAN COINAGE. 235
After what we may call the Yiking coinage in our
country we have the regular series of coins struck by the
Danish or Norse Kings of Northumbria, who copied types
of contemporary English kings in the south. These form,
as we have said, a series perfectly distinct from the coins
of (GuftredJ Cnut and Siefred, which constitute the greater
part of the Cuerdale find, and show incidentally how
the Dano-Norse kingdom had become assimilated to the
rest of England, and how distinct it really was from the
contemporary Norse kingdoms in Ireland.
Then we have the various series of coins imitated from
the coins of ^Ethelred II. The Scandinavian varieties of
these have been just described and discussed ; but we may
add to them the coinage of the earliest Norse kings of
Ireland. This series, as Dr. Aquilla Smith has shown,
begins with the coinage of Sihtric III., who copies precisely
the same C-type of .ZEthelred which was universally copied
on the Scandinavian money.
We may finally, as the outcome of all this discussion,
range the earliest Scandinavian coins, or the earliest
struck by any Scandinavian ruler, in the following
classes :
1. Transitional coinages
a. Imitations of coins which had been carried to the north
(e.g. the imitation of the Dorstat coins described by
Dr. Hildebrand ?).
b. Viking coinage represented e.g. by Cuerdale Find,
which includes barbarous imitations of English pennies.
c. New series such as the " St. Edmund " series, struck
south of the Humber.
d. Coins of Cnut and Siefred in Northumbria.
(As explained Cat. Eng. Coins, vol. i., pp. 201 2,
though these coins bear the names of Cnut and Siefred
there is no necessity to suppose them to have been
issued under the authority of these kings.)
236 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
2. Later Dano-Norse coinage in Northumbria, which is
assimilated to the contemporary coinage of the South -
Humbrian English kings.
3. The earliest coins certainly 8 struck by Scandinavian
people elsewhere than in England. All these began by
imitations of -ZEthelred II. , Type C, which were struck in
the following places by the following kings :
a. Ireland. Sihtric III.
/?. Denmark. Sven Tvaeskegg.
y. Sweden. Olaf Stotkonung.
Hakon Jar.)
C. F. KEARY.
8 The Bjorko pieces being very probably ornaments and not
coins,
XL
ON SOME PECULIAR MEDIEVAL MILANESE TYPES.
THESE types originated about the middle of the thirteenth
century, the early mediaeval coinage of Milan, as else-
where, having little variety, and being comparatively
uninteresting ; the denaro (or grosso) was almost the only
coin, and its type was generally a rude portrait, a cross,
or a monogram, with the name of the city for which it
was struck. Gradually, more distinctive types were in-
troduced, the earliest being representations of patron
saints. Thus Venice adopted St. Mark ; Florence, SS. Cos-
mus and Damian or St. John ; Lucca, the Sanctus Vultus ;
Arezzo, St. Donatus ; Eimini, St. Gaudentius ; Rome, St.
Peter ; and Milan, SS. Gervasius and Protasius (its pro-
toinartyrs), who were beheaded there in the first century,
and the great St. Ambrose, its bishop during the latter
part of the fourth century. These first appear on a gold
coin struck during the republic 1250 1310 ; its obverse
has the protomartyrs standing together, with their names
in the margin, and in the middle, vertically, MEDIO-
LANVM ; its reverse has St. Ambrose standing within a
trefoil-headed niche, his right hand raised in the act of
benediction, with the legend S. AMBROSIVS.
PL VIII. Fig. 1 is a grosso of Henry VII. of Germany,
with the type of St. Ambrose seated, his right hand
raised in the act of benediction; the obverse has the
legend HENRICVS REX.
238 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Fig. 2 is also a grosso of the same sovereign ; its ob-
verse has the standing figures of the protomartyrs, with
their names in the margin, and between them vertically
the legend HNBIC 1^ AT l (Imperator) ; the reverse has
St. Ambrose seated, as on Fig. 1.
It is interesting to be able to determine from the titles
on these coins the years in which they were struck, for
Henry VII., who was elected King of the Romans in
1308, and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1309, invaded
Lombardy the following year, and was again crowned as
king at Milan in 1311 ; in 1312 he was crowned as em-
peror at Eome, and he died in August, 1313. Therefore,
No. 1, with the regal title, must have been struck during
the latter part of 1311 or early in 1312, and No. 2, with
the imperial title, between his coronation in 1312 and his
death in August, 1313.
After the middle of the fourteenth century the type of
SS. Grervasius and Protasius was discontinued, and that
of St. Ambrose varied. On Fig. 3, struck by Galeazzo II.
and Barnabo Visconti, 1354 1378, the bishop is still
shown seated, with his right hand raised as on Fig. 2,
but instead of blessing he brandishes a sort of triple-
thonged whip.
1 The following are some of the abbreviations of "Impera-
tor " met with on mediaeval coins :
Eome ( IPA * Charlema S ne > before 816, with Pope Leo III.
( IPAK. Carloman, before 884, with Pope Marino I.
IP. Bereiigarius, before 924.
T i Frederic L, before 1186.
' I Henry VII., before 1313.
IPAT. Henry VII., before 1313.
IPT. Louis of Bavaria, before 1329.
Milan
Servia Ste ? lien VIL and Elena > before 1356 '
ON SOME PECULIAR MEDIAEVAL MILANESE TYPES. 239
Fig. 4, struck by Galeazzo Maria Sforza, 14661476,
shows another variation, the bishop being in a standing
position and using his whip on a retreating figure. The
most remarkable type, however, is that of Fig. 5, which
was struck during the same reign as Fig. 4 ; the bishop is
here represented on horseback, attacking with his whip
some soldiers, one of whom has fallen under the horse's
feet. The same incident is shown in Fig. 6, taken from
a sixteenth-century panel painting in my possession and
attributed to Giovenone of Vercelli.
As regards the meaning of the whip in the hand of
St. Ambrose, I suggested in a former paper 2 that it might
have reference to Christ's driving the money-changers out
of the Temple ; the same idea appears to have occurred to
M. Cahier, 3 where he says, " C'etait une sorte de pendant
notre Seigneur chassant les vendeurs du Temple."
Speaking on the same subject Mrs. Jameson 4 says, "A more
frequent attribute [of St. Ambrose] is the knotted scourge
with three thongs. The scourge is a received emblem of
the castigation of sin ; in the hand of St. Ambrose it may
signify the penance inflicted on the Emperor Theodosius ;
or, as others interpret it, the expulsion of the Arians from
Italy and the triumph of the Trinitarians. It has always
this meaning, we may presume, when the scourge has
three knots." Mrs. Jameson continues : " I remember
(in the Frari at Venice) a picture in which St. Ambrose,
in his episcopal robes, is mounted on a white charger, and
flourishing on high his triple scourge. The Arians are
trampled under his feet or fly before him."
2 On type of front-faced seated figure. Num. Chron. 3rd
series, vol. iv. p. 257.
3 Caracteristiques des Saints dans V Art Populaire, vol. ii. p. 429.
4 Sacred and Legendary Art, vol. i. p. 395.
240 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Professor Biondelli 5 describes the foregoing various
types, and says that there are two opinions as to their
meaning ; the one that they allude to the contests St.
Ambrose had with the Arians and Jews of his day, and
the other that they originated with the battle of Para-
biago in 1339, when Lodrisio Visconti was defeated and
taken prisoner by his cousin, Duke Azzo, with the assist-
ance of St. Ambrose, whose miraculous appearance in the
sky during the battle, on horseback, and fighting with his
whip on the side of the Duke, contributed to the victory.
In commemoration of this a decree was made by the
city of Milan, that St. Ambrose was for ever after to be
represented armed with his whip. 6
Some sculptures on the now demolished Porta di Ro-
mano at Milan, said to have been executed a century and
a-half before the battle of Parabiago, and which are said
to have shown St. Ambrose armed with his whip, are
mentioned as evidence of the Arian theory.
M. Cahier, in his Caracteristiques des Saints, vol. ii. p.
430, has an illustration somewhat similar to my Fig. 6
(only the figures are turned to the left instead of the
right), which he says is copied from a small picture of the
fifteenth century, numbered 203 in the catalogue of the
Musee Napoleon III., and described as " A holy bishop
on horseback armed with stirrup leathers," and he quotes
from Yerri, 7 "The Milanese relate that St. Ambrose
appeared thus at the battle of Parabiago in 1339, to save
his people in a conflict where they ran great risk ; in
commemoration of this a festival was established by the
city to be celebrated annually."
5 Le Moneti di Milano, F. and E. Gnecchi. Prefazione Ixvii.
6 Donati Bossi, Cronaca.
7 Verri, Storia di Milano, t. I. cap. xi.
ON SOME PECULIAR MEDIJEVAL MILANESE TYPES. 241
To recapitulate : There does not appear to be any
authentic coin-representation of St. Ambrose armed with
the whip earlier than Fig. 3, struck between 1354 and 1378,
twenty years after the battle of Parabiago ; and the earliest
representation of his fighting with the so-called Arians,
is in Figs. 4 and 5, struck between 1466 and 1478, one
hundred and thirty years after that battle.
I am therefore inclined to believe, that the represen-
tation of the saint on horseback fighting with soldiers,
occurring as it does, not only on coins, but also in con-
temporary paintings, must have been the embodiment of
a tradition probably originating with the battle of Para-
biago, poetically viewed through a vista of four genera-
tions ; perhaps the simpler type, Fig. 3, may have existed
previous to its occurrence on the coins, and it may have
had the meaning assigned to it by the advocates of the
Arian theory, but there is no satisfactory evidence of it.
The " rider," representing the sovereign on horseback,
was a favourite mediaeval type, and occurs in the Scottish,
French, Flemish, Neapolitan, and other series. Fig. 7 is
an example struck by Filippo Maria Sforza, 1412 1447,
and the subsequent representations of St. Ambrose, as on
Figs. 5 and 8, appear to be an adaptation of this type.
Fig. 8 is a testone, struck for Milan by Louis XII. of
France, who was Duke from 1500 to 1512, by right of
his grandmother, Valentiiia Visconti ; the figure represents
St. Ambrose, and coins with the same type were struck
by the Emperor Charles V. and also by Philip II.
A remarkable type, representing the saint enthroned in
the clouds, with some allegorical figures prostrate at his
feet, and suggestive of the Arian theory, was struck by
the last-mentioned sovereign. Maria Theresa, 1740
1780, struck a zecchino, with the bishop represented in
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES, I I
242 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the act of benediction, and this was the last appearance of
St. Ambrose on the coins of Milan.
Fig. 9 is a grosso of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, 1466
1476 ; on the obverse are three firebrands, from each of
which are suspended two water buckets. This type was
first used by Galeazzo II. Yisconti, 1354 1378, and vari-
ous interpretations of its meaning have been attempted.
One is that it was acquired by Galeazzo in the Holy
Land, but this is improbable, the last of the crusades
having terminated with the end of the previous century ;
it might, however, have been true of a previous Visconti.
It has also been suggested that, by these emblems of fire
and water, the forces of inflaming and quenching were
intended to be typified. Its meaning remains obscure,
and the design being inelegant was soon discontinued.
The contrary is the case as regards the reverse type of
No. 9, the crowned snake, which perhaps, on account of
its gracefulness, has been longer and more frequently used
than any other type in the series, for after the extinction
of the Yiscontis it was adopted as one of the bearings in
the arms of Milan.
It first occurred on the coins of Azzo and Luchino Yis-
conti, 1329 1349, only as a mint-mark, but on those of
Galeazzo II. and Barnabo, 1354 1378, it became fully
developed ; about the same time the dragon's head era zed
was introduced ; it appears to be an enlarged detail of the
snake tjpe, for at first they are both represented in the
act of swallowing a human figure. A variety of this
type is shown on the reverse of Fig. 7.
The origin of the snake type is said to have been the
destruction, in the vicinity of Milan, by Ugo Yisconti, of
some obnoxious reptile, whose pestilential breath was
fatal to human life, but this should probably be taken in
ON SOME PECULIAR MEDIJEVAL MILANESE TYPES. 243
a figurative sense, and as another instance of a myth
which originated in the earliest ages, and is met with in
almost every country.
JOHN GL HALL.
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE COINS REFERRED TO IN THE FORE-
GOING PAPER, AND ILLUSTRATED IN PLATE VIII.
HENRY VII. OF GERMANY. 13111312.
HENEICVS EEX. Cross cantonned with four
trefoils.
Rev. MEDIOLSNVM. St. Ambrose seated, with right
hand raised in the act of benediction. Grosso. JR..
59 grains. Gnecchi, iv. 13.
HENRY VII. 1312-1313.
2. Obv. HNEIC I-PST vertically, between SS. Gervasius
and Protasius ; in the margin, S . PEOTSSI . S .
6EEVSSI.
Itev.S . SMBEOSI . MEDIOLSNVM. St. Ambrose
seated, with right hand raised in the act of bene-
diction. Grosso. JR. 70 grains. Gnecchi, iv. 10.
GALEAZZO II. AND BARNABO. 13541378.
3. Obv. f BEENSBOS . Z . GSLEftZ . VICECOMITES.
In field the |Visconti snake, with B . 6 . above an
eagle ; the whole surrounded by a quatrefoil, with
trefoils in the spandrils.
Rev. S . SMBEOSI . MEDIOLANV. St. Ambrose seated,
holding in his right hand a whip with triple thong.
Pegione. JR. 36 grains. Gnecchi, vi. 11.
GALEAZZO MARIA SFORZA. 1466 1476.
4. Obv. Snake 6SLEZ . MS . SP. VICECOS . DVX .
MELI . V- Bareheaded bust of Duke in armour
to right. In field 6Z . M.
244 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
jfrey. S . SMBEOSI. The saint attacking with his whip
a soldier whom he holds with his left hand.
G rosso. 36 grains. Gnecchi, xiv. 5.
GALEAZZO MARIA SFORZA. 1466 1476.
5. Obv. Snake. 6ALESZ . MS . SF . VICECOS . DVX .
MELI . V. Bareheaded bust of the Duke in armour
to right.
Rev. S . SMBEOSI . MELI. St. Ambrose on horseback
galloping to right, attacking with his whip some
soldiers, one of whom has fallen under the horse's
feet. Grosso. At. 56 grains. Gnecohi, xiv. 4.
6. Sketch of painting attributed to Giovenone of Yercelli. Size
of panel, 30 in. x 17 in.
FILIPPO MARIA VISCONTI. 1412 1447.
7. Ol.+ FILIPV . MAEIft . ftNGLV. The Duke on horse-
bask galloping to right.
Rev.+ DVX . MEDIOLSNI .E.G. The ducal crest
surmounted by the dragon's head ; below, shield
with snake. In field, FI . MA . crowned, the
whole enclosed witbin a quatrefoiled square.
Fiorino d'oro. 54| grains. Gnecchi, x. 6.
Louis XII. OF FRANCE, DUKE OF MILAN. 1500 1512.
8. Olv. + LVDOYICYS . D . G . FEANCOEVM . EEX .
Bust of the King to right, wearing biretta and
surrounded by fleur de lis.
Jlev. MEDIOLSNI . DVX. St. Ambrose on horseback
galloping to right, with whip upraised. Beneath,
the escutcheon of France, crowned. Testone. M.
140 grains. Gnecchi, xix. 1.
GALEAZZO MARIA SFORZA. 1458 1476.
9. Olv. In margin, small head of St. Ambrose. GZ . M . SF .
YICECOS . DVX . MELI . Y. Three firebrands
with two water buckets suspended from each.
Bev. Head as on obverse. PP . ANGLE . Q . CO . SO .
JANVE . D. Crowned snake flanked by the letters
6 . M. also crowned. Grosso. M. 34 grains.
Gnecchi, xiv. 6.
XII.
ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760.
IN the Numismatic Chronicle of last year Mr. Warwick
Wroth gave a list of the English personal medals in the
British Museum struck after 1760, the publication of
Hawkins' Medattic Illustrations having furnished a full
account of all English medals issued prior to the death
of George II. At the time that Mr. Wroth published
his list I undertook to give on some future occasions, when
space could be found in the Numismatic Chronicle^ a
detailed account of the more important medals enumerated
in that list. This undertaking I am now about to fulfil,
and I hope that the description of these medals may serve
as the first instalment of a future treatise on the whole
series, which will form a continuation of the work begun
by Mr. Hawkins.
In the Medallic Illustrations the medals are given in
their chronological order ; but as the pieces hereafter de-
scribed are only a selection from the general series, I
think with Mr. Wroth that an alphabetical arrangement
is certainly the better, and to that I have accordingly
adhered. I shall, however, describe the medals of each
individual in their chronological order, so far as I am
able to do so. Mr. Wroth in his prefatory notice says :
" A liberal interpretation has been given to the term
' personal/ and I have generally included not only medals
struck with the sole purpose of commemorating an indi-
vidual, but also those specimens which incidentally record
246 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the names of persons. Thus many medals of societies
have been inserted under the name of the person to whom
they were awarded. " I shall not, however, be so liberal
in my interpretation of the word " personal," but shall
only give such medals as are more directly connected
with the individual portrayed or referred to. Medals of
societies belong to a separate class and form a series of
themselves.
In the description of the medals I shall adopt the same
method as in the Med-aUic Illustrations. First, the name
of the person to whom the medal refers will be given,
then the subject of the medal, the full description of the
types of the obverse and reverse, its size and metal, the
name of its possessor or where it is to be found, and a refer-
ence to any work in which it may be illustrated. To this
I shall add some account of the person portrayed and the
object of the medal. I fear the references to illustrations
will be very limited, as so little has been done in modern
English medals. Being objects of so recent a date, they
have not been considered worthy of much notice conse-
quently I have had, so far as I have gone, much difficulty
in ascertaining in many cases particulars about some of
the medals. In a few instances my efforts have been quite
unsuccessful. In the first part of this work I have with
one exception confined myself to such medals as ure in the
British Museum ; but in future portions I shall describe
all the personal medals I can meet with. I shall there-
fore feel much indebted to members of the Numismatic
Society if they will furnish me with the description of
any medals not in Mr. Wroth' s list. This will make the
publication of these pieces more generally useful, and it
is but following the method adopted in the case of the
Medallic Illustrations.
ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 247
ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760.
SIR RALPH ABERCROMBY, 1734 1801.
HELDER POINT TAKEN, 27 AUG., 1799.
1. Obv. Bust of Abercromby facing, head to left, in military
dress ; he wears ribbon of the Bath and on his
breast the star of the Order. Leg. SIR RALPH
ABERCROMBIE. K . B . LIEUTENANT
GENERAL.
Rev. View of Helder Point ; in the foreground, column
surmounted by crown, and ornamented with
two flags and sceptre, &c., at base, scales ; on
either side, rudder and anchor ; above, bird fly-
ing to right with olive-branch. Leg. PATRLZE
INFELICI FIDELIS. In the exergue, LANDED
IN HOLLAND, & TOOK HELDSR POINT
AUG T . 27. 1799.
1-55. MB. &. PL IX. 1.
Sir Ralph Abercromby, General, born Oct. 1734, received
his first commission as a cornet in the 3rd Dragoon Guards ;
served in Germany in the Seven Years' War, during 1758
1762 ; in Flanders, 17921794, where he held the rank of
Lieut. -General and commanded the rear column in the
retreat from Holland in the winter of 1794 ; in the West
Indies in 1796; was appointed, under the Duke of York, to
command the first division in a descent upon Holland in
1799, and landing at Helder Point, took that place after a
sharp action on the 30th August. In the following year lie
succeeded Sir Charles Stuart in the command of the troops
in the Mediterranean, and in October was ordered to pro-
ceed to Egypt to expel or capture the French army left
there by Napoleon. Having landed his forces at Aboukir
Bay on the 8th March, he attacked Menou, the French
general, on the 21st, and drove him back with severe loss.
248 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Abercromby was wounded in the engagement whilst
riding in front of his troops and died seven days after-
wards. He was buried at Malta.
LANDING AT ABOUKIR BAY, 8 Mar., 1801.
2. Obv. Bust of Abercromby lacing, in military dress,
and wearing the ribbon and star of the Bath.
Leg. LIEUT : GENL : SIR R : ABERCBOMBY.
Below bust, MUDIE DIE : WEBB F :
Rev. Horse walking to right ; in the background, three
pyramids. Leg. ARRIVAL OF THE ENG-
LISH IN EGYPT. In the exergue, 8 MARCH
1801.
1-65. MB. JE. ST. Mudie's Medals, No. viii.
This medal commemorates the landing of the English
army at Aboukir Bay on the 8th March, 1801. This was
effected in the face of the enemy, who kept up a most
destructive fire upon the boats as they approached the
shore. This piece forms one of the series of national
medals issued by James Mudie in 1820. He explains the
type of the reverse as follows : " The horse is of that
noble species, of that high mettle which is alone worthy
of typifying the character of the brave army which per-
formed those exploits in Egypt which must ever live in
military renown. He receives a momentary impression,
but is so far from retreating that he makes good his
stand."
BATTLE OF ALEXANDRIA AND DEATH OF ABERCROMBY, 1801.
3. Obv. Bust of Abercromby to right, bare : on truncation,
GFP. (G. F. Pidgeon.) Leg. ABERCROMBIUS
DUX IN EGYPTO CECIDIT VICTOR. 28
MAR 1801.
ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 249
Rev. Highlander seizing standard from enemy, the stand-
ard is inscribed, PASSAGE DE LA PAVIA;
at their feet, crocodile ; in the background, sand-
hills and column ; in the exergue, B. WEST.
P.R.A. PIDGEON. F. Leg. NA FIR A CHOIS-
IN BUAIDH SAN EPHAIT. 21 MAR 1801.
(The men who gained the victory in Egypt.)
1-95. MB. M gilt.
In this engagement the attack was commenced by the
enemy with the "Invincible Legion," a regiment of
1,300 picked Grenadiers, to whom the Directory had pre-
sented a standard called the " Invincible Standard." The
onslaught was upon the 42nd Regiment of Highlanders,
which was mistaken for Turkish. They penetrated the
British lines, and being nobly opposed, and refusing to
surrender, were every man killed, and buried within our
lines. The reverse type of the above medal refers to this
incident in the battle.
DEATH OF ABERCROMBY, 27 MAR., 1801.
4. Obv. Bust of Abercromby to left in military dress, and
looking through eye-glass, which he holds in
his right hand. Leg. SIR RALPH ABER-
CROMBIE. K.B.
Rev. Britannia reclining at the base of a monument in-
scribed, WOUNDED MAR, 21 DIED MAR. 28
1801, and weeping : in the distance, battle, the
French fleeing. In the exergue, FRENCH DE-
FEATED MAR. 21 1801.
1-55. MB. m.
After Abercromby was wounded in the thigh by a
musket-ball he was carried on board the Foudroyant, the
flag- ship, where -he expired seven days afterwards. A
variety of the medal has the obverse of No. 1.
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. K K
250 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
DEATH OF ABERCROMBY, 28 MAR., 1801.
5. Obv.Bust of Lord Keith to left in naval dress with
ribbon of the Bath and star on his breast. Leg.
LORD KEITH KB. VICE ADMIRAL OF THE
RED. HANCOCK.
Rev. Highlander leaning on base of monument and look-
ing up at the upper part, which bears a portrait
of Abercromby ; the base is ornamented with a
bas-relief representing that general shot whilst
leading his cavalry. Behind the monument,
trophies of flags and arms. Leg. 1801. SIR
RALPH ABERCROMBY WOUNDED MARCH
21 DIED MARCH 25.
1-9. MB. m.
In November, 1799, Lord Keith, who had been ap-
pointed Vice- Admiral of the Red, succeeded Earl St.
Vincent as Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean.
When Abercromby was ordered to Egypt, Keith accom-
panied, and so materially assisted the expedition that he
received the thanks of Parliament, was raised to the
British peerage by the title of Baron Keith, and made
Admiral of the Blue.
ACKERMANN'S HONORARY MEDAL, 1795 ?
Obv. Minerva standing towards right, leaning right arm
on weaving machine, and resting left hand on the
head of an owl, which stands on wreathed pedestal;
around are various implements of art, science,
and agriculture. In the exergue, PIDGEON. F.
Rev. Within laurel-wreath, surmounted by serpent hold-
ing its tail in its mouth, ACKERMANN'S HO-
NORARY MEDAL.
1-75. MB. M.
Rudolph Ackermann (1764 1834), fine-art publisher
and bookseller, was a native of Stolberg in Saxony, came
ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 251
to London, and about 1795 set up a print shop in the
Strand. He revived a drawing-school established by
"Wm. Shipley, the founder of the Society of Arts. The
school was closed in 1806, on account of the increase of
his publishing business. Ackermann was of an ingenious
and enterprising spirit. He patented a method to render
paper-cloth, &c., waterproof, was amongst the first of
private individuals to illuminate his place with gas, and
patented moveable carriage axles. He died at Finchley
30th March, 1834, and was buried in St. Clement Danes.
It is probable that the above medal was intended for a
reward connected with his fine-art school.
HENRY ADDINGTON, VISCOUNT SIDMOTJTH, 1757 1844.
STATE OF ENGLAND, 1803.
Obv. Bust of Addington to right, in court dress. Leg.
HENRY ADDINGTON . CHANCELLOR OF
THE EXCHEQUER & FIRST LORD OF THE
TREASURY. On truncation, i. G. HANCOCK.
Bev. Female figure holding scroll, inscribed STATE OF
THE NATION, kneeling before a pedestal sur-
mounted by figures of Britannia, Justice, and
Time ; in the distance Westminster Abbey. Leg.
WHO CAN WITHOLD APPLAUSE. In the
exergue, MDCCCIII. K. & K. (Kempson &
Kindon.)
1-95. MB. M. PL IX. 2.
Henry Addington, Viscount Sidmouth, statesman, born
1 757 ; elected Speaker of the House of Commons 1789,
Prime Minister, 1801 1804 ; raised to the peerage in
1805 and appointed President of the Council; Home
Secretary, 18121822 ; died 1844. This medal refers to
the peaceable state of England, as well as of Europe, in
1803, brought about by the Peace of Amiens, 27th March,
252 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
1802 which treaty, though not particularly favourable
to English interests, was highly popular. Peter Kempson
and James Kindon were manufacturers of medals at Bir-
mingham at the beginning of this century.
WILLIAM ALEXANDER, ALDERMAN, 1785.
Obv. Bust of Alexander to right, with draped shoulders,
and wearing conical-shaped cap : below, MOSSOP.
Leg. WILLIAM ALEXANDER.
Bev. Plain.
1-7. MB. M. PL IX. 3.
This medal was executed by William Mossop in 1785.
William Alexander was a leading Dublin merchant, who
lived at 15, Sackville Place ; in 1779 he became alderman,
and in 1788 Lord Mayor. He was afterwards appointed
a superintendent magistrate, and in this capacity ordered
the arrest of Henry Sheares in 1798.
[VISCOUNT ALTHORP (JOHN CHARLES, EARL SPENCER),
see THOMAS ATWOOD and EARL GREY.]
MARQUIS OF ANGLESEY, 1768 1854.
CHARGE OF THE 2ND BRIGADE AT WATERLOO, 1815.
Obv. Head of the Marquis of Anglesey to right, bare : on
truncation, MILLS F. ; below, c (Sir F. Chantrey).
Ley. HENRY WILLIAM MARQUIS OF AN-
GLESEY.
Rev. The Marquis on horseback to left, leading charge
of cavalry against the enemy : before him in the
background a French soldier in despair breaking
his standard across his knee : beneath, horse,
arms, &c. Leg. CHARGE OF THE BRITISH
AT WATERLOO, j. MUDTE DIREX. In the
exergue, JUNE XVIII. MDCCCXV. DEPAULIS F.
1-6. MB. M. Mudie's Medals, No. xxxiv.
ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 253
Henry William, 2nd Earl of Uxbridge, afterwards
Marquis of Anglesey ; served under the Duke of York in
the revolutionary war with France, under Sir John
Moore in Spain, and under the Duke of "Wellington
during nearly the whole of the Peninsular War. He
was afterwards present at the Battle of Waterloo, where
he led the gallant charge of the second brigade, which
mainly contributed to that great victory. The three
regiments (1st, 2nd, and 6th Dragoons) which composed
the second brigade were typically representative of the
British empire the Royals, the Greys, and the Innis-
killens. His lordship was wounded in the charge in the
knee, which necessitated the amputation of his right leg.
For his gallant conduct at Waterloo he was elevated to
the dignity of a marquisate (4th July, 1815). This medal
is one of the Mudie series. The head on the obverse is
copied from a bust executed by Sir Francis Chantrey.
* W. ARCHDEKNE?
Obv. Bust to left hi frock-coat : above, W A ; below, 1823.
Rev. Wreath.
2-15. MB. m.
I have not been able to identify this personage. The
attribution to W. Archdekne is that of the late Mr. Haw-
kins. The name of Archdeckne is very uncommon, but
that of Arcedekne is well known in Suffolk as the owners
of Glevering Hall. Chaloner Arcedekne of that place
had a son Walter, who was born about 1785, to whom
this medal might refer. It appears to be a prize
medal.
254 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
[ARCHBISHOP OF ARMAGH, see ROKEBY, BARON (RICHARD
ROBINSON).]
JOHN ASHBY, STOCKBROKER, 1831.
Obv. A bull with human head walking to left ; head raised ;
below, JOHN ASHBY STOCK BROKER N 3
BARTHOLOMEW LANE BANK.
Rev. A bear with human head walking to right ; head
lowered ; below
FIX'D HOLIDAYS
JAN. 1 . 6 . 25.
29 . 30.
FEB. 2 . 24.
MARCH 25.
APRIL 23.
MAY 1 . 29.
JUNE 11.24.29.
JULY 19 . 25.
AUGUST 24.
SEPT. 2 . 21 . 29.
OCTOBER 18 . 28.
NOV. 1 . 4 . 5 . 9 . 30.
DECEMBER 21.
25 . 26 . 27 . 28.
OFFICE HOURS FROM 10 TO 8
2E 1-4. MB. ffi.
This is merely a broker's ticket, used as an advertise-
ment for his business. The bull and bear no doubt refer
to the practice of bulling and bearing on the Stock
Exchange. The following piece is of a somewhat later
date, when John Ashby had taken a partner named
George White Young.
JOHN ASHBY and GEORGE WHITE YOUNG, STOCK-
BROKERS, 1832?
Obv. A bull with human head standing to left ; below,
ASHBY & YOUNG STOCK BROKERS N 8
BARTHOLOMEW LANE BANK . T . B (Artist's
initials).
Rev. A bear with human head standing to right ; below
ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 255
FIXED HOLIDAYS
JANUARY 1 . 6.
25 . 30.
FEB. 24.
MAY 1 . 29.
JULY 25.
AUGUST 24.
NOV. 1 . 4 . 5 . 30.
DECEMBER 25.
GOOD FRIDAY
WHIT-MONDAY & TUESDAY
OFFICE HOURS FROM 10 TO 3
1-4. MB. ST;
A piece similar to the preceding.
JOSEPH ASKINS, VENTRILOQUIST, 1796.
1. Qbv. Askins walking to left, wearing tall bat, frock-
coat, &c. Leg. M R . JOSEPH ASKINS.
Rev. Inscription, THE CELEBRATED VENTRILO-
QUIST 1796.
1-15. MB. M.
This and the following piece were struck either as
passes to Askihs's entertainments, or for advertising his
business.
ANOTHER.
2. Obv. Askins walking to left, as on the preceding piece.
Rev. Within floral wreath monogram of I. A. (Joseph
Askins) ; around, THE . CELEBRATED . VEN-
TRILOQUIST. 1796.
1-2. MB. M.
There is a third piece, similar to the above, but with an
anchor instead of monogram in the centre of the reverse.
256 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
JOHN MURRAY, THIRD DUKE OF ATHOL, 17291774.
DEATH, 5 Nov., 1774.
Ol Vt Bust of the Duke of Athol to right wearing em-
broidered coat and ribbon of the Order of the
Thistle across his breast : below, KIKK . F. Leg.
IOANNES . MURRAY . ATHOL . DUX.
ft Vt Female figure seated on ground in attitude of distress.
Leg. QUIS . TEMPERET . A . LACHRYMIS.
In'the exergue, NAT . VI . MAII . MDCCXXIX .
OB . V. NOV . MDCCLXXIV. KIRK . F.
1-45. MB. ~M. PI. IX. 4.
John Murray, 3rd Duke of Athol and grandson of the
1st Duke, born 6th May, 1729, died 5th November,
1774 ; succeeded his uncle, the 2nd Duke, in 1764. He
was created a Knight of the Order of the Thistle in 1767.
JOHN MURRAY, FIFTH DUKE OF ATHOL, 1778 1846.
BRIDGE OF DUNKELD BUILT, 1808.
Obv. View of the bridge and the Tay : above, BRIDGE
OF DUNKELD; below, LENGTH 685 F T
BREADTH 27 AND CENTRE ARCH IS 90
FEET.
Rev. Inscription, BUILT BY THE MOST NOBLE
IOHN DUKE OF ATHOLL EXPENCE ABOVE
L 30 . 000 FOUNDED 24 TH JUNE 1805 AND
OPEN'D THE 7 TH NOV R 1808.
2. MB. M.
The inscription on the reverse sufficiently explains the
purport of this medal.
ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. '257
II. W. ATKINSON, PROVOST OF MONEYERS OF THE ROYAL
MINT, and SUSANNA his WIFE.
FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF WEDDING DAY, 31 AUG., 1830.
Obv. Inscription, IN COMMEMORATION OF THE
FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE WED-
DING DAY OF H Y . W AM . ATKINSON ESQ B .
PROVOST OF THE COMPANY OF MONEY^
ERS OF HIS MAJESTY'S MINT AND
SUSANNA HIS WIFE TUESDAY THE 31
AUGUST 1830.
Rev. Inscription, IN CELEBRATION OF THIS JOY-
FDL EVENT THEY WERE SURROUNDED
BY THEIR CHILDREN GRAND CHILDREN
GREAT GRAND CHILDREN AND RELA-
TION IN THE FIRST YEAR OF THE
REIGN OF THEIR MAJESTIES KING WIL-
LIAM THE FOURTH AND QUEEN ADE~
LAIDE WHOM GOD PRESERVE.
1-25. MB. m.
The inscription explains the object of this medalet,
Atkinson appears to have held the office of Provost of
Moneyers of the Mint from 1820 to 1835. This office
was only an occasional one, and was formed at the will of
the Moneyers themselves.
THOMAS ATTWOOD, 17831856.
PARLIAMENTARY REFORM ADVOCATED, 1831.
1. Obv. Bust of Attwood to right, in frock-coat : on trun-
cation, HALLIDAY. Leg. THOMAS ATTWOOD
ESQ RE . FOUNDER OF POLITICAL UNIONS.
.Ret;. Inscription, THE UNCOMPROMISING ENEMY
OF CORRUPTION, AND UNWEARIED SUP-
PORTER OF PARLIAMENTARY REFORM
WHOSE COUNSELS, INCORRUPTIBLE IN-
VOL. VII. THIRD SERIES. L L
258 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
TEGRITY, AND DEVOTION TO HIS COUN-
TRY'S WEAL HAVE ENDEARED HIM TO
EVERY FRIEND OF RATIONAL FREEDOM.
1-6. MB. JB. ST.
Thomas Attwood, politician and banker, born 6th
October, 1783, died 6th March, 1856, first brought him-
self into public notice by his opposition to the orders in
Council of 1812, and by his strenuous refusal to return to
cash payments at the end of the war.
The denial of his currency reforms made Attwood a
Parliamentary Reformer, and at the beginning of the
year 1830 he formed the Birmingham Political Union,
which considerably influenced the passing of the Reform
Bill in 1832. When the Reform Act had given two
members to Birmingham, Attwood was returned unopposed
in the general election of 1832, and he represented that
city in Parliament till 1840. In his later years he was
afflicted with paralysis and almost disappeared from
public life. This and the following medals refer to the
events of 18311832.
PAKLIAMENTARY REFORM ADVOCATED, 1831.
2. Obv. Bust of Attwood to left in frock-coat : on trunca-
tion, HALLIDAY F. Leg. THOMAS ATTWOOD
FOUNDER OF POLITICAL UNIONS. BORN OCT. 6. 1783.
Rev. An oak crown ; beneath, inscription as on previous
medal, but slightly varied.
1-6. MB. M.
8. Obv. Bust of Attwood to left in frock-coat with fur collar.
Leg. THOMAS ATTWOOD ESQ FOUNDER
OF POLITICAL UNIONS.
ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760, 259
Rev. Lion walking to left on sea-shore ; in the background,
mountains. Leg. OUR WEAPONS ARE PEACE
LAW ORDER LOYALTY & UNION.
1-65. MB. M. PI. IX. 5.
This medal is by Joseph Davis, a Birmingham die-
engraver.
CHIPPING NORTON POLITICAL UNION ESTABLISHED, 1831.
4. Obv. A medallion with bust of Attwood to right, in frock-
coat with fur collar; around THOMAS ATT-
WOOD ESQ. Below medallion, FOUNDER
OF POLITICAL UNIONS. Above, lion stand-
ing to right on sea- shore, head facing ; in the
background, mountains. Leg. THE PURITY
OF THE CONSTITUTION THE PEACE AND
SAFETY OF THE KINGDOM. DAVIS D.
R ev . Head of Earl Grey to right, bare ; around, EARL
GREY. Above, on fasces encircled by a serpent,
a dove with olive-branch in its mouth, and scroll
inscribed, UNITY, LIBERTY, PROSPERITY.
Below, scroll inscribed, THE REFORM BILL
NOTHING LESS. Leg. CHIPPING NORTON
POLITICAL UNION ' ESTABLISHED NOV.
23 1831.
1-6. MB. M. ST.
This medal is pierced and was worn by Members of
the Chipping Norton Political Union. A variety of the
piece has for reverse legend POLITICAL UNION. It
may have been struck for general distribution and to be
worn as a badge.
RETURN TO BIRMINGHAM FROM LONDON, 1832.
5. Obv. Bust of Attwood to left, in frock-coat with fur
collar. Leg. THOMAS ATTWOOD ESQ.
FOUNDER OF POLITICAL UNIONS 25
JAN Y 1830.
260 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
p ieo . Within a wreath composed of two right hands joined
and Union Jacks, alternating, is the inscription,
" MAY HE LIVE LONGER THAN I HAVE
TIME TO TELL HIS YEARS! EVER BE-
LOV'D, AND LOVING, MAY HIS RULE BE !
AND, WHEN OLD TIME SHALL LEAD
HIM TO HIS END, GOODNESS AND HE
FILL UP ONE MONUMENT." The two hands
below the inscription hold a Union sprig com-
posed of the rose, shamrock, and thistle. Let/.
TO COMMEMORATE HIS TRIUMPHANT
ENTRY INTO BIRMINGHAM MAY 28
AFTER RECEIVING THE FREEDOM OF
THE CITY OF LONDON * IN A BOX OF
THE HEART OF BRITISH OAK MAY 23
1832 FOR HIS SERVICES IN THE CAUSE
OF PARLIAMENTARY REFORM.
1-75. MB. M.
The date on the obverse is that of the foundation of
the Birmingham Political Union. The wreath on the
reverse denotes union and loyalty, on which Attwood
laid special stress in his speech before the Corporation of
London on the occasion of his receiving the freedom of
the City. " It has been the study of my life," said he,
" to show attachment to the law, to the Crown, to the
Lords and Commons, and to the institutions of this great
country." This medal is also by J. Davis.
REFORM BILL PASSED, 1832.
6. Obv. Bust of Attwood to left, similar to the preceding
but in his button-hole the Union Jack.
Rev. Jugate heads to left of EARL GREY LORD
BROUGHAM LORD JOHN RUSSELL &
LORD ALTHORPE, which inscription encircles
them.
1-35. MB. M.
Lord Grey, First Lord of the Treasury; Lord Brougham,
ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 261
Lord Chancellor ; Lord John Russell, Paymaster-General
of the Forces, and Lord Althorp. Chancellor of the Exche-
quer, were the principal members of the Ministry who
advocated the passing of the Reform Bill of 1832.
EEFORM BILL PASSED, 1832.
7. 01) c. Bust of Attwood to left, wearing frock-coat. Leq.
THOMAS ATTWOOD ESQ FOUNDER OF
POLITICAL UNIONS. ROYAL ASSENT TO
THE REFORM BILL JUNE 7. 1832.
UNITY LIBERTY PROSPERITY.
liev. Union sprig composed of rose, shamrock, and
thistle, tied by ribbon inscribed, UNION IS
STRENGTH. Around, in three compartments,
are the inscriptions, THE ENGLISH RE-
FORM BILL PASSED THE COMMONS 2
READING DEC 18 1831 MAJ TY 162 & 3
READING MARCH 23. THE LORDS JUNE
4 MAJ IY 84 ROYAL ASSENT JUNE 7
1832. SCOTCH REFORM BILL PASSED
THE COMM 8 JUNE 27 THE LORDS
JULY 13 ROYAL ASSENT JULY 17 1832.
IRISH REFORM BILL PASSED THE
COMM 8 JULY 18 THE LORDS JULY 30
ROYAL ASSENT AUG 7 1832.
1-75. MB. M.
The inscription 
