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Council of Europe 
Conseil de l'Europe 4 * 4 
* 


* * 


Threatened non-marine 
molluscs of Europe 


Nature and environment, No. 64 


AIN 4789 —R, 
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Born 
—— mi / Ne E 


Threatened non-marine 
molluscs of Europe 


by Susan M. Wells and June E. Chatfield 


in collaboration and with financial 
with : support from: 
World Conservation Worldwide Fund for 
Monitoring Centre, Nature - UK, 
Cambridge Godalming, Surrey 


Nature and environment, No. 64 


Council of Europe Press, 1992 


Strasbourg, Council of Europe, Publishing and Documentation Service 
ISBN 92-871-2107-9 

Council of Europe, 1992 
Printed at the Council of Europe 


Nature and environment 


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. Aspects of forest management, 1968 (out of print) 
. Freshwater, 1968 (out of print) 
. Animals in danger, 1969 (out of print) 


A handbook for local authorities, 1971 (out of print) 


. Soil conservation, 1972 (out of print) 

. Endangered Alpine regions and disaster prevention measures, 1974 
. Air pollution problems — Manual of experiments, 1975 

. Evolution and conservation of hedgerow landscapes in Europe, 1975 
. The integrated management of the European wildlife heritage, 1975 
. Threatened mammals in Europe, 1976 (out of print) 


The effects of recreation on the ecology of natural landscapes, 1976 (out of print) 


. Heathlands of western Europe, 1976 (out of print) 
. The degradation of the Mediterranean maquis, 1977 (published jointly with Unesco) 


List of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe, 1977 (out of print) 
Threatened amphibians and reptiles in Europe, 1978 (out of print) 


. Vegetation map (scale 1:3 000 000) of the Council of Europe member states, 1979 
. Model outline environmental impact statement from the standpoint of integrated management 


or planning of the natural environment, 1980 


. Threatened freshwater fishes of Europe, 1980 


European peatlands, 1980 
Behaviour of the public in protected areas, 1981 


. Dry grasslands of Europe, 1981 

. Alluvial forests in Europe, 1981 

. Threatened Rhopalocera (butterflies) in Europe, 1981 

. Birds in need of special protection in Europe, 1981 

. Inventory and classification of marine benthic biocenoses of the Mediterranean, 1982 


Town farms, 1982 


. List of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition), 1983 

. Nature in cities, 1982 

. The vegetation of the Alps, 1983 

. Salt marshes in Europe, 1984 

. Protected marine areas, 1985 

. European dune and shoreline vegetation, 1985 

. Ecological repercussions of constructing and using ski-runs, 1986 

. Environmental education for the farming community — Experimental schemes in Europe, 1987 
. Invertebrates in need of special protection in Europe, 1987 

. Development of flora and fauna in urban areas, 1987 

. Conservation of marine benthic biocenoses in the North Sea and the Baltic, 1987 

. The protection of dragonflies (Odonata) and their biotopes, 1988 

. Problems of soil conservation, 1988 

. Texts adopted by the Council of Europe in the field of the conservation of European wildlife and 


natural habitats, 1989 


. The biology, status and conservation of the monk seal (Monachus monachus), 1989 
. Saproxylic invertebrates and their conservation, 1989 
. Possible causes of forest decline and research programmes in Europe, 1989 


44. 
45. 
46. 
47. 


48. 
49. 
50. 
Syl 
52: 


53) 
54. 
5d: 
57: 
58. 
59) 
60. 
61. 
62. 
63. 


The biological significance and conservation of Hymenoptera in Europe, 1990 
Status, conservation needs and reintroduction of the lynx (Lynx lynx) in Europe, 1990 
Conservation of threatened freshwater fish in Europe, 1990 


Status and conservation needs of the wolf (Canis /upus) in the Council of Europe member states, 
1990 


Marine turtles in the Mediterranean: distribution, population status, conservation, 1990 
Evergreen forests in the Macaronesian region, 1990 

Marine reserves and conservation of Mediterranean coastal habitats, 1990 

Towards the conservation of aculeate Hymenoptera in Europe, 1991 


The means of giving greater prominence to environmental issues in agricultural education at 
secondary school level, 1992 


Revision of Appendix | (Flora), 1992 

The wild mink (Mustela /utreola) in Europe, 1992 

Status and conservation of the pardel lynx (/ynx pardina) in the Iberian Peninsula, 1992 
The conservation of European orchids, 1992 

Balanced development of the countryside in western Europe, 1992 

Rehabilitation of natural habitats in rural areas, 1992 

Datasheets of flora species — Volume |, 1992 

Datasheets of flora species — Volume II, 1992 

Datasheets of flora species — Volume Ill, 1992 


Datasheets of flora species — Volume IV, 1992 


Environmental encounters 


Al. 
Oe 
3: 


WO ONAW A 


Environmental training in agricultural circles, 1987 
Parks, plans and people — Protected areas and socio-economic development, 1987 


Workshop on the situation and protection of ancient natural and semi-natural woodlands in 
Europe, 1987 


A new management of the environment in rural areas, 1988 


Training course for managers of protected areas in Europe and Africa, 1989 


. The situation and protection of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Europe, 1989 
. Nature tomorrow, 1989 


The conservation of wild progenitors of cultivated plants, 1991 


Nature museums: tools for learning about, promoting and protecting the natural heritage of 
Europe, 1990 


Colloquy on the Berne Convention invertebrates and their conservation, 1990 


. The situation, conservation needs and reintroduction of the lynx in Europe, 1992 
. The management of Mediterranean wetlands, 1992 

. The conservation of the Mediterranean monk seal, 1992 

. Wetland invertebrates, 1992 


Planning and management 


ne 


Hedges, 1988 


Acknowledgement 
Preface ....... 
Summary ....... 
Introduction .. 
Principal threa 
Threatened spec 
Single coun 
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‘Near’ endemics and species endemic to a geographical region 


Alpes 
Danub 
Pyren 
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Famil 


Widespread 
Famil 


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Famil 


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CONTENTS 


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y Elonidae 
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y Arionidae 
Geomalacts maculosts! prereset ete cere cn eirielaas eaedens 
but ideciinmnpgeepecies: sete ct cree cre sare teyrre 
y Valvatidae 
Valvata macrostoma and Valvata pulchella ..... 
y Planorbidae 
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CRAM SG ENA Gonousuorioomoon cam oerobiocasas 
Segmentina nitida ..............2+2-+--++-+--ee- 
y Lymnaeidae 

Lymnaea glabra ....... 2. eee eee eee eee eee eens 
Myxas plutinosa .......... eee eee eee eee eee 
y Cochlicopidae 

Cochlicopa nitens) ....................+-----«-< 
y Vallonidae 

Walla nie, CLUB ooeontanenoodpocdnoasooaaese 
Venu ain Ghbienkits penacscéoadopooopcoo soo o0dse 
y Vertiginidae 


Vertigo angustior .............---------...s-- 
Vertigo genesii .......... eee eee ee eee eee eee 
Vertigo peyerid - oo. ee eee menses os 
Vertigo moulinsiana ........-.-..e eee eee e eens 
y Clausiliidae 

Balea perverSa ....-. 11. eee eee eee eee ee eee 
y Succineidae 

Gatinel laarenmars aes ispere ce ieie cleric henench-est teense 


Family Helicidae 


Helix pomatia ..........-e eee ee eee eee ence eens 


Family Margaritiferidae 


Margaritifera auricularia ................+..-. 
Margaritifera margaritifera ...............+.-. 


102 


104 


106 


109 
111 


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Family Unionidae 


Microcondy@acaCompressay nies .< «06 ots <= se eee 120 
Pseudanodontarcomplanatay 4-1 <i. erie -ferere ele 121 

UGS EIR ois an duaodcuoobancadnsoodbded dace 123 

Unio elongates eno cv ous pap iiaousue eesemaie ie ook 126 

Family Sphaeriidae 

Pisidium pseudosphaerium ..................05. 128 

Pisidium tenuidineatum) 22cm see eee 130 

sphaerdum rivieolau i. on-scene oe eee 132 

Sphaerium solidum)::.-s.:pec eee ecehGee ao .seee 133 

Conservation 626.2 sei sans See ie ae Sie te Sree Se ee ee eee 134 
Habitat protection and management ..............000ceeees 134 
National liepislationy<eiosceas 6 boa eens male Sons hee 135 

Red Data Books and threatened species lists ............. 135 
international eereacweswers oe ccc oie oc cssiete aranekia cies ae 139 
Captive Breeding, translocation and farming ............. 140 
RECOMMENGALTONS! 2.5.25 o)> =e oistsverakepelns oss ener eescushe & Sayre a aaa eo REE 143 
REFETENCES Novsicnes cress Speers ovepecacaye ley wicks ay hokernaaye te Ras A ee 145 


List of tables 


Table 1. Non-marine molluscs by country ................... 15 
Table 2. Red Data Books and Red Lists including molluscs .. 136 
Table 3. European molluscs on international treaties and lists 137 
Table 4. National Legislation concerning molluscs ......... 141 


aie 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


We are extremely grateful to the numerous people who have contributed their 
time to provide information for this report and comment on the various 
drafts, to the World Conservation Monitoring Centre for their computing 
facilities and for support in the first phase of the project, and to the 
Mollusca Section of The Natural History Museum, London, for use of their 
library. Special thanks go to the following for their help with: 


Several countries 
Dr H.W. Walden, Goteborg, Sweden; Dr E. Gittenberger, Leiden, 


Netherlands; Dr J.G. Kuiper, Paris, France; Dr R. Preece, Cambridge, 
U.K. 


Andorra 
Dr E. Gittenberger, Leiden, Netherlands 


Austria 

Dr Kuhnelt, Universitat Wien, Vienna; Dr 0. Paget, Naturhistorisches 
Museum Wien, Vienna; Dr P. Reischutz, Horn, Austria, Dr P. Sackl, 
Institut fur Oko-Ethologie, Rosenburg-Mold, Austria; Dr H. Sattman, 
Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna. 


Azores 
Dr B. Colville, Cumbria, UK; Prof. Frias Martins, Museu Carlos Machado, 
Sao Miguel; Dr W.M. Backhuys, Oegstgeest, Netherlands. 


Balearics 


Belgium 
Dr J. van Goethem and Dr T. Backeljau, Institut Royal des Sciences, 
Brussels 


Bulgaria 
Dr C. Deltshev, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia. 


Canaries 
Dr M. Alonso and Dr M. Ibanez, Univ. de la Laguna, Tenerife 


Czechoslovakia 

Dr R. Dettmer, Inst. Zoologie Tierarztlichen Hochschule, Hannover; Dr 
M.J. Lisicky, Ustav experimentalnej biologie a ekologie SAV, Bratislava; 
Dr V. Lozek, Prague; Dr J. Steffek, Inst. Exper. Biol. and Ecol., 

Banska Stiavnica; Dr P. Trpak, Statni ustav pamatkove pece a ochrany 
prirody, Prague. 


Denmark 
Dr P. Baagoe, Universitets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen; Dr J. 
Knudsen, Universitets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen. 


Finland 
Ph.Lic. I. Valovirta, University of Helsinki; Dr R. Vaisanen, Water and 
Environment Research Institute, Helsinki. 


France and Corsica 

Dr J. Andre, Universite Paul Valery, Montpellier; Dr F. de Beaufort, 
Secretariat de la Faune et de la Flore, Paris; Dr M.R. Bernasconi, Dr P. 
Bouchet, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Dr J. Mouthon, 
CEMAGREF, Lyon; Dr M. Richardot-Coulet, Universite Claude Bernard, Lyon; 
Dr T. Ripken, Paris; Mme A.M. Testud-Real, Paris. 


csrmany 

Dr H. Ant, Munster ;Dr O. Baer, Dresden; Dr G. Bauer, Univ. Bayreuth, 

Dr R. Bless, Federal Research Centre for Nature Conservation and 
Landscape Ecology, Bonn; Dr R. Dettmer, Inst. Zoologie Tierarztlichen 
Hochschule, Hannover, G. Falkner, Institut fur Palaeontologie und 
Historische Geologie, Munich; Dr Dr J.H. Jungbluth, Projektgruppe 
Molluskenkartierung, Neckarsteinach; Dr D. von Knorre, Univ. Jena; Dr H. 
Zeissler, Leipzig. 


Gibraltar 
Dr J. Cortes, Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society, A. 
Menez, Gibraltar; A. Norris, Leeds City Museum, UK. 


Great Britain 

J. Bratton, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, Dr M.P. 
Kerney, Natural History Museum, London, F.R. Woodward, Glasgow Museum 
and Art Gallery, Scotland, Dr M.B. Usher, University of York; Dr M. 
Young, University of Aberdeen, Scotland 


Greece 
Dr L. Butot, Bilthoven, Netherlands, Dr M. Mylonas, Univ. Athens. 


Hungary 
Dr A. Richnovzsky, Baja; Dr S. Szabo, Kunszentmiklos. 


Iceland 
Dr A.E. Binarsson, Univ. Iceland, Reykjavik; Dr A. Petersen, Icelandic 
Museum of Natural History, Reyjavik. 


Ireland 

Dr R. Anderson, Belfast; Dr D. Doogue, Trinity College, Dublin; E£. 
Platts, Winchester; Dr. J. Reynolds, Trinity College, Dublin; H. Ross, 
Ulster Museum, Belfast; Dr M. Speight, National Parks and Wildlife 
Service, Bray; Dr P. Tattersfield, Stockport, UK. 


Italy 

Dr R. Bank, Amsterdam; Dr M. Bishop, Univ. Cambridge; Dr M. Bodon, 
Genova; Dr L. Castagnolo, Univ. Siena; Dr F. Giusti, Univ. Siena; P. 
Blesio, Museo Civico di Scienze Naturali, Brescia; Dr BE. Pezzoli, Milan; 
Prof. Ravera, Univ. Venezia, Venice. 


Luxembourg 
Dr M. Meyer, Musee d'Histoire Naturelle. 


Madeira 

Dr R. Cameron, Univ. Birmingham, UK; Dr L. Cook, Univ. Manchester, UK; 
Dr I. Ferreira, Brazil; Dr L.A. Lace, Univ. Manchester; Dr H. Read, 
UK; Dr M. Seddon, National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Dr H.W. 
Walden, Goteborg, Sweden 


Malta 
Dr K-H. Beckmann, Ascheburg, Germany, Dr P. Schembri, Univ. Malta, J. 
Sultana, Dept Education and Interior 


Netherlands 
Dr L.M.J. Butot, Bilthoven; Dr A. van Peursen, Zoetermeer. 


Norway 
Dr J. Okland and Dr K.A. Okland, Univ. Oslo 


om 


Poland 

Dr A. Dyduch-Falniowska, Zakland Ochrony Przyrody PAN, Krakow; Dr A. 
Falniowski, Jagiellonien Univ, Krakow; Dr M. Jackiewicz, Poznan Univ.; 
Dr A. Piechocki, Univ. Lodzki, Lodz; Dr B. Pokrysko, Univ. Wroclaw. 


Portugal 

Dr R. Albuquerque de Matos, Centro de Genetica e Biologia Molecular, 
Lisbon; Dr I.A. de V. Felix-Alves, Instituto Portugues de Malacologia, 
Estoril; Dr M. Seixas, Muceu Bocage, Lisbon. 


Romania 
Prof. Grossu, Bucharest; Dr D. Lupu, Musee d'Histoire Naturelle 
"Grigore Antipa', Bucharest. 


Spain 

Dr C.V. Altalba, University of Pennsylvania, USA; Dr T. Aparicio, Museo 
Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid; Dr S. Gofas, Museum National 
d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 


Sweden 
Dr M. Eriksson, Statens Naturvardsverk, Solna; E. Grundelius and L. 


Henrikson, Hyssna; Dr T. von Proschwitz, Naturhistoriska Museet, 
Goteborg; Dr H.W. Walden, Goteborg. 


Switzerland 
Dr H. Turner, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape 
Research, Birmensdorf 


USSR 

Dr M. Ghilarov, Academy of Sciences, Moscow; Dr N.I. Kochetova and Dr V. 
Goryachev, Laboratory of Invertebrate Protection, All-Union Institute of 
Nature Conservation, Moscow; Prof. Likharev, St Petersburg; Dr J. 
Massey-Stewart, London UK; Dr V.V. Ziuganov, N.K. Koltzov Institute for 
Developmental Biology, Moscow. 


R.J. Neves (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA) and 
D.G. Smith (University of Massachusetts, USA) kindly provided information 
for the data sheet on Margaritifera margaritifera, and I. Hepburn 
provided information on the EEC Habitats Directive. 


=110= 
PREFACE 


The basis of this report is data collected in 1983 at the IUCN Conservation 
Monitoring Centre (now the World Conservation Monitoring Centre). This 
information has been updated through correspondence and review of recent 
literature. Important sources have been the atlases produced by, and 
biological recording schemes underway in, several countries, national Red 
Data Books and threatened species lists, scientific publications and 
perhaps most importantly the knowledge of numerous local experts. 

Some of the report may appear rather fragmentary. This in part 
reflects the nature of the data available, as discussed in the 
introduction, but is also due to over-optimism on the part of the authors 
as to the amount of data that could be analysed and synthesised in the 
course of a six-month grant. The information that was gathered has been 
deposited with the World Conservation Monitoring Centre and hopefully will 
provide the basis for further work. 

Detailed country tables, listing threatened non-marine molluscs at the 
national level, were compiled in the course of the project in order to 
identify both narrow endemics at risk and the more widespread species that 
are declining throughout their range. This report contains data sheets for 
the species considered most at risk, including all species listed on the 
Bern Convention. It has not been possible to publish the country tables 
with the report, but they will be made available separately. It is 
suggested that enquiries about these are directed to the authors or to the 
World Conservation Monitoring Centre in Cambridge. 

The entire report, and/or individual sections and data sheets have been 
reviewed by many malacologists in Europe, and we apologise if we have 
failed to contact any other important sources. Certain groups have not 
been reviewed as thoroughly as we would have wished (notably the 
Hydrobiidae and Sphaeriidae); we would like to stress that this was because 
we were unable to carry out the necessary correspondence in the time 
available rather than any failure on the part of relevant experts to 
provide information. 

The major political changes that have taken place within Europe during 
the project have also contributed to the difficulties in synthesising the 
material. The designation of geographical entities in the report do not 
imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the 
organisations involved in its publication concerning the delimitation of 
frontiers or the legal status of any country. 

We apologise for the lack of accents in the text; this was due to lack 
of time at the production stage. For the same reason, we have been unable 
to fully check the taxonomy used, and are aware that this is not consistent 
throughout the report. There are widely differing views on the taxonomy of 
some groups of European non-marine molluscs and to produce an acceptable 
system would be a massive undertaking. We have tended to adopt whatever is 
most widely used. 


Susan M. Wells June E. Chatfield 
c/o World Conservation Monitoring Anglefield 
Centre, 44, Ashdell Road 
219c Huntingdon Road Alton 


Cambridge CB3 ODL Hampshire GU34 2TA 


sole 
SUMMARY 


Documentation of non-marine mollusc distribution and conservation has 
accelerated over the last decade in Northern Europ with the production of 
national Red Data Books and as a result of mapping programmes and 
biological recording schemes. The information indicates that many species 
are now of conservation concern. 

For the purpose of the report, three groups of molluscs have been 
identified: national (country, territory or island) endemics, ‘near’ 
endemics (or species restricted to narrow geographical ranges) and species 
that are widespread but declining throughout much of their range. 

Information, as for other invertebrate groups, is more complete for the 
northern countries which have lowest endemism and species diversity. 
Habitat change in this region has been extensive in the past but current 
rates of change are possibly slower than in the south. This suggests that 
it is the poorly documented southern faunas, with highest endemism and 
diversity, that may be at greatest risk and yet this is most difficult to 
quantify. Some 200 endemic non-marine molluscs have been identified in 
Europe as of conservation concern and are listed with IUCN categories of 
threat. Many of these are on the Mediterranean and Atlantic islands, 
emphasising the fragility of island faunas in the face of development 
pressures such as tourism, modern agricultural methods and industry. Other 
endemics have also been listed even where information was unavailable on 
their status, in the hope that this will encourage further work on these 
groups. For example, the ancient lakes of Baikal and Ohrid have 
extraordinarily high molluscan endemism, and many species may be at risk 
from pollution although information is not available at present. 

A number of ‘near’ endemics are identified as threatened. Some of 
these are equivalent to national endemics in having very restricted ranges, 
the fact that they occur in more than one country simply being a result of 
political boundaries. Others are restricted to a single river system, such 
as the Danube, or to a particular geographical/climatic region, such as the 
Atlantic coastal area of Europe. Of the 27 widespread but declining 
species identified, the majority are wetland or freshwater inhabitants. 
The unionids, or freshwater pearl mussels are perhaps most seriously at 
risk. 

The main threats to all non-marine molluscs are loss of habitat and, 
for freshwater species, pollution. Few if any species are threatened by 
collecting, but for the popular edible species, such as Helix pomatia, and 
narrow endemics that are of interest to shell collectors such as the 
Madeiran species, exploitation should continue to be monitored. 

Molluscs, with other invertebrates, are starting to be considered in 
conservation initiatives. Twenty three molluscs are listed on the Bern 
Convention and a number have been proposed for the EEC Habitats Directive. 
At the national level, molluscs are still very rarely taken into 
consideration in the planning and management of nature reserves although 
this is starting to change, but they are included in numerous national Red 
Data Books and certain species, such as the freshwater pearl mussel, are 
the subject of major conservation programmes. 

The report concludes with recommendations for improved protection and 
management of non-marine molluscs in Europe, including better 
representation of threatened molluscs on treaties and red lists, improved 
habitat management taking molluscan requirements into consideration, the 
creation of new protected areas, as well as further taxonomic and basic 
ecological resarch.. 


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INTRODUCTION 


After the arthropods, molluscs are the most diverse animal group in the 
world with an estimated 150,000 species. Large numbers of species are yet 
to be described, but Solem (1984) suggests that the world total of land 
snails may be between 30,000 and 35,000 species. A similar estimate for 
freshwater molluscs has yet to be made. The European non-marine mollusc 
fauna has been estimated at around 1500 species (Pfleger and Chatfield, 
1988), although this figure could be altered substantially as further 
taxonomic work is carried out. 

The last decade has seen a rapid increase in knowledge of the European 
fauna, and numerous taxonomic revisions and major studies are underway. 
However this period has seen an equivalent growth in threats to natural 
habitats and wildlife in almost every part of the region. As with other 
invertebrate groups, there is now clearly a race between the scientists 
collecting often very basic information about animals, and the impacts that 
may lead to their extinction. A significant number of recent taxonomic 
papers describing new mollusc species comment on their rarity and 
conservation status. 

Fortunately, the last decade has also seen a growing interest in 
invertebrate conservation. Recent publications include several Council of 
Europe reports on invertebrates (e.g. Collins and Wells, 1987), the Charter 
for Invertebrates (Pavan, 1986), and numerous national Red Data Books and 
lists (see Table 2 for those listing molluscs). Furthermore, there is now 
widespread acceptance that invertebrates should be taken account of in 
international treaties and legislation such as the Bern Convention, the 
Ramsar Convention and EEC Habitats Directive, and that their requirements 
should be considered in conservation programmes and management plans. 


Background 


In 1983, a resolution was passed at the 8th International Malacological 
Congress in Budapest calling for the compilation of a report on the 
conservation status of molluscs in Europe. Following this, work was started 
at the then IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, in Cambridge (now the World 
Conservation Monitoring Centre, WCMC). The data collected at that time 
formed the basis for the section on molluscs in the Council of Europe report 
on ‘Invertebrates in need of Special Protection in Europe’ (Collins and 
Wells, 1987), and the subsequent listing of 23 mollusc species on the Bern 
Convention. However, it was always recognised that this information 
constituted a very preliminary overview of the situation. 

This new report is also in many ways a preliminary review, but for 
different reasons. Information on non-marine molluscs is still very scanty 
for many parts of Europe and it is impossible to determine the conservation 
status of many species. The taxonomic work that is underway means that 
species names are in considerable fluctuation and much debated. Many early 
species descriptions were based on shell characteristics alone, and recent 
work on the soft parts of the animals often prove these inaccurate. 

However, as this report shows, if we are to wait until all taxonomic 
problems have been resolved and all the necessary data gathered, we run the 
risk that many species will be on the verge of extinction if not extinct 
already. It is often not essential to understand the precise taxonomy. In 
Malta, for example, the threatened endemic taxa of snails are of concern 
whether they are species, subspecies or populations. Their conservation 
will censure that their habitats, important for other wildlife and as part of 
the natural heritage of these islands, are preserved and that the snails 
themselves continue to provide the scientific material that is proving so 
valuable in more general and far reaching research into the biogeography of 
the Mediterranean. In the Pacific, this opportunity has now been lost on 


== 


at least one island (Moorea in French Polynesia), where the endemic Partula 
snails, which have been the subject of several decades of genetic research, 
became extinct in the 1980s (Murray et al., 1988); it is feared that 
extinctions may be occurring on many other islands. It is hoped that this 
report will go some way to stalling such events occurring in the European 
context. 


Area covered 


The report considers Europe in a fairly broad sense. Most of the species 
covered are Western Palearctic, a region that includes the countries of the 
Eastern Mediterranean as far as south-west Asia, Africa north of the Sahara 
as well as the north-east Atlantic islands. We have covered most of this 
area, with the obvious exception of north Africa. The boundary of the 
European part of the USSR is generally considered to be the eastern Urals, 
Ural River, Caspian Sea, Kuma and Manych Rivers. It will therefore seem an 
anomaly to have included Lake Baikal, but it was felt that this is of such 
malacological importance that attention should be drawn to it. 

Table 1 gives estimates of the number of species found in each country, 
with figures for endemism and threatened species where available. Strictly 
brackish-water species have been excluded (although many are under serious 
threat through loss of their coastal habitat) but it is often difficult to 
make a precise distinction between freshwater and marine species; 
gastropods in particular are often found in coastal waters of all 
salinities. 

As with other taxonomic groups, knowledge of molluscs is not uniform 
throughout Europe. Many faunas are almost as poorly known as some of those 
in tropical and more scientifically remote parts of the world. Ironically 
the areas with highest species diversity tend to lie in those countries 
with least resources for malacological research. Despite their rich 
faunas, information for many Mediterranean countries is still very poor, 
and this report is far from complete for these, particularly for Spain, 
Italy, Yugoslavia, and Greece. Portugal and Albania have smaller faunas 
but are equally little known. Turkey and Cyprus are poorly covered; there 
is some information on endemic species in Cyprus, and Gittenberger and 
Menkhorst (1991) recently reviewed the nine species of the genus 
Bulimulinus (Enidae) found in Turkey, three of which are newly described 
and may be endemic. The northern European countries, with much lower 
species diversity and endemism, are much better known, and have had the 
added advantage in several cases of dedicated amateur malacologists who 
have collected information on species distributions over many years 
(although we were unable to collect data on Luxembourg). The fauna of 
Eastern Europe is fairly well known, but language problems and the time 
available for compilation of this report has prevented a full review of the 
literature. 


Distribution of molluscs in Europe 


The majority of the European non-marine mollusc fauna is Palearctic and 
species are found in part of or throughout Europe, North Africa, Eurasia. 
A few, such as Margaritifera margaritifera, extend into North America, and 
have a Holarctic distribtution. Others have become established in North 
America, probably as introductions with plants. Distinct faunal groupings 
are found in Central Europe (species adapted to a continental-type 
climate), Western Europe or Atlantic (adapted to a warm damp climate), 
Southern Europe, which is particularly distinctive with species restricted 
to the Mediterranean region and islands and adapted to hot dry summers and 
warm wet winters, and the mountain faunas of the Alps, Carpathians, Balkans 
and Pyrenees. 


=} 5= 


Table 1. NON-MARINE MOLLUSCS BY COUNTRY 

N.B. Most of these figures are approximations. Totals for ‘threatened’ 
species are taken either from national red data books and lists or from the 
information supplied for the country tables that were used to compile this 
report (these sometimes do not correspond exactly with official listings). 
All species in the categories listed in the threat section of this report 
have been included in the totals for 'threatened' (including the category 
Rare and Of Special Concern). 


country total no. spp no./% threatened no./% endemic 

Andorrad Camese ? 0 
Austriak 328 168/51% 25/7/6% 
Azores 98* 12*/12%+ 41*/41.8% 
Balearic Is ? z ? 
Belgium® 199 e¢.50/¢..25% 0 
Bulgaria ? ? ? 
Canary Is 181% 31*/17%+ 141*/77.9% 
Cape Verde Is 37% ? 16*/43.2% 
Corsical e 90 7+/7%+ c 8/9% 
Czechoslovakiad 243? c 53/c.22% 7*/0.2% 
Denmark ? 31 0 
Finland® 148 23/16% 0 
France ec 400 c 50/c.12% c 70 
Germany" 301 145/48% 11/c.3.5% 
Gibraltar 38 c 14/c 37% 3/c 8% 
Great Britain) ec 190 c 25-37/13-19% 0 
Greece@ ? ? ? 

Cyclades 82 294+/35% 
Hungary®> 221 67/30% 1/.5%?? 
Iceland ? 8 0 
Ireland 150 41/27% 0 
Italy 400+ ? ? 
Luxembourg ? ? 0 
Madeira 237 60-80/25-30% 171*/88% 
Malta& ¢. 65 c.22/c.33% c. 7/c.10% 
Netherlands 104+ 78/75% 0 
NorwayP 134 42/31% 0 
Poland ? 111 ? 
Portugal ? ? ? 
Romania™ 378 ? 145/37% 
Salvage Is* 1 ? 1/100% 
Sardinia ? ? 2 
Spain ? 2 ? 
Sweden> 1132/93 39/c. 42% 0 
Switzerland 264 113/43% 5? 
Yugoslavia ? ? ? 
ussRi c 778? 23+/3%+* 288/c 37% 


* = including subspecies 
minimum number 


+ 
iT] 


= Walden (1984 a and b) 

= Walden (in press), Walden (1984b) 

= van Goethem (1989) 

Mylonas (in litt., 1990); Mylonas (1982) 

= Valovirta (in litt., 31.5.91) = figures from new Red Data Book 
= Bouchet (1990) 

= Thake and Schembri (1989), Beckmann (1987), Beckmann (in prep.) 


Rmoean oO p 
i] 


= G— 


h = Bratton (1991) 

Bannikov & Solakov (1984), Likharev & Rammel'meir (1962), Zhadin 

(1965) 

= Steffek (1989, and in litt., 1990) 

Reischutz (in litt., 23.2.91) 

= Real Testud (1988); see also Holyoak (1983) for slightly different 

figures 

m = Grossu (1984) 

n = Bless in litt. 15.3.91; further information available in Jungbluth 
& Groh (1987) 

p = Kuiper et al. (1989); Okland (1990); Okland and Anderson (1984); 
Walden (1984c) N.B. the majority of threatened species have the 
category rare and are on the edge of their range 

q = Aguilar-amat (1935) 

Gittenberger & Ripken (1987), Walden (1984b) 

s = Pinter et al. (1979) 


wey 
iT} 


HY wu. 
i] 


5 
i 


North of the Alps, the molluscan fauna is less diverse with many fewer 
endemics, and it is relatively homogenous. To the south, much higher 
diversities and levels of endemism are found. Increasing diversity towards 
the south is very noticeable; for example, in Germany, about 180 species 
are found in Schleswig-Holstein but over 280 in Bavaria (Jungbluth in 
litt., 15.4.91). Many narrow endemics are found in the mountain regions of 
the Alps, Carpathians, Balkans and Pyrenees, and on the islands of the 
Mediterranean and east Atlantic. A number of European molluscs are termed 
relict species. These have the appearance of being narrow endemics, but in 
colder times were much more widely distributed. They are now restricted to 
high altitudes of northern Europe. 

Many molluscs have been introduced accidentally or intentionally outside 
their natural range. Recent accidental introductions have been excluded 
from this report, but some long-established introductions, now found only 
in natural or ancient man-made habitats with low intensity agriculture are 
included. An example is Helix pomatia, introduced into Britain in Roman 
times. This policy has been used in several national studies on threatened 
molluscs, e.g. the British Red Data Book (Bratton, 1991) and the Finnish 
Red Data Book (Rassi and Vaisanen, 1987). 

Some mollusc species in Europe are undergoing fairly rapid expansions of 
their ranges. Mapping schemes are revealing this to be the case with, for 
example, Deroceras caruanae and Boettgerilla pallens in Belgium (van 
Goethem et al., 1987). These are usually small species, that can live in 
association with man or are well adapted to disturbed habitats associated 
with human activity, and that are easily transported with plants. 


Scientific, economic and ecological importance of molluscs 


Molluscs play important roles in food chains and mineral cycling, providing 
food for a variety of other animals, particularly birds and some insects 
and mammals. Many are detritivores and are involved in the breakdown of 
organic materials, and a few may play a role in plant dispersal. 

The molluscan species assemblage of a habitat can sometimes provide a 
good indicator of environmental quality. Certain communities provide good 
indicators of ancient grasslands, woodlands and marshes and undisturbed 
waterways because of their sensitivity to disturbance (Kerney and Stubbs, 
1980). These communities are often in association with scarce plants, 
vertebrates and other invertebrates and are indicative of sites worth 
protecting (Bratton, 1991). 


= — 


Some molluscs provide a sensitive tool for monitoring habitat quality. 
Mapping of sphaeriids and freshwater snails in Norway has shown that these 
species are dependent on the pH values in lakes and may accordingly be used 
as biological indicators of acid rain (Okland and Kuiper, 1980, 1982; 
Okland and Okland, 1981, 1989; Okland, 1990). Molluscs, like some other 
invertebrates, may respond rapidly to only slight changes in conditions, 
such as shading and water level, before effects on vegetation are visible. 
They may therefore provide an early warning of chronic habitat 
deterioration. Freshwater mussels are generally good indicators of river 
quality, and also of some fish populations, as their parasitic larvae are 
dependent on fish hosts. Hydrobiid snails may indicate spring quality, and 
terrestrial species may also indicate changes in habitat quality; for 
example general declines in abundance of quite common species in Portugal 
(Helix aspersa amd Cepaea nemoralis) are thought to indicate environmental 
change (Albuquerque et al., 1990). 

Molluscan shells make good fossils, and subfossil land and freshwater 
molluscs from Pleistocene and Holocene deposits can be used to interpret 
ancient local environments, including type of vegetation and degree of 
disturbance by man. In Great Britain for example there it appears that the 
activities of man since the Neolithic period has had an increasingly 
important influence on land snails. Although the effects are sometimes 
difficult to separate from those caused by climate change, agriculture, 
resulting in the drying out of soil, continuous habitat disturbance and the 
creation of grassland and dry habitats has led to a dominance of species 
adapted to this type of environment (Evans, 1972). At the same time, a 
certain level of diversity has been maintained through the creation by man 
of microhabitats such as ditches and hedgerows (Kerney, 1965). 

Molluscs are of economic importance mainly as pests and parasites, but 
this concerns relatively few species. Two species in Europe have long been 
of positive economic importance: the freshwater pearl mussel and the Roman 
snail. In both cases, collecting over the centuries has had impacts on 
populations to a greater or lesser extent, and these problems are discussed 
later on. Molluscs have been used widely in science and education for many 
decades. Snails provide good laboratory material and are regularly used in 
genetic research on account of their comparatively short life cycles. 


European Invertebrate Survey and Biological Recording Schemes 


Biological recording and mapping schemes are playing a key role in the 
identification and conservation of threatened molluscs. Where there has 
been a long history of professional or amateur interest in a group, these 
schemes allow the examination and comparison of recent with historical 
records. For example, the mapping of terrestrial molluse records in 
Belgium has shown a decline in the distributions of about 50 species (van 
Goethem, 1989). Kerney (1975 and 1982) illustrated how such schemes could 
be used on a regional as well as a national level. 

The European Invertebrate Survey (EIS) was set up in 1969 to promote the 
collection and analysis of distribution data for European invertebrates. 
The UTM grid and the 50 x 50 km square were adopted as the most practical 
system for mapping. The E.I.S mapping scheme for molluscs was initiated 
in 1971 (Heath, 1973). Progress within each country has varied according 
to the number of malacologists available for such work and the interest of 
amateurs in undertaking field work. Information on national schemes is 
usually presented every three years at the International Malacological 
Congresses. 


Austria No official scheme but maps can be found in Klemm (1974) and 
Reischtuz (1986). 


Wigs 


Belgium Preliminary atlas produced in 1986 using UTM 10 km squares (De 
Wilde et al., 1986). The project is described in van Goethem et al. (1987). 


Czechoslovakia No official scheme, but the non-marine molluscs of 
Slovakia have been mapped in Lisicky (1991). 


Finland A land mollusc inventory and habitat register have been underway 
since 1970 at the Finnish Museum of Natural History;, using a 10 km square 
uniform Finnish grid system which could be correlated with the 50 km square 
UTM system (Valovirta, 1977). By 1991, the database held about 30,000 
records (Valovirta in litt., 31.5.91), with more detailed information for 
the freshwater pearl mussel. 


France: A mapping scheme and inventory were initiated in 1984, supported 
by the Secretariat Faune et Flore of the Ministry of Environment, which is 
aiming to update the work of Germain (1930/31) and produce maps of species 
in relation to their ecological parameters as well as their distributions 
(Andre, 1986 and 1989). An earlier mapping project by the Societe 
Francaise de Malacologie used the UTM 50 km square system, following the 
E.I.S. guidelines (Chevalier et al., 1972); a number of maps were produced 
and published in Haliotis but this project has not yet been completed. The 
Sphaeriidae have been inventoried, although not yet mapped (Mouthon & 
Kuiper, 1987) 


Germany: Information has been gathered by each of the federal states in 
the west and most of this has been collated by the mapping group 
Projektgruppe Molluskenkartierung, established in 1972. A computerised 
database for the grid mapping was developed. Mapping is complete or 
relatively far advanced for most of the states (Jungbluth et al., 1986; 
Jungbluth and Burk, 1986) (Bavaria 1986, Baden-Wurttemberg 1980, Bremen 
1989, Nordrhein-Westfalen 1989, Schleswig-Holstein 1989 (Wiese, 1989), 
Lower Saxony 1990, Berlin 1990 and Hesse 1976). Rhine-Palatine and 
Saarland are still to be completed. Numerous publications are available, 
but it has not been possible to list all this in this report. Additional 
material is still to be published. Separate mapping projects are underway 
for unionids. A mapping project was started recently for the east (Von 
Knorre, 1989). 


Great Britain: A grid mapping scheme, based on 10 km square units, was 
initiated in 1961 by the Conchological Society of Great Britain, under the 
guidance of the Biological Records Centre. An atlas was produced in 1976 
(Kerney, 1976) and there are plans for a revised edition. Data collection 
is an ongoing activity. 


Hungary Atlas published in 1979 (Pinter et al., 1979) using E.I.S. 
system (10 sq km units) and data collected over a seven year period by 
collectors and from museum collections. 


Ireland Maps for Ireland are included in Kerney (1976) and maps for 10 
sq km records are also given in Ross (1984). 


Netherlands Information not received, but mapping project underway. 


Norway The sphaeriids were mapped and inventoried on a 50 km square UTM 
system by Okland and Kuiper (1980, 1982) and a detailed list of localities 
has been published (Okland and Kuiper, 1990). Freshwater gastropods have 
been mapped using 50 km square maps, as well as traditional dot maps in 
Okland (1990); locality lists are also given. Large freshwater mussels are 
mapped using the 50 km square UTM system by Okland (1983) and Okland and 


=ji9= 


Andersen (1985). With the exception of Margaritifera margaritifera, the 
distribution and regional ecology of freshwater molluscs are probably 
better known in Norway than in any other country. Terrestrial gastropods 
are currently being mapped by Dr H. Walden of Goteborg, Sweden. 


Poland No official mapping scheme, but the sphaeriids have been mapped 
by Piechocki (1989) and the vertiginids by Pokrysko (1990) using the UTM 
grid. 


Portugal No official scheme but work is moving towards cataloguing and 
Mapping species (Albuquerque de Matos et al., 1990; Albuquerque de Matos in 
PEE, 3023 192) 


Romania No official scheme; the four volume monograph (Grossu 1981, 
1983, 1986, 1987) on gastropods gives distribution data and some maps. 


Spain No official mapping scheme, but Ibanez et al. (1976) discuss the 
problems involved and preliminary ideas. The current Project Fauna Iberica 
involves the preparation of a catalogue with distribution data (Aparicio in 
atte 4.291) 


Sweden Data has been collected in the course of extensive field work by 
Dr H. Walden but there is no official mapping scheme and funding is still 
being sought for production of an atlas. 


Switzerland A mollusc inventory and geographical habitat register is 
being developed under a project initiated in 1982/83 by the Swiss Federal 
Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research. The habitat register 
takes into account all the main national collections, and the information 
will be mapped (Turner and Ruetschi, 1989). The work is being carried out 
in collaboration with the Societe Internationale de Conchyliologie. 


Regional mapping efforts 


Progress on regional mapping of molluse distributions has been slow 
although Kerney (1975) provided examples of this over a decade ago. 
However, projects are underway for particular taxonomic groups. The 
Sphaeriidae (23 species) of northern Europe (Denmark, Faroes, Finland, 
Iceland, Norway and Sweden) were mapped by Kuiper et al. (1989) and mapping 
of this group throughout Europe is now underway by Dr J.G.J. Kuiper in 
Paris (Okland and Okland in litt., 1991). A project has recently been 
initiated to map the large freshwater mussels of northern Europe (eight 
species in the families Margaritiferidae, Unionidae, Dreissenidae) and 
provisional maps are to be available by 1993 (Okland in litt., 1990; von 
Proschwitz, 1990). 


-20- 
PRINCIPAL THREATS TO MOLLUSCS 


Table 1 shows the number of threatened species in each country where 
figures are available. In many cases these may be underestimates. Whereas 
the first edition of the Finnish Red Data Book (Rassi and Vaisanen, 1987) 
contained 15 mollusc species, the second edition now in preparation will 
include 23 (Valovirta, 1991). Whether this is due to better information, 
or to increasing threats to molluscs is not known, but in either case, it 
reveals an increasingly serious situation. We do not have sufficient data 
for molluscs to produce statistics on a regional basis but figures for 
individual countries give some indication. Even where information for 
whole countries is not available, there are now signs of the scale of the 
problem. For example, in Modena Province in northern Italy, 47 of the 
terrestrial species and 14 of the known freshwater species have not been 
recorded since 1970 (Palazzi, 1983). Other European invertebrate groups 
show a similar picture: of the 380 butterfly species, about 25% are 
threatened or in decline; of the 164 dragonflies, about 38% are at risk 
(Collins, 1989). 


Ecological requirements of non-marine molluscs 


Although some molluscs seem to thrive on human disturbance, many non-marine 
species have exacting habitat requirements which contribute to their 
localized distributions and vulnerability. Optimal sites may include a 
combination of the following factors: a long stable history of land use 
(e.g. primary woodland, old grassland); calcareous soil or alkaline waters 
(although some species tolerate acidic conditions well); moisture (although 
many snails can survive dry periods by aestivating); shelter to limit 
dessication (such as dead wood, stone walls etc); mild temperature; a 
mosaic of vegetation types rather than uniform habitat; well oxygenated 
water and a stable water level for freshwater species. 

The importance of avoiding dessication might suggest that slugs would 
be more at risk than snails with their protective shells. However, slugs 
tend to be less habitat specific, few are calciphile and most have wide 
ranges (although information on endemic species is still at an early 
stage). They are also adapted to a history of repeated local extinctions 
during dry years and rapid colonisation in wet years or seasons. AS a 
result, few slugs feature in this report, although it should be remembered 
that further data could alter this: monitoring slug populations is very 
difficult because of their annual and seasonal fluctuations and the fact 
that finding them is very weather dependent. In contrast, snails tend to 


be comparativeluy sedentary and are much easier to find on account of their 
shells. 


Habitat loss and disturbance 


Almost all the species in this report are included because they occur in 
shrinking or increasingly degraded habitats and, in many cases, need 
traditional and now uneconomic, habitat management. Much degradation is 
caused by current European agricultural policy which is having a major 
impact on natural habitats (Baldock, 1990), but similar changes are taking 
place in countries unaffected by the EC’s Common Agricultural Policy. The 
switch from traditional farming to intensive, large-scale agribusiness, 
with a focus on extensive monocultures has removed the mosaic of varied 
habitats in which many molluscs thrive. 

The mollusc faunas of the Mediterranean and north-east Atlantic islands 
show high levels of endemism (see later for discussion of this), and many 
species are potentially threatened by their restricted ranges. This is of 


eral 


particular concern given that one of the consequences of closer European 
integration is likely to be increased threats to fragile environments in 
Southern Europe through regional development grants for new roads, 
airports, tourist complexes, intensified agricultural and forestry 
production, dams and river canalisation. 


Loss of woodland and forest: Many terrestrial molluscs require humid or 
wet conditions, living under dead logs or in leaf litter on the forest 
floor. Native woodlands, especially those that are long established and 
have a wide age profile tend to be very important for invertebrates, such 
as Geomalacus maculosus and Elona quimperiana (see data sheets). The loss 
of woodlands is a primary threat, combined with the widespread change from 
deciduous or mixed forest to conifer plantations that acidify the soil and 
do not provide suitable litter to give shelter. Other changes in forestry 
practise such as much greater forest ‘hygiene’ also reduce the variety of 
habitat available for invertebrates (Collins, 1989). 

In Finland the replacement of copses of deciduous trees by spruce 
plantations has contributed to the decline of several species (Rassi and 
Vaisanen, 1987). In Sweden, Walden (1981) found richest molluscan 
diversity in broadleaf forest on calcareous moraine, and lowest diversity 
in pure stands of pine or spruce. Baba (1986) describes the impact of 
forestry planting on snail faunas in Hungary, and Cameron and Greenwood 
(1989) show that planted forests have significantly lower molluscan 
diversity in Scotland than do ancient woodlands. Strictly woodland species 
are at risk in Poland (Pokryszko in litt., 20.10.90). Many of the endemic 
species in the Madeiran islands such as those in the genus Leiostyla rely 
on native laurel forest, much of which has already been destroyed (see data 
sheet for Madeiran species). 


Loss of hedgerows and grasslands: Hedgerows and calcareous grassland are 
important habitats for many species and are being rapidly lost. Mechanised 
farming has resulted in the loss of hedges that provide shelter. 

Calcareous grassland habitat has been lost through the use of fertilisers 
and has affected molluscs as well as other invertebrates such as 
butterflies (Collins, 1989). Trampling on grassland in recreational areas 
can lead to a reduction in the total number of snails, although the 
proportion of xerophile snails increases (Chappell et al., 1971), and may 
be a particular threat to species living in dunes. 


Loss of wetlands: Fifteen of the widely distributed but declining 
species, described later in this report, are marsh or fen gastropods, or 
occur in slow moving or still water bodies. Their increasing rarity is 
clearly related to the disappearance of large areas of wetland over the 
last century, which has also affected other invertebrates (half of the 
threatened butterflies in Europe are wetland species (Collins, 1989)). 
Many are now restricted to remnant habitat although this may be scattered 
through several countries. Four species of the genus Vertigo are 
particularly at risk. Other species are also affected, although at a more 
local level. Several wetland species are at risk in Finland (Valovirta, 
1991) and in Poland, where many vertiginids are threatened (Prokryszko, 
1990; and in litt., 20.10.90). Several succineids are vulnerable to 
wetland loss. Many of the freshwater molluscs in Greece are threatened by 
the lowering of the water table for human consumption (Mylonas, in litt, 
1990). The Melanopsidae, a little known group of freshwater prosobranchs 
may be threatened by habitat loss in the western Mediterranean (Altaba, 
1989). River and spring species are threatened by hydrological engineering 
and drainage (see discussions on hydrobiids and unionids). 


895= 
Pollution 


This is probably the most serious threat to many freshwater molluscs. Many 
species are very sensitive to changes in water quality, partly because of 
their permeable 'skins' and also because of their need for a good oxygen 
supply. 

Freshwater snails are sensitive to acid water (Okland and Okland, 1986) 
and there are documented cases of species having disappeared in parallel 
with acidification (see Okland, 1990). In Sweden Valvata macrostoma 
disappeared in one lake when pH dropped from 6.3 (in 1943) to 4.5-4.6 (in 
1967) and 5.2-5.5 (in 1973). In some Swedish rivers it was not possible to 
confirm the presence of Ancylus fluviatilis in 1980, and ‘empty’ rivers had 
a significantly lower pH compared with localities where the species still 
occurred. In Norway, Lymnaea peregra, Gyraulus albus and Acroloxus 
lacustris were found at pH 5.2 (their extreme lower tolerance limit) in one 
lake in 1954. When this lake was revisited in 1987, the pH had dropped to 
4.2 and no snails were found (Okland, 1990). 

Considerable work has been carried out in northern Italy on the impact 
of heavy metals (e.g. Ravera, 1977), radioactivity (e.g. Ravera, 1966; 
Riccardi and Ravera, 1989) and other pollution (e.g. Mariani and Ravera, 
1977) on freshwater molluscs. The distribution of molluscs in lakes and 
ponds has also been found to be influenced by eutrophication (Annoni et 
al., 1978). 

Freshwater molluscs most at risk from pollution include the unionids or 
freshwater mussels, for which there is currently perhaps of greatest 
concern (this report includes data sheets for six species), the relict lake 
faunas of Baikal and Ohrid, the endemic molluscs of the Danube, and the 
endemic spring-dwelling and ground water hydrobiids. 

Terrestrial molluscs may also be vulnerable to pollution, particularly 
in the form of acid rain. Atmospheric pollution with sulphur dioxide is 
known to have an adverse effect on Balea perversa (see data sheet) and 
Clausilia bidentata (Holyoak, 1978). In Sweden, a number of areas surveyed 
between 1941 and 1966 have recently been resurveyed, revealing declines of 
25-77% in the molluscan faunas which have been attributed to acid rain. 

Walden (1989) reports a study of the impact of heavy metal pollution on 
molluscs at a copper mill in northern Norway. The gradient of metal 
pollution stretching down the valley away from the mill was inversely 
correlated with diversity and abundance of molluscs. Other studies on the 
effect of pollutants on molluscs include Beeby (1985), Beeby and Eaves 
(1983) and Williamson (1980). Overall, the literature is patchy and it is 
difficult to pinpoint particular pollutants as threatening particular 
species, but pollution clearly has an impact on many freshwater species and 
may also affect some terrestrial species. 


Exploitation 


Collecting threatens very few European species. The exceptions are the 
larger species of commercial value, most notably Margaritifera 
margaritifera and the edible Helicidae. The former has been seriously 
affected by collecting for pearls (see data sheet). Several helicids are 
collected for food throughout Europe (Helix pomatia, H. aspersa, Theba 
pisana, Cepea nemoralis, Iberus spp., Iberellus spp.) but show considerable 
resistance to exploitation. They are still tend to be abundant in much of 
their ranges, although there are certainly areas where collecting has 
caused declines (e.g. Portugal (Albuquerque de Matos et al., 1990; 
Albuquerque de Matos in litt., 4.10.90), Spain, Italy, Greece and see data 
sheet for Helix pomatia), and in this cases, populations should be 
monitored. 


=93= 
Introduced species 


This is potentially a threat to freshwater species, but there are few 
documented cases of problems at the moment. The Zebra mussel Dreissena 
polymorpha has been introduced in many lakes and rivers in Europe but its 
impact on native species is not clear. Corbicula, the Asiatic clam, was 
introduced to France, Spain and Portugal in about 1975. Although not yet a 
problem in Europe, the fact that it rapidly assumed pest population sizes 
in the USA following its introduction there early this century (McMahon, 
1982) means that it poses a potential threat here (Mouthon, 1981; Britton, 
1973). At present, there are no known threats to European molluscs from 
introduced predators, as is the case in many tropical countries where 
biological control programmes for pests such as the Giant African Snail 
Achatina fulica, have led to the introduction of carnivorous snails such as 


Euglandina rosea with dire consequences for native species (e.g. Murray et 
al., 1988). 


Climate change 


The present European mollusc fauna became established in the post-glacial, 
as molluscs were severely influenced by the Ice Ages of the Pleistocene. 
Climate changes since then have also had a considerable impact, and may be 
continuing to do so today. This makes it difficult to determine exactly 
which changes are due to humans (compounded by the fact that humans are 
themselves now altering the climate). However, there is general agreement 
that in the last two centuries the growth in human populations and the 
subsequent impact on the environment has had a greater influence on 
molluscs that climate. 


=94= 
THREATENED SPECIES 


The threatened molluscs that have been identified can be divided into three 
categories: 


a. Single country endemics 
b. ‘'Near' endemics and geographically restricted species 
c. Widespread species that are declining throughout Europe 


These groups are discussed separately in the following sections. Where 
sufficient data are available, data sheets, using a standardised format, 
have been compiled. The format is based on that devised for the EIS/Bern 
Convention project (Speight, 1990) with a few minor alterations: common 
names have been given where these are known; the ‘bibliography’ heading has 
been omitted; and the references are cited at the end of this report, 
rather than in the data sheet itself (this is for reasons of space). For 
some of the narrow endemics, data sheets have been compiled for groups of 
species, principally if similar threats and conservation requirements apply 
to all members of the group. Some of the statements in the data sheets are 
not referenced; in most cases this is because they concern information 
taken from the relevant country table (see Annex). In some cases there are 
two IUCN categories for a species in a country. This is usually because 
there is some doubt or disagreement, but in the case of Germany it reflects 
the fact that information has been collected separately for west and east; 
the first category is for the west, the second for the east. 

Other species are listed with the suggested IUCN category and brief 
information on distribution and status as this is available. Further 
information is available in the country tables (which will be available as 
a separate Annex on request). The section on single country endemics lists 
non-threatened as well as threatened endemic species, since in many cases 
the former could quickly become of conservation concern. 


Threat categories 


The IUCN categories have been used in this report, with the addition of a 
category for species 'Of Special Concern’ (see below). This is equivalent 
to the numerical category 4 used in the national Red Data Books and 
threatened species lists of several European countries (although the UK Red 
Data Book uses '4' for species threatened but for which conservation 
efforts have already been successful). 

The definitions of the categories used are as follows: 


EXTINCT (Ex) 
Species not definitely located in the wild during the past 50 years 


ENDANGERED (E) Taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is 
unlikely if the causal factors continue operating. 


Included are taxa whose numbers have been reduced to a critical level 
or whose habitats have been so drastically reduced that they are deemed 
to be in immediate danger of extinction. Also included are taxa that 
are possibly already extinct but have definitely been seen in the wild 
in the past 50 years. 


VULNERABLE (V) 


Taxa believed to move into the 'Endangered' category in the near future if 
the causal factors continue operating. 


=95=) 


Included are taxa of which most or all the populations are decreasing 
because of over-exploitation, extensive destruction of habitat or other 
environmental disturbance; taxa with populations that have been 
seriously depleted and whose ultimate security has not yet been 
assured; and taxa with populations which are still abundant but are 
under threat from severe adverse factors throughout their range. 


RARE (R) 


Taxa with small world populations that are not at present ‘Endangered’ or 
"Vulnerable’, but are at risk. 


These taxa are usually localised within restricted geographical areas 
or habitats, or are thinly scattered over a more extensive range. 


INDETERMINATE (I) 
Taxa known to be ‘Endangered’, ‘Vulnerable’, or ‘Rare’ but where there is 
not enough information to say which of the three categories is appropriate. 


INSUFFICIENTLY KNOWN (K) 


Taxa that are suspected but not definitely known to belong to any of the 
above categories, because of lack of information. 


OF SPECIAL CONCERN (S) 
Taxa that are still widespread or relatively abundant but that have 
undergone an observable decline and are potentially threatened. 


This category is based on category 4 used in the Red Data Lists for 
Sweden, Germany, Austria and Switzerland, and the category Md used in 
the Red Data Book for Finland. 


NOT THREATENED (nt) 


-26- 
SINGLE COUNTRY OR TERRITORY ENDEMICS 


Endemic species with their small ranges are potentially most at risk, but 
in many cases they are least well known because of their inaccessible 
habitats and remoteness. In some cases this may work in their favour, for 
example if they are in remote mountain ranges far from human impact, but it 
is important that their populations are monitored as they are potentially 
vulnerable to even a single major impact. Over 200 endemics are known to 
be at risk in Europe (see below), based on information gathered for this 
report. Given the paucity of information about most endemics, this is 
likely to represent a small proportion of actual threatened species. 


Island species 


The propensity for molluscs to speciate on islands is well documented (e.g. 
Solem, 1984), as is the vulnerability of island invertebrate faunas to 
human activities (e.g. Wells et al., 1983). Molluscs have low vagility and 
tend to speciate within confined areas, which makes them vulnerable to 
single disruptive events. The endemic molluscan faunas of the islands of 
the north-east Atlantic and of the Mediterranean are potentially at risk 
for this reason. 

The terrestrial molluscs of the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands 
(Macaronesia) and the Cape Verdes are essentially a relict assemblage and 
are of great conservation concern. These faunas have a common background 
but very few taxa are shared by the archipelagos due to differences in 
geological history, climate and geographical location in relation to the 
continental mainland. Very few species are common to all archipelagos, and 
only about 4 out of nearly 400 taxa are common to more than one (Walden 
1984 a and b). Genera endemic to the Atlantic islands as a group are 
Craspedopoma, Napaeus, Janulus, Heterostoma, Spirorbula, Actinella, and 
Leptaxis. This situation is similar to that for other flightless 
invertebrates such as isopods and millipedes on the islands, which also 
have high endemism at the genus and species level but not at higher 
taxonomic levels. On Madeira for example, about 90% of the molluscan 
endemics belong to only four families (Cameron and Cook, 1989). This 
pattern is also seen in molluse radiation on other islands around the 
world. Approximate numbers of endemics in each archipelago are given in 
table 1. 

Madeira, with its markedly high diversity and endemism, has a key 
position as a centre of evolution and for dispersal to other archipelagos. 
It has nothing in common with the fauna of the adjacent north-west African 
mainland, its affinities being strictly European (Walden, 1984 a and b). 
Levels of endemism are probably rivalled only by Hawaii, Rapa and some of 
the other tropical islands in the Pacific (Solem, 1984), with fourteen 
endemic genera (Staurodon, Boettgeria, Hemilauria, Amphorella, Pyrgella, 
Cyclichnidia, Steenbergia, Geomitra, Caseolus, Disculella, Lemniscia, 
Discula, Pseudocampylaea, Lampadia). The Canaries have much stronger 
African affinities, and have several endemic genera (e.g.Gibbulinella, 
Vermetum, Monilearia, Canariella, Hemicycla). The Cape Verde islands have 
a substantial African element in their fauna and are not considered further 
in this report. 

Data sheets have been compiled for the threatened endemics of Madeira 
and of Tenerife, the island best documented in the Canaries. Both 
illustrate the importance of the remaining stands of natural vegetation in 
these islands to the endemic species, and the severe pressure that this is 
under from development and other human activities. 

The molluscan faunas of the Mediterranean islands are less well 
documented and major taxonomic revisions are underway for many of the 


=o 


important groups. Levels of endemism are lower than on the Atlantic 
islands. Several genera appear to be endemic, such as Tacheocampylaea 
(Corsica and Sardinia) and Lampedusa (Malta, Lampedusa). Several species 
are endemic to the Tuscan and Eolian archipelagos. 

Information for the Balearics, Sardinia, Sicily, Lampedusa and some of 
the other small islands is particularly poor. The endemic faunas of 
Majorca and Minorca have been documented but it was not possible to obtain 
the information for this report; the Pitusas (Ibiza and Formentera) have 
rather fewer endemics (Sacchi, 19xx). Sufficient information was obtained 
for Corsica, Malta and Gibraltar to provide some idea of status and data 
sheets have been compiled for these islands. As with the Atlantic islands, 
many of the endemic species are now threatened on account of their small 
ranges and the potential loss of habitat from a variety of human activities. 

In Greece, 40-50% of the mollusc fauna of the Aegean Islands is 
probably endemic (Mylonas, 1984) and endemism throughout the Greek islands 
is markedly high (Kemperman and Gittenberger, 1990; Bar and Butot, 1986). 
This is largely due to the presence in this region of numerous islands, 
caves and karst habitats, all of which encourage speciation, as well as the 
central position of Greece between the zoogeographic regions of Europe, 
Africa and Asia (Legakis, 1990). Endemism is particularly high in the 
families Clausiliidae and Enidae and in the genera Vitrea, Zonites and 
Deroceras. All these are rocky ground or subterranean dwellers with 
restricted mobility (Bar and Butot, 1986). The genus Albinaria 
(Clausiliidae) restricted to Greece and adjacent countries has recently 
speciated into a bewildering variety of species, subspecies and local 
forms. Work is currently underway in Crete, the eastern Peloponnese and 
Kephallina by Gittenberger and his co-workers to unravel this. Albinaria 
endemics on Cyprus have scattered localised distributions (Gittenberger and 
Neuteboom, 1989) and therefore could be at risk, but more detailed data are 
lacking. Of the eight species of Mastus (Enidae) in the Aegean, five are 
endemic to the Greek islands (Vardinoyannis-Pavlakis et al., 1989). 


Other terrestrial species 


Large numbers of endemic species are found on the mainland of Southern 
Europe, particularly in mountainous regions such as the Pyrenees, 
Carpathians, Caucasus, Balkans and peninsular Italy. Data sheets in the 
next section illustrate some of these, but in general there is very little 
information to indicate levels of threat for these species. Many relict 
species with small ranges may be vulnerable. 

Extensive taxonomic work is underway in Italy and Spain and knowledge 
of the fauna is increasing rapidly. This means that it is impossible to 
compile a list of endemic species that is anywhere near complete, but the 
information gathered for this report gives some indications of the faunal 
richness of these countries; as will be seen from the lists, many species 
have been described in the last decade. 

Liguria (Italy) in the Alpes-Maritimes is one area of particular 
concern; a glacial refuge which has escaped extreme climatic conditions, it 
has 144 terrestrial molluscs and 25 freshwater species of which many are 
endemic. High diversities and endemism are also found in the adjacent 
areas of the Alpes-Maritimes, partly due to the varied faunal components 
(alpine, mediterranean and endemic) of this region (Boato et al., 1982; 
Bodon and Boato, 1987; Boato, 1988). Numerous species are endemic to the 
Iberian peninsula, with many endemic genera such as Iberus (which exhibits 
rich polymorphism in eatern Andalusia), Oestophora, Xeroplexa (= 
Trochoidea) (Sacchii, Gasull etc.), and Pyrenaeria (which is endemic to the 
Spanish Pyrennees apart from one species on the French side (Bouchet, 
1990)). It has not been possible to sort out the species that are 
specifically endemic to Portugal, Spain or the offshore islands, and there 
is little information on threats, despite considerable concern. 


=28- 


Very preliminary information was obtained for Yugloslavia, which almost 
certainly has one of the highest levels of endemism, but a major task lies 
ahead in listing these species and their status. 


Groundwater and spring species 


Numerous hydrobiid species, found mainly in springs and subterranean 
waters, were described in Europe in the last century but are of 
questionable taxonomic status. These faunas are being studied in several 
countries and it is becoming clear that although there may be fewer species 
than originally thought, many are indeed endemic to small areas and are 
under threat. General information on species found primarily in 
subterranean waters can be found in Bole and Velkovrh (1986), a reference 
that was not consulted for this report. 

About 200 hydrobiids were described from France; Germain (1931) 
recognised only 60 as valid species and recent work has shown that many of 
these descriptions, often based on shell characters alone, are not valid. 
Their taxonomy is currently being reworked for France and Switzerland Jura 
by Boeters and Bernasconi. This makes the identification of threatened 
species difficult, but the vast majority of them are known only from very 
restricted ranges and from the literature often appear to be endemic to 
single springs or wells. In some cases, known ranges may reflect 
localities in which they can be easily collected, rather than their true 
habitat. Several genera, in particular Bythiospeum, Moitessieria, 
Paladilhia and Horatia, live in subterranean waters or in the underground 
parts of rivers. However, others appear to be genuinely restricted to 
small localities. For example, Bythinella appears to be a true inhabitant 
of springs and is not known from underground waters. Some hydrobiids are 
therefore very vulnerable to capping or diversion of springs and to 
pollution of the groundwater, for example in Poland (Falniowskii in litt., 
2.11.90). In France, three rocky calcareous regions are notable for the 
diversity of their endemic hydrobiids: the Pyrenees, at lower and middle 
altitudes; the upper valleys of the small coastal rivers that drain the 
hills bordering the Mediterranean and the Jura (Bouchet, 1990); thirteen 
hydrobiids are endemic to the Rhone basin. Some of these species are 
described in the following data sheets. 

Numerous subterranean species have been decribed from Italy. Pezzolli 
(1988a) gives a region by region overview of species from springs and truly 
subterranean species for northern Italy: Piemonte has one endemic, Liguria 
has four, Lombardy has two, east and west Veneto has five. The south has 
been less well studied but three endemics are known from Tuscany, two from 
Umbria, one from Lazio and one from Sardinia. Many of these species are 
considered to be at severe risk (Pezzoli 1988 b and c). For example, the 
Valle Imagua in Bergamo and the Brescia area (both in Lombardy) are 
particularly important sites for endemic species but many of the caves and 
springs are now damaged, with many springs capped with concrete. No 
efforts have yet been made to safeguard them (Pezzoli, 1990). 

Austria, Yugoslavia and Greece also have major hydrobiid faunas, and 
many cave species, such as those in the genus Bythiospeum have probably 
never been described. The Yugoslavian fauna has been well documented by 
Botoseanu, but this information was not obtained in time for inclusion. 


Lake species 


The most striking endemic lake faunas are those of Lake Baikal and Lake 
Ohrid, both of which are treated in separate data sheets. Boss (1978) 
considered these radiations comparable to those of Darwin's finches in the 
Galapagos and the drosophilid flies in Hawaii. The faunas of both lakes 
can be divided into two groups: a) pulmonates which live in the shallow 
waters around the periphery, with few endemics and b) prosobranchs and 


259= 


endemic pulmonates living in the main body of the lake. In both lakes 
there are many more endemic prosobranchs than pulmonates, and the 
hydrobiids show the greatest radiations; in Lake Baikal there is an endemic 
hydrobiid subfamily or family (Baikaliinae/ Baikaliidae). The comparative 
lack of speciation within the pulmonates can best be explained by there 
shallow habitat which permits passive dispersal by birds and other means. 
The prosobranchs are also livebearers which may contribute to their ability 
to speciate (Boss, 1978). 

In both cases, rather little is known of the status of the endemics, 
although it is thought that shore development and pollution are potential 
threats. None of the Baikal species are listed in the current Red Data 
Book for the USSR, but they are being considered for the next edition 
(Kotchetova pers. comm.). Such is the significance of both areas for their 
unique wildlife, that major conservation efforts are underway, but 
information is not available to indicate the extent to which these are 
taking mollusc faunas into account. 

Other lakes with notable endemic species include Lake Trichonis in 
Greece and the Caspian Sea. Neither has been treated in detail in this 
report, but further information should be gathered. Neither the Caspian 
nor Aral Sea have European faunas, but the Caspian Sea fauna includes many 
brackishwater species and so is not strictly within the remit of this 
report. The molluscs of the Aral Sea are potentially at greatest risk, on 
account of its rapid evaporation and loss of water, but the fauna is 
comparatively poor with few endemics (Zhadin, 1965). 


=36= 
ENDEMICS BY COUNTRY OR TERRITORY 


Endemic subspecies have generally not been listed. Some of the hydrobiids 
listed are of dubious taxonomic status, but have been included to 
illustrate that this is an important taxonomic group to be considered in 
terms of endemism. The list is incomplete for several countries, and in 
some cases only the species considered threatened have been listed. For 
some countries, the latter are also described in data sheets which can be 
found at the end of this section; these species are marked in the list with 
a, x. 


2? = IUCN category not known or doubtful taxonomy 


AUSTRIA (threatened species only) 
Family Hydrobiidae 
Alzoniella hartwigschuetti (Reischutz, 1983) Vv 
Belgrandiella austriana (Radoman, 1975) E 
Belgrandiella fuchsi (Boeters, 1970) E 
Belgrandiella lacheineri (Kuster, 1852) Vv 
Belgrandiella parreyssi (L. Pfeiffer, 1841) E 
Belgrandiella pupula Vv 
Belgrandiella styriaca Stojaspal, 1978 E 
Bythinella cylindrica R 
Bythinella intermedia (Mahler, in Boeters, 1970) Ex 
Bythiospeum cisterciensorum (Resichutz, 1983) E 
Bythiospeum elseri (Fuchs, 1929) E 
Bythiospeum geyeri (Fuchs, 1925) E 
Bythiospeum noricum (Fuchs, 1929) E 
Bythiospeum pfeifferi (Clessin, 1887) Ex 
Bythiospeum reisalpense (Reischutz, 1983) E 
Bythiospeum tschapecki (Clessin 1878) Ex? 
Hauffenia kerschneri (Zimmermann, 1930) E 
Iglica gratulabunda (A.J. Wagner, 1927) Ex? 
Lobaunia danubialis Haase in press E 
Family Orculidae 
Orcula austriaca (St. Zimmerman, 1932) Vv 
Orcula fuchsi Zimmerman, 1831 R 
Orcula pseudodolium (A.J. Wagneri, 1912) V/R 
Family Arionidae 
Arion obesoductus Reischutz, 1973 R 
Family Limacidae 
Deroceras sp. v? 
Family Helicidae 
Chilostoma ziegleri (Rossmassler, 1836) Ex 
Cylindrus obtusus (draparnaud, 1805) V/nt 
Petasina subtecta (Polinski, 1929) Vv 
Trichia oreinos (A.J. Wagner, 1915) E/V 
AZORES (PORTUGAL) (incomplete list) 


Family Cyclophoridae 
Craspedoma hespericum (Morelet & Brouet, 1857) Vv 
Family Pupillidae 
Lauria fasciolata (Morelet, 1860) 
Leiostyla fuscidula (Morelet, 1860) 
Leiostyla rugulosa (Morelet, 1860) 
Leiostyla tesselata (Morelet, 1860) 
Leiostyla vermiculosa (Morelet, 1860) 
Family Vallonidae 
Spermodea. monas (Morelet, 1860) 2 


O10 1D DD 


=i 


Family Enidae 


*Napaeus’ alabastrinus Martins, 1989 

*Napaeus’ delibutus (Morelet & Drouet, 1857) 
*Napaeus’ forbesianus (Morelet & Drouet, 1857) 
*Napaeus’ hartungi (Morelet & Drouet, 1857) 
*Napaeus’ pruninus (Gould, 1848) 

*Napaeus’ tremulans (Mousson, 1858) 


*"Napaeus' vulgaris (Morelet & Drouet, 1857) 
Family Endondontidae 
Punctum azoricum De Winter, 1988 
Family Vitrinidae 
Phenacolimax atlantica (Morelet, 1860) 
Phenacolimax brumalis (Morelet, 1860) 
Phenacolimax pelagica (Morelet, 1860) 
Family Zonitidae 


Oxychilus agostinhoi Martins, 1981 

Oxychilus atlanticus (Morelet & Drouet, 1857) 
Oxychilus brincki Riedel, 1964 

Oxychilus furtadoi Martins, 1989 

Oxychilus juvenostriatus Riedel, 1964 


Oxychilus 
Oxychilus 
oxychilus 
Oxychilus 
Oxychilus 
Oxychilus 


miceui Martins, 1989 

miguelinus (Pfeiffer, 1856) 

minor (Morelet, 1860) 

ornatus Riedel, 1964 

spectabilis (Milne-Edwards, 1885) 
volutella (Pfeiffer, 1856) 


Zonitoides azoricus Riedel, 1964 


Family Clausiliidae 
Balea nitida Mousson, 
Family Helicidae 


1858 


Actinella horripila (Morelet & Drouet, 1857) 
Actinella vespertina (Morelet, 1860) 
Actinella sp. 1 

Actinella sp. 2 

Cernuella ?obruta (Morelt, 1860) 

Helixena sanctaemariae (Morelet & Drouet, 1857) 
Leptaxis azorica (Albers, 1852) 

Leptaxis caldeirarum (Morelet & Drouet, 1857) 
Leptaxis drouetiana (Morelet, 1860) 

Leptaxis terceirana (Morelet, 1860) 

Leptaxis sp. 


BALEARIC ISLANDS (SPAIN) 
Family Hydrobiidae 
Amnicola balearicus Pal. 
Family Clausiliidae 
Iberellus balearicus Pfeiffer 
Iberellus graellsianus Pfeiffer 
Iberellus minoricensis Mittre 
Family Zonitidae 
Oxychilus pityusanus Riedel, 1969 
Vitrea gasulli Riedel & Paul, 1978 
Family Helicidae 
Helicella cardonae Hid. 
Helicella caroli Dohn & Heynemann 
Helicella cisternasi Hid. 
Helicella ebusitana Hid. 
Helicella frater Dohn & Heynemann 
Helicella majoricensis Dorhn 
Helicella molinae Hid. 


(incomplete list) 


HOD DD 4D OD 


0 +0 


~ OD DD DDD DD DD BI 


OD DD DD OY DO OD 


OD DD DD 


-32- 


Helicella moraguesi Hid. ? 

Helicella nyeli Mittre ? 

Helicella pollenzensis Hid. ? 

Trochoidea ebusitana (Hidalgo, 1869) nt 

Trochoidea caroli (Dohrn & Heynemann, 1862) nt 

Tudorella ferruginea Lamarck ? 
BULGARIA (incomplete list) 


Family Hydrobiidae 
Belgrandiella angelovi Rinter 
Belgrandiella bureschi Angelov 


Belgrandiella hessei Wagner 
Belgrandiella zascheri Angelov 


Hauffenia lucidulus Angelov 
Iglica acicularis Angelov 
Isignia macrostoma Angelov 
Paladilhia bureschi Wagner 


OD DD wD wD 


CANARY IS (SPAIN) (list complete for Tenerife only) 
(see data sheet for 'Tenerife endemics') 
Family Cyclophoridae 

Craspedoma costata (Shuttleworth, 1852) R 
Family Pomatiasidae 

Pomatias laevigatus (Webb & Berthelot, 1833) nt 

Pomatias raricosta (Wollaston, 1878) Vv 
Family Planorbidae 

Nautilinus clymene (Shuttleworth, 1852)* R 
Family Vertiginidae 

Leiostyla castanea (Shuttleworth, 1852) nt 

Truncatellina atomus (Shuttleworth, 1852)* K 
Family Enidae 

Napaeus badiosus (Ferussac, 1821)* Vv 

Napaeus baeticatus (Webb & Berthelot, 1833) nt 

Napaeus helvolus (Webb & Berthelot, 1833) nt 

Napaeus nanodes (Shuttleworth, 1852)* R 

Napaeus propinquus (Shuttleworth, 1852)* R 

Napaeus roccellicola (Webb & Berthelot, 1833)* V 

Napaeus tabidus (Webb & Berthelot, 1833) nt 

Napaeus variatus (Webb & Berthelot, 1833)* Vv 
Family Vallonidae 

Acanthinula spinifera (Mousson, 1872) R 
Family Ferussaciidae 

Ferussacia reissi (Mousson, 1872) nt 
Family Zonitidae 

Retinella circumsessa (Shuttleworth, 1852) nt 
Family Endodontidae 

Discus engonata (Shuttleworth, 1852)* R 

Discus scutula (Shuttleworth, 1852)* R 
Family Vitrinidae 

Guerrina cuticula (Shuttleworth, 1852) nt 

Insulivitrina blauneri (Shuttleworth, 1852) nt 

Insulivitrina canariensis (Mousson, 1872) nt 

Insulivitrina eceroensis Alonso & Ibanez, 1987 nt 

Insulivitrina emmersoni Morales, 1988 nt 

Insulivitrina gomerensis Alonso & Ibanez, 1988 nt 

Insulivitrina lamarcki (Ferussac, 1821) nt 

Insulivitrina latebasis (Mousson, 1872) nt 

Insulivitrina machadoi Ibanez & Alonso, 1990 R 

Insulivitrina mascaensis Morales, 1987* R 


=g4= 


Insulivitrina nogalesi Alonso & Ibanez, 1990 
Insulivitrina oromii Ibanez & Alonso 
Insulivitrina parryi (Gude, 1896) 
Insulivitrina reticulata (Mousson, 1872)* 
Insulivitrina tamaranensis Valido, 1990 


Insulivitrina tuberculata Ibanez & Alonso, 1987 


Family Parmacellidae 


nt 
nt 
nt 
E 

nt 
nt 


Parmacella tenerifensis Alonso,Ibanez & Diaz,1985*V 


Family Limacidae 
Malacolimax wiktori Alonso & Ibanez, 1989* 
Family Streptaxidae 
Gibbulinella dealbata (Webb & Berthelot, 1833) 
Family Hygromiidae 
Canariella fortunata (Shuttleworth, 1852)* 
Canariella hispidula (Lamarck, 1822) 
Canariella leprosa (Shuttleworth, 1852)* 
Canariella pthonera (Mabille, 1883)* 
Canariella planaria (Lamarck, 1822) 
Canariella plutonia (Lowe, 1861) 
Family Helicidae 
Hemicycla adansoni (Webb & Berthelot, 1833)* 
Hemicycla berkeleyi (Lowe, 1861) 
Hemicycla bethencourtiana (Shuttleworth, 1852) 
Hemicycla bidentalis (Lamarck, 1821) 
Hemicycla consobrina (Ferussac, 1821) 
Hemicycla glyceia (Mabille, 1882)* 
Hemicycla incisogranulata (Mousson, 1872) 
Hemicycla inutilis (Mousson, 1872)* 
Hemicycla mascaensis Alonso & Ibanez, 1988* 
Hemicycla modesta (Ferussac, 1821)* 
Hemicycla plicaria (Lamarck, 1816)* 
Hemicycla pouchet (Ferussac, 1821)* 
Hemicycla saponacea (Lowe, 1861) 
Monilearia phalerata (Webb & Berthelot, 1833) 
Pleuropunctum? placidus (Shuttleworth, 1852) 
Theba geminata (Mousson, 1857) 
Theba prasseti (Mousson, 1872) 
Theba impugnata (Mousson, 1857) 
Xerotricha nubivaga (Mabille, 1882)* 
Kerotricha orbignyi (Orbigny, 1839) 
Xerotricha pavida Mousson, 1872 


CORSICA (FRANCE) 
Family Cyclophoridae 

?Cochlostoma cyrniacum Mabille 1869 
Family Cochlicopidae 

Hypnophila remyi Boettger 1949* 
Family Clausiliidae 

Cochlodina meisneriana Shuttleworth 1843 
Family Limacidae 

Deroceras cazioti (Pollonera, 1896) 
Family Zonitidae 

Oxychilus tropidophorus Mabille 1869 
Family Helicidae 


Cyrnotheba corsica (Shuttleworth 1843) *(=Monacha) 


Helix ceratina Pfeiffer 1843* (= tristis) 

?Monacha perlevis Shuttleworth 1852 

Tacheocampylaea raspaili (Payraudeau 1826)* 
Family Unionidae 

Unio turtoni Payraudeau 1826* 


Vv 


nt 


-34— 


CYPRUS (list incomplete) 

Family Clausiliidae 
Albinaria greeni Tomlin, 1935 
Albinaria mavromoustakis Brandt, 1961 
Albinaria rollei (Boettger, 1896)q 
Albinaria saxatilis (Pfeiffer, 1846) 
Albinaria virgo (Mousson, 1854) 

Family Helicidae 
Trochoidea mavromoustakis (Hass, 1933) ? 


PR eM) 


CZECHOSLOVAKIA 
Family Hydrobiidae 
Belgrandiella alticola Lozek & Brtek, 1964 s 
Belgrandiella bojnicensis Lozek & Brtek, 1964 s 
Belgrandiella kalasi Lozek & Brtek Ex 
Belgrandiella komenskyi Hudec, 1972 R/K 
Belgrandiella slovenica Lozek & Brtek, 1964 s 
Family Pupillidae 
Chondrina tatrica (Lozec, 1948) s 
Spelaeodiscus tatricus (Hazay, 1883) E 
endemic to Belanske Tatry mountains, in the area of the 
Sucha delina valley; most of its small range lies within the 
Tatra National Park and is well protected although tourism 
could pose a threat (Steffek, 1989); distribution mapped in 
Lisicky (1991). 
Family Clausiliidae 
Bulgarica nitidosa Ulicny, 1893 2V 
Family Arionidae 
Arion vejdorskyi Babor & Kostal, 1893 K 
Family Limacidae 
Deroceras fatrense Macha, 1981 Vv 
Family Helicidae 
Chilostoma rossmassleri Pfeiffer, 1842 s 


FRANCE 

(threatened endemics described in data sheets for Pyrenees--Occidentales, 
and Alpes-Maritimes) 

Family Cyclophoridae 


Obscurella apricum (Mousson, 18470 nt 
Obscurella nouleti (Dupuy, 1850) nt 


Family Hydrobiidae 
Arganiella exilis (Paladilhe, 1867) (=Horatia) I 
Belgrandiella pyrenaica Boeters, 1983* I 
Bythinella bicarinata (des Moulins, 1827) I 
Bythinella carinulata (Drouet, 1868) I 
Bythinella vesontiana (Bernasconi, 1989) I 
Bythinella viridis (Poiret, 1801) I 
Bythiospeum articense Bernasconi, 1985 IE 
Bythiospeum bressanum Bernasconi, 1985 if 
Bythiospeum diaphanum (Michaud, 1831) I 
Bythiospeum garneri (Sayn, 1889) I 
Fissuria boui Boeters, 1981 I 
Hydrobia scamandri poseenss Monod & Vala, 1977 BE 
Litthabitella elliptica (Paladilhe, 1874)* I 
Moitessieria juvenisanguis Boeters & Gittenberger I 

1990 

Moitessieria lineolata Coutagne, 1882 I 
Moitessieria locardi (Coutagne 1883) I 
Moitessieria puteana (Coutagne 1883) I 
Moitessieria rayi (Locard, 1883) (= Lartetia) I 
Moitessieria rolandiana (Bourguignat, 1863) I 


Ge 


Palacanthilhiopsis vervierii Bernasconi 1988 I 

Paladilhia pleurotoma Bourguignat, 1865 I 

Paladilhiopis bourguignati (Paladilhe 1866) I 

Plagigeyeria conilis Boeters 1974 I 

Pseudamnicola anteisensis (Berenguier, 1882) I 

Pseudamnicola klemmi Boeters 1969 I 
Family Aciculidae 


Platyla foliniana (Nevill, 1879)* R 

Renea gormonti Boeters,Gittenberger & Subail989* R 

Renea moutonii (Dupuy, 1849) nt 

Renea paillona Boeters,Gittenberger & Subail989* R 

Renea singularis (Pollonera, 1905) nt 
Family Pupillidae 

Solatopupa cianensis (Caziot, 1910) nt 
Family Vertiginidae 

Truncatellina arcyensis Klemm, 1943 nt 
Family Limacidae 

Deroceras chevallieri Altena, 1973 R? 
Family Helicidae 

Macularia saintyvesi (Kobelt, 1906) nt 

Monacha atacis Gittenberger & de Winter 1985 nt 

Monachoides ventouxiana (Forcart, 1946) nt 


Parmacella gervaisi Moquin-Tandon, 1850 and Parmacella moquini Bourguignat, 
1859 (Family Parmacellidae) have been considered as recently extinct 
endemics; known only from the Crau in southern France, they have not been 
seen since they were discovered; their disappearance is probably related to 
the widespread development in the Crau region (Bouchet, 1990). Kerney et 
al. (1983) considered them to belong to the Iberian species P. 
valenciennii, which is now thought incorrect, but it is possible that P. 
gervaisi is in fact P. deshayesi and that it is an introduction from 
Algeria (de Winter in litt., 11.3.91). 


GERMANY (threatened species only) 

Family Hydrobiidae 
Bythinella badensis Boeters, 1981 
Bythinella bavarica Clessin, 1877 
Bythinella compressa (v. Frauenfeld, 1856) 
Bythinella dunkeri (v. Frauenfeld, 1856) 
Bythiospeum acicula (Held, 1837) 
Bythiospeum quenstedti (Wiedersheim, 1873) 


Bythiospeum sandbergeri (Flach, 1886) 
Family Vallonidae 


Vallonia allamanica Geyer, 1908 E 

Vallonia suevica Geyer, 1908 E 
Family Arionidae 

Arion simrothi Kunkel (in Geyer) 1909 Ex 
Family Helicidae 

Trichia gramnicola Falkner, 1973 R 


AAA Aw ww 


GIBRALTAR 
Family Aciculidae 
Acicula norrisi Gittenberger & Boeters, 1977* R 
Family Ferussaciidae 
Cecilioides spp.* I 
Cecilioides connollyi Tomlin, 1943 
Oestophora calpeana (Morelet, 1854)* I 


La 


=36— 


GREECE (list very incomplete) 
Family Moitessieriidae 
Clameia brooki Boeters & Gittenberger, 1990 ? 
Family Hydrobiidae 
Dianella thiesseana (Kobelt, 1878) 
Islamia trichoniana Radoman, 1978 
Pseudoislamia balkanica Radoman, 1978 
Trichonia kephalovrissonia Radoman, 1973 
Trichonia trichonia Radoman, 1973 
Family Moitessieriidae 
Clameia brooki Boeters & Gittenberger, 1990 ? 
Family Orculidae 
Pagodulina hauseri Gittenberger, 1978 us 
Family Clausiliidae 
Albinaria brevicollis (Ferussac) 
Albinaria coerulea (Ferussac) 
Albinaria discolor (Pfeiffer) 
Albinaria fulvula Flach, 1988 
Albinaria hippolyti (Boettger, 1878) 
Albinaria inflata (Olivier, 1801) 
Albinaria jonica (Pfeiffer, 1866) 
Albinaria olivieri (Rossmassler) 
Albinaria purpura Reitsma, 1988 
Albinaria turrita (Pfeiffer) 
endemic to the western arc of the Cyclades; occurs on many 
islands now severely disturbed e.g. Macronissos which is 
heavily overgrazed (Mylonas, 1984; Mylonas & Vardinoyannis, 


0D 9 99 9D OD 


sn 


“oS 


1989) 

Albinaria ulrikae Schilthuizen & Gittenberger, ? 
1990 

Albinaria violacea Schilthuizen & Gittenberger, ? 
1990 

Albinaria wiesei Gittenberger, 1988 ? 

Sericata sericata (Pfeiffer, 1849) R? 


Family Enidae 
Mastus dirphicus (Blanc) 2? 
Mastus etuberculatus (Frauendfeld) ? 
Mastus olivaceus (Pfeiffer) ? 
Mastus pusio (Brod. ) ? 
Mastus turgidus (Kobelt) ? 
Family Zonitidae 
Vitrea clessini (Hesse) 
Vitrea keaana (Riedel & Mylonas) 
Vitrea storchi Pinter, 1978 
Zonites siphinicus (Fuchs & Kaufel) 
Family Limacidae 
Deroceras cycladicum Wiktor & Mylonas 
Deroceras keaansis Altena 
Deroceras malkini Wiktor, 1984 
Deroceras melinum Wiktor & Mylonas 
Deroceras oertzeni (Simroth) 
Deroceras parium Wiktor & Mylonas 
Deroceras samium Rahle 1983 
Deroceras seriphium Wiktor & Mylonas 
Deroceras thersites (Simroth) 
Family Helicidae 
Cernuella profuga (Schmidt) 
Condrigtonia condrigtonia (Gray, 1834) 


Helicigona cyclolabris (Deshayes) 
Helicigona heldreichi Shuttleworth 


HOD DD DD DD DD 


Oe EN 


33) 


Helicigona posthuma Knipper 2 
Helix godetiana Kobelt v? 


endemic to islands of central Aegean; not found on 
cultivated land and threatened by grazing; threatened on 
Thira (Santorini) by tourism and introduction of cable car 
(Mylonas, 1984; Butot in litt., 1990); protected. 

Helix nucula ? 


Monacha rothi (Pfeiffer, 1841) ? 
Trochoidea cretica (Pfeiffer) ? 
Trochoidea didyma (Westerlund) ? 
Trochoidea siphnicus (Kobelt) ? 
Family ?? 
Metafruticicola andria (Martens) 
Metafruticicola grelloisii 
Metafruticicola graphicotera (Bourguinat) 
Metafruticicola pellita (Ferussac) 
Metafruticicola naxiana (Ferussac) 
Metafruticicola redtenbacheri (Zeleb) 


DD DD HD 


HUNGARY 
Family Hydrobiidae 
Paladilhia hungarica Soos 1927 R 


ITALY (list incomplete; Sicilian endemics included here; for 
Sardinia see below) 
Family Cyclophoridae 
Cochlostoma alleryanum (Paulucci, 1879) 
Cochlostoma canestrini (Adami, 1876) 
Cochlostoma gualfinense (de Stefani, 1879) ? 
Cochlostoma paladilhianum (De Saint Simonon, 1878)? 


Cochlostoma philippianus (Pfeiffer, 1852) ? 
Cochlostoma subalpinum (Pini, 1884) R 
Cochlostoma turriculatum Philippi, 1836 ? 
Cochlostoma villae (Strobel, 1851) ? 
Cochlostoma westerlundi (Paulucci, 1879) ? 
Family Hydrobiidae 
Alzoniella feneriensis Giusti & Bodon, 1984 ? 
Alzoniella finalina Giusti & Bodon, 1984 R? 
Alzoniella sigestra Giusti & Bodon, 1984 ? 
Arganiella pescei Giusti & Pezzoli, 1980 ? 
Avenionia sp. 3, 
Avenionia ligustica Giusti & Bodon, 1981 ? 
Avenionia parvula Giusti & Bodon, 1981 2 
Belgrandia bonelliana (de Stefani,1879) tf 
Belgrandia minuscola (Paulucci, 1881) 2 
Bythiospeum | pezzoli~ (Boeters, 1971) ? 
Bythiospeum vallei (Giusti & Pezzoli, 1976) R? 
Bythiospeum virei (Locard, 1903) ? 
Bythiospeum vobarnensis (Pezzoli & Toffoletto, ? 
1968) 
Heliobia aponensis (Martens, 1858) Ex? 
Iglica ? tellinii (Pollonera, 1898) ? 
Pauluccinella minima (Paulucci, 1881) ? 
Pezzolia radapalladis (Bodon & Giusti, 1986) R? 


Pezzolia sp. ? 
Phreatica bolei Velkovrk, 1970 ? 
Pseudamnicola lucensis (Issel, 1866) ? 
Pseudamnicola moussoni (Calcara, 1844) ? 


2g9- 


Family Aciculidae 
Acicula beneckei (Andreae, 1883) 
Acicula benoiti (Bourguignat, 1864) 
Renea gentilei (Pollonera, 1889) 
Family Ellobiidae 


Zospeum allegretti Conci, 1956 

Zospeum alpinum? 

Zospeum cariadeghense Allegretti, 1944 
Zospeum galvagnii Conci, 1956 


Zospeum globosum Kuscer, 1928 
Zospeum spelaeum Rossmassler, 1839 


Zospeum turriculatum Allegretti, 1944 
Family Cochlicopidae 
Hypnophila emiliana (Benoit, 1857) 
Hypnophila incerta (Benoit, 1857) 
Family Pupillidae 
Argna ligustica (Pollonera, 1886) 
Argna valsabina (Spinelli, 1891) 
Solatopupa pallida (Rossmassler, 1842) 
Spelaeodiscus hauffeni Schmidt, 1855 
Family Orculidae 
Orcula spoliata (Rossmassler, 1837) 
Family Clausiliidae 
Clausilia whateliana Kuster, 1847 
Dilataria boettgeriana (Paulucci, 1878) 
Family Arionidae 
Arion franciscoloi Boata, Bodon & Giusti, 1983 
Ariunculus speziae Lessona, 1881 
Family Limacidae 
Deroceras bisacchianum Bodon, Boato & Giusti 
1982 
Deroceras planarioides (Simroth, 1910) 
Lehmannia caprai Giusti, 1968 
Family Zonitidae 
Aegopinella graziadei (Boeckel, 1940) 
Aegopinella cisalpina Riedel, 1983 
Aegopis italicus (Kobelt, 1876) 
Oxychilus adamii (Westerlund, 1886) 
Oxychilus alicurensis (Benoit, 1857) 
Oxychilus caninii (Benoit, 1843) 
Oxychilus carotii (Paulucci, 1879) 
Oxychilus denatale (Pfeiffer, 1856) 
Oxychilus egadinensis Riedel, 1973 
Oxychilus gardinii Manganelli, Bodon & Giusti 
in press 
Oxychilus majori Westerlund, 1886 
Oxychilus nortoni (Calcara, 1843) 
Oxychilus oglasicola Giusti, 1968 
Oxychilus pilula (Westerlund, 1886) 
Oxychilus polygirus (Pollonera, 1885) 
Oxychilus uziellii (issel, 1872) 
Retinella stabilei (Pollonera, 1886) 
Vitrea etrusca (Paulucci, 1878) 
Vitrea minelli (Pinter & Giusti, 1983) 
Vitrea trolli (A.J. Wagner, 1922) 
Family Vitrinidae 
Phenacolimax blanci (Pollonera, 1884) 
Vitrinobrachium baccetti Giusti & Mazzini, 1970 
Vitrinobrachium tridentinum Forcart, 1956 


0 0 


HDD DDD DD DD OD 


#9019 FD DDD wD OD 


"0 1D OD 


-~39- 


Family Helicidae 
Arianta stenzi (Rossmassler, 1835) 
Candidula cavannai (Paulucci, 1881) 
Candidula claudia (Sacchi, 1954) 
Candidula fiorii (Alzona & Bisacchi, 1938) 
Candidula grovesiana (Paulucci, 1881) 
Candidula spadai (Calcara, 1845) 
Carpathica stussineri (A.J. Wagner, 1895) 
Cernuella hydruntina (Kobelt, 1884) 
Cernuellopsis ghisottii Manganelli & Giusti, 1987 
Chilostoma ambrosi (Strobel, 1851) 
Ciliellopsis oglasae Giusti & Manganelli, 1990 
Drepanostoma cameranoi (Lessona, 1880) 
Helicodonta calabrica Degner, 1927 
Helicigona lefeburiana (Ferussac, 1882) 
Helix mazzullii de Cristofori & Jan, 1832 
Perforatella sp. 
Schileykiella parlatoris (Bivona, 1839) 
Schileykiella reinae (Pfeiffer, 1856) 
Tacheocampylaea tacheoides Pollonera, 1909 
Tyrrheniella josephi Giusti & Manganelli, 1989 
Xeromunda cf durieui (Pfeiffer, 1848) 
Xeromunda turbinata (de Cristofori & Jan, 1832) 


OW DW SOOO DH OO OM DV DY OO YY Ow 


MADEIRA 
c. 170 endemic species - see country table in Annex for full list and 
data sheet for 60-80 threatened endemics. N.B. this archipelago has 
largest number of endemic species in Europe 


MALTA 
Family Hydrobiidae 

Pseudamnicola melitensis (Paladilhe, 1869)* E 
Family Clausiliidae 

Lampedusa imitratix* E/V 

Lampedusa macrostoma* E/nt 
Family Agrolimacidae 

Deroceras golcheri (Van regteren Altena, 1962) nt 
Family Helicidae 


Marmorana melitensis (Ferussac, 18 2) ? 
Family Hygromiidae 

Cernuella caruanae (Kobelt, 1888) nt 

Trochoidea “spratti* E/nt 

Trochoidea gharlapsi Beckmann, 1987* Vv 


POLAND (threatened species only) 
Family Hydrobiidae 
Bythiospeum neglectissimum Falniowski & Steffek E? 


1989 
Family Helicidae 
Helicigona cingulella Rossmassler, 1837 R/V 
Helicigona rossmassleri Pfeiffer 1842 R/V 
PORTUGAL (list incomplete - comments as for Spain, see below) 
Family Helicidae 
Candidula setubalensis Pfeiffer, 1858 I 


Helix turriplana (Morelet) Vv 


-40- 


ROMANIA (list incomplete) 
Family Enidae 


Zebrina varnensis (Pfeiffer, 1847) I? 
Family Clausiliidae 

Alopia plumbea (Rossmassler 1839) R? 
Family Helicidae 

Soosia diodonta (Ferussac, 1821) Vv 


SALVAGE ISLANDS 
Family Helicidae 


Theba macandrewiana (L. Pfeiffer, 1953) ? 
SARDINIA (ITALY) (list incomplete) 
Family Cyclophoridae 

Cochlostoma sardoum (Westerlund, 1890) ? 
Family Hydrobiidae 

Mercuria zopissa (Paulucci, 1882) ? 
Family Cochlicopidae 

Hypnophila bisacchii Giusti, 1970 ? 

Hypnophila dohrni (Paulucci, 1882) ? 
Family Arionidae 

Arion isseli Lessona & Pollonera, 1882 ? 
Family Limacidae 

Deroceras dallaii Giusti, 1970 ? 

Deroceras sardoum (Simroth, 1886) ? 
Family Zonitidae 

Oxychilus oppressus (fisher & Studer, 1878) 2 

Vitrea petricola (Paulucci, 1882) ? 
Family Vitrinidae 

Phenacolimax pollonerianus (Fra Piero, 1897) 7 


Family Helicidae 
Nienhuisiella antonellae Giusti & Manganelli,1987 ? 
Tacheocampylaea carotti (Paulucci, 1882) 


SPAIN 

This list includes only a few of the many endemics; four in the genus 
Candidula, 13 Pyrenaearia, 4-6 Cernuella, and others in the genera 
Ponentina, Oestophora, Oestophorella. Many species are endemic to the 
Iberian peninsula e.g. 10 in genus Trochoidea, 18 in genus Helicella, all 
in genera Iberus and Iberellus (Aparicio in litt., 14.2.91). 


Family Cochlicopidae 
Hypnophila malagana Gittenberger & Menkhorst 1983 ? 
Family Pupillidae 


Chondrina ripkeni Gittenberger, 1973 ? 
Family Ferussacidae 

Cryptazeca vasconica (Kobelt, 1894) ? 
Family Zonitidae 

Oxychilus basajauna Altonaga, 1990 R? 
Family Helicidae 

Helicella mangae Gittenberger & Raven, 1982 ? 

Helicella orzai Gittenberger & Manga, 1981 ? 

Iberus alonensis (Ferussac, 1801) ? 

Iberus campesinus (Ezq.) R? 

Iberus gualterianus (Linnaeus, 1758) R? 

Iberus marmoratus (Ferussac, 1801) ? 

Montserratina bofilliana Fagot, 1884 ? 


Theba andalusica Gittenberger & Ripken, 1987 ? 


=e 


SWITZERLAND 

Family Clausiliidae 
Neostryiaca strobeli (Strobel, 1850) R? 

Family Limacidae 
Deroceras sp. 1 Wuthrich in prep ? 

Family Milacidae 
Tandonia nigra (Pfeiffer, 1894) ? 

Family Helicidae 
Trichia biconica (Eder, 1917) Vv 
Bannalper Schonegg up to Chaiserstuel in canton of Nidwalden 
(2150-2400m); appears to be dependent on community of loose pioneer 
vegetation and sun-exposed slabs of limstone. Intensification of 
alpine farming or expansion of winter sports facilities could 
exterminate this species (Turner and Ruetschi, 1989; Kerney and 
Cameron, 1979). 


Trichia caelata (Studer, 1820) s 

Trichia clandestina (Hartmann, 1821) R 

Trichia montana (Studer, 1820) R 
USSR 


Lake Baikal endemics = c. 55 species (see data sheet) 

Caspian sea endemics = 41 species (brackish and freshwater spp.) 
Other freshwater endemics = 30 spp. 

Terrestrial endemics = 159 spp. 


YUGOSLAVIA 


There are a vast number of endemics in Yugoslavia; P. Reischutz (in litt., 
23.2.91) has provided a provisional list,some of which may also occur in 
Albania. The c. 55 Lake Ohrid endemics = are described in a data sheet. 


Family Valvatidae 
Valvata = 4 species in L. Ohrid 
Family Hydrobiidae 
c. 40 species in L. Ohrid 
Family Acroloxidae 
3 species, 2 in L. Ohrid 
Family Limneidae 
2 species 
Family Planorbidae 
9 species, 6 in L. Ohrid 
Family Ancylidae 
3 species in L. Ohrid 
Family Hydrocenidae 
Hydrocena cattaroensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1841) ? 
Family Cyclophoridae 
Cochlostoma - 13 endemic species 
Family Carychiidae 
Zospeum = 9 species 
Family Aciculidae 
Platyla elisabethae (Pinter & Szigethy 1973) ? 
Platyla maasseni Boeters, Gittenberger & Subai ? 
1989 
Platyla procax Boeters, Gitternberger & Subai ? 
Family Viviparidae 
Viviparus mammillatus (Kuster, 1852) ? 
Family Cochlicopidae 
1 species 
Family Orculidae 
1 species 


Family Pupillidae 
17 species 

Family Enidae 
3 species 

Family Zonitidae 
c. 34 species 

Family Milacidae 
c. 10 species 

Family Clausiliidae 
Agathyla c. 11 species 
Balea 1 species 
Bulgarica 3 species 


Carinigera c. 4 species 
Cochlodina c. 3 species 


Delima c. 17 species 


Euxinella radikae 1 species 


Herilla c. 3 species 
Macedonica c. 2 species 
Medora c. 11 species 


Montenegrina c. 6 species 
Protoherilla c. 3 species 


Triloba c. 2 species 
Family Ferusaciidae 

c. 2 species 
Family Helicidae 


Chilostoma c. 8 species 


Helix 1 species 
Monacha c. 2 species 
Trichia c. 3 species 
Vidovicia 1 species 


=42— 


EGE 
CORSICA THREATENED ENDEMICS INDETERMINATE 


Class GASTROPODA 
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA 


Family COCHLICOPIDAE Hypnophila remyi (Boettger, 1949) 
Family CHONDRINIDAER Solatopupa guidoni guidoni (Caziot, 1903) 
Family HELICIDAE Cyrnotheba corsica (Shuttleworth, 1843) 


Tacheccampylaea raspaili (Payraudeau, 1826) 
Helix ceratina Pfeiffer, 1843 
Class BIVALVIA 


Order UNIONOIDA 
Family UNIONIDAE Unio turtoni Payreaudeau, 1826 


Nomenclature Helix ceratina is commonly known as H. tristis; Hypnophila 
remyi also known as Azeca remyi; Cyrnotheba corsica also known as Monacha 
corsica; Solatopupa guidoni considered a variety of S. similis in the 1930s 
but now recognised as a separate species, but also called S. simonettae; 
some authors consider the subspecies of Tacheocampylaea raspaili to be 
separate species. Unio turtoni, also known as U. capigliolo, has been 
described by some authors as a subspecies of U. elongatulus. 


Common names H. ceratina = Escargot de Corse; T. raspaili = Escargot de 
Raspail. 


Biology H. ceratina is found in clumps of broom and in hot weather buries 
itself in granitic sand to 50 cm depth. T. raspaili is found in damp and 
shady habitats (Real and Testud, 1980). 


Range Corsica 
Status 


The following species are considered at risk because of their small ranges 
(Bouchet, 1990); 


COCHLICOPIDAE 

Hypnophila remyi I; known only from the type locality, the grotto of 
i Paladini, in Solaro (Bouchet, 1990). 

CHONDRINIDAE 

Solatopupa guidoni I; known from the north: St Florent, 

guidoni Francaldo, Grotta di Sabara, Col. de Teghine, Mte 
Padro, Corte. 30-550m; S. guidoni simonettae 
occurs in Sardinia also (Bouchet, 1990; Boato, 1988) 

HELICIDAE 

Cyrnotheba corsica I; known from about twenty sites in the centre and 


north but never common; found in leaf litter, under 
stones and logs, in both coniferous and deciduous 
forest (Giusti and Manganelli, 1987; Bouchet, 1990). 

Tacheocampylaea raspaili I; rare, but widely distributed; recorded in error 
from Sardinia and Tuscany (Real and Real-Testud, 
1983, 1988; Bouchet, 1990) 

Helix ceratina I; very rare; found in the meadows of the delta of 
the Gravone and the Prunelli near Ajaccio (Holyoak, 
1983; Bouchet, 1990) 

UNIONIDAE 

Unio turtoni R; widespread ? but rare; very little information 
available. 


Oxychilus tropidophorus, Cochlodina meisneriana, and Deroceras cazioti are 
also endemic to Corsica but have a wide distribution and are not considered 


threatened (Bouchet, 1990). 


-44- 


Conservation 

Helix ceratina and Tacheocampylaea raspaili are protected under a French 
ministerial decree of 1979, which prohibits collection. The other 
threatened species are recommended for protection and appropriate sites 
should be designated as Zones Naturelles d'’Interet Ecologique, Faunistique 
et Floristique (Bouchet, 1990). 


Identification 


Bibliography Real and Testud (1988). 


—/ 
GIBRALTAR THREATENED ENDEMICS RARE/ INDETERMINATE 


Class GASTROPODA 
Order MESOGASTROPODA 


Family ACICULIDAE Acicula norrisi Gittenberger & Boeters, 1977 
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA 

Family §FERUSSACIDAE Cecilioides spp 

Family HELICIDAE Osteophora calpeana (Morelet, 1854) 


Nomenclature A. norrisi previously described as Acme ? n.sp. (Phsonby, 
1885). The taxonomy of Cecilioides on Gibraltar needs further work, but 
there may be three species, one of which C. connollyi Tomlin, 1943 is endemic 
(Menez in litt. 1990). 0. calpeana was described in Norris (1976) as 
Caracollina calpeana (Morelet, 1854). 


Common names 


Biology 

A. norrisi is found in soil on limestone rocks, in scree and steppe, often 
where Acanthurus mollis L. is growing. The Cecilioides snails are found 
under rocks in steppe and low maquis. 0. calpeana occurs on and under rocks 
in steppe and low maquis, occasionally 1-2m from ground on larger rocks 
(Menez in litt., 1990). 


Range 
Gibraltar. 


Status 

Demand for land and building materials, as a result of the limited area of 
Gibraltar, threatens several of the indigenous molluscs. The endemic species 
are particularly vulnerable (Menez in litt., 1990; Norris, 1976). 


A. norrisi R; Windmill Hill Flats, Mediterranean Steps, Upper Rock. 
Few shell specimens and the species have never been 
collected alive, but fresh shells indicate that live 
individuals are present (Menez in litt., 1990; 
Gittenberger and Boeter, 1977; Norris, 1976). 

Cecilioides spp. I; this genus is found in the Europa Pt area, on Windmill 
Hill Flats, Mediterranean Steps and the Upper Rock (Menez 
in litt., 1990). If the presence of endemic species is 
confirmed, these would be at risk from their small 
distribution. 

O. calpeana I; slopes around Little Bay, Europa Pt area, 
Mediterranean Steps and Upper Rock (Menez in litt., 1990; 
Norris, 1976). 


Conservation 

All three taxa are included in the new Endangered Species (Import & Export) 
Ordinance of 1990, which restricts trade. They will also be covered by the 
Nature Conservation Ordinance 1991, which is being drafted, and which will 
control collection and provide for the declaration of protected areas (Cortes 
in litt. 3.11.90). 

The threatened endemics occur within a number of sites, currently 
belonging to the Ministry of Defence, that have been identified as of 
importance for their mollusc populations: 

The Upper Rock, including part of Mediterranean Steps, (A. norrisi, O. 
calpeana and also Pyramidula rupestris (I), Chondrina calpica (I), Granopupa 
granum (I) and Lauria cylindracea (R)), has been earmarked for National Park 
status under the proposed Nature Conservation Ordinance (Cortes in litt., 


0 


-46- 


3.11.90); it also has a unique plant community including endemic species, an 
important resident bird community and is important for migratory birds 
(Cortes, 1990). 

Windmill Hill Flats (QO. calpeana, A, norrisi, Cecilioides spp., and also 
L. cylindracea (R), and Chondrina calpica (I)) is a Ministry of Defence 
(M.0.D.) Conservation area but may come under threat from development if it 
is transferred to the Gibraltar Government (Menez, in litt. 1990); it is one 
of the most important wildlife zones in Gibraltar, particularly for migratory 
birds, endemic plants and the Barbary partridge Alectoris barbara (Cortes, 
1990). 

Europa Pt (0. calpeana, Cecilioides spp and also Oxychilus draparnaudi 
(K)) is M.O.D. land but may come under threat if transferred to the Gibraltar 
Government (Menez in litt., 1990). Mediterranean Steps (A. norrisi, O. 
calpeana and also L. cylindracea (R)) is M.O.D. land but is unlikely to be 
developed. Little Bay slopes (0. calpeana, and also Oxychilus draparnaudi 
(K), Candidula intersecta (i) and Trichia hispida (R)) is threatened by 
development. 


PA 


MADEIRA THREATENED ENDEMICS THREATENED 

Class GASTROPODA 

Order MESOGASTROPODA Family CYCLOPHORIDAE 2 spp. 

Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family PUPILLIDAE 15 spp. 
Family CLAUSILIIDAE 2 spp. 
Family FERUSSACIIDAE 6 spp. 
Family ENDODONTIDAE 1 spp. 
Family HELICIDAE 39 spp. 


Nomenclature There is still considerable confusion in the taxonomy of the 
Madeiran molluscs; this data sheet is based largely on the species list in 
Walden (1983). More recent work has been carried out on the genera 
Boettgeria and Phenacolimax; work is underway on Deroceras, Craspedoma and 
Actinella and Walden is carrying out a substantial revision of the fauna. D. 
defloratus Lowe, 1854 (listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN Invertebrate Red Data 
Book) is now recognised as being a misidentified specimen of Trichia 
striolata (Pfeiffer) (not threatened). 


Common names 


Biology 

The endemic molluscs are found either in the moist north forests or the dry 
short vegetation of the south. Snails are generally absent from the 
coniferous plantations. Habitats on Porto Santo and the Desertas islands are 
mainly dry and stony with thin soil and vegetation cover (Wells et al., 
1983). Several of the presumed extinct species and threatened species are 
are confined to damp laurel woodland. Many of the threatened species occur 
in dry open habitats. Others have more specialised lifestyles such as 
flushed, mossy precipices or rocky terrain (Walden, in press). 


(N.B. In the following text, all figures and percentages must be considered 
approximations because of lack of certainty in the taxonomy of the species 
concerned. ) 


Range: 

The Madeiran archipelago consists of seven islands, all within 30 km of each 
other and divided into three groups: Madeira itself, Porto Santo and its 
offshore islets, and the three Deserta Islands. Of the 194 land gastropods 
that have been described from the islands, 171 are endemic to the 
archipelago. Only 30-40 species occur in Europe and North Africa and only 
seven on any of the other Atlantic islands (Walden, 1983, in press). 

The majority of the endemic group are helicids, and even within the 
islands these tend to be rare and have restricted distributions. Only three 
species (Discula polymorpha, Heterostoma paupercula and Boettgeria 
deltostoma) are present on all three island groups and most of the rest occur 
on one or two groups only. Using the species iisted in Wollaston (1878), 
Madeira has 96 species, Porto Santo 57, Baixo 14, Cima 17, Deserta Grande 23, 
Bugio 27 and Chao 9 (recent taxonomic work will alter these figures, but they 
give some idea of the relative diversity of each island). Each island group 
has its own characteristic species. Ponta do Garajau on Madeira probably 
supports the most diverse molluscan fauna (Cook et al., 1972). 


Status 

Over 60 (c. 36%) of the 171 endemic molluscs on Madeira are considered 
threatened. Of these, about 17 have not been seen for 100 years despite the 
collecting efforts of many workers throughout this period; these species may 
now be extinct although there has been at least one re-discovery, Idiomela 
subplicata (Hemmen and Groh, 1984). 21 species are very rare and are 
restricted to single populations or small areas (Endangered and Vulnerable 


=) 


below). In general species are not abundant at any one site (Seddon, pers. 
comm.). A further 23 endemic species are categorised as rare (Walden, in 
press). Boettgeria is an endemic genus (Groh and Hemmen, 1984). 

All the habitats of the endemic molluscs of the Madeiran archipelago are 
threatened by development and/or erosion. The volcanic soils are very 
fragile and erode rapidly after mechanical disturbance or when the vegetation 
is removed. Such areas used to support an endemic low scrub cover, much of 
which has now gone because of over-grazing by introduced cattle, sheep, goats 
and rabbits. Since many of the endemics occur in single populations or have 
very small ranges, even small scale developments could result in extinctions 
(Wells et al.. 1983). 

The most threatened areas are Porto Santo (growing tourism and ?Nato 
base) and the south coast, particularly Garajau which is the main area of 
expansion for Funchal (Bramwell in litt., 1982). The dry coastal habitats 
preferred by many snails are threatened by tourist developments. Ponta de 
Sao Lourenco is largely uninhabited but is heavily grazed with few trees and 
very arid; the peninsula has a distinctive fauna with numerous endemics that 
have been extensively studied. Amphorella iridescens and A. tornatellina 
minor (possibly a full species) are found only on the peninsula and other 
species have the main part of their populations there. These do badly in 
disturbed sites. The area around Canical is very disturbed and snails are 
now hard to find among the alien vegetation and frequent signs of burning and 
coppicing. There are a few patches of relict sites. An important 
fossil-bearing sand deposit is being destroyed at Ponta de Sao Lourenco 
through excavation for building sand and erosion into the sea (Cook et al., 
1990). 

Destruction of the laurisilva is a major threat, and only 13.6% of the 
island is now forested. Most was destroyed in the centuries immediately 
following human settlement, as early as 1500 A.D., and many species probably 
disappeared before scientific work started in the 19th century. Other 
threats include military activities and industrial development (Walden, in 
press). The Porto Santo species seem to be particularly at risk; there is a 
particularly high endemism for the size of the island and most of the species 
are now restricted to the remaining hill top forest. Planting of Pinus 
alepensis is a major threat to the endemic invertebrates; much of Porto Santo 
is covered in grassland and, although not natural vegetation, this provides a 
better habitat than introduced conifers (Seddon pers. comm. 1990; Read and 
Wheater in prep.). Endemic snails are also collected by commercial land 
snail collectors (Macedo, 1990) although the extent to which this represents 
a threat is not known. 

The following list is incomplete for distribution data, but gives an idea 
of the number of threatened endemics. Information is taken from Walden (in 
press), Wells et al. (1983) and Seddon (pers. comm., 1990). Categories in 
brackets are those from the IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book (Wells et al., 
1983). The non-threatened endemics are listed in the country table for 
Madeira (see Annex). 


CYCLOPHORIDAE 

Craspedopoma lyonnetianum R; humid laurel woods 
(Lowe 1852) 

C. trochoideum Lowe, 1860 R; cool laurisilva 

PUPILLIDAE 

Lauria fanalensis(Lowe, 1852) E/Ex; laurisilva 

Leiostyla abbreviata Ex?(V); laurisilva; rare on Madeira as early 
(Lowe, 1852) as 1878. 

L. cassida (Lowe, 1831) Ex?(V); found in laurisilva, ravines at 


intermediate alts; Ribeira de Santa Luzia on 
south Madeira and Ribeira de Sao Jorge in the 
north. Uncommon by 1878, although abundant in 
subfossil form at Canical. 


-49- 


L. cheilogona Lowe 1831 Ex?; restricted to small area; not seen this 
century 
L. concinna (Lowe, 1852) Ex?; laurisilva - not seen this century 
L. corneocostata E(V); dry stony habitats; Porto Santo, Pta 
(Wollaston, 1878) Calheta. 
L. degenerata Ex?; laurisilva 
(Wollaston, 1878) 
L. ferraria (Lowe, 1852) R; hilly crags; known from 2 sites only. 
L. filicum Holyoak & V/R; moist laurel forest 
Seddon, 1986 
L. gibba (Lowe, 1852) Ex?(V); laurisilva, loose plant detritus; 


Ribeira de Santa Laziee south Madeira. pare 
by 1878 but abundant in subfossil beds at 


Canical. 
L. heterodon (Pilsbry, 1923) Ex?; laurisilva 
L. laevigata (Lowe, 1852) Ex; laurisilva 
L. lamellosa (Lowe, 1852) Ex?(V); laurisilva, intermediate altitudes; 


recorded only in south Madeira at intermediate 
altitudes in the Vasco Gil ravine and the 
Ribeira de Santa Luzia; one of the rarest 
snails in 1878. 

L. laurinea (Lowe, 1852) R; laurisilva 

L. monticola (Lowe, 1831) V/E; woodland on hilltops 

L. relevata (Wollaston, 1878) R; dry stony ground; island off Porto Santo. 

L. simulator (Pilsbry, 1923) Ex?; laurisilva 

L. 


vincta (Lowe, 1852) R; moist crags; locally common on north coast. 
CLAUSILIIDAE 
Boettperia crispa R; laurisilva; Madeira (Ribeiro Frio, Santo da 
(Lowe, 1831) Serra) 


B. obesiuscula (Lowe, 1863) R; dry stony ground; south-east Madeira 
FERUSSACIIDAE 


Amphorella iridescens Ex?; dry stony ground 
(Wollaston, 1878) 
A. melampoides R; dry stony ground 
(Lowe, 1831) 
A. producta(Lowe, 1852) R; dry stony ground 
Cecilioides eulima(Lowe, 1854)Ex? 
Cc. nyctelia K 
(Bourguignat, 1856) 
Cylichnidia ovuliformis V; laurisilva 
(Lowe, 1831) 
ENDODONTIDAE 
Discus guerinianus Ex?(V); Confined to damp wooded areas of 
(Lowe, 1852) Madeira at high and intermediate altitudes in 
interior of island. Rare by 1878. 
HELICIDAE 
Actinella actinophora V; laurisilva 


(Lowe, 1831) 


A. anaglyptica (Reeve, 1852) R; dry stony ground 

A. armitageana (Lowe, 1852) V 

A. carinofausta R 

A. effugiens (Walden, 1983) E; dry stony ground 

A. giramica (Lowe, 1852) V; laurisilva 

A. laciniosa (Lowe, 1852) R; dry stony ground; north of Ilheu Chao 
A. robusta (Wollaston, 1878) EE; dry stony 

A. obserata (Lowe, 1852) V; laurisilva 

Caseolus calculus V(V); dry stony ground; Ilheu de Cima; Pico 


(Lowe, 1854) d'Anna Ferreira and Pico Branco, Porto Santo. 
Rare by 1848. 


2502 


C. commixtus (Lowe, 1854) R(V); Ilheu de Baixo, Porto Santo 
C. leptostictus (Lowe, 1831) V; dry stony ground; S. Goncale, Garajau, 
Canico, Agua de Pena. 


C. sphaerulus (Lowe,1852) E?(V); Pico Branco, Porto Santo. 

C. subcalliferous V; Pico Branco, Porto Santo (?subfossil) 
(Reeve, 1854) 

Discula cheiranticola R 
(Lowe, 1931) 

D._leacockiana R(V); Pico d'Anna Ferreira, Porto Santo 
(Wollaston, 1878) 

D. lyelliana (Lowe, 1852) Ex?; dry stony ground 

D. oxytropis (Lowe, 1831) V; dry stony ground 

D. tabellata (Lowe, 1852) V(V); Dry maritime slopes of Ponta Garajau, 


south Madeira; Cabo Girao, west of Funchal. 
tectiformis (Sowerby, 1824)R; dry stony ground 


D. testudinalis V(V); dry stony ground; Pedragal, north Porto 
(Lowe, 1852) Santo; area of c. 10 sq m. only. 
D. tetrica (Lowe, 1862) Ex?; dry stony ground 
D. turricula (Lowe, 1831) V(V); Endemic to Ilheu de Cima, under large 
basaltic rocks. 
Disculella spirulina V; dry stony ground 
Cockerell, 1921 
Geomitra delphinuloides Ex?; 19th century records only; small area on 
(Lowe, 1860) Madeira 
G._moniziana (Paiva, 1867) R(V); Gaula and Canico in south-east Madeira; 
Ribeiro de Porto Nova; San Vicente. 
G. tiarella V; dry and stony; Sao Vincente, Ribiero do 
(Webb & Berthelot, 1833) Inferno 
Geomitra sp. nov. V; dry and stony 
Idiomela subplicata V(V); recorded from Ilheu de Baixo in 
(Sowerby, 1824) 1878; subfossil forms only found in 1930s; 
rediscovered in early 1980s (Hemmen & Groh, 
1984). 


Lampadia webbiana (Lowe, 1831)V 
Aidit calva (Lowe 1831) R 


galeata (Lowe, 1862) Ex?; laurisilva 
Lsptanis furva (Lowe, 1831) R; laurisilva 
- portosancti (Lowe) V; laurisilva (? subsp. of L. erubescens) 
a wollastoni (Lowe, 1852) E 
Pseudocampylaea lowei Ex? 
(Ferussac, 1835) 
Spirorbula latens R 
(Lowe, 1852) 
S. squalida (Lowe, 1852) R 


Seddon (pers. comm., 1990) and Cameron (in litt., 13.5.91) have also 
expressed concern for the long term survival of the following species and 
suggested categories: Leiostyla calthiscus (Lowe, 1831) (V/E), L. fusca 
(Lowe, 1852) (E/V), Janulus stephanophora (R), Actinella fausta (E), 
Caseolus abjectus (R), C. consors (R), C. hartungi (R), Discula bicarinata 
(R), D. bulweri (R; rodents a threat), D. echinulata (R), D. maderensis (R), 
Lemniscia michaudi (Deshayes, 1830) (R/V), Leptaxis erubescens (R), L. 


membranacea (Lowe, 1852) (R), Pseudocampylaea portosanctana (R), Spirorbula 
obtecta (R). 


Conservation 

No measures have been taken specifically for molluscs. The Parque Natural 
da Madeira was established in 1982. This comprises five Strict Reserves, 
including two of the main laurisilva areas (Montado dos Pesseguieros and 


=e 


Caldeirao Verde), three Partial Reserves (including Ponta de Sao Lourenco), 
six Protected Landscapes, five Recreation reserves and four ‘areas of 
leisure and silence’ (Biscoito, n.d.). Recommendations for development and 
protection of Ponta de Sao Lourenco, in the context of tourism and 
recreation, have been drawn up by Ferriera (1991). Laurisilva on the north 
side of Madeira is protected by decree. A proposal has been drawn up for 
legislation to protect all endemic species including molluscs (Abreu, 1990). 

The Desertas are privately owned and the endemics are thought to be 
relatively safe (Seddon pers. comm. 1990) but there is a proposal to protect 
them and Porto Santo (Biscoito n.d.). 

Sixteen endemic species are listed on Appendix II of the Bern 
Convention: Leiostyla abbreviata, L. cassida, L. corneocostata, L. gibba, L. 
lamellosa, Caseolus calculus, C. commixta, C. sphaerula, Discula 
leacockiana, D. tabellata, D. testudinalis, D. turricula, Geomitra 
moniziana, Helix subplicata (now Idiomela subplicata), Discus defloratus (no 
longer a valid species), D. guerinianus. These species are also listed in 
the IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book (Wells et al., 1983) and the IUCN Red 
List (IUCN, 1990), and have been proposed for listing on the EEC Habitats 
Directive and the UNECE Red List. Whether additional species should be 
listed requires further consideration. 

Further work is urgently required to determine the status of the 
threatened endemics in more detail and to integrate conservation measures 
for molluscs with other initiatives in the archipelago. Reserve management 
should aim to provide suitable conditions for species sensitive to 
environmental change, as might be caused by tourism (Walden, in press). 


B55 > 
MALTA THREATENED ENDEMICS ENDANGERED/ VULNERABLE 


Class GASTROPODA 

Order MESOGASTROPODA 

Family HYDROBIIDAE Pseudamnicola melitensis (Paladilhe, 1869) 

Order STYLOMMATOPHORA 

Family CLAUSILIIDAE Lampedusa imitatrix imitatrix (Boettger, 1878) 
imitatrix melitensis (Caruana-Gatto, 1878) 
imitatrix gattoi Soos, 1933 

macrostoma scalaris (Pfeiffer, 1850) 
macrostoma mamotica (Gulia, 1861) 
rochoidea spratti spratti (Pfeiffer, 1841) 
spratti cucullus (Martens, 1873) 

spratti despotti (Soos, 1933) 

gharlapsi Beckmann, 1987 


Family HYGROMIIDAE 


IBIAS Crim ie ie 


Nomenclature The genera Lampedusa and Trochoidea occur on the archipelago 
as a complex mosaic of species, subspecies, hybrid forms and ecotypes, 
mostly endemic to the small area they occupy. Many taxa were originally 
described on the basis of shell morphology only. Anatomical studies of soft 
parts and more recently, genetic studies,have resulted in a reappraisal of 
many species and the recognition of new ones, and a major re-examination of 
these taxa is now underway. Nomenclature is therefore still very confused; 
the issue is complicated by the lack of information on the malacofauna of 
other central Mediterranean islands and north Africa (Thake and Schembri, 
1989; Schembri in litt., 20.8.90). This data sheet uses the taxonomy 
adopted in the Red Data Book for the Maltese Islands which is based on 
preliminary work by Giusti and co-workers. We have included several 
subspecies as some workers believe that these may yet prove to be full 
species; the importance of these populations for studying the biogeography 
of the islands and for studying evolutionary processes at work means that 
there is a strong case for their protection regardless of their taxonomic 
level. Further details on taxonomy are given in the note below. 


Common names Snails in the family Clausiliidae are known as Door Snails; 
the Maltese name ‘dussies' (=spindle) has been suggested. Pseudamnicola 
melitensis is a Spire-snail, known in Malta as Bebbux ta’ 1-Ilma (= water 
snail). The Trochoidea snails are Top Snails, known in Malta as Zugraga (= 
top). 


Biology 

Pseudamnicola melitensis is restricted to valleys draining more or less 
permanent springs. The threatened clausiliids and hygromiids are all found 
in karstland and on limestone coastal cliffs (Thake and Schembri, 1989). 
The clausiliids Lampedusa spp.are almost exclusively rock-dwelling, and are 
strongly associated with karst communities although some are also found in 
dry stone walls around cultivated fields. They are commonest on well-eroded 
karst and on escarpments, particularly on the Upper and Lower Coralline 
limestones. The clausiliids all aestivate between May and October, usually 
in cavities or fissures in the rock, although L. m. mamotica also often 
aestivates on bare rock faces, while gattoi does so under loose stones. 
There are few records of mating but this seems to take place in the autumn 
after the start of the cool wet season. The eggs are laid in shallow moist 
soil (Thake, 1985). 


Range Maltese islands. 


Status 
Three endemic species (Pseudamnicola melitensis, Lampedusa imitatrix (with 3 
subspecies) and Trochoidea gharlapsi) and five additional endemic subspecies 


=—53— 


are Endangered or Vulnerable in the archipelago, primarily as a result of 
their very small ranges combined with intense development pressures on these 
heavily populated islands. Recent information from Beckmann (in litt., 
1991) suggests that an endemic hydrobiid Mercuria kobelti (Westerlund, 1892) 


is also endangered. 


There are a further four endemic taxa that are not 


thought to be at risk; in addition there are three taxa that are at risk and 
may prove to be endemic following further taxonomic work (Cecilioides sp., 
cf. Hohenwartiana sp., Testacella sp.) (Thake and Schembri, 1989); these are 
not considered further in this data sheet. 


Pseudamnicola 
melitensis 


Lampedusa 
imitatrix 


imitatrix 
L. imitatrix 
melitensis 


L. imitatrix 
gattoi 


L. macrostoma 


scalaris 


L. macrostoma 


mamotica 


Trochoidea spratti 


spratti 


T. spratti 
cucullus 


T. spratti 
despotti 
T. gharlapsi 


Conservation 


E; Malta and Gozo; absent from smaller islands; 
threatened by scarcity of suitable habitat and continuing 
disruption of such sites (Thake and Schembri, 1989). 

V; western Malta only (Thake, 1985); a large part 

of its former range is now covered with soil as part 

of a land reclamation project (Thake and Schembri, 1989). 
E; known only from a single small site at the foot 

of a cliff at Rdum Dikkiena (Dingli Cliffs), Malta 
(Thake, 1985); population numbers about a few hundred 
individuals in an area of a few tens of sq m only. 
Probably the most endangered endemic species in the 
island (Thake and Schembri, 1989) but the site is 
relatively remote and inaccesible. 

EB; known only from Filfla (Thake, 1985) and only very 
few individuals have been seen alive recently; population 
was thought to number about 300 individuals; reason for 
decline not known (Thake and Schembri, 1989). 

E; known only from a small area of a few hundred 

sq m at Ras il-Mignuna, on the north coast of Mistra Bay 
(Thake, 1985; Thake and Schembri, 1989) which is 
potentially attractive for development. 

E; known only from I1-Fekruna in Xlendi Valley on 

Gozo. Building has already eliminated it from a 
considerable area of its former range. Several similar 
looking populations occur in Malta, the most important of 
which is at Ta'Mattew where it is threatened by building 
(Thake & Schembri, 1989); one of the most seriously 
threatened endemic as building is still occurring in its 
small range. 

R; widespread, occurring on all main islands and 

most of the smaller ones, but some populations with 
distinct phenotypes occupy very small areas and should be 
categorised as Rare, as they are threatened by habitat 
destruction (Thake and Schembri, 1989). 

E; known from the mouth of the Wied Migra Ferha at 
Mtahleb (Malta), where half the area is covered by a 
carpark; populations with similar characters also occur 
on Gozo, at Il-Hotba tal-Qasam, Tal-Bardan, and Xlendi 
Bay (Thake and Schembri, 1989); remaining area still 
threatened by development. 

V; known only from Filfla Islet, where it occurs in 

a very small population (Thake and Schembri, 1989). 

V; known only from between Ghar Lapsi and Ras Hanzir on 
Malta and Xlendi Bay on Gozo; at risk because cf small 
population size (Thake and Schembri, 1989). 


All the threatened taxa are listed in the Red Data Book for the Maltese 
Islands (Thake and Schembri, 1989). Lampedusa imitatrix gattoi and 
Trochoidea spratti despotti both occur within the Filfla Nature Reserve 


254s 


where all wildlife is protected; these are the only taxa to be fully 
protected in this way. The three sites were L. macrostoma mamotica, L. 
macrostoma scalaris and Troichoidea spratti cucullus occur need to be 
declared protected areas urgently. The Maltese Parliament is currently 
considering a comprehensive bill on environmental protection which may 
include legal protection for certain threatened species; it is hoped that 
all threatened endemic molluscs will be included on the protected list. A 
Structure Plan for the islands is being drawn up and may designate sites 
with scientifically important species and habitats as ‘Sites of Scientific 
Importance" (SSIs); these would be protected From development and other 
damaging activities. Most sites with threatened endemic molluscs have 
already been proposed as candidate SSIs (Schembri in litt., 6.12.90). 


Identification Beckmann (1987). 


Bibliography Thake and Schembri (1989); catalogue and bibliography in 
preparation (Beckmann, in prep.). 


Further taxonomic note: 

The main taxonomic problems lie with the genera Lampedusa and Trochoidea. 
Soos (1933) placed the Maltese Lampedusa taxa into two subgenera: Imitatrix 
and Muticaria; within the latter he recognised the species oscitans, 
mamotica, syracusana and scalaris. Holyoak (1986) placed the Muticaria 
species within Lampedusa as subspecies of L. syracusana. Beckmann and 
Gittenberger (1987) consider the Maltese populations of L. syracusana to be 
a separate species from Sicilian populations and have referred the Maltese 
populations to L. macrostoma, with three subspecies: macrostoma, oscitans, 
scalaris and mamotica. 

One endemic species and three endemic subspecies of Trochoidea have been 
recognised in this data sheet. Beckmann (1987 and 1989) considers that 
there are eight species of Trochoidea, of which seven are endemic: 
calcarata, schembrii, oxygiaca, spratti, cucullus, despotti and gharlapsi. 
This system was not used in Thake and Schembri (1989) as recent studies are 
showing that intermediate forms between some of these forms can be found. 

The species list given in Mandahl-Barth (1988) is considered to be 
inaccurate and is not generally used. Beckmann (in prep.) is preparing a 
catalogue of the non-marine mollusc fauna. A major revision of the this 
group, based on anatomical and genetic characters, has been carried out by 
Giusti, Manganelli and Schembri and is currently being prepared for 
publication. 


SAG 
TENERIFE THREATENED ENDEMICS THREATENED 


Class GASTROPODA 


Order MESOGASTROPODA Family POMATIASIDAE isp. 
Order BASOMMATOPHORA Family PLANORBIDAE 1 sp. 
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Families ENIDAE 5 spp. 
ENDODONTIDAE 2 spp. 
VITRINIDAE 2 spp. 
PARMACELLIDAE 1 sp. 
LIMACIDAE 1 sp. 
HYGROMIIDAE 3 spp. 
HELICIDAE 8 spp. 


Nomenclature see recent revision by Alonso et al. (in press a). 
Common names 


Biology 

Many of the endemic molluscs of Tenerife (and of the Canary Islands as a 
whole) are restricted to the unique ecological communities found in the 
archipelago. Four zones are usually recognised (Ashmole and Ashmole, 
1989): 1) Keric lowland. This includes regions from sea level to 500m, or 
the lower edge of the forest, with low annual rainfall; it includes large 
areas of exposed rock, volcanic cinders and dust and is typified by many 
endemic plants including euphorbias of ‘tabaiba'. 2) Laurel forest 
(Monteverde). This is found on north-facing slopes from a few hundred 
metres above sea level to the lower parts of the central ridge, but is now 
confined largely to the higher parts of the Anaga and Teno peninsulas and a 
few central areas. It consists of two vegetation types, laurisilva, which 
comprises some 15 species of laurel and laurel-like trees, and fayal-—brezal 
which is dominated by the tree heath Erica arboracea and the tree Myrica 
faya. Many of the endemic molluscs are restricted to the laurisilva. 3) 
Pine forest (Pinar). This occurs mainly above 800m and extends up to 2200m; 
the endemic Canary Pine Pinus canariensis was previously dominant but 
several pine species have been introduced. 4) High mountain zone. This is a 
very barren area with lava, cinders and endemic shrubs and plants; fewer 
molluscs are found here. Further information on vegetation is given in 
Garcia et al. (1990) and Ceballos and Ortuno (1976). 


Range Tenerife, Canary Islands 


Status 

Out of a total of about 200 non-marine molluscs on the Canary Islands, about 
160 endemic species have been described (Alonso and Ibanez, in litt. 
10.7.90). The taxonomy is still confused; Walden (1983) gives a total of 
141 endemics out of 180 species. The Tenerife species have recently been 
revised and their distributions are mapped in Alonso et al. (in press a). 
Categories for the 24 threatened species listed below are given in Alonso et 
al. (in press b). A further twenty endemic species in Tenerife are 
considered ‘not threatened’. 

As mentioned above, the endemic species are largely restricted to native 
vegetation which has disappeared from much of the island. The native pine 
and laurel has been cut for timber, firewood, charcoal, pitch and tannins in 
the past. The pines are still harvested and their needles are removed for 
cattle bedding and mulch or as a fire precaution, thus removing the forest 
floor habitat. Agriculture has increased greatly in recent years, with the 
establishment of greenhouses for market garden produce. Prickly Pear, 
cultivated for its fruit and the Cochineal Bug that lives on it, is now 
spreading through the arid zone. Perhaps the current most serious threat is 
urbanization and the expansion of the tourist industry, which is now one of 
the main sources of income on the island (Ashmole and Ashmole, 1989). 


POMATIASIDAE 

Pomatias raricosta 
(Wollaston, 1878) 

PLANORBIDAE 

Nautilinus clymene 
(Shuttleworth, 1852) 

ENIDAE 


Napaeus badiosus (Ferussac, 


1821) 

N. nanodes (Shuttleworth, 
1852) 

N. propinguus 
(Shuttleworth, 1852) 

N. roccellicola 


2 


t-] 


(Webb & Berthelot, 1833) 


= 


N. variatus (Webb & 
Berthelot, 1833) 

ENDODONTIDAE 

Discus engonata 
(Shuttleworth, 1852) 

D. scutula 
(Shuttleworth, 1852) 

VITRINIDAE 

Insulivitrina mascaensis 
Morales, 1987 

Insulivitrina reticulata 

(Mousson, 1872) 


PARMACELLIDAE 
Parmacella tenerifensis 


Alonso, Ibanez & Diaz, 1985 


LIMACIDAE 
Malacolimax wiktori 
Alonso & Ibanez, 1989 


HYGROMIIDAE 

Canariella fortunata 
(Shuttleworth, 1852) 

C. leprosa (Shuttleworth, 


1852) 

C. pthonera (Mabille, 
1883) 

HELICIDAE 


Hemicycla adansoni (Webb 
& Berthelot, 1833) 


H. glyceia (Mabille, 1882) 


H. inutilis (Mousson, 
1872) 

H. mascaensis Alonso & 
Ibanez, 1988 


=x 


H. modesta (Ferussac, 1821) 


-56- 


V; xeric lowland, coastal; n. part of 
massif of Anaga 


R; laurisilva 


V; xeric lowland, 150-500m; south-east 
R; xeric lowland & laurisilva; south 


R; xeric lowland, 750m; south: Barranco de 
Las Galgas 

V; rocks, 100-200m; Punta de Teno; 
threatened by agricultural expansion 

V; lowland; north of Anaga & Teno 


R; under stones and dead wood; Garachico 


R; pines, 500-1100m; north-east 


R; lowland; extreme west 


BE; xeric lowland; found only on the 
north side of Cabezo de las Mesas, about 300 m 
from the Centro Emisor del Atlantico. 


V; agricultural land, 560m; north-east, nr 
Rodeos, around La Laguna; threatened by 
agricultural development. 


V; agricultural land and lowland, 400-560m; 
between La Laguna, Geneto & Tegueste; 
threatened by agricultural development. 


V; xeric lowland, below 400m; east 
threatened by development 
V; laurisilva, 500-800m; north of Anaga 


V; laurisilva; north-west 


V; lowland, under rocks, ravines, in 
teasel and tabaiba; very restricted area in 
north-east, between Santa Cruz & Igueste de San 
Andres; threatened by urban development and 
constrution in the ravines around the port. 
V; laurisilva; H.g. silensis still occurs in 
the east; H. g. glyceia is extinct. 
V; often in 'malpaisas' under large rocks 

or in roots of bushes; east coast 
V; lowland with endemic Euphorbia and 
Aeonium under rocks or buried by aloes; 
restricted distribution between Masca and 
Acantilado de los Gigantes; threatened by 
tourism development. 
E; xeric lowland; around Santa Cruz; threatened 
by urban development. 


ay js 


H. plicaria (Lamarck, 1816) 5; xeric lowland, in rocks and wall crevices 
around abandoned fields, in high temperatures; 
very restricted distribution on east coast; 
original range much reduced by urban 
development between Las Caletillas and 
Candelaria (type species of genus). 


H. pouchet (Ferrusac, V; varied habitats including lowland, 
1821) < herbaceous plants, xeric bushes 


especially tabaibas (Euphorbia); 
east; threatened by development. 


Xerotricha nubivaga R; under stones & high mountain brushwood, 
(Mabille, 1882) 1900-2300m, with wide daily temperature 


fluctuations; Canadas del Teide and 
surroundings (Gittenberger et al., 1989). 


Conservation 

Since 1987, a project has been underway with funding from the Direccion 
General de Medio Ambiente to catalogue the endemic molluscs of the Canary 
Islands for the purposes of conservation. Work has so far been carried out 
for Tenerife (Alonso et al., in press b). 

There are 26 protected areas, classified as National Parks, Natural Park 
or Natural Space. The following molluscs occur within these areas (Alonso 
et al., in press b): Pomatias raricosta, Malacolimax wiktori, Canariella 
leprosa, Hemicycla adansoni: Parque Natural Anaga; Napaeus badiosus: Parques 
Naturales Anaga and Laderas de Santa Ursula, Los Organos and high part of 
the Guimar valley; N. nanodes: Parques Naturales Laderas de Santa Ursula, 
Los Organos and the Guimar valley; Napaeus roccellicola, Insulivitrina 
mascaensis, Canariella pthonera, Hemicycla mascaensis, H. glyceia silensis: 
Parque Natural Teno; N. variatus: Parques Naturales Anaga and Teno; Discus 
scutula: Parques Naturales Anaga and Corona Forestal; Xerotricha nubivaga 
Parque Nacional Canadas de Teide and Parque Natural Corona Forestal; 
Hemicycla inutilis: Parque Natural Laderas de Santa Ursula, Los Organos and 
the Guimar valley, Parajes Naturales Barranco de Herques and Malpais de 
Guimar. 

The following threatened species do not occur in any protected areas: N. 
propinquus, Insulivitrina reticulata, Parmacella tenerifensis, Canariella 
fortunata, Hemicycla plicaria, H. pouchet, H. modesta. 

Alonso et al. (in press, b) give recommendations for protection of the 
endemic malacofauna of Tenerife. Management plans for the existing 
protected areas should be fully implemented, and the parks of Anaga and Teno 
should receive priority as 72.7% of the Tenerife endemic molluscs are found 
within these areas. Protected areas should be established for those species 
that are not yet protected. All the endemic species (including those not 
yet considered threatened) should be listed as "protected species’. Several 
are listed on the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 1990) and on the proposed UNECE list 
(see 'Conservation’ section). 


Identification 


=59— 


LAKE BAIKAL ENDEMICS THREATENED 


Class GASTROPODA 


Order MESOGASTROPODA Family PLANORBIDAE 7 spp. 
Family ANCYLIDAE 3 spp. 
Family VALVATIDAE 4 spp. 
Family HYDROBIIDAE 7 spp. 
Family BAICALIIDAE 32 spp. 

Class BIVALVIA 

Order VENEROIDA Family SPHAERIIDAE 3 spp. 


Nomenclature 
Common names 


Biology 

Lake Baikal, in eastern Siberia, is the deepest lake in the world and is 
reknowned for its endemic fauna. It covers 31,500 sq.m., is long and narrow, 
has two basins and a maximum depth of 1741m. Over 300 rivers and streams 
flow into the lake, and it drains to the Arctic Ocean via the Angara river in 
the south-west. The lake water is often turbulent with strong currents. 
There are numerous hot springs in the surrounding area (Boss, 1978; Kozhov, 
1963). 

The molluscs are probably the most diverse faunal group in the lake after 
the amphipods. About 56 of the recorded 84 mollusc species in the lake are 
endemic; as in Lake Ohrid, most of the endemics are prosobranchs. The main 
species radiations are in the hydrobiids, with the notable endemic family 
Baicaliidae, and in the planorbids and valvatids. The endemic species are 
found only in the main body of the lake, rarely shallower than 0.5m depth. 
Maximum mollusc abundance is between 15 and 20m; below 250m only a very few 
deepwater forms are found such as Benedicta fragilis, B. maxima and Valvata 
bathybia. The low water temperature and calcium temperature of the lake 
means that many species have very thin shells. The Baicaliidae include 
numerous very variable species, richly ornamented with knobs and striations 
(Boss, 1978; Zhadin, 1965). 


Status 

The Baikalsk pulp and paper industry complex has a huge effluent discharge 
and produces signficant air pollution; other pollution sources include a 
thermal power plant, domestic sewage and a fish cannery (Unesco Advisory 
Group, 19902). Logging in the surrounding areas was a potential source of 
siltation (Pryde, 1972; Galaziy, 1980) but wood cutting in the near shore 
zone has been prohibited since 1986. There are numerous reports with 
information on threats to Lake Baikal and these are reviewed in Anon (1990), 
Massey Stewart (1990a and b) and Galiziy (1980). There is clear evidence 
that much of the fauna has been affected (e.g. crustaceans and fish), but it 
is not yet known to what extent the molluscs have been affected. 


PLANORBIDAE 

Choanomphalus amauronius lake, and Angara R. cover distance of 600km 
Bourguignat, 1862 (Zhadin, 1965) 

C. annuliformis Koshov, 1936 north lake (Zhadin, 1965) 

C. anomphalus Dybowski, 1901 lake and sources of Angara R. (Zhadin, 1965) 

C. gerstfeldtianus lake (Zhadin, 1965) 


Lindholm, 1909 
C. maacki Gersfeldt, 1859 lake and Angara R. which drains it 
(Zhadin, 1965) 


C. patulaeformis lake (Zhadin, 1965) 
Lindholm, 1909 
C. schrencki Dybowski, 1875 lake (Zhadin, 1965) 


ANCYLIDAE 


Pseudancylastrum kobelti 
(Dybowski, 1884) 
P. sibiricum 


(Gerstfeldt, 1859) 
P. troscheli (Dybowski, 
1875) 
VALVATIDAE 
Valvata baicalensis 
Gerstfeldt, 1859 


V. bathybia Dybowski, 1886 

V. lauta Lindholm, 1909 

V. piligera Lindholm, 1909 

HYDROBIIDAE 

Benedicta baicalensis 
(Gerstfeldt, 1859) 

B. fragilis Dybowski, 1875 


B. limnaeoides (Schrenck, 
1867) 
B. maxima (Dybowski, 1875) 
Bithynia contortrix 
Lindholm, 1909 
Kobeltocochlea martensiana 
(Dybowski;, 1875) 
K. pumila Lindholm, 1924 
BAICALIIDAE 
Baicalia angarensis 
(GerstfFeldt, 1859) 
. angigyra Lindholm, 1909 
. bacilliformis Koshov, 
1936 
bithyniopsis Lindholm, 
1909 
cancellata Lindholm, 
1909 
carinata Dybowski, 1875 
. carinato-costata 
Dybowski, 1875 
ciliata Dybowski, 1875 


[| 


atl 


| 


. columella Lindholm, 1909 

contabulata Dybowski, 
1875 

costata Dybowski, 1875 

duthiersi Dybowski, 1875 

dybowskiana Lindholm, 
1909 

elata Dybowski, 1875 

elegantula Lindholm, 
1909 

florii Dybowski, 1875 


|? |? 


> [P| 


[> |? 


ig 


godlewskii Dybowskii, 
1875 

herderiana Lindholm, 
1909 


B. jentteriana Lindholm, 
1909 


re 


=s9= 


nr source of Angara, on stones, 
(Zhadin, 1965). 

lake and upper reaches of Angara; stony & 
sometimes sandy bottoms, 2-20m (Zhadin, 1965) 
stony and sandy bottoms, 1.5-40m (Zhadin, 
1965) 


1.5-10m 


lake only; stony, silty or sandy bottoms, 
3-20m (Zhadin, 1965) 

lake, 50-200m (Zhadin, 1965). 

lake, 
Maloe More Strait (Zhadin, 1965) 

on sand and stones overgrown with algae, 1- 
100m deep; lake and Angara R. (Zhadin, 1965). 


sand & silt, over 30-50m deep, Maloe More Strait 


(Zhadin, 1965). 

3-60m, sometimes 100m, deep; sand and 
sandy/silty substrates (Zhadin, 1965). 

sand & silt, 40-260m deep (Zhadin, 1965). 
bays and near outlet of Barguizan R. 
(Zhadin, 1965). 

sandy, stony bottoms; 2-150m (Zhadin, 1965) 


50-120m (Zhadin, 1965) 


stones; Angara R. from lake to Bratskie 
rapids (Zhadin, 1965) 

north (Zhadin, 1965) 

sand, silt, 20-70m (Zhadin, 1965) 


sandy/stony bottoms, 3-50m deep, open areas 
(Zhadin, 1965) 
to 100m (Zhadin, 1965 


sand, sand-silt, 2-100m (Zhadin, 1965) 
sand, silt, 4-100m (Zhadin, 1965) 


stones overgrown with sponges & algae, 2-15m, 
lake shore (Zhadin, 1965). 

stony, sandy bottoms, 3-140m (Zhadin, 1965). 
sand, sand-silt; 1.5-80m (Zhadin, 1965) 


sand, sand-silt, 2-100m (Zhadin, 1965). 
sand, silt, 3-100m (Zhadin, 1965) 
sand, sand-silt, 3-80m (Zhadin, 1965) 


sand/silt, 5-50m (Zhadin, 1965) 

stones, 2-10m, Maloe More Strait 

(Zhadin, 1965) 

sand, sometimes with detritus; 5-30m, rarely 
100m (Zhadin, 1965). 

fairly firm sand or silt, 10-250m (Zhadin, 
1965) 

stones at lake margins, 1.5-20m, on sand & 
silt; sometimes deeper (Zhadin, 1965). 
sand, sand-silt bottoms of bays, 15-100m, 
north (Zhadin, 1965) 


sand, silty bottoms, 2-50m (Zhadin, 1965) 


korotnewi Lindholm, 1909 
macrostoma Lindholm, 1909 
nana Lindholm, 1909 
oviformis Dybowski, 1875 
pulchella Dybowski, 1875 
pulla Dybowski, 1875 


semenkewitschi Lindholm, 
1909 
turriformis Dybowski, 
1875 
umbilifera Starostin, 
1928 
variesculpta Lindholm, 
1909 
werestschagini Koshov, 
1936 
wrzesniowskii Dybowski, 
1875 
Zzachwatkini Koshov, 
Liobaicalia stiedae 
Dybowski, 1875 
SPHAERIIDAE 
Pisidium maculatum 
Dybowski, 1902 
P. korotnowi Lindholm, 1909 


1936 


Sphaerium baicalense 
Dybowski, 1902 


Conservation 


=60= 


silt, 2-200m (Zhadin, 1965) 

stones, sand 2-40m (Zhadin, 1965) 

sand, silt, 10-100m; fairly rare (Zhadin, 1965). 
sandy bottom, 4-20m (Zhadin, 1965) 

sand, silt, 4-30m, south (Zhadin, 1965) 

sand or silt with detritus, 8-90m, south 
(Zhadin, 1965) 

sand & silt, 4-70m; all areas (Zhadin, 

1965) 

sand, sand-silt, 3-200m (Zhadin, 1965) 


50m deep, nr Ushkani Islands (Zhadin, 

1965) 

stones to 20m depth, sometimes soft bottoms 
(Zhadin, 1965). 

stones to 3m deep, Maloe More Strait 


sand, 15-100m, south (Zhadin, 1965 


sand, silt; 2-100m (Zhadin, 1965) 
sand, silt, 15-140, south (Zhadin, 1965) 


silt, sand 2-50m; not in shallow bays or 
adjacent lakes (Zhadin, 1965) 

sand, silt-sand, 1.5-60m; not in shallow bays or 
adjacent lakes (Zhadin, 1965) 

sand, sand-silt, 1.5-60m; not shallow bays 

or adjacent lakes (Zhadin, 1965) 


Numerous research projects are now underway, by both national scientists and 
international teams (Massey Stewart, 1990), many of them directed towards a 
better understanding of the lake ecosystem which will provide the basis for 
sound management. There are two National Parks and three reserves in the 
immediate vicinity of the lake. Major efforts are underway to stall 
pollution, and a proposal is being prepared to designate the lake a World 
Heritage Site (Unesco Advisory Group, 1990?; Massey Stewart, 1990 a and b; 
Anon, 1990). 
Identification Zhadin (1965). 

N.B. time constraints meant that this data sheet has not been reviewed by 
relevant experts; much research and conservation work is underway at Lake 
Baikal, and there may be significant new information on the molluscs. 


-61- 


LAKE OHRID ENDEMICS THREATENED 
Class GASTROPODA 
Order MESOGASTROPODA Family VALVATIDAE 4 spp. 
Family HYDROBIIDAE 40 spp. 
Order BASOMMATOPHORA Family ACROLOXIDAE 2 spp. 
Family PLANORBIDAE 6 spp. 
Family ANCYLIDAE 3 spp. 


Nomenclature Valvata relicta (Polinski, 1929) previously Gyraulus relictus; 
Planorbis macedonicus (Sturany, 1894) previously Gyraulus macedonicus. 


Biology 

Lake Ohrid, in the karst region of the south-west Balkans, is the only 
European lake with a Tertiary origin, its waters originating from underground 
drainage systems. It covers 34,800 ha of which 25,100 ha are in Yugoslavia 
and 9,700 ha in Albania (Carp, 1980). There is a single basin, rounded in 
shape and reaching a depth of 286m, and the lake drains to the Mediterranean 
via the River Drim (Boss, 1978). Few surface rivers flow into the lake and 
most of its water originates in springs, the majority of which lie near St 
Naum, and in the Biljana spring region near Bej Bunar. The water temperature 
is very constant, and never falls below 5°C (Anon, 1979 and n.d.). The 
shoreline varies from reedbeds and sandy beaches to steep cliffs and the lake 
bottom shelves steeply. Vegetation includes lake-shore pondweeds such as 
Potamogeton, Myriophyllum and Ceratophyllum, with a number of stonewort Chara 
species at different depths. The concentric depth zones provide different 
environments for animal life; the 7-18m zone is dominated by Chara meadows 
and the 18-35m zone is known as the shell zone on account of the beds of 
living and dead Dreissena (Hubendick & Radoman, 1959; Carp, 1980). Further 
information in Stankovic (1960) and Radoman (1985). 

The endemic molluscs are found both in the lake and in adjacent springs 
which feed into the lake. 70-90% of the freshwater snails are endemic; 
endemism is greatest in the prosobranchs, and the majority of the endemic 
prosobranchs are found at considerable depth. About 11 of the c. 25 
pulmonates are endemic, principally ancylids, acroloxids and planorbids; 42 
of the 46 prosobranchs are endemic, mainly hydroebiids (recent taxonomic work 
has meant that it is difficult to give precise figures on endemism (Boss 
(1978) gives a figure of 76% endemism based in early data)). 


Status 

Radoman (1983) mentions threats to, and even the disappearance of, some 
species (e.g. Ohridohauffenia drimica and Pyrgohydrobia jablanicensis) as a 
result of river dredging and other engineering work. Pollution is also a 
problem. The following list must be considered preliminary, and needs 
further review. Although all the endemics may be considered potentially at 
risk, it is not yet possible to give IUCN categories. 


VALVATIDAE 
Valvata hirsutecostata Polinski 
Valvata relicta 
(Polinski, 1929) 
Valvata rhabdota Stur. 
Valvata stenotrema Polinski 


HYDROBIIDAE 

Chilopyrgula sturanyi all shore to 4om depth; also in some springs 
Brusina, 1896 (Radoman, 1983). 

Dolapia ornata (Radoman stones on shore; Veli Dab & Sveti Naum 
1956) (Radoman, 1983) 

Ginaia munda G.m.munda (Sturany, 1894) littoral zone; 


G.m.sublittoralis Radoman, 1978 in sublittoral 
shell zone, 30-40m (Radoman, 1983). 


Gocea ohridana Hadzisce, 
1956 

Lyhnidia gjorgjevici 
Hadzisce, 1956 

L. hadzii Hadzisce, 1956 


L. karamani Hadzisce, 1956 

L. stankovici Hadzisce, 
1956 

L. sublittoralis Radoman 
1967 


Macedopyrgula pavlovici 
(Polinski, 1929) 


M. wagneri (Polinski, 1929) 

Micropyrgula stankovici 
Polinski, 1929 

Neofossarulus stankovici 
Polinski, 1929 

Ohridohauffenia depressa 
(Radoman, 1965) 

QO. drimica (Radoman, 1964) 


QO. minuta (Radoman, 1955) 

O. rotunda (Radoman, 1964) 

O. sanctinaumi (Radoman 
1964) 

QO. sublittoralis (Radoman 
1962) 


Ohridohoratia pyrmaea 
Westerlund, 1902 
Q. carinata (Radoman, 1956) 


Ohridopyrgula macedonica 


Ohrigocea karevi 
Hadzisce, 1956 


QO. miladinovorum Hadzisce, 
1956 
O. samuili Hadzisce, 1956 


Q. stankovici Hadzisce, 
1956 

Polinskiola sturanyi 
(Westerlund, 1902) 


269= 
east shore, from Veli Dab (Radoman, 1983) 


small lake nr Sveti Naum, by s. bank; not 

in L. Ohrid (Radoman, 1983) 

stony shore of e. bank, nr Veli Dab (Radoman, 
1983). 

stony shore of e. bank, nr Veli Dab (Radoman, 
1983) 

stony shore of e. bank, nr Veli Dab (Radoman, 
1983) 

sublittoral zone below 30 m, near Gorica 


sandy littoral zone to 30 m and Chara zone 
(Radoman, 1983) 

sublittoral to 40-50m and below (Radoman, 1983) 
sublittoral shell zone, 30-40m to over 100m 
(Radoman, 1983) 

sublittoral to 30-40m depth (Radoman, 1983) 


stones by shore, Veli Dab (Radoman, 1983) 


stones in river Crni Drim; not found following 
dredging of the Drim bed below Struga (Radoman, 
1983) 

spring at Studenicista, nr Ohrid (Radoman, 1983) 
stones by shore at Sveti Naum, along e. 

bank, nr Ohrid (Radoman, 1983) 

small springs nr Sveti Naum; not in lake 
(Radoman, 1983) 

sublittoral to 25-40m, opposite Gorica, 

near, Ohrid (Radoman, 1983) 

Chara zone, to 20m depth; two springs on S. shore 
(also in Albanian part of lake) (Radoman, 1983). 
stones by shore at Veli Dab on e. bank, and sandy 
beach on s. bank near Sveti Naum (Radoman, 1983). 
O.m.macedonica (Brusina, 1896) in shore zone on 
stones in lake, small lake by Sveti Naum and 
Zagorican spring; O.m.charensis Radoman, 1978 in 
Chara zone, 5-20m in lake (Radoman, 1983). 
shallow shore zone along east bank (Radoman, 1983) 


shallow zone along east bank (Radoman, 1983) 
stones by shore at Veli Dab; along rocky east 
bank (Radoman, 1983) 


shallow zone along east bank (Radoman, 1983) 


Chara zone, 5-20m deep; usually with 
Ohridohoratia pyrmaea (Radoman, 1983). 


P. polinskii (Radoman, 1960)stones on shore at Sveti Naum; also springs at 


Pseudohoratia brusinae 
(Radoman, 1953) 

P. lacustris (Radoman, 
1964) 


Sveti Naum, Zagorican (Albania) and Tusemista 

(Radoman, 1983). 

Deep water, over 50 m; near Gorica, Ohrid 
(Radoman, 1983). 

Chara zone to 10m depth; north lake (Radoman, 

1983) 


P. ohridana (Polinski, 1929)Shore, Chara zone, to 100m; lake (Radoman, 1983) 
Pyrgohydrobia grochmalickii sand to 5m depth. littoral zone (Radoman, 1983) 


(Polinski, 1929) 


P. jablanicensis Radoman, 
1955 


P. sanctinaeum Radoman, 
1955 


Stankovicia baicaliiformis 


Polinski, 1939 
Strugia ohridana Radoman, 
1973 
Trachyohridia filocincta 
Polinski, 1939 


Kestopyrgula dybowskii 
Polinski, 1929 


Zaumia kusceri (Hadzisce, 


1956) 

Z. sanctizaumi (Radoman, 
1964) 

ACROLOXIDAE 


Acroloxus improvisus 
Polinski, 1929 

Acroloxus macedonius 
Hadzisce, 1959 

PLANORBIDAE 

Gyraulus albidus 
Radoman, 1953 


Gyraulus crenophilus 
Hubendick & Radoman, 


1959 


Gyraulus fontinalis 
Hubendick & Radoman, 
1959 


Gyraulus lychnidicus 
Hesse, 1928 


Gyraulus trapezoides 
Polinski, 1929 


Planorbis macedonicus 
(Sturany, 1894) 

ANCYLIDAE 

Ancylus lapicidus 
Hubendick, 1960 

Ancylus scalariformis 


Stankovic & Radoman, 1953 


Ancylus tapirulus 
Polinski, 1922 


Conservation 


~63- 


small artificial lake, 4km w. of Struga; 
population crashed after building of watergate 
below spring; 1961 thought extinct but refound 
since (Radoman, 1983). 

small lake by Sveti Naum, s. shore (Radoman, 
1983) 

sublittoral and deep zone to 40-60m, especially 
in shell zone; rare (Radoman, 1983) 

cave & spring, 4km from Struga (Radoman, 1983) 


deep zone, 70-80m, sublittoral and shell zones 
(Radoman, 1983) 
sandy bottom, 5-30m depth (Radoman, 1983) 


subterranean but found in springs, Sveti Naum, s. 

bank (Radoman, 1983) 

2 m depth; s.e. bank, Sveti Zaum (??) (Radoman, 
1983) 


Found in the shell zone at 18-35m, in the lake 
(Hubendick, 1960) 

Under limestone rocks at 30-50m, in the lake 
(Hubendick, 1960) 


Lake and streams; found on soft-mud bottom 

but also on gravel; sometimes with G. lychnidicus 

and on stones on shore; also near shore (?) of R. 

Drim which forms outlet of L. Ohrid (Hubendick & 

Radoman, 1959). 

Springs east of town of Ohrid; found in small 

creeks formed by spring water on stones and 

rocks; stenothermic 12-13°C (Hubendick and 

Radoman, 1959). 

Occurs in a small pond-like lake s. of L. Ohrid 

at Sveti Naum (10m in diam; 1-2m above L. Ohrid); 

receives spring water at 10-11°C; with 

Potamogeton and other plants (Hubendick and 

Radoman, 1959). 

In littoral zone of L. Ohrid; in stones and gravel 

(Hubendick and Radoman, 1959). 

Restricted to depth zone 5-30m, occasionally 
O-Sm, prefers mud bottom but 
also in Chara meadows and 
shell zone (Hubendick and 
Radoman, 1959). 


Under limstone rocks at 30-50m, in the lake 

(Hubendick, 1960) 

In the shell zone at 18-35m, in the lake 

(Hubendick, 1960) 

In the shell zone, 18-35m; in the lake 
(Hubendick, 1960) 


Lake Ohrid was classified as a ‘Natural Monument’ in 1963 which gives it 
general landscape protection (Carp, 1980) and a conservation programme was 


y= 


drawn up. This includes provisions to control development on the shores of 
the lake, prevent pollution and erosion and to minimize disturbance of the 
unique wildlife (Anon, n.d.). It is not known to what extent this plan has 
been implemented and whether the endemic molluscs are being appropriately 
managed. The lake has been nominated as a World Heritage Site. The Galicia 
National Park borders the eastern side, from the town of Ohrid to the 
Albanian border (Anon., n.d.). 


Identification: Radoman (1983). 


P. jablanicensis Radoman, 
1955 


P. sanctinaeum Radoman, 
1955 


Stankovicia baicaliiformis 


Polinski, 1939 
Strugia ohridana Radoman, 
1973 
Trachyohridia filocincta 
Polinski, 1939 


Xestopyrgula dybowskii 
Polinski, 1929 


Zaumia kusceri (Hadzisce, 


1956) 

Z. sanctizaumi (Radoman, 
1964) 

ACROLOXIDAE 


Acroloxus improvisus 
Polinski, 1929 

Acroloxus macedonius 
Hadzisce, 1959 

PLANORBIDAE 

Gyraulus albidus 
Radoman, 1953 


Gyraulus crenophilus 
Hubendick & Radoman, 


1959 


Gyraulus fontinalis 
Hubendick & Radoman, 
1959 


Gyraulus lychnidicus 
Hesse, 1928 


Gyraulus trapezoides 
Polinski, 1929 


Planorbis macedonicus 
(Sturany, 1894) 

ANCYLIDAE 

Ancylus lapicidus 
Hubendick, 1960 

Ancylus scalariformis 


Stankovic & Radoman, 1953 


Ancylus tapirulus 
Polinski, 1922 


Conservation 


(the 


small artificial lake, 4km w. of Struga; 
population crashed after building of watergate 
below spring; 1961 thought extinct but refound 
since (Radoman, 1983). 

small lake by Sveti Naum, s. 
1983) 

sublittoral and deep zone to 40-60m, especially 
in shell zone; rare (Radoman, 1983) 

cave & spring, 4km from Struga (Radoman, 1983) 


shore (Radoman, 


deep zone, 70-80m, sublittoral and shell zones 
(Radoman, 1983) 
sandy bottom, 5-30m depth (Radoman, 1983) 


subterranean but found in springs, Sveti Naum, s. 

bank (Radoman, 1983) 

2 m depth; s.e. bank, Sveti Zaum (??) (Radoman, 
1983) 


Found in the shell zone at 18-35m, in the lake 
(Hubendick, 1960) 

Under limestone rocks at 30-50m, in the lake 
(Hubendick, 1960) 


Lake and streams; found on soft-mud bottom 

but also on gravel; sometimes with G. lychnidicus 

and on stones on shore; also near shore (?) of R. 

Drim which forms outlet of L. Ohrid (Hubendick & 

Radoman, 1959). 

Springs east of town of Ohrid; found in small 

creeks formed by spring water on stones and 

rocks; stenothermic 12-13°C (Hubendick and 

Radoman, 1959). 

Occurs in a small pond-like lake s. of L. Ohrid 

at Sveti Naum (10m in diam; 1—2m above L. Ohrid); 

receives spring water at 10-11°C; with 

Potamogeton and other plants (Hubendick and 

Radoman, 1959). 

In littoral zone of L. Ohrid; in stones and gravel 

(Hubendick and Radoman, 1959). 

Restricted to depth zone 5-30m, occasionally 
0-Sm, prefers mud bottom but 
also in Chara meadows and 
shell zone (Hubendick and 
Radoman, 1959). 


Under limstone rocks at 30-50m, in the lake 

(Hubendick, 1960) 

In the shell zone at 18-35m, in the lake 

(Hubendick, 1960) 

In the shell zone, 18-35m; in the lake 
(Hubendick, 1960) 


Lake Ohrid was classified as a ‘Natural Monument’ in 1963 which gives it 
general landscape protection (Carp, 1980) and a conservation programme was 


64= 


drawn up. This includes provisions to control development on the shores of 
the lake, prevent pollution and erosion and to minimize disturbance of the 
unique wildlife (Anon, n.d.). It is not known to what extent this plan has 
been implemented and whether the endemic molluscs are being appropriately 
managed. The lake has been nominated as a World Heritage Site. The Galicia 
National Park borders the eastern side, from the town of Ohrid to the 
Albanian border (Anon., n.d.). 


Identification: Radoman (1983). 


-65- 
*NEAR' ENDEMICS AND SPECIES ENDEMIC TO A GEOGRAPHICAL REGION 


These species occur in more than one country, but are restricted to 
comparatively small geographical ranges and may therefore be at risk. Many, 
such as the mountain hydrobiids, have the same characteristics as the 
endemic species described in the previous section; the fact that they are 
not national endemics is simply a result of the location of country 
boundaries. Others have rather wider ranges and for example, are restricted 
to certain mountain ranges, rivers or climatic regions. Sixteen species are 
described in this section, either briefly below or in the accompanying data 
sheets, but these are only representative. Further documentation would 
provide information on many other similar species at risk. 


Family Neritidae 
Theodoxus transversalis (Pfeiffer, 1828) 
(see data sheet for Danube endemics) 


Family Viviparidae 
Viviparous acerosus (Bourguignat, 1862) 
(see data sheet for Danube endemics) 


Family Hydrobiidae 

Avenionia brevis (Draparnaud, 1805) 
K; Very scattered distribution with subspecies in Netherlands (E), 
Belgium, France, Germany 

Bythinella pupoides (Paladilhe, 1869) 
I; narrow distribution in south of French-Swiss Jura; in France known 
only from 5 springs on R.Ain; in Switzerland from only cantons of Vau 
and Geneva and considered of special concern (Bernasconi, in press; 
Turner, 1990). 

Bythinella reyniesii (Dupuy, 1851) 
(see data sheet for Pyrenees Occidentales) 

Hauffenia minuta 
K; Jura; Switzerland (4/-). 

Moitessieria simoniana 
(see data sheet for Pyrenees Occidentales) 

Sadleriana pannonica (Frauenfeld, 1865) 
Carpathian endemic. (E) in Hungary where it occurs on Mt Bukk and other 
mountainous areas; at 350-650m alt., in clear unpolluted water with alga 
and liverwort and a calcareous substrate (Szabo, 1985, 1989). Has 
undergone a 30% reduction in range due to habitat destruction (Szabo, 
1990). (V) in Czechoslovakia; distribution in Lisicky (1991). Listed 
in Hungarian Red Data Book and protected under Hungarian legislation; 
protected in Hungary within Bukk National Park but thought to be at risk 
from water pollution and possibly tourism in the national park. It has 
been translocated to five undisturbed sites (Szabo, 1990). 


Family Aciculidae 
Renea bourguignatiana Nevill, 1880 
(see data sheet for Alpes-Maritimes) 


Family Clausiliidae 

Charpentieria thomasiana (Kusler, 1847) 
Considered rare in Italy; restricted to Piedmont (Bordon in litt., 
6.11.90). C. t. studeri (Pini) is endemic to Switzerland; found only on 
steep, north-exposed slopes below upper timberline between Alpe di 
Naccio and Pizzo Leone, canton of Ticino (1460-1580m); dependent on 
beech Fagus sylvatica forest; listed in Swiss Red Data Book (Turner and 
Ruetschi, 1989; Turner, 1990). 

Lamnifera pauli (Mabille, 1865) 
(see data sheet for Pyrenees-Occidentales) 


2662 


Family Zonitidae 
Vitrea pseudotrolli Pinter, 1983 
(see data sheet for Alpes-Maritimes) 


Family Chondrinidae 


Solatopupa psarolena (Bourguignat, 1859) 
(see data sheet for Alpes-Maritimes) 


Family Arionidae 
Geomalacus maculosus Allman, 1843 
(see data sheet) 


Family Helicidae 

Monacha granulata (Alder, 1830) (Syn. Ashfordia granulata) 
Western Oceanic species, Great Britain, Ireland, Spain, France; damp 
places and marshy ground in S.E. England and hedgerows in south-west 
(Bratton, 1991; Kerney and Cameron, 1979). (R) in France; (S) in Great 
Britain; (R) in Ireland; no information for Spain. 

Trissexodon constrictus (Boubee, 1836) 
(see data sheet for Pyrenees-Occcidentales) 

Elona pyrenaica (Draparnaud, 1805) 
Known only from a small number of sites in the Pyrenees-—Orientals, 
particularly in the Massif du Canigou, and on the Catalan side of the 
Pyrenees; considered a relict distribution (Bouchet, 1990). (R) in 
France; no information for Spain. 

Elona quimperiana (Ferussac, 1821) 
(see data sheet) 


“67 
ALPES-MARITIMES THREATENED ENDEMICS THREATENED 


Class GASTROPODA 

Order STYLOMMATOPHORA 

Family ACICULIDAE Platyla foliniana (Nevill, 1879) 
Renea bourguignatiana Nevill, 1880 
R. gormonti Boeters, Gittenberger & Subai, 1989 
R. paillona Boeters, Gittenberger & Subai, 1989 


Family ZONITIDAE Vitrea pseudotrolli Pinter, 1983 
Family CHONDRINIDAE Solatopupa psarolena (Bourguignat, 1859) 
Family CLAUSILIIDAE Macrogastra lineolata euzieriana 


(Bourguignat, 1869) 
Nomenclature 
Common names 
Biology Largely restricted to warm dry typically Mediterranean habitats. 


Range Endemic to the Alpes-Maritimes, in particular the valleys of the 
small coastal rivers (Loup, Var, Paillon, Roya) and their tributaries, in 
France and Italy (Bouchet, 1990); several are endemic to France alone. 


Status 

The Alpes-Maritimes area is noticeable for the concentration of endemic 
species in the family Aciculidae (Boeters et al., 1989). The following 
species are considered to be at risk from habitat destruction on account of 
their small ranges (Bouchet, 1990; Bouchet in litt., 1990; Ripken, in litt., 
1990). 


ACICULIDAE 

Platyla foliniana R; restricted to Alpes-Maritimes in the Gorges de St 
Louis, near Menton, France (Bodon and Boato, 1987; 
Bouchet, 1990) 

Renea bourguignatiana Ex?; Gorges de St Louis, Menton, France (Bodon and 
Boato, 1987; Bouchet, 1990); Vallone de Passo, 
Liguria, Italy 

R. gormonti R; known only from Gorbio and Monti, near Menton, 
France; only 25 shells have been found despite 
intensive searching (Boeters et al., 1989; Bouchet, 
1990). 

R. paillona R; known only from the type locality, the Gorge of 
the Paillon, near 1'Escarene, France (Boeters et 
al., 1989; Bouchet, 1990). 


ZONITIDAE 

Vitrea pseudotrolli R; has been found once at Gorbio, near Menton, 
France (Gittenberger, 1978) and was subsequently 
described from these shells and specimens from a 
second population in Piedmont, Liguria, Italy 
(Pinter, 1983) 

CHONDRINIDAE 


Solatopupa psarolena E; known only from the Gorges de Saorge, France, 
at about 500m (last seen 1958) and from adjacent 
sites in Italy between 700 and 1450m (Boato, 1988). 
Even at the beginning of this century, this species 
was thought to be at risk from the construction of 
the Roya railway (Caziot, 1908). 


-68- 


CLAUSILIIDAE 
Macrogastra lineolata R; endemic to upper valley of the Roya; 3 known 
euzieriana populations in France only: Saorge, Ste Claire, 


Gorges de Bergue (Gittenberger and Ripken, 1981; 
Bouchet, 1990); not under serious threat at present 
(other subspecies in Italy). 


The following species are also endemic to this region but are not at present 
considered threatened: 


Renea moutonii (Dupuy, 1849): recently rediscovered at the type locality, 
under bushes near Grasse; the five known sites are in the gorges of the Loup 
and the Siagne in France (Boeters et al., 1989). 


R. singularis (Pollonera, 1905): endemic to the valley of the Loup, France, 
where it occurs in leaf litter in woods; two subspecies: singularis and 
ripkeni (Gittenberger and Ripken, 1975; Boeters et al., 1989; Bouchet, 1990). 


Solatopupa cianensis (Caziot, 1910): endemic to the gorges of the Cians and 
Daluis, France, between 800 and 1200m; found on red Permian sandstone rocks 
and scree (Boato, 1988; Bouchet, 1990; Kerney et al., 198 ). 


Chondrina megacheilos caziotana Pilsbry, 1918: endemic to the small area of 
St Martin de Vesubie, St Etienne de Tinee and the gorges of the Cians, 
France, between 1000 and 1500m. Other subspecies in Italy (Bouchet, 1990). 


Macularia saintyvesi (Caziot in Kobelt, 1906): endemic to gorges of the 
Cians and the Daluis, France, 900-1200m; found on red Permian sandstone 
rocks and scree (Bouchet, 1990; Kerney et al., 198 ). 


Conservation 

These species are recommended for total protection in France. Parts of the 
valleys and gorges of the Loup, Var, Cians, Paillon, St Louis, and Roya are 
recommended for classification as Zones Naturelles d'Interet Ecologique, 
Faunistique and Floristique (Bouchet, 1990). 


Identification 


-69- 
DANUBE ENDEMICS VULNERABLE 


Class GASTROPODA 
Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA 


Family §NERITIDAE Theodoxus transversalis (Pfeiffer, 1828) 
Order MESOGASTROPODA 

Family VIVIPARIDAE Viviparus acerosus (Bourguignat, 1862) 
Family THIARIDAE Fagotia esperi Ferussac, 1823 
Nomenclature 


Common names T. transversalis = Gebanderte Kahnschnecke (Ger.); V. 
acerosus = Donau Flussdeckelschnecke (Ger.). 


Biology 

T. tranversalis found in gently flowing rivers on hard substrates; V. 
acerosus in stagnant or sluggish, muddy water in low-lying country (Pfleger 
and Chatfield, 1988; Frank et al., 1990). No information for F. esperi. 


Range 

The Danube is Europe's second largest river, with a length of 2850 km from 
the Black Forest in Germany to the Black Sea in Romania and the USSR, and 
over 300 tributaries (Benedeck and Laszlo, 1980). T. transversalis is 
endemic to the Middle Danube and some of its tributaries, principally the 
Dniester (?). V. acerosus is endemic to the Danube Basin from Vienna to its 
mouth (Pfleger and Chatfield, 1988; Frank et al., 1990). F. esperi is 
endemic to the Danube; range given in Frank et al. (1990). 


Status 

Pollution, which is steadily worsening, intensive agriculture causing 
run-off, and alteration of current flow and habitat are the principle threats 
to species inhabiting the Danube system. A 1988 hydrological expedition 
found large amounts of a wide variety of pollutants present (Rich, 1991). 
Some 70 million people live in the Danube Basin and there are 49 planned or 
existing hydropower stations which will have a major impact on water courses 
(Benedeck and Laszlo, 1980; Linneroth, 1990). Information has been gathered 
on three of the endemic species but there may be others; furthermore, many 
non-endemic but also threatened species also have populations in the Danube 
that are now at risk. Frank et al. (1990) provide a full review of the 
distribution and ecology of the Danube malacofauna. This is extremely 
diverse; for example in Czechoslovakia, 114 species are recorded from the 
Danube system, seven of which are restricted to this system (Lisicky, in 
press). 5 


Austria T. transversalis Ex; previously in Danube and lower parts of 
tributaries in Nieder-osterreich and Vienna; decline due to 
agriculture, hydro-engineering and agricultural pollution. 

V. acerosus E: in Danube backwaters in Nieder-osterreich and 
Vienna; threatened by agriculture, drainage, industrial and 
domestic pollution; litter. F. esperi Ex: previously in 
Burgenland (Frank and Reischutz, in press). 

Bulgaria T. transversalis V; V. acerosus V. 

Czechoslovakia T. transversalis Ex/E: middle Danube lowland, threatened by 
power stations, on northern edge of range. V. acerosus R; 
Tisza, northern edge of range. F. esperi E/Ex: middle Danube 
lowland (Steffek, 1991). 

Germany T. transversalis E/-; previously in Danube down to 
Ingolstadt, now only in R. Alz; locally abundant and breeding 
but fluctuating populations and may be affected by 


270= 


eutrophication (Falkner & Muller, 1983; Peter, 1989; Falkner, 
1991); V. acerosus E/-; occurs in Bavaria; isolated 
populations at Pfaffer and Passau (Schutte & Weinzierl, 1989; 
Falkner, 1991). 

Hungary T. transversalis E; Danube, Tisza, Kiskunsag National Park. 
V. acerosus nt; F. esperi V;dams proposed for the section of 
the Danube at Bos-Nagymaros will have a major environmental 
impact (Perczel and Libik, 1989) but it is not known to what 
extent this will affect molluscs. 


Romania 2; both species present but status not known; distribution 
given in Grossu (1986). 

USSR T. transversalis V; occurs in Danube and Dniester (Zhadin, 
1965) 

Yugoslavia ? 

Conservation 


Austria: all three species listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reischutz, in 
press); Germany: both species listed in Red Data Book for west (Ant & 
Jungbluth, 1984) and all three in threatened species list for Bavaria 
(Falkner, 1991). Hungary: T. transversalis occurs in Kiskunsag National 
Park; with F. esperi, proposed for national Red Data Book listing (Richnovsky 
in Jitt..,1990)'- 

Major efforts are underway to improve environmental conditions in the 
Danube. The eight countries bordering it have declared their willingness to 
cooperate on management, especially of pollution, and have drawn up the 
‘Danube Declaration’ (Linnerooth, 1990). Under the new convention, all 
countries will adopt the same monitoring systems and methods of assessing 
environmental impact (Rich, 1991). 


Identification Pfleger and Chatfield (1988); Zhadin (1952); Fechter and 
Falkner (1990). 


Bibliography 


PYRENEES-—OCCIDENTALES ENDEMICS 


Class GASTROPODA 
Order MESOGASTROPODA 
Family HYDROBIIDAE 
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA 
Family COCHLICOPIDAE 
Family CLAUSILIIDAE 
Family | HELICIDAE 
Nomenclature 


Common names 


ay hile 


THREATENED 


Belgrandiella pyrenaica Boeters, 1983 

Bythinella reyniesii(Dupuy, 1851) 

Litthabitella elliptica (Paladilhe, 1874) 

Moitessieria simoniana lescherae Boeters, 
1981 


Cryptazeca monodonta de Folin & Berillon, 
1877 

C. subeylindrica de Folin & Berillon, 1877 

Laminifera pauli (Mabille, 1865) 

Trissexodon constrictus (Boubee, 1836) 


Biology The hydrobiids are known from springs or subterranean waters. 
Cryptazeca monondonta lives under liverworts in permanently damp places and 
is difficult to find (Bouchet, 1990). Laminifera pauli is known from high 
altitudes (up to 1000m) but is also found at lower altitudes in calcareous 
areas; and Trissexodon contrictus is found at low and medium altitudes under 


large stones. 


Status 


These species are considered threatened on account of their small ranges and 
the extreme pressure in this region from development and agriculture. 


Several are endemic to France. 


The hydrobiids are at risk from pollution of 


ground water (Bouchet, 1990). 


HYDROBIIDAE 
Belgrandiella pyrenaica 


Bythinella reyniesii 


Litthabitella elliptica 


Moitessieria simoniana 
lescherae 


COCHLICOPIDAE 
Cryptazeca monodonta 


C. subcylindrica 


I; known only from the type locality, the grotte 
de Suhare, at Tardets-Sorhulus, France (Bouchet, 
1990). 

I; found throughout the French Pyreneen region 
(not unique to western Pyrenees); single 
population in Andorra (Bouchet, 1990) 

I; known from about 12 populations in springs near 
Ascain and St-Jean-Pied-de-Port, France (Bouchet, 
1990). F 

I; subspecies known only from type locality, 
stream of Alcay, at Tardets-Sorholus, France; the 
species is found in the pre-Pyrenees coastal areas 
to the Corbieres (France) and possibly also in 
Catalan and Aragon (Spain)(Bouchet, 1990). 


E; found at turn of century at St Pierre d'Irube 
on left bank of Adour near Bayonne, near 
Cambo-les-Bains, and in the forest at 
Subercarrere; empty shells found in 1985 at the 
Grottes de Sare and at Ustaritx, France; more 
recently found at Zuberoa, Spain, and several 
other localities in France including Eaux-Bonnes 
and Soule (Bouchet, 1990). 

E; co-exists with C. monodonta i.e. in Spain and 
France, but has not been found living at the 
recent sites (Bouchet, 1990). 


—e— 


CLAUSILIIDAE 

Laminifera pauli R; locally common around massif of the Rhune 
Mountain; more recently found at lower 
altitude in the south-west and is fairly 
common at the entrance to the Grotte de Sare, 
France; several populations known also from 
the Basque country, Spain (Bouchet, 1990). 

HELICIDAE 


Trissexodon constrictus R; localised area in Pyrenees-Atlantiques and 
Haute-Pyrenees, France, and in the Basque 
country, Spain (Bouchet, 1990). 


Abida secale ateni is another endemic subspecies from the area but is 
not currently considered in need of protection (Bouchet, 1990). 


Conservation 

Recommended for total protection in France and their habitats for 
protection as Zones Naturelles d'Interet Ecologique, Faunistique et 
Floristique. 


Identification 


299" 
Elona quimperiana (Férrusac, 1821) RARE 


Class GASTROPODA 
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family ELONIDAE 


Nomenclature Originally within Helicidae but put in separate family with 
one other species E. pyrenaica (Gittenberger, 1979). 


Common names Escargot de Quimper (Fr) 


Biology 

Moist deciduous forest and damp heathlands, under stones and bushes. 
Ecology poorly known but growth studies have been carried out (Daguzan, 
1980). Mature at two years; longevity c. 3 years (Daguzan, 1982). Further 
information in Daguzan and Gloaquen (1986). 


Range 

France and Spain; a narrow distribution (Kerney & Cameron, 1979; 
Gittenburger, 1979); occurs very locally in primary woodland, a habitat 
rapidly disappearing. Mapped in Gittenberger (1979). 


Status 

France R; Occurs in Brittany west of a line drawn from Saint-Brieuc 
to Vannes and locally common in French Pays-Basque at the 
entrance of the Grotte de Sare (Bouchet, 1990; Cameron, 
1981). 

Spain R; localized but locally common; rare in the North-eastern 
Atlantic coastal areas (Basque region and extreme east of 
Cantabrian chain) (Prieto et al., 1980); more common in 
Galicia, Asturias, Santando, Vizcaya y Guipuzcoa 
(Gittenberger, 1979). 

Conservation 


France: protected. Listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and on the 
IUCN Red List (IUCN, 1990). Proposed for listing on EEC Habitats Directive 
and on proposed European Red List of Threatened Plants and Animals (UNECE, 
1989). 


Identification Gittenberger (1979); Kerney and Cameron (1979). 


=f \= 
Geomalacus maculosus Allman, 1843 VULNERABLE 


Class GASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA 
Family ARTONIDAE 


Nomenclature synonym: grandis Simroth, 1893, sensu Murillo, 1981 
Common names Kerry Slug, Spotted Irish Slug (Eng). 


Biology 

Occurs in two rather different biotopes, on lichen-covered boulders (where 
it shelters under patches of deep moss) of non-calcareous rock, close to 
water in open country and, over most of its altitudinal range, on trunks of 
lichen and moss-covered trees in old decidous woodland (where it shelters 
beneath bark of rotten logs etc.). The open country biotope in which this 
slug occurs is caused by forest clearance. It is active throughout much of 
the winter, but aestivates for part of the summer. Food: browses lichens 
and algae (and probably a range of other materials) in the wild and feeds on 
various vegetables, fungi and breakfast cereals in captivity. Life history 
reviewed in Platts and Speight (1988). 


Range 

South-west Ireland, north Portugal, north-west Spain. Recorded in error 
from Great Britain and France (see Platts and Speight, 1988). Not known 
outside Europe. 


Status 

Ireland R; found in four adjacent 50 km squares within the Devonian 
old red sandstone areas of W. Cork and Kerry, south-west 
Ireland, with post-1950 records from more than thirty 10 km 
Squares (Platts and Speight, 1988). Not threatened but 
generally except in some localities by spread of 
Rhododendron ponticum, which prevents woodland regeneration 
and causes disappearance of lichens from boulders, and 
changes in land use especially for tourism (Ross in litt., 
3.12.90). 

Spain I; found in the provinces of La Coruna, Leon, Lugo, 
Palencia, Pontevedra, northern Spain. Most post-1950 
records from Galicia (Murillo, 1981). 

Portugal E; found in Beira Baixa and Minho, northern Portugal. but 
only one post-1950 record. Seriously threatened by land-use 
changes and forestry operations, in particular conversion of 
large areas of sessile oak forest Quercus robur and cork oak 
Q. suber into Eucalyptus forest (Platts and Speight, 1988). 


Conservation 

Ireland: protected by Ministerial Order, July 1990; occurs in three 
protected sites (Glengarriff and Uragh Woods NNR (Kerry, west County Cork) 
and Killarney National Park). 

Listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and in the IUCN Red List 
(IUCN, 1990). The species can be maintained and bred successfully in 
captivity (Platts and Speight, 1988). Proposed for listing on the EEC 
Habitats Directive and in the European Red List of Threatened Plants and 
Animals (UNECE, 1989). 

There is need for more precise data on the distribution of this species 
in Spain and for systematic survey to establish if and where it still 
survives in Portugal. Most protected sites in which this species occurs 
should not be interfered with, although some Irish sites may need low-input 
agriculture to continue. Captive breeding programmes could be established 
for potential re-introductions to areas from which it has been lost, if 


5 = 

appropriate habitat conditions can be re-established. It is not known if 
this is possible as the habitat requirements of G. maculosus are still 
unclear. Further work on this aspect is required. 


Identification Identification keys and coloured photos are given in 
Platts and Speight (1988). 


Bibliography Literature reviewed in Platts and Speight (1988). 


Ge 
WIDESPREAD BUT DECLINING SPECIES 


Twenty-eight species have been identified under this category as requiring 
particular attention, and are described in the following data sheets. They 
include six freshwater gastropods, six freshwater mussels, four freshwater 
pea mussels, nine gastropods found mainly in wetland habitats and three 
other terrestrial species. 

Factors contributing to the decline of terrestrial and wetland species 
were discussed in the section on ‘Principal Threats'. Wetland species 
clearly predominate, which reflects the vulnerability of their habitat. 
There would appear to be less information on molluscs restricted to 
vulnerable terrestrial habitats such as woodlands, apart from endemic and 
near endemic species (see earlier). One example is Spermodea lamellata 
(Jeffreys, 1830) (family Vallonidae) which is found in old native deciduous 
woods, in leaf litter and under fallen timber. It has a north-west European 
Atlantic range (Kerney and Cameron, 1979; Bratton, 1991) and flourishes 
locally in Great Britain which forms a major part of its range but is now 
thought to be rare or threatened in several countries (e.g. Netherlands (E), 
Germany (R), Sweden (R), Norway (R)). Further study is required to analyse 
the data now available for terrestrial species in individual countries and 
to put this in a regional context. 

The two groups of freshwater molluscs involved merit a little further 
discussion. 


Unionids 


The unionids or freshwater mussels are perhaps of greatest concern of all 
species. The plight of the freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera 
margaritifera, now seriously threatened in 16 countries is well documented 
(see data sheet) and major conservation efforts are underway. However, a 
further five unionids are sufficiently at risk to be included with data 
sheets, and many others, such as Anodonta cygnaea, Unio pictorum and Unio 
tumidus, are considered locally declining. These have been best studied in 
Germany, where work has been underway on several species for about 20 
years. There is now a general consensus of opinion that most species have 
contracting ranges. In Austria, all unionid species are thought to be 
vulnerable, particularly populations in running waters; Sackl (in litt. 
20.9.90) considers this group to be the most endangered freshwater life in 
Austria due to pollution and river engineering. In Poland many are at risk 
from pollution and habitat destruction (Dyduch-Falniowska, 1989 and in 
litt., 6.11.90). Some French populations may be more secure that many 
others. Many unionid populations are threatened by dams in the same way 
that damming of the Tennessee River contributed to the extinction of a large 
proportion of the endemic North American unionids (Wells et al., 1983). 
Even Anodonta piscinalis, which is found in eutrophic lakes, has been found 
to disappear from lakes polluted with sewage in Sweden (Okland, in litt, 
1990). 


Pea mussels 


The sphaeriids or pea mussels have been surprisingly well studied, given 
their tiny size. The distributions of the north European species are well 
known. Most of these species are widespread and there are no narrow 
endemics. It is particularly difficult to determine the status of these 
species, but very few are seriously at risk. Pea mussels are easily 
dispersed by birds and many species show an ability to recolonise sites 
where previous populations have disappeared, e.g. from temporary water 
bodies. They appear to be easily affected by climatic changes and 
historically their distribution has been far from stable. Many 


a 7= 


of the west and central European species extended their range northwards 
following the retreat of the glaciers. Further more, their small size 
means that they are often overlooked, and detailed searches may reveal 
populations to be far more abundant that might appear superficially (Kuiper 
in litt., 1990). 

Although few are threatened enough to warrant IUCN categorisation, pea 
mussels are vulnerable to acidification and eutrophication. Most work on 
this has been carried out in Norway, in a study undertaken because of the 
important role that this group plays in the diet of freshwater fish (Okland 
and Okland, 1981; Okland and Kuiper, 1982). The calcium-poor mountain 
lakes here are vulnerable to acidification and the deep water lowland lakes 
to eutrophication; fish in over two thousand lakes have disappeared because 
of acidification, and in other lakes fish populations have been seriously 
reduced. Certain of the sphaeriids e.g. the northern cold water species, 
seem to be particularly sensitive to such factors (Okland and Kuiper, 1982; 
Okland, 1991a), although as yet no species are considered at risk of 
extinction. 

Probably only the two river species, Sphaerium solidum and S. rivicola, 
are at risk throughout Europe, reflecting the widespread pollution of many 
European rivers. Two Pisidium species (pseudosphaerium and tenuilineatum) 
may be of concern and have been listed because they are included on many 
national threatened species lists. Piechocki (1989 and in press) considers 
a number of the Polish sphaeriids to be at risk, again reflecting mainly 
the serious nature of pollution. 


=7ea— 


Valvata macrostoma Morch, 1864 OF SPECIAL CONCERN 
Valvata pulchella (Studer, 1820) 


Class GASTROPODA Order MESOGASTROPODA 
Family VALVATIDAE 


Nomenclature: These two species have frequently been considered synonomous 
but they are now generally considered separate species. 


Common names: V. macrostoma = Sumpf-Federkiemenschnecke; V. pulchella = 
Moor-Federkiemenschnecke (Germ. ) 


Biology V. macrostoma is restricted to still or slow-moving water in 
well-vegetated lowland habitats with a high species diversity, including 
ditches, small ponds and lakes. In Great Britain found mainly in drainage 
ditches in marshes, often associated with other threatened species such as 
Anisus vorticulus, Segmentina nitida and Pisidium pseudosphaerium (Bratton, 
1991). V. pulchella often found in moorland water, calcareous fens and 
ditches; considered by Falkner (1991) to be intolerant of drought and 
usually in acid water, but by Frank et al. (1990) to be drought resistant. 


Range: Central and north European, but full range unclear because of 
confusion between the two species. V. macrostoma generally found in north 
and west Europe; V. pulchella has a Euro-Siberian range (Frank et al., 1990) 
and is found in central and east Europe and the Alps. 


Status 
Both species are declining in a number of countries: 


Austria V. pulchella: V Oberosterreich, Vienna and 
Niederosterreich; threatened by agriculture, pollution, and 
drainage (Frank and Reishutz, in press). 

Belgium ? 

Czechoslovakia V. pulchella: V; Danube, Tisza, Slovak karst. 

Denmark ts 


Finland V. macrostoma nt 
France 2 
Germany V. pulchella: E/E; scattered distribution but rare 


throughout; single record from Saxony; threatened in Hesse 
(Jungbluth, 1987), Schleswig-Holstein (Anon, 1982), Bavaria 
(Falkner, 1991) and Nordrhein-Westfalen (Ant and Jungbluth, 
1987). In Bavaria, scattered distribution in Alps and 
foothills, threatened by agriculture (Falkner, 1991). V. 
macrostoma: scattered but locally abundant in Danube and 
Wormitz valley; population between Straubing and Vishofen 
threatened by canalisation (Falkner, 1991; Fechter and 
Falkner, 1990); declining due to intensive agriculture and 
canalisation. 

Great Britain V. macrostoma: V; scattered populations in south ; still 
abundant at some localities but generally declining 
(Bratton, 1991) 


Hungary V. pulchella: ?; only two localities. 

Ireland ? 

Netherlands V. pulchella: EB; very rare in river district. 

Norway does not occur (but V. macrostoma recorded from the Swedish 
part only of a shared lake). 

Poland V. pulchella: V; disappearing as a result of habitat loss, 


industrial pollution and eutrophication (Falniowski in 
IW eas rodlleeyey) 


aoe 


Sweden V. macrostoma: R; on edge of range; few scattered 
localities in south and central parts of country and in 
Oland; threatened by drainage (Andersson et al., 1987). 


Switzerland E (1/-) (as pulchella); Bern, Geneva, Neuchatel, Thurgovia, 
S (Turner, 1990). 

USSR ? 

Conservation 


Austria: V. pulchella listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reischutz, in 
press). Germany: V. pulchella listed in Red Data Book for west (Ant & 
Jungbluth, 1984) and in lists for Hesse (Jungbluth, 1987), 
Schleswig-Holstein (Anon, 1982), Baden-Wurttemburgs (Jungbluth & Burk, 
1985), Bavaria (Falkner, 1991) and Nordrhein-Westfalen (Ant and Jungbluth, 
1987); occurs in a reserve in Saxony and in reserve at Schwillach Moors in 
Bavaria which is threatened by intensive agriculture in surrounding area 
(Falkner, 1991). V. macrostoma in list for Bavaria (Falkner, 1991). Great 
Britain: V. macrostoma occurs in one national nature reserve and 5 SSSIs 
(Sites of Special Scientific Interest); listed in Red Data Book (Bratton, 
1991). Sweden: V. macrostoma listed on national list of threatened species 
(Andersson et al., 1987); data sheet compiled for National Swedish 
Environment Protection Board (von Proschwitz in litt., 29.11.90). 
Switzerland: V. pulchella listed in Red Data Book (Turner, 1990). 


Identification Ellis (1969); Adam (1960), Fechter and Falkner (1990). 
Easily confused with Valvata piscinalis. 


_-80- 
Anisus vorticulus (Troschel, 1834) OF SPECIAL CONCERN 


Class GASTROPODA Order BASOMMATOPHORA 
Family PLANORBIDAE 


Nomenclature: Formerly known as Planorbis vorticulus Troschel. 


Common names Little Whirlpool Ram's Horn Snail (Eng.); Zierliche 
Tellerschnecke (Germ. ) 


Biology 

Calciphile, living in permanent water of marsh drains in clean still water 
with rich aquatic flora; often floats on surface. In Great Britain, often 
found with other rare species such as Valvata macrostoma and Segmentina 
nitida (Bratton, 1991; Frank et al., 1990). 


Range 
Mainly central and southern European east to Western Siberia (Bratton, 1991; 
Zhadin, 1965). 


Status 
Scattered and rare throughout much of its range. 


Austria E; Vorarlberg, Tirol, Burgenland, Nieder-Osterreich, 
Vienna (Ex); threatened by hydraulic engineering, 
agriculture, pollution (agriculture, domestic, 
industrial), drainage, litter (Frank and Reischutz, in 
press). 

Belgium R?; recently found as result of rechecking museum 
specimens; recorded from Bolderberg (Zolder) (Sablon & 
van Goethem, 1989). 


Bulgaria g 

Czechoslovakia R; Danube Plain, E. Slovakia, Labe (Steffek, 1987, 1989); 
distribution in Slovakia mapped in Lisicky (1991). 

Denmark 2; no recent information? 

France I; backwaters in alluvial plain of R. Doubs (Jura), Rhone 
and Rhine; threatened by habitat destruction. 

Germany 2/R; rare in east, exact status in west not clear but 


thought to be threatened; threatened in Hesse (Jungbluth, 
1987), Baden-Wurttembergs (Jungbluth & Burk, 1985), 
Schleswig-Holstein (Anon., 1982) and Bavaria, where its 
status is critical as a result of habitat loss (Falkner, 
1991). 

Great Britain V; reported from about 15 sites; main surviving 
populations in compact area in marshlands east of 
Norwich; scattered colonies also in W. Norfolk, 
Middlesex, W and E. Sussex (Kerney, 1976). Surviving 
populations potentially or actually threatened by 
drainage, overfrequent dredging and eutrophication 
(Bratton, 1991). 


Hungary nt, but not frequent (Richnovsky in litt., 1990) 

Italy ?; no information 

Netherlands R?; stagnant freshwater rich in vegetation; a few 
scattered localities 

Poland I (Piechocki in litt., 1984) 

Romania 2; distribution in Grossu (1987) 

Sweden E; single locality in Scania at Ringsjon (Nilsson, 1957): 


large lake with reeds; threatened by hydro-engineering 
and eutrophication (Andersson et al., 1987); on edge of 
range. 


-81- 


Switzerland R (3/-); clear standing water; Geneva, Grisons, Saint 
Gall, Zurich (Turner, 1990). 

USSR nt? (reported to be widespread but rare (Zhadin, 1965)) 

Yugoslavia ?; present but status not known (Frank et al., 1990). 

Conservation 


Austria: listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reischutz, in press); Germany: 
listed in Red Data Books and lists for Hesse (Jungbluth, 1987), 
Schleswig-Holstein (Anon, 1982), Baden-Wurttembergs (Jungbluth & Burk, 1985) 
and Bavaria (Falkner, 1991); Great Britain: listed in Red Data Book; occurs 
in several reserves and SSSIs (Sites of Special Scientific Interest) 
(Bratton, 1991); Sweden: listed on national list of threatened species 
(Andersson et al., 1987) and data sheet compiled for National Swedish 
Environment Protection Board (von Proschwitz in litt., 29.11.90); 
Switzerland: listed in Red Data Book (Turner, 1990). 


Identification Described in Ellis (1969), Macan (1949) and Adam (1960). 


Gyraulus laevis (Alder, 1838) 


Class 
Family 


GASTROPODA 
PLANORBIDAE 


=89= 


OF SPECIAL CONCERN 


Order BASOMMATOPHORA 


Nomenclature: formerly known as Planorbis laevis Alder; Planorbis glaber 
Jeffreys; Anisus laevis (Alder) 


Common names 


Biology: 


Smooth Ram's Horn (Eng.); Glattes Posthornchen (Germ.). 


On water-weeds in lakes and ponds in clean water; still or 
slow-flowing water. 
et al., 1985); in Ireland and Netherlands in dune slacks. 


In Germany in shallow plant-rich ponds and lakes (Gloer 
Has a relict 


distribution, often in sites with a saline influence up to 3-5 ppt; ecology 
in Norway described in Okland (1990). 


Range 


Holarctic: throughout Europe to Middle and N. Asia; possibly also N. 


Africa and N. America (Zhadin, 1965; Meier-Brook, 1983). 


Status 


Status outside Europe not known. 


Austria 


Balearics 
Belgium 


Bulgaria 


Czechoslovakia 


Denmark 
Finland 
France 


Germany 


Great Britain 
Hungary 


Iceland 


Ireland 


Italy 


Liechtenstein 
Netherlands 


Norway 
Poland 


Romania 


In Europe, widespread but often local. 


V; Tirol, lower Austria and Karnten only; threatened by 
hydraulic engineering, agriculture, pollution (domestic, 
industrial, agricultural), draining, rubbish (Frank and 
Reischutz, in press). 

?; occurs (Paul, 1982) but no detailed information. 

?; clean pure water; rare; a few places in central and 
southern regions (Adam, 1960). 

2 

R; occurs in Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia; many recent 
localities in Bohemia now destroyed, but more common in 
Slovakia (Steffek, 1987 and 1989); mapped by Steffek (1983) 
and Lisicky (1991). 

R; some information in Mandahl-Barth (1949). 

nt 

K; ?Fier, Pyrenees orientales 

E/?; endangered in west, despite its wide distribution. 
threatened in Hesse, Baden-Wurttembergs, Bavaria (found only 
in isolated localities (Falkner, 1991)) and 
Nordrhein-Westfalen; Brandenburg, Oberschlesian and Thuringia 
(Brohmer et al., 1956). 

nt 

V; widespread, 

R; occurs in small ponds in a few localities (Einarrson in 
litt., 1990) 

R; scattered localities in W. Mayo, N. & W. Donegal; may be 
underrecorded. 

2; full distribution not known but occurs at least in Lago di 
Comalbio and Lago di Granua (Varese), Lago di Montorfano 
(Como) (Annoni et al., 1978). 

2; occurs at three localities (Trub, 1988). 

V/R; stagnant freshwater, does not tolerate pollution; 
prefers clear water behind dunes. 

R; three ponds on small island (Gasoy) in north (Okland, 1990) 
R (Piechocki in litt., 1984) 

?; distribution in Grossu (1987). 


eons 


Sweden E (Andersson et al., 1987); calcareous fens and small lakes 
and ponds; a few records only this century including a record 
in Lapland in 1989; threatened by drainage (Walden pers 
comm., 1990; von Proschwitz in litt., 29.11.90). 


Switzerland R; 3/2; shallow plant rich water; Geneva, Jura, Neuchatel, 
Schaffhause, Valais (Turner, 1990). 

USSR nt?; (widespread but comparatively rare in swamps, spring sna 
river flood plains (Zhadin, 1965)). 

Yugoslavia ?; present (Frank et al., 1990) but status not known. 

Conservation 


Austria: listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reischutz, in press); Germany: 
listed in Red Data Books and lists for west Germany (Ant & Jungbluth, 1984), 
Hesse (Jungbluth, 1987), Bavaria (Falkner, 1991), Baden-Wurttembergs 
(Jungbluth & Burk, 1985) and Nordrhein-Westfalen (Ant and Jungbluth, 1987). 
Hungary: occurs in Kiskunsag National Park; Sweden: listed in Red Data Book 
(Andersson et al., 1987); Lapland site to be protected; data sheet compiled 
for National Swedish Environment Protection Board (von Proschwitz in litt., 
29.11.90); Switzerland: listed in Red Data Book (Turner, 1990). 


Identification Ellis (1968); Macan (1949); Okland (1990); Fechter and 
Falkner (1990). 


ye 


Segmentina nitida (Muller, 1774) OF SPECIAL CONCERN 
Class GASTROPODA Order BASOMMATOPHORA 


Family PLANORBIDAE 
Nomenclature Formerly known as Anisus nitidus, Planorbis lineatus Walk. 


Common names Shining Ram's Horn Snail (Eng); Glanzende Tellschnecke 
(Germ. ). 


Biology 

Found in ponds and weedy ditches, drainage ditches in marshes, occasionally 
in lakes. Prefers clean hard water with dense vegetation. In Great 
Britain, occurs with a rich associated fauna (Bratton, 1991). Generally 
found in still water or with a feeble current (Adam, 1960). In Germany 
found in clear, plant-rich ponds, lakes, and pools in meadows (Gloer et al., 
1985). Bcology in Norway described in Okland (1990). 


Range 
Northern and Central Europe (except extreme north-west), north to 62°N in 
Finland, also northern Asia and parts of Middle Asia. 


Status 

Austria E; scattered distribution; threatened by hydraulic 
engineering, pollution (agriculture, domestic, industrial), 
habitat destruction, drainage, litter (Frank and Reischutz, 
in press). 

Belgium 2; generally uncommon, very rare in Ardennes (Adam, 1960). 

Bulgaria ? 

Czechoslovakia ?; distribution in Slovakia mapped in Lisicky (1991). 

Denmark nt; widely distributed (Mandahl-Barth, 1949) 

Finland nt; some records in south (Okland, 1990). 

France V; very rare and poorly known; found rarely in old beds of 
the Rhone river in the east. 

Germany R/V; Rare in west (distribution not known) and threatened in 


Hesse, Bavaria, Baden-Wurttembergs, Nordrhein-WestFalen; 
Vulnerable in east and threatened by swamp drainage. 

Great Britain E. Since 1965 found at only a few sites in Norfolk, 
Suffolk, E. Kent and BE. Sussex (Kerney, 1976); extinct over 
most of England even where it used to be common, e.g. around 
London. Formerly widespread in ponds in the 19th century 
and early 20th century; now confined to well oxygenated 
marsh drains with lush vegetation. Threatened by dredging 
of marsh drains, habitat destruction, eutrophication and 
pollution. Surviving populations in areas of traditional 
marsh land grazing with low phosphate and nitrate levels 
e.g. Pevensey Levels (Hingley, 1979; Kerney and Stubbs, 
1980; Bratton, 1991). 


Hungary nt. 
Italy I; present in Modena but not found in last 10 years 


(Palazzo, 1983); further information lacking (Bodon, in 
Litton, 6212 90) 
Liechtenstein 2; five localities (Trub, 1988). 


Netherlands nt. 
Norway R; edge of range. Found only in a single overgrown lake in 


extreme south-east on one of the Hvaler islands, now 
established as a reserve (Okland, 1990). 

Poland nt. 

Romania ?; distribution in Grossu (1987). 


=a5= 


Sweden R; south, scattered localities; small water bodies and in 
littoral zone of lakes (von Proschwitz in litt., 29.11.90); 
clear and aerated calcareous water with high pH; threatened 
by drainage and eutrophication (Andersson et al., 1987). 


Switzerland V (2/-); rare in west, north and east; plant rich and clear 
water (Turner, 1990). 
USSR Probably not threatened; found in meadowmoors and drainage 


canals of swamps. Baltic Basin, Black Sea Basin (inc. 
Danube and Dneister, Dnieper and others), Caspian Basin, 
Volga Basin, possibly Amur Basin, Middle Asia and N. 
Caucasus (Zhadin, 1952). 


Conservation 
Austria: listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reischutz, in press). Germany: 
listed in Red Data Books and Lists for the west (Ant & Jungbluth, 1984), 
Hesse (Jungbluth, 1878), Bavaria (Falkner, 1991), Baden-Wurttembergs 
(Jungbluth & Burk, 1985) and Nordrhein-Westfalen (Ant and Jungbluth, 1987). 
Great Britain: occurs in 5 SSSIs (Sites of Special Scientific Interest) and 
one National Nature Reserve (Pevensey Levels); listed in Red Data Book 
(Bratton, 1991). Norway: only known locality is a reserve. Sweden: listed 
on national list of threatened species (Andersson et al., 1987); data sheet 
compiled for National Swedish Environment Protection Board (von Proschwitz 
in litt., 29.11.90). Switzerland: listed in Red Data Book (Turner, 1990). 
Proposed for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention (Collins and 
Wells, 1987). Listed on IUCN Red List (IUCN, 1990) and proposed for listing 
on European Red List of Threatened Animals and Plants (UNECE, 1989). 


Identification Descriptions in Macan (1949), Ellis (1969), Adam (1960), 
Zhadin (1952), Fechter and Falkner (1990) and Okland (1990). 


-~86- 


Lymnaea glabra (Muller, 1774) OF SPECIAL CONCERN 
Class GASTROPODA Order BASOMMATOPHORA 


Family LYMNAEIDAE 


Nomenclature often known as Stagnicola glabra on the continent; also as 
Galba glabra and Omphiscola glabra. 


Common names Mud Snail (Eng.); Langliche Sumpfschnecke (Ger.). 


Biology 

In Great Britain lives in soft water in small muddy pools and ditches, 
especially in places which dry out occasionally and where aquatic flora is 
poor; never found in rich aquatic habitats with high molluscan diversity; 
many sites on ancient uncultivated land on acid sandy or gravelly soils e.g. 
heaths and commons (Bratton, 1991; Boycott, 1936). In Sweden found in small 
water bodies. In Germany in temporary plant-rich ditches and pools, absent 
from larger water bodies, and often in calcareous water with organic iron 
(Gloer et al., 1985; Fechter and Falkner, 1990). Ecology in Norway described 
in Okland (1990). 


Range 

Western Palearctic; reaches 61 deg. N in Scandinavia, and restricted to 
centeral parts of western Europe; everywhere local (Bratton, 1991); single 
records from ‘East Prussia’ and ‘Spanish Morocco’ (Hubendick, 1951 (with 
map)). 


Status 
Scattered and rare throughout its range and declining in many areas. 


Belgium ?; uncommon throughout Campine, rare in Haute-Belgique, no 
longer reported for the shore and polderland (Adam, 1960). 

Bulgaria ? 

Denmark E; found only rarely (Mandahl-Barth, 1949) 

France I/K; uncommon in the north and east; common in the west and 
south-west (Adam, 1960) 

Germany E/R; endangered in west (considered threatened in Hesse and 


Nordrhein-Westfalen), rare in Saxony; found mainly in the 
north, Tiefland, absent south of Main; probably extinct in 
Bavaria, as habitats drying out (Falkner, 1991). 

Great Britain V; formerly fairly widely distributed in acidic lowland areas 
north to Perth; now rare with largest concentration of 
records in southern part of Vale of York (Kerney, 1976); has 
become extinct over large parts of lowland England; drainage 
of boggy areas and elimination of small ponds and field 
drains are main threats; also eutrophication through leaching 
from ploughing and direct chemical treatment (Bratton, 1991). 


Ireland E; only known surviving population (Wexford) recently 
destroyed by farm drainage (Hurley, 1981); may now be extinct. 

Netherlands nt; (many localities; appears in large numbers under right 
conditions). 

Norway nt 

Sweden R; south-west, occurring in the narrow coastal zone with a 


few inland localities, threatened by ditching, drainage and 
eutrophication (Andersson et al., 1987; von Proschwitz in 
MIUCee Zoe 190) 

USSR nt (widespread but rare in swamps and temporary pools 
(Zhadin, 1965)). 


=3i7— 


Conservation 

Germany: listed in the Red Data Books and lists for the west (Ant & 
Jungbluth, 1984) and east (von Knorre, 1990), Hesse (Jungbluth, 1987), 
Bavaria (Falkner, 1991) and Nordrhein-Westfalen (Ant and Jungbluth, 1987); 
Great Britain: Recent records from eight SSSIs (Sites of Special Scientific 
Interest); listed in Red Data Book (Bratton, 1991). Sweden: listed on 
national list of threatened species (Andersson et al., 1987) and data sheet 


compiled for National Swedish Environment Protection Board (von Proschwitz in 
AEE, 29.12.90) 


Identification Ellis (1969); Macan (1949). 


-88- 


Myxas glutinosa (Muller, 1774) VULNERABLE 
Class GASTROPODA Order BASOMMATOPHORA 


Family LYMNAEIDAE 


Nomenclature Formerly known as Amphipeplea glutinosa (Muller) or Lymnaea 
glutinosa (Muller). 


Common names Glutinous Snail (Eng); Mantelschnecke (Germ. ) 


Biology 

Found in quiet, very clean, often hard freshwater, in drainage ditches, 
marshes, canals, slow rivers and lakes. Does not tolerate brackish water. 
Calciphile and possibly very sensitive to pollution. Avoids turbid or 
weed-choked places and likes firm substrates (Bratton, 1991; Fechter and 
Falkner, 1990). In Sweden found in well-aerated water with Elodea 
canadensis in small lakes and ponds. [In Ireland, in ditches adjacent to 
traditionally grazed land. Often seasonal, disappearing in summer. Ecology 
in Norway described in Okland (1990). 


Range 
Northern Europe, between the Alps and the Arctic Circle (Finland to 71°N) 
but everywhere very local. Map of range in Hubendick (1951). 


Status 
Isolated, declining populations in most places. 


Austria Ex?; previously in the Tyrol; found now only as subfossil 
(Frank and Reischutz, in press). Decline due to habitat 
destruction (also possible identification problems). 


Belgium ?; throughout Moyenne and part of Basse-Belgique; very rare 
in Haute Belgique; no longer in Flanders or Namur (Adam, 
1960). 

Finland nt?; but uncommon in most parts including north (Okland, 
1990). 

France E; rivers in Aube; declining from pollution and habitat 
destruction. 

Germany E/Ex?; in west, found in north only and almost extinct 


(Fechter and Falkner, 1990). Threatened in 
Schleswig-Holstein (Anon., 1982), Bavaria, where it was last 
seen in 1947 and may be extinct in the three known 
localities (Falkner, 1991), Baden-Wurttembergs, and 
Nordrhein-Westfalen (Ant & Jungbluth, 1987); in east, not 
seen alive since last century although fresh shell found at 
Eschefeld recently (Zeissler, in litt. 1990). 

Great Britain E; Last recorded 1957 and most British records date from 
before 1914. In last century recorded in c. 35 sites in 
south and east England north to Yorkshire; currently present 
in Chislet Marshes (Kent), R. Yare (Norfolk), L. Bala 
(Merioneth) and L. Windermere (Westmorland), and found in 
Oxfordshire (1980s) and Basingstoke Canal (1960s), but both 
new sites threatened (Walker et al., 1991). Considered the 
rarest mollusc in Great Britain (Kerney, 1986; Bratton, 
1991). 

Ireland R; local in midlands, very rare in north; possibly 
decreasing from pollution. Still common in a few places in 
the Royal Canal (which is rapidly degenerating), Grand Canal 
and some ditches. 


=$9= 


Netherlands V; characteristic of Stratiotes aloides vegetation which has 
disappeared from many localities. 

Norway R; three lakes in extreme south-east; northernmost lake 
highly eutrophic over last 20 years and species may be 
extinct. 

Poland E/Ex: very few records; known from pond in Niepolomice 


Forest which has disappeard; recorded from Modla L. in north 
but current status here not known. Probably always rare and 
local and possibly now extinct (Falniowski in litt., 
2-11 -90)i= 

Sweden R; scattered localities in south and around Baltic coast; 
threatened by eutrophication, hydro-engineering and 
overgrowth by reeds (Andersson et al., 1987). 

USSR nt?; (widespread in poorly oxygenated waters and overgrown 
ponds (Zhadin, 1965). 


Conservation 
Austria: listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reischutz, in press). Germany: 
listed in Red Data Book for west (Ant & Jungbluth, 1984) and lists for 
Schleswig-Holstein (Anon., 1982), Bavaria (Falkner, 1991), 
Baden-Wurttembergs (Jungbluth & Burk, 1985) and Nordrhein- Westfalen (Ant & 
Jungbluth, 1987). Great Britain: Protected under Schedule 5 of the 
Wildlife and Countryside Act; listed in Red Data Book; occurs in two 
National Parks (Bala L. and L. Windermere) (Bratton, 1991); a recovery plan 
that would cost £21,500 has been drawn up for populations in this country 
and would possibly involve translocation from abroad and research to refind 
populations (Whitten, 1990). Sweden: listed on national threatened species 
list (Andersson et al., 1987) and data sheet compiled for National Swedish 
Environment Protection Board (von Proschwitz in litt., 29.11.90). 

Listed in IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book (IUCN, 1990). Recommended for 
listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention (Collins and Wells, 1987) and 
on proposed European Red List of Threatened Animals and Plants (UNECE, 1989). 


Identification: Descriptions in Ellis (1969), Macan (1949), Okland (1990) 
and Fechter and Falkner (1990). 


-90- 


Cochlicopa nitens (Gallenstein, 1848) RARE 
Class GASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA 


Family COCHLICOPIDAE 
Nomenclature: 


Common names: Gorsse Walzenschnecke, Glanzende Achatschnecke, Glanzende 
Glattschnecke (Germ.). 


Biology Temporarily flooded calcareous fens and marshes; sometimes in very 
wet calcareous woodland (Kerney and Cameron, 1979; Fechter and Falkner, 1990). 


Range Central and Eastern Europe, in scattered isolated localities (Kerney 
and Cameron, 1979). 


Status 
Scattered and rare throughout most of its range. 


Austria E; widespread but rare; threatened by pollution 
(agricultural), hydraulic engineering, agriculture, 
foresting, drainage, litter (Frank & Reischutz, in press). 

Bulgaria 2 

Czechoslovakia V; widespread but sporadic distribution (Steffek in litt., 
1990); map for Slovakia in Lisicky (1991). 


Denmark E; Seeland. 
Germany 2?/R; threatened in Nordrhein-WestfFalen, Baden-Wurttembergs, 


Hesse and Bavaria (recently discovered small populations 
(Falkner, 1991)); rare in east, with scattered localities. 


Hungary R; Csor, Petnehaza 

Netherlands nt. 

Poland nt?; fragmentary distribution in humid areas and marshes; 
some localities in Sudetes (Prokryszko in litt.). 

Romania ?; distribution in Grossu (1987). 

Sweden V; south-east, on edge of range. Isolated colonies in fens 


with luxuriant vegetation; threatened by woodland drainage, 
conifer plantation, water course alteration and ditching 
(Walden in litt., 28.11.90). 


Switzerland R (3/3); Bern, Fribourg, geneva, Neuchatel, Vaud (Turner, 
1990). 

USSR 2; listed as subspp. of C. lubrica in Likharev & Rammel'meier 
(1962). 


Yugoslavia 


Conservation Austria: listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reischutz, in 
press); Germany: on Red Data lists for Bavaria (Falkner, 1991), 
Nordrhein-Westfalen (Ant & Jungbluth, 1987), Baden-Wurttembergs (Jungbluth & 
Burk, 1985) and Hesse (Jungbluth, 1987). Sweden: listed in Red Data Book 
(Andersson et al., 1987); Switzerland: listed in Red Data Book (Turner, 
1990). 


Identification: Kerney and Cameron (1979), Fechter and Falkner (1990). 


=91— 


Vallonia declivis Sterki, 1892 VULNERABLE 


Class GASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA 
Family VALLONIIDAE 


Nomenclature Synonym V. adela 
Common names Grosse Grasschnecke (Ger.). 


Biology 


Found in moist open grassland and in flood rubbish of rivers; more often 
found as dead shells (Kerney and Cameron, 1979). 


Range 
Central European (Kerney and Cameron, 1979) 


Status 

Austria E; occurs in Tirol, Saltzburg, and Oberosterreich; threatened 
by hydro-engineering, agriculture, drainage, pollution from 
agriculture (Frank and Reischutz, in press). 

Czechoslovakia E; two localities only in Danube lowland; possibly extinct as 
a result of dam construction (Steffek in litt., 17.12.90); 
mapped in Lisicky (1991). 


France R 
Germany E/-; threatened in Hesse, Bavaria (new locality found in 1985 


at Grossen Seige, Oberzeitdam but threatened by alterations 
to Danube (Faikner, 1991), Baden-Wurttembergs, and 
Nordrhein-Westfalen; occurs in a few places in the river 
valleys of S. Swabia, elswhere mainly as dead shells in 
scattered localities in the central and south (Kerney and 
Cameron, 1979). 


Poland I; records include vicinity of Wroclaw, Ruciane-Nida near 
Olsztyn, and near Niedzyrzecz Podlaski (Pokryszko in litt., 
20.10.90). 

Switzerland R (2/-); wet calcareous meadows; scattered localities in 


Bern, Jura and Neuchatel (Turner, 1990). 


Conservation 

Austria: listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reishutz, in press); Germany: 
listed in Red Data Book (Ant & Jungbluth, 1984), and in Red Data Lists for 
Hesse (Jungbluth, 1987), Bavaria (Falkner, 1991), Baden-Wurttembergs 
(Jungbluth & Burk, 1985) and Nordrhein-Westfalen (Ant & Suaeb uth, 1987); 
Switzerland: listed in Red Data Book (Turner, 1990). 


Identification Kerney and Cameron (1979). 


-92- 
Vallonia enniensis (Gredler, 1856) INSUFFICIENTLY KNOWN 


Class GASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA 
Family VALLONIIDAE 


Nomenclature Synonyms: V. pulchella var. enniensis Gredler; V. costellata 
Sandberger. 


Common names: a grass snail (Eng.); Feingerippte Grasschnecke (Ger.). 


Biology 
Found in exclusively wet places, mainly in calcareous marshes (Kerney and 
Cameron, 1989); similar habitat to Cochlicopa nitens (Falkner, 1991). 


Range 
Central and Southern Europe (Kerney and Cameron, 1979). 


Status 
Known as a fossil from a wider range; may be a relict species in decline, and 
vulnerable throughout its range (Walden in litt., 28.11.90). 


Austria V; but fairly widespread; threatened by hydro-engineering, 
agriculture, pollution from pesticides etc., drainage, and 
abandoning of meadows (Frank and Reischutz, in press). 


Balearic Is ?; Majorca (Gittenberger, 1989). 
Belgium single pre-1950 locality (fossil?) (De Wilde et al., 1986). 


Canary Islands ?; La Palma (Gittenberger, 1979). 

Czechoslovakia R; sporadic distribution (Steffek, in litt., 1990); Slovak 
distribution mapped in Lisicky (1991). 

France E; Reims in north, Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes and 
Aix-en-Provence in south (Chatfield and Stevanovitch, 1988); 
very local. 

German E/R; south and east; Endangered in west, threatened in Hesse, 
Bavaria (small scattered populations in Danube valley 
including locality found in 1988 at Obermoss (Falkner, 
1991)), Baden-Wurttembergs, Nordrhein-WestfFalen and 
Schleswig-Holstein; Rare in east. 


Greece ?; occurs on Kamena Vocula, Kerkyra (Gittenberger, 1989). 

Hungary nt, but taxonomic confusion with V. pulchella. 

Italy ?; restricted to W. Liguria and eastern alpine arc; rare 
(Boato et al., 1982). 

Poland K/E?; isolated localities. 

Romania ?; found in marshes; distribution in Grossu (1987). 

Spain nt?; several localities inc. Valencia, Tarragona, Lerida, 
Barcelona (Gittenberger, 1989). 

Sweden Ex; calcareous fen; last seen live in 1966 in a calcareous 


fen in south; main threats were drainage and pond filling 
(Andersson et al., 1987). 


Switzerland V (2/2); calcareous wet habitats at a few isolated spots in 
Fribourg, Geneva and Vaud (Turner, 1990). 
USSR ?; Khar'kov & Poltava regions, Novorossiisk (Likharev & 


Rammel'meier, 1962). 


Conservation 

Austria: listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reischutz, in press); Germany: 
candidate species for east Germany Red Data Book, listed in Red Data Book for 
west (Ant & Jungbluth, 1984), and on lists for Hesse (Jungbluth, 1987), 
Bavaria (Falkner, 1991), Schleswig-Holstein (Anon., 1982), Baden-Wurttembergs 
(Jungbluth & Burk, 1985) and Nordrhein-Westfalen (Ant & Jungbluth, 1987). 
Sweden: listed on national list of threatened species (Andersson et al., 
1987); Switzerland: listed in Red Data Book (Turner, 1990). 


Identification Kerney and Cameron (1979). 


=93- 


Vertigo angustior Jeffreys, 1830 VULNERABLE 
Class GASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA 
Family VERTIGINIDAE 

Nomenclature 


Common names 


Biology 


Narrow-mouthed Whorl Snail (Eng); Schmale Windelschnecke 
(Germ. ). 


V._ angustior prefers open habitat without shading, including wet grassy 
meadows, dune slacks and moist dunes; marshy ground of high, even humidity, 
not subject to desiccation or flooding, and with short vegetation (Norris 
and Colville, 1974; Marriott and Marriott, 1982; Killeen, 1983; Preece and 


Willing, 1984). 


In Sweden found in open calcareous fens and also dry 


habitats on sand dunes with low vegetation cover and boulder slopes with 
deciduous trees (Walden, 1986). 


Range 


Northern and Central Europe. 


Status in Europe 


Austria 


Belgium 


Czechoslovakia 


Denmark 
Finland 


France 
Germany 


Great Britain 


Hungary 
Ireland 


Italy 


Liechtenstein 
Netherlands 


Norway 
Poland 


Romania 


S; widespread but threatened by hydro-engineering, 
agriculture, agricultural pollution, drainage and litter 
(Frank and Reischutz, in press). 

E; only 2 records since 1950 (De Wilde et al., 1986); 
declining strongly. 

nt; scattered distribution; mapped for Slovakia by Lisicky 
(1991). 

Vv. 

R; edge of range Found only in the archipelago in the 
south-west and along the Gulf of Finland, south to 63°N; 
uneven distribution; threatened by habitat damage (Rassi and 
Vaisanen, 1987). 

R?; records include fens in Dordogne (Coles et al., 1983). 
-/V; widespread in west but local; threatened in Bavaria; 
only rarely found in east and threatened by drainage. 

E; survives at only about seven sites in Bast Anglia, 
Glamorgan and Cumbria; other sites have been lost. In 
serious decline. Once abundant in lowland Britain but 
suppressed by mid-Postglacial forest growth. All 
populations vulnerable to habitat disturbance and'change in 
hydrological conditions (Bratton, 1991). 

nt 

V; West/central; one site lost but others recently found and 
can be abundant at some sites; possibly overlooked but at 
risk from habitat loss. 

2; occurs in Modena Province (Palazzi, 1983) and south-east 
Alps (Boato et al., 1989) but full distibution not obtained. 
2; known from eight localities (trub, 1988). 

V; coastal, east and dunes: Limburg, Gelderland, Overijssel. 
V; edge of range; southern regions. 

V; distribution mapped in Pokryszko (1990); scattered 
localities. 

2; Transylvania - Sibiu, Sighisoara, Medias, Fagaras; also 
Comona, mountains of Tisaru, R. Siret (Grossu, 1987). 


94 = 


Sweden S. Edge of range; southern regions, mainly coastal areas; 
scattered in calcareous areas in interior (von Proschwitz in 
litt., 29.11.90). Threatened by ditching and woodland 
drainage (Andersson et al., 1987). 


Switzerland V (3/2); South, west and north; calcareous moist habitats 
(Turner, 1990). 
USSR nt?; widespread in forests and meadows (Likharev and 


Rammel'meier, 1962). 


Conservation 
Austria: listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reischutz, in press); Finland: 
listed in Red Data Book (Rassi and Vaisanen, 1987); Germany: listed in 
threatened species list for Bavaria (Falkner, 1991); Great Britain: several 
sites lie within SSSIs (Sites of Special Scientific Interest); listed in Red 
Data Book (Bratton, 1991); Sweden: listed on national list of threatened 
species (Andersson et al., 1987); Switzerland: listed in Red Data Book 
(Turner, 1990). 

Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention (Collins 
and Wells, 1987) and European Red List of Threatened Plants and Animals 
(UNECE, 1989). Listed in IUCN Red List (IUCN, 1990). 


Identification Ellis (1969), Kerney and Cameron (1979). 


~95- 


Vertigo genesii (Gredler, 1853) VULNERABLE 
Class GASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA 


Family VERTIGINIDAE 


Nomenclature: Has been considered conspecific with V. geyerii but Kerney 
and Cameron (1979) list it as a good separate species. Older records are 
difficult to interpret unless based on museum collections. 


Common names Round-mouthed Whorl Snail (Eng); Blanke Windelschnecke 
(Ger.). 


Biology 

Wetlands: marshy ground, base-rich flush; reaches 2000 m in Alps (Kerney and 
Cameron, 1989). In Great Britain found among mosses and low growing sedges 
in alkaline flush fed by springs, at 495 m altitude, with relict 
Arctic-Alpine plants, similar to its typical habitat of sloping calcareous 
fens in the Swedish mountains (Bratton, 1991; von Proschwitz in litt., 

29:11 .90) . 


Range 

Northern and Central Europe; restricted mainly to Alps and mountains of 
central Scandinavia; very local throughout its range (Kerney and Cameron, 
1979). Substantial part of recent range in Scandinavia (Walden in litt., 
28.11.90). 


Status 

Finland R; calcareous swamps only, south to 66 N, uneven 
distribution; threatened by peatland drainage (Rassi and 
Vaisanen, 1987). 

German E/-—; north-west and Bavaria; threatened in 
Schleswig-Holstein, Bavaria and Nordrhein-Westfalen (but 
records for Germany unconfirmed ? (Walden in litt., 
29.11.90)). Thought extinct in Bavaria through drainage 
(Falkner, 1991). 

Great Britain E; single locality only, in Teesdale, Co. Durham. First 
recorded 1979; very small population. Glacial relict once 
abundant in lowland England; became extinct through climatic 
change; no immediate threat to the remaining population but 
small size makes it vulnerable to any habitat change 
(Bratton, 1991). 


Norway V; in northern regions, on the edge of its range. _ 

Poland R?; probably occurs but very rare; doubtful records from 
Bialowieza Forest (Dyduch, 1980; Pokryszko, 1990). 

Romania 2; 1800m, shady humid areas; Masival Bucegi near Brina; 
distribution in Grossu (1987). 

Sweden R; relict distribution in Vastergotland, Ostergotland and 


calcareous areas in mountains (von Proschwitz in litt., 
29.11.90; Walden in litt., 28.11.90); on the edge of its 
range; threatened by ditching and woodland drainage 
(Andersson et al. (1987). 


Switzerland R (3/-); Grisons, mountainous calcareous wetlands (Turner, 
1990). 
USSR 2; rare in damp meadows, Leningrad region, Moscow, Vologda 


(Likharev & Rammel'meier, 1962); occurs near Polish border 
near Bialowicza (Dyduch, 1980). 


B96— 


Conservation 

Finland: listed in Red Data Book (Rassi and Vaisanen, 1987); Germany: listed 
in Red Data Book (Ant & Jungbluth, 1984), and on threatened species lists 
for Schleswig-Holstein (Anon., 1982), Bavaria (Falkner, 1991), and 
Nordrhein-Westfalen (Ant & Jungbluth, 1987). Great Britain: listed in Red 
Data Book; single population is in a National Nature Reserve (Bratton, 
1991); Sweden: listed on national threatened species list (Andersson et al., 
1987); Switzerland: listed in Red Data Book (Turner, 1990). 


Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention (Collins and 
Wells, 1987) and on European Red List of Threatened Plants and Animals 
(UNECE, 1989). Listed in IUCN Red List (IUCN, 1990). 


Identification Kerney and Cameron, 1989. 


297 


Vertigo geyeri Lindholm, 1925 VULNERABLE 
Class GASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA 


Family §VERTIGINIDAE 
Nomenclature Sometimes formerly erroneously known as V. genesii 


Common names A Whorl Snail (Eng); Vierzahnige Windelschnecke (Germ.). 


Biology 

Found in marshy flushes and fens with constant water table, both in lowland 
and upland wetlands; calciphile. In Great Britain, found in open calcareous 
fens in hillside depressions fed by springs; usually in places free of 
mosses but with prolific growth of Eleocharis quinqueflora, Schoenus 
nigricans and smaller Carex species (Bratton, 1991; Coles and Colville, 
1979). In Ireland and on the Continent also in flat lowland fens (Bratton, 
1991). In Sweden found in open calcareous fens with Schoenus ferrugineus 
(Walden in litt., 28.11.90). 


Range 

Northern and central Europe; in mountains of Scandinavia, Swiss and Austrian 
Alps and a few places in Ireland but mainly a lowland species (Kerney and 
Cameron, 1979; Walden in litt., 28.11.90). 


Status 
Threatened by drainage and water extraction in many countries. 


Austria V/R but fairly widespread (relict distribution); threatened 
by hydro-engineering, agriculture, drainage, (Frank and 
Reischutz, in press). 

Czechoslovakia E; relict distribution, sporadic (Steffek, 1987, 1989); 
distribution in Slovakia mapped by Lisicky (1991). 

Denmark E. 

Finland R; found in treeless brown moss fens, south to 65 30'N, 
uneven distribution; threatened by peatland drainage (Rassi 
and Vaisanen, 1987). 

German 2/2; threatened in east and in Bavaria; isolated localities 
in north-east and south-east, and in south-west Bavaria 
(Kerney and Cameron, 1979; Falkner, 1991). 

Great Britain E; one locality only, in Westmorland. A glacial relict. 
Once common in lowland England, but extinct through climatic 
change and drainage. Potential threat from habitat change 
(Bratton, 1991). ; 


Ireland E; threatened by drainage; a glacial relict (Norris and 
Pickrell, 1972). 

Norway E; mainly in centre (Walden in litt., 28.11.90), where it is 
on the edge of its range. 

Poland R?; doubtful records; recorded in early part of centru from 


near Bialowieza (now in USSR); if it occurs, it is found in 
meadows and glades and is rare/threatened (Pokryszko, 1990). 

Sweden R; Scania to Lappland; on the edge of its range in 
Westergotland; very scattered, only in calcareous areas (von 
Proschwitz in litt., 29.11.90); threatened by wetland 
drainage. 

Switzerland R (3/-—); Inner Appenzell and Grisons; mountainous calcareous 
wetlands (Turner, 1990). 

USSR 2: Latvia and Lithuania (Likharev & Rammel’meier, 1962). 


-98- 


Conservation 

Austria: listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reischutz, in press); Finland: 
listed in Red Data Book (Rassi and Vaisanen, 1987); Germany: on threatened 
species list for Bavaria and occurs in Ampermoos Nature Reserve in this 
state (Falkner, 1991); on threatened species list for Baden-Wurttembergs 
(Jungbluth & Burk, 1985); candidate species for east Red Data Book. Great 
Britain: listed in Red Data Book; populations are within an SSSI (Site of 
Special Scientific Interest) (Bratton, 1991); Sweden: listed on threatened 
species list (Andersson et al., 1987); Switzerland: listed in Red Data Book 
(Turner, 1990). 


Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention (Collins and 
Wells, 1987) and on European Red List of Threatened Plants and Animals 
(UNECE, 1989). Listed in IUCN Red List (IUCN, 1990). 


Identification Kerney and Cameron (1979). 


Z99= 


Vertigo moulinsiana (Dupuy, 1849) VULNERABLE 
Class GASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA 


Family VERTIGINIDAE 
Nomenclature synonym V. desmoulinsi Germain 


Common names Desmoulins’ Whorl Snail (Eng.); Bauchige Windelschnecke 
(Germ. ) 


Biology 

In Great Britain it is restricted to old long-established calcareous 
wetlands, usually bordering rivers or lakes. Normally lives in grasses and 
sedges (e.g. Glyceria maxima or Carex) close to the ground, but may ascend 
taller vegetation such as Phragmites (Bratton, 1991; Kerney and Cameron, 
1979). In Poland found in marshes, fens, reed beds, lake shores and river 
banks (Pokryszko, 1990). Feeds on moulds on marsh grasses and reeds; 
requires high humidity and warmth. In Sweden found in marshy bay of small 
lake on leaves of Carex in water. Further details given in Butot and 
Neuteboom (1958). 


Range 

European, but probably Holarctic (Kerney and Cameron, 1979). Widely 
distributed north to Denmark and southernmost Sweden and Lithuania but 
regarded as rare in all countries (Bratton, 1991). Southern limit not known 
precisely (Pokryszko, 1990). It is a relict of warm interglacial or post 
glacial periods. 


Status 

Considered to be declining in Europe by the 1950s. In general, alteration 
of water levels, mowing of river meadows and cultivation or reclamation of 
marshes threaten remaining populations (Butot and Neuteboom, 1958; Kerney 

and Cameron, 1979; Fechter and Falkner, 1990). The decline may be partly 

due to falling temperatures since the climatic optimum (Bratton, 1991). 


Austria E/Ex?; Steiermark; south of Klagenfurt, (Butot and 
Neuteboom, 1958); Karnten and Burgenland (Ex) (Frank and 
Reischutz, in press). In chalky soil in swamps and banks of 
stagnant waterways. Threatened by hydraulic engineering, 
agriculture, agricultural pollution, drainage, development 
and others (Frank and Reischutz, in press) 

Belgium Ex?; only 2 post-1950 records (De Wilde et al., 1986) and 
not found since 1960 (Van Goethem in litt., 1983). 
Previously recorded from south-east of Brussels (La Hulpe 
and Genval) (Adam, 1944). 

Bulgaria 2; Philippopel, Maritzadal (Hesse, 1916). 

Czechoslovakia E; Tatra mtns (Steffek, 1987, 1989). Recorded from Jasov, 
Teplicadal (Lozek, 1956); Bardejov (Rotarides and Weis, 
1950). Relict populations remaining need protection (Lozek, 
1956). Slovak distribution mapped in Lisicky (1991); 
further information in Lozek and Steffek (1983). 

Denmark V; found near Aarhuus (Schlesch, 1943) and in Funen; mainly 
in south-east, northern populations destroyed by ditchingon 
Jutland but several new localities recently found (Walden in 
litt., 28.11.90); on the edge of its range. 

France E; previously in Départements of 1'Ain, 1’Aisne, 1'Oise, Bas 
Rhin, Haute Garonne, Gironde (Germain, 1930); full current 
distribution not known but found around Reims (Chatfield, 
pers. comm.) and in National Reserve de Chasse in 
Loire-et—Cher (Colville, 1985). 


Germany: 


Great Britain 


Hungary 


Ireland 


Italy 


Netherlands 


Poland 


Spain 


Sweden 


Switzerland 


USSR 


-100- 


E/E; mainly western and southern border scattered localities 
in north-east; recorded from East Mecklenburg, near Berlin, 
Rhine valley, Westfalen, Baden (Haas, 1929). Threatened in 
Hesse, Bavaria, Schleswig-Holstein, Baden-Wurttembergs and 
Nordrhein-Westfalen. Disappeared from some localities as a 
result of drainage, particularly around industrial centres 
(Butot and Neuteboom, 1958) and eutrophication (Falkner, 
1991). 

R; scattered colonies occur in a band from Dorset to 
Norfolk, with isolated sites in Northamptonshire, Shropshire 
and North Devon (where it was last seen 1973). Largest 
populations now in the Norfolk Broads (Bratton, 1991; 
Kerney, 1976). In the earlier part of the Postglacial 
period it was much more widely distributed, reaching as far 
north as Yorkshire; retreat probably partly due to lower 
temperatures but habitat loss is undoubtedly the main 

cause. Declining because of drainage of fens and marshes, 
and river management schemes; all known sites (about 25) are 
considered vulnerable and several others are known to have 
been lost in recent years. The species appears to be more 
sensitive that some marsh Vertigo (e.g. V. antivertigo ) to 
habitat disturbance and is scarcely known to colonise 
secondary man-made sites (Bratton, 1991). 

nt?; scattered localities including area around Budapest, 
north of Lake Balaton; extreme east and two sites on the 
Kiskun plain (Pinter et al., 1979). 

V; threatened by drainage of lowland fens in central areas 
but many be able to colonise canals. 

R; Sicily, Padua, Mantua (Novara, Alessandria, Aosta, 
Novara) (Butot and Neuteboom, 1958); provinces of 
Alessandria, Aosta and Novarra (Bishop, 1980); Modena, but 
not recorded in last 10 years (Palazzi, 1983). 

E/R; North-west edge of range, in the Geleen Valley, 
Schinnen (Butot and Neuteboom, 1958). Populations lost 
through road and house building (Butot, 1982) but two 
populations recently rediscovered (Gittenberger, 1983), one 
of which is threatened by water course alteration and 
increased access to marshes plus lowering of the water table 
(Ripken, 1982; Keulen, 1985); this latter population is 
thought to be under serious threat. 

E; virtually extinct. Confirmed records include Bialowieza 
National Park (Dyduch, 1980), the reserve Dziekanow Lesny 
(1957) in Kampinos Forest near Warsaw, and most recently 
Lubuskie Lake District (Lubniewice, nr Gorzow 

Wielkopolski). A new site turned up in July 1985. Many 
localities have been destroyed by mowing and drainage 
(Pokrysko, 1983 and 1990). Distribution mapped in Pokryszko 
(1990). 

?; Near Barcelona and along the Ebro and small rivers in 
northeastern Catalonia (Boettger, 1936; Haas, 1929). 

E; One locality only in south; threatened by pond filling, 
water management and eutrophication (Andersson et al., 
1987); edge of range. 

R; 3/2. In calcareous moist habitats. Cantons of Geneva, 
Vaud, Valais, Berne, Argovie, Fribourg (Mermod, 1930). 

nt?; Recorded Poti (on edge of Black Sea) (Westerlund, 1887) 
and Helenendorf near Elisabethpol (Boettger, 1889); 
south-west Lithuania (Schlesch, 1943); also west Georgia and 
west Azerbaijan (Likharev & Rammel'meier, 1962). 


-101- 


Conservation 

Austria: listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reischutz, in press). 
Czechoslovakia: Population in River Teplica valley protected by State 
Nature Reserve (Butot and Neuteboom, 1958). Germany: listed in Red Data 
Book for west (Ant and Jungbluth, 1984) and on threatened species lists for 
Hesse (Jungbluth, 1987), Bavaria (Falkner, 1991), Baden-Wurttembergs 
(Jungbluth & Burk, 1985), Schleswig-Holstein (Anon., 1982) and 
Nordrhein-Westfalen (Ant & Jungbluth, 1987). A population occurs in the 
“Enkheimer Reid" nature reserve, south of Frankfurt, (Butot and Neuteboom, 
1958). Great Britain: known from eleven SSSIs (Sites of Special Scientific 
Interest) in England (Bratton, 1991). Netherlands: Recommended for legal 
protection, 10 August 1984, by Natuurbeschermingsraad. Poland: Occurs in 
Dziekanow Lesny Reserve and Bialowicza National Park (Pokryzko, 1983). 
Sweden: on official national list of threatened invertebrates (Andersson et 
al., 1987). Switzerland: listed in Red Data Book (Turner, 1990). 


Listed in IUCN Red List (IUCN, 1990). Protection of remaining sites 
required in most countries. Proposed for listing on Appendix II of the Bern 
Convention (Collins and Wells, 1987), and for inclusion on the EEC Habitats 
Directive and the European Red List of Threatened Plants and Animals (UNECE, 
1989). 


Identification See Ellis (1969) and Kerney and Cameron (1979). 


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Balea perversa (Linnaeus, 1758) INSUFFICIENTLY KNOWN 
Class GASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA 
Family CLAUSILIIDAE 

Nomenclature 

Common names Tree Snail (Eng); Zahnlose Schliessmundschnecke (Germ.). 
Biology 


Dry exposed places among rocks and old stone walls, less commonly in trees, 
very occasionally in ground litter; prefers warm dry microhabitats among 
stones and in ruins; less common on trees, rarely in fallen leaves (Pfleger 
and Chatfield, 1988). In Poland in mountains, hills and on old moss-covered 
stone walls, rocks and under bark (Pokryszko in litt., 20.10.90) Mainly 
coastal in Scandinavia. Ovoviviparous, laying c. 15 eggs/young towards the 
end of summer; mature at one year (Adam, 1960). 


Range 

Widespread in northern and western Europe, from Italy to the Iberian 
Peninsula north to Great Britain and Scandinavia,but becoming rarer to the 
east and scarce in the north German plain; scattered incidences in mountains 
of central Europe (Pfleger and Chatfield, 1988; Falkner, 1991); also in 
Carbathians, Serbia and Azores (Fechter and Falklner, 1990). 


Status in Europe 
Thought to be susceptible to pollution by sulphur dioxide (Holyoak, 1978). 


Austria V; scattered distribution; threats include motorway 
pollution, renovation of old buildings, urban development 
(Frank and Reischutz, in press). 


Azores ?; (S. Miguel) 
Belgium E; declining strongly (van Goethem et al., 1987); only 8 


post-1950 live records, mainly in south and west (De Wilde 
et al., 1896). 

Czechoslovakia S/nt; distribution data in (Flasar 1976/77); distribution in 
Slovakia mapped in Lisicky (1991). 


Denmark V; sporadic distribution. 

Finland nt; south coast only; edge of range. 

France nt. 

Germany -/R; widespread in west, rarer in east; scarce on northern 


plain; threatened in Schleswig-Holstein and Bavaria where it 
has disappeared from some localities and is threatened by 
the loss of trees and the rebuilding of old walls (Falkner, 
1991). 

Great Britain nt; widespread; in the south prefers hedgerows and other 
isolated trees rather than extensive forest. May have 
increased in recent years but will decline when dead elms 
disappear (Collins and Wells, 1983). 


Hungary nt. 
Iceland R; edge of range; recorded from south-east: Kvisker, Oraefi 


and south: Thorvaldseyri, Raudaberg, Dynjaudi (Kinarsson, 
1977; Binarrson et al., 1984). 


Ireland nt. 
Italy R/V; little information (Bodon in litt., 6.11.90) but may be 


becoming rarer in Liguria as a result of human activities 
(Boato et al., 1982). 

Madeira R; (Walden in press). 

Netherlands R; found on bark of old trees, on old walls, river banks. 
Vulnerable to habitat destruction. 


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Norway nt. 
Poland E; a few localities in Sudetes; scattered single records in 


Beskidy Mts and Pomerania (Pokryszko in litt., 20.10.90). 
Portugal tic 


Romania ?; presence uncertain (Grossu, 1981). 

Spain ?; occurs in north. 

Sweden nt; but declining in non-calcareous areas; on the edge of 
its range. 

Switzerland R; Scattered localities up to 1500m on mossy rocks (Turner, 
1990). 

USSR nt?; (known from Crimea, Poles'e, possibly Baltic region 


(Likharev & Rammel'meier, 1962). 


Conservation 

Austria: listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reischutz, in press); Germany on 
threatened species list for Schleswig-Holstein (Anon, 1982) and Bavaria 
(Falkner, 1991). Switzerland: listed in Red Data Book. Recommended for 
listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention (Collins and Wells, 1987), but 
probably not a suitable candidate until further information is available. 
Listed in IUCN Red List (IUCN, 1990) as Vulnerable; proposed for UNECE Red 
List of Threatened Plants and Animals, but this may need further review. 


Identification Kerney and Cameron, 1979; Pfleger and Chatfield (1988). 


-104- 


Catinella arenaria (Bouchard-Chantereaux, 1837) VULNERABLE 
Class GASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA 


Family SUCCINEIDAE 
Nomenclature Formerly known as Succinea arenaria Bouchard-Chantereaux 
Common names Sandbowl Amber Snail (Eng) 


Biology 

Mainly coastal and montane. Wetlands are the main habitat, particularly 
calcareous fens, dune slacks (Ireland) and primary dunes; prefers base-rich 
fens fed by springs or sparsely vegetated hollows in stabilised dunes; 
requires bare ground (Boycott, 1921; Quick, 1933; Coles and Colville, 1979; 
Bratton, 1991). Coastal in the Netherlands. In Ireland avoids wetlands 
with occasional large fluctuations in water level and swamp type communities 
with permanent high water level (Tattersfield, 1991). 


Range 

Northern Europe; found at isolated sites from Alps to Arctic Circle, 
Atlantic coast to Slovakia (Kerney and Cameron, 1979; Fechter and Falkner, 
1990). Also recorded in North Africa (Tattersfield, 1991). 


Status 
Generally very scarce. 


Belgium Ex; not recorded since 1960; earlier distribution given in 
Anteunis (1955) and De Wilde et al. (1986). 
France R; West coast and Alps. 


Czechoslovakia E&; 2 localities at Tisevce, relict (Steffek, 1987, 1989); 
Slovak distribution mapped in Lisicky (1991). 

Germany V/-; scattered localities on coast. 

Great Britain E; Glacial relict, largely eliminated from this country 
during early post glacial period by forest growth. Very 
rare and found only in two sites: north Lancashire and 
Devon. In 19th cent., found near Swansea but now extinct in 
this site. Its decline may be partly due to climatic 
changes; also potentially threatened by habitat disturbance 
and drainage although populations stable at present. 
Presumably requires some disturbance and regeneration of its 
habitats because it prefers pioneer vegetation (Kerney, 1982 
and 1976; Bratton, 1991). 

Ireland E; Tipperary; recent records from Birr (Co. Offaly) 
(possibly threatened), Dooaghtry (Co. Mayo), and Inishmore 
and Inishman (Aran Is); latter populations likely to be 
important; a glacial relict threatened by drainage - 
populations in Irish midlands now almost certainly gone 
through land improvements (Tattersfield, 1991). 

Netherlands E/R; known from a few sites in coastal parts of N &S. 
Holland, Zeeland & Freisland; disappeared from Schouen I. 
(Zeeland), Europoort (Hook of Holland) and sites in S. & N. 
Holland; on Friesian Wadden Is. now found only at 
Terschelling. The localities are unstable, consisting of 
pioneer vegetation. Threatened by dyke building, dune 
reclamation and drainage (Butot in litt., 4.7.90). 


Norway Ex?; The northern edge of its range. Last seen 1925. 
Poland R; Known from a single site at the village of Sitkowka, near 


Kielce, Swietokrzyskie Mountains (Piechocki, 1981). 


-105- 


Sweden R; Present in northern mountains, Oland and Gotland (many 
sites on islands destroyed by ditching). On the edge of its 
range. 

Switzerland R (2/2); Present in Grisons and Valais; prefers moist muddy 


areas (Turner, 1990). 


Conservation 

Germany: Listed in Red Data Book for west (Ant and Jungbluth, 1984). Great 
Britain: Protected under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act; 
listed in Red Data Book; both sites protected in National Nature Reserve and 
SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest) (Bratton, 1991); recovery plan 
drawn up by Whitten (1990) suggesting improved site management, research, 
translocation and monitoring at all sites. Ireland: populations on Aran 
should be protected (Tattersfield, 1991). Netherlands: recommended for 
legal protection on 10 August 1984 by Natuurbeschermingsraad. Sweden: 
listed in Red Data Book (Andersson et al., 1987). Switzerland: listed in 
Red Data Book (Turner, 1990). 

Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention (Collins 
and Wells, 1987). Although this species can be confused with Succinea 
oblonga, it clearly requires protection; many of its localities are known 
and listing on the Bern Convention would encourage protection of these 
sites. Listed in IUCN Red List (IUCN, 1990), and proposed for European Red 
List of Threatened Plants and Animals (UNECE, 1989). 


Identification May require dissection for certain separation from 

Succinea oblonga Draparnaud, although this isnot necessary for typical 
specimens. Descriptions in Quick (1933), Kerney and Cameron (1979), Pfleger 
and Chatfield (1988). 


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Helix pomatia Linnaeus, 1758 OF SPECIAL CONCERN 
Class GASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA 


Family §HELICIDAE 


Nomenclature 

Common names Roman snail, Apple snail, Edible snail (Eng). 
Escargot de Bourgogne (Fr); Weinbergschnecken (Germ. ) 

Biology 


Usually requires limestone or calcareous soils, generally in open woodland, 
downland, bushes, hedges and tall herbage, but in many countries calcareous 
soils do not appear to be essential; often found on cultivated ground. 

Avoids total shade and very damp woods. Found at altitudes of up to 2000m in 
Alps, but more often in lowland areas. Occurs on cold, forested acid soils 
as an introduction. Hibernates in winter and secretes calcareous diaphragm. 
Feeds on a variety of plants. Maturity reached at 2-5 years; reproductive 
potential high but success is low due to high mortality among eggs and 
juveniles. Adults are very long-lived and recruitment of new adults to 
population is slow (Pollard, 1973, 1975; Pollard and Welch, 1975; Lind, 1968; 
Wells et al., 1983; Fechter and Falkner, 1990). 


Range 

Widespread in Central and south-eastern Europe, extending westwards to 
central France and south-east England and north to the south Baltic coasts. 
Distribution may be naturally alpine but introduced to lowland areas in many 
places and to many countries in the north and west of Europe (Kerney and 
Cameron, 1979; Welch and Pollard, 1975). 


Status 

Primary cause of depletion in many countries is overexploitation for food, 
but where collecting is minimal, species is generally not under threat, 
although there are some reports of decline from habitat destruction (e.g. 
Fechter and Falkner, 1990). 


Austria R; widespread but declining through habitat destruction 
(Frank and Reischtuz, in press). Common in broadleaf lowland 
forest along rivers; lowland and woodland populations 
threatened by heavy exploitation for export to France 
(Nawratil, 1969); mountain and forest populations more 
secure. Considered threatened by hydro-engineering, 
agriculture, forestry, agricultural pollution and drainage 
(Frank and Reischutz, in press). 

Belgium S?; declining especially in the provinces of Hainaut, Liege 
and Brabant, presumably because of over collection although 
pesticides have also been cited (Leclercq et _al., 1984). 

Bulgaria nt; populations healthy. 

Czechoslovakia nt; populations healthy; Slovak distribution mapped by 
Lisicky (1991); populations in urban, industrial and 
intensively agricultural areas expanding due ot spread of 
certain favourable plants (Lozek in litt., 21.3.91). 


Denmark nt; introduced. 
Finland nt; introduced. 
France nt; introduced in the west and occurs naturally in east. 


However population declines have been reported due to 
overcollection, mainly for local consumption, and possibly 
pesticides (Chevallier, 1973). 


German 


Great Britain 


Greece 


Hungary 


Italy 


Liechtenstein 


Luxembourg 
Netherlands 


Norway 
Poland 


Romania 


Spain 


Sweden 
Switzerland 


USSR 


Yugoslavia 


Conservation 


-107- 


R/V; distribution corresponds to calcareous areas; heavily 
collected for export; declining in Hesse, Schleswig-Holstein 
and Nordrhein-Westfalen; not threatened in Bavaria (Falkner, 
1991); increasing in some places in east. 

S?; probably introduced in Roman times; restricted to south 
(Kerney, 1976; Pollard, 1974); rare but probably not in 
serious decline although there were fears of local 
extinctions in the 1970s (Welch and Pollard, 1975); loss of 
chalk grassland is the main threat, but decline is not 
considered severe enough for listing in Red Data Book 
(Bratton, 1991). 

nt?; Scattered populations in eastern Macedonia and Thrace; 
collected for local consumption and export (Legakis, 1990). 
nt; but large quantities collected for export (Wells et al., 
1983). 

nt; north e.g. Modena (Palazzi, 1983). 

nt; 35 localities (Trub, 1988). 

nt. 

R/nt?; introduced; some populations declining, e.g. in 
Limburg and some threats from loss of habitat as well as 
collecting; successfully protected in south (Butot, 1975; in 
DEES 47,90). 

R; Introduced to very few sites, mainly in south. 

nt; but may have disappeared from areas with heavy collecting 
pressure. Found throughout the country but indigenous to the 
south only; irregular distribution in the Carpathians; large 
quantities (300,000-400,000 kg/year) collected for export 
(Urbanski, 1963; Stepczak, 1986a). 

nt?; found at 800-1000m in wide variety of habitats including 
parks, gardens and woods; large quantities collected for 
export; lowland populations said to be declining but since 
collecting regions are changed each year, probably not 
threatened nationally; forest and mountain populations 
largely secure (Wells et al., 1983). Grossu (1983) 
identifies a number of subspecies. 

?; No information on distribution; collected for local 
consumption (Wells et al., 1983). 

nt; introduced; populations healthy in south. 

R (4/4); some populations declining, particularly those 
subject to heavy exploitation. Abundant in limestone, 
dolomite and marl regions of Alps, Jura and Swiss Plateau but 
also in regions with siliceous bedrock; demand is such that 
species is also imported (Wells et al., 1983; Turner, 1990). 
nt?; Ukraine, western districts of Byelorussia and Baltic; 
introduced Leningrad, Moscow, Kursk, Kiev (Likharev & 
Rammel’meier, 1962). 

2; possibly declining; collected for local consumption (Wells 
et al., 1983). 


Austria: collecting controlled, listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reischutz, 
in press); Belgium: collecting controlled (Wallone); Bulgaria: collecting 
controlled; Czechoslovakia: collecting controlled; France: collecting 
controlled; Germany: collecting controlled, listed in Red Data Book for west 
(Ant & Jungbluth, 1984) and on threatened species lists for Hesse (Jungbluth, 
1987), Baden-Wurttembergs (Jungbluth & Burk, 1985), Schleswig-Holstein (Anon, 
1982) and Nordrhein-Westfalen (Ant & Jungbluth, 1987); Great Britain: occurs 
incidentally in protected areas; Hungary: collecting controlled, occurs 
incidentally in protected areas; may have total protection in 1991 
(Richnovsky in litt., 1990); Italy: collecting controlled; Luxembourg: 


-108- 


collecting prohibited without written consent of landowner; Netherlands: 
exploitation prohibited without written consent of landowner, occurs 
incidentally in protected areas; Poland: minimum diameter for collecting of 
30mm, closed season in June (Stepczak, 1986), occurs incidentally in 
protected areas; Switzerland: collecting controlled in some areas and 
prohibited without written consent of landowner, occurs incidentally in 
protected areas, listed in Red Data Book (Turner, 1990). 

Research into the farming potential of this species has been carried out 
in France, Poland, Netherlands, Austria and Hungary (Wells et al., 1983; 
Gomot et al., 1988). Most successful enterprises have involved the rearing 
of juveniles taken from the wild, rather than captive breeding (Wells et al., 
1983). The Petit Gris Snail, Helix aspersa, although not considered such a 
delicacy is now farmed and may take the pressure off H. pomatia populations 
(although there is some doubt about this (Elmslie in litt., 1991). Further 
information on farming of this species is available in the journal ‘Snail 
Farming Research', published every two years by the Italian Snail Farmers 
Association (Associazione Nationale Elicicoltori). 

Listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and in IUCN Red List (IUCN, 
1990). Research on this species should continue to be encouraged, 
particularly in areas which can provide the necessary data for designing 
effective management strategies for wild populations and lead to successful 
captive breeding enterprises. Proposed for European Red List of Threatened 
Plants and Animals (UNECE, 1989). 


Identification Description in Pfleger and Chatfield (1988), Cameron and 
Redfern (1976); Kerney and Cameron (1979). 


Bibliography References up to 1983 in Wells et al. (1983). 


~109- 


Margaritifera auricularia (Spengler, 1793) ENDANGERED 
Class BIVALVIA Order UNIONOIDA 


Family MARGARITIFERIDAE 


Nomenclature Has been known as M. sinuata in Italy (Giusti in litt., 
20.6.90). 


Common name Spengler's Freshwater Mussel (Eng). 


Biology 

Little known, but presumed to be similar to M. margaritifera. All reported 
occurrences are from large, slow rivers with clean water. In the River Ebro 
in Spain it favours quiet pools at depths greater than 8m in the main 
channel. The preferred substrate is pebbles, sand and other mussels, but 
not silt or mud (Altaba, 1990). This author suggests that the main fish 
host may be the Western European Sturgeon Acipenser sturio which has a : 
similar, although more extensive distribution, and has also jeane a major v4 
decline in the last century. 


Range 

Not known outside the western Palaearctic. Originally in much of western, 
central and southern Europe but since about 1850 restricted to a few rivers 
in Portugal, Spain, Italy and France. It was reported erroneously by Ellis 
(1978) from Switzerland, but this was due to confusion with Unio sinuatus 
(Turner, 1987). There is a subspecies M. a. maroccana Pallary in Morocco, 
but this has not been recorded recently despite suitable habitat; known 
previously from Oeds Fes, Nja and Dai (affluents of Sefrou) and Derna and 
Redom flowing into the Oum er R'bia (Altaba, 1990). 


Status 

Reasons for decline uncertain. Like other pearl mussels, it probably has a 
very slow reproductive cycle coupled with a high longevity. This would 
cause it to be very vulnerable to heavy exploitation and may account for its 
widespread disappearance; it may have been collected intensively by early 
man. Pollution has also been cited as a factor (Wells et al., 1983) and 
alteration of water courses. 


Belgium Ex; previously occurred in lower Meuse? 
Czechoslovakia Ex (Lozek, 1964). 
France Ex?; previously recorded from the rivers Adour and Arros (in 


north-west Pyrenees); Tet (north-eastern Pyrenees); 
Charente; Dordogne, Garonne, lot, Baise and Tarn; Loire and 
Allier; Somme and Seine, with the Aube, Marne, Oise and 
Vesle; Sadéne, Doubs and junction with Rhone in western Alps; 
Lomme. Already uncommon by 1930 (Germain, 1930/31). No 
recent records apart from a report of fresh, recent shells 
in the Loire a few years ago (Dettmer in litt., 1990) 

German Ex (Ant & Junbluth, 1984); had disappeared from central 
Germany (rivers Sale, Unstrut and White Elster) by the 
mid-15th century and from the upper and middle Rhine and its 
affluents by the late 16th century (Huckriede and Berdau, 
1970). 

Great Britain Ex; recolonised after the last glaciation but subsequently 
became extinct; a Thames population has been dated to the 
Neolithic period and may have been exploited by early man; 
extinction could also have been due to changes in hydrology 
from forest clearance and increased sedimentation (Altaba, 
1990; Ellis, 1978; Preece et al., 1983). 


-110- 


Italy Ex; not recorded this century (Giusti in litt., 1990; 
Castagnolo in litt, 1990); previously recorded from river 
Po and its tributaries Chiese and Mincio, and in Padua. 
Extinct in central Italy (?Malatesta, 1964). 


Luxembourg Ex (Reuter, 1974). 

Netherlands Ex; previously occurred in lower Meuse and lower Rhine? 
(?Kuijper, 1988). 

Portugal ?; Tagus R?. 

Spain E; previously in Rivers Ebro (S. Catalonia) and Guadalquivir 


only (Hass, 1916, 1917); Tagus?; currently found only in the 
Ebro (and R. Tet?) below a series of large dams; sites 
higher up the river where it used to occur are now 
impounded. Young mussels are absent possibly through lack 
of host fish; other threats include the dams, nuclear waste, 
sewage, toxic waste, loss of river bank forest, water 
diversion, introduction of exotic fish and potential 
exploitation. Populations may still exist in the lower Ebro 
because of its remoteness (Altaba, 1990), but there are some 
reports that these have also been destroyed (Ross pers. 
comm., 1991). 


Conservation 

Spain: May occur within the Ebro National Park as this covers a large part 
of the Ebro Delta. A petition for the protection of all freshwater mussels 
was presented to the autonomous government of Catalonia in 1987; the 1989 
Plan of Natural Spaces may include it as a strictly protected species. 
Recommendations for protecton of this and other unionids have been presented 
to the Ebro Hydrographic Confederation and have been accepted by the Ebro 
Delta National Park: 1. Collecting to be restricted by a permit system; 2. 
Further research; 3. Protection of fish hosts; 4. Protection of riparian 
forest; 5. Education; 6. Establishment of captive breeding colonies; 7. 
Translocation; 8. Water quality control. Proposed for listing on EEC 
Habitats Directive. 

Listed in Appendix II of the Bern Convention, as Indeterminate in the 
IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book (Wells et al., 1983) and as Vulnerable in 
the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 1990), but new information warrants the category 
Endangered. Proposed for listing on EEC Habitats Directive and proposed 
European Red List of Threatened Plants and Animals (UNECE, 1989). 

Distribution surveys are needed, followed up by recovery plans and 
protection of habitats. Ecological studies are required on the host range, 
since the decline of the host fish may be implicated. Introduction of 
infected fish could be attempted (Bauer, in litt., 27.8.90). 


Identification Ellis (1978); Altaba (in press). 


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Margaritifera margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758) VULNERABLE 
Class BIVALVIA Order UNIONOIDA 


Family MARGARITIFERIDAE 


Nomenclature synonym: formerly known as Margaritana margaritifera, Unio 
margaritifer 


Common names Freshwater Pearl Mussel (En); Flussperlmuschel (Germ.); 
Mulette, Moule d'eau douce (Fr.). 


Biology 

Prefers soft, calcium-poor water and typically occurs in cold clean swift 
flowing upland and lowland streams and rivers 0.5-1.5m deep with mixture of 
stones and sand (non-calcareous bedrock), although in Ireland also found in 
pH ranging from acidic to highly calcareous (6.5-8.6pH). Virtually 
sedentary as adults. Depend on fish for parasitic larval stage; host fish 
is predominantly brown trout Salmo trutta, and other native salmonids such 
as the salmon Salmo salar; very rarely introduced salmonids (Bauer, 1988; 
Zyuganov and Nezlin, 1988). The larvae (glochidia) are released in late 
summer/autumn and reach the host gills passively in water currents; they 
develop preferentially in young trout, less than 3 years old (Bauer, 1987b, 
c; Bauer and Vogel, 1987; Bauer, 1991). Two types of life cycle have been 
identified: one in which glochidia attach to the gills of the host fish 
between July and September and fall off between May and July the following 
year, and a second in which the glochidia fall off in October of the same 
year of attachment (Jungbluth in litt., 19.1.91). Less than ten out of one 
million glochidia are likely to enter a suitable host (Bauer, 1989b; Young 
and Williams, 1984). 

Young mussels probably spend their early years deep in the river bed. 
They mature at 15-20 years and adults continue reproducing throughout life. 
May live for over 100 years, but age seems to vary with latitude; life span 
is longer in Polar populations (individuals from UK populations may live for 
120 years and ones from Sweden and the Arctic for 140-150 years) than in 
southern populations (Bauer, 1988). Long life-span may be related to a low 
metabolic rate (Bauer, 1989a). Population density may be as high as 100 
individuals per sq.m., and in Sweden up to 400/sq m (Grundelius/Eriksson in 
litt., 2.5.91). At low population densities, females become hermaphroditic 
which ensures fertility even in small scattered populations (Bauer, 1987a). 
Information on the mobility of mussels and their ability to recolonise as 
adults given in Young and Williams (1983). Additional ecological 
information on populations in Germany in Baer (1969). 


Range 

Holarctic: northern Europe, Eurasia and eastern North America, where it is 
confined to areas east of the Appalachians on the Atlantic coast from 
Newfoundland, Canada, to Pennsylvania, USA (Walker, 1910; Stober, 1972; 
Zilch, 1967 (localities based on specimens in Senckenberg Museum)). The 
exact boundaries of the range seem to be unclear; distribution maps in 
Jungbluth et al. (1985) and Banarescu (1990) have some differences. In 
particular, its distribution in Asia is not clear. It is reported not to 
occur in Siberia, the eastern edge of its range being the basin of the Rover 
Dvina, in the region of Arkhangelsk. Bouchet (1990) states that there is no 
information on its status in Asia. Zilch (1967) gives records for Japan and 
Woodward (1990) reports declining populations in Japan, but it seems more 
likely that these are M. dahurica (or the genus Dahurinaia) rather than M. 
margaritifera (Zyuganov in litt., 20.10.90). 

Most populations in North America are stable and the species is not 
listed in any US state or federal threatened species lists although there is 
a proposal for its listing as ‘threatened’ in Vermont (Bouchet, 1990; D. 
Smith in litt., 16.1.91). (Woodward (1990b) states that populations are 


-112- 


declining in USA and Canada including Nova Scotia but gives no details). 
New England populations are naturally small but healthy (D. Smith in litt., 
16.1.91). It was thought that increasingly acidic rainfall and accelerated 
siltation from land development would endanger them (Wells et al., 1983), 
but these have had no impact yet, although there have been one or two 
die-offs, the causes of which are unknown (D. Smith in litt., 16.1.91). In 
most states, the species is restricted to small streams, = which might have 
limited resources to support a top predator such as the brook trout, the 
host fish (Smith, 1978), but restocking with fish for sport fishing has 
maintained host availability (D. Smith in litt., 16.1.91). In Pennsylvania 
the few disjunct populations are declining; it was found in the early 
twentieth century in three tributary streams to the Schuykill River system 
in eastern Pennsylvania but recently was found in only one of the three. 
Reduction of these populations probably resulted from organic and inorganic 
pollution and increased siltation. The status of other populations in the 
lower Hudson River system of south eastern New York is unknown, and indeed 
these records have never been confirmed (Strayer, 1987). 


Status 

Once widely distributed throughout northern Europe, but decimated through 
extensive exploitation for its highly-valued pearls since pre-Roman times, 
pollution since industrialisation, watercourse alteration and 
intensification of agriculture (Bjork, 1962; Kerney, 1975; Woodward, 1990b; 
Falkner, 1991); the decline in Central Europe is thought to be 95% since the 
beginning of this century (Bauer, 1991). Causes of decline are often 
locally different; in northern countries pearl fishing tends to be the major 
problem (Young and Williams, 1983; Woodward, 1990b), whereas pollution is 
more important in Central Europe (Bauer, 1988; Sackl, 1989). 

The main threat in continental Europe is eutrophication. Young mussels 
can only develop in sediment with low organic content (phosphate, calcium 
and conductivity are important parameters), and even slight eutrophication 
increases juvenile mortality. The actual cause of death is not known but 
may be related to lack of oxygen or increased predation (Bauer, 1991). Many 
of the remaining populations in Europe are now senescent and no longer 
reproducing. Adults are less sensitive, but mortality is increased with 
high nitrate concentrations (Bauer, 1988). However, fertility is 
independent of environmental factors such as nitrate concentration (Bauer, 
1987a), giving good chances of recovery if other factors can be controlled. 
However, any adverse effects on the trout hosts will also affect the mussel. 

These impacts arise from a variety of activities, summarised in Woodward 
(1990b): acidification (from atmospheric pollution and increased plantation 
of conifers), which affects host fish and inhibits formation of nacreous 
layers in young mussels; river engineering and drainage schemes cause 
increased turbidity of rivers, lowering of water table, and increased 
nitrate concentrations; hydro-electric schemes alter water courses and cause 
pollution; similar impacts are felt through agriculture, management of 
rivers for sport fishing, and fish farming; introduction of exotic fish 
species for sport, or as escapes from fish farms, may reduce populations of 
native species. 


Austria 

BE; originally common in upper Austrian Muhlviertel and in tributaries of 
upper Danube. Extinct in all but a few unpolluted tributaries in western 
Waldviertel, Lower Austria. The largest population numbers c. 6000 mussels; 
smaller populations of 50-2500 mussels are known in streams suffering from 
pollution and eutrophication; total population estimated at 9000-10,000, 
with very few young mussels (10% of total pop.) (Sackl, 1989). Adults 
sensitive to increased phosphates in water. Mother-of-pearl industry early 
this century added to the problems (Modell, 1965; Grohs, 1957 and 1983), but 
pearl fishing is not currently a problem (Sackl, in litt., 20.9.90). 


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Belgium 

E; seriously declining, probably due to pollution. Occurs in streams and 
rivers of the Ardennes:- Ambléve, Ourthe, Lomme and Lesse. Locally common 
in the basins of the Semois and Vierre (Adam, 1947). Threatened by 
pollution in Wallonie, where it is still sought for its pearls (Gaspar et 
al., 1990). Population of less than 100 individuals near Monschau; may also 
occur in Belgian part of River Our (Jungbluth an diter, 192289198 


Czechoslovakia 

E; only six populations still survive, mainly in south Bohemia: Bohemian 
Forest (Bohmerwald) and Sumava Mtns on border with Germany, L. Posumavi, 
upper tribs of R. Vitava (Moldav) and R. Blanice. Previously in Upper R. 
Ohre in Fichtelgebirge but now only on German side; upper Weisse Elster; 
once in Bohemian Moravian uplands; Black River at Vidnave in Rychlebsky Mtns 
(Lozek, 1956b). One of the largest European populations (c. 130,000 
individuals) occurs in upper R. Blanice, near Volary, with two smaller 
populations (c. 100 individuals) to the north-east (Trpak, 1989; Trpak, 
pers. comm. 1990); these populations are threatened by agriculture but 
appear to have juveniles. The population near Vidnava is the easternmost 
population in the R. Oder and is nearly extinct; it shows similar 
characteristics to populations in the Lausitz, Vogtland and Thuringia 
regions of Germany (Baer, 1984). Bauer (in litt., 7.5.90) suggests that 
eutrophication, rather than acidification, is the main threat. The 
population in the Bystrina (Wolfsbach) is also under extreme threat (see 
under Germany). 


Denmark 

E/Ex; one population only in River Varde Aa, west Jutland (Bjork, 1962; 
Hendelberg, 1961; Jackson, 1925), but has not been recorded there since c. 
1930 and may be extinct (Baagoe in litt., 1.8.90). But Jensen (in litt. 
1.11.82) reported that isolated specimens had been found in 1981 and 1982; 
this population was threatened by pollution from fish farms and mercury from 
a drug factory. Main reason for decline has been pollution. Introduced to 
some rivers (Skern Aa, Sneum Aa, Kongeaaen) but these populations reported 
to have died out (Jensen in litt, 1.11.82). 


Finland 

V; declining catastrophically, due to collecting since 1750, pollution and 
water-course alterations. Now mainly in the north, local in the south-west; 
distribution map in Valovirta (1990). Confirmed living in only 45 per cent 
of total known range; known from c. 200 rivers in the early 1900s, but now 
recorded from only 25% of these (Valovirta, 1990). Population of c. 50,000 
in R. Ahtavanjoki (W.Finland) (Valovirta in litt., 4.2.91). Southern 
populations especially declining, often to only a few hundred specimens. 
Current total population estimated at 1.5 million, 90% in eastern Lapland. 
Some of these populations number more than 100,000 individuals but are still 
considered threatened from peatland drainage (Valovirta, 1990). Pearl 
fishing had an important impact on populations in the 1950s (Brander, 1956), 
but became illegal in 1955. Other impacts include floating logs (until the 
1970s), clearing and straightening of watercourses, hydro-electric power 
stations, water pollution from industry, agriculture and residential areas, 
regulation of water levels and increased siltation (Valovirta, 1990). 

Recent work carried out through the WWF-Finland/Zoological Museum of the 
University of Helsinki joint study (Valovirta, 1990). 


France 

V; strongly declining (Bouchet, 1990). No recent records from Dordogne or 
Loire Rivers where it was present in 1930s (Germain, 1930), although a 
"subrecent' shell was found in the mid-1980s in the Indre, a tributary of 
the Loire, by Nesemann and Nagel (1989). Still found in small-rivers in 


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Morvan, Massif Central, tributaries of Yonne and basin of Allier (both of 
these are tributaries of Dordogne and Vienne), Pyrenees and Brittany 
(Kerney, 1975; Real and Testud, 1980). Recorded from Vosges by Godron 
(1863) and Germain (1931) but considered extinct here by Bauer (1986). 


Germany 
E/E; Distribution in last century mapped by von Hessling (1859) and in 


1980s, although not yet published, by Jungbluth (in press). Southern 
populations considered to have declined by 90% (Bauer, 1988), and most 
populations now lack young mussels (in some populations, the youngest 
individuals are 60 years old). Once known in 269 rivers in west Germany 
(Jungbluth in litt., 19.1.910. 

Restricted mainly to Bavaria with isolated populations elsewhere -— found 
in 40-50 rivers in Fichtelgebirge and Bavarian Forest (Bauer in litt., 
7.5.90); many populations in latter depleted by illegal pearl fishing 
(Bauer, 1988). In Fichtelgebirge, population of 700,000 mussels recorded by 
Meissner (1914) now reduced to 20,000 (Bauer, 1979). Relatively stable 
populations of c. 10,000 individuals in two rivers in north-east Bavaria; a 
further 10,000 in south-east Bavaria but these have declined in 10 years. 
Further information on situation in Bavaria in Strecker et al. (1990). 
Jungbluth et al. (1985) have suggested a total population in Bavaria of 
31,000 living mussels, although Bauer (1979) gave a figure of 85,000 for the 
1970s. 

Distribution in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz and Saarland given 
in Jungbluth (1988); once known from 26 rivers in this region but only five 
populations found recently, all with old individuals and fewer than 500 in 
each. The species is considered to be extinct in Baden-Wurttemberg and 
Saarland. In Hesse there is one river with fewer than 25 mussels in the 
Vogelsberg area. In Nordrhein-Westfalen, the population in Hohes Venn had 
dropped from 600 mussels in 1988 to 450 mussels in 1990 (Jungbluth in litt., 
19.1.91). 

Over 3000 mussels are known from one river in Lower Saxony (Boettger, 
1954; Bischoff and Utermark, 1976; Dettmar, 1989). Four rivers in 
Rhine-Palatine have populations, three of which, with about 500 mussels 
each, are part of the Alfbach/ERifel conservation project (Jungbluth in 
litt., 19.1.91). A few hundred are known from the Eifel Mtns although many 
died in summer of 1989. Scattered populations on Luneburger Heide (Bischoff 
and Utermark, 1976; Dettmar, 1989); used to occur here in rivers draining 
into Elbe and Weser system; by 1954 extinct in Elbe system except for 
population in Este, and still occurred in Lachte and Lutter in Weser system 
(Boettger, 1954). Total population in west Germany estimated at between 
35,000 and 150,000 mussels. 

In the east, there are now only four populations, three of which are 
very small and probably no longer reproductively active (Dettmar, in litt. 
6.4.90). It is decreasing in south-west Saxony and extinct in east Saxony 
(Hertel, 1959). In the south, the last remaining large populations were in 
the Pulsnitz (Dresden region) and Hasel (south-west of Leipzig) rivers 
(Baer, 1981). There has been a catastrophic decline in populations in the 
Vogtland mountains (south of Leipzig) where Baer (1970 and 1976) estimated 
a total population of about 3000 specimens, mainly in the river Weisse 
Elster and its tributaries, with smaller populations of smaller, thinner 
shelled, individuals in the Hainbach and Triebelbach. Main threat is 
pollution, eutrophication having increased noticeably following increased 
cattle farming; meadow drainage has also become a problem (Baer, 1969). 
Populations have also declined in Lausitz (Baer, 1969), in Thuringia it is 
now extinct (Jungbluth in litt., 19.1.91). The largest remaining population 
in the east (c. 1500-2000 individuals), is in the Wolfsbach on the border 
with Czechoslovakia. Mussels still produce glochidia, but are threatened by 
pollution which will not be stopped unless Czech farmers can obtain 


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compensation from the government (Dettmer in litt., 6.4.90). Additional 


information on German populations and status in Silkenat et al. (1991) and 
Reger (1990). 


Great Britain 

S; very local in north and west Britain, mainly Scotland, and considered to 
be of regional conservation concern although not included in the national 
Red Data Book (Bratton, 1991). Distribution maps in Kerney (1976) and Young 
and Williams (1983). There are scattered records for most of Scotland 
including Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland, and for the Isle of Man. Not found 
in east and south-east, south of line from Scarborough to Beer Head. Still 
occurs in a few scattered rivers in Wales, south-west and northern England 
(Boycott, 1936; Cranbrook, 1976; Jackson, 1925; Kerney, 1976; Young and 
Williams, 1983; Negus, 1966). 

Although it is still widespread, there is increasing evidence that it is 
declining (Young and Williams, 1983; Young in litt., 1990; Bratton, 1990), 
and according to Kerney (1975) it is confirmed living in only 45 per cent of 
the total known range. Its total known distribution involves only 56 
rivers, including those where it is now extinct, and it is not known if it 
is still breeding at all modern sites (Bratton, 1990). Scotland may still 
have some of the more important European populations, with abundant 
juveniles (Woodward, 1990b; Young in litt., 23.10.90). However, pearl 
fishing by amateurs is a major problem here, e.g. in the Rivers Esk, Spey, 
Tay and Kerry, and may threaten the future survival of these populations; 
professional fishermen do not pose a threat as they use a technique to 
remove pearls that does not injure the mussel. Other threats include 
pollution caused by throwing dead animals back into river; habitat 
alteration through river management for salmon Fishing and fish farming may 
be an additional threat (Woodward, 1990b). 


Iceland 
Unconfirmed and doubtful records (Mandahl-Barth, 1938). 


Ireland 

V; absent from many suitable sites and declining in many rivers. Confirmed 
living in only 19 per cent of total known range; distribution map in Kerney 
(1976) and Ross (1984). Most populations recorded in east and north-east 
before 1900 are now extinct but a few may survive, still widespread in 
north-west and west (Ross, 1990) and still occurs in south and south-east 
(Speight in litt., 1991); probably affected by dredging, pollution and 
exploitation. Total population c. several millions (Ross, 1990). 
Population in 23 km stretch of R. Owenea in Co. Donegal numbers c. 200,000 
individuals and is fertile but recruitment is very low, with few mussels 
less than 6 years old. Western Ireland may be major reserve of this species 
with populations in other rivers as well. Pollution from acid rain and 
industry not yet a problem but changes in agriculture and afforestation 
policies may pose a threat (Ross and Roberts, 1989). Pearl fishing a 
traditional activity in R. Foyle system, but populations and mussel sizes 
now decreasing (Ross, 1990). The variety M. m. var. durrovensis is endemic 
to the R. Nore system (formerly in three rivers, now in one), and is unusual 
for its large size; pop. of less than 5000 individuals is now being studied 
but is under threat from agricultural pollution (Speight in litt., 1991; 
Ross, 1990). Survey underway for N. Ireland will clarify current range 
(Ross, 1990). 


Luxembourg 
V; Common at beginning of this century but in 1973 shells present in only 


five rivulets (Troine, Clerve, Wiltz, Sure and Our) and live mussels only in 
Sure and Our (Reuter, 1974). Currently one population, of c. 3000 in R. Our 
(Jungbluth in litt., 19.1.91). Pollution a problem. 


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Norway 

V; widespread, mainly coastal but declining from acid rain and pollution, 
hydro-electric dams and pearl fishing. Distribution mapped in Okland (1976 
and 1983). Healthy population of 150,000 invididuals in a river near Oslo 
(Okland and Okland, 1990). May now be extinct in areas most affected by 
acid rain, e.g. the south (Kleiven et al., 1989); status in north-east where 
acidification is also serious is to be investigated (Okland and Okland, 
1990). Also threatened by artificial stream regulation and agricultural 
pollution (Okland and Okland, 1990). Kleiven et al. (1988 and 1989) give 
additional information. 


Poland 
Ex?; formerly numerous in Lower Silesia but in decline through pollution 
(Krakowska, 1978); survey to be carried out. 


Portugal 

Ex?; reported by Nobre (1913) to occur in R. Tamega (nr Amarante), R. Paiva, 
R. Sousa (said to be frequent at Paco de Sousa by Nobre (1930)), R. Douro, 
R. Ferrera, R. Ul at Sao Tiaga de Riba, R. Alentejo and R. Mira. No 
populations found by Bauer (1986); main cause of decline probably pollution. 


Spain 
v?; early records from central Spain, Aragon, La Coruna, Lugo and Pontevedra 


(Servain, 1891) and Galicia (Velado, 1878). Recently recorded from Galicia 
in R. Landro nr Chavin (mussels short-lived, but population reproducing and 
stable), in R. Mandeo upstream of Muniferal (population reproducing and 
stable), and in R. Tambre above Ponte Carreira (mussels reach 60 yrs of age, 
but no juveniles and may not be reproducing) (Bauer, 1986). 


Sweden 

V; occurs from Scania to Lapland but depleted by fishing in some areas 
(Jackson, 1925; Hendelberg, 1961). Drainage of fens and acidification in 
southern Sweden is a problem. Disappeared from 40-50% of sites inhabited 
40-50 years ago. Reproduction poor or failed in most of remaining sites 
(Grundelius/Eriksson in litt., 2.5.91). Grundelius (1987) considers decline 
in host fish (trout) populations from acidification to be the most important 
factor. Only 15-20% of 300 sites visited recently have large populations. 
One stream in south-east Sweden has 380,000 adults (Henrikson, 15.4.91). 


USSR 

V; In the European part of the USSR, now found only in undisturbed rivers 
and streams (Zyuganov, 20.10.90). Large numbers were known from at least 75 
rivers in the Kola Peninsula at the beginning of the century but these have 
been heavily overfished; a population of c. 40-80 million (c. 25 million 
adults and 15-25 million young) reported from Varzuga R. in 1986/87, a river 
which is remote with little pollution or log rafting. Smaller but also 
important populations in the Vadozero basin, the Keret R. (White Sea Basin, 
Karelia - 3-4 million adults) and Nemina R. (basin of Onezhskoe L.); also in 
streams in Imandra L. and Laplandsky Preserve; but these sites all 
threatened by pollution and overfishing (Nezlin et al., 1989; Zyuganov and 
Nezlin, 1988).). Unconfirmed reports from R. Mituva above Jurbarkas, and 
Dubysa, both in Lithuania (Woodward, 1990). Has been reported from the 
Volga watershed and Rivers Don and Dnieper (Jackson, 1925; Jungbluth and 
Lehmann, 1976) but there are no known modern records of this species from 
the Don and Dnieper (Zyuganov in litt., 20.10.90). 


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Conservation 

Austria: listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reischutz, in press). Kamp 
River is a Landschaft sschutzgebiert (protected country area) but this does 
not guarantee protection for the pearl mussel (Sackl in litt., 20.9.90). 
Czechoslovakia: protected; project underway to manage populations supported 
by government and regional bodies in south and west Bohemia and north 
Moravia (Trpak, 1989); Blanice population lies within a ‘special 
conservation status area', negotiated with current land use agencies. Joint 
projects underway with German workers to protect populations on border and 
improve management of the Wolfsbach river. 

Denmark: protected in September 1990 (Knudsen in litt., 26.7.90). 

Finland: Listed in Red Data Book (Rassi and Vaisanen, 1987); collecting 
prohibited since 1955 but habitat destruction is not controlled. 6 major 
and several smaller conservation projects have been carried out, supported 
by WWF-Finland and Ministry of Environment, including prevention of dredging 
on River Ahtavanjoki; prevention of river bottom clearance which causes 
drifting of bottom sediments; regulation of pumping near Tampere, S. Finland 
to stop lowering of water table which causes populations to freeze; 
combatting illegal pearl fishing; prevention of wintersport developments 
near populations (e.g. Ounastunturi, W. Lapland); translocation of 
populations (90% success where populations moved within rivers, 50% success 
where translocated between rivers); habitat restoration in rivers recovering 
from log driving (Valovirta, 1990). 

France Protected (Bouchet, 1990). 

Germany Listed in Red Data Book for west (Ant & Jungbluth, 1984) and on 
threatened species lists for Hesse (Jungbluth, 1987), Schleswig-Holstein 
(Anon., 1982), Nordrhein-Westfalen (Ant & Jungbluth, 1987), 
Baden-Wurttembergs (Jungbluth & Burk, 1985) and Bavaria (Falkner, 1991); 
protected (but licensed collectors may operate); management and conservation 
projects underway in Lower Saxony (with Bischoff and Wachtler), 
Bavaria-Fichtelgebirge (with Bauer), Rhine-Palatine in R. Eifel (with 
Jungbluth), proposed project for Bavaria -Rhon (with Jungbluth); habitat 
management plan in preparation for Nordrhein-Westfalen: Hohes Venn 
(Jungbluth in litt., 19.1.91); in one river, sewage is being diverted around 
a mussel population through a separate channel (Bauer and Bicke, 1986), and 
every year c. 50,000 brown trout are infected with glochidia and introduced 
into various rivers; c. 15 populations are monitored at yearly intervals, 
reintroduction projects underway on Luneburger Heide (Dettmer, 1989). 
Zinnbach (tributary of Regnitz) declared a reserve in 1984. Joint efforts 
underway with Czechoslovakia to protect border populations e.g. Wolfsbach. 
Plans being developed for a nationwide conservation strategy (Jungbluth, in 
press). Exhibition and museum being set up in Munich to publicise plight of 
mussel (Reger, 1990). ’ 

Great Britain BRISC (Biological Recording in Scotland Campaign) Scottish 
Freshwater Mussel Survey currently underway, funded by WWF. Protected under 
Wildlife and Countryside Act of 1981 (Schedule 5) which makes it an offence 
to kill or injure the mussel, although pearl fishing may still take place if 
the pearls are removed from the live animal without damage. 

Ireland: fully protected] pearl fishing permittedonly under licence. 
Luxembourg: a conservation project has been submitted to the Ministry of 
Environment (Jungbluth in litt., 19.1.91). 

Poland protected until 1982 aha declared extinct. 

Sweden protected; listed on threatened species list (Andersson et al., 
1987). Projects underway to survey populations and investigate statusand 
propose conservation measures, funded by WWF-Sweden (Henrikson in litt., 
15.4.91). 

USSR: listed in Red Data Book; Varzuga river already has some local 
protection but this is not considered sufficient (Zyuganov in litt. 
20.10.90). Major project underway since 1987 in association with eokk on 


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salmon host fish; proposals for future work include culturing of glochidia, 
translocation of adults, and infection of host fish (Zyuganov in litt., 
20.10.90). 


Listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book (Wells et al., 
1983), in the IUCN Red List (IUVN, 1990) and on Appendix III of the Bern 
Convention. In the USA, listed as ‘state rare’ in New York and proposal 
pending to list it as threatened in Vermont but not protected in any other 
states in which it occurs (Smith in litt., 16.1.91). Proposed for listing 
on the EEC Habitats Directive and on the European Red List of Threatened 
Plants and Animals (UNECE, 1989). 


Recommendations 

As the best documented European threatened mollusc, numerous reports and 
publications make recommendations for improved management and protection for 
this species. Bauer (in press), on the basis of knowledge of life history 
and population dynamics, suggests that conservation activities should be 
directed as a priority to populations with small shells and short individual 
life spans as these are likely to go extinct first; the populations with 
larger shells and long life spans are likely to survive longer. Efforts are 
already underway to develop multinational projects for this species, 
including a submission by universities in Germany, Ireland and Scotland to 
the EEC for a joint research project. The following list is a distillation 
of the general requirements that are applicable in most countries; it is 
based on a recommendation for all unionids made to the parties of the Bern 
Convention by the Group of Experts on the Conservation of Invertebrates in 
April, 1990. 


1. Reduce eutrophication and pollution through strict control measures and 
monitor water quality (Sackl, 1989; Ross, 1990; Bauer, in press). This 
is the key requirement for the longterm survival of this species. 


2. Create reserves in unpolluted areas where possible and draw up habitat 
management plans for rivers; Czechoslovakia: the proposed extension of 
the Sumava National Park does not cover the R. Blanice population, but 
may prevent the source waters of the river from becoming polluted; the 
Czech portion of the Wolfsbach river needs protection. Germany: 
protection needed for populations in Regnitz River basin, where there is 
potential for a joint reserve with Czechoslovakia. Ireland: R. Nore 
population of M. m. var durrovensis should be protected (Ross, 1990). 
Spain: Populations in the rivers Mandeo and Landro and their drainage 
areas in Galicia, Spain, should be protected as these may be the only 
healthy remaining southern populations and at present are less affected 
by pollution and agriculture than other European populations (Bauer, 
1986). USSR: proposal underway for establishment of Varzuga R. as a 
state preserve with recommendations that it should be made a biosphere 
reserve for salmon and mussels, with proposed introduction of infected 
salmon and glochidial culture (Netzlin et al., 1989; Zyuganov and 
Nezlin, 1988). 


3. Prevent illegal pearl fishing and publication of exact localities 
(Bauer, 1988; Ross, 1990). Implement strict controls on licensed 
fishing. Young mussels under 9 cm in length never contain pearls and 
should not be fished. With practice a shell may be examined for pearls 
without destroying the mussel, using tongs. This practice is used by 
licensed fishermen in Scotland (Young and Williams, 1983) and Germany 
(Bauer, 1988). Zyuganov et al. (undated) describe additional methods 
for opening shells without damaging individuals. Draft proposals have 
been drawn up for controlling pearl fishing in the UK which could be 


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extended to the rest of Europe (Woodward, 1990). Collecting for research 
should also be regulated (Woodward, 1990). It may even be desirable to ban 
pearl fishing, if the control of licenced collecting is difficult. 


4. 


10. 


Control engineering activities that alter river banks, water flow and 
sedimentation (Sackl, 1989; Ross, 1990 and others) and consider liming 
of streams to halt acidification (cf in Sweden, Henrikson in litt., 
P54 O0.))- 


Restock rivers with, extend closed season for, and protect Brown Trout 
where appropriate (Sackl, 1989; Ross, 1990). 


Reintroduce mussels by introducing fish infected with glochidia to 
appropriate rivers. Up to 1000 glochidia can develop on a single trout 
fingerling (Bauer, in press). Investigate potential for captive 
breeding and re-introduction of the species (Woodward, 1990). 


Prevent reintroduction of foreign salmonids which may compete with the 
native host fish (Bauer, 1988). 


Further surveys are necessary in many countries e.g. Spain (Bauer, 
1986), Ireland (Ross, 1990) (work has recently started on the Nore 
tributaries and other studies are being commissioned (Speight in litt., 
1991), France; surveys are being planned for Luxembourg, Germany and 
Belgium. 


Improve national protective legislation where necessary (Woodward, 
1990); consider adding it to Appendix II of Bern Convention? 


Co-ordinate research projects underway in Europe and set up centralised 
data base for the species (Woodward, 1990). In particular, further 
research is need on the critical juvenile stages. 


Identification Pfleger and Chatfield (1988), Woodward (in press), Ellis 
(1978), Ehrmann (1933), Gloer et al. (1986), Brohmer et al. (1962). 


Bibliography Major bibliography in Jungbluth et al. (1985). 
Comprehensive review of literature to 1983 in Wells et al. (1983). 


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Microcondylaea compressa (Menke 1829) VULNERABLE 
Class BIVALVIA Order UNIONOIDEA 


Family UNIONIDAE 
Nomenclature In Italy also known as U. bonelli Michaud. 
Common name 


Biology 

Drains, brooks, rivers and lakes with clean sandy bottoms (Kobelt, 1913). 
In Switzerland, flowing water and lakes with clear and sandy bottom. 
Studies on the species life history are under way in Italy (Castagnolo in 
litt. 25.9.90) 


Range 

South European; southern edge of the Alps from the river Soca (north-west 
Yugoslavia) to the upper Po (Northern Italy) (Kobelt, 1913; Lessona, 1880) 
but distribution not fully known. 


Status 

Albania ? 

Bulgaria ? 

Italy E?; northern, subalpine part of country only (Castagnolo 


et al., 1980); declining in Lake Lugano (Girod et al., 
1977), but may now only occur in the Versa and Vipacco in 
the province of Gorizia (Castagnolo, in litt. 25.9.90). 
Once occurred in Modena but not seen in last 10 years 
(Palazzi, 1983). Nagel and Hoffmeister (1986) provide a 
recent record for northern Italy. 

Switzerland Ex (Turner and Wuethrich, 1983; Turner, 1990); not rare 
in the Lugano area in the mid 19th century (Stabile, 
1845, 1859). Has disappeared from most areas including 
Ticino (L. Lugano and R. Tresa) (Girod et al., 1977) asa 
result of increasing industrialization, population 
density and intensification of agriculture. 

Yugoslavia K; Southern edge of Alps, from R. Soca in north-west 
(Pfleger and Chatfield, 1988). 


Conservation 
Switzerland: listed in Red Data Book (Turner, 1990). 

Listed on Appendix III of Bern Convention and in IUCN Red List (IUCN, 
1990). Proposed for listing on the EEC Habitats Directive and for European 
Red List of Threatened Plants and Animals (UNECE, 1989). 


Identification Short description in Pfleger and Chatfield (1988). 


Bibliography 


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Pseudanodonta complanata (Rossmassler, 1835) INSUFFICIENTLY KNOWN 
Class BIVALVIA Order UNIONOIDA 


Family UNIONIDAE 


Nomenclature formerly Anodonta complanata Rossmassler, 1835; A. elongata 
Holandre, 1836; Pseudanodonta rothomagensis Locard, 1840; P. minima Kennard, 
Salisbury & Woodward, 1925; three geographical subspecies that correspond to 
river Danube (P. complanata compacta Haidinger, 1851), Rhine (P. complanata 
elongata (Holandre, 1836)) and area of northern glaciation (P. complanata 
complanata (Rossmassler, 1835). 


Common Names Compressed River Mussel (Eng.), Abgeplattete Teichmuschel 
(Ger.) 


Biology Found in large quietly flowing rivers and sometimes large streams, 
canals and lakes (Pfleger and Chatfield, 1988; Ellis, 1978). In Poland found 
only in very clear, running water (Dyduch-Falniowski in litt., 6.11.89). 

Main host in wild are perch Perca fluviatilis and sticklebacks Gasterosteus 
aculeatus and Pungitius pungitius, but other species may be involved (Huby 
and Wachtler, 1989). 


Range North and central Europe from the Elbe in the east to the Weser in 
the west and to Finland and Sweden in the north (Pfleger and Chatfield, 1988; 
Fechter and Falkner, 1990). 


Status 
Sensitive to pollution and declining in many countries. 


Austria E; found only in the Danube in Nieder-osterreich; now extinct 
in Vienna; ? Vorarlberg; threatened by hydro-engineering, 
pollution (agricultural, domestic, industrial) and 
competition with other molluscs (Frank and Reischutz, in 


press). 

Belgium 2; uncommon in Meuse; also in d'Escaut and canals at Campine, 
Bruges and Ecluse (Adam, 1960). 

Bulgaria 2; Danube basin (Frank et al., 1990) 


Czechoslovakia E; sporadic occurence in Labe, Vltava, Danube; Slovak 
distribution mapped in Lisicky (1991). 


Finland nt 
Germany E/E; fairly widely distributed but rare; among other sites, 


known from R. Eider near Kiel (Huby and Wachtler, 1989); 
threatened in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Schleswig-Holstein and 
Bavaria, Baden-Wurttembergs. Recently found alive in Danube 
and Rhine but populations threatened (Jungbluth in litt., 
15.4.91; Falkner, 1991). 

Great Britain mt. 


Hungary nt. 

Norway R; known only from 10 localities in small area 20-40 km east 
of Oslo (Okland and Andersen, 1985). 

Poland V/E; declining through pollution and very little suitable 


habitat left (Piechocki, in litt.; Dyduch-Falniowski in 
UGUE Se gy Mje netic 


Romania 2; Danube basin (Frank et al., 1990) 

Sweden S; occurs in small river and lakes in the south; declining 
but little known (Andersson et al., 1987) 

Switzerland Ex? (1/-); possibly extinct in Thurgovia; formerly occurred 


near Etzwilen; in flowing or standing clear water to 11m 
depth (Turner, 1990). 


-122- 


USSR nt?; widespread in rivers and freshwater inland seas (Zhadin, 
1965). 


Conservation 

Austria: listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reischutz, in press); Germany: 
protected; listed in Red Data Book (Ant & Jungbluth, 1984) and on threatened 
species lists for Bavaria (Falkner, 1991), Schleswig-Holstein (Anon, 1982), 
Baden-Wurttembergs (as P. elongata) (Jungbluth & Falkner, 1985) and 
Nordrhein-Westfalen (Ant & Jungbluth, 1986). Sweden: listed in national list 
of threatened species (Andersson et al., 1987); Switzerland: listed in Red 
Data Book (Turner, 1990). 


Identification Ellis (1978). 


-123- 


Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788 VULNERABLE 


Class BIVALVIA Order UNIONOIDA 
Family UNIONIDAE 


Nomenclature 

Three subspecies (Gloer et al., 1985; Brohmer et al., 1956): Unio crassus 
erassus occurs in north; a large variety U. crassus crassus fa maximus 
(Kobelt) described from Schleswig-Holstein in some rivers; U. crassus 
cytherea Kuster, 1836 described from the Danube basin in C. Europe inc. E. 
Switzerland, middle Danube & Neckar, Austria; U. crassus batavus (Maton & 
Rackett, 1807) described from W. Europe, inc. Spain, France, W. Switzerland, 
Rhine, S and S.W. Germany (Jungbluth in litt. 19.1.91 and in Ant and 
Jungbluth (1987) calls this subspecies U. crassus nanus (Lamarck, 1819). 


Common names Bachsmuschel, Kleine Flussmuschel, Gemeine Flussmuschel 
(Germ.), Dicke Flussmuschel (Liech.). 


Biology 

Occurs in brooks, large streams and rivers with gravel or sandy to muddy 
bed; requires running, clean water (Pfleger and Chatfield, 1988; Turner, 
1990). May also occur on shores of lakes with running water (Fechter and 
Falkner, 1990). Reproductive biology, hostfish preference and glochidial 
abundance described in Engel and Wachtler (1989) and Wachtler (1989). Does 
not appear to be able to reproduce at low densities, unlike Margaritifera 
Margaritifera. Maximum age is 12-15 years (Bjork, 1962), but maximus 
variety grows more rapidly (Engel and Wachtler, 1989). maximus variety 
produces far more glochidia than the normal form. Adam (1960) describes 
differences in reproduction between subspecies U. c. crassus and U. c. 
batavus; former lives in softer water than latter. The sticklebacks 
Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pungitius pungitius are both important host fish 
(Engel and Wachtler, 1989); other hosts include Bullhead Cottus gobio and 
Minnow Phoxinus phoxinus in Bavaria (Hochwald, 1988 & 1989) and perch Perca 
fluviatilis and chub Leuciscus cephalus, and for the maximus variety, rudd 
Scardinius erythrophthalmus and dace Leuciscus leuciscus (Engel and 
Wachtler, 1989). 


Range 
Central and Northern Europe (excluding Great Britain); extends to Black Sea. 


Status 

Now considered the most threatened European mussel after Margaritifera 
margaritifera (Bauer in litt., 3.11.89) although its decline went unnoticed 
for a long time. Threatened mainly by eutrophication from agricultural 
run-off, particularly manure, and sewage. Ammonia content in sediment is a 
critical factor in limiting its survival (Engel, 1989), and nitrogen content 
must be less than 10mg/l for successful growth of juveniles (Hochwald, 
1989). Decrease in host fish density may also be a threat. 


Austria E; formerly abundant in pre-alps of Salzburg, Upper and 
Lower Austria (used as pig food); but only six viable 
populations (5 in Carinthia, 1 in Lower Austria (now 
extinct) reported since 1975 - scattered living specimens 
found at 16 sites (6 Carinthia, 8 Lower Austria, 1 Styria 
and Upper Austria), cf. 100 known sites before 1975. 
Reported to have been abundant in Kamp, Thaya and Krems 
rivers in the Waldviertel earlier this century but only a 
few scattered specimens found now. Host fish Bullhead and 
Minnow also declining; other threats probably include river 
engineering, pollution and eutrophication (Sackl in litt., 
20.9.90; Frank and Reischutz, in press). 


Belgium 


Bulgaria 


Czechoslovakia 


Denmark 
Finland 


France 


Germany 


Hungary 
Liechtenstein 


Luxembourg 


Netherlands 
Poland 


Romania 
Sweden 


Switzerland 
USSR 


Conservation 


Austria: listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reischutz, in press); 


-124- 


2; probably threatened (Hochwald in litt., 3.11.89); 
recorded from Haute and Moyenne Belgique but rare in 
Basse-Belgique (Adam, 1960). 

?; occurs in Danube (Frank et al., 1990). 

R/V?; Labe, Tisza, Hornad (Steffek, in litt., 1990; Trpak, 
pers. comm., 1990); Slovak distribution mapped in Lisicky 
(1991). 

2; threatened (Hochwald in litt. 3.11.89) 

V; found in south to south-west; declining from habitat 
loss and pollution; on edge of range (Valovirta in litt., 
4.2.91). 

nt; (occurs throughout the Loire drainage (Nesemann and 
Nagel, 1989)). 

E/V; decline noticed as early as 1950s (Jaeckel, 1952) and 
has become more rapid in recent years (Wiese, 1984). 
Northern and southern populations being surveyed. 7 
populations in Hesse of which two are good and could 
survive with habitat management; probably fewer than 30 
populations in Baden-Wurttemburgs and mainly no juveniles 
(Jungbluth in litt., 19.1.91). Population at Schleswig 
Holstein no longer reproducing; population in Saxony 
reproducing but threatened (Engel, 1989). In Bavaria, only 
10 populations remaining of the 27 populations known 
according to (Hochwald, 1989; Hochwald and Bauer, 
1988,1989) but 28 populations in 237 rivers, of which 5 
populations are stable, according to Jungbluth (in litt., 
19.1.91). 7 out of 18 populations left in Oberfranken 
(Hochwald, 1989). A recent find at Isar-Stanstufe Landau 
indicates a population with different characteristics (?) 
(Falkner, 1991). Probably only one remaining healthy 
population, 99% of pops having died out (Bauer in litt., 
3.11.89). Important population in Regnitz and its 
tributaries. Further information on populations in Hesse, 
Bavaria and Baden-Wurttemburgs in a series of reports by 
Jungbluth, Gerber and Groh. Also threatened by decline in 
hostfish (Hochwald, 1989) which are listed in Red Data Book. 
nt. 

R; one locality in Ruggeller Riet nature reserve (Trub, 
1988). 

V; small population in R. Our with no juveniles (Jungbluth 
in) WHEE. 19199) 

E; River Meuse only (Butot in. litt., 1990) 

E; rapid decline over last 30-40 years and now very rare 
(Dyduch-Falniowska, 1989 and in litt., 6.11.90). 

2; occurs in Danube (Frank et al., 1990). 

S/V; south-east, from Scania to Dalaina, but very scattered 
(von Proschwitz in litt., 29.11.90); on edge of range; in 
rivers with good flow; threatened by pollution, 
eutrophication, hydro-engineering (Andersson et al., 1987). 
E (1/1); declining (Turner, 1990).. 

nt?; widespread, east to Arkhangelsk (Zhadin, 1965). 


Finland: 


proposed for 1991 edition of Finnish Red Data Book. Germany: protected; 
studies underway supported by WWF; listed in Red Data Book for west (Ant and 
Jungbluth, 1984) and candidate species for Red Data Book for east (Von 
Knorre, 1990); on threatened species lists for Hesse (Jungbluth, 1987), 
Schleswig-Holstein (Anon., 1982), Nordrhein-Westfalen (Ant & Jungbluth, 


-125- 


1987), Baden-Wurttemburgs (Jungbluth & Burk, 1985) and Bavaria (Falkner, 
1991). Sweden: listed on national threatened species list (Andersson et 
al., 1987); data sheet compiled for National Swedish Environment Protection 
Board (von Proschwitz in litt., 29.11.90). Switzerland: listed in Red Data 
Book (Turner, 1990). 


Listed in IUCN Red List (IUCN, 1990) and proposed for UNECE Red List of 
Threatened Plants and Animals (UNECE, 1989). Proposed for listing on EEC 
Habitats Directive, and should be added to Bern Convention as soon as 
possible. 


Identification Gloer et al. (1985), Brohmer et al., 1956; Pfleger and 
Chatfield (1988). 


Further information in Jaeckel (1952), Nesemann (1989), Hochwald and Bauer 
(1988, 1990) and Tudorancea & Gruia (1968). 


-126- 


Unio elongatulus Pfeiffer 1825 VULNERABLE 
Class BIVALVIA Order UNIONOIDEA 


Family UNIONIDAE 


Nomenclature Zilch (1967) lists 21 subspecies; Haas (1969) gives 17 
geographic subspecies. Unio mancus Lamarck (also known as U. glaucinus 
vulgaris) is probably the subspecies U. elongatulus mancus Lamarck, 1819 in 
Italy. Altaba (in press) discusses four ssp from the Catalan region of 
Spain: U.e. aleroni Companyo & Massot, 1845; U.e. penchinatianus 
Bourguignat, 1865; U.e. ibericus Altaba, in press; U.e. valentinus 
Rossmassler, 1854. May be synonym of U. requieni (Michaud, 1831). 


Common name None known 


Biology 

Rivers, streams and clean lakes (Altaba, in press); generally requires 
running water rich in oxygen; also found in lakes with sandy bottoms (Girod 
et_al., 1977; Girod in litt. 3.3.84 to H. Turner). Reproductive cycle 
described in Castagnolo (1977); glochidia released from spring throughout 
summer. 


Range 

Circum-mediteranean (Altaba, in press; Badino, 1980); southern Switzerland, 
southern France, Italy, Balkan Peninsula and other Mediterranean countries 
(Zilch, 1967). 


Status 

France K; occurs in Loire valley but taxonomic confusion between U. 
pictorum and U. e. mancus: intermediate forms found at 
several sites but U. e. mancus occurs most often in upper and 
middle parts of valley (Nesemann and Nagel, 1989). Recorded 
by Zilch (1967) from R. Saone, R. Rhone. Aube and E. 
Pyrenees. It has been suggested that the endemic U. turtoni 
in Corsica may be a subspecies of U. elongatulus but further 
work is required. 

Italy I; originally occured throughout peninsular Italy and most of 
the islands, including Sardinia (Castagnolo et al., 1980; 
Haas, 1969). Zilch (1967) mentions Etsch by Calliano, 
Mincio, Mantua, L. Cumai and R. Tiber. There is much 
taxonomic confusion now and its current distribution is not 
known: many workers use U. mancus for this species but 
Castagnolo (in litt., 25.9.90) believes that there is a 
single species, U. elongatulus. Fondi et al. (1984) record 
this occurring in L. Maggiore, lakes near Como, Pi Tolle, 
Staggia and Paglia, but suggest that a different Unio species 
may occur in the south in L. Bradano. U. elongatulus mancus 
declining in Lake Lugano (Girod et al., 1977). Recorded in 
Lago di Comabbio (Varese), Lago di Ghirla (Varese) and Lago 
di Montorfano (Como) by Annoni et al. (1978). There was a 
g00d population in one of the main branches of the delta in 
Po di Tolle in the 1970s (Castagnolo, 1977). Occurred in 
Modena but not seen in last 10 years (Palazzi, 1983). A 
population of U. mancus in a small canal in Pavia, near 
Voghera, had a density of more than 100 mussels/sq m, but may 
be in decline as older individuals predominate (Nardi, 1972 a 
and b). 


Spain 


Switzerland 


Yugoslavia 


Conservation 
Switzerland: 


-127- 


I; U.e. aleroni occurs in north-east Catalonia from the 
Corbieres Range to the Tordera River. U.e. penchinatianus 
endemic to L. Banyoles and is rare and vulnerable to 
alterations of the lake. U.e. ibericus is restricted to R. 
Ebro and adjacent canals in Catalonia and Aragon. U. e. 
valentinus occurs around the Gulf of Valencia. All 
subspecies in the Catalan region are considered to be in 
regression (Altaba, in press). 

V; seriously declining (Turner and Wuethrich, 1983; Turner, 
1990). Recorded in Lago di Muzzano (canton Ticino) and in 
the river Doubs (canton Jura) in the 19th century and in the 
first decades of the 20th century (Stabile, 1845, 1859; 
Geyer, 1927; Schnitter, 1922) but now extinct as a result of 
waste water discharges into the former (Girod and Bianchi, 
1977) and only found as dead shells in the latter near St 
Ursanne (P. Saunier in litt. 4.3.87 to H. Turner). 

K; Zilch (1967) lists localities in Dalmatia and Montenegro. 


listed in Red Data Book (Turner, 1990). 
Listed on Appendix III of Bern Convention and in IUCN Red List (IUCN, 1990); 


proposed for EEC Habitats Directive and European Red List of Threatened 
Plants and Animals (UNECE, 1989). 


Identification Haas, 1969; subspecies from Catalan region described by 
Altaba (in press). 


-128- 


Pisidium pseudosphaerium Schlesch, 1947 OF SPECIAL CONCERN 
Class BIVALVIA Order VENEROIDA 


Family SPHAERIIDAE 
Nomenclature 


Common names False Orb Pea Mussel (Eng.); Flache Erbsenmuschel (Germ.) 


Biology 

In Great Britain, lives in marsh drains and ponds. Its habitat is 
specialised and essentially of transient character: clear, clean water in 
stagnant places choked with aquatic plants, often over a richly organic, 
even anaerobic, bottom; in southern England often with other rare relict 
molluscs e.g. Valvata macrostoma, Anisus vorticulus and Segmentina nitida 
(Bratton, 1991). In Poland, found in lowlands, max. alt. 500m a.s.1., in 
stagnant waters; rare in rivers; also in peat bogs, marshes and flooded 
meadows; often found with A. vorticulus, and Gyraulus riparius (Piechocki, 
1989). Similar habitat in France (Mouthon & Kuiper, 1987) and Germany 
(Falkner, 1991). 


Range 

Central and Western Europe, mainly in lowlands between the Alps and south 
Scandinavia; discontinuous distribution between 44 deg. N (Toulouse) and 63 
deg. N (Jamtland) and 7 deg. W (Dublin) and 31 deg. E (Leningrad). Rare in 
northern Europe, occurring mainly in the south (Kuiper, 1972; Kuiper et al., 
1989). Mainly a lowland species, becoming rarer in mountains. 


Status 

Kuiper (in litt., 1990) believes this species is not threatened at the 
regional level given its typical pea mussel characteristics, but it is 
included here because of the number of countries in which it is considered 
nationally at risk. 


Austria E; Karnten, Oberosterreich; threatened by forestry, 
recreational activities, drainage (Frank and Reischutz, in 
press). 

Belgium ? 


Czechoslovakia S; very scattered distribution (Steffek, 1987); mapped in 
Lisicky (1991). 


Denmark ?; scattered distribution (Kuiper et al., 1989) 

Finland R; on edge of range; south-west and southern marshes but 
rather few sites (Kuiper et al., 1989). 

France V; three areas only (Mouthon & Kuiper, 1987); threatened by 
habitat destruction 

Germany ?/BE; endangered in east; isolated localities in north & 


south; threatened in Bavaria (Falkner, 1991). 

Great Britain R; widely separated populations known from E. Sussex, 
Middlesex, E. Suffolk, Monmouthshire, Herfordshire, Cheshire 
and Northwest Yorkshire (Kerney, 1976) and more recently 
Lincolnshire. Threatened by drainage, ‘improvement’ or 
elimination of stagnant ponds and ditches, eutrophication, 
but may be under-recorded (Bratton, 1991). 


Hungary R; Petnehaza, Takos. 
Ireland V; local, in eastern midlands; two localities only in Royal 


Canal (Westmeath and Kildare) and Lagan Canal (Antrim). 
Threatened by drainage. 
Italy R; one locality only in north (Kuiper in litt., 1990). 


-129- 


Netherlands R; pools, marshes and ditches in peat bogs; prefers sandy 
bottom and freshwater rich in nutrients. Not known from 
Gelderland, Zeeland, Limburg or Wadden Is. 


Norway R; Known only from three small rich lakes in the south-east; 
at the northern limit of its range (Okland and Kuiper, 1990). 

Poland E; threatened by peat bog drainage (Piechocki, in litt., 
1984); scattered distribution, mapped in Piechocki (1989 and 
in press). 

Sweden nt. 

Switzerland V (2/2); found in a few shallow waters, lakes and marshes 
(Turner, 1990). 

USSR ?; although range reportedly extends to Leningrad, not 


listed in Zhadin (1965). 


Conservation 

Austria: listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reischutz, in press). Germany; 
listed in Red Data Book (Ant & Jungbluth, 1984) and on threatened species 
list for Bavaria (Falkner, 1991). Great Britain: listed in Red Data Book; 
occurs in two National Nature Reserves and an SSSI (Site of Special 
Scientific Interest) (Bratton, 1991). Poland: occurs in Wielkopolski 
National Park (Piechocki, 1989). Switzerland: listed in Red Data Book 
(Turner, 1990). 


Identification Ellis (1978); Gloer et al. (1985); Adam (1960); Janssen 
and Vogel (1965); Zeissler (1971). 


-130- 
Pisidium tenuilineatum Stelfox, 1918 OF SPECIAL CONCERN 


Class BIVALVIA Order VENEROIDA 
Family SPHAERIIDAE 


Nomenclature 
Common names Fine-lined Pea Mussel (Eng.), Gelbe Erbsenmuschel (Ger.). 


Biology 

In Great Britain, found mainly in canals and lowland rivers, occasionally 
large ponds; numbers usually low at any site (Bratton, 1991). Prefers clear 
small streams on plains and littoral zone of lakes, rarely above 500 m 
altitude (Kuiper et al., 1989). Reported also to occur in limestone springs 
on continent (Bratton, 1991). In Scandinavia found in small rivers, brooks 
and lake shores (von Proschwitz in litt., 29.11.90). 


Range Western Palaearctic: from Mediterranean to southernmost Sweden but 
considered rare. Rarely collected in large numbers (Bllis, 1978; Kuiper et 
al., 1989). Has also been recorded from Morocco (Atlas Mtns, 1700m a.s.1.), 
Israel, Jordan (Kuiper, 1981). Is a Pleistocene Interglacial fossil (Ellis, 
1978). 


Status 

Sensitive to water pollution (Piechocki, 1989; Mouthon, 1981), but as with 
all pea mussels, it is difficult to know its true status because of the 
erratic nature of its populations. 


Austria V; Salzburg and Karntern; threatened by hydraulic 
engineering, eutrophication and other agricultural pollution, 
industrial and domestic pollution (Frank and Reischutz, in 
press). 

Belgium Ex?; might possibly still occur in Limburg??? (Adam, 1960) 

Czechoslovakia V/E; sporadic distribution in Slovakia: Labe, Slovak karst 
(Steffek in litt., 1990); distribution mapped in Lisicky 


(1991). 
Denmark R; single locality at Skjern A, Jylland (Kuiper et al., 1989). 
France nt 
Germany 2/K; fairly widespread although not common and absent from N. 


Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein; threatened in Bavaria 
(Falkner, 1991), Baden-Wurttembergs and Nordrhein-WestFalen; 
status not known in east but may be threatened. 

Great Britain R; scattered localities mainly in central, south England and 
Welsh Borders (Kerney, 1976). Extinct in many places and 
only dead shells found in recent years despite deliberate 
searching, and although associated Pisidium species have 
remained unaffected; also extinct in type locality (Bratton, 


1991). 

Hungary R; Kislod, Vonyarcvashegy 

Italy nt; but not very common; occurs in L. Mergozzo (Varese, 
Lombardy) and in region around Gorizia (Castagnolo et al., 
1980). 

Poland S?: one of the rarer species and sensitive to pollution but 


can still be found at some sites in high densities 
(Piechocki, 1989; Piechocki in press). 

Sweden E; three localities only in south and not recorded since 
1940s: Stensjon (Smaland), Nossan (Vastergotland) and Vattern 
(Kuiper et al., 1981); on edge of range and threatened by 
eutrophication and habitat destruction (not listed in 
Andersson et al., 1987). 


-131- 


Switzerland nt?; (but restricted to lowlands: lakes of Biel, Constance, 
geneva, Lucerne, Neuchatel, Sarnen, Walendstadt, Zurich 
(Turner & Wuethrich, 1983). 


USSR nt?; (poorly known but recorded from S. Bug, Don and Volga 
River basins (Zhadin, 1965). 

Yugoslavia ? 

Conservation 


Austria Listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reischutz, in press Germany: on 
threatened species lists for Bavaria (Falkner, 1991), Baden-Wurttemburgs 
(Jungbluth and Burk, 1985) and Nordrhein-Westfalen (Ant & Jungbluth, 1987); 
candidate for Red Data Book for east. Great Britain: listed in Red Data Book 
(Bratton, 1991) and occurs in an SSSSI (Site of Special Scientific 


Interest). Sweden: data sheet compiled for National Environment Protection 
Board. 


Identification: Ellis (1978); Piechocki (1989), Gloer et al. (1985); Adam 
(1960), Janssen & Vogel (1965), Zeissler (1971). 


-132- 


Sphaerium rivicola (Lamarck, 1818) OF SPECIAL CONCERN 
Class BIVALVIA Order VENEROIDA 


Family SPHAERIIDAE 
Nomenclature Synonym Cyclas rivicola Lamarck, 1818 
Common names Nut Orb Mussel (Eng.); Flusskugelmuschel (Ger.) 


Biology 

Common in all types of stagnant or sluggish water at low altitudes, 
preferably in muddy beds near the bank (Pfleger and Chatfield, 1988; Ellis, 
1978). In Poland, mainly in large and medium-sized rivers with sand/mud 
bottoms; also found in lakes but only in littoral zone. Can be very 
abundant under favourable conditions (Piechocki, 1989). 


Range Central and eastern Europe. 


Status 
Kuiper (in litt., 1990) believes this species may be Vulnerable, although it 
is still considered not threatened in several countries. 


Austria E; in Oberosterreich, Niederosterreich, Vienna (Ex); 
threatened by hydro-engineering, pollution (agricultural, 
domestic, industrial), drainage, (Frank and Reischutz, in 


press). 
Belgium nt? 
Bulgaria ?; occurs in Danube (Frank et al., 1990). 


Czechoslovakia ?; occurs in Danube (Frank et al., 1990) and in scattered 
localities; Slovak distribution mapped in Lisicky (1991). 


France R; scattered localities in rivers in north, below 300m 
(Mouthon & Kuiper, 1987) 
Germany E/E; scattered distribution in centre and north and ? in 


Rhine valley to south-west; threatened in Hesse, Bavaria 
(where range in Danube has expanded but still considered at 
risk), Schleswig-Holstein and Baden-Wurttemburgs; threatened 
in east by pollution. 

Great Britain nt. 


Hungary nt. 
Netherlands nt? 
Poland V?; but according to Piechocki (1989) still common and 


probably not threatened in near future. Found in R. 
Vistula, Odra, and rivers discharging directly into Baltic 
Sea; commoner in larger rivers but also found in small 
rivers and some lakes; not found in mountains or uplands 
(Piechocki, 1989). 

Romania ?; occurs in Danube (Frank et al., 1990). 

USSR nt?, widespread 


Conservation Austria: listed in Red Data Book (Frank and Reischutz, in 
press). Germany: listed in Red Data Book for west (Ant & Jungbluth, 1984) 
and candidate species for Red Data Book for east; on threatened species 
lists for Hesse (Jungbluth, 1987), Schleswig-Holstein (Anon., 1982), 
Nordrhein-Westfalen (Ant & Jungbluth, 1987), Baden-Wurttemburgs (Jungbluth & 
Burk, 1985) and Bavaria (Falkner, 1991). 


Identification Piechocki (1989); Pfleger and Chatfield (1988); Ellis 
(1978); Janssen & Vogel (1965). 


-133- 


Sphaerium solidum (Normand, 1844) OF SPECIAL CONCERN 
Class BIVALVIA Order VENEROIDA 


Family SPHAERIIDAE 
Nomenclature formerly Cyclas solida 
Common names Solid Orb Shell (Eng.); Dickschalige Kugelmuschel (Ger.) 


Biology 

In Poland, characteristic of large rivers where it inhabits places with 
sandy or sandy-muddy bottom; in main current and at banks. Can also inhabit 
coarse sands in sites of fast waterflow (Piechocki, 1989). May burrow in 
substrate to avoid desiccation (Wolff, 1970). Also occurs in old river 
beds, large lakes and channels and canals (Zhadin, 1965; Wolff, 1970; 
Redshaw and Norris, 1974; Mouthon & Kuiper, 1987). In Great Britain, found 
in main river channel and in deep drains opening into river via sluices; 
relatively high turbidity but rich in other mollusc species (Redshaw and 
Norris, 1974; Bratton, 1991). 


Range Mainly a Central and Eastern European species and reported to be 
local in all countries where it occurs (Bratton, 1991). 


Status 

According to Thiel (1929), S. solidum is very sensitive to water pollution 
but Wolff (1970) suggests it tolerates this comparatively well. Work in 
Poland suggests that pollution does have a negative affect (Piechocki, 1989). 


Belgium nt?. 
France R; scattered localities in north (Mouthon & Kuiper, 1987) 
Germany E/E; north and central, rare; threatened in Hesse, 


Baden-Wurttembergs, Schleswig- Holstein, Bavaria (may be 
extinct) and Nordrhein-Westfalen; threatened by pollution in 
east. 

Great Britain E; found only in 15 km stretch of R. Witham, Lincolnshire, 
found in 1968 but only recognised as this species in 1973 
(Kerney, 1976; Bratton, 1991; Redshaw and Norris, 1974). No 
immediate threat but the small population is vulnerable to 
pollution (Bratton, 1991). 


Netherlands nt? 
Poland R/E (Piechocki, in litt.); declining due to increased 


pollution and eutrophication; one of rarest freshwater 
molluscs in Poland but at turn of century was relatively 
common and numerous. Previously occured in Odra, Warta and 
Vistula rivers and in Szczecin and Vistula firths; recently 
recorded in rivers Biebrza, Narew and Bug and in Zegrzynski 
barrage lake. Probably extinct in Odra, Warta, lower Brda, 
lower Vistula and Vistula firth, due to pollution. 
Comparatively rich populations in eastern Poland (Piechocki, 
1987 and 1989). Distribution map in Piechocki (1989). 

USSR nt?; occurs from Urals to Ponto-Caspian River basins 
(Zhadin, 1965). 


Conservation Germany: listed in Red Data Book for west (Ant & Jungbluth, 
1984), proposed as candidate for Red Data Book for east, and on threatened 
species lists for Hesse (Jungbluth, 1987), Schleswig-Holstein (Anon., 1982), 
Nordrhein-WestFalen (Ant & Jungbluth, 1987), Baden-Wurttemburgs (Jungbluth & 
Burk, 1985) and Bavaria (Falkner, 1991). Great Britain: listed in Red Data 
Book (Bratton, 1991). 


Identification Piechocki (1989), Bllis (1978), Pfleger and Chatfield 
(1988), Janssen & Vogel (1965). 


-134- 
CONSERVATION 
Habitat protection and management 


The last decade has seen a growing awareness of the need for invertebrate 
conservation. Certain ‘flagship’ species, such as Margaritifera 
margaritifera have attracted the attention of major conservation bodies like 
the World Wide Fund for Nature (which has supported pearl mussel projects in 
Scotland, Finland and Sweden), and there are a growing number of nationally 
funded mollusc conservation projects. In a few countries, molluscs have 
even played a role in more general conservation planning: in Czechoslovakia 
(Steffek, 1988) and Malta (see data sheet), molluscs are being used in 
developing a system of protected areas. The priorities are clearly habitat 
protection and management, but for many species there still needs to be more 
survey work and research to determine their requirements. 


Protected areas 


There are very few instances of protected areas being created specifically 
for a mollusc. In France, one site (the Reserve biologique de Sauve in 
Gard) has been protected for its groundwater fauna which includes a 
hydrobiid Moitessieria rolandiana (Bouchet, 1990). In Italy, the helicid 
Ciliellopsis oglasae, endemic to Montecristo Island in the Tuscan 
Archipelago, is protected, since the entire island has been declared an 
‘integral natural reserve of European interest’ on account of its unusual 
fauna and flora (Giusti and Manganelli, 1990). In fact, many threatened 
mollusc species probably occur within protected areas but this is poorly 
documented. Sites with rare molluscs often support rich and unusual 
communities of wildlife, with scarce plants, vertebrates and other 
invertebrates, and thus may have been protected for other reasons. In a few 
countries, such as Finland, where 21 of the 50 protected areas have now been 
surveyed for their molluscs (Valovirta, 1991), efforts are being made to 
obtain such information. 

Okland and Okland (1991) and Speight et al. (1991) discuss criteria for 
using invertebrates such as molluscs in identifying important sites for 
protection in Europe, in particular the problem of marginal populations, 
i.e. populations on the edge of a species range. Thus many molluscs are 
categorised as 'Rare' in Norway, but are essentially the northernmost 
populations of more widely distributed species. This issue will need 
further work. Speight et al. (1991) also suggest that national endemics are 
not necessarily of international importance, although this is not a view 
taken by all conservation bodies; IUCN in fact lists many national endemics 
in the Red List if they are under threat. 

Often only a small area may required to protect a mollusc population. 
Bouchet (1990) stresses the potential role that Zones Naturelles d'Interet 
Ecologique Faunistique et Floristique, small protected areas that can be 
designated in France, could have in the protection of threatened molluscs. 
The SSSIs (Sites of Special Scientific Interest) could play a similar role 
in Great Britain (Bratton, 1991). However, it must be remembered that often 
the habitat itself cannot be maintained if the area involved is too small 
(Speight et al., 1991); if the surrounding area is altered this may have 
profound affects on microclimates, vegetation and other aspects of a small 
protected area. 


Recovery Programmes 
Recovery Programmes document the actions that are required to ensure 


self-sustaining populations of threatened species. Priorities can be set 
from the level of threat, the recovery potential of the species and the 


-135- 


estimated budget for a species recovery. Programmes like this have been 
drawn up for a number of threatened molluscs in the USA, and are starting to 
be used in Europe. For example, a recovery programme has been drawn up for 
all the British species protected under the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside 
Act, including Myxas glutinosa and Catinella arenaria (Whitten, 1990). Work 
carried out on some of the European unionids, particularly Unio crassus and 
Margaritifera margaritifera, is leading to the development of recovery 
programmes for these species. In many instances, these will need to be 
joint endeavours between countries; thus Czechoslovakia and Germany have 
been collaborating on the management of unionid populations in streams and 
rivers along their joint borders, and there is growing interest in broader 
regional efforts to carry research on these species. 


General habitat management 


Much of the general habitat management carried out now to improve conditions 
for native wildlife will benefit molluscs, but for many species this may 
require sound knowledge of their ecology. Efforts to prevent and control 
pollution are particularly important for many freshwater species, as the 
creation of protected areas or the implementation of other conservation 
measures will be of little avail if the species if the source of pollution 
is not stopped. Experimental work has suggested that application of lime to 
streams and water bodies can reverse the impact of acid pollution on some 
molluscs (Walden et al., 1989). 


National Legislation 


Legislation is usually applied only to species large enough for reasonable 
identification by non-specialist, as for example, in France, and invariably 
refers to collection and/or trade rather than habitat protection. For 
example, there is much legislation to regulate collection of Margaritifera 
margaritifera, but almost none to protect its habitat or control the 
pollution which is one of its main threats (see Table 4). For example, the 
Wildlife and Conservation Act in Great Britain lists protected species on 
its Schedule 5, but is not specifically habitat oriented. However, such 
legal protection can indirectly lead to site protection through public 
awareness and support, it allows prosecution, and increases the chances that 
sites are notified as SSSIs if a protected species occurs within them. The 
most threatened species are often very small and so legislation covering 
habitat protection is essential. Thus, Bouchet (1990) has proposed 30 
hydrobiid species for protection in France, the focus of this protection to 
be the preservation of the springs and improvement of the groundwater 
quality in the areas in which they live. 


Red Data Books and threatened species lists 


These can play a valuable role in stimulating public awareness and in 
defining priority species for attention. 


National Red Data Books 


Many national Red Data Books and threatened species lists now include 
molluscs. They provide important information at the national level and play 
a useful role in promoting invertebrate conservation priorities. In 
addition to the countries listed below, several others, such as Poland, have 
now initiated the process of listing threatened molluscs. 


-136- 


Table 2. Red Data Books and threatened species lists with molluscs 


Austria Frank & Reischutz (in press); also Kuhnelt 
(1983) 
Steiermark Gepp (1981) 
Finland Rassi & Vaisanen (1987); new edition in 
preparation 
Germany Ant & Jungbluth (1984) 
Baden-Wurttembergs Jungbluth & Burk (1985) 
Bavaria Falkner (1982); proposals for revision in 
Burk and Jungbluth (1986) and Falkner 
(1991) 
Hesse Jungbluth (1987) 
Lower Saxony Jungbluth et al. (1989) = proposal 
Nordrhein-WestFalen Ant & Jungbluth (1987) 
Schleswig—Holstein Anon. (1982) 
former GDR list in preparation 
Great Britain Bratton (1991) 
Hungary Rakonezay (1990) 
Malta Thake & Schembri (1989) 
Sweden Andersson et al. (1987) 
Switzerland Turner (1990) 
USSR Bannikov & Solokov (1984); revised edition 


in preparation will include many more 

species (Kochetova in litt., 1991) 
Yugoslavia in preparation in 1983, but not recent 

information (Kolaric in litt., 22.8.83) 


IUCN Red List 


The IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals (IUCN, 1990) lists those taxa 
considered by IUCN to be globally threatened. It is not a comprehensive 
list and probably only a small proportion of the world's globally threatened 
molluscs are included. A total of 425 molluscs are listed, compared with 
698 mammals, 1047 birds, 254 reptiles and amphibians, 762 fish and 1825 
other invertebrates, mainly insects. Table 3 shows the European molluscs 
listed. These comprise 22 endemic Tenerife gastropods, 16 endemic Madeiran 
gastropods, 29 hydrobiids, 32 other gastropods, and 5 unionids. 

As discussed in the recommendations, this list should be revised 
according to the new information gathered in this report. 


UNECE European Red List of Threatened Animals and Plants 


The UN Economic Commission for Europe covers a much broader range than the 
EEC, extending to Turkey and the European part of the USSR. It s 
organisation has initiated a number of strategies and mechanisms to conserve 
the living and natural resources within its remit. These include the 
identification of species that occur in Europe and are considered globally 
threatened. The proposed Red List is based on the European species listed 
on the IUCN Red List and thus includes a much larger number of species than 
those listed on the Bern Convention or EEC Habitats Directive. All the 
European non-marine mollusc taxa listed in IUCN (1990) have been proposed 
for listing. 

The UNECE Red List is still in draft form (UNECE, 1989). Actions to 
complement the list are being developed and will include its updating and 
improvement and the preparation of guidelines or a code of practise on its 
use for ECE governments. The latter will cover: a) regulation of 
exploitation to ensure that it is sustainable, b) regulation of killing and 
disturbance of listed species, c) regulation of trade, d) introduction of 


-137- 
Table 3. European molluscs on international treaties and lists 


N.B. UNECE list and EEC Habitats Directive are proposals only at the time of 
writing. 


Letters = IUCN category; numbers = annex 


This IUCN Bern UNECE &EC Hab 
Report Red List Conv. List Direct 


/ 29 hydrobiids 
Arganiella exilis (France) 
Avenionia brevis (Neths, Belg, Fr, 
Germ) 
Belgrandiella pyrenaica (France) 
bythine Lis bicarinata (France) 
carinulata (France) 
pupoides (! (France, Switz) 
reyniesii (France) 
vesontiana (France) 
viridis (France) 
Bythiospeum articense (France) 
B. bressanum (France) 
B. diaphanum (France) 
-B. garneri (France) 
Fissuria boui (France) 
Hauffenia minuta (Jura) 
Hydrobia scamandri (France) 
Litthabitella elliptica (France) 
Moitessieria juvenisanguis (France) 
M. lineolata (France) 
locardi (France) 
puteana (France) 
rayi (France) 
rolandiana (France) 
simoniana (Spain, France; 
M. simoniana lescherae = I) 


Ae 
HH 
HH 


by 00 [tm Jt {bp [to jbo 


HHHHH HH RH HHH HH RRR 
HAHAH HHH HR RHR HHH RRR RRR 
HHH HHH HHH HH RP H RHR RAR RR 


(Em |S | OR 1 


Palacanthilhiopsis vervierii (France)I I I 
Paladilhia pleurotoma (France) if I I 
Paladilhiopis bourguignati (France) I I I 
Plagigeyeria conilis (France) I I I 
Pseudamnicola anteisensis (France) I I 15 
P. klemmi (France) I I i 
22 endemic Tenerife gastropods 
/Y Pomatias raricosta Vv Vv Vv 
/ Napaeus badiosus Vv Vv Vv 
“N. nanodes R R R 
/N. propinquus R R R 
/N. roccellicola Vv E E 
JN. tarnerianus R R R 
N. variatus Vv Vv Vv 
V Discus scutula R R R 
/Malacolimax wiktori Vv Vv v 
/ Parmacella tenerifensis Vv Vv Vv 
vy Insulivitrina mascaensis R R R 
/I. reticulata E E E 
Canariella fortunata v Vv Vv 
C. leprosa Vv Vv Vv 
C. pthonera V Vv v 


-138- 


This IUCN Bern UNECE &EC Hab 
Report List Conv. List Direct 

Hemicycla adansoni Vv Vv Vv 

H. inutilis Vv Vv Vv 

H. mascaensis Vv E E 

H. modesta E E E 

H. plicaria E E E 

H. pouchet Vv Vv Vv 

Kerotricha nubivaga R R R 

16 endemic Madeira gastropods 

Leiostyla abbreviata Ex Vv 2 Vv 2/5 

L. cassida Ex Vv 2 Vv 2/5 

L. corneocostata E Vv 2 Vv 2/5 

L. gibba Ex Vv 2 Vv 2/5 

L. lamellosa Ex Vv 2 Vv 2/5 
(Discus defloratus — Vv 2 Vv 2/5 

D. guerinianus Ex Vv 2 Vv 2/5 

Caseolus calculus Vv Vv 2 Vv 2/5 

C. commixta R Vv 2 Vv 2/5 
/C. sphaerula E Vv 2 Vv 2/5 

Discula leacockiana R Vv 2 Vv 2/5 

D. tabellata R Vv 2 Vv 2/5 

D. testudinalis E/Ex Vv 2 Vv 2/5 

D. turricula Vv Vv 2 Vv 2/5 

Geomitra moniziana R Vv 2 Vv 2/5 

Helix subplicata Vv Vv 2 Vv 2/5 

32 other gastropods 

Platyla foliniana (France) R if I 

Renea bourguignatiana(Fr, Italy) Ex? I I 

Renea gormonti (France) R I I 

R. moutonii (France) nt if I 

R. paillona (France) R I I 

R. singularis (France) nt I I 

Myxas plutinosa (Europe) at Vv v ; 

Segmentina nitida (Europe) s Vv Vv 

Cryptazeca monodonta (Fr, Spain) E if I 

C. subcylindrica (Fr, Spain) E uf I 

Hypnophila remyi (Corsica) I I I 

Chondrina megacheilos caziotana nt I I 


(France) 
Solatopupa cianensis (France) 
S. guidoni (Corsica) 
S. psarolena (France, Italy) 
Truncatellina arcyensis (France) 
Vertigo angustior (Europe) 


n 
I 
E 
n 
Vv 2? 
V. genesii (Europe) Vv 
v v 
Vv 
K 
R 
R 


2? 
-2? 
2? 


- geyeri (Europe) 

V. moulinsiana (Europe) 

Balea perversa (Europe) 

Lamnifera pauli (France, Spain)) 

_Macrogastra lineolata euzieriana 

(France) 

~Catinella arenaria (Europe) Vv 

Geomalacus maculosus (Ir, Fr,Sp) V 
K 
R 


jt 
HHS SS SS HHHH 


HeSgSsSso SG GQ HH HH 


N 
ss 


512. 
_Parmacella gervaisi_ (France) 


Vitrea pseudotrolli (Fr, It) 


Ex 


This IUCN Bern UNECE EEC Hab 
Report List Conv. List Direct 
/Cyrnotheba corsica (Corsica) I I I 
YHelix pomatia (Europe) s R 3 R 6 
’Macularia saintyvesi (France) nt Vv Vv 
YTrissexodon constrictus(Fr, Sp) R I I 
‘Blona quimperiana (Fr, Sp) R R 2 R 2/5 


/5 Unionids 


Microcondylaea compressa (Euro) V i I 
Unio crassus (Europe) Vv V Vv 
Unio elongatulus (Europe) Vv I 3 I 6 
Margaritifera auricularia (Euro) E V E 
M. margaritifera (Europe) Vv V Vv 


exotic wildlife, e) designation of protected habitats, f£) monitoring of 
habitat and species change, g) land-use practises, h) incorporation of 
conservation considerations into economic activities, i) education, training 
and public awareness, and j) implementation of existing treaties and 
programmes. 


International treaties 


As with national legislation, there is a tendency for only the larger and 
more familiar species to be listed in international treaties, with the 
result that many highly threatened species have been ignored. At present 
the molluscs listed on the Bern Convention, and proposed for the EEC 
Habitats Directive are essential ‘flagship’ species, listed to illustrate 
and represent the main problems. There needs to be a better procedure for 
the listing of molluscs and other invertebrates, to ensure full review of 
the species concerned by relevant experts. This will be easier if national 
biological recording and mapping schemes are eventually co-ordinated at the 
national level. 


Bern Convention 


The Bern Convention, or Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife 
and Natural Habitats, has a specific provision to protect the species listed 
in its Appendices and their habitats. The molluscs included to date are 
inevitably only representative. The species were selected to be reasonably 
recognisable and capable of specific measures to conserve them, and to 
encourage broader conservation measures for threatened ecosystems. 

Appendix II lists ‘strictly protected fauna’, and prohibits capture, 
killing, damage to breeding or resting sites, disturbance and trade in these 
species. Strict habitat protection is therefore required. Appendix III 
lists 'protected fauna'; these may be exploited unlike Appendix II species 
but are subject to closed seasons and other means of regulating trade. Out 
of a total of 81 invertebrates, 19 molluscs are listed on Appendix II and 
three on Appendix III (Table 3). 

It is too early to say whether these listings are having an impact. The 
Standing Committee to the Bern Committee has set up a group of experts on 
invertebrates to provide the necessary specialist advice. The European 
Invertebrate Survey will be concentrating its efforts on the Bern Convention 
invertebrates, with the aim of documenting status and conservation 
requirements in greater detail (Speight, 1990). Draft data sheets for M. 
margaritifera and Geomalacus maculosus have been produced (E.1.S, 1990). 

The mollusc data sheets in this report are considered a contribution to this 


project. 


-140- 


Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and 
Flora - CITES 


No European non-marine molluscs are listed in CITES and the majority are not 
involved in international trade. Both Margaritifera margaritifera and Helix 
pomatia are exploited and traded domestically and there is a small amount of 
largely undocumented international trade, but this is probably not 
Significant. 


EEC Habitats Directive 


This is a proposal for a Council Directive on the protection of natural and 
semi-natural habitats of wild fauna and flora, aimed at providing legal 
protection for threatened species within the EEC. It has a specific 
objective of establishing, by the year 2000, a network of protected wildlife 
areas for key sites - Special Protection Areas (SPAs) - to ensure the more 
effective implementation of the Bern Convention within the EEC. The 
Directive proposes measures to secure the survival of the listed threatened 
species at SPAs, general protection measures for threatened species outside 
these key sites and control of exploitation. It also envisages general 
measures to prevent pollution and degradation of the wider countryside. At 
present it is in draft form (Hepburn, 1990). 

There are several proposed annexes listing threatened species and 
habitats. Annex 2 covers species for which conservation requires the 
designation of special protection areas (SPAs). SPAs are not defined, and 
it is emphasised that they are not necessarily strict sanctuary areas if 
current land use patterns do not affect the species concerned. Just over 20 
non-marine molluscs have been proposed for this annex (Table 3). Annex 5 
covers species that need strict protection in the EEC and for which general 
measures of protection should be established by member states (such as 
prohibiting deliberate destruction, disturbance etc.) in their territories, 
not just in special areas. Species on Annex 2 may also be included in Annex 
5. About 22 species have been proposed (Table 3). Annex 6 lists species 
which may be exploited under a management plan, designed to ensure that 
their exploitation is not detrimental to populations. Four species have 
been proposed (Table 3). 

The main stumbling block with the Directive at present in the lack of 
Financial provision for its implementation. A small sum has been proposed, 
but this is virtually negligible in the light of the funding provided for 
development activities through EEC subsidies and other financial incentives 
(Hepburn, 1990). 


Ramsar Convention 


Under this convention, contracting parties undertake to protect wetlands, to 
a depth of six metres, that they have nominated. Most sites to date have 
been identified on the basis of their importance to birds but there is 
growing interest in using this convention to help to protect invertebrates 
(Council of Europe, 1991). So far no sites have been specifically looked at 
in the context of molluscs but some consideration should be given to this. 


Captive breeding, translocation and farming 


Captive breeding is increasingly used as a technique for increasing 
populations of highly threatened species, and it being used with some 
success for a number of species, notably the Partula of Moorea (Murray et 
al., 1988). However, it should not detract from the importance of 
protecting species in the wild. At present there are few if any European 
species sufficiently endangered to warrant captive breeding programmes. 


-141- 


However, research is now being carried out on ways of increasing 
populations of unionids, and there may be potential for some form of captive 
breeding or rearing. This would then permit restocking of depleted rivers. 
Some efforts have also been made to translocate populations to less 
threatened habitat and this can be successful under appropriate conditions. 
It has also been used for the Hungarian endemic gastropod Sadleriana 
pannonica and might have potential for some other narrowly endemic snails. 

Farming of economically important wild species can on the other hand 
take pressure of exploited populations. Snail farming has flourished over 
the last decade. Helix aspersa is now raised commercially in farms in a 
number of countries including France, UK and Italy. The snails reproduce 
and the early juveniles stages are kept in a nursery under controlled 
conditions, and then put outside in large enclosures for rearing to 
commercially valuable sizes over the summer (Daguzan, 1986; Elmslie, 
1986a). Helix pomatia is being increasingly farmed and trials are under 
with with other species such as Helix lucorum. The market for snails is 
thought to be capable of expansion (Elmslie, 1986b), although the extent to 
which this will diminish exploitation of wild Helix pomatia remains to be 
seen. 


Table 4. National legislation relating to molluscs 


Only legislation specifically naming mollusc species is listed; many 
molluscs occur within protected areas and are protected under legislation 
covering these sites; general wildlife and welfare legislation may also at 
times be relevant. 


Austria collecting of Helix pomatia controlled. 

Belgium Collection of H. pomatia and H. aspersa controlled since 1984. 
Bulgaria collection of H. pomatia controlled. 

Czechoslovakia M. margaritifera protected. 


Denmark Commercial collection of Helix pomatia prohibited September 1990; 
Margaritifera margaritifera full protection. 


Finland Full protection of M. margaritifera since 1955. 


France Full protection for M. margaritifera, Helix melanostoma, H. 
aperta, H. ceratina, Tacheocampylaea raspaili, Macularia niciensis, Otala 
punctata, Elona quimeriana, Rumina decollata under ministerial décree of 
1979; collection of H. pomatia, H. aspersa and Zonites algirus controlled 
under ministerial decree of 1979. 


Germany collection of H. pomatia and M. margaritifera controlled; H. 
aspersa, Anodonta anatina, A. cygnea, Pseudanodonta complanata, P. elongata, 
P. middendorffi, U. crassus, U. pictorum, U. tumidus. 


Gibraltar Trade in Acicula norrisi, Cecilioides spp., and Osteophora 
calpeana controlled under Endangered Species (Import & Export) Ordinance 
1990. These species also to be protected under Wildlife Ordinance of 1991. 


Great Britain Collection, possession and sale of Myxas glutinosa and 
Catinella arenaria prohibited under 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act; 
Margaritifera margaritifera also protected, although collection allowed 
under special circumstances. 


-142- 
Greece Helix godetiana protected. 


Hungary Full protection for Theodoxus prevostianus, Pomatias elegans, 
Sadleriana pannonica and Bielzia coerulans. 


Ireland: Geomalacus maculosus and Margaritifera margaritifera protected. 
Italy collection of H. pomatia controlled. 

Luxembourg collection of H. pomatia controlled. 

Netherlands collection of H. pomatia controlled. 


Poland collection of H. pomatia controlled and M. margaritifera protected 
until 1982 when declared extinct. 


Sweden M. margaritifera protected. 


Switzerland collection of H. pomatia controlled. 


-143- 
RECOMMENDATIONS 


Protection of species 


In addition to those species already in the IUCN Red List and on 
international treaties and lists (see Table 3), the following species 
have been identified in this report as of conservation concern: 


a. National and island endemics in Austria, Azores, Corsica, 
Czechoslovakia, Germany, Gibraltar, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, 
Romania, Switzerland, Tenerife, and additional species in Madeira (see 
listing of single country endemics and relevant country data sheets). 


b. Species endemic to particular regions such as the Danube snails 
(see section on ‘near’ endemics). 


c. A number of widespread but apparently declining species: Valvata 
macrostoma, V. pulchella, Anisus vorticulus, Gyraulus laevis, Lymnaea 
glabra, Cochlicopa nitens, Vallonia declivis, V. enniensis, 


Pseudanodonta complanata, Pisidium pseudosphaerium, P. tenuilineatum, 
Sphaerium rivicola and S. solidum. 


These species should be considered for listing at the national, 
regional or international level as appropriate and if necessary 
protected areas for them should be identified. Existing protected 
areas should be surveyed for molluscs in order to determine those 
species that at present receive no habitat protection. Key sites for 
narrow endemics should be identified and protected (e.g. Pezzoli 
(1988a,b,c) has identified springs and underground water systems in 
northern Italy that need protecting for their hydrobiid faunas). 


Development of recovery plans 


These need not necessarily be costly. High priorities are sympathetic 
management of hedgerows, roadside verges, ponds, woodland and even 
marginal habitat such as golf courses and military land. If carried 
out on a large scale this may achieve more or as much as the creation 
of protected areas. 


Implementation of conventions and agreements 


UNECE Red List: Draft recommendations have been prepared for the 
application of the UNECE Red List of Threatened European Species and 
once passed these should be implemented. They concern 1) application 
of the Red List when formulating conservation policies and strategies; 
2) implementation of protective measures or monitoring depending on the 
degree of threat in the country of concern; 3) compilation or updating 
national Red Data Books; 4) strengthening national programmes for 
surveying fauna and flora and their habitats; 5) re-introducing species 
as appropriate; 6) carrying out captive breeding, restocking and 
translocation projects; 7) participatione in existing wildlife 
conventions; 8) send information to international databases such as the 
World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 


Bern Convention: the three unionids on Appendix 3 should also be listed 
on Appendix 2 for protection of their habitat. Unio crassus and 
possibly some other species should be added to Appendix 2. The list of 
Madeiran endemic snails on Appendix 2 needs revision in the light of 
recent taxonomic work and the identification of additional threatened 


-144- 


species. Threatened endemics of other countries and some of the 
widespread but declining molluscs, particularly wetland species, should 
be considered for inclusion. Recommendations specifically for wetland 
species are given in Council of Europe (1991). A general 
recommendation for unionids has also been put forward to the Council of 
Europe (see data sheet on Margaritifera margaritifera). 


Ramsar Convention: recommendations for wetland invertebrates are given 
in Council of Europe (1991). 


EEC Habitats Directive: the draft annexes need revision for the mollusc 
species listed. Details are not provided here as the annex have been 
undergoing recent revision and some changes may already have been made. 


Many of the general recommendations for invertebrate conservation e.g. 
Council of Europe (1987), Collins and Wells (1987) are important for 
molluscs, such as increasing. basic research on taxonomy and population 
biology, continuing mapping and biological recording programmes and 
co-ordinating such activities at the regional level. 


-145- 
REFERENCES 


Abreu, A.D. (1990). A proposito da proteccao das especies endemicas 
terrestres. Halia 32 N.S. (Madeira). 


Adam, W. (1944). Notes sur les Gastéropodes. 14. Espéces nouvelles ou 


rares pour la Belgique. Bull. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg. 20(9). 
Adam, W. (1947). Revision des Mollusques de la Belgique. 1. 


Mollusques terrestres et dulcicoles. Mem. Mus. roy. d'Hist. Nat. Belgique 
106. 298 pp. 


Adam, W. (1960). Faune de Belgique. Mollusques I, Mollusques 
terrestres et ducicoles. Brussels, L'Institut Royal des Sciences 
Naturelles de Belgique. 

Aguilar-amat, J.B. de (1935). Observaciones malacologicas. Andorra 
Agricola 29: 8-9. 

Albuquerque de Matos, R.M., Serra, J.A., Simoes, M. and Capela e Silva, 
F.M. (1990). Gastropodes terrestres e dulcicoles como indicadores da 
qualidade do ambiente a nivel regional e local. Proc. II Conferencia 
Nacional sobre Qualidade do Ambiente, Lisbon B33-B42. 

Alonso, M.R., Ibanez, M., Henriquez, F.C., Valido, M.J. and Ponte-Lira, 
C.E. (in press a). Atlas preliminar de los moluscos terrestres endemicos 
de Canarias presentes en Tenerife. Vieraea. 

Alonso, M.R., Ibanez, M., Valido, M.J., Ponte-Lira, C.E. and Henriquez, 
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469, Istiklal Caddesi 
Beyoglu, TR-ISTANBUL 


UNITED KINGDOM /ROYAUME-UNI 
HMSO, Agency Section 

51 Nine Elms Lane 

GB-LONDON SW8 5DR 


UNITED STATES and CANADA/ 
ETATS-UNIS et CANADA 

Manhattan Publishing Company 

1 Croton Point Avenue, PO Box 650 
CROTON, NY 10520 


STRASBOURG 

Mésange SA 

Groupe Berger-Levrault 

23, place Broglie 

F-67081 STRASBOURG Cedex 


to ie 


pine a 


Council of Europe Press 


ISBN 92-871-2107-9 


125790
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Full text of "Threatened non-marine molluscs of Europe"

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