Full text of "Tijdschrift voor entomologie"

See other formats

Se jee Pe

pdre HE

Rn RE ve
Re
er

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

GEHE

LIBRARY

OF THE

Museum of Comparative Zoology

CUT
OTK WID ZI
Hi Dj

HAUT

BF De
UNE TER AN
SE uf

IKN
ean

i i
Abe

nu
in D
CHEND

AI
MAN ay

EN DE) 4

ms
ANT

NMR AT | ni at |
RR Aus Por È £

Many. ue

i,
A

DEEL 109 1966

TIJDSCHRIFT
VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE

UITGEGEVEN DOOR

DE NEDERLANDSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREENIGING

Afleveringen 1—2 verschenen 25 april

È 3—4 = 7 juni
» 5 3 19 augustus
Aflevering 8 verscheen 23 september

> 9 x 31 december

INHOUD VAN DEEL 109

CAPUSE, IOSIF. — New and rare Palaearctic Tineidae (Lepidoptera) .

CLAASENS, A. J. M. — Notes on fleas collected in the provinces of Noord-
Brabant and Limburg, The Netherlands (Siphonaptera) .

DIAKONOFF, A. — Records and descriptions of South Asiatic Micro-
lepidoptera .

Hire Ris LAMBERS, D. — New and little known Aphids from Pakistan
(Homoptera, Aphididae)

KALSHOVEN, L. G. E. — The of Casmara kalshoveni Diakonoff,
an Oecophorid borer . À Hn EA IE ND OSE Te

LEMPKE, B. J. — Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera (Dertiende
Supplement) EML ALS h

LIEFTINCK, M. A. — Some Odonata of Rapa Island, with descriptions of
new Polynesian species of Ischnura Charpentier .

LIEFTINCK, M. A. — Notes on some Anthophorine bees, mainly from the
Old World (Apoidea) .

ErcH, J. P. van The group of Psenulus es un
(Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) RR: : à

WIEBES, J. T. — Bornean fig wasps from Ficus stupenda Miquel (Hymeno-
ptera, Chalcidoidea) . CA OOO see inn Xe

103

193

221

125

163
303

} / mt
n ed L

DEEL 109 AFLEVERING 1 1966
MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

LIBRARY

MAY 16 1966
TIJDSCHRIFTÉ ="
VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE

UITGEGEVEN DOOR

DE NEDERLANDSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREENIGING

INHOUD:

À. J. M. CrAASSENs, MSc., F.R.E.S. — Notes on fleas collected in the provinces
of Noord-Brabant and Limburg, The Netherlands (Siphonaptera), pp. 1—33,
1 kaart.

Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 109, afl. 1 Gepubliceerd 25-IV-1966 |

Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging

BESTUUR
Prof. Dr. J. van der Vecht, President (1961—1967), Oegstgeest. |
Dr. G. Barendrecht, Vice-President (1965—1971), Amsterdam.
W. Hellinga, Secretaris (1963—1969), Amsterdam.
Drs. H. Wiering, Penningmeester (1962—1968), Bergen (N.H.).
Drs. C. A. W. Jeekel, Bzbliothecaris (1960—1966), Amsterdam.
J. A. Janse (1964—1970), Bennebroek.
Dr. A. F. H. Besemer (1965—1970), Bennekom.

COMMISSIE VAN REDACTIE VOOR DE PUBLICATIES
Prof. Dr. J. van der Vecht (1961—1967), Oegstgeest.
P. Chrysanthus (1964—1967), Oosterhout (N.B.). —
Dr. A. Diakonoff (1964—1967), Leiderdorp.
G. L. van Eyndhoven (1963—1966), Haarlem.
Dr. L. G. E. Kalshoven (1964—1967), Blaricum.
Prof. Dr. D. J. Kuenen (benoemd 1957), Leiden.
Dr. P. A. van der Laan (benoemd 1957), Bennekom.
B. J. Lempke (1965—1968), Amsterdam.
Prof. Dr. J. de Wilde (benoemd 1957), Wageningen.
Dr. J. T. Wiebes (1963—1966), Leiden.

BESTUUR DER AFDELING VOOR TOEGEPASTE ENTOMOLOGIE
Dr. A. F. H. Besemer, Voorzitter, Wageningen.
Ir. P. Gruys, Secretaris, Rheden.
Dr. Ir. L. Bravenboer, Naaldwijk.
Dr. C. F. A. Bruyning, Oegstgeest.
Dr. Ir. J. B. M. van Dinther, Bennekom.

De contributie voor het lidmaatschap bedraagt f 15.—, voor student-leden
f 2.50, per jaar. — Begunstigers betalen jaarlijks tenminstet f 15.—.

De leden, behalve de student-leden, ontvangen gratis de Entomologische
Berichten, waarvan de prijs voor student-leden f 1.50 per jaar, voor niet-leden
f 20.— per jaar en f 2.— per nummer bedraagt.

De leden kunnen zich voor f 10.— per jaar abonneren op het Tijdschrift voor
Entomologie; hiervan bedraagt de prijs voor niet-leden f 35.— per jaar.

De eerder verschenen publicaties der Vereeniging zijn voor de leden tegen ver-
minderde prijzen verkrijgbaar. De Vereeniging geeft de volgende publicaties uit.

MONOGRAPHIEEN VAN DE NEDERLANDSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREENIGING

Deze worden met onregelmatige tussenpozen uitgegeven. Er zijn reeds ver-

schenen:

— F. T. Valck Lucassen et al. — Monographie du genre Lomaptera Gory &
Percheron (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae), prijs f 50.—.

1. A. J. Besseling. — De Nederlandse Watermijten (Hydrachnellae Latreille,
1802), prijs f 25.—.

MUS, COMP. ZOOL.
LIBRARY

MAY 16 1966

MARVARD
UNIVERSITY.

NOTES ON FLEAS COLLECTED IN THE PROVINCES OF
NOORD-BRABANT AND LIMBURG, THE NETHERLANDS
(SIPHONAPTERA)

AGNRININGENASSENSEM Se E.RES
Department of Zoology, University College, Cork, Ireland

ABSTRACT

Twenty three species (954 specimens) of mammal fleas and two species (12 specimens)
of bird fleas were taken from 19 species (336 specimens, 174 infested) of mammals. Nine
species (2997 specimens) of bird fleas and five species (13 specimens) of mammal fleas
were reared from 204 nests (77 infested) of 45 species of birds. All material was collected
in the provinces of Noord-Brabant and Limburg, The Netherlands, in 1964.

Fifteen mammal fleas and five bird fleas were found to be new to Noord-Brabant and
two mammal fleas and four bird fleas were new to Limburg. Thirteen species of birds and
two mammals were added to Smir's list of hosts for Dutch fleas (SMIT, F. G. A. M,
1962. “Catalogus der Nederlandse Siphonaptera”. Tijdschr. Ent. 105: 45—96, fig. 1-8).
New flea-host-associations were ound for 25 flea hosts recorded by SMIT.

The ecology, host and nest specificity, sex ratios and economic importance of fleas are
discussed.

Mammal fleas and bird fleas are dealt with separately under their relevant hosts or their
nests.

In a synopsis the geographical distribution of all fleas recorded from The Netherlands
so far is indicated.

INTRODUCTION

In this paper, which is meant primarily as a report on Siphonaptera collected
from mammals and birds’ nests taken in the provinces of Noord-Brabant and
Limburg, The Netherlands, some obiter dicta will also be devoted to host and
nest specificity, ecology, sex ratios and economic importance of the fleas recorded,
while a synopsis of Dutch fleas and their distribution over provinces will be
incorporated in the text.

SMIT (1962a) enumerated 50 species and subspecies of fleas recorded from
The Netherlands. Of these 39 are mammal parasites and the remainder have avian
hosts. These figures compare well with those for the British Isles whence 16 bird
fleas and 40 mammal fleas have been recorded (SMIT, 1957b) and with those
known from Denmark where of 53 species and subspecies of fleas recorded by
SMIT (1954), 13 are parasitic on birds. The bird flea fauna of Ireland consists
of 13 species and subspecies of bird fleas and only 22 mammal fleas (CLAASSENS
& O'ROURKE, 1965).

The number of bird fleas occurring in mentioned countries is high as
compared with a total of about 100 bird fleas known to occur in the world while
the total of described species and subspecies of fleas amounts to nearly 1800.

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 1, 1966

The difference in the number of bird fleas in the four countries may be due
partly to insufficient study, but must also be accounted for by the difference in
ecological requirements of some host specific fleas. The species Ornithopsylla
laetitiae Rothschild, occurring on Manx shearwater, Procellaria puffinus puffinus
Brünnich, and the puffin, Fratercula arctica grabae (Brehm), has so far only been
recorded from the isles west of the coast of England and Wales, and off the
coast of Ireland (SMIT, 1957b). The house-martin fleas, Frontopsylla (Orfrontia)
laeta (Jordan & Rothschild) and Callopsylla (Orneacus) waterstoni (Jordan),
have been recorded only from nests of cliff building house-martins, Delichon
urbica (Linnaeus), in Scotland (ALLAN, 1950; SMIT, 1952), and in Ireland
(CLAASSENS, 1965a and 1965b). They are further known from Switzerland and
the Caucasus (SMIT, 1957a), where they have a very limited recorded distribution.

The relatively poor representation of mammal fleas in these countries is due
to the scarcity of mammalian host species. The bird fauna in the same countries is
much richer and hence bird fleas have access to a great diversity of hosts and
nesting sites, two ecological requirements necessary for different species of fleas to
thrive under the given climatic and geological conditions. Phylogenetically, bird
fleas are derived from mammal fleas and this secondary evolution together with
the wide distribution of many birds may be responsible for the catholic tendencies
among bird fleas as regards their adaptive radiation, host specificity and geogra-
phical distribution.

Although bird fleas show a lesser degree of monoxenous parasitism than mam-
mal fleas, some are restricted to definite hosts or their nests, but it is difficult to
determine, in most cases, whether the nest, or the host in providing the nest, lies
at the root of this predilection.

Until 1962 only four bird fleas and eight mammal fleas were recorded from
Noord-Brabant (SMIT, 1962a). The fleas of Limburg were fairly well known by
that time, especially the bat fleas for the study of which the southern part of
this province offers a unique opportunity. Moreover, this part of the country has
many geological, floral and faunal peculiarities all of which of necessity lure
naturalists of all kind to visit it and discover its secrets.

From the many mammals and birds’ nests collected mainly during the months
of October, November and December, 1964, the author recovered 23 species of
mammal fleas and nine species of bird fleas. Records of 15 mammalian and five
bird fleas were found to be new to Noord-Brabant and two of the former and
four of the latter were new to Limburg. In the following synopsis of the recorded
Dutch fleas all provinces from which a species was reported are given, while the
provinces from which new records were made by the author, are marked with an
asteric. The abbreviations used for the provinces and islands are as follows: G. =
Groningen; F. — Friesland; D. — Drente; O. — Overijsel; Gld. — Gelderland;
U. — Utrecht; NH. = Noord-Holland; ZH. = Zuid-Holland; Z. = Zeeland;
NB. = Noord-Brabant; L. — Limburg; T. = Texel; V. = Vlieland; Ts. =
Terschelling; A. = Ameland; S. — Schiermonnikoog; R. — Rottum.

For the exact geographic position of the localities within the provinces from
where fleas were recorded, see SMIT (1962a) on whose paper this synopsis is
based and whose classification and nomenclature of Siphonaptera are used. The

A. J. M. CLAASSENS : Fleas in Noord-Brabant and Limburg 3

geographical position of the provinces and islands of The Netherlands is shown
in figure.

We collected fleas from the following localities.

Noord-Brabant: Beets, 51.43 N. 5.52 E; Boxtel, 51.35 N 5.20 E; Cuyk, 51.43 N
5.53 E; Goirle, 51.31 N 5.04 E; Grave, 51.45 N 5.46 E; Loon op Zand, 51.38
N 5.05 E; Mill, 51.41 N 5.49 E; Oisterwijk, 51.35 N 5.12 E; Schayk, 51.44 N
5.28 E; St. Hubert, 51.40 N 5.50 E; St. Michiels Gestel, 51.38 N 5.21 E; Stra-
brechtsche heide, 51.25 N 5.39 E; Tilburg, 51.33 N 5.07 E; Vught, 51.39 N
5.18 E; Wanroy, 51.39 N 5.49 E.

Limburg: Schinnen, 50.57 N 5.53 E; Venlo, 51.22 N 6.10 E; Venray, 51.32 N
5.58) E.

Belgium

Provinces and islands of The Netherlands

SYNOPSIS OF THE KNOWN DISTRIBUTION OF DUTCH FLEAS

HYSTRICHOPSYLLIDAE
Hystrichopsyllinae

Hystrichopsylla (Hystrichopsylla) talpae talpae (Curtis, 1826), F. O. Gld. U. NH.
ZARNZINBBE
Typhloceras poppei Wagner, 1903, F. Gld. U. NH. *NB. L.

4 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 1, 1966

Doratopsyllinae
Doratopsylla dasycnema dasycnema (Rothschild, 1897), Gld. *NB. *L. Ts.

Ctenophthalminae

Palaeopsylla soricis soricis (Dale, 1878), F. O. Gld. U. ZH. *NB. L. Ts.

Palaeopsylla minor (Dale, 1878), F. O. Gld. U. NH. ZH. Z. NB. L.

Cienophthalmus (Ctenophthalmus) bisoctodentatus heselhausi (Oudemans, 1914),
G. O. Gld. NH. ZH. Z. NB. L.

Ctenophthalmus (Ctenophthalmus) agyrtes agyrtes (Heller, 1896), G. F. D. O.
Glass:

Cienophthalmus (Ctenophthalmus) agyrtes smitianus Peus, 1950, Gld. U. NH.
ZH. Z. NB. L.

Ctenophthalmus (Euctenophthalmus) assimilis (Taschenberg, 1880), G. F. Gld.
GEEN ENZ Zs NBA

Cienophthalmus (Euctenophthalmus) congener congener Rothschild, 1907, G.
O2Gld. ZNBT.

Rhadinopsyllinae

Rhadinopsylla (Actenophthalmus) pentacantha (Rothschild, 1897), F. *NB. L.
Rhadinopsylla (Actenophthalmus) isacantha continentalis Smit, 1957, Gld.

LEPTOPSYLLIDAE
Leptopsyllinae

Leptopsylla segnis (Schönherr, 1811), G. F. Gld. U. NH. ZH. *NB. L
Peromyscopsylla silvatica (Meinert, 1896), Gld. *NB. *L.

ISCHNOPSYLLIDAE
Ischnopsyllinae

Ischnopsyllus (Ischnopsyllus) elongatus (Curtis, 1832), Gld. NH. ZH. *NB.

Ischnopsyllus (Ischnopsyllus) intermedius (Rothschild, 1898), F. O. NH. ZH. L.

Ischnopsyllus (Ischnopsyllus) octactenus (Kolenati, 1856), Gld. U. NH. ZH.
“NB. L.

Ischnopsyllus (Ischnopsyllus) simplex simplex Rothschild, 1906, L.

Ischnopsyllus (Ischnopsyllus) simplex myticus Jordan, 1942, L.

Ischnopsyllus (Ischnopsyllus) variabilis (Wagner, 1898), L.

Ischnopsyllus (Hexactenopsylla) hexactenus (Kolenati, 1956), G. Gld. U. ZH.
*NB. L.

Rhinolophopsylla unipectinata unipectinata (Taschenberg, 1880), L.

Nycteridopsylla eusarca Dampf, 1908, Gld.

Nycteridopsylla longiceps Rothschild, 1908, U. ZH. I.

Nycteridopsylla pentactena (Kolenati, 1856), O. Gld. U. ZH. L.

A. J. M. CLAASSENS : Fleas in Noord-Brabant and Limburg 5

CERATOPHYLLIDAE

Ceratophyllinae

Paraceras melis melis (Walker, 1856), Gld.

Tarsopsylla octodecimdentata octodecimdentata (Kolenati, 1863), O. Gld.

Dasypsyllus gallinulae gallinulae (Dale, 1878), Gld. NH. ZH. NB. L.

Nosopsyllus fasciatus (Bosc, 1800), G. F. Gld. U. NH. ZH. NB. L.

Malaraeus (Amalaraeus) penicilliger mustelae (Dale, 1878), Gld.

Megabothris turbidus (Rothschild, 1909), G. F. D. ©. Gld. ZH. *NB. L.

Megabothris walkeri (Rothschild, 1902), Gld.

Monopsyllus sciurorum sciurorum (Schrank, 1803), D. ©. Gld. U. NH. ZH. NB.
IG,

Ceratophyllus hirundinis (Curtis, 1826), G. Gld. NH. ZH. Z. *NB. *L.

Ceratophyllus rusticus Wagner, 1903, G. NH. Z. *NB. *L.

Ceratophyllus farreni farreni Rothschild, 1905, G. Gld. NH. Z. *NB. *L.

Ceratophyllus styx styx Rothschild, 1900, F. O. NB. L.

Ceratophyllus gallinae gallinae (Schränk, 1803), F. D. O. Gld. U. NH. ZH. Z.
NB. L.

Ceratophyllus fringillae (Walker, 1856), Gld. NH. ZH. Z. *NB. L.

Ceratophyllus rossittensis rossittensis Dampf, 1903, NH.

Ceratophyllus columbae (Gervais, 1844), Gld. NH. ZH. *NB. L.

Ceratophyllus garei Rothschild, 1902, Gld. NH. ZH. NB. Z. *L.

Ceratophyllus borealis Rothschild, 1907, ZH.

VERMIPSYLLIDAE

Chaetopsylla (Chaetopsylla) globiceps (Taschenberg, 1880), Gld. L.
Chaetopsylla (Chaetopsylla) trichosa Kohaut, 1903, Gld. L.

PULICIDAE
Spilopsyllinae
Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale, 1878), D. O. Gld. U. NH. ZH. *NB. L.
Archaeopsyllinae

Ctenocephalides canis (Curtis, 1826), Gld. U. NH. ZH. *NB. L. Ts.
Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouché, 1835), O. Gld. U. NH. ZH. *NB. L. Ts.
Archaeopsylla erinacei erinacei (Bouché, 1835), Gld. U. NH. ZH. Z. NB. L.

Pulicinae

Pulex irritans Linnaeus, 1758, F. O. Gld. U. NH. ZH. NB. L. Ts.

6 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 1, 1966

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Trapping of mice, voles and shrews was done with eight live traps constructed
of wire netting which, though very efficient for catching small mammals proved
less dependable as regards keeping the animals alive. All traps were baited with
cheese and checked every morning from October 4th until December 15th, 1964.
Six traps made of wood were used in our house and garden. These were also
baited with cheese and checked at regular intervals every day from June 15th
until December 15th, 1964. All animals trapped in and near our house were
collected alive. Three pygmy shrews, Sorex minutus Linnaeus, and one common
shrew, Sorex araneus Linnaeus, were captured in jars used as pitfalls at Konings-
hoeven, Tilburg.

All catches dead or live were put in separate polythene bags and, if necessary,
killed from the outside before they were searched for fleas. Five or six white-
toothed shrews, Crucidura russula (Hermann), caught in our garden at Tilburg
were anaesthetized with ether before ectoparasites were removed from them.
They were marked at the ears and released to be recaptured.

Rats were killed in and near farms and farm out-houses. Moles were collected
in gardens and meadows. Squirrels, polecats, weasels and stoats were examined in
a taxidermist’s workshop at Oisterwijk. The taxidermist put all incoming animals
in polythene bags and stored them in a deepfreeze until they were examined by
the author. Three squirrels were shot by the author on the estate Villa Blanca,
Goirle. These squirrels appeared to harbour the largest number of fleas per
individual host in the present investigation.

Some mammal fleas were also collected from birds’ nests while some bird fleas
were recovered from the bodies of mammals especially of animals of prey.

Each animal was carefully searched for fleas and other ectoparasites by putting
the contents of each bag into a deep white bowl and by brushing and blowing
against the grain of the fur to remove parasites that had stayed on the dead hosts.

Bird fleas were collected from nests taken in the field. Only those nests
of which the origin was certain were kept for incubation. Several bird watchers
and foresters were of great help by showing nests of birds known to them.

The nests were put in separate polythene bags and kept at room temperature
(18° C) for seven days. They were then carefully searched for fleas. The author
is well aware of the fact that the nest material should have been kept for a longer
period in order to obtain the maximum number of parasites that could possibly
be bred from the pupae and maybe the larvae present. The shorter method was
followed because of lack of time and space.

Often fleas were seen moving up the inside walls of the bags within a day or
two. This happened always when a nest harboured many fleas. In such cases the
contents of the bags were searched earlier, preferably daily, in order to prevent
loss of fleas by drowning in the moisture accumulating on the inside walls of
the bags. Sometimes fleas were seen in the nesting material directly after col-
lection but usually they were not seen before incubation.

Fleas were picked up with a Leonhard forceps and stored in 70% alcohol until
they were prepared for identification. The techniques used to mount the fleas

A. J. M. CLAASSENS : Fleas in Noord-Brabant and Limburg 7

were those described by Smit (1957a) whose keys were also used for identification
of the insects (SMIT, 1954, 1957a, 1962a). For nomenclature of the mammals and
the birds we followed BRINK (1955), and DOBBEN (1963), respectively.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. MAMMALS

In the discussion under every mammal or group of mammals some incidental
remarks will be devoted to ecology and host specificity of the fleas occurring on
them. The reader is advised also to read SMIT (1962a) who gave a detailed
account of every species of flea and a complete synopsis of “Host-flea-associations”
recorded from The Netherlands until 1962.

SORICIDAE

Sorex minutus Linnaeus, the pygmy shrew. Tilburg, XI.1964—1 4,2 931 6,
i Ovintested: Fleas: DIA. dasycnema "1 &: Piss sone! 1 8, 110

Sorex araneus Linnaeus, the common shrew. Tilburg, X.1964 — 3 8,4 9;
1 85 @ Avic Bleas: wD ds dasycnemar: We Oleh. sysoricase MINI LE
Gab hese hamid, 1 9.

Mill, X1.1964 — 1 &, 1 2; both infested. Fleas: D. d. dasycnema: 6 3,39.
Vught, XII.1964 — 1 &,1 9;1 & infested. Fleas: D. d. dasycnema : 1 3; P.
Fe GOHAN IS.

Venlo, XII.1964 — 2 &; one infested. Fleas: D. d. Jasycnema 1 &, 2 9;
PPS Or CC Ih. or

Crucidura russula (Hermann), the comınon European white-toothed shrew.
Tilburg, XI.1964 — 2 &, 4 9; 1 & infested. Fleas: N. fasciatus : 1 9.
Goirle, X.1964 — 1 ¢ examined and found infested. Fleas: D. d. dasycnema :
IL ASSAI RCE
Oisterwijk, XII.1964 — 1 8, 1 9; 1 2 infested. Fleas: P. s. soricis: 1 &;
No GIO leat en Ee

Trapping of shrews was described in “Material and methods”. All shrews caught
in this way were found dead in the traps except for six shrews recorded from our
garden at Tilburg. Pygmy shrews were trapped in pitfalls, which were not baited
and in which the shrews were found dead. Of all fleas collected from the Sorici-
dae examined, 55% were D. d. dasycnema and 26% P. s. soricis.

Palaeopsylla soricis soricis and Doratopsylla dasycnema dasycnema are host
specific parasites of shrews. The latter species is a nest parasite and according to
SMIT (1962a) this may be one of the reasons why the species has not been
collected much in the past. Moreover, shrews tend to harbour few fleas per
individual host. Of the two specimens of S. araneus recorded from Mill the
female carried seven specimens of D. d. dasycnema, an infestation worth recording.
Remarkable is also that on the bodies of the hosts male specimens of this flea are
more abundant than females. SMIT (19622) commented that the sex ratio is nearly

8 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 1, 1966

2:1 in favour of the males. Our figures agree very well with SMIT's obser-
vations.

Although P. s. soricis is a body flea rather than a nest dweller, we found few
specimens of this species on the hosts examined.

C. b. heselhausi is a host specific mole flea and is particularly found in moles’
nests. Shrews are recorded as accidental hosts for this flea as well as for the rat
flea, N. fasciatus. Shrews are secondary hosts for the flea H. t. talpae. N. fasciatus
has not been recorded before from shrews in The Netherlands, but SMIT (1957b)
recorded it from S. araneus in the British Isles. SMIT (1962a) lists ten species
of fleas found in association with shrews.

Crocidura russula was collected from live traps set out in three different locali-
ties. Unfortunately the specimens from our garden harboured only one N. fasciatus
and no other species of fleas. Five of the six white-toothed shrews from the
garden were marked and released. These were all recaptured sometimes twice a day
for about a week. After that time they seemed to have disappeared from our
garden where they had suddenly turned up. We had hoped to see whether C.
russula, which occupied the same shelter places as Mus musculus, was liable to
become infested with Leptopsylla segnis, the house-mouse flea, or possibly with
other fleas that might have straggled into our garden on passing mammals. Al-
though many house-mice were trapped, few were found infested and straggling
onto C. russula did not occur, at least not during the short time we were able to
recapture them.

All fleas, except H. t. talpae, recorded from C. russula examined by us are
new host records.

Sorex minutus has not been recorded before as a host for fleas in this country
and hence all species of fleas reported from them at Tilburg are new records. Our
attempts to catch water shrews, Neomys fodzens Pennant, near ditches and ponds
failed, nor did we succeed in trapping the bicolour white-toothed shrew, Crucidura
leucodon (Hermann), which may occur in Noord-Brabant. No fleas have so far
been recorded from C. /excodon in The Netherlands.

TALPIDAE

Talpa europaea Linnaeus, the mole.
Loon op Zand, X.1964 — 1 4,1 9;1 2 infested. Fleas: P. minor: 1 6,2 4;
Oe Ce WADE LBi @,
St. Michiels Gestel, X.1964 — 1 & examined and found infested. Fleas:.P. minor :
WCO Br AD 2 UE Celal De ANIA
Mill, XII.1964 — 2 ¢, 19, all infested. Fleas: P. minor: 5 &,3 2.
Tilburg, X.1964 — 2 4,1 9 ; 1 &,1 2 infested. Fleas: P. minor: 3 8,3 9;
Co Ce CLO 2 8,2 @ Blonde HOE BI
Vught, X.1964 — 2 4, 1:9, all infested. Fleas: P. minor: 4 &, 4 9; C. a.
VND RRD I MAM As I Do

SMIT (1962a) lists two host specific mole fleas, four secondary and nine
accidental ‘‘flea-mole-associations’’. Of all fleas collected from moles by us,
62% belonged to the species P. minor. C. a. smitianus and H. t. talpae are often

A. J. M. CLAASSENS : Fleas in Noord-Brabant and Limburg 9

found on moles, but they constitute only a secondary host-relationship. M. turbidus
being a host specific vole flea must be regarded as a straggler when occurring on
moles. P. s. soricis, a host specific shrew flea may also straggle onto moles. C. b.
heselhausi, the second specific mole flea is a nest dweller and this may explain
why it was not found by us. The host specificity of P. minor and C. b. heselhausi
was wel demonstrated by SMIT (1962b), who found that of the 13,330 fleas col-
lected from 1,005 moles and 45 moles’ nests at Wilp, Gelderland, The Netherlands,
during a period of eleven years 90% of all fleas recovered from the moles and
only 4.6% of all specimens retrieved from the nests were P. minor while 65.5%
of all fleas taken from the nests and only 2.4% of all fleas gathered from the
hosts were C. b. heselhausi. In Noord-Brabant C. b. heselhausi was recorded
from Breda, where it was found in a mole’s nest (SMIT, 1962a). We record it
from S. araneus at Tilburg.

MURINAE

Apodemus sylvaticus (Linnaeus), the long-tailed field mouse.

Goirle, X—XI.1964 — 3 4,5 9;1 4,3 2 infested. Fleas: C. a. smitianus :
DCI

Mill, XT.1964 — 6 4,4 9; 5:34, 219 infested, Fleas: T. poppei: 9 4,3 9;
C. a. smitianus:2 38,29; M. turbidus:2 6,1 9;N. fasciatus: 2 9.
Oisterwijk, X.1964— 4 8,4 9;1 4,119 infested. Fleas: C. a. smitianus : 1 &,
ORME ZAIRE

Tilburg, X—XI.1964 — 9 4,5 9;4 4, 419 infested. Fleas: T. poppei : 2 &,
POI CNET ANA NOI DROP ME durbıidus on

Venlo, X11.1964 — 3a, 19; 1 3, 1 e infested. Fleas: T° poppez: 2 4,
1 9; Ca. smitianus : 1:19; N. fasciatus:2 9; C. g. gallinae: 1 6.

A. sylvaticus is a very common mammal in The Netherlands where it inhabits
nearly all terrestrial biotopes. It is the mammal par excellence for the study of
fleas of small mammals occurring in an area because it attracts the great majority of
species of mammal fleas, even those of which other small mammals are the
principal hosts. The author found it possible to predict what species of mammals
could be expected in a given area after examining a small number of flea-infested
field mice. It was also found that mammals other than field mice were caught only
after part of the population of the latter occurring around the spot where traps
were set out had been trapped. This was also true for the bank vole, Clethrionomys
glareolus, which as a rule enters traps before A. sylvaticus, whenever these two
species share a habitat. C. glareolus is to some extent also a diurnal mammal and
may therefore seem to be easier caught than A. sylvaticus. The common shrew,
Sorex aranens, was never trapped before field mice and bank voles were captured.
Although mice, voles and shrews live in close proximity, they seem to avoid each
other in the open. It is therefore a good practice to leave traps for three or four
consecutive days on the same spot rather than to keep moving them from one
place to another after every night.

Many species of fleas have been found in association with field mice. Most of
these relationships are of a secondary or accidental nature. Typhloceras poppei and

10 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 1, 1966

Ctenophthalmus agyrtes subspecies are regarded as the principal Siphonaptera found
in association with this mammal. Megabothris turbidus appeared to be fairly com-
mon on the mice examined, but SMIT (1962a) regards A. sylvaticus as an ac-
cidental host for this flea, which has the bank vole, C. glareolus, for its principal
host. Three specimens, two males and one female, of the subspecies H. t. talpae
were found on a female field mouse caught on the estate Villa Blanca, Goirle.
This mouse also carried one specimen of the subspecies C. a. smitianus. The
record of the Apodemus—H. 1. talpae association is new to The Netherlands (see
discussion under C. glareolus). The occurrence of Palaeopsylla minor, a mole flea,
on Apodemus is also a new host record. N. fasciatus, the rat flea, may often be
found on small mammals whenever they share the same territory with rats so that
exchange of fleas and other ectoparasites can easily be accomplished.

The bird flea Ceratophyllus g. gallinae was found on several mammals during
our survey. This flea will feed on mammals when hungry, but its association with
mammalian hosts must be regarded as accidental.

Special attention was paid as to whether the beetle Leptinus testaceus Müller
(Col., Silphidae) occurred on A. sylvaticus or on any other small mammal or in
birds’ nests in Noord-Brabant and Limburg, but no specimen was found. The
beetle was frequently found on field mice in Ireland (FAIRLEY, 1963b; CLAASSENS
& O’ROURKE, 1964) and in Great Britain (J. BALFOUR BROWNE, British Museum,
Natural History, personal communication). FAIRLY (1963b) reported that 15%
of male and 4% of female Apodemus (138 specimens) taken in Co Down, Ire-
land, in October and November, 1962, harboured this beetle. We examined 109
field mice in Co Cork, Ireland, and found 12% of the males and 13% of the
females infested with this beetle (CLAASSENS, 1964). KEER (1930) reported this
beetle from The Netherlands as occurring on field voles, Microtus arvalis, on
rats and long-tailed field mice. SMIT (personal communication) found it on A.
sylvaticus in various parts of The Netherlands.

The beetle, which has also been recorded from nests of A. sylvaticus (O’MA-
HONY, 1945, 1947), from birds’ nests (RYE, 1890; JOHNSON & HALBERT, 1902;
LINSSEN, 1959; and CLAASSENS, 1964) and from the nests of Bombus terrestris
(CuMBER, 1949), may also be found in rotten wood (LINSSEN, 1959) and in
dead leaves (RYE, 1890). L. testaceus can be recognized by the long filiform
antennae, and the absence of eyes. It is oval, small, 2 mm, very flattened, and dull
testaceous in colour. It is still a matter of speculation as to whether the beetle has
a parasitic, nidicolous or phoretic association with A. sylvaticus.

Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout), the brown rat.
Cuyk, XII.1964 — 2 &,3 9;1 4,19 infested. Fleas: N. fasciatus:3 8,5 9;
Ce MOOD NDSS DOS
Oisterwijk, XI.1964 — 3 4,2 ®;2 8,1 2 infested. Fleas: N. fasciatus: 1 8,
NOs (CoB SAAN ASIO OPROER ERO Or
Tilburg, XI.1964 — 1 &, 1 2, both infested. Fleas: N. fasciatus: 2 4,3 9;
Gad) miens 1,8, 18 ONG, baheselhausı ade.
Venray, XII.1964 — 18,2 2217 8, 1207 intestedSRleas: ENS andaian Re
AV OS (Gach Uns il IRON

Although the black rat, Rattus rattus (Linnaeus), and the brown rat, R. norvegt-

A. J. M. CLAASSENS : Fleas in Noord-Brabant and Limburg 11

cus, occur in Noord-Brabant and Limburg, only the brown rat of more frequent
occurrence was obtained during our survey. The abundance of the brown rat may
be illustrated by some recent figures. A poultry farmer at Mill killed 407 rats in
one day in a hen house (November, 1964); another caught 173 rats in one
hen house also in one day (October, 1964) and a farmer at Tilburg killed 77 rats
in October, 1964, also in a hen house. Many rats are killed too by poisoned bait; it
is impossible to determine how many rats are killed daily by this method.

In addition to the damage they do to property of all kind, rats are vectors of
diseases which they may disseminate to domestic animals and even to man. Some
of these diseases are transmitted by ectoparasites, most important of which are the
fleas.

Our observations revealed a predominance of N. fasciatus infestations on the
rats examined. Although N. fasciatus is the common rat flea, it need not always be
the predominant species of flea on rats in any area in Europe. CLAASSENS &
O’ROURKE (1965) reported that of sixteen rats collected from four counties in
Ireland only two carried N. fasciatus exclusively while all others were infested both
with N. fasciatus and Ctenophthalmus nobilis (subspecies), or only with C. nobilis
(subspecies). Of a total of 54 fleas collected from the 16 rats ten were N. fasciatus
and all the other were either C. nobilis nobilis (Rothschild, 1898) or C. n. vulgaris
Smit, 1955. Further investigations would be of interest. There may exist an inter-
specific competition between the species of the genus Nosopsyllus and those of the
genus Ctenophthalmus when these species occur on rats occupying the same area.

Although Smir (1962a) listed nine species of fleas as being reported from brown
rats in The Netherlands, we found only four, two of which were single specimens.

For the economic importance of rat fleas see the chapter on domestic and
medical importance of fleas in this paper.

Mus musculus Linnaeus, the house mouse. Taken from our garden and house
situated just outside the city boundary of Tilburg. Trapping of these mammals was
started June 15th, and continued until December 15th, 1964. All mice were col-
lected alive from the traps. The greater part (17 of 27 specimens) captured in-
doors were killed with a stick because they refused to enter traps. All other mice
were caught in live traps baited with cheese. Mice of the outdoor population were
grey brown on top and grey underneath while members of the indoor population
had back and underside grey. Some of the mice killed indoors during November
and December obviously belonged to the outdoor population.

Most of the mice were trapped near a small dump and in an aviary where they
appeared to congregate after arriving in the garden. Trapping was started in June,
but until September 15th only four mice were captured in the garden and three
of these harboured fleas, while of the many mice obtained later very few fleas were
recovered. Six shrews were also obtained from near the dump. For shrews see
under Soricidae in this paper.

In table I details are given concerning the mice examined and their flea popu-
lation. All mice taken during four weeks are put together in order to show the
change in population density both of mice and their epi-fauna, as well as to
demonstrate that species of fleas other than Leptopsylla segnis were removed only
from those mice which visited our garden after August.

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 1, 1966

cv 6£
CG
8 S
c Ÿ
VANS
T

pb S
6
QA
& ©
Gp
OT 2
OR
Ph +3
Ho

O et
» ©
a +

OT TI tc fp SE CT 21 ve cs ie eae Cose SOUSTETOT,

SA00P}no
sıooput

S100p3no
SIOOPUT

Nr OAM NI an We

sixoopno
SIOOPUT

sA00p}no
sıaooput

al GU EA Qo
on Ve Od Io

SAO0PINO
Sxooput

IN Robey a eth to) | Te)

SADOPUT

FINQIII
ez |Z v PO jen, 3 Z o 32% E
£ Ko) ©» Io 2 ga ler ® Bre A FE (e)
MH ex mim F< |D hh OQ 3 D 03 Q
tom ES) o |o eis {3 ct ont Ee {ey top »
Po = rl |o © un (0) m © -
ea |o o |M DOTI CUS 5 H ek
£ je et F4 SA |S n o) ® ct
nis gie 5 ct je (e) 2 © <<
4 ale n = al Ph rh
he (3 N) ke
n un tea D
3
5
a

uorjeirndod eert Jo sttejed sjsoy ou} JO STIejed

snoeuurj sninosnu SN Jo seold ‘I AIAVL

°UICT
°U39I

“UIST
“UOT

°UISI
°U39I

°UIST

°20q
°AON

° AON
°390

‘390
°ydas

*ydas

"U79L 3SnIny
"UST Jsnöny

°U39I

°U3GI
“UIST

Arne

sunp

v96L1

A. J. M. CLAASSENS : Fleas in Noord-Brabant and Limburg 13

Of the outdoor population (38 4 and 21 @ ) only 16% of 4 and 19% of 9
were infested with fleas, while of the indoor mice (14 & and 13 9) and 70%
and 70%, respectively, were infested. The remarkable difference may be explained
by the fact that mice travelling from one place to another lose their ectoparasites.
When searching for winter quarters mice may spend only a short time in the same
hiding place and fleas which stay on the host only for a limited time to feed, are
left behind.

Of the outdoor mice taken in August three of four specimens were infested, but
two of these carrying fleas may have belonged to the local population of the garden
where a stock of fleas may have been built up in their usual hiding places. The
big invasion of mice took place during November, when 41 specimens were
trapped. The last mouse was caught in the garden on December 10th. Trapping was
continued until January 10th but not a single mouse could be trapped. Yet mice
were sometimes seen during day-time. They seemed to have established a definite
abode and as a result they might have regained their timidity and shyness. One
female mouse was caught in the house on December 22nd, but it harboured no
fleas.

The great predominance in the outdoor population of males over females is
worth noticing. It would be of considerable interest to repeat such studies preferably
during a longer period and with the aid of more traps.

It is the right place here to express sincere thanks to Messrs. H. VAN DER ZANDE
and H. SOETENS who were of indispensable help in catching the specimens of
Mus musculus.

MICROTINAE

Clethrionomys glareolus Schreber, the bank vole.
Goirle, X.1964 — 2 ®, none infested.
MENING ARNE DOr aay 2 worn festedEleas:s Gita. asian usi),
6 9; M. turbidus : 1:19; N. fasciatus: 1 @.
Oisterwijk, X.1964 — 2 8,1 9;1 &, 1 9 infested. Fleas: C. a. smitianus :
i Ge LO BA AS SS
Tilburg, <—X1.1964 — 11 4,10 2;10 3,10 2 infested. Fleas: P. silvatica ;
LEO CRA onser Omer ROM bid as O Exec. GON genen
PEO EP Ala wie SE O ER pentacaniha NOn
Venlo, XII.1964 — 3 &,3 2;2 4,19 infested. Fleas: P. szlvatıca: 3 6,29 ;
CRA ANA NSM trois RISI RCN congener.: AMO):

Though less common in some areas than the long-tailed field mouse, the bank
vole is widely spread throughout The Netherlands. It avoids wet places and has a
preference for deciduous woodlands, hedges, shrubs, edges of woods and may also
occur in coniferous forests.

Ctenophthalmus agyrtes subspecies, C. congener congener, Peromyscopsylla sil-
vatica and Megabothris turbidus are the principal fleas of C. glareolus in this coun-
try. With the exception of the subspecies C. agyrtes all these Siphonaptera were
recovered from the bank voles examined. According to SMIT (1962a), C. glareolus

14 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 1, 1966

is a secondary host for C. a. smitianus, but it was by far the most common species
on the bank voles examined by us. For the geographical distribution of C. a. agyrtes
and C. a. smitianus in The Netherlands see the synopsis of Dutch fleas in this
paper and also SMIT (1962a).

H. t. talpae is a nest flea but it has been also found regularly on the bodies of
mice, voles, moles and shrews. It is difficult therefore to determine the principal
host of this largest of the European fleas. In Ireland H. #. talpae was often found
on A. sylvaticus (FAIRLEY, 1963a; CLAASSENS & O'ROURKE, 1965). Moles are ab-
sent from Ireland and 18 voles, C. glareolus, examined there were not infested with
this flea. For the discovery of the bank vole in Ireland see CLAASSENS & O'GORMAN
(1965). The occurence of N. fasciatus on the bank vole is accidental, while the
common bird flea, Ceratophyllus g. gallinae, is merely a straggler.

Rhadinopsylla pentacantha is usually found in association with A. sylvaticus.
Its occurrence on C. glareolus is a new host record for The Netherlands. The
record of P. silvatica is the second for The Netherlands. We took it also from a
weasel, Mustela nivalis, shot at Oisterwijk. This Leptopsyllid mammal flea had
been recorded before from Oldebroek (Gld.) where it was found on C. glareolus
(SMIT, 1962a). SMIT commented that P. silvatica is not a very common parasite
of voles but it has a wide distribution in Europe and a closely related subspecies,
P. silvatica spectabilis (Rothschild, 1898) occurs in Great Britain and Spain.

Microtus arvalis Pallas, the common vole.

Cuyk, XII.1964 — 6 ¢,8:9;4 6,4 9 infested. Fleas: C. asszmalis:3 4,5 9;
CR WOUDEN SION AE ILO

Grave IO SR EC 0 270 infestedWElcas: NCA AE TO
1 ONCE BS Isl, DIAM Be

Few fleas from the common vole, M. arvalis, have so far been examined. Spe-
cial attempts were therefore made to catch these mammals. Although only four
species of fleas on voles were found, the general trend of their flea infestation was
well shown.

C. assimilis was the flea most commonly found on the 13 voles infested (59%
of all fleas collected from them). C. assimilis is a host specific flea of the com-
mon vole (SMIT, 1962a). It appears to be a nest flea and is not often found in
big numbers on the bodies of the hosts.

MUSTELIDAE

Mustela putorius (Linnaeus), the pole cat.
Oisterwijk, X—XI1.1964 — 7 4,5 9;2 4,1 2 infested. Fleas: M. s. sciuro-
um: 10) 5: A Ne. erinate a1 Vor GRA anne De AG arc EEE
Boxtel RMC SE STETS intested@Eleassu@ Ta emilanase:
Us Cal MODA AN
Venray, X.1964 — 1 & examined and found infested. Fleas: M. s. serurorum :
ao

Mustela erminea Linnaeus, the stoat.
Oisterwijk, X—XI.1964 — 2 4, 1:9; 1 & infested. Fleas: M. s. sczurorum :
ISO Co neared USE

A. J. M. CLAASSENS : Fleas in Noord-Brabant and Limburg 15

Boxtel, XI.1964 — 1 ¢,1 9;1 @ infested. Fleas: C. garei: 1 9.

Mustela nivalis Erxleben, the weasel.

Oisterwijk, X—XI.1964 — 2 4,2 9;1.9 infested. Fleas: A. e. erinacei : 1 &
DONG. ae smihanas DI VO PS silvatica AVA.

Mustela lutreola (Linnaeus) the european mink.

Tilburg, XI.1964 — nine nests examined, one infested. Fleas: C. a. smitianus :
para DIN Or.

The carnivores listed above are not usually infested with fleas. They acquire
these parasites by preying upon small mammals and birds. SMIT (1962a) lists
several species of fleas recorded from these mammals, but the records of C. a.
smitianus, P. silvatica and the bird fleas, C. garei and C. g. gallinae, are new to
The Netherlands. Minks were never recorded before as accidental hosts for Si-
phonaptera in this country. We have investigated only some nests of these mam-
mals when nest boxes were taken out of the cages on a mink farm. The mink
farm was situated in a forest and fleas from the long-tailed field mouse or from
the common shrew may have straggled onto these unusual hosts and from them
into the nesting material.

C. a. smitianus was found most often on the carnivores examined. This is of
course not surprising since many small mammals harbour this flea. Squirrel fleas
were found on pole cats and stoats, but this is not unusual either, because squirrels
abound in all areas where Mustelidae were captured.

SCIURIDAE

Sciurus vulgaris Linnaeus, the red squirrel.

Goirle, X—XI.1964 — 1 &, 2 9, all infested. Fleas: M. 5. sciurorum : 55 &,
GAO C. 9. gallinae: 1 8,1 2;C.garei:1 9.

Oisterwijk, X—XI.1964 — 9 4, 6.9, 8 8,6 9 infested. Fleas: M. s. sciuro-
URI ig sallinges alken

Boxtel, X.1964 — 3 4, 2 9, all infested. Fleas: M. s. sciurorum : 33 & and 44
OS (Go LE In TA

Vugt, XI.1964 — 1 ¢ examined and found infested. Fleas: M. 5. sciurorum :
a a

Venray, X.1964 — 1 4,1 9, both infested. Fleas: M. s. sciurorum : 78 &,89 9.
Wanroy, XI.1964 — one nest. Fleas: M. s. sciurorum : 15 &, 19 2.

Beers, XI.1964 — two nests. Fleas: M. s. sciurorum : 12 4,17 9.

The red squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris, is very common in most wooded areas in
The Netherlands. Many specimens are shot every year in an attempt to keep their
numbers in check and to decrease the damage done to the forests and bird fauna.
Lack of natural predators, especially martens and wild cats made interference of
man necessary. It is of interest to recall the records of the squirrel flea, Monopsyllus
sciurorum, from the pole cat and stoat. These Mustelidae as well as the weasel
appear to prey upon squirrels, but they seem to have little effect on the squirrel
population.

M. s. sciurorum is the most common host specific squirrel flea in this country,

16 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 1, 1966

both on the bodies of the hosts and in their nests. This flea is often found in cons-
iderable numbers on squirrels and is said to be even more numerous in some nests.
One of the squirrels shot on the estate Villa Blanca, Goirle, harboured 30 females
and 24 males of this flea. Tarsopsylla o. octodecimdentata, another host specific
squirrel flea, has been found in the provinces of Overijsel and Gelderland. It is a
nest flea and is never found in large numbers on the host. SMIT (1962a) com-
menting on this flea noted that it is more frequently found in association with
squirrels occupying territories in mountainous areas.

Of the squirrels’ nests the two collected at Beers were newly built. The grass
covering the inner lining of hay was still partly green. Though the number of
fleas found in these nests was small, they provide an indication that transport of
fleas from the bodies of the hosts to their nests occurs rapidly. The nests collected
at Beers were so-called “winter nests”.

The fleas C. g. gallinae and C. garei may have straggled onto squirrels from
deserted birds’ nests which are often visited by squirrels and may occasionally be
used to store their food. No bird fleas were found in the squirrels’ nests examined.
The bird flea-squirrel-association must be very short-lived.

CHIROPTERA

SMIT (1962a) enumerated 11 species of bat fleas recorded from 13 species of
bats. No bat flea was hitherto recorded from Noord-Brabant; from Limburg on
the contrary nine bat fleas have been recorded in the past and nearly all were
recovered from bats occupying the caves of South Limburg. Nycteridopsylla eusarca
Dampf, 1908, and Ischnopsyllus elongatus (Curtis, 1832) are species of bat fleas
not yet reported to occur in Limburg. Both the latter species are host specific
parasites of the bat Nyctalus noctula (Schreber) which does not hibernate in caves.

In Noord-Brabant we found one male Ischnopsyllus elongatus on a female Ep-
tesicus serotinus (Schreber) taken at Vught from a crevice in a wall, December,
1964; a female Ischnopsyllus octactenus (Kolenati) on a female Pipistrellus pipi-
strellus (Schreber) taken at Vught from a hole in a tree, December, 1964; one
female Ischnopsyllus hexactenus (Kolenati) from the nest of a stock dove Columba
oenas Linnaeus, which was situated in a hole in a wall under the eave of a house
and one female of the same species from a female Plecotus auritus (Linnaeus) ta-
ken from a cellar, both records from Mill, December, 1964. Seven Plecotus auritis
5 4,2 9) were taken from a farmhouse at Tilburg. These bats were not
infested with fleas, nor could any fleas be bred from the debris gathered from
under the roost.

Although bats have no nests, they have specific fleas; this can be explained by
the fact that bats return to a definite roosting place to rest, sleep or hibernate. This
habit, which provides conditions not unlike those in a bird’s nest, suits the adult
fleas, while the faeces of the bats, accumulating on the floor under the roots,
ensure ideal food, shelter, temperature and humidity for the larvae of fleas and
other ectoparasites.

A. J. M. CLAASSENS : Fleas in Noord-Brabant and Limburg iy

DOMESTIC INFESTATIONS

Man and domestic animals can act as hosts for several species of fleas, which if
conditions are suitable may become annoying pests.

Fleas usually responsible for domestic infestations are Pulex irritans Linnaeus,
the so-called human flea; Crenocephalides canis (Curtis), the dog flea, and Cteno-
cephalides felis felis (Bouché), the cat flea. These species and subspecies were
taken by the author on a farm at Oisterwijk, November, 1964, where a dog har-
boured 1 © of P. irritans and 1 3, 1'9 of C. canis, two cats carried 2 & of P.
irritans and 1 8,2 9 of C. felis felis and 1 9 of C. canis, and five specimens
(3 4, 2:2) of P. irritans were collected from two pigs in December, 1964.

Another species of domestic importance is, as we have seen already, Nosopsyllus
fasciatus, the rat flea. Of less domestic importance are the species Leptopsylla segnis
(Schönherr), Archaeopsylla e. erinacei (Bouché) and Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale)
and the bird fleas Ceratophyllus g. gallinae (Schrank).

There are not many recent records of rat flea infestations in houses. SMIT (1962a)
recorded a rat flea from a house. We obtained a rat flea from a mouse captured
in our kitchen (see under Mus musculus). CLAASSENS & O'ROURKE (1965) re-
ported a female N. fasciatus from a bed in a Cork suburb (Ireland).

L. segnis, the house mouse flea, feeds on man only when hungry; it could be
contracted in rooms infested with house mice.

A. e. erinacei, the hedgehog flea has been recorded from cats and dogs and via
these domestic animals it may be passed on to man. O'ROURKE (1960) commen-
ting on animal pets as reservoirs of zoonotic infections, noted that the hedge-
hog accumulates and excretes all strains of Leptospira available in an area. It is
however, not known, whether fleas are capable of transporting Leptospira from
animals to man. We obtained three females and one male of the subspecies A. e.
erinacei from a dog which had been playing with a hedgehog (Tilburg, October 15th,
1964). The fleas were put back on the dog, which was re-examined on October 17th.
Only one female flea could be found then and though it is not easy to find four
fleas on a dog, we assumed that the parasites had left the unusual host. The ob-
stinate female persevering in its accidental host relationship was kept for our col-
lection. One female was also found on a pole cat and one male and two females
were taken from a weasel (see under records of fleas from Mustelidae).

Two male and one female specimens of S. cuniculi were taken from 15 domestic
rabbits of which only one was infested (Wanroy, November, 1964). One male
was also taken from a rabbit trapped at Mill, November, 1964.

S. cuniculi is a semi-sedentary flea. It attaches usually to the innerside of the
ears of rabbits and of accidental hosts such as cats, dogs and hares. Heavily serrated
lacinia ensure a firm attachment. S. cunicnli is the principal vector of the Myxoma
virus in Western Europe. This virus is transmitted purely mechanically by the in-
fected mouth parts of the rabbit flea. Occasionally rabbit fleas may feed on man.
Hunters, and people dealing with dead rabbits are most liable to contract these
fleas.

Ceratophyllus g. gallinae, a very common bird flea has often been reported to
infest hen houses and may occasionally be found on mammals. During our obser-

18 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 1, 1966

vations in Noord-Brabant and Limburg we found it on Apodemus sylvaticus,
Mustela putorius and Sciurus vulgaris.

The ability of this flea to maintain itself in dry aerial nests may have guided it
to hen coops where the egg-laying and roosting habits of the hens must suit
the fleas very much. It has been proven that C. g. gallinae will breed when fed only
on rat’s blood. We used white mice to feed hundreds of specimens of this flea.
In hen houses C. g. gallinae may become a real pest and may have a deleterious
effect on the health and egg production of the fowl. Where hens, dogs and cats
live in close proximity one will often find fleas straggling from fowl to mammals
and via these to man. Man can also contract C. g. gallinae by cleaning infested
hen houses.

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE

Fleas are hosts to a variety of organisms, several of which can be harmful to the
fleas only while others may also be passed on to the fleas’ hosts. In some cases such
organisms may be passed on to man directy or via other hosts. N. fasciatus, P.
irritans, C. canis, C. f. felis and L. segnis are potential carriers of the Plague bac-
teria, Pasteurella pestis. Some fleas act as intermediate hosts of cestodes of medical
importance. The more common cestodes are Hymenolepis nana Siebolt, Hymenole-
pis diminuta Rudolphi and Dipylidium caninum Linnaeus. Hymenolepis diminuta
is a parasite of rats and mice. Humans, especially children have been found infested
too. The intermediate hosts of the tailed cysticercoids are the flour moth Anzsolabis
annulipes and the larval and adult forms of some beetles and the flea N. fasczatus.
Human infestations are usually accomplished by consumption of fresh faeces of
rats and mice (faecal contaminated food) and by consumption of insufficiently
cooked bread stuff made from flour infested with grain insects.

H. nana is a parasite of rats and mice and even humans, especially children.
Ingestion of ripe eggs of the cestode is possibly the commonest method by which
humans, rats and mice become infested. There are a number of intermediate hosts
in which the cysticercoid will develop and from them can be transferred to definite
hosts. Important intermediate hosts are the fleas C. canis, P. irritans and some
mealworms.

Dipylidium caninum is a cosmopolitan parasite of cats and dogs and may infest
children occasionally. Intermediate hosts are C. canis and P. irritans as well as the
dog louse Trichodecta canis. Dogs and cats infest themselves by eating infested fleas
or lice. Children may be infested by accidentally eating infected fleas or lice, or
cats and dogs may chew up the intermediate hosts and set free cysticercoids on to
their coat or retain them in their mouth from where they can easily be passed on to
man.

N. fasciatus is the most important vector of Endemic or Murine typhus. This
disease is transmitted from rat to rat and other small mammals and from them
to man by fleas. C. canis and C. f. felis have also been reported to be naturally
infected with this disease and may therefore be potential carriers. L. segnis and
possibly other fleas of small mammals are carriers of Murine typhus among their
hosts and at times from these to man. The causative agent of Murine typhus is

A. J. M. CLAASSENS : Fleas in Noord-Brabant and Limburg 19

Rikettsia mooseri which multiplies intracellularly in the fleas. Faeces of in-
fected fleas are highly infectious. Human infestation is believed to occur when
Rikettsia penetrate abraded skin at the sites of flea bites contaminated with flea
faeces.

Two other diseases may possibly be transmitted to man by fleas: Tularemia and
Salmonellosis. The etiological agent of Tularemia is Pasteurella tularensis. It has
many vertebrate reservoirs and arthropod vectors, the most efficient ones being
ticks which are often responsible for this disease in man. There is little in the
epidemiology of Tularemia in man to suggest that fleas are important vectors. But
fleas appear to play a definite part in transmission of Tularemia to animals, and
man usually contracts Tularemia by handling infected mammals. Trappers and
hunters are particularly liable to become infested. Tularemia is a plague-like disease,
mainly affecting rodents in North-America, Japan, U.S.R.R., and several European
countries. In man it has a mortality rate of four percent.

Salmonellosis has been transmitted experimentally to mice by the fleas
Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild) and N. fasciatus. These fleas were infected with
Salmonella enteritides and S. typhimurium, but only the former bacterium was
transmitted and the exact mode of transmission was not determined. Regurgitation
into the bite-wound of the host seemed probable.

For collateral reading on economic (domestic veterinary and medical) impor-
tance of fleas we refer to JELLISON (1959), LAPAGE (1956 and 1957) and RIVERS
& HORSFALL (1959).

SEX RATIOS IN MAMMAL FLEAS

Significant numbers of specimens of fleas for a reliable determination of their sex
ratios were obtained for Crenophthalmus agyrtes smitianus (88 specimens, 50%
males), Leptopsylla segnis (79 specimens, 45% males), Monopsyllus s. sciurorum
(602 specimens on the bodies of the hosts, 48% males and 63 specimens from
three nests, 43% males) and for Nosopsyllus fasciatus (31 specimens, 30%
males).

The predominance of females among mammal fleas is usually pronounced. The
highest ratio was found for N. fasciatus. CLAASSENS & O'ROURKE (1965) found
30% males among specimens of N. fasciatus collected in Ireland. SMIT (1962b)
reported that of 13,330 fleas collected from 1005 moles and 45 moles’ nests
the sex ratio for the former was 47% males and for the latter 38% males.
Female fleas according to SMIT may spend more time in the nests than males.
MEAD-BRIGGS & PAGE (1964) surmised that the predominance of female fleas
on the bodies of hosts may be due to the greater need of nutriment for egg
production. Since female fleas are more numerous both on the hosts and in their
nests it is clear that at any stage in the adult state of fleas females outnumber
the males. One exception may be Doratopsylla d. dasycnema, a host specific shrew
flea for which the sex ratio for specimens on the bodies of the hosts is about 2 : 1
in favour of the males. See also sex ratios in bird fleas in this paper.

20 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 1, 1966

B. BIRD'S NESTS

Nearly 200 birds are known to breed in The Netherlands (SMIT, 1962a), but
only 44 of these have so far been recorded as hosts of Siphonaptera. During
our survey we found fleas of 13 unrecorded avian hosts’ nests and for 13 other
species of birds new host-flea-associations were found.

In the following synopsis of the material collected during the months of Oc-
tober, November and December, 1964, the newly recorded hosts and the newly
recorded flea-host-associations have been marked with an asterisc. It can be used as
a supplement to SMIT (1962a).

The localities from which nests of each species of birds (nests of 45 species of
birds were examined) were collected are listed. After each locality the number of
nests investigated and the number (in brackets) of nests found infested are given
together with the number, sex and species of flea collected after incubation of the
nests. The first figure under each species of flea indicates the number of male and
the second figure indicates the number of female specimens obtained. All birds
are listed under their respective families. For the nomenclature of the birds we
have followed DoBBEN (1963). Subspecific names were only used for subspecies
easily recognisable in the field.

TURDIDAE

Turdus merula Linnaeus, the blackbird.
Beers: 2(1), Ceratophyllus g. gallinae : 2, 3.
Goirle: 2(1), C. garei : 45, 60.
Mill; 512); nest 1: Gs gare: 49) 56; nest 2 MC Mr. gallinae : 5,3:
*Megabothris turbidus : 0, 1.
St@Hlubert: AO) MCE NEA re MON:
Tülburg OC) nest End are 280, CSC rene lat est ER GAG Aran:
SSL 27 Carre ENS mest CN cale TE
Wanroy: 2(1), C. garei : 52, 68; C. g. gallinae : 2, 3; *Dasypsyllus gallinulae
gallinulae : 2, 9.
Turdus ericetorum Turton, the song thrush.
Goirle: 2(0).
Mill: 3(1), C. g. gallinae : 2, 3.
St. Hubert: 1(1), *C. garez : 2, 5.
Tilburg : 3(1), C. g. gallinae : 3, 7; *C. fringillae : 1, 4.
*Turdus viscivorus Linnaeus, the mistle thrush.
Mill: 1(1); C. g. gallinae : 1, 3.
Tilburg: 2(1), C. garei : 13, 17.
Wanroy: 2(1), C. gallinae : 15, 14; C. fringillae : 2, 5.
Phoenicurus phoenicurus (Linnaeus), the redstart.
Mill: 2(2), nest 1: C. g. gallinae : 9, 18; nest 2: C. g. gallinae : 4, 7; *C. fringil-
WAR BB. (6.

A. J. M. CLAASSENS : Fleas in Noord-Brabant and Limburg Di

Erithacus rubecula (Linnaeus), the robin.
Mill: 1(1), *D. g. gallinulae : 0, 1.
Goirle: 1(1), C. garei : 4, 5.

FRINGILLIDAE

Chloris chloris (Linnaeus), the greenfinch.
MIN FEN 28 gallınaeı 15, 2 EC gare 77, 8:
Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, the chaffinch.
St. Hubert: 3(1), C. g. gallinae : 2, 5; *C. fringillae : 0, 2.
Venray : 1(1), C. g. gallinae : 1, 1.
*Emberiza citrinella Linnaeus, the yellow hammer.
Mill: 1(1), €. gare? : 12, 14.
Beers: 2(1), C. garei : 1, 3; €. g. gallinae : 3, 7.

TROGLODYTIDAE

Troglodytes troglodytes (Linnaeus), the wren.
Tilburg: 3 (2), nest 1: C. garei : 5, 7; D. g. gallinulae : 1, 3; nest 2: C. garei:
15, 19.
Wanroy: 1(1), C. g. gallinae : 0, 3; *M. turbidus : 0, 1; Ctenophthalmus agyrtes
smitianus : 0, 1.

PRUNELLIDAE

Prunella modularis (Linnaeus), the hedge sparrow.
Mill: 1(0).
StWElubert:23/(0).
Wanroy: 1(1), C. g. gallinae : 4, 5.
Hilbure- 21) Ce gallınae. 5, AE parcia2: 03:

MOTACILLIDAE

Motacilla alba Linnaeus, the pied wagtail.
Goirle: 1(0).
Beets (ll) 137720;

*Motacilla flava flava Linnaeus, the yellow wagtail.
Tilburg: 1(1), D. g. gallinulae : 0, 1.

PARIDAE

Parus major Linnaeus, the great titmouse.
Mill: 1(1), C. g. gallinae 4, 7; C. garei : 0, 1.

Parus caeruleus Linnaeus, the blue titmouse.
MDC 2 eallinae V3, 12.
Verne LD) Go Le Oeil

* Aegithalos caudatus (Linnaeus) the long-tailed titmouse.
Oisterwijk: 1(1), C. g. gallinae : 7, 13.

22 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 1, 1966

STURNIDAE

Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus, the starling.
Goirle: 3 (0).
Mill: 4(1), C. g. gallinae : 2, 1.
Oisterwijk: 3 (2), nest 1: C. g. gallinae : 4, 6; nest 2: C. fringillae : 1, 3.

PASSERIDAE

Passer domesticus (Linnaeus), the house sparrow.
Oisterwijk: 3(2), nest 1: C. gallinae : 15, 17; nest 2: C. gallinae : 2, 7. C. frin-
Hes 2, 5,
St. Hubert: 2(1), C. g. gallinae : 7, 5.

PICIDAE

*Picus viridis Linnaeus, the green woodpecker.
Tilburg: 1(1), C. g. gallinae : 3, 3; Monopsyllus scinrorum : 1, 2.
Oisterwijk: 1(1), C. g. gallinae : 0, 2; C. garei : 4, 7.

LARIDAE

*Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus), the black tern.
Strabrechtsche heide, Witven: 10(1), C. garez: 3, 9.

RALLIDAE

Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus), the moorhen.
Oisterwijk: 2(1), *D. g. gallinulae 7, 12.

*Fylica atra Linnaeus, the coot.
Strabrechtsche heide, Witven: 1(1), C. g. gallinae : 0, 2.

SYLVIIDAE

Acrocephalus scirpacetus (Hermann) the reed warbler.
Oisterwijk: 2(1), *D. g. gallinulae : 1, 3; C. garei : 4, 5.

COLUMBIDAE

Columba livia domestica Linnaeus, the domestic pigeon.
Mill: 3(1),C. gallinae : 2, 2.
St. Hubert: 5(2), Ceratophyllus columbae : 1, 1; C. g. gallinae : 2, 2.
Tilburg: 7(1), C. g. gallinae : 5, 4.

Columba oenas Linnaeus, the stock dove.
Mill: 2(1), *C. g. gallinae : 0, 2; *Ischnopsyllus hexactenus : 0, 1.
Tilburg: 1(1), C. g. gallinae : 5, 9.

A. J. M. CLAASSENS : Fleas in Noord-Brabant and Limburg 23

*Columba palumbus Linnaeus, the wood pigeon.
Mill: 10(2), C. columbae : 1, 0; nest 2: C. g. gallinae : 0, 2.
Oisterwijk: 7(0).
Tilburg: 8(1), C. g. gallinae : 2, 2; M. sciurorum sciurorum : 1, 0.
*Streptopelia turtur (Linnaeus), the turtle dove.
St. Hubert: 3(0).
Wanroy: 5(1), C. g. gallinae : 3, 1.
*Streptopelia decaocto Friv., the collared dove.
Mill: 2(1), C. g. gallinae : 5, 8.
St. Hubert: 2(0).

CORVIDAE

Corvus frugilegus Linnaeus, the rook.
Wanroy: 1(1), C. g. gallinae : 4, 7.
*Pica pica (Linnaeus), the magpie.
Schayk: 1(1), C. g. gallinae : 0, 1.
Corvus monedula Linnaeus, the jackdaw.
Tilburg: 3(1), C. g. gallinae : 17, 29.
*Garrulus glandarius (Linnaeus), the jay.
Mill: 5(2), nest 1: C. g. gallinae : 0, 3; nest 2: C. g. gallinae : 1, 4; M. s. sciuro-
rum: 1, 1.

STRIGIDAE

*Tyto alba (Scopoli), the barn owl.
Goirle: 4(1); C. g. gallinae : 0, 1; C. a. smitianus : 1, 1.

FALCONIDAE

Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus) the sparrow hawk.
Beers: 1(1), C. g. gallinae : 0, 1; *C. garei : 7, 5; *C. fringillae : 1, 3.

*Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus, the kestrel.
Goirle: 1(1), C. g. gallinae : 0, 3 (identification of nest doubtful, but kestrels
were seen on the nesting site. Though this record is new to The Netherlands it
wants reconfirmation).

HIRUNDINIDAE

Delichon urbica (Linnaeus), the house martin.
Goirle: 1(1), Ceratophyllus hirundinis : 51, 67; C. rusticus : 13, 9; C. f. farreni :
Dey Do
Schinnen: 2(2) nest 1: C. hirundinis : 209, 275; C. rusticus : 67, 110; nest 2:
C. birundinis : 97, 117; C. rusticus : 13, 19; C. f. farreni : 22, 29.

Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, the swallow.

Goirle: 1(0).

24 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 1, 1966

Mill SD) @ehiyundınısı: 72 >:
Tilburg: 3(0).
St. Michiels Gestel: 3(1); *Nosopsyllus fasciatus : 0, 1.
Wanroy: 7(1): C. g. gallinae : 1, 5.
Riparia riparia (Linnaeus), the sand martin.
Nul 6) Ceratophyllus:s.styx inest.L: 21, 29: nest2754,70:5nes3245,559:
Weslles AQ), Oy 5. nest E21 331 Ines SNTE Gm, ZOE NDESLDE
Up, the

DISCUSSION OF NESTS INVESTIGATION

A total of nine species of bird fleas and five species of mammal fleas were col-
lected from 204 nests of 45 species of birds. Not less than 77 nests (38%) were
found to be infested. The number of fleas collected from individual nests was
very variable. This of course was partly due to the ecological conditions prevailing
in the nests after they were deserted by the birds. There may also be an inter-
specific difference in the reproductive capacity of fleas. C. garei and C. g. gallinae,
as well as all martin fleas appear to be prolific breeders, while D. g. gallinulae
and C. fringillae may have a less abundant offspring. Furthermore the main
breeding season of bird fleas coincides with that of the bird hosts and hence the
longer a nest is occupied either by adult or young birds the more favourable
conditions are for the reproduction of fleas. Although most of the nests collected by
us will have been occupied for at least some time by the hosts we have no idea about
the duration of this occupation. The dry hot summer and our collecting of nests
at random may be responsible for the moderate percentage of nests infested.
ASH (1952) examined 109 nests of 23 species of birds in England and found
that of 27 nests which had not contained young birds before they were deserted
by the adults, 41% were infested; of eight nests which had contained young, but
which were deserted by the adults before the young could leave, 50% were in-
fested; of 66 nests from which young had fledged 56% were infested, and of
eight nests which had contained eggs at one time but in which it was doubtful
whether there had been young or not, 40% were infested. These figures show that
the duration of occupation of nests by birds influences the degree of infestation.

The main difference in the percentage of infested nests examined by AsH and
ourselves is due to the fact that we included 46 nests of tree-nesting birds
which on the whole provide poor ecological requirements for ectoparasites to
maintain themselves in these nests. Only ten of those 46 nests were found
infested. Moreover, ASH collected birds’ nests earlier in the year at a time that
fewer fleas (larvae and pupae included) were lost through predation by
enemies of fleas and through the activities of internal and external parasites.
Taking all circumstances into account the percentage of infestation obtained by
us may be considered rather high and it is an indication that by the majority of
fleas hibernating is accomplished by survival as adult but especially as pupae in
the hosts’ nests. It would be of interest to examine a collection of birds’ nests
collected in February and March and compare the results.

A. J. M. CLAASSENS : Fleas in Noord-Brabant and Limburg 25,

Host SPECIFICITY IN BIRD FLEAS

The species C. hirundinis, C. rusticus, C. f. farreni and C. s. styx are monoxe-
nous parasites of the family Hirundinidae. C. columbae is a pigeon flea. The
degree of humidity in the nests seems to determine whether any of the remaining
four species of fleas will thrive or not. Since the situation of the nests is the chief
factor determining the humidity one can conveniently divide birds’ nests into the
following four categories:

1, nests on or near the ground or otherwise in a wet position;

2, nests of bush nesting birds and nests built in positions providing the same
degree of humidity. Nests in coniferous trees especially those in low position
would belong to this group;

3, nests of hole nesting birds. The holes may be natural as well as artificial.
Nests of sand martins, woodpeckers, tree creepers, as well as nests built in crevices
of rocks and walls and those built in nest-boxes constitute this group;

4, nests of tree nesting birds. These nests are usually very dry, at least during
the hot summer season. Many of these nests will be found uninfested particularly
when little nest material is used. If such nests are infested the number of fleas
present is often very small.

Sometimes nests built in holes may be very humid and this usually is reflected
by large numbers of fleas occurring in them. Sand martin burrows for instance
may be found teeming with fleas. CLAASSENS (1965a) collected 1,742 specimens
of the subspecies C. styx jordani Smit, 1956, from five sand martin burrows taken
at Little Island, Co Cork, Ireland in July, August and October, 1963. From three
starlings’ nests situated in deserted sand martins’ burrows 4,025 specimens of
C. g. gallinae were collected at Ballycroneen strand, Ireland, in June and July,
1964 (CLAASSENS & O'ROURKE, 1965). None of these nests were incubated.
These results prove that C. g. gallinae thrives very well in nests where the
humidity is very high. On the other hand C. g. gallinae may be found in dry
airy nests of pigeons. ROTHSCHILD & CLAY (1952) commented that C. g. gal-
linae is the flea par excellence of dry aerial nests. ROTHSCHILD (1952) noted:
“Despite the wide range of hosts, C. g. gallinae is much more common in nests
of birds which are built in holes and at some distance from the ground”. These
statements seemingly contradictory in meaning indicate the wide range of tolerance
of this flea to humidity. With Ash (1952) we would suggest that the nests of
hole-nesting birds form a more congenial habitat for this flea than nests in a
more exposed situation. But it is equally true that C. g. gallinae is often found
in dry aerial situations. C. g. gallinae shares humid nests with C. garei and D. g.
gallinulae, two species commonly infesting the nests of ground and bush nesting
birds, provided these nests are not dry. On the other limit of tolerance to humidity
C. g. gallinae is often found in company with C. fringillae and C. columbae, two
species of flea which seem to prefer the dryer types of nests. To the former
group we may add the rare Dutch flea Ceratophyllus borealis Rothschild, 1907,
which in its distribution seems to be restricted by climatic and geological con-
ditions. The group gallinae, fringillae and columbae may be extended with the

26 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 1, 1966

equally rare flea Ceratophyllus r. rossittensis Dampf, 1913, which is a monoxenous
parasite of the crow, Corvus corone Linnaeus.

In table II, avian hosts are classified according to the four categories of nesting
sites mentioned above. After each species of bird the number of nests examined
from each nesting site and the number (in brackets) of nests infested are given.
The host specific fleas of the Hirundinidae and the species C. columbae in nests
of pigeons are omitted. Some nests of black birds are classified under different
categories because these nests were found in a variety of situations. Under each
species of flea recorded, the number of specimens found in the total number (in
brackets) of nests infested with that flea are given.

One should be aware of the fact that any classification of this kind is very
artificial because nests can be dry or wet in any of the four situations depending
upon accidental local ecological circumstances.

Table II. Distribution of nests and their flea population with regard to the nest situation

Details of nests examined Details of flea population
S a S So
No. of SS SARE =
= D (ren
Host species SAGE à DS à ES Le AS ©

mined and Sy See] sss | PS ls.

: à à ISS RR S,S 5 à

we | GE [ASSIS ÈS CR | ES

Ground
Turdus merula L. (in ivy) . 3 (3) 1460 (3) | — — 20 (2)| 480
Emebriza citrinella L. . . 3 (2) 30 (2) | — 10 (1) |— 40
Troglodytes troglodytes (L.) 4 (3) 46 (2) 4 (1) 3 (1) | — 53
Motacilla flava flava L.. . . 1 (1) — 1 (1) | — — 1
Ghlidoniasınıger (ALS) eye ON) 12 (1) | — — - 12
Gallinula chloropus (L.) . 2 (1) — 19 (Del — — 19
Fulica atra L. . ee 1b) — — De (010) 2
Bush

Turdus merula L. . 21 (6) 225 2) 12°. (1), OE 270
Turdus ericetorum Turton . 9 (3) ACL) Worl ne 1502) SA) 27
Turdus viscivorus L. . . 5 (3) DO: (a) en 3, (| ge (il) 60
Erithacus rubecula (L.) . 22.02) OU) 1 (1) | — =e 10
Chloris chloris (L.) 1221) SEC) an 36 (1) |— 51
Fringilla coelebs L.. . . AM (2) — as 9 (2) | 2 (1) 11
Prunella modularis (L.) . 702) SEN) ees 18 (2) | — 23
Aegithalos caudatus (L.) . 1 (1) — fax 20 (1) |— 20

Acrocephalus scirpaceus

(Herman) 2 (1) 9 (1) 4 (1) | = — 13
Phylloscopus collybita (Vieillot) 1 (0) —

Holes

Phoenicurus phoenicurus (L.) . 2 (2) - — 38 (2) (1) 47
Muscipata striata (Pallas) . . 1 (0) — — = _ Di

Le)

A. J. M. CLAASSENS : Fleas in Noord-Brabant and Limburg 27

Table II (continued)

Details of nests examined | Details of flea population

S SS N
No. of > 2 LES =
Host species ERS Gr à ES S à SUS AS
mined and Sos SS SIRSS 3
BSS nat (GS SO SS se
Motacilla alba L. . 2 (1) 33 (1) | — — — 33
Parus major L. . 1 (1) 1 (1) | 11 (1) | — 12
Parus caeruleus L. . 202) — - 27 (2) |— 27,
Parus palustris L. . 1 (0) — — — — —
Sturnus vulgaris L. . 10 (3) — — 13 (2) | 4 (1) 17
Passer domesticus (L.) 5 (3) — — 53 (SANT) 60
Passer montanus (L.) . 2#.(0) — — — — —
Picus viridis L. . ; 2 (2) 11 (1) | — 8 (2) | — 19
Columba livia domestica L. . 15 (4) — — 17 (3) | — 17
Columba oenas L. . 3 (2) — — 16 (2) | — 16
Tyto alba (Scopoli) 4 (1) — — 1 (1) | — 1
Falco tinnunculus L 1 (1) — — 3 (1) | — 3
Riparia riparia (L.) 5 (5) — — 20 (1) | 20
Hirundo rustica L. . 19 (3) — — 6 (1) | — 6
Corvus monedula L. . 3 (1) — — 46 (1) | — 46
Trees
Columba palumbus L. . 251.6) — = Cu) 6
Streptopelia turtur (L.) 8 (1) — — 4 (1) |—
Streptopelia decacto Friv. 4 (1) — ar Oa
Corvus frugilegus L. . 1 (1) — — 11 (1) | — 11
Pica pica (L.) 8 12 (619) _ = LEE 1
Garrulus glandarius (L.) i 5h (2)) — — 8 (2) |
Accipiter nisus L. . 1 (1) 12 (1) 1 (1) 1 (1) | 4 (1) 17
Asio otus (L.) . 1 (0) = = ex er

Total nos. . 41 (7) |482

Average fleas
per nest infested .

is rarely found in large numbers, but C. g. gallinae may be present by hundreds in
one single nest as we have shown earlier. Many specimens may sometimes also be
bred from the nests. The author bred 1,064 specimens from one nest of a blue
tit, Parus caeruleus, situated in a hole in a wall at Blarney, Co Cork, Ireland
(CLAASSENS & O’ROURKE, 1965). On the days of collection, June 2nd, 1964, the
nest contained only one female D. g. gallinulae. During incubation, which lasted
from June 2nd until July 6th only five additional males and six females of D.
g. gallinulae were obtained. ASH (1952) obtained 1,304 C. g. gallinae from a blue
tits nest.

From table II it may be seen that the average number of fleas per infested nest
is rather low for the subspecies D. g. gallinulae and C. g. gallinae. D. g. gallinulae

28 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 1, 1966

D. g. gallinulae seems to be fairly scarce in The Netherlands, where it has so
far been found in five provinces. SMIT (1962a) commented that this species should
be commonly present here as it is found in abundance in surrounding countries.
We investigated 53 nests situated in bushes and hedges but we found that only
three of these harboured D. g. gallinulae. Of 24 nests collected on or near the
ground only three contained this species. D. g. gallinulae may experience a
good deal of competition from C. garei which appeared to be very common in
the nests of both ground- and bush nesting birds. C. gare? shares humid nests
with C. g. gallinae too and may thus also be responsible for the relative scarcity
of the latter species.

C. fringillae prefers dryer nests of the house sparrow, Passer domesticus, and
starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, as well as the dry nests of other Passerine birds.
Strangely enough we found 19 specimens in a very humid nest of a blackbird
which was situated in ivy against a stone wall. It may be that this population of
C. fringillae originated in the nest of a spotted fly catcher, Myscicapa striata,
which reared young in the same ivy the year before. Its presence in the nest of
a sparrow hawk, Acczpiter nisus, may have been the result of predation.

ROTHSCHILD (1958) found a seasonal variation with regard to the species of
fleas infesting birds (migrants and residents) on Fair Isle. In spring 66% of
all fleas found on migrant and resident birds were D. g. gallinulae and 16% were
C. g. gallinae but in autumn the situation was reversed and C. g. gallinae became
by far the most common species both on residents as on migrant species. ROTH-
SCHILD suggested that the main dispersal period of D. g. gallinulae (and C.
borealis) is the spring and of C. g. gallinae the summer and autumn. Indeed
in summer C. g. gallinae may be found teeming in birds’ nests. CLAASSENS &
O’ROURKE (1965), as was mentioned already, collected 4,025 specimens of this
flea from three starlings’ nests in June and July (1964) and 1.064 specimens were
bred from a blue tit’s nest during June, 1964.

Very few adult fleas were found by the author in the nests collected in Noord-
Brabant and Limburg. It seems likely that adult fleas leave the hosts’ nests after
the young birds have left in late summer or earlier. These manoeuvres undoubtedly
increase the survival chances and dispersal of fleas. ROTHSCHILD (1958) found
that spring migrants (199 specimens) had an infestation rate of 52,2% as
compared with 2,7% of 615 autumn migrants. It may be that in autumn fleas
are more active in searching for a sheltered place to hibernate while in spring they
may become very eager to find a host.

SEX RATIOS IN BIRD FLEAS

In Table III the numbers of either sex of bird fleas collected and the percen-
tages of males among them are listed. Some of the results are compared with
those obtained by CLAASSENS & O'ROURKE (1965) for the same species collected
in Ireland and with those obtained by AsH (1952) for specimens taken in Eng-
land. The percentages of males among martin fleas are compared with results
published by CLAASSENS (1965b), who studied these fleas in Ireland, and with
those recorded by THOMPSON (1952; 1953) from Engeland and with the ones

Fleas in Noord-Brabant and Limburg

J. M. CLAASSENS :

1 44

%OV

“PP

“Lb
%8£

VEE

%S° bP

suowtoads

atTeu 23e7ua9
-Jod aZei9ae

(I127) (6021)
- CH = - %9OF “Lb 922
(reg) (499)
ASS 2 = = = %LE 242 ve
(£167) (062)
%8E - - - “PP %OP ger
(T84) (SS9)
%8£ - - - %6E “bP vor
2 = > > > %8£ LE
(Toeg) (12407)
= = %9P uch = %6o 263
(S£8) (LET)
- - br “LT = 87 63
= = “CV > = “PP tos

£G6GT
8 cC6L
uosdwouy
CEI
USY
QHINOH,O
3 SUISSEEITI

I
£
D
5
©
ct
go

SU9SSEETI

Seal}

919UM9SI9 P9999[109 saleu Jo saSezuaouad
pue suautoeds Jo IJaqunu [e}0} ou]

aATayMaSTa Satoeds awes ay} JOF poute3qo ssoyy YIM paseduoo ‘Banqury pue

LIT

JO uorjoearroo
guasaud ayy UT
susuroods ateu
Jo sa3eyJusa9ıad

pue salewuaj pue
sarewu Jo Joqumn

tuepaol x£38 °9
TuoJue} °9
snorjsna °9
stutpunaty °9
eeT[tsutay °9
seurite? *9
eernurire3 °q
Tamed °9
pourwexa

seats

Jo sataadg

3Juegeag-PAooN WOoAIF SeaIF JO Jaqunu [e303 ou3 Suowe satew Jo sadeyuadıaad “III WIAVL

30 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 1, 1966

recorded by DUNNET & ALLAN (1954) of martin fleas collected in Scotland.
The figures pertaining the subspecies C. s. styx are compared with those of C. s.
jordani Smit, 1955, collected in Ireland and with the percentages known for the
species C. styx collected in England.

The species C. columbae is omitted as too few specimens were found. No
comparative results were available for C. fringillae.

In bird fleas there is a definite predominance of females. Although with some
species there is a wide range of variation in the percentages of the sexes recorded
by diverse authors it seems likely that the average percentages shown in Table HI
will be close to the prevailing situation in the nests of the hosts. ROTHSCHILD
(1958) found a gradual increase of females on the birds of Fair Isle from
spring until autumn. There was, however, a preponderance of male D. g. gallinulae
on spring passage migrants. In July there was an excess of females on resident
birds and on September and autumn migrants only females were found. In the
nests of the Fair Isle birds ROTHSCHILD found a six percent majority of female
D. g. gallinulae. Both the predominance of males of D. g. gallinulae on spring
passage migrants and the low sex ratio of these fleas in the nests of the hosts are
very unexpected and should make a rewarding object of further investigation.
Females of C. g. gallinae outnumbered males both in the nests and on the bodies
of the birds of Fair Isle, but on the hosts there was a gradual increase of females.

ROTHSCHILD (1958) drew the attention to the low ratio 48—50 in favour of
female C. g. gallinae found in the nests of the common resident bird, the wheatear,
Oenanthe oenanthe (L.), CLAASSENS & O'ROURKE (1965) reported an exceptional
ratio 200 : 114 in favour of males in C. g. gallinae taken from a starlings’ nest
collected at Ballycroneen strand, Ireland, in June, 1964. We do not know what
ecological or genetic factors favour an unusual high production of males or result
in the survival of more males than females.

The apparent predominance of females among adult fleas is no indication that
fewer male flea embryos should be produced (primary sex ratio), nor that fewer
male fleas hatch from cocoons (secondary sex ratio). Numerical preponderance
of females may well develop in later stages of adult fleas. A collection of fleas
from birds’ nests taken in February and March might well reveal a still higher sex
ratio in favour of females. Females seem to outlive males by many months and can
withstand adverse conditions to which males succumb. Males of many species of
fleas are believed to die soon after copulation. A gradual increase of female fleas
seems therefore natural especially on the bodies of the host since, after copulation,
females lay eggs in batches, and each time before a fertile batch is laid the female
reproductive organs require the stimulus of a blood meal (ROTHSCHILD & CLAY,
1952):

The greater hardiness of females may sometimes be responsible for their great
predominance in collections made under artificial laboratory conditions. A pre-
dominance of females was also found among stragglers of mammal flea species to
birds’ nests. Of five species of mammal fleas collected from birds’ nests discussed
here we found that of a total of 13 specimens nine were females. MEAD-BRIGGS &
PAGE (1964) found that of 56 fleas other than S. cuniculi which were found as

A. J. M. CLAASSENS : Fleas in Noord-Brabant and Limburg 31

stragglers on 30 out of 279 rabbits obtained throughout Great Britain, 38 were
females and they noted that similar results were recorded previously from Kent.

SUMMARY

Nineteen species of mammals (336 specimens) and 204 nests of 45 species of
birds were examined for fleas. In total 954 specimens (23 species) of mammal
fleas and 12 specimens (2 species) of bird fleas were collected from the bodies of
174 mammals infested, while 63 specimens of the subspecies Monopsyllus s. sciuro-
rum (Schrank), were taken from three nests of the red squirrel, Scaurus vulgaris
Linnaeus.

From 77 birds’ nests found infested 2.997 specimens (nine species) of bird fleas
were reared and 13 specimens (five species) of mammal fleas were obtained.

All this material was collected in the provinces of Noord-Brabant and Limburg,
The Netherlands, mainly during the months of October, November and December,
1964.

Fifteen mammal fleas and five bird fleas were found to be new to Noord-
Brabant and two mammal fleas and four bird fleas could be added to the list of
Siphonaptera of Limburg. Thirteen species of birds and two species of mammals,
viz. Sorex minutus Linnaeus and Mustela lutreola (Linnaeus) were added to
SMIT’s (1962a) lists of hosts for Dutch fleas. For 23 flea hosts recorded in SMIT
(1962a) new flea-host-associations were found.

The ecology, host- and nest specificity, sex ratios and economic importance (do-
mestic infestations, veterinary and medical importance) of fleas were discussed.

In a synopsis of Dutch fleas every species is followed by the names of the pro-
vinces from which it was recorded by SMIT (1962a) and our records for Noord-
Brabant and Limburg were added and marked with an asterisc.

Mammal fleas were dealt with under the relevant mammalian hosts examined.
Bird fleas were first listed in a synopsis of material collected so as to make exact
recording possible. In a further discussion of these fleas special attention was
paid to their host or nest site specificity.

Sex ratios in bird fleas were compared with results recently obtained by the
author and by other students of fleas.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks are expressed to the following persons whose assistance in the prepa-
ration of this paper was greatly appreciated.

Professor Fergus J. O’ROURKE, M.B., M.Sc., Ph.D., Department of Zoology,
University College, Cork, Ireland, for his valuable criticism and advice. Mr. F. G.
A. M. Smit, Custodian of the Rothschild collection of Fleas, Tring, Hertfordshire,
England, for his advice and determinations, especially for reading and critisizing
the manuscript. My relations and friends who supplied me with information and
specimens or who otherwise kindly co-operated. The landowners who permitted me
to trap mammals or search for birds’ nests on their property. Miss O. Wiese,
for correcting the proofs.

32 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 1, 1966

REFERENCES

ALLAN, R. M., 1950. “Fleas (Siphonaptera) from birds in North-East Scotland”. Scot. Nat.
62: 33—41, fig. I.

ASH, J., 1952. “Siphonaptera bred from birds’ nests’. Ent. mon. Mag. 75 : 217—222

BRINK, F. H. VAN DEN, 1955. Zoogdierengids van Europa ten Westen van 30° Oosterlengte.
1—231. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

CLAASSENS, A. J. M., 1964. “Ectoparasites of Irish birds and mammals with special referen-

ce to the fleas’. Thesis, unpublished.
, 1965a. “Some fleas new to Ireland from cliff nesting House martins, Delichon ur-
bica (L.) in Co Cork”. Ent. mon. Mag., 100: 197.

, 1965b. “The Siphonaptera of the Hirundinidae in Ireland”. Proc. R. Ir. Acad., 1965.

, & F. O'GORMAN, 1965. “The Bankvole, Clethrionomys glareolis Schreber : a mam-
mal new to Ireland”. Nature 205 (4974): 923—924.

, & F. J. O'Rourke, 1964. “Leptinus testaceus Müller (Col., Silphidae) a possibly
parasitic beetle new to Co. Cork”. Ent. Gaz. 15: 49—50.

, 1965 “The distribution and general ecology of Irish Siphonaptera”. Proc. R. Ir.
Acad., in the press.

CuMBER, R. M., 1949. “Humble bee parasites and commensals found within thirty mile
radius of London”. Proc. R. ent. Soc. London 1949 (A): 24—119.

DoBBEN, W. H., 1963. Wat vliegt daar? Thieme & Cie, Zutphen, The Netherlands.

DUNNET, G. M. & R. M. ALLAN, 1955. “Annual and regional variation in the flea popu-
lations of nests of the House-martin, Martula u. urbica (L.) in North-East Scot-
land”. Ent. mon. Mag. 91: 161-167.

FAIRLEY, J. S., 1963a. “Fleas from the fieldmouse, Apodesmus sylvaticus (L.), in Co. Down”.

Irish nat. J. 14: 145—149.
, 1963b. “Mesostigmatid mites from the fieldmouse in Co. Down and a note on the
beetle Leptinus testaceus Muller”. Irish nat. J. 14: 165—167.

JELLISON, W. L., 1959. “Fleas and disease”. Annual Rev. Entomol. 4: 389—414.

JOHNSON, W. F. & J. H. HALBERT, 1902. “A list of beetles of Ireland”. Proc. R. Ir. Acad.
6: 535—827.

Keer, P. M., 1930. Calwer’s Keverboek. Thieme & Cie, Zutphen, The Netherlands.

LAPAGE, G., 1956. Veterinary Parasitology. Oliver and Boyd, Edenburgh & London.

—, 1957. Animals parasitic in man. Penguin, A. 394.

LINSSEN, E. F., 1959. The beetles of the British Isles. Warne, London.

MEAD-BRIGGS, A. R. & R. T. C. PAGE, 1964. “Fleas other than Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale),
from a collection of rabbits, predominantly myxomatous, obtained throughout Great
Britain’. Ent. Gaz. 15: 60—65.

O’Mauony, E., 1945. “A scarce beetle, Leptinus testaceus Müll., (Col., Leptinidae)”. Ent.
mon. Mag. 81: 6.

—, 1947. “Leptinus testaceus Müll. (Col., Leptinidae), additional Irish records”.
Ent. mon. Mag. 83: 190.

O'ROURKE, F. J., 1960. “Zoonoses-The diseases of animals transmissible to man”. Irish J.
Med. Sci, 6: 443—452.

Rivers, T. M. & F. L. HORSFALL, 1959. Viral and Rickettsial infections of man. J. B. Lip-
pencot Company, Philadelphia, Montreal.

ROTHSCHILD, M., 1952. “A collection of fleas from the bodies of British birds, with notes
on their distribution and host preferences”. Bull, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent. 2:
187—232, 3 figs., 12 tables.

——, 1958. “The bird fleas of Fair Isle”. Parasitology 48 (3 & 4): 382—412.

—, & T. Clay, 1952. Fleas flukes and cuckoos, a study of bird parasites. Collins, Lon-
don.

Rye, E. C., 1890. British beetles. Reeve, London.

SMIT, F. G. A. M., 1952. “A poossible explanation of the occurrence of the flea Frontopsylla
(Orfrontia) laeta in Scotland’. Scot. Nat. 64: 74—83.

A. J. M. CLAASSENS : Fleas in Noord-Brabant and Limburg 33

SMIT, F. G. A. M. 1954. “Lopper”. Danm. Fauna 60: 1—125, figs. 1—182. Copenhagen.
1957a. ‘“Siphonaptera”. Handbooks for the identification of British insects 1 (16):
1—94, fig. 1—200.

———, 1957b. “The recorded distribution and hosts of Siphonaptera in Britain”. Ent. Gaz.

8: 45—75.
—, 1962a. “Catalogus der Nederlandse Siphonaptera”. Tijdschr. Ent. 105: 45—96,
fig. 1—8.

—, 1962b. “Siphonaptera collected from moles and their nests at Wilp, Netherlands,
by Jhr. W. C. van Heurn”. Tijdschr. Ent. 105: 29—44, graph. 1—7.
THOMPSON, C. B., 1952. “The parasites of British birds and mammals XXIV, Sand-Martins’
fleas”. Ent. mon. Mag. 88 : 177—179.
, 1953. “The parasites of British birds and mammals XXVI, Further notes on Sand-
martins’ fleas’. Ent. mon. Mag. 89: 224—226, fig. 1.

a
ANTA ANY
ia

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE

Het verschijnt in één deel van 350—450 bladzijden per jaar, bestaande uit
enkele afleveringen.

ENTOMOLOGISCHE BERICHTEN

Deze zijn bestemd voor de publicatie van kortere artikelen, faunistische notities
etc., alsmede van de Verslagen der Vergaderingen en van mededelingen van het
bestuur. Zij verschijnen twaalf maal per jaar in een aflevering van 16 of meer
bladzijden, die samen een deel vormen.

TRICHOPTERORUM CATALOGUS
Deze Catalogus van F. C. J. Fischer wordt door de Vereeniging voor rekening
van de auteur uitgegeven. Alle bekende recente en fossiele soorten van de gehele
wereld met hun synoniemen worden er in behandeld. Delen I en II kosten f 39.—
per stuk, delen III—V: f 45.—. Er zullen in totaal 15 delen verschijnen. Van alle
delen zijn ook éénzijdig bedrukte exemplaren beschikbaar. De prijsverhoging hier-
voor bedraagt f 2.50.

ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA
Dit tijdschrift wordt uitgegeven door de Noord-Hollandse Uitgevers Maatschap-
pij te Amsterdam in opdracht van de Vereeniging. Het publiceert artikelen over
experimentele biologie en oekologie bij insecten en andere land-arthropoden. Het
verschijnt vier maal per jaar en bevat 320 bladzijden. De prijs voor leden bedraagt
f 25.—, voor niet-leden f 40.— per jaar.

Alle zakelijke correspondentie betreffende de Vereeniging te richten aan de
Secretaris, W. Hellinga, Weesperzijde 2311, Amsterdam-O.

Alle correspondentie over de redactie van het Tijdschrift voor Entomologie en
de Monographieén te richten aan de Redacteur, Dr. A. Diakonoff, Rijksmuseum
van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.

Alle correspondentie over de redactie van de Entomologische Berichten te rich-
ten aan de Redacteur, B. J. Lempke, Oude IJselstraat 12111, Amsterdam-Z. 2.

Alle correspondentie over de redactie van Entomologia Experimentalis et Appli-
cata te richten aan de Redacteur, Dr. P. A. van der Laan, Lab. voor Toegepaste
Entomologie, Linnaeusstraat 2 B, Amsterdam.

Alle betalingen te richten aan de Penningmeester, Drs. H. Wiering, Doorntjes
29, Bergen (N.H.), postgiro 188130, ten name van de Nederlandsche Entomolo-
gische Vereeniging te Bergen (N.H.).

Alle correspondentie betreffende de Bibliotheek der Vereeniging te richten aan
de Bibliotheek, Zeeburgerdijk 21, Amsterdam-O.

NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS

All correspondence referring to subscriptions and exchange of the periodicals
of the Netherlands Entomological Society should be addressed to the Librarian,
Zeeburgerdijk 21, Amsterdam-O, Netherlands.

NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS

Contributors will receive free of charge fifty reprints of their papers, joint authors have
to divide this number between them at their discretion. Additional reprints may be ordered
when returning proofs.

Manuscripts should be written in Dutch, English, French, German or Italian. If they.
contain descriptions of new genera, species, etc., they should be in one of the four last
mentioned languages.

The author should communicate with the editor before submitting his manuscript. He
will enclose with manuscript a Synopsis (Abstract), styled according to recommendations
of the UNESCO (style rules will be provided by the editor) and, if needed, a Summary.
Papers in Dutch should contain an Abstract and/or a Summary in one of the four other
languages.

Manuscripts should be typewritten in double spacing on only one side of the paper, with
a margin of at least three cm at the left side of each sheet. Paragraphs should be indented.
Carbon copies cannot be accepted, as handling makes them illegible.

Captions for text figures and plates should be written on a separate sheet in double
spacing, numbered consecutively in arabic numerals: the use of a, b, c, or any other
subdivision of the figure numbering should be avoided.

Drawings for reproduction should be on good paper in Indian ink, preferably at least
one and a half times as large as the ultimate size desired. Lettering should be uniform, and,
after reduction, of the same size. Photographs should be furnished as shiny positive prints,
unmounted. Plates should be arranged so as to fill a whole page (11.5 x 19 cm) of the
Tijdschrift, or a portion thereof, captions included. Combinations of illustrations into groups
are preferable to separate illustrations, since there is a minimum charge per block.

Names of genera and lower systematic categories, new terms and the like are to be under.
lined by the author in the manuscript by a single straight line. Any other directions as to
size or style of the type are given by the editors, not by the author. Italic type or spacing to
stress ordinary words or sentences is to be avoided. Dates should be spelled as follows: either
”10.V.1948” or "10 May, 1948”. Other use of latin numerals should be avoided, as well as
abbreviations in the text, save those generally accepted. Numbers from one to ten occurring
in the text should be written in full, one, two, three, etc. Titles must be kept short. Foot-
notes should be kept at a minimum.

Bibliography should not be given in footnotes but compiled in a list at end of the
paper, styled as follows:

Mosley, M. E., 1932, "A revision of the European species of the genus Lewctra (Pleco-
ptera)”. — Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [10] 10 (3): 1—41, pl. 1—5, fig. 1—57. Number of
issue should only be added (in parentheses) when it has individual pagination.

Text references to this list might be made thus:

”Mosley (1932) says...” or ”(Mosley, 1932)”.

The editors reserve the right to adjust style to certain standards of uniformity.

Manuscripts and all communications concerning editorial matters only should be sent to:
Dr. A. DIAKONOFF, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands.

no” |
si sue

DEEL 109 AFLEVERING 2 1966
MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

LIBRARY.

MAY 16 1966
TIJDSCHRIFTEN,
VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE

UITGEGEVEN DOOR

DE NEDERLANDSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREENIGING

)

INHOUD:

) P. van LirH. — The group of Psenulus pulcherrimus (Hymenoptera,
Sphecidae), pp. 35—48, tekstfig. 1—7.

| Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 109, afl. 2 Gepubliceerd 25-IV-1966 |

Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging

BESTUUR
Prof. Dr. J. van der Vecht, President (1961—1967), Oegstgeest.
Dr. G. Barendrecht, Vice-President (1965—1971), Amsterdam.
W. Hellinga, Secretaris (1963—1969), Amsterdam.
Drs. H. Wiering, Penningmeester (1962—1968), Bergen (N.H.).
Drs. C. A. W. Jeekel, Bibliothecaris (1960—1966), Amsterdam.
J. A. Janse (1964—1970), Bennebroek.
Dr. A. F. H. Besemer (1965—1970), Bennekom.

COMMISSIE VAN REDACTIE VOOR DE PUBLICATIES
Prof. Dr. J. van der Vecht (1961—1967), Oegstgeest.
P. Chrysanthus (1964—1967), Oosterhout (N.B.).
Dr. A. Diakonoff (1964—1967), Leiderdorp.
G. L. van Eyndhoven (1963—1966), Haarlem.
Dr. L. G. E. Kalshoven (1964—1967), Blaricum.
Prof. Dr. D. J. Kuenen (benoemd 1957), Leiden.
Dr. P. A. van der Laan (benoemd 1957), Bennekom.
B. J. Lempke (1965—1968), Amsterdam.
Prof. Dr. J. de Wilde (benoemd 1957), Wageningen.
Dr. J. T. Wiebes (1963—1966), Leiden.

De contributie voor het lidmaatschap bedraagt f 15.—, voor student-leden
f 2.50, per jaar. — Begunstigers betalen jaarlijks tenminstet f 15.—.

De leden, behalve de student-leden, ontvangen gratis de Entomologische
Berichten, waarvan de prijs voor student-leden f 1.50 per jaar, voor niet-leden _
f 20.— per jaar en f 2.— per nummer bedraagt.

De leden kunnen zich voor f 10.— per jaar abonneren op het Tijdschrift voor —
Entomologie; hiervan bedraagt de prijs voor niet-leden f 35 — per jaar.

De eerder verschenen publicaties der Vereeniging zijn voor de leden tegen ver- —
minderde prijzen verkrijgbaar. De Vereeniging geeft de volgende publicaties uit.

MONOGRAPHIEEN VAN DE NEDERLANDSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREENIGING

Deze worden met onregelmatige tussenpozen uitgegeven. Er zijn reeds ver-

schenen:

— F. T. Valck Lucassen et al. — Monographie du genre Lomaptera Gory &
Percheron (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae), prijs f 50.—.

1. A. J. Besseling. — De Nederlandse Watermijten (Hydrachnellae Latreille,
1802), prijs f 25 —.

ws. COMP. ZOOL.
LIBRARY.

MAY 16 1966

HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
THE GROUP OF PSENULUS PULCHERRIMUS (BINGHAM)

(HYMENOPTERA, SPHECIDAE)
BY

| oe sa VAN LITH
Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Abstract

The distribution in the Indo-Australian and East-Asiatic regions of the group is discussed.
The material studied originates from localities in a triangular area formed by Gujarat in the
West, Japan in the North and northeastern Australia in the South. The subgenus Eopsenulus
Gussakovskij, 1934, was erected for Psenulus iwatai Gussakovskij, 1934 (Japan). This form
is regarded here as the Japanese representative of the group of Psenulus pulcherrimus
(Bingham, 1896). The provisional classification as a group is preferred as long as other
subgenera of Psenulus are not yet defined. The relationship between the forms from western
India and those from northeastern Australia is very close; P. carinifrons Cameron, 1902
(Deesa) and P. scutellatus Turner, 1912 (Queensland), are considered to be subspecies
only. Even P. iwatai may prove merely to be a subspecies of the Indian form. P. sinclairi Lal,

- 1939 (Bombay), which could not be examined, and a probably new subspecies from South
India, are also very closely related to P. carinifrons. A key to the species and subspecies is
provided. The distribution of the eleven forms is given, together with new records of the
species already treated in a previous paper. One new subspecies from New Guinea is
described.

In a study on Psenulus (Van Lith, 1962) I have provisionally divided the
Indo-Australian species (about 70 species and subspecies from this region have
been described) into a number of groups, in order to facilitate the future definition
of subgenera. GUSSAKOVSKIJ (1934) described the subgenus Eopsenulus for
Psenulus iwatai Gussakovskij (Japan). This species differs very much from the
other East-Asiatic congeners in having a narrow and protruding carina between
the antennae. It is evident now that the group of P. pulcherrimus is identical with
the subgenus Eopsenulus Gussakovskij. The characters of the latter group
are: a slender body, a narrow and protruding carina between the antennae, a largely
or completely black scutum, an almost interstitial first recurrent vein of the fore
wings, and the female with triangularly or bluntly protruding anterior margin of
clypeus and narrow pygidial area. There is a great contrast between the females and
the males in the sculpture of the back of the propodeum, viz., almost smooth in the
female and coarsely reticulate in the male.

It seems premature to delimit more subgenera of Psenulus; therefore I prefer to
use in this paper the provisional term “group of P. pulcherrimus”.

During the last few years I received material from a larger area than that studied
in 1962 and this brings the total number of species and subspecies of the group
to ten, probably eleven. The components are distributed over a large triangular
area, reaching from Gujarat in India, northward to Japan and from there south-

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 2, 1966

(spuejst aurddiryg) sodann wo; ‘$ “Tamyoy snqwudogrurx Suoafıuw) snjnuasd ‘1 ‘ST

J. P. van LITH : The group of Psenulus pulcherrimus 37

ward over New Guinea to northeastern Australia (Fig. 2). It is interesting that the
forms from the outer angles of this area are not only closely related but even
conspecific (P. carinifrons carinifrons (Cameron), from Gujarat and P. carinifrons
scutellatus Turner, from northeastern Australia) or probably conspecific (P. zwatai
from Japan). There is one “island” in this area, formed by the range of distribution
of P. sogatophagus Pagden, the female of which is different, having one tooth
more on the mandibles; this species has been found in Malaya, Thailand and
Assam. Another species, P. pulcherrimus (Bingham), showing distinct specific
differences, with more pointed clypeus and red gaster, inhabits Tenasserim, and
has a subspecies, P. pulcherrimus projectus Van Lith, in Java. The two subspecies,
P. carinifrons xanthognathus Rohwer and P. carinifrons rohweri Van Lith, seem
to be closely allied and are characterized in the male sex by the coarser carination
of the back of the propodeum. They occupy the large area formed by Malaya and
the Indonesian islands (P. carinifrons robweri), and the Philippines (P. carini-
frons xanthognathus).

Some of the forms of the group of P. pulcherrimus are somewhat variable as
to the extent of the yellow marking, especially on the pronotum and the
scutellum, and also on the fore and mid femora. Examples of the variation of the
markings of the thorax in females of P. sogatophagus are presented in Fig. 3 and
4 and of the variation in two males of P. carinifrons scutellatus in Fig. 6 and 7.
The fact that the Bornean specimens of P. carinifrons rohweri all have darker legs
than those from the more southern islands, may be of a greater systematic
value and I am not excluding the possibility that they represent a different sub-
species. The males of P. carinifrons xanthognathus which I studied from the
neighbouring island of Mindanao, have also darker fore and mid femora than the
specimens from the northern Philippine Islands. Apart from the colour of the
gaster there is a great resemblance between the females of rohweri and xanthogna-
thus. However, more material, especially from the southern Philippines and from
Borneo would be very welcome for getting a better idea of the distribution of the
forms and their true systematic status. The total number of specimens examined for
the present study is limited, viz. 230, originating from 21 different islands and
continental countries.

The new subspecies from New Guinea is presumably a near relative of
P. carinifrons scutellatus Turner (NE Australia). The former is very dark and in
the latter the pronotum is often also darkened in both sexes, sometimes even com-
pletely black.

In 1939, K. B. Lat described Psenulus sinclairi from Bombay, apparently from
one single male. I was not able to examine the holotype but from Lat’s drawing
it is evident that his species belongs to the group of P. pulcherrimus and is closely
alied to P. carinifrons. From South India a single male of P. carinifrons is known
which may be a different subspecies, as the puncturation of the scutum is coarser
than usual. More material of both sexes from these localities is necessary to deter-
mine the status of these males.

A key to all the East-Asiatic and Indo-Australian species of the group, is given
below. It is followed by a discussion of most of the forms, and some new data on

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 2, 1966

snwrssagspnd Snjnuasq jo dno13 ay} zo sanadsqns pue sapads jo vonnqmsId °c ‘SA

snjerregnos
qo SUOIJIUTIBO

snjoeload
snuTizaeyotnd

o
SF US

SUOIJIUTIBO Dons:

-dsans
S SUOIJTUTIEO

snygeuzoyyuex
SUOIJTUIIeo

rarerours »

A
SUOIJIUTIEO

J. P. VAN LITH : The group of Psenulus pulcherrimus 39

their distribution which became available after 1962; and finally, the description
of the new subspecies.

I am very much indebted to Dr. C. R. BALTAZAR, Bureau of Plant Industry,
Manila (BPIM), Dr. G. R. FERGUSON, Scarsdale, New York (FERG), Prof. Dr.
K. Iwata, Hyogo University of Agriculture, Sasayama (HUA), Dr. K. V. Krom-
BEIN, United States National Museum, Washington (USNM), Dr. M. A. LiEr-
TINCK, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden (ML), Prof. Dr. K.
TSUNEKI, Fukui University, Prof. Dr. J. VAN DER VECHT, Leiden, Dr. I. H. H.
YARROW, British Museum (Natural History), London (BM), and Dr. C. M.
YOSHIMOTO, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu (BISH), for their assistance
and for the sending of material for study. I am also grateful to Mr. G. Nixon
of the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, who provided me with some not
easily accessible literature. Special thanks are due to the authorities of the Hymeno-
ptera department of the British Museum (Natural History) for their hospitality
during the XIIth International Congress of Entomology, in July, 1964.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GROUP OF Psenulus pulcherrimus

1. Scutum, often also propodeum, with yellow marks; gaster red, petiole yellowish

orablack.ı@lypeus of female trangularlysprojectinig nee... Dis
— Scutum and propodeum black; gaster black, at most with red spots on second
tergite u @lypeusnotutemalespluntiysprojecune en. en ae 3:

2. Scutum laterally with elongate yellow mark above the tegulae and with median
yellow spot in front of scutellum. Petiole yellowish, darkened at apex. Male

UNKNOWN (Tenasserm) nn... pulcherrimus pulcherrimus (Bingham)
— Scutum only with median yellow mark in front of scutellum. Petiole black or
dark brown. (Java, Krakatau) ............... pulcherrimus projectus Van Lith

3. Female : mandibles quadridentate, clypeus less protruding. Male : frons below
antennae indistinctly punctate, back of propodeum not very coarsely carinate
(much less than in P. carinifrons xanthognathus and P. carinifrons rohweri),
antennal segments thicker, last segment less flattened and less pointed in lateral
view. Both sexes : gaster completely black, fore and mid trochanters and femora
yellow, basal 2/3 of hind tibiae yellow; pronotum, scutellum and metanotum
generally yellow but these parts sometimes partly or completely darkened.
(Malayathatland Assam). ua nee sogatophagus Pagden

— Female : mandibles tridentate (including inner tooth), clypeus more protruding.
Male : antennae more slender, last segment more flattened (pointed in lateral
view). Both sexes : gaster not always completely black, in some forms fore

andemideremoraspantyablackgoribrownn er. 4.
4. Pronotum, scutellum and metanotum black or nearly black. Gaster black.
Propodeum of male not very coarsely carinate, more sloping .................. Ds

— Pronotum, scutellum and metanotum more or less yellow, never all these parts
completely black. Gaster completely black or second gastral tergite with red
spots. Propodeum of male in some forms very coarsely carinate and in lateral
NIEWARNOTSN AUT NI a Min SUN POR laico 6.

5. Female : fore and mid trochanters, femora and tibiae yellow, basal 3/, of
hind tibiae yellow. Male: fore and mid trochanters black, fore and mid

40 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 2, 1966

Fig. 3—7. Dorsal side of thorax of two species of the group of Prenulus pulcherrimus,

showing variation in colour-pattern. 3, P. sogatophagus Pagden, ®, from Malaya; 4, P.

sogatophagus Pagden, 2, from Thailand; 5, P. carinifrons scutellatus Turner, 9, from

Halifax, NE Australia; 6 and 7, P. carinifrons scutellatus Turner, 4, both Halifax, NE
Australia

J. P. van LITH : The group of Psenulus pulcherrimus 41

femora dorsally black with yellow knees, fore and mid tibiae yellow, basal half
ORI Day loW ERP iwatai Gussakovskij
— Fore and mid trochanters and femora in both sexes black or brown, fore femora
partly yellow below. Female : fore and mid tibiae yellow, basal 1/5 of hind
tibiae yellow. Male : fore tibiae yellow or partly darkened, mid tibiae partly
brown, hind tibiae almost completely dark brown or black, base paler. (New
Guinea ee nta carinifrons extremus subsp. nova
6. Males (probably also the unknown females) with red spots on second gastral
tergite (see also female of P. carinifrons xanthognathus). Pronotum and scutel-

lum yellow, sometimes with a tendency to reduction, metanotum yellow … 7.
— Gaster of male black, gaster of female black or black with red spots on second
LEERE RR ae AERP er AE Nan AS Ae 8.

7. Male with distinct red markings on second tergite. Fore and mid trochanters
and femora completely yellow. Basal 6/7 of hind tibiae yellow. Scutum finely
punctate. Back of propodeum moderately carinate, gradually sloping. Female
unknown (North) lindia)) enne carinifrons carinifrons (Cameron)

— Red markings of male less distinct. Fore and mid trochanters yellow. Base of
fore and mid femora black or dark brown. Basal 3%, of hind tibiae yellow.
Scutum strongly punctate. Back of propodeum more coarsely carinate. Female
unknown (SOU lirdia)) re per ar carinifrons subsp. nova?

8. Pronotum, scutellum and metanotum yellow with a tendency to reduction of
yellow markings, pronotum sometimes completely black or dark brown. Fore
and mid femora yellow. Female : gaster black, basal half or even less of hind
tibiae yellow. Male : about basal 2/3 of hind tibiae yellow. Back of propodeum
as in nominate subspecies. (NE Australia) ...... carinifrons scutellatus Turner

— Pronotum, scutellum and metanotum yellow with a tendency to reduction but
never completely black. Female : more than basal half of hind tibiae yellow.
Male: hind tibiae usually with more yellow. Back of propodeum very
Coafselyicarinate im lateral view more anpular re se: sents 9.

9. Gaster of female with two red spots (sometimes fused) on second tergite.
Male : frons raised on both sides of median carina, distinctly punctate; fore
and mid femora and trochanters completely yellow or partly darkened (Min-
danao!); basal 2/3 to 5/g of hind tibiae yellow. (Philippines) ..................
ain O nr Roe het carinifrons xanthognathus Rohwer

— Gaster of female black. Male : frons less raised and indistinctly punctate, fore
and mid femora and trochanters completely yellow, basal 5/, of hind tibiae
yellow (Java) or trochanters completely and fore and mid femora partly black
and basal 34 of hind tibiae yellow (N Borneo). (Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Kan-
geanelslands, Burus) Borneo) nn. carinifrons rohweri Van Lith

Psenulus pulcherrimus pulcherrimus (Bingham)

1896, Bingham, J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 25: 443, 9 (Psen pulcherrimus).
1897, Bingham, Fauna of British India 1: 263.
1962, Van Lith, Zool. Vrh. 52: 101 (Psenulus pulcherrimus).
The type from Amherst (Tenasserim) is in the collection of the British Museum
(Natural History), London. It seems to be the only specimen known so far.

42 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 2, 1966

Psenulus pulcherrimus projectus Van Lith

1962, Van Lith, Zool. Verh. 52: 102—103.

A fair number of specimens was recorded in 1962 from East and West Java
and also a female from Krakatau. There are no new records.

Psenulus sogatophagus Pagden

1933, Pagden, Trans. Royal Ent. Soc. London 81: 97—101.
1962, Van Lith, Zool. Verh. 52: 109—110.
21963, Tsuneki, Etizenia, Fukui Univ. 4: 15—16 (P. carinifrons).

This species closely resembles P. carinifrons rohweri, having a black gaster and
the tendency to reduction of the yellow markings of the thorax (Fig. 3 and 4).
The female is easily distinguished from P. carinifrons by the quadridentate
mandibles; the clypeus is somewhat less protruding. In the male the back of the
propodeum is less coarsely carinate than in P. carinifrons robwert; the last antennal
segment is less flattened and less pointed than in P. carinifrons.

Hitherto this wasp was only known from one locality in Perak, Malaya. I re-
ceived for identification from Prof. IwATA a female from Thailand which I could
compare with a paratype from Malaya; undoubtedly it also belongs to P. sogatopha-
gus. It was collected at Prew, 10 Jan., 1963, by A. NAGATOMI (HUA). The yel-
low marking on the pronotum is slightly reduced medially and laterally; the yellow
marking on the scutellum is larger, covering the posterior half and medially pro-
duced triangularly so that it reaches the anterior margin (Fig. 4).

It is possible that the male mentioned by TSUNEKI (1963) from Thailand
(Pakpanang), 14 July, 1961, coll. K. lwata (HUA), belongs to the same species
and not to P. carinifrons rohweri.

The species seems even to occur also in Assam. I have studied two males from
Chabua, 29 Oct., 1943, coll. D. E. HARDY (USNM). They have a nearly black
pronotum, the lower half of the pronotal tubercles is yellow whilst the scutellum
and the metanotum are black except the reddish-black posterior margin. The
identification should be confirmed, however, by the capture of a female in this
locality.

Psenulus iwatai Gussakovskij

1934, Gussakovskij, Mushi 7: 84—86, 9 (Psenulus (Eopsenulus) iwatai).
1938, Iwata, Mushi 11: 23—25.

1956, Tsuneki, Akitu 5: 9, ® and 4.

1958, Tsuneki, Akitu 7: 54.

1962, Van Lith, Zool. Verh. 52: 100.

P. iwatai is the Japanese representative of the group. It is easily recognized by
the completely black thorax (except the pronotal tubercles which are brownish) ;
the legs for the greater part are yellow. In P. carinifrons extremus from New
Guinea the thorax is nearly completely black but the legs are much darker than in
the Japanese form.

J. P. van LITH : The group of Psenulus pulcherrimus 43

The inner tooth of the mandibles is very distinct.

I suppose that P. zwataz is closely allied to P. carinifrons and probably is a sub-
species of the latter. It is advisable, however, to defer a decision until more material
will become available.

The subgenus Eopsenulus which Gussakovskij created for this Japanese species
should certainly include the whole group of P. pulcherrimus.

Psenulus carinifrons carinifrons (Cameron)

1902, Cameron, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 14 : 288—289, 4 (Psen cerinifrons).
1962, Van Lith, Zool. Verh. 52: 103—104.

There are two males in the British Museum (Natural History), collected by Col.
C. G. NURSE. One is the holotype (no. 21.834) bearing the label “Deesa 6.98”; the
paratype is labelled ‘“Deesa 6.97”. Deesa is situated in Gujarat, India.

In the holotype the red anterolateral parts of the second gastral tergite are
confluent; in the paratype these red markings are well-separated. The fore and mid
trochanters and the fore and mid femora are completely yellow, the hind tibiae
are for the greater part yellow, only about the apical seventh part somewhat brown.

The female is unknown.

P. sinclairi Lal from Padegaon, Bombay, is certainly closely related. As the col-
lecting localities of P. carinifrons and P. sinclairi are not so far distant one from
the other, further study of the latter holotype and of females from both localities
would be interesting.

Psenulus carinifrons scutellatus Turner

1912, Turner, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [8} 10: 54, 9 (Psenulus ? scutellatus).
1916, Turner, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [8] 17: 128 (Neofoxia scutellatus).
21917, Turner, Mem. Dept. Agric. India 5: 173 (Neofoxia scutellatus).

1962, Van Lith, Zool. Verh. 52: 108 (Psenulus scutellatus).

In the female of this subspecies the transverse carina below the antennae is only
slightly raised, but still distinct, whereas in the other forms of the ‘group this
carina is hardly visible. The course of the recurrent veins of the fore wings often
varies somewhat in Psenulus; apparently it is also the case in this subspecies, the
first recurrent vein being interstitial in the female from Halifax whilst in the
female from Cairns, according to the original description, this vein ends just in
the second submarginal cell. The extension of the yellow markings on the thorax is
also very variable.

Female. — In the holotype from Cairns the pronotum is black, also the pronotal
tubercles are black. In the female from Halifax only the outer ends of the pronotum
are darkened, the pronotal tubercles are yellow.

In the female from Cairns the scutellum has a yellow band on the hind margin
about half as broad as the scutellum, whilst in the female from Halifax (Fig. 5)
the scutellum is almost completely yellow with the exception of a narrow anterior
margin. Only the median part of the metanotum is yellow in the female from
Cairns but the metanotum is completely yellow in the female from Halifax.

44 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 2, 1966

Male. — In the male collected by VEITCH in N Queensland the yellow band on
the pronotum is somewhat reduced laterally; the pronotal tubercles are yellow. In
one of the males from Halifax the dorsal yellow band of the pronotum is reduced
to two long patches; in another male from this locality, collected on the same day,
the pronotum is completely black (Fig. 6 and 7). In the latter specimen the yellow
mark on the pronotal tubercles is slightly reduced.

In both males from Halifax the dark brown anterior margin of the scutellum is
somewhat broader than in the female from this locality, especially on the sides.
In the male from Cairns the fore part of the scutellum is not visible. In all males
the yellow marking of the metanotum is more or less reduced laterally.

The fore and mid legs including the trochanters are yellow in both sexes. In the
female about the basal half of the hind tibiae is yellow; in the male about two-
thirds of the tibiae are yellow. The gaster is always completely black.

NE Australia, Queensland. Material examined: 1 © (holotype, no. 21.839),
Cairns, coll. R. C. L. PERKINS (BM); 1 9, Halifax, 30 June, 1919, coll. F. X.
WituaMs (BISH); 1 4, June-July, 1918, R. VEITCH (BM); 2 ¢, Halifax, 8
and 30 June, 1919, F. X. Wırrıams (BISH).

TURNER (1912) correctly remarked that this form, as well as P. interstitialis
Cameron, differs from what he called the true Psenulus. In 1917 he also recognized
P. xanthognathus Rohwer from Luzon as a closely allied species. I have not seen
the female from Dacca (N India), mentioned by TURNER (1917) and provisionally
named P. scutellatus, but I suppose that this will prove to be another subspecies.
According to TURNER the insect from Dacca is nearer to the Queensland than to
the Luzon form.

In 1962 I left the possibility open that P. scutellatus Turner and P. carinifrons
rohweri Van Lith might prove to be synonymous. After the study of the afore-
mentioned material from Australia and taking into account the difference in the
sculpture of the hinder part of the propodeum in the males of the two forms, I
now think that they are different subspecifically.

Psenulus carinifrons xanthognathus Rohwer (Fig. 1)

1910, Rohwer, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 37: 660, & (Psenulus (Neofoxia) xanthognathus).
1921, Rohwer, Phil. J. Sc. 18: 312 (Diodontus xanthognathus).

1923, Rohwer, Phil. J. Sc. 22: 601.

1962, Van Lith, Zool. Verh. 52: 104—107 (Psenulus carinifrons xanthognathus).

This seems to be a common species in the Philippines but nevertheless the
following new records since 1962 may be of interest.

Luzon : Los Bafios, 2 9, Aug. 1916 and 1917, F. X. WILLIAMS, 1 4, June,
1916, F. X. WiLLIAMS, 1 &, July, 1916, F. Muir (all BISH); 1 9, Pateros,
Prov. Rizal, 27 Dec., 1953, S. R. CAPCO; 1.9, Baguio, Mountain Prov., 5000 ft,
20 Oct., 1954, C. R. BALTAZAR; 1 4, Lipa City, Prov. Batangas, 15 March, 1955,
C. MacaBasco (all BPIM); 1 9, Manila, 21 Dec., 1952, TOWNES family (FERG).

Mindanao: 1 9 and 1 &, Lake Lanao, 3 Nov., 1921, F. X. WILLIAMS; 1 9,
Zamboanga del Norte, Manucan, 25 km S, 500 m, 18 Oct., 1959, L. W. QUATE
(all BISH).

The female from Manila has completely yellow fore and mid trochanters and

J. P. VAN LITH : The group of Psenulus pulcherrimus 45

femora, as seems to be the rule in the females from Sibuyan and Negros. This
proves again the variability of at least one of the species.

The abovementioned specimens from Mindanao show a distinct reduction of
the yellow markings, in accordance with what I have found earlier. Only the basal
3/5 or 2/3 of the hind tibiae are yellow. In the females the pronotum, scutellum
and metanotum are completely yellow but in the male from Lake Lanao the yellow
markings of the pronotum and of the metanotum are reduced laterally, whilst the
scutellum is darkened anteriorly. There is some difference in the extension of the
red spots on the second gastral tergite, which are confluent in the female from
Zamboanga del Norte, but separated, indistinct, and much darker in the female
from Lake Lanao.

Psenulus carinifrons rohweri Van Lith

1962, Van Lith, Zool. Verh. 52: 108.

This subspecies differs from the Australian P. carinifrons scutellatus, in which
the gaster is also completely black in both sexes, by the larger extension of the
yellow colour on the hind tibiae and by the more coarsely carinated back of the
propodeum of the male.

Although this form has not been collected in large series it does not seem to be
very rare; it has a comparatively large area of distribution, covering Malaya, Su-
matra, Java, Kangean Islands, Buru and Borneo. Here are some new records from
Java and Borneo.

Java: 2 4, Gopeng (= Kopeng?, E Java, Res. Semarang), coll. H. H. BANKS
(OUM).

North Borneo: 1 2, Keningan, 12—17 jan., 1959, coll. T. C. Maa; 1 6,
SE North Borneo, Forest Camp, 9.8 km. SW of Tenom, 19 Dec., 1962, coll. Y.
HIRASHIMA (BISH).

In the Bornean specimens the legs are blacker than in the wasps from
Java, the Kangean Islands and Buru. In the abovementioned female and male from
Borneo all trochanters are black and the basal half or even a greater part of the
fore and mid femora is black whilst in the Javanese form the fore and mid trochan-
ters and femora are yellow. About three quarters of the hind tibiae are yellow
which is also less than in the more southern material. The pronotal yellow band
shows some lateral and median reduction.

Because the material is too restricted I hesitate to consider the Bornean specimens
as a separate subspecies and have provisionally labelled these P. carinifrons rohweri.
It is to be hoped that a later revision, based on good series, preferably from
Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo, may solve this problem.

Psenulus carinifrons extremus subsp. nova

Female. — Head black, scape of antennae brown, foreside partly yellow, under-
side of flagellum brown. Mandibles yellow except brown base and reddish-brown
tips. Palpi testaceous.

46 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 2, 1966

Thorax and gaster black, only posterior half of scutellum and median part of
metanotum brownish-black. Pronotal tubercles and tegulae dark brown. Fore and
mid femora and trochanters brown, ends of femora yellow. Fore and mid tibiae
yellow, basal half of fore and mid tarsi yellow. Basal third of hind tibiae paler
yellow, apical thorns yellowish. Veins of wings brown.

Frons indistinctly not densely punctate, slightly convex on either side of frontal
carina. Vertex shining, punctures minute, hardly visible (30 X). Thorax shining,
punctures sparse and not sharp. Back of propodeum smooth, sides with fine and
densely reticulate carination.

Pubescence of face silvery, mostly appressed below antennae. Pubescence of rest
of body whitish, rather dense on mesosternum, last apical sternite and apices of
hind tibiae.

Male. — Fore and mid legs brown, including trochanters, but outer end of
trochanters somewhat yellow, also underside of fore femora, greater part of fore
and mid tibiae and fore tarsi except last segment yellow. Hind tibiae dark brown,
base paler brown. Apical thorns of hind tibiae pale yellow.

Propodeum with almost smooth base behind enclosed area, back of propodeum
with dense irregular carination, not as coarse as in P. carinifrons xanthognathus.

This subspecies is very similar to the Australian subspecies, P. carinifrons scutel-
latus, but it is easily recognized by the almost completely black thorax in both
sexes. The legs are much darker than in any of the other subspecies.

New Guinea: 1 9 (holotype), NE New Guinea, Moife, 2100 m, 15 km
northwest of Okapa, 11—13 Oct., 1959, coll. T. C. Maa (BISH); 2 ¢ (allotype
and paratype), W New Guinea, near Kampong Agameda, coll. W. J. RoosborP
(ML). According to information received from Mr. Roosporp the village of
Agameda is situated near the Arabu River, about 10 km east of the Wissel Lakes.

Psenulus sinclairi Lal
1939, Lal, Indian J. Ent. 1: 49—50, 2 (recte: 3).

Original description: “Female. — General colour of body dark. Mandibles,
except teeth, which are black, scape of antennae, pronotum, fore and middle legs,
except coxae and tarsi, hind tibiae except apices, a broad median transverse stripe
on mesoscutellum and another narrower one on the metanotum deep yellow.
Labial and maxillary palpi and fore and middle tarsi pale stramineous. The parts
of antennae facing each other, tegulae, and apices of hind tarsi brownish orange.
Wings clear hyaline, veins and stigma brown (Textfig. 1).

Head broad, transverse, deeply punctate, clypeus densely covered with silvery
pubescence longitudinally arranged, antennae inserted a little further from the
eyes than from each other, 13-segmented, scape twice as broad anteriorly as at
base, pedicel hardly one-third the first flagellar segment, which is the longest, eyes
large, extending from apex of clypeus to base of occiput, ocelli in middle of ver-
tex, large, well separated from one another, forming a triangle and more or less
transparent, frons sparsely pubescent, a small tuft of silvery pubescence imme-
diately behind bases of antennae, frons faintly divided by a suture from anterior

J. P. van LITH : The group of Psenulus pulcherrimus 47

ocellus to middle of area between antennal bases. Thorax broadest between tegulae,
pronotum narrow and collar-like, mesonotum large, broad, punctate, sparsely pu-
bescent, metanotum more densely pubescent than mesonotum, fore wing about
three-fourths the lenght of body, of the three cubital cells, measured on the cubital
nervure, the first is about twice and the second is slightly more than half as long
as the third, hind wing with the cubitus originating beyond transverse median by a
distance equal to the length of the transverse median, legs stout, hind tibiae with
two apical spurs, a short stout one and another more than twice its length, basally
pubescent. Petiole about one-third the length of abdomen, smooth and shining.
Abdomen long, oval, segments with silvery white pubescence disposed in oblique
curves diverging towards sides, except transverse narrow apical stripes of segments
II, III and IV, ovipositor short. Length 7 mm.

Holotype obtained from the burrow of a stem borer in sugar cane at Padegaon,
Bombay. Coll. G. S. KARKHANIS. (C.S. 79. 5.11.1937). It is deposited in the Pusa
collection (H/7481).

Unfortunately I did not have the opportunity to examine the holotype. From the
description and from the drawing representing the whole wasp (X 9) it is evident
that it is a male, not a female; the author must have been misled by the gastral
spine.

There is no doubt that this wasp is closely allied to P. carinifrons. The localities
where P. sinclairi and the holotype of P. carinifrons have been found are not
very distant. The description does not say anything, however, about the red parts of
the second gastral tergite which are conspicuous in the nominate form. If the
gaster is indeed fully black it is probable that the male described by Lat is a
distinct subspecies of P. carinifrons. It certainly is also closely related, perhaps
even identical with the male from Coimbatore mentioned in this paper as a
probable subspecies of P. carinifrons. I prefer to defer a decision until also the
females of these forms are known; an examination of the mandibles of the females
would then be necessary to ascertain whether these are quadridentate as in P.
sogatophagus or tridentate as in the other forms of the group.

Psenulus carinifrons subsp. nova?

A male from South India differs from the nominate subspecies in the following
details: the base of the second tergite is indistinctly reddish coloured. Pronotum
dorsally completely yellow. Basal half of fore and mid femora black or dark brown
(trochanters yellow). The apical fourth of the hind tibiae is dark brown. Scutum
strongly punctate. Frons slightly stronger punctate than in nominate subspecies.

The carination of the back of the propodeum seems to be coarser, but this part
being covered by the wings, a good comparison was not possible.

As only one specimen is available and therefore only one sex could be studied, it
seems to be premature to separate this form, although the strong puncturation of
the scutum will probably prove to be a good character. The darkening of the fore
and mid femora may be less important as this often also occurs in the Philippine
subspecies xanthognathus whilst I have seen one or two females with completely
yellow trochanters and femora. Also in P. carinifrons rohweri the colour of fore

48 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 2, 1966

and mid femora may vary. In how far this is related with insular isolation remains
an interesting subject for later study after sufficient material would become
available. For the present we shall have to be contended with the few specimens
scattered over collections in the Old and in the New World.

Apart from the somewhat reddish second gastral tergite this subspecies closely
resembles P. carinifrons rohweri. However, the scutum of the latter form is much
finer punctate. Also P. carinifrons xanthognathus is closely allied but also has
a slightly weaker puncturation of the scutum and the frons is more convex.

It is possible that the specimen from Coimbatore and P. sinclairi Lal from Bom-
bay — no females from either locality are available — are identical but un-
fortunately I could not study the holotype of the latter form.

South India : Coimbatore, Sept., 1955, coll. P. S. NATHAN (FERG).

LITERATURE

BINGHAM, C. T., 1896, “On some exotic fossorial Hymenoptera in the collection of the
B. M. with description of new species and a new genus of Pompilidae”. — Jl.
Proc. Linn. Soc. Zool. 25 : 422—445.
, 1897, “The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera,
Wasps and Bees” 1: 1—597.
CAMERON, P., 1902, “Descriptions of new genera and species of Hymenoptera collected by
Major C. G. Nurse at Deesa, Simla and Ferozepore”. — Jl. Bombay Nat. Hist.
Soc. 14 : 267—293.

GUSSAKOVSKIJ, V., 1934, “Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Pseninen- und Pemphredoninen-Fauna
Japans (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae)”. — Mushi 7: 79—89.

IWATA, K., 1938, “Habits of some Japanese pemphredonids and crabronids (Hymenoptera)”.
— Mushi 11: 20—41.

Lar, K. B., 1939, “Some new species of Hymenoptera from India”. — Indian JI. Ent. 1:
49—50.

LITH, J. P. VAN, 1962, “Contribution to the knowledge of the Indo-Australian Pseninae
(Hymenoptera, Sphecidae), Part II. Psenulus Kohl, 1896”. — Zool. Verh. 52:
1—118.

PAGDEN, H. T., 1933, “Two new Malayan Sphecoids”. — Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond. 81:
93—101.

ROHWER, S. A., 1910. “Some new hymenopterous insects from the Philippine Islands”. —
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 37: 657—660.

, 1921, “Descriptions of new Philippine wasps of the subfamily Pseninae”. —
Phil. Jl. Sc. 18 : 309—323.

, 1923, “New Malayan wasps of the subfamily Pseninae”. — Phil. Jl. Sc. 22:
593—601.
TSUNEKI, K., 1956, “Taxonomical notes on some species of Pemphredoninae and Crabroninae
(Hym., Sphecidae) in Japan”. — Akitu 5: 9.
, 1958, “Some interesting fossorial wasps collected in the city of Toyama’. —
Akitu 7: 54.
, 1963, “Chrysidae and Sphecidae from Thailand”. — Etizenia 4: 15—16.
TURNER, R. E., 1912, “On new species from the Oriental and Ethiopian regions’. — Ann.

Mag. Nat. Hist. [8] 10: 361—377.
, 1916, “Notes on fossorial Hymenoptera. XIX. On new species from Australia”.
— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [8} 17: 116—136.
——., 1917, “On a collection of Sphecoidea sent by the Agricultural Research Institute,
Pusa, Bihar’. — Mem. Dept. Agric. India 5: 173—203.

At athe
ORTE VE,

Zak
Nola | vi a
RN

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE

Het verschijnt in één deel van 350—450 bladzijden per jaar, bestaande uit
enkele afleveringen.

ENTOMOLOGISCHE BERICHTEN
Deze zijn bestemd voor de publicatie van kortere artikelen, faunistische notities
etc., alsmede van de Verslagen der Vergaderingen en van mededelingen van het
bestuur. Zij verschijnen twaalf maal per jaar in een aflevering van 16 of meer
bladzijden, die samen een deel vormen.

TRICHOPTERORUM CATALOGUS
Deze Catalogus van F. C. J. Fischer wordt door de Vereeniging voor rekening
van de auteur uitgegeven. Alle bekende recente en fossiele soorten van de gehele
wereld met hun synoniemen worden er in behandeld. Delen I en II kosten f 39.—
per stuk, delen III—V: f 45 —. Er zullen in totaal 15 delen verschijnen. Van alle
delen zijn ook éénzijdig bedrukte exemplaren beschikbaar. De prijsverhoging hier-
voor bedraagt f 2.50.

Alle zakelijke correspondentie betreffende de Vereeniging te richten aan de
Secretaris, W. Hellinga, Weesperzijde 2311, Amsterdam-O.

Alle correspondentie over de redactie van het Tijdschrift voor Entomologie en
de Monographieén te richten aan de Redacteur, Dr. A. Diakonoff, Rijksmuseum
van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.

Alle correspondentie over de redactie van de Entomologische Berichten te rich-
‘ten aan de Redacteur, B. J. Lempke, Oude IJselstraat 12111, Amsterdam-Z. 2.

| Alle correspondentie over de redactie van Entomologia Experimentalis et Appli-
cata te richten aan de Redacteur, Dr. P. A. van der Laan, Lab. voor Toegepaste
Entomologie, Linnaeusstraat 2 B, Amsterdam.

Alle betalingen te richten aan de Penningmeester, Drs. H. Wiering, Doorntjes
29, Bergen (N.H.), postgiro 188130, ten name van de Nederlandsche Entomolo-
gische Vereeniging te Bergen (N.H.).

Alle correspondentie betreffende de Bibliotheek der Vereeniging te richten aan
de Bibliotheek, Zeeburgerdijk 21, Amsterdam-O.

NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS
All correspondence referring to subscriptions and exchange of the periodicals
of the Netherlands Entomological Society should be addressed to the Librarian,
Zeeburgerdijk 21, Amsterdam-O, Netherlands.

NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS

Manuscripts should be written in Dutch, English, French, German or Italian. If they
contain descriptions of new genera, species, etc., they should be in one of the four last
mentioned languages.

The author should communicate with the editor before submitting his manuscript. He
will enclose with manuscript a Synopsis (Abstract), styled according to recommendations

of the UNESCO (style rules will be provided by the editor) and, if needed, a Summary.

Papers in Dutch should contain an Abstract and/or a Summary in one of the four other
languages.

Captions for text figures and plates should be written on a separate sheet in double
spacing, numbered consecutively in arabic numerals; the use of a, b, c, or any other
subdivision of the figure numbering should be avoided.

Drawings for reproduction should be on good paper in Indian ink, preferably at least
one and a half times as large as the ultimate size desired. Lettering should be uniform, and,

after reduction, of the same size. Photographs should be furnished as shiny positive prints, -

unmounted. Plates should be arranged so as to fill a whole page (11.5 x 19 cm) of the

Tijdschrift, or a portion thereof, captions included. Combinations of illustrations into groups

are preferable to separate illustrations, since there is a minimum charge per block.
Names of genera and lower systematic categories, new terms and the like are to be under-

lined by the author in the manuscript by a single straight line. Any other directions as to

size or style of the type are given by the editors, not by the author. Italic type or spacing to
stress ordinary words or sentences is to be avoided. Dates should be spelled as follows: either
”10.V.1948” or "10 May, 1948”. Other use of latin numerals should be avoided, as well as
abbreviations in the text, save those generally accepted. Numbers from one to ten occurring
in the text should be written in full, one, two, three, etc. Titles must be kept short. Foot-
notes should be kept at a minimum.

Bibliography should not be given in footnotes but compiled in a list at end of the
paper, styled as follows:

Mosley, M. E., 1932, "A revision of the European species of the genus Leuctra (Pleco-
ptera)”. — Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [10] 10 (3): 1—41, pl. 1—5, fig. 1—57. Number of
issue should only be added (in parentheses) when it has individual pagination.

Text references to this list might be made thus:

"Mosley (1932) says...” or "(Mosley, 1932)”.

The editors reserve the right to adjust style to certain standards of uniformity.

Manuscripts and all communications concerning editorial matters only should be sent to:
Dr. A. DIAKONOFF, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands.

LD Tr 5648,

DEEL 109 AFLEVERING 3 1966

1145. COMP. ZOOL,
LIBRARY

JUL 6 1966

TEBSCHRIET u

UNIVERSITY

VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE ©

UITGEGEVEN DOOR

DE NEDERLANDSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREENIGING

INHOUD:

A. DIAKONOFF. — Records and descriptions of South Asiatic Microlepidoptera,
PICO Fe. AA 18.

Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 109, afl. 3 Gepubliceerd 7-VI-1966 |

Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging

BESTUUR
Prof. Dr. J. van der Vecht, President (1961—1967), Oegstgeest.
Dr. G. Barendrecht, Vice-President (1965—1971), Amsterdam.
W. Hellinga, Secreiaris (1963—1969), Amsterdam.
Drs. H. Wiering, Penningmeester (1962—1968), Bergen (N.H.).
Dr. G. Kruseman, Bibliothecaris (1966—1972), Amsterdam.
J. A. Janse (1964—1970), Bennebroek.
Dr. A. F. H. Besemer (1965—1970), Bennekom.

COMMISSIE VAN REDACTIE VOOR DE PUBLICATIES
Prof. Dr. J. van der Vecht (1961—1967), Oegstgeest.
P. Chrysanthus (1964—1967), Oosterhout (N.B.).
Dr. A. Diakonoff (1964—1967), Leiderdorp.
G. L. van Eyndhoven (1966—1969), Haarlem.
Dr. L. G. E. Kalshoven (1964—1967), Blaricum.
Prof. Dr. D. J. Kuenen (benoemd 1957), Leiden.
Dr. P. A. van der Laan (benoemd 1957), Bennekom.
B. J. Lempke (1965—1968), Amsterdam.
Prof. Dr. J. de Wilde (benoemd 1957), Wageningen.
Dr. J. T. Wiebes (1966—1969), Leiden.

BESTUUR DER AFDELING VOOR TOEGEPASTE ENTOMOLOGIE
Dr. A. F. H. Besemer, Voorzitter, Wageningen.
Ir. P. Gruys, Secretaris, Rheden.
Dr. Ir. L. Bravenboer, Naaldwijk.
J. J. Laarman, Leiden.
Dr. Ir. J. B. M. van Dinther, Bennekom.

De contributie voor het lidmaatschap bedraagt f 20—, voor student-leden
f 5.—, per jaar. — Begunstigers betalen jaarlijks tenminste f 20.—.

De leden, behalve de student-leden, ontvangen gratis de Entomologische —
Berichten, waarvan de prijs voor niet-leden f 30.— per jaar en f 3.— per nummer
bedraagt.

De leden kunnen zich voor f 12.50 per jaar abonneren op het Tydschrift voor
Entomologie; hiervan bedraagt de prijs voor niet-leden f 45.— per jaar.

De eerder verschenen publicaties der Vereeniging zijn voor de leden tegen ver-
minderde prijzen verkrijgbaar. De Vereeniging geeft de volgende publicaties uit.

MONOGRAPHIEEN VAN DE NEDERLANDSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREENIGING

Deze worden met onregelmatige tussenpozen uitgegeven. Er zijn reeds ver-

schenen:

— F. T. Valck Lucassen et al. — Monographie du genre Lomaptera Gory &
Percheron (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae), prijs f 50.—.

1. A. J. Besseling. — De Nederlandse Watermijten (Hydrachnellae Latreille,
1802), prijs f 25.—.

RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SOUTH ASIATIC

S. COMP. ZOOL.

MICROLEPIDOPTERA
by

A. DIAKONOFF JUL 6 1966

Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden

LIBRARY

HARVARD
Abstract UNIVERSITY

In this paper two genera and 22 species of Microlepidoptera from South Asia, belonging
to the families Tortricidae, Xyloryctidae, Oecophoridae and Ethmiidae are described as new,
viz. Cimeliomorpha g.n. (type: Copromorpha cymbalora Meyr.), Thymiatris seriosa, scolia
and microloga, Coenorycta plutotera, anholochrysa and acrostega, Odites sphaerophyes,
Casmara regalis, phobographa, uniata, rufipes, rhodotrachys, kalshoveni, Tonica syngnoma,
pharmacis, centroluta, peripsacas, melanoglypha, Ethmia submersa, Agrioceros subnota,
Chrysethmia g.n. hypomelas (type) and neogena. One new name (Cryptophasa antalba,
Xyloryctidae) is proposed and three noteworthy species are recorded (Xyloryctidae, Glyphi-
pterygidae and Oecophoridae); finally a lectotype is selected for Tonica effractella (Snellen,
1879), while the genus Tonica Walker, 1864, is treated more extensively.

Wing neurations and heads of the new genera and genitalia of the new species, where
available, of the two sexes, are figured.

When studying several collections of South Asiatic Tortricoid Microlepidoptera
I encountered striking, apparently new, species from other families. Some were so
fascinating that I described them on the way. Besides, several descriptions of
Xyloryctidae have been made, preliminary to an intended revision of this family;
as other duties will delay that revision, I prefer to publish now the descriptions
already made.

The material treated in this paper originates from the British Museum (Natural
History), London (BM), and from the Leiden Museum (LM). Of especial interest
is the excellent material, collected by my friend, the late J. P. A. KALIS, in 1937,
in the hardly ever searched regions of Western Central Celebes, and in 1938, in
southwest Celebes; it was preserved in the Rothschild Collection, Tring, and is
now transferred to London.

I am indebted to the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) for the
permission to work their material, to retain a few duplicates for the Leiden col-
lection, and to publish the results in the present series. Furthermore I am very
grateful to the following gentlemen for their kind assistance in many ways during
my studies at the British Museum and at Tring: Messers. W. H. T. Tams, J. D.
BRADLEY, P. E. S. WHALLEY, M. SCHAFFER, W. TREMEWAN and D. CARTER.
Where not otherwise indicated, the material is in the Leiden Museum.

Some of the figures, made by Mr. A. C. M. van Dijk, have been financed from
a grant for which I am indebted to the Netherlands Organisation for Tropical
Research (WOTRO). Other drawings have been made by Mr. W. BERGMANS, of
this Museum, and by the author.

Two genera and 22 species are described as new and three species are recorded
below. A lectotype for Tonica effractella (Snell.) is selected.

50 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

TORTRICIDAE, LASPEYRESIINAE

Cimeliomorpha gen. nov.
Fig. 1

Head with loosely appressed scales, roughish on vertex. Ocellus posterior.
Proboscis absent. Antenna in male minutely ciliate. Palpus moderate, ascending,
appressed to face, median segment thickened throughout with scales roughish
along lower edge, apex narrowed, terminal segment moderate (1/,), obtuse.
Thorax smooth. Posterior tibia normal.

Fore wing oblong-truncate, apex and termen rounded. Vein 2 from 2/;, 3 from
angle, 3—8 distant, 7 to termen, 8 from angle, 9 close to 8, 10 slightly closer to
9, 11 from just before middle. Upper parting vein from halfway between 10
and 9 to above base of 7, lower parting vein from towards base to below base
Gr 5e

Hind wing with a cubital pecten, broadly semioval. Vein 2 from 1/3, 3 and 4
connate from angle, 5 distant and only slightly curved throughout, 6 and 7 separate,
little approximated towards base.

Male genitalia, Tegumen rounded, pedunculi with triangular frontal lobes.
Uncus absent. Tuba analis sometimes with a bifid top, halves robust and rounded.
Socius, a broad and flat lobe, appressed and pending. Valva with a deep excision,
sacculus narrowly oblong-oval and simple, cucullus long, narrow, curved, with an
apical spine. Aedeagus diversely shaped, subcylindrical.

Female genitalia. 7th sternite simple, slightly sclerotized. Ostium not modified,
concealed behind it. Colliculum, a small dark ring, open ventrally, origin of ductus
bursae granulate. Signum, a small slightly concave granulate sclerite.

Type-species, Copromorpha cymbalora Meyr. (Assam).

A genus of several brilliantly marked species which need a revision. So far
regarded as two species, ‘‘Laspeyresia” novarana Feld. & Rog. and “L.” cymbalora
Meyr.

A photograph of the male genitalia of the type-species was published by CLARKE,
1958, Meyrick’s Types, vol. 3, t. 216 fig. 1a.

XYLORYCTIDAE

Thymiatris seriosa spec. nov.
Eron?

& 60--65 mm. Head ochreous-tawny. Palpus ochreous-tawny, slightly mixed
with brown externally; median segment long, obliquely ascending, by far exceeding
vertex, moderately broad, hardly dilated, along apical fourth slightly curved up-
wards; with appressed scales, roughish only towards apex below; terminal segment
rather slender, straight, 1/5, pointed. Thorax (greasy) dark purple, collar, tegulae
except inner edge and a median suffused spot, whitish (more so in paratype).
Abdomen and legs dark glossy brown, spines on tergites little showing, brownish-

orange.
Fore wing oblong, narrow, moderately dilated, costa curved at base, faintly

A. DIAKONOFF : South Asiatic Microlepidoptera 51

piel Se vos

Fig. 1. Cimeliomorpha cymbalora (Meyrick), comb. nov., &, head and wing neuration.
Fig. 2. Thymiatris seriosa spec. nov., &, holotype, genitalia; left, aedeagus

concave in middle, almost straight, apex rounded, termen rounded, little oblique.
Dark brownish-purple, with a silky gloss, moderately mixed with whitish except
along costa; this mixing more distinct below the line formed by the upper edge
of cell and veins 7 + 8; edges of cell, a broad vertical bar along closing vein, and

52 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

narrow, less distinct streaks along veins beyond cell scarcely mixed with white;
posterior third of costal edge indistinctly suffused with pale ochreous with three
distant and very faint pale ochreous spots posteriorly, termen with a series of
roundish deep orange-brown spots, confluent, so as to form a complete band,
strongly constricted at interspaces between ends of veins and gradually narrowed
downwards, from apex to above vein 3. Cilia light brown with a pure white basal
and a dark purple subbasal line, both interrupted by small dentations emitted by
terminal brown-orange fascia.

Hind wing glossy light greyish, towards edge suffused with dark fuscous, veins
narrowly brownish. Cilia whitish, with light purplish broad spots opposite ends of
veins, with a subbasal light purplish line becoming blackish-purple across every
one of the above mentioned spots.

Male genitalia. Tegumen rather high. Gnathos constricted above middle. Vin-
culum Jong. Valva long and narrower than in other species, cucullus narrowed,
sacculus 1/5, upper edge forming a weak elongate body with a rounded top.
Anellus, an extremely long tube, almost as long as valva. Aedeagus longer than
anellus, slender and sinuate.

Assam, “Khasis, May, 1896, Nat. Coll.” (Rothschild Bequest, BM), 1 &,
holotype, gen. no. 4765; 1 &, paratype. A very distinct species.

Thymiatris scolia spec. nov.
Fi

& 34 mm. Head rather dull light ochreous touched with tawny. Antenna
brownish-fuscous, ciliations under 1. Palpus light brownish-ochreous, median
segment except towards apex and terminal segment along upper edge suffused
with brown; median segment, about 11/5 X as long as terminal, more spindle-
shaped than in microloga. Thorax glossy ochreous-white, tegula towards tip mixed
with fuscous. Abdomen pale ochreous-fuscous, spines forming a broad band across
third tergite, golden.

Fore wing elongate-truncate, narrow, apex subrectangular, termen rounded;
veins 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex. White, dusted with dark fuscous. A strongly suf-
fused dark fuscous streak along costa, limited below by cell and the course of
vein 9; this suffusion forming transverse short bands across cell: at 1/3, 2/3 and
along closing vein; a broader, strongly outwards-oblique suffused band from lower
edge of costal streak before its end, towards tornus, reaching halfway across wing,
more distinct on veins; apex and termen with an ochreous-fuscous band, edged
anteriorly by dark fuscous suffusion, broad in apex, rather abruptly narrowing
downwards, reaching to tornus. Cilia (imperfect) whitish mixed with tawny and
brown.

Hind wing unicolorous light fuscous-ochreous with a silky gloss. Cilia (im-
perfect) concolorous, with a suffused subbasal darker line dilated into faint dark
spots opposite ends of veins.

Male genitalia. Closely resembling those in T. microloga, but differing as fol-
lows. Gnathos broader, not constricted. Valva slightly longer, much broader, top

A. DIAKONOFF : South Asiatic Microlepidoptera 53

Fig. 3—4. Male genitalia of Thymiatris Meyr. 3, T. scolia spec. nov., holotype; 4, T. micro-
loga spec. nov., holotype

broadly rounded. Hook of sacculus longer and more bent. Anellus much broader.
Aedeagus more robust and longer.

West Java, Soekaboemi, 1800 m, 10.X11.1935 (M. A. VAN GROENENDAAL),
1 4, holotype, gen. no. 4669. Superficially extremely similar to Thymiatris micro-
loga spec. nov., but immediately recognisable by different neuration and shorter

palpi.

54 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

Thymiatris microloga spec. nov.
Fig. 4

4 37—41 mm (holotype 38 mm). Head dull pale ochreous, collar shining pale
ochreous. Antenna light ochreous, ciliations about 11/3. Palpus pale ochreous,
median segment along basal half of upper side with a brown streak, by far ex-
ceeding base of antenna, 21/5 X as long as terminal segment. Thorax snow-white,
dusted irregularly with dark fuscous-grey. Abdomen pale golden-ochreous, glossy,
dorsal bands of spines golden-orange. Legs pale ochreous mixed with brown hairs,
spurs brownish.

Fore wing narrow, elongate-truncate, costa slightly curved at extremities, gently
concave in middle, almost straight, apex rounded, termen gently rounded, almost
vertical. Pure white, dusted coarsely throughout with dark fuscous-grey;
a continuous streak of the same colour along costa, narrowed in middle,
confluent with a similar but narrower irregular streak along upper edge of cell;
veins above and beyond cell, as far as vein 2, narrowly streaked with the same
colour, as also is the discoidal vein; sometimes an inwardly-oblique series of short
darker streaks along veins, this series running from costa before apex to dorsum
well before tornus. A series of rather large pale ochreous spots on ends of veins
3—9, becoming smaller on both ends of the series, surrounded by brownish-
ferruginous scales. Cilia pale ochreous with a paler base and a dark brown sub-
median band, posterior half of cilia rather mixed with brown, cilia in tornus white
dusted with dark fuscous-grey.

Hind wing glossy ochreous-grey, along upper part of termen and in apex nar-
rowly pale ochreous strewn with dark brown. Cilia light ochreous-fuscous, with a
distinct dark fuscous subbasal narrow band.

Male genitalia. Similar to those of T. melitacma Meyr., but differing thus. Valva
shorter, with cucullus much more narrowed and pointed, also more curved. Aedea-
gus half as long as in melitacma. Aedeagus shorter.

East Java, Tengger Mountains, Nongkodjadjar, 1300 m, 19.X1.1938
(A. M. R. WEGNER), 1 &, holotype, gen. no. 4628; 2 ¢, paratypes.

Closely allied to the type-species, T. melitacma Meyr., from India, but with the
veins 4 and 5 of the fore wing separate and the genitalia different. Nearest to a
new T’hymiatris species from the Philippines, but with the forewing more suffused
and with the valva differently shaped.

Cryptophasa antalba nom. nov.

Cryptophasa proleuca Diakonoff, 1948, Treubia 19: 191, t. 6 fig. 8; nec Meyrick, 1890,
Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 13 : 31 (Cryptophaga).

As the generic name Cryptophaga Meyrick, 1890, is an emendation of Crypto-
phasa Lewin, 1805, I am now satisfied that the above name proposed by myself is
invalid, being a junior primary homonym; therefore I am proposing the above new
name for this species.

A. DIAKONOFF : South Asiatic Microlepidoptera 55

Coenorycta plutotera spec. nov.
Fig. 6

& 54 mm. Head pale golden-ochreous. Antenna dark brown, pectinations 21/,,
light brown, finely ciliate, scape short, chestnut-brown. Palpus ascending, appressed
to face, median segment straight, abruptly curved at upper third, densely scaled,
scales smoothly appressed, lower edge flattened, terminal segment 1/,, slightly
flattened laterally, obtusely pointed; light brown, laterally suffused with dark
brown. Thorax pale ochreous-golden, a complete transverse band beyond collar,

Fig. 5—6. Male genitalia of Xyloryctidae. 5, Odites sphaerophyes spec. nov., holotype;
6, Coenorycta plutotera spec. nov., holotype

56 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

light orange-golden with a metallic gloss. Abdomen pale golden, anal tuft some-
what dull, tawny-ochreous. Pectus, anterior and median legs, and posterior tarsus
dark brown, posterior tibia lighter brownish, with dense but not loosely projecting
hair-scales above and beneath.

Fore wing oblong, rather narrow, costa straight, hardly concave in middle, curved
towards apex, moderately rounded, termen almost straight, hardly rounded. Pale
ochreous-golden, costal third suffused with dark brown and with some faint bluish
reflections, lower edge of suffusion becoming lighter brown. Cilia pale ochreous-
golden, around apex touched with tawny and with a dark brown subbasal band
there.

Hind wing and cilia pale ochreous-golden with a silky gloss, somewhat less
distinct than in the fore wing; hairs over anal area long and dense, concolorous.

Male genitalia. Tegumen rather short, pedunculi triangular. Uncus porrected,
flattened, top sclerotized, truncate, side angles acutely produced. Gnathos porrect,
subquadrate. Valva gradually narrowed, slightly curved, rather slender, top
rounded. Sacculus 1/,, apical hook very large, strongly bent. Aedeagus slender.

New Guinea, Rook Island, VII.1913 (A. S. MEEK), 2 4, holotype gen. no.
4856 (BM). Nearest to C. psammochta Meyr., but more robust, with stouter body
and slightly shorter and broader wings, longer pectinated dark brown antennae and
stouter palpi. There is no trace of a discal spot on the end of cell in the fore wing,
as in psammochta.

Coenorycta anholochrysa spec. nov.
hie, 7

4 38 mm. Head whitish with a pale orange tinge. Antenna dark brown,
fasciculate-ciliated, ciliations 1, white. Palpus long, little curved, appressed to face,
rather slender; median segment with closely appressed scales, dark fuscous-grey,
far exceeding base of antenna; terminal segment about 1/3, pale ochreous,
pointed. Thorax white with a pale orange tinge, a pale golden median spot, shoul-
der pale golden. Pectus suffused with rather dark brown. Abdomen glossy, golden,
slightly mixed with a few dark scales, sides of abdomen with a suffused brownish
streak. Legs blackish, posterior tibia with loose, projecting long hairs above and
beneath.

Fore wing oblong, rather narrow, costa straight, curved before apex, apex
rounded, termen rounded, moderately oblique. Glossy bright golden, costa brownish-
black as far as lower edge of cell, this colour becoming suffused and lighter brown
downwards, black dusting forming distinct streaks along upper edge of cell and
veins 7 + 8, 9 and 10. Cilia light golden, a blackish subbasal band around apex.

Hind wing and cilia glossy bright golden-yellow, brighter than fore wing.

Male genitalia. Similar to those in C. plutotera, differing thus: gnathos slightly
prominent in middle of frontal edge, sides distinctly folded and inbent. Valva
more narrowed and pointed. Sacculus under 1/5, top not rounded, apical hook
less strongly bent.

West Celebes, Paloe, Mt. Tompoe, 2700 ft, 1.1937 (J. P. A. KALIS), 6,
holotype, gen. no. 4857. Superficially very similar to the foregoing, Papuan

A. DIAKONOFF : South Asiatic Microlepidoptera 57

Fig. 7—8. Male genitalia of Coenorycta Meyr. 7, C. anholochrysa spec. nov., holotype;
8, C. acrostega spec. nov., holotype

species, but smaller, more slender, with fasciculate-ciliate antennae, hind legs
entirely dark above (not only dark tarsi, as in p/utotera), etc.

Coenorycta acrostega spec. nov.
Fig. 8

8 30—31 mm. Head purplish-white, glossy, sides of face suffused dark purple.
Antenna purplish-white, scape light purplish, pectinations dark purple. Palpus
recurved, ascending, long, median segment reaching base of antenna, terminal
segment over 1/,, pointed; sordid purplish-white. Thorax dark purple, collar and
tegulae purplish-white. Abdomen orange, becoming pale towards base, suffused
with brown towards apex, suffused dark fuscous bands to segments. Legs ochreous-
orange.

58 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

Fore wing oblong-truncate, rather narrow, little dilated, costa hardly curved at
base, straight, rather curved along posterior fifth, apex rounded-prominent, termen
strongly concave, oblique. Whitish, finely irrorated with vinaceous-purple, tips of
scales edged narrowly with that colour; more than costal half dull vinaceous-fuscous
or purplish, edge of this colour straight to before lower angle of cell, thence
gradually curved downward, to tornus, concave; this edge suffused with dark
purple; apex slightly dusted with purplish-white. Cilia brownish-purple, base white,
with a subbasal deep purple line.

Hind wing bright ochreous, paler and dull along costa, paler and with a golden
gloss on dorsum; extreme edge of wing in apex and along termen variably dusted
with deep purple. Cilia golden-ochreous, in apex and along termen variably suf-
fused and dusted with deep purple.

Male genitalia. Uncus large and strong, triangular, top flattened laterally, beak-
like. Gnathos moderate, triangularly pointed, arms sinuate, top porrect. Valva
elongate-oval, little curved, top broadly rounded; sacculus 1/3, upper edge forming
a sinuate hollow ridge with rounded top, reaching to middle of valva. Aedeagus
rather short and straight.

West Celebes, Paloe, Sidaonta, 4500 ft., VI.1937, 1 4, holotype (31
mm), gen. no. 4720; Paloe, Koelawi, 3100 ft, III.1937, 2 4, paratypes; Lindoe,
Paloe, 3700 ft, IV.1937, 1 4, paratype (J. P. A. KALIS) (Rothschild Bequest,
BM).

A distinct, characteristically coloured species.

Odites sphaerophyes spec. nov.
Bio

& 18 mm. Head, scape of antenna and thorax pale ochreous-creamy. Antenna
brownish, ciliations 3, white. (Palpi missing). Abdomen pale ochreous.

Fore wing oval, costa curved, apex and termen strongly rounded, the former
indefinite. Creamy-yellowish, pale, veins a trifle darker ochreous, dorsum slightly
suffused with deeper yellowish and ochreous. Second discal stigma strongly suf-
fused, ochreous-tawny; a faint tawny suffusion on 1/3 of dorsum, another, smaller,
on dorsum before end of fold. Cilia very pale yellowish.

Hind wing pale, whitish-yellowish with a silky gloss, cilia concolorous.

Male genitalia. Tegumen narrow. Uncus moderate, hooked. Gnathos shaped as
two hairy strong lobes. Valva with a broad base, costa very short, cucullus rather
short, straight, not narrowed, top rounded. Anellus lobes clavate, rather slender,
about 4 or 5 times as long as broad. Vinculum rounded.

West Celebes, Paloe, Mt. Rangkoenaoe, 900 feet, XI.1936 (J. P. A.
KALIS), 1 &, holotype, gen. no. 6129; 2 4, paratypes, gen. no. 5571, 5749
(Rothschild Bequest, BM). Closely allied to O. paracyrta Meyr. from Ceylon, but
the genitalia are distinct: cucullus straight, gnathos lobes longer and anellus lobes
much shorter in the present species.

A. DIAKONOFF : South Asiatic Microlepidoptera 59
Ptochoryctis chalazopa Meyrick, 1920

Ptochoryctis chalazopa Meyrick, 1920, Exot. Microlep. 2: 321 (4 2, Java). — B. S. Rao
& Hoh Choo Chuang, 1965, Pests of Hevea: 50, T. Fig. 1, i1, ig (shelter, larva, adult
figured).

Food-plant, Hevea.

East Borneo, Samarinda, Muara Kaman, 50 m, X1.1950 (A. M. R. Wec-
NER), 1 &, gen. no. 4657. The single specimen is in good condition, with markings
jet-black and more distinct than in the typical series from Java, in the British
Museum (LM).

The original specimens, collected by W. ROEPKE, were “making curious webs
.. on bark of Hevea.”

GLY PHIPTERYGIDAE

Imma mormopa Meyrick, 1910
510055

Imma mormopa Meyrick, 1910, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.: 467 (Moluccas : Banda, Amboina,
& 2). — Clarke, 1955, Meyrick’s Types 1: 211. — Diakonoff, 1949, Bijdr. Dierk. 28 : 138
(Simaethis nubicincta syn.).

Simaethis nubicincta Meyrick, 1938, Iris 52 : 52, 86 (Java, 9). — Clarke, 1955, Meyrick’s
Types 1: 219.

This somewhat surprising synonymy became apparent to me when studying the
Glyphipterygidae in the British Museum in 1946. Later I had the opportunity to
compare the lectotype of mormopa (selected but not yet published, by Dr. J. F.
GATES CLARKE) and the holotype of nubicincta. They are one and the same, very
distinct, species.

Male genitalia. Uncus pointed, sickle-shaped. Socius short, free, subporrected.
Valva strongly concave, sacculus thickened, moderately haired, unarmed; cucullus
curved outwards, narrow, strong. Lobi anales broad, flat, tops rounded and dilated.
Aedeagus moderate, sinuate (gen. no. 4791).

Further material studied. Moluccan Islands, Banda, VIII.1892 (W.
DOHERTY).1 &. West Java, Mt. Gedeh, 2500 feet, 1934 (J .P. A. KALIS),
1 & (Rothschild Bequest, BM).

OECOPHORIDAE

Casmara Walker, 1863

Casmara Walker, 1863, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. 28 : 518 (Type-species, Casmara infaustella
Walker, North India) — Meyrick, 1922, Genera Ins. 180: 60. — Fletcher, 1929, Mem.
Agr. Ind., Ent. 11: 40. — Gaede irn Bryk, 1939, Lepid. Catal. 92 : 400. — Clarke, 1963,
Meyrick’s Types 4: 134.

Male genitalia. Tegumen rather small, subconical, pedunculi being broad, and
rounded longitudinally. Uncus little curved, slightly constricted in middle, densely
haired and sclerotized. Gnathos strong, sclerotized and rigid, arms short, point

60 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

Fig. 9—12. Genitalia of Oecophoridae. 9, Casmara regalis spec. nov., & holotype; 10, the
same, aedeagus; 11, C. uniata spec. nov., & holotype, left: aedeagus; 12, C. kalshoveni spec.
nov., 2, allotype, a sketch

more or less triangular, sometimes thickened and prominent in centre. Vinculum
large, elongate. Valva short, broad at base, sacculus over 1, top forming a free
lobe, dentate or simple, cucullus thinly haired, suboval. Aedeagus sclerotized,
straight, acutely pointed, with longitudinal ridges, sometimes denticulate, and a
lateral denticulate prominence.

Female genitalia, Eighth sternite moderately sclerotized, densely haired along
upper edge. Ostium, a diversely shaped oblique cup, colliculum very short. Ductus
and corpus bursae simple.

The genitalia show only slight specific differences, which are sufficient, though,
for discrimination of species. Superficial differences usually are more striking.

A. DIAKONOFF : South Asiatic Microlepidoptera 61

The species are rather similar, very large insects with narrow, long wings and
long legs, often thickened with brushes or whorls of dense scales. The scaling of
the palpi and of the legs show differences which must be only specific, for the
neuration and the genitalia are extremely similar in all the species.

Casmara regalis spec. nov.

Fig. 9—10

& 46—59 mm. Head and thorax creamy-white, strongly mixed with dark
fuscous, except on forehead and face, thorax with a white apex. Antenna whitish
dotted with dark fuscous, ciliations 11/9, blackish, scape creamy, fuscous on basal
half, pecten creamy. Labial palpus long, median segment far exceeding base of
antenna, rough beneath, but not tufted; terminal segment about 1/,, spindle-
shaped, rather thick, pointed, roughly dilated below top; creamy, densely mixed
with dark fuscous, fringe at apex below white, terminal segment white, black
above, with a subapical black band. Abdomen bronze-purplish, posterior edges to
segments bluish-black, tergites 4—6 with broad bronze-purplish bands of fine
spines, anal tuft brightly ochreous. Legs, whitish or creamy mixed with dark
fuscous, posterior tibia bluish-black spotted with white.

Fore wing narrow, oblong. Vein 11 from about 1/3 of cell. White ground
colour almost entirely obscured by dense light brown dusting, partly mixed with
darker fuscous-brown and mixed over this again with white; black suffused streaks
between veins and a curved longitudinal streak above dorsum; a large transverse-
subrectangular brown spot on end of cell, suffusedly and narrowly edged with
creamy; some irregular white spots and dots, tending to form horizontal rows
posteriorly, not reaching apex and termen; independent from these a subterminal
series of white strigulae parallel to wing margin; two pale ochreous spots on costa
before apex. Cilia pale fuscous, glossy, with a white basal line and a black subbasal
band, lower half of cilia with white bars, three bars more distinct and larger
towards tornus.

Hind wing deep purple-black, apical sixth white, with a narrow black marginal
line interrupted on veins, veins 6 and 7 narrowly black; tuft on vein 1a bluish-
black. Cilia purple-black, around apex and along upper half of termen white.

Male genitalia. Gnathos pointed, upper surface concave, lower part in profile
slightly convex. Sacculus gradually dilated and rounded basad, its apex with a
semicircular simple lobe. Cucullus somewhat irregularly semioval, not distinctly
impressed above middle. Aedeagus strong, dentate beyond middle above, median
prominence moderately dentate.

Female unknown.

The genitalia show a remarkably close relationship with C. kalshoveni sp. n.
described below, which superficially is entirely different.

Celebes. Southwest Celebes, Pangean near Maros, 2000 feet, III.1938,
1 3, holotype, gen. no. 4858; 4 4, paratypes, gen. no. BM 5546 (J. P. A. Kats)
(BM). — North Celebes, Minahassa, Tonsea Lama, 16.V. (VAN BRAECKEL), 1 4,
paratype (LM). — Northwest Celebes, Goeroepahi, 13.1.1917 (W. KAUDERN),
1 ¢, paratype (LM).

62 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

Casmara phobographa spec. nov.
Kig.525, 24028

& 35 mm. Head pale ochreous, strewn with fuscous. Palpus whitish strongly
mottled throughout with dark fuscous. Antenna pale ochreous, basal fifth banded
with brown above; ciliations over 1. Thorax pale ochreous densely suffused with
fuscous-brown, tegulae only strewn with that colour. Abdomen pale ochreous
densely strewn with fuscous-purple, posterior halves of segments with a median
band of brassy bristles, beyond these pale golden ochreous, anal tuft purple-brown,
mixed above with pale ochreous. Legs: anterior pale ochreous densely dusted and
mottled with dark fuscous, tibia and each joint of tarsus strongly dilated by whorls
of scales, median leg similarly dilated, femur bronze-brown with a black ring, tibia
much dilated, rough, fulvous-ochreous, tarsus ochreous-whitish; posterior leg pale
ochreous, strongly mixed with fuscous-brown except above, tibia with two very
large rounded loose whorls of scales, in middle outwardly and at apex above, upper
side with projecting fine and long hairs, tarsus dilated with large whorls projecting
above, one on each segment.

Fore wing long and narrow, oval-sublanceolate, costa curved at base, concave in
middle, apex rounded, termen rounded, very oblique. Glossy pale ochreous, strewn
with light and dark brown. A slight longitudinal raised tuft along and below costa
near base, resembling a costal fold. Costa coarsely suffused with dark brown, along
less than posterior half with five suffused silvery-white spots, becoming smaller
posteriorly, ultimate subapical; four smaller similar spots along termen, lower
fasciate; a large prostrate-X-shaped dark brown mark along median third of lower
edge of cell, posterior upper leg followed by a small inwards-oblique pale transverse
mark in cell; anterior extremity of the X forming a slightly raised transverse crest;
a dark brown thick bar of slightly raised scales along closing vein; indistinctly
continued with upper posterior leg of the X; a faint white suffused transverse
mark edging lower half of closing vein posteriorly, wing beyond this from tornus
to vein 8 and as far as termen, stronger suffused with dark brown except an
irregular conspicuous white patch in its centre, before and slightly above middle.
Cilia deep bronze-fuscous, lower half along posterior part of costa, in apex and
along termen barred with blackish-brown, bars becoming shorter along costa
towards apex, broader again from apex to tornus.

Hind wing glossy light ochreous, dusted evenly with purple, more so towards
dorsum, veins brightly purple. Cilia light golden-ochreous, a purplish suffused
submedian shade, well-defined around apex and along upper half of termen.

9 48 mm. Similar to male, but entirely intact and therefore markings more
distinct. Denser strewn with purple; a pale round basal patch, its edge strongly
rounded and raised; this patch whitish-ochreous, little dusted with very pale
purplish; X-mark reduced to a streak along fold below median third of cell,
continued as an oblique shadow across cell to 3/4 of upper edge, followed by an
inwards-oblique small white transverse mark; a dark purple streak below posterior
fourth of upper edge of cell and below vein 8 to beyond furcation with 7; mark
on closing vein broad, blackish-purple, crescentic and edged on both sides with
white, posterior edge extending downwards to fold before its end, area between

A. DIAKONOFF : South Asiatic Microlepidoptera 63

Fig. 13—18. Genitalia of Oecophoridae. 13, Casmara rhodotrachys spec. nov., & holotype;
14, C. kalshoveni spec. nov., &, holotype; 15, the same, 9, allotype; 16, the same, aedeagus;
17, Tonica effractella (Snellen), 9, lectotype; 18, the same, signum

64 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

cell and termen deeper dark purple, whitish patch shifted slightly more anterad
and costad; some white scales below 1/3 of costa. Cilia darker suffused.

Hind wing and other parts colored as in male, legs scaled in the same way.

Male genitalia. Uncus rather short, shorter than gnathos. Gnathos strong, with a
round central hunch, upper surface coarsely punctulate; frontal profile straight.
Valva with sacculus sclerotized throughout, free lobe upcurved, rigid, with a
sclerotized marginal blade; costa sclerotized; a club-shaped weak and bristly process
in middle of disc resembles a pulvinus; cucullus rhomboidal, angles rounded.
Aedeagus gently curved, some three small thorns in middle, an acute ridge along
dorsum of apical third.

Female genitalia. Eighth segment sclerotized, densely haired along posterior
edge, sternite with a deep emargination. Ostium, colliculum membraneous and
simple.

Sumatra, Fort de Kock, 920 m, IV.1921, 1 &, holotype, gen. no. 6127;
11.1922, 1 9, allotype, gen. no. 6128 (E. JACOBSON). Nearly allied to C. exculta
Meyr., differing in the light tawny-vinaceous colour of dorsum not extending above
2/3 of wing, bordered by black discal markings (streak along upper edge of cell).

Casmara uniata spec. nov.
Biest

& 32—41 mm (holotype 37 mm). Head pale ochreous, sides of face blackish,
roughish scales around bases of antennae and tufts on vertex, roughly spreading,
mixed with black; posterior edge of head with roughish scales, mixed with blackish.
Antenna pale ochreous, scape suffused with fulvous; ciliations over 1. Palpus
ochreous-whitish, strewn with black scales, denser strewn along lower edge and
apex; apical segment with a couple of black scales in middle. Thorax whitish-
ochreous, tegulae slightly brighter ochreous; moderately and coarsely mixed with
fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous, posterior edges of segments with pale ochreous
bands, preceded by bands of brassy bristles. Legs whitish, coarsely strewn and mixed
with black; anterior tibia dilated, brushy towards base, tarsus less dilated; median
tibia with a median and an apical fan-shaped brush, median tibia almost white,
dilated with sparse loosely projecting hair-scales; posterior tibia with similar, but
less dense fan-shaped brushes; apical edge of all brushes black.

Fore wing long and narrow, ovate-lanceolate, subacute, termen rounded and
very oblique. Creamy, partly strewn with bright fulvous scales, markings dark
fuscous. Base of costa with a subcostal curved ridge of moderately rising loose
scales, making impression of a costal fold; this ridge at base and towards apex
mixed with blackish; costa from beyond this ridge to 4/5 with a broad streak of
fuscous dusting, becoming narrow posteriorly and edged below by fulvous suf-
fusion; this streak containing five whitish-creamy marginal streaks becoming
shorter posteriorly, ultimate small, triangular, subapical; basal patch indicated by
a rounded edge of sparse dark dusting at 1/4, centre of patch creamy, unobscured;
a large black inwards-oblique patch in middle of disc at 1/3, from upper edge of
cell to below fold, upper and lower edges horizontal, anterior concave, posterior
with a notch above fold, strongly rounded above it, less so below; this patch broadly

A. DIAKONOFF : South Asiatic Microlepidoptera 65

edged with creamy on both sides; a bright fulvous-tawny suffusion in middle of
wing from costal streak to dorsum, extended along this to tornus and to basal
patch, but anteriorly becoming paler and ill-defined; an inwards-oblique transverse
spot along closing vein, upper edge truncate, lower rounded, edged with whitish-
creamy on both sides, posterior edge extended as an oblique streak to tornus;
posterior third of wing from below costa densely suffused with dark fuscous,
including an ill-defined central whitish spot well beyond cell and a series of five
creamy subterminal transverse strigulae between veins, upper one ill-defined.
Cilia fuscous, basal half dark fuscous, pale bars opposite ends of veins.

Hind wing pale ochreous densely strewn and suffused, except along costa, with
bronze-fuscous. Cilia pale ochreous with a dark fuscous basal third.

Male genitalia. Similar to those of C. exculta Meyr. but cucullus lower and very
oblique, not quadrate as in that species, and sacculus with the free top very short.

West Celebes, Paloe District, Sidaonta, 1500 feet, VII.1937, 1 ¢, holo-
type, gen. no. 4861 (LM). Paloe, Loda, 4000 feet, V.1937, gen. no. BM 5547,
3 &, paratypes. Paloe, Lindoe, 3900 feet, IV.1937, 4 &, paratypes. Paloe, Goe-
noeng,Tompoe 22700 feet) 619370 (BM). Centralt Eelebes, 1937, 22%,
paratypes (BM). All collected by J. P. A. KALIS. 11 &.

An elegant species, superficially resembling Epimecyntis eschatopa Meyr., from
Sumatra, closely and identified accordingly. The neuration, however, is different
and the genitalia are distinct. Actually nearest to C. exculta Meyr.

Casmara rufipes spec. nov.
Ei0035

& 39 mm. Very similar to C. wniata spec. nov., from West Celebes, but differing
as follows. Anterior tibia and tarsus densely suffused with dark fuscous throughout;
median tibia strongly expanded, shaped as a single thick conical brush of rather
smoothly appressed and finer fulvous scales, with a few slender, bristle-like long
and black, strongly projecting scales, median tibia little dilated, white mixed with
fulvous; posterior tibia strongly roughly expanded along basal half and with a fan-
like apical brush; pale ochreous densely mixed with blackish, tips of tufts black;
posterior tarsus expanded towards middle, spindle-shaped, tawny-fulvous.

Fore wing denser dusted throughout with purplish-fuscous (median fulvous
area as in wniata, absent); marginal costal spots whiter, more rounded; subterminal
strigulae whiter, longer and almost interconnected, each followed by a blackish
spot; white central spot beyond cell large and conspicuous. Hind wing paler, semi-
pellucent in centre, denser suffused with fuscous along vein 1a. Otherwise as
uniata.

Male genitalia. Tegumen, uncus and gnathos considerably sclerotized. Gnathos
strongly swollen, almost angularly prominent, point acute. Valva with free top of
sacculus subacute, almost triangular, with a marginal ridge; cucullus with a straight
or even slightly concave costal edge, lower edge more or less gradually rounded,
without a distinct prominent angle (as present in C. exculta). Aedeagus with a
series of four rigid thorns, apical minute, basal large and bifid (in excwlta there
is an additional larger apical thorn).

66 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

Fig. 19—22. Female genitalia of Tonica Walk., holotypes and allotype. 19, T. melanoglypha
with signum, right; 20, T. peripsacas spec. nov., with signum, left; 21, T. syngnoma spec.
nov., signum, left; 22, T. centroluta spec. nov., signum, left

West Java (L. J. ToxoPEUS), 1 ¢, holotype, gen. no. 6130. Judging from
the genitalia very close to C. exculta Meyr. from Assam; there are tangible dif-
ferences, however, while the hind wing is decidedly much lighter, so that it seems
advisable to separate the Javanese species.

A. DIAKONOFF : South Asiatic Microlepidoptera 67

Casmara rhodotrachys spec. nov.
ic

& 29 mm. Head purple mixed with light ochreous. Antenna ochreous; ciliations
over 1. Palpus purple slightly mixed with light ochreous, median segment exceeding
top of scape; terminal segment very slender, smooth, acute; light ochreous with a
purple apical half except tip. Thorax purple, tegula with a narrow whitish edge,
tufts on metathorax light ochreous. Abdomen brown-fuscous, dorsum with pale
bands along posterior edges of segments, mixed with golden spines, anal tuft fer-
ruginous.

Anterior leg dark purplish-brown, tarsus pale ochreous-ringed. Median leg
purplish, broadly ringed with light fuscus-ochreous, tibia with an extended pink
whorl of scales; posterior coxae dilated with jet-black scales; posterior leg purplish,
tibia with a long fringe of light yellowish-ochreous hairs.

Fore wing narrow and long, ovate-sublanceolate, costa curved and prominent
along 1/3, concave in middle, less curved posteriorly; with three transverse ridges
of raised scales. Three raised ochreous-pink tufts beyond 1/4, on costa, above and
below fold, respectively, indicating edge of basal patch; this patch blackish with
white marks: a line along base of wing, a streak edging upper raised tuft from
below and an oblique attenuated streak from base of dorsum to above its 1/4;
second transverse ridge median, inwards-oblique, formed by two raised dark
vinaceous tufts, upper transverse, crossing cell, lower smaller, longitudinal, in fold;
area between first and second ridges blackish, with a pale ochreous, elongate,
subtriangular patch on costa, posteriorly including a black horizontal line, below
this emitting a white transverse line before and parallel to ridge of raised tufts; a
third raised tuft at 2/3, from just below costa to beyond lower angle of cell, wedge-
shaped, gently inwards-oblique, ferruginous-vinaceous, its base below costa extended
on both sides and light pinkish-crimson; space between second and third ridges
black, encircled with a white line, edging median ridge but concave and not
touching posterior ridge; a blackish streak between veins 8 and 9 indistinctly
traversing raised tuft, thence dilated as far as vein 10, including two white sub-
marginal spots between veins; an oblique pale ochreous streak from between the
two tufts of median ridge to tornus; terminal part of wing pale fuscous-ochreous,
finely dusted with dark fuscous; this colour filling out a broad posterior part of
terminal area, but traversed by light tawny veins and cut by a subterminal white
meandering line; termen between veins black. Cilia pale fuscous, basal half except
in tornus, with broad black interneural bars.

Hind wing pale fuscous, strewn with dark bronze-fuscous, coarser dusted on
dorsum, veins narrowly tawny-brown.

Male genitalia. Uncus sclerotized throughout, apex rounded in lateral aspect.
Gnathos slender, not swollen. Valva with harpe long-bristled; sacculus sclerotized
with a dilated semioval base, top rounded, strong, semioval. Cucullus rather slender,
lower edge gradually rounded. Aedeagus divided as far as its middle with a short,
toothed upper and a long gradually narrowed and curved lower lip.

East Borneo, Balikpapan, 50 m, Mentawi River, 8.X.1950 (A. M. R.
WEGNER), 1 3, holotype, gen. no. 6166. An elegant species, nearest to C. agro-

68 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

Fig. 23—28. Genitalia of Oecophoridae. 23, Casmara phobographa spec. nov., &, holotype;

24, the same, aedeagus; 25, Tonica nigricostella (Snellen), 9, gen. no. 4719; 26, the same,

signum; 27, T. melanoglypha spec. nov., &, holotype; 28, Casmara phobographa spec. nov.,
Q, allotype

A. DIAKONOFF : South Asiatic Microlepidoptera 69

noma Meyr. (China), but smaller, brighter marked and with distinct genitalia;
the aedeagus resembles more that of C. patrona Meyr., also from China, but other
parts of the genitalia are quite distinct.

Casmara kalshoveni spec. nov.
Fig. 12, 14—16

& 34—44 mm. Head pale ochreous, a flat tuft of long hairs concealing forehead
and face and partly covering the eyes; sides of face above and vertex strewn with
fuscous-purple. Antenna pale ochreous, scape densely strewn with purple-fuscous,
suffused above. Palpus long, recurved, top of median segment exceeding base of
antenna, gradually dilated posteriorly with loose scales below, basal segment with
a small tuft, terminal segment slender, slightly curved, subobtuse, about 1/3; pale
ochreous densely strewn with fuscous-purple, median segment less densely strewn
below apex of upper edge, terminal segment whitish, little strewn, a broad purple
ring just below tip. Thorax pale ochreous, coarsely strewn with dark fuscous-purple.
Abdomen pale ochreous, dorsum dark fuscous-purple, except pale bands along
posterior edges of segments, venter strewn with dark. Legs pale ochreous, variably
strewn with fuscous-purple. Anterior tibia strongly dilated with long closely
appressed scales; tarsus with short whorls of scales. Median tibia moderately dilated
at apex by closely appressed scales, forming a mantle around apical spurs and almost
concealing them; posterior tibia with loose long hair-scales above and beneath.

Fore wing elongate, narrow, suboval-lanceolate, apex and termen rounded,
termen very oblique. Whitish-ochreous, finely transversely strewn with brown-
purple, this colour forming narrow edges to tips of scales, many of which are
strongly dilated and enlarged. A large, blackish-fuscous erected-oval ocellus on
closing vein, edged with pale ochreous, edge extending to dorsum; this ocellus
gently inwards-oblique and dilated above; a large, rather well-defined darker brown-
purple V-shaped patch, anterior leg wide, with a blackish round dot against its
posterior edge, in cell; posterior leg including ocellus, truncate base of mark
extending along median third of dorsum; this patch edged with whitish-ochreous
except along costa; blackish longitudinal spot on middle of fold; a white flat tuft
below and beyond it; costa strewn with brown-purple throughout; a wedge-shaped
spot below its middle (between legs of V-mark) and a similar spot between ocellus
and dorsum, conspicuously pale ochreous; slender brighter light ochreous poster-
iorly dilated small streaks along ends of veins; a regular series of whitish sub-
marginal rounded spots between veins. Cilia pale ochreous, posterior half suffused
with purple except in tornus; a deep purple basal streak from costa to end of
vein 4, thence broken up in a series of moderate submarginal strigulae reaching
dorsum.

Hind wing pale golden-ochreous, irregularly suffused with fuscous-purple: more
densely suffused in tornus as far as vein 1c, apex and a faint suffusion above end
of cell; a pale golden-ochreous large patch between cell and apex; a suffused round
fuscous dot on upper angle of cell. Cilia pale yellowish-golden, a somewhat
irregular subbasal purple line.

® 37—55 mm. Similar to male. Head only with sides of face and vertex dark;

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

poñrequs orow ‘eıfepusd ‘owes ay} ‘TE ‘eyeWsIo) Ya uswopge “Aou ‘dads sıpw4swvgd “J, ‘TE
:padrejus azow ‘erpepusd ‘oures ay} ‘0E:ereWSI09 YUM vowopge ‘('JJeuS) 2//215031481 ‘I ‘67 ‘VIIUO I, JO eıfenuad Sem 'TE—67 “SIT

| i

> ù De SY

A. DIAKONOFF : South Asiatic Microlepidoptera 71

scape dark on basal half. Fore wing rather evenly strewn with brown-purple,
traversed by two curved outwards-convex pale ochreous faint fasciae from below
costa: beyond base and at about 1/5, representing basal patch; a zigzag pale mark
below costa on upper half, preceded on dorsum by an inwards-oblique pale
transverse streak; two dark discal spots strongly suffused and ill-defined; ocellus
black, slightly more oblique, pale-edged, edge continued by a pale streak almost to
dorsum before tornus; a coarse dusting by whitish-ochreous scales in disc before
the series of interneural pale spots; other markings as in male, more conspicuous.

Hind wing denser suffused with bronze-purplish, except a pale golden area
before apex, smaller than in male; otherwise as in male.

Male genitalia. Gnathos with upper side strongly impressed, concave, frontal
profile concave, points narrow. Sacculus sclerotized throughout, free, apex semioval,
longer than in C. regalis, cucullus narrowed, a slight lateral fold or edge above
middle. Aedeagus with rather strong teeth beyond middle above and on strong
median projection below.

Female genitalia. Eighth sternite with posterior edge straight, not emarginate.
Ostium, a broad, oblique cup, strongly sclerotized below. Colliculum, an irregular
short funnel.

Central Java, Gedangan near Semarang, teak forest, 40 m, bred from
trunk of Mzraya paniculata Jack (Rutaceae), 1 4, holotype, 31.1.1933, gen. no.
4859; 1 9, allotype, 9.1.1933, gen. no. 4860. Further from Gedangan, Telawa
and Seneng, teak forest area, some bred as above, III, VIII and IX.1932 and I-II,
1933, 3 8,7 ©, paratypes (L. G. E. KALSHOVEN).

Judging from the genitalia, closely allied with C. exculta Meyr., from Assam,
differing by more prominent gnathos, oval cucullus and oval tip of sacculus; how-
ever, superficially that species is entirely different.

Dedicated to my friend and colleague, the collector, Dr. L. G. E. KALSHOVEN.

Tonica Walker, 1864

Tonica Walker, 1864, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. 29: 788 (Type-species, Tonica terasella
Walker, India, ? Borneo). — Meyrick, 1922, Genera Ins. 180: 167. — Fletcher, 1929,
Mem. Agr. Ind., Ent. 11: 226. — Gaede in Bryk, 1939, Lepid. Catal. 92: 266.

Binsitta Walker, 1864, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. 29: 832 (Type-species, B. niviferana
Walker, India, Ceylon, Tonkin, China). — Meyrick, 1902, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 26:
163.

Teratomorpha Turner, 1896, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 20: 20 (Type-species, Crypto-
lechia effractella Snellen, Queensland).

Cononia Snellen, 1901, Tijdschr. Entom. 44: 80 (Type-species, Cryptolechia effractella
Snellen, Queensland). — Fletcher, 1929, Mem. Agr. Ind., Ent. 11: 54 (designation of type-
species), 226. — Gaede im Bryk, 1939, Lepid. Catal. 92 : 266.

A remarkable group of large insects of uniform facies but diverse size, markings
and colouring. The male genitalia show a high degree of specialisation.

Male genitalia very small as compared to the size of the abdomen, complicated,
parts rigidly joined together and not easily read. Valvae and vinculum united into
a short cylindre, spherical at base, edge of the base of sacculus with two hairy
Processes, exterior largest. Cucullus free, hairy. Uncus absent. Gnathos represented

72 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

by two densely spinose conical processes. Aedeagus long, straight. Coremata
represented by a pair of extremely long retractile pencils projecting between the
sixth and the seventh segments, extending almost to the base of the abdomen.

Female genitalia. Ovipositor long, top weak. Eighth segment sclerotized, truncate-
conical, ventrally with a broad, triangular split; in this fits the sterigma which is
usually weakly developed but shows clear-cut specific differences. The edge of the
sternite with strong bristles. Ductus bursae very long, simple, tightly spiraled.
Corpus bursae elongate. Signum, a scobinate plate with strong edge and diverse
long hooks.

Tonica effractella (Snellen, 1879)
Fig. 17

Cryptolechia effractella Snellen, 1879, Tijdschr. Entom. 22: 11, t. 7 figs. 17—25.

Teratomorpha effractella: Turner, 1896, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 20: 20.

Cononia effractella: Snellen, 1901, Tijdschr. Entom. 44: 80.

Binsitta effractella : Meyrick, 1902, Trans. R. Soc. S. Austral. 26: 164. — Turner, 1917,
ibid. 41: 119.

Tonica effractella : Meyrick, 1922, Genera Ins. 180: 168, no. 3 — Gaede in Bryk, 1939,
Lepid. Catal. 92 : 266. — Common & Arndt, 1959, Empire Cotton Wool Rev. 36: 28-31,
fig. 1—5.

Lectotype, female, hereby selected, 27 mm, “N. and Ind. Natuurk. Vereeniging,
Nieuw Holland”, label written in SNELLEN’s hand; gen. no. 6126. Another female,
syntype (paratype), 29 mm, “N.I. Nat. Ver., N. Holl.”, original round white label,
written in ink.

Female genitalia. Sterigma transverse-semioval with small crescentic sclerites at
the sides of lower edge; ostium, a short tube, colliculum a moderate dark ring.
Signum very strong, a concave plate with a number of strong teeth decreasing in
size in one direction.

Tonica syngnoma spec. nov.
ata; Bil, 10, I Jey, al

Tonica nigricostella & Meyrick, 1936 (nec Snellen, 1902), Exot. Microl. 5: 51.

The unique specimen may be redescribed as follows.

® 32 mm. Head and thorax white, irrorated with fuscous-grey. Palpi missing
(in original description stated as being “whitish and grey, second joint suffused
black”). Abdomen light ochreous, venter infuscated, preanal segment black
entirely, anal tuft orange-ochreous.

Fore wing elongate-subtruncate, moderately broad, costa curved at base, broadly
rounded-prominent along first third from beyond base, concave in middle, rounded
and prominent again at 3/4, tolerably straight towards apex, apex rounded, termen
slightly rounded, little oblique. Whitish, dusted rather irregularly with grey-fuscous,
markings chestnut-brown and black. A well-defined, semioval blackish-brown spot
on basal 1/, of costa, below bearing a suffused black longitudinal streak, projecting
posterad; a small black dot on base of dorsum; posterior 2/3 of costa with a
chestnut-brown broad streak, narrowed anteriorly and connected along costal edge
by black dusting with basal patch; lower edge of this streak roughly serrate and

A. DIAKONOFF : South Asiatic Microlepidoptera 73

Fig. 33. Imma mormopa Meyrick, &, genitalia (no. 4791). Fig. 34, Ethmia submersa spec.
nov., &, holotype

well-defined, veins indistinctly streaked with tawny-ochreous (perhaps simply
rubbed!), posterior lower part of streak (below vein 7) dark fuscous-brown; first
stigma represented by a black prostate y-shaped mark, with stalk directed posterad,
preceded and followed by pairs of rather irregular small marks; second discal
stigma well-defined, black, transverse, semioval, immediately followed by a slender
raised white crest, an ill-defined greyish suffusion from beyond second stigma to
dorsum; ill-defined transverse linear black marks, one in tornus, another before
termen, connected with costal streak. Cilia purplish-brown (imperfect) with a
pale ochreous base and a black submedian band.

Hind wing glossy pale ochreous, densely dusted with dark fuscous, except towards
dorsum and less densely, along costa; extreme apex slightly dusted with black.
Cilia ochreous-fuscous, becoming darker fuscous towards apex, in apex dark brown.

Female genitalia. Ventral split of the 8th sternite closed above. Sterigma, a semi-
circular narrow band, weak in middle. Ostium short; colliculum moderate, tubular,

74 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

NE
et N) N

\
NA
su

Fig. 35. Casmara rufipes spec. nov., holotype, 4, genitalia

narrower along lower part. Signum small, with a single large hook and a few small
spines at its base.

Malaya, Pahang, Tras, 1912 (Popp), 1 2, from Meyrick Collection (BM),
named “Tonica nigricostella Snell.” by MEYRICK; gen. no. 4718. This unexpected
identification with a completely different species apparently is due to a curious
error: MEYRICK thought that T. wigricostella Snell. had been described after a
male, while SNELLEN’s type specimen actually is a female. So there is no question
of SNELLEN’s migricostella and the present female specimen being conspecific.

Tonica nigricostella (Snellen, 1902)
Fig. 25—26, 29 30

Cryptolechia ? (Cononia) nigricostella Snellen, 1902, Tijdschr. Entom., 44 : 80, t. 6 fig. 3
(Sumatra, 2).

Tonica nigricostella : Meyrick, 1922, Genera Ins. 180 : 168. — 1936, Exot. Microlep. 5:
51. — Gaede in Bryk, 1939, Lepid. Catal. 92 : 267.

3 45 mm, neallotype: exactly similar to the female, with the same small extent
of variation, viz. the extent of dark brown suffusion of the costal edge in the fore
wing and that of the faint grey dusting of the disc and the cilia of the hind wing.
The only superficial difference is the anal tuft, pale ochreous in male, blackish in
female.

Male genitalia. Gnathos halves longer than middle of cuculli. Free top of sacculus
moderate; external hairy prominence rather depressed, internal prominence long,
finger-like, edge of sacculus oblique, making ventral excision of edge of genitalia
triangular.

A. DIAKONOFF : South Asiatic Microlepidoptera 75

Female genitalia. Ventral split of 8th sternite closed above. Sterigma, a weak
membrane, including a simple subtriangular ostium. Colliculum, a partly closed
moderate tube. Signum scobinate, with a single large hook.

“West Sumatra, Lebong Tandai, 26—31.VIII.1921 (C. J. BROOKS), no.
1227”, 1 9, gen. no. 4719. — Malaya, Perak (J. L. C. BANKS), 1 9 (with doubt-
ful abdomen) (BM).

Eastt#]a yJa,. freres 5000) ft) VE LOS 2 (SR AG KATIS) RIO rit Weisit
Celebes, Kulawi, Paloe, 3100 ft, III.1937, 1 &, neallotype, gen. no. 4789;
1 4,1 2 ; Sidaonta, Paloe, 4500 ft, VI.1937, 2 9 ; Paloe, Mt. Rangkoenaoe, 1800
ft, XII.1936, 1 4 (J. P. A. KALis) (BM, Rothschild Bequest).

The holotype of this species, a female, “Sumatra”, unfortunately is missing.

Tonica pharmacis spec. nov.
Fig. 31—32

& 25 mm. Head light ochreous, vertex with three faint frontally converging
fuscous lines. Antenna light ochreous, finely ringed with brown, scape brownish.
Palpus with median segment very long, along upper half hardly strewn with
brownish, tuft long, roughly projecting forward; terminal segment with two small
tufts projecting forwards and backwards; this segment pale ochreous externally,
with two large dark brown spots internally. Thorax light ochreous, apex and an
antemedian band suffusedly brownish; four highly raised tufts arranged in a
quadrangle; tegula pale ochreous, internal edge infuscated. Abdomen pale orange-
ochreous with a strong golden gloss. Legs pale ochreous.

Fore wing elongate-subtruncate, moderately broad, little narrowed posteriorly,
costa strongly sinuate, prominent and roughly ciliate at 1/,, concave and smooth
in middle, less prominent and slightly rounded along posterior third, two large
triangular raised scale-tufts, at the beginning, and in the middle of this part, apex
moderately pointed, termen slightly sinuate above, rounded beneath, little oblique.
Light ochreous, across middle third becoming brighter, ochreous-tawny, markings
formed by brown suffusion. A broad, rather well-defined streak along costa, from
well beyond base to apex, extending below as far as upper edge of cell and the
course of vein 7; on middle of costa this streak containing a narrow marginal mark
of ground colour; an irregular-semioval large patch extending over median 2/3 of
dorsum, touching costal streak with its top; anterior edge of patch rather well-
defined, very oblique and concave, posterior edge rather suffused, ill-defined,
emitting from its lower part a wedge-shaped paler brown suffusion to 3/, of lower
edge of costal streak; pale terminal area traversed by brown lines along veins;
central third of disc with some four tufts, three upper rounded, in a curved
horizontal series, ultimate one on closing vein; fourth tuft larger, elongate, hori-
zontal, in middle of fold; terminal area with two inwards-oblique, straight series
of less raised tufts between veins, first series at 2/3 between cell and termen,
second submarginal. Cilia brown along costa, pale ochreous elsewhere.

Hind wing glossy pale ochreous, cell between 1a and 1c towards wing edge
dusted with fuscous; apex slightly dusted with dark brown. Cilia pale ochreous,
along posterior third of costa and around apex mixed with dark brownish-grey.

76 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

38. Chrysethmia hypomelas gen. et spec. nov., genitalia. 36, &, holotype, with
below, signum

aedeagus, right; 37, the same, end of abdomen with coremata; 38, the same, 9, allotype,

Fig. 36

Male genitalia. Gnathos halves thick, not exceeding half the length of cucullus;
the latter with a ventral lobe. Sacculus with a rather long free top; external hairy
prominence large, internal depressed.

Northeast Sumatra, Deli, bred from larva on Derris, V.1935 (Deli
Proefstation), 1 4, holotype, gen. no. 4717. Unique. Allied to the preceding
species, but quite differently colored and marked.

Derris plant produces a well-known insecticide; thence the name for the species.

A. DIAKONOFF : South Asiatic Microlepidoptera 77

Tonica centroluta spec. nov.

Eie.922

9 26 mm. Head glossy creamy-white, vertex suffused with dark fuscous in
middle. Antenna whitish-ochreous, dark fuscous above. Palpus with median seg-
ment with rather appressed scales and a long not expanding tuft in front, projecting
forward; terminal segment slender, longer than median, slightly dilated and
roughish anteriorly at the first dark band; creamy-white, median segment with a
short lateral streak from base; a suffused fuscous streak along posterior half of its
lower edge, and a very coarse irroration along upper half, blackish-fuscous; frontal
tuft infuscated along lower edge; terminal segment with two blackish-fuscous rings.
Thorax creamy dusted with dark fuscous (rubbed). Abdomen glossy dark fuscous.
Legs whitish-ochreous.

Fore wing moderately broad, elongate-subtruncate, moderately narrowed poster-
iorly, costa strongly sinuate, rounded-prominent along anterior half, concave in
middle, almost straight posteriorly, apex rounded-rectangular, termen straight
above, rounded beneath, little oblique. Whitish-ochreous, markings light tawny
and dark purplish-brown. A light fulvous-tawny suffusion along posterior 3/5 of
costa, continued by a narrow gradually attenuated subcostal streak to anterior
extremity of costal prominence; posteriorly this suffusion is narrowly interrupted
by strigulae of ground colour running along veins, each edged by an irregular
dark brown line; a dark purplish-brown transverse patch across its anterior edge
well-defined and concave anteriorly, very oblique, to about 1/, of dorsum; its
posterior edge strongly suffused, at about middle of distance between cell and
termen, leaving a terminal blotch of ground colour, pale at edge of wing, anterad
gradually becoming suffused with light fuscous-purplish, a dark purple-brown line
along posterior part of fold, not reaching tornus; some sparse speckling of pale
tawny and brown scales over pale basal area; this area has an oval shape and
contains a small obliquely transverse brownish raised crest at about 1/3 of wing
length in middle of disc; a higher dark brown tuft on lower angle of cell, another
smaller one above and slightly before it and a still higher horizontal short crest
just above fold and beyond transverse crest; apex pale, narrowly margined with
brown. Cilia (imperfect) pale ochreous, along upper part of termen and in apex
apparently mixed with dark brown.

Hind wing rather dark purplish-grey, apex and dorsum suffusedly pale ochreous,
space between veins 1a—1c towards edge of wing suffused with dark brown.
Cilia rather pale fuscous.

Female genitalia. Ventral split of the 8th sternite open. Sterigma triangular,
lower edge concave. Lamella antevaginalis with four converging ridges, a small
strong cup-shaped ostium at their top. Colliculum tubular, long, lower part, a short
dark cylindre. Signum strongly scobinate, hook simple, broader and shorter than in
T. pharmacis spec. nov.

Southeast Borneo, Ampah, 0—50 m, IV-V.1948 (Liem SWIE LIONG),
1 9, holotype, gen. no. 4694.

78 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

Tonica peripsacas spec. nov.
Fig. 20

2 31 mm. Head pale ochreous, vertex slightly mixed with brownish. Palpus
with median segment whitish-ochreous, strewn along median third with a
longitudinal group of a few fine fuscous scales, continued as a horizontal streak
of pale fuscous-grey suffusion just below upper edge of frontal tuft, lower edge
and base of median segment, and basal segment entirely, fuscous; apical segment
black inwardly and in front, except at base, and at two tufts (1/3 and 2/3).
Thorax pale ochreous (greasy). Abdomen dark bronze-fuscous, becoming pale
ochreous towards base.

Fore wing broad, suboval, costa strongly rounded-prominent at 1/3, serrate-
prominent before angle, termen rounded and oblique. Whitish-ochreous, slightly
suffused with fuscous-grey, tending to form longitudinal streaks. Markings dark
fuscous, slightly suffused; slightly rubbed, but the following raised tufts present:
a small one on base of upper edge of cell, another on its middle; a strongly raised
tuft on closing vein and a similar, large one, before middle of lower edge of cell,
the last one with a fuscous-grey base. A slightly excurved transverse series of
markings (probably edge of basal patch) before 1/5: a subquadrate spot on costa
continued posteriorly by a narrow line along extreme edge of costa; a suffused
horizontal line from base along upper edge of cell and a second parallel line from
beyond base just below preceding; and a short horizontal strigula well below fold;
these markings indistinctly continued posteriorly by streaks of faint greyish suf-
fusion which tend to converge in a faint cuspidate greyish spot in centre of disc,
marked with a small horizontal strigula and a black point above and parallel to
middle of fold; posterior fourth of costa with four elongate marginal spots, more
or less interconnected by fuscous suffusion; a series of fine moderate lines of dark
fuscous dusting along veins, from vein 11 at costa to vein 1c on dorsum, lines
between these in a broadly curved subapical series. Cilia whitish with three minute
spots of fuscous dusting above ends of veins 6, 5 and 4.

Hind wing pale ochreous, densely dusted with pale grey, along all veins dusted
with darker fuscous, extreme base white, separated by a transverse oblique dark
fuscous line. Cilia pale ochreous suffused with pale grey, a pale grey subbasal
shadow, opposite apex a median and an apical blackish streaks.

Female genitalia. Sterigma with a rounded top, lamella postvaginalis laterally
forming sclerotized elongate-semioval plates; lamella antevaginalis, a moderate rim
to ostium, slightly dilated laterally. Colliculum weak, a narrow ring. Signum robust,
a scobinate plate with a long and slender thorn (foreshortened in figure).

West Celebes, Koelawi Paloe, 5100 feet, March, 1937 (J. P. A. KALIS),
1 2, holotype, gen. no. 6131 (Rothschild Bequest, BM).

Superficially resembling 7. lagaropis Meyr. from the Philippines, but differently
marked and with distinct genitalia, which resemble those of T. effractella, but are
more sclerotized.

A. DIAKONOFF : South Asiatic Microlepidoptera 79

., genitalia. 39, &, holotype, with aedeagus,
: 41, the same, 9, allotype, below, signum

Fig. 39—41. Chrysethmia neogena gen. et spec. nov
right; 40, the same, end of abdomen with coremata

Tonica melanoglypha spec. nov.
atei OS 27,

4 19 mm. Head creamy-white, vertex sparsely dusted with fuscous. Palpus very
long, median segment creamy-white, strongly brushy along edges, especially in
front; terminal segment slender, slightly tufted in front and back at 1/3 and 2/3,
outwardly creamy with two narrow black bands, inwardly lower third black, a
broad band at 1/3, in front upper third with a black streak. Thorax rather dark

80 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

fuscous-grey, collar and tegula creamy, dusted with fuscous. Legs creamy, tarsi
infuscated towards tips. Abdomen creamy.

Fore wing oblong, narrow, costa strongly curved along basal third, concave in
middle, little curved posteriorly, with a rough triangular tuft projecting forward
at 1/3 and a series of three small tufts at 3/4, apex rounded, termen rounded,
oblique. Creamy, partially finely dusted with pale greyish-fuscous, not dusted
towards costa anteriorly and between veins elsewhere; dorsal area below fold evenly
suffused with pale greyish-fuscous. Markings sparse, blackish-brown. A triangular
well-defined spot on costa just before first costal tuft; an ill-defined elongate
horizontal suffusion below and slightly beyond this spot and a narrow strigula
below this, below fold; two very small longitudinal marks in cell at 2/5; apical
half of costal edge with a narrow line becoming broader posteriorly, forming a
distinct blotch in apex, linear again along upper fourth of termen; this streak
interrupted by three costal tufts of ground colour, each with an oblique black short
strigula below costa; large raised scale-tufts of pale ground colour; a vertical pair
at 1/3 of disc, a horizontal pair above centre of disc and a transverse, slightly
inwards-oblique complete series before termen. Cilia creamy-white, around apex
with an apical and a subbasal blackish band.

Hind wing creamy-white, apex slightly bent down, narrowly edged with a short
black strigula. Cilia concolorous, along posterior half of costa and around apex
suffused with leaden-grey with pale base and a blackish subbasal line around apex.

9 22 mm. Head and palpus more dusted with fuscous. Fore wing more dusted
with fuscous, dark markings extended, a larger suffusion in centre of disc, all
veins streaked with dark fuscous; black subcostal strigulae towards apex longer.
Hind wing pale greyish-fuscous, veins a trifle darker, apex dusted with fuscous.
Cilia grey-fuscous. Otherwise as male.

Male genitalia. Gnathos halves moderate, with an extended communal base.
Cucullus deeply bilobed. Sacculus top sclerotized, the hairy prominence large but
flattened. Lobus analis small, free. Lower edge of sacculi horizontal, long and
slender. Edge of 7th ventrite with two approximated cusps. Coremata reaching
basad to the 3rd segment.

Female genitalia. Split of the 8th ventrite open. Sterigma deeply excised above,

ostium cup being elongate; lateral ridges narrow, submedian thick. Colliculum

tubular, weak. Signum small, short-dentate with a single very long spine.

West Java, Batavia, 1893, 1 4, holotype, gen. no. 4816; the same, 1894,
1 &, paratype; the same, 1888, 1 ©, allotype, gen. no. 4817; 2 9, paratypes.
2 6,3 9. Allied to T. pharmacis spec. nov.

ETHMIIDAE

Ethmia submersa spec. nov.
Fig. 34

& 2 27 mm. Head and collar white, concavities of antennae black, collar with
a large black median spot and a narrow black anterior edge. Palpus greyish-white,
median segment with a black basal half and a subapical black ring, open frontally;

A. DIAKONOFF : South Asiatic Microlepidoptera 81

terminal segment black with a median ring and extreme tip white. Thorax slaty-
grey, with a moderate gloss, whitish-grey in certain lights; a black dot on shoulder,
a larger dot at the base of inner edge; a pair of submedian, another of subapical
black dots. Abdomen in & bright-orange-yellow, tergite 1 with a large transverse
black spot, tergites 5—7 only with black transverse bands along posterior margins,
venter with pairs of large spots on segments 2—4 and 6. Abdomen in 9 similar,
but segment 7 with a black ring open ventrally.

Fore wing rather broad, oblong-oval, costa considerably curved, apex and termen
rounded. Dark slaty-grey, with well-defined whitish-grey narrow edges to markings
and large spots; base of extreme costal edge black; a whitish streak along base of
costa limited by the course of vein 12, and containing two black dots; another such
streak subcostal, from below middle of preceding to 2/3 of wing; a less well-
defined whitish patch filling out less than posterior fifth of wing with apex and
termen; round black dots, except the two costal, arranged thus: one just above fold
beyond base; three more, in line with this, at 1/4, 1/5 and before 3/4, respectively;
first to third of these alternating with two smaller dots above dorsum; a curved
subcostal series, first of these largest, rounded, below upper edge of cell before
middle of wing; four smaller below costa and before apex, two ultimate of these
connected; two larger, somewhat irregular dots in an oblique series before and
above tornus; a marginal series of about ten dots partly interconnected and rather
ill-defined, large and irregular. Cilia dark grey.

Hind wing bright orange. Apical black spot large, with an acute subcostal tooth
reaching basad to before end of cell, edge below this regularly and deeply curved
and reaching end of vein 1c. Cilia orange, around black spot dark grey. On the
under side of hind wing apical spot well-defined, connected by a broad grey streak
along costa with base.

Female exactly similar, but spot on collar larger, dots on tegulae small, subcostal
whitish streak fainter.

Male genitalia. Uncus with a dilated and rounded base, furcate, prongs straight,
long. Gnathos with a strong transverse plate, with a rather broad, rounded-truncate
lobe on each side; median part of gnathos long and slender, sclerotized, ending
in a couple of thorns. Anellus with a bilobed rostral and a rather long and rounded
caudal process. Anellus lobes as long as in E. praeclara but sinuate. Vinculum
sinuate. Valva with sacculus gradually rounded. Aedeagus of the usual shape.

Female genitalia. Sterigma trapezoidal, with the upper edge concave. On each
side a large triangular aciculate fold with a rounded top; mesially each fold forms
a smaller smooth subcardiform fold. Colliculum, a short funnel, dentate inwardly,
upper edge sclerotized but interrupted at one side. Signum rather small, rhomboidal.

Nes ERGE bres") Palocw Mite lompoes 27 00sec mls MSP TAN Kanıs),
1 &, holotype, gen. no. 5547, 1 @, allotype, gen. no. 5548 (BM).

Closely allied with E. pullata Meyr. from the Solomon Islands, but differing by
the genitalia.

82 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

Fig. 42—43. Agrioceros subnota spec. nov., genitalia. 42, &, holotype; 43, 9, allotype,
above, signum

Agrioceros subnota spec. nov.
Fig. 42—43

3 2 27—28 mm. Head and palpus pale ochreous, basal half of median segment
of palpus black above; face suffused with blackish, vertex with two black spots.
Antenna light ochreous, scape with a black subapical posterior spot. Thorax bright
orange-yellow, collar with a median black spot, a pair of lateral subapical spots, a

A. DIAKONOFF : South Asiatic Microlepidoptera 83

black spot on inner edge of tegula at its base. Abdomen deep orange-yellow, valvae
black, a pair of sublateral and one submedian black dots.

Fore wing oblong, oval-subtruncate, costa gently curved, apex and termen
rounded, little oblique. Deep orange-yellow. Markings dull black. A streak along
base of costa. Basal dots inequal, lower largest; discal spot large, median pair
largest; posterior spot well-defined, central shifted towards costa; pretornal spot
large, round; a large black dot in apex, a streak along upper half of termen and a
minute line halfway between these markings in male, connected with the terminal
streak in female. Cilia yellow, black with yellow base opposite marginal markings.

Hind wing in male with an androconial subcostal field of flatly depressed scales
reaching to middle; pale golden-yellow, becoming deeper yellow towards apex, in
female middle of wing suffused with pale fuscous, neither reaching vein Ic, nor
termen. Cilia golden-yellow.

Male genitalia. Tegumen large and broad, pedunculi divided, upper pedunculi
resting upon long processus basales. Uncus somewhat depressed, bicornute, horns
long, diverging almost horizontally. Labis, a large finely haired, but weak sausage-
like process. Valva broad, moderately long; sacculus ill-defined, cucullus broadly
rounded-truncate, costa with a long and slender apical process. Aedeagus semi-
circular.

Female genitalia. Sterigma large, subtrapezoidal, with aciculate lateral bands,
projecting lower angles with rounded appendages to them; transverse portion, being
lamella antevaginalis and postvaginalis united, forming a broad tube around ostium
bursae. Signum, folded, stellate with a short and broad “stalk”.

Central Java, Telawa, teak forest, 1.11.1936, feeding on leaves of an un-
named plant (no. 2003) (Dr. L. G. E. KALSHOVEN), 1 4, holotype, gen. no.
6133, 1 ©, allotype, gen. no. 6140; 1 &, 2 @ paratypes, gen. no. 6132 12.

Superficially almost exactly similar to A. magnificella Saub. from the Philippines,
differing by the absence of the upper anterior spot of the postmedian group of
spots, and by the black, not pale fuscous suffusion of the hind wing. The genitalia,
especially of the males, however, are widely differing.

Chrysethmia gen. nov.
Fig. 44

Head with smoothly appressed scales, face entirely smooth. Proboscis developed,
except top densely and roughly scaled. Ocellus absent. Antenna smoothly scaled,
minutely ciliate in the two sexes. Labial palpus long, recurved close to face, smoothly
scaled, median segment not dilated, not reaching top of eye, terminal segment
about 2, pointed. Maxillary palpus moderate, slender, top roughish and slightly
dilated; appressed to proboscis and slightly crossing each other in front. Thorax
smooth. Posterior tibia dilated with long dense hairs above and beneath, flattened
laterally.

Fore wing oblong-oval, smoothly scaled, under side with a fringe of scales along
costa and vein 12 to beyond 2/3, concealing vein 12. Vein 2 from before angle,
3 from angle, 4, 5 separate, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to just above apex, 9 straight, 10
from 3/, distance 10—9, 11 from middle.

84 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

Fig. 44. Chrysethmia hypomelas gen. et spec. nov., head and wing neuration, &

Hind wing semioval; in male narrowed and more pointed, costa on the upper
side with a longitudinal band of androconial modified scales along vein 8, diversely
shaped, sometimes very short, sometimes longer and very dense, with additional
tufts of pencils of hair-scales from base of wing. Vein 2 from beyond middle,
3 and 4 connate from angle, 5 median, straight, 6, 7 parallel.

Male genitalia. Tegumen semicircular. Uncus broad but short, top bifid. Gnathos
entirely paired, tops curved down, simple rods, apparently fastened to transtilla.
Valva rounded or oval, rather simple, with a long process at base of costa. Labis,
a simple large rising prominence. Aedeagus short. Usually there is a pair of large
finger-like extensile appendages of the intersegmental membrane between the 8th
and the 9th abdominal sternites, covered with large modified scales and bearing
at the top a large pencil-like corema. In one species coremata, surprisingly, absent.

Female genitalia. Ovipositor globular, halves moderately sclerotized. Sterigma,
together with the pleurae of the eighth segment forming a large trapeze, with
diversely shaped projecting angles and a large central opening or prominence,

A. DIAKONOFF : South Asiatic Microlepidoptera 85

being the ostium; colliculum indicated by an irregular sclerite. Ductus bursae
‘spiraled. Signum a transverse moderately broad “lamina dentata”..

Type-species, Chrysethmia hypomelas spec. nov. (Celebes).

A natural group of tropical species with characteristic compact male genitalia,
quite dissimilar from those in Ethmia Hubn., to which genus the golden-yellow,
black-dotted species have been attributed until present. They are closer allied with
Agrioceros Meyr., described from the Philippines which is intermediate and forms
the connection with Ethmia.

Ethmia zelaea Meyrick, 1906, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 17: 409 (4,
Ceylon), also belongs to the present genus. The genitalia have been illustrated by
CLARKE, 1965 (Meyrick’s Types 6: 433, t. 214 fig. 3a—b).

KEY TO THE SPECIES

1. Hind wing unicolorous, yellow. . . An. Ha OL ee. Deco

— Hind wing partly suffused with grey or ede AR FU moe IN
2. Hind wing with a grey suffusion a almost to apex aad exceeding

Vein MLC TMS . + . + bypomelas

— Hind wing with a (Weds Eon feces in faded quinto) not reaching
apexqand limited abyzAveinwl cei ala cake ne SI cea neogena

Chrysethmia hypomelas spec. nov.
Fig. 36—38, 44

& 26, 9 29 mm. Head yellow-whitish, palpus touched with ochreous, face
with a vertical median dark fuscous spot, larger in female, vertex with a large
dark fuscous spot. Antenna light ochreous, scape yellow-whitish with a black
subapical spot on back. Thorax light yellow-orange, a large black spot on median
third of collar, two round lateral dots before apex; a small spot on base of tegula
below inner edge, partly concealed under collar. Abdomen deep orange-yellow,
anal tuft black inside, yellow outside, valvae black; one pair of dorsolateral
another, of ventrolateral dots on each segment.

Fore wing oblong, suboval-truncate, costa moderately curved throughout, apex
and termen rounded, termen little oblique. Bright glossy orange-yellow, markings,
black round spots. A small streak on base of costal edge, a curved series of three
equal basal spots: one small spot below costa beyond base, followed by a second,
a third below and before first, in fold close to its base; four larger dots arranged
in a lozenge in disc before middle, posterior of these largest, in male elongate,
lower below fold; five smaller dots in posterior third, shifted towards costa: four
in an oblique rectangle, fifth in its centre; anterior pair of these dots largest; in
female these dots small; a small pretornal dot on dorsum just below end of cell;
four elongate dots along apex and upper part of termen, apical longest, second
small, remaining dots often interconnected. Cilia concolorous with wing, with
broad black or dark grey bars opposite black marginal spots.

Hind wing in male with a dense brush of very long pale yellow scales along
costal 2/3, directed apicad, covering a patch of short, dark, and bristly hair-scales
of the subcostal black brush; wing dark fuscous as far as vein 1c; dorsum light

86 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

yellow; extreme edge in apex and along termen suffused with yellow. Cilia yellow.

Male and female genitalia as described with the genus. |

West Celebes, Paloe district, Sidaonta, 4500 feet, II.1937, 1 4, holotype,
gen. no. 5567; Southwest Celebes, Pangean near Maros, 2000 feet, III.1938, 1 9,
allotype, gen. no. 5568; 1 4,1 9, paratypes (BM).

Differs from the following species by deeper yellow fore wing and darker
suffused hind wing in the male, while in the female this suffusion is grey and not!
exceeding vein 1c. The genitalia in the two sexes and the coremata show also clear-|
cut differences.

Chrysethmia neogena spec. nov.
Fig. 39—41

819 28—29 mm. Very similar to the preceding but differing thus. Palpus, |
median segment with basal half black above. Head white, face fuscous, mixed with
grey and yellowish, suffused with black below. Black spot on vertex tending to
fall in two in male, double in female. Thorax deeper orange-yellow, markings as
in hypomelas. Abdomen deep orange-yellow, valvae black surrounded by a gelte
anal tuft except beneath, venter with suffused black sublateral and transverse streaks,
one pair of dorsolateral dots; abdomen in female with a pair of larger dorsolateral
dots and one pair of ventrolateral dots on each segment, without black suffusion.

Fore wing, base of costal edge with a longer black line; basal spots inequal,
lower largest, upper small; the four discal spots larger, lower largest; posterior
spots very inequal, lower anterior spot and central spot being round and much
larger than the irregular posterior pair; pretornal dot large and round.

Hind wing in male with costal brush greyish-yellow, scales denser but shorter
than in hypomelas; pale yellow, dorsum and apex suffused with deeper golden-
yellow; less than posterior half of wing as far as upper edge of cell to before
apex, suffused with black, this suffusion with a well-defined convex edge posteri-
orly, anteriorly becoming light grey and extending towards base; in female this
suffusion less extended towards apex, and paler. Cilia yellow.

Male genitalia resembling those in the preceding species, and differing as fol-
lows. Upper half of tegumen much smaller than lower. Uncus halves emarginate,
not deeply incised near base. Valva oval, longer, less rounded, costal process
longer. Corema scales longer and narrower.

Female genitalia. Lateral bands of sterigma acicular, angles more rounded.
Ostium more prominent.

Saleyer Island, Somarisi, 1660 feet, XII.1938 (A. J. P. Kats), 1 4,
holotype, gen. no. 5569, 1 9, allotype, gen. no. 5570; 1 &, 19, paratypes (BM).

A. DIAKONOFF : South Asiatic Microlepidoptera 87
APPENDIX

THE BIOLOGY OF CASMARA KALSHOVENI DIAKONOFF,
AN OECOPHORID BORER

L. G. E. KALSHOVEN
Blaricum, the Netherlands

The borer infestation was detected by the Javanese personnel of my temporary
entomological field laboratory at Gedangan (KALSHOVEN, 1955), at a time when
particular attention was being paid to the borers in green stems and trunks in the
cultivated teak woods of Central Java. The borer larvae were found in the shoots
of the small-leaved, wild form of Murraya paniculata Jack. (Rutaceae; vernacular
name ‘djenar’, cf. HEYNE, 1950). This is a small tree or shrub up to 6 m high,
not uncommon in the area.

After the attack had been discovered through the occurrence of dying and dead
shoots, it was observed from November, 1932 to May, 1933. A total of 84 infested
shoots and branches, 1—4.5 cm thick, were collected from some 14 trees.

The shoots were bored from immediately below the top or from a lower part
downwards over a length of up to 65 cm, mostly in the ligneous parts. Once in a
single 2.5 cm thick branch three parallel tunnels in the core were found. In the
trunk of another tree, 4.5 cm in diameter, the tunnel ran immediately under the
bark. Small black holes from which sap had flown, were visible along the infested
parts. According to the collector no frass was seen attached to the branches, the
excreta apparently being ejected in loose particles. As a rule the remaining foliage
on the branches was still green or withering.

During a visit to the laboratory at the end of October, 1932, I made the fol-
lowing notes. The larvae live in narrow, black-walled, longitudinal tunnels (T. 1
Fig. 2). They are slender, with yellowish thoracic segments, the abdomen is isabel-
coloured, the pronotal shield is of a curious shape, the last abdominal segment
being flattened and strongly sclerotized. The initial stage of the attack was not
observed. The smallest larva collected was 25 mm long, 3 mm broad, the largest
48 mm X 5 mm.

The clipped shoots were placed in water. Some larvae were moved to a hole in a
freshly cut ‘djenar’ branch. Moving some other larvae to fresh cassava tubers
(Manihot utilissima, rich in amylum) — method used with some success in raising
young larvae of the Cossid Xyleutes ceramica (Walk.) — failed altogether in the
present case.

Mature larvae pupated readily indoors in the tunnels. Pupae were encountered in
the field from the end of November to mid December. Moths emerged between
20 December and 10 May. Notwithstanding considerable mortality, particularly in
the larval stage, 19 moths altogether were bred in the laboratory.

Shoot-boring habits have already been recorded in some Oecophoridae in India.
T. B. FLETCHER (1917) described the life-history of Tonica niviferana Walk., a
borer in the shoots of Bombax malabaricum DC. (Bombacaceae) and illustrated

88 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966

it with a nice coloured plate. The borer is not considered to be a real pest, though
its activities have stunted young growth in cultivations. The same species was dealt
with by BEESON (1941). Judging from the particulars given, its habits differ
strongly from those of the Murraya borer. In addition to this, BEESON has listed]
a second Oecophorid borer, viz. Allotalanta triocellata (Staint.), which lives in the
shoots of Anthocephalus chinensis (Lamk.) Rich. ex Walt. [Rubiaceae, = A.
cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.}. The larvae of five other Indian species, mentioned by
BEESON, have different habits, some feeding on leaves spun together, others being
case-bearing defoliators.

REFERENCES

BEESON, C. F. C., 1941. — The ecology and control of the Forest Insects of India and the
neighbouring countries. Dehra Dun.

FLETCHER, T. B., 1917. — Proceedings of the Second Entomological Meeting at Pusa : 131.

HEYNE, K., 1950. — De nuttige planten van Indonesié. ce :

KALSHOVEN, L. G. E., 1955. — Notes on the habits and ecology of Indonesian forest insects.
of minor importance. I. Entomologische Berichten 15: 438.

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 3, 1966 PLAAT 1

Fig. 1. Tonica syngnoma spec. nov., 2, holotype, Pahang (BM) (Phot. LM)

Fig. 2. Murraya paniculata, branch tops tunelled by larvae of Casmara kalshoveni sp. n.,
Java, Oct., 1932 (Phot. IPZ)

La Ù

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE

_ Het verschijnt in één deel van 350—450 bladzijden per jaar, bestaande uit
enkele afleveringen.

ENTOMOLOGISCHE BERICHTEN

TRICHOPTERORUM CATALOGUS

Deze Catalogus van F. C. J. Fischer wordt door de Vereeniging voor rekening
van de auteur uitgegeven. Alle bekende recente en fossiele soorten van de gehele
wereld met hun synoniemen worden er in behandeld. Delen I en II kosten f 39.—
per stuk, delen III-V: f 45.—, deel VI: f 49.—, deel VII: f 42.—. Er zullen in
totaal 15 delen verschijnen. Van alle delen zijn ook éénzijdig bedrukte exemplaren
beschikbaar. De prijsverhoging hiervoor is gering.

ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA

Dit tijdschrift wordt uitgegeven door de Noord-Hollandse Uitgevers Maatschap-
pij te Amsterdam in opdracht van de Vereeniging. Het publiceert artikelen over
experimentele biologie en oekologie bij insecten en andere land-arthropoden. Het
verschijnt vier maal per jaar en bevat 320 bladzijden. De prijs voor leden bedraagt
f 25.—, voor niet-leden f 40.— per jaar.

_ Alle zakelijke correspondentie betreffende de Vereeniging te richten aan de
Secretaris, W. Hellinga, Weesperzijde 2311, Amsterdam-O.

Alle correspondentie over de redactie van het Tijdschrift voor Entomologie en
de Monographieën te richten aan de Redacteur, Dr. A. Diakonoff, Rijksmuseum
van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.

Alle correspondentie over de redactie van de Entomologische Berichten te rich-
ten aan de Redacteur, B. J. Lempke, Oude IJselstraat 12111, Amsterdam-Z. 2.

Alle betalingen te richten aan de Penningmeester, Drs. H. Wiering, Doorntjes
29, Bergen (N.H.), postgiro 188130, ten name van de Nederlandsche Entomolo-
gische Vereeniging te Bergen (N.H.).

Alle correspondentie betreffende de Bibliotheek der Vereeniging te richten aan
de Bibliotheek, Zeeburgerdijk 21, Amsterdam-O.

Manuscripts should be written in Dutch, English, French, German or Italian. If they]
contain descriptions of new genera, species, etc., they should be in one of the four last|
mentioned languages.

The author should communicate with the editor before submitting his manuscript. He}
will enclose with manuscript a Synopsis (Abstract), styled according to recommendations |
of the UNESCO (style rules will be provided by the editor) and, if needed, a Summary. |
Papers in Dutch should contain an Abstract and/or a Summary in one of the four other
languages.

Manuscripts should be typewritten in double spacing on only one side of the paper, with |
a margin of at least three cm at the left side of each sheet. Paragraphs should be indented. |
Carbon copies cannot be accepted, as handling makes them illegible.

Captions for text figures and plates should be written on a separate sheet in double |
spacing, numbered consecutively in arabic numerals; the use of a, b, c, or any other
subdivision of the figure numbering should be avoided.

Drawings for reproduction should be on good paper in Indian ink, preferably at least
one and a half times as large as the ultimate size desired. Lettering should be uniform, and,
after reduction, of the same size. Photographs should be furnished as shiny positive prints, |
unmounted. Plates should be arranged so as to fill a whole page (11.5 x 19 cm) of the
Tijdschrift, or a portion thereof, captions included. Combinations of illustrations into groups
are preferable to separate illustrations, since there is a minimum charge per block. 3 |

Names of genera and lower systematic categories, new terms and the like are to be under:
lined by the author in the manuscript by a single straight line. Any other directions as to
size or style of the type are given by the editors, not by the author. Italic type or spacing to |
stress ordinary words or sentences is to be avoided. Dates should be spelled as follows: either
”10.V.1948” or "10 May, 1948”. Other use of latin numerals should be avoided, as well as
abbreviations in the text, save those generally accepted. Numbers from one to ten occurring
in the text should be written in full, one, two, three, etc. Titles must be kept short. Foot- }
notes should be kept at a minimum.

Bibliography should not be given in footnotes but compiled in a list at end of the
paper, styled as follows:

Mosley, M. E., 1932, ”A revision of the European species of the genus Leuctra (Pleco-
ptera)”. — Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [10] 10 (3): 1—41, pl. 1—5, fig. 1—57. Number of
issue should only be added (in parentheses) when it has individual pagination. 3

Text references to this list might be made thus:

”Mosley (1932) says....’ or "(Mosley, 1932)”.

NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS

The editors reserve the right to adjust style to certain standards of uniformity.

Manuscripts and all communications concerning editorial matters only should be sent to: |
Dr. A. DIAKONOFF, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands.

om = y
E, D ER | vd © €

DEEL 109 AFLEVERING 4 1966

MUS. COMP. ZOOL.
LIBRARY

UL 6 1966

TIJDSCHRIFT saran
VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE

UITGEGEVEN DOOR

DE NEDERLANDSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREENIGING

INHOUD:

M. A. LIEFTINCK. — Some Odonata of Rapa Island, with descriptions of three
Polynesian species of Ischnura Charpentier, p. 89—102, Fig. 1—3.

Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 109, afl. 4 Gepubliceerd 7-VI-1966 |

Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging

BESTUUR
Prof. Dr. J. van der Vecht, President (1961—1967), Oegstgeest.
Dr. G. Barendrecht, Vice-President (1965—1971), Amsterdam.
. W. Hellinga, Secretaris (1963—1969), Amsterdam.
Drs. H. Wiering, Penningmeester (1962—1968), Bergen (N.H.).
Dr. G. Kruseman, Bibliothecaris (1966—1972), Amsterdam.
J. A. Janse (1964—1970), Bennebroek.
Dr. A. F. H. Besemer (1965—1970), Bennekom.

COMMISSIE VAN REDACTIE VOOR DE PUBLICATIES
Prof. Dr. J. van der Vecht (1961—1967), Oegstgeest.
P. Chrysanthus (1964—1967), Oosterhout (N.B.).
Dr. A. Diakonoff (1964—1967), Leiderdorp.
G. L. van Eyndhoven (1966—1969), Haarlem.
Dr. L. G. E. Kalshoven (1964-1967), Blaricum.
‚Prof. Dr. D. J. Kuenen (benoemd 1957), Leiden.
Dr. P. A. van der Laan (benoemd 1957), Bennekom.
B. J. Lempke (1965—1968), Amsterdam.
Prof. Dr. J. de Wilde (benoemd 1957), Wageningen.
Dr. J. T. Wiebes (1966—1969), Leiden.

De contributie voor het lidmaatschap bedraagt f 20.—, voor student-leden
f 5.—, per jaar. — Begunstigers betalen jaarlijks tenminste f 20.—.

De leden, behalve de student-leden, ontvangen gratis de Entomologische
Berichten, waarvan de prijs voor niet-leden f 30.— per jaar en f 3.— per nummer
bedraagt.

De leden kunnen zich voor f 12.50 per jaar abonneren op het Tijdschrift voor
Entomologie; hiervan bedraagt de prijs voor niet-leden f 45 — per jaar.

De eerder verschenen publicaties der Vereeniging zijn voor de leden tegen ver-
minderde prijzen verkrijgbaar. De Vereeniging geeft de volgende publicaties uit.

MONOGRAPHIEEN VAN DE NEDERLANDSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREENIGING

Deze worden met onregelmatige tussenpozen uitgegeven. Er zijn reeds ver-

schenen:

— F. T. Valck Lucassen et al. — Monographie du genre Lomaptera Gory &
Percheron (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae), prijs f 50.—.

1. A. J. Besseling. — De Nederlandse Watermijten (Hydrachnellae Latreille,
1802), prijs f 25.—.

MUS. COMP, ZOOL.
LIBRARY

JUL 6 1966

HARVARD
UNIVERSITY

SOME ODONATA OF RAPA ISLAND, WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE POLYNESIAN SPECIES OF
ISCHNURA CHARPENTIER

M. A. LIEFTINCK

Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden

Abstract

The writer reports on a collection of Odonata from the South Sea island of Rapa. Among
the 4 species recorded, one, Ischnura thelmae spec. nov., is described from both sexes as new.
Two other members of the same genus, previously only known from the types, are I. spini-
cauda Brauer, 1865 (Polynesia) and I. taitensis Selys, 1876 (Tahiti). These are re-characterized
and figured, the last-mentioned species after fresh topotypical material from the Society
Islands. I. cheesmani Fraser, 1942, also from Tahiti, is considered synonymous with I. ¢a/-
tensis Selys.

The present paper deals with a small collection of Odonata made in the island
of Rapa, in the South Pacific, by Dr. J. F. GATES CLARKE and his wife, Mrs.
THELMA M. CLARKE. The main object of this visit was to investigate the micro-
lepidoptera of that remote island, but fortunately other insects were also collected.
This trip was undertaken in 1963 in behalf of the United States National Museum,
Washington D.C., and made possible by a grant supplied by the Office of Naval
Research. I am much indebted to the authorities of the above museum, particularly
Messrs. J. F. GATES CLARKE and OLIVER S. FLINT, Jr., for the privilege of exam-
ining this material, which includes a species of Ischnura apparently new to science.
The receipt of this collection offered a welcome opportunity to re-characterize at the
same time two other species of Ischnura also reported from the South Pacific. These
species, of uncertain status since the time of their description, are I. spinicauda
Brauer, 1865, and I. taitensis Selys, 1876, both of them hitherto known only from
the types. A re-examination of the former was made possible by the courtesy of
Dr. Max BEIER, of the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna; Dr. G. DEMOULIN has
been kind enough to lend me the types of I. taitensis from DE SELYS’s collection in
the Institut royal des Sciences Naturelles at Brussels. I wish to express my best
thanks also to Dr. J. L. GRESSITT, of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu,
for his continuous help and generosity in letting me study the extensive collections
of Odonata accumulated by him and his co-workers in various parts of the Indo-
Australian and Pacific areas.

The following information is based on the results of the “St. George” Expedition
to the South Pacific whose members, Mr. C. L. COLLENETTE and Miss C. E. LONG-
FIELD, were probably the first to make entomological collections on Rapa during

their stay on the island, from April 10 to 18, 1925. Miss LONGFIELD very kindly
furnished me with several interesting publications giving full details of Rapa and
other southern Pacific islands. I have selected a few of the most important amongst
these for inclusion in the list of references, COLLENETTE’s fascinating book, so well
illustrated by Miss LONGFIELD, being certainly most helpful in visualising the
conditions met with by these explorers.

|
90 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 4, 1966
|
|
|
|

RAPA ISLAND

The next particulars of the oceanic island of Rapa (also known as Oparu) are
extracted in part from an article on its flora by L. A. M. Rırky in the Bulletin of
Miscellaneous Information, no. 2 (1926), issued by the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew.

Rapa is situated in 27° 36 S., 144° 17 W., and is five miles in length by four
in breadth. It is of volcanic origin with steep jagged peaks, the highest of which
rises to 2077 feet. In shape it resembles a misshapen letter C, thickened towards
the north and south, with the interior occupied by Ahurei Bay, which fills the bed
of an ancient crater and opens to the sea on the eastern side. Excellent maps and
photographs of its topography are contained in COLLENETTE (1925) and CHUBB &
SMITH (1927). The island is little visited by vessels and, according to the first
author, the natives still use the candle-nut (Aleurites moluccana) for illumination
in preference to oil. As COLLENETTE writes, the neighbourhood of the village of
Ahurei presents little of botanical interest, but the island possesses many streams,
which are utilised on the lower ground for the irrigation of extensive taro beds
(Colocasia), the principal food of the inhabitants. The greater part of the hill
slopes are covered with a growth of short grass and a species of fern, larger growth
being kept down by grass fires and by the high winds which bend and deform any
isolated unsheltered trees. Thick vegetation clothes some of the higher peaks, the
sheltered and damp gullies down to sea level, and the slopes of detritus at the foot
of cliffs. At about 500 feet a tree-fern makes an appearance, becoming more
plentiful as the elevation increases and eventually completely dominating all other
trees.

To appreciate the remoteness of this little island reference should be made to a
map. Associated with Rapa at some distance are the much smaller Marotiri and the
Neilson rock and reef; otherwise the next neighbours are the Austral group
(Tubuai Is.), the nearest 250 miles distant, but these are also mere scattered
specks, and the Cook group at 800 miles no better. It may be added that the Society
Islands (with Tahiti and Borabora) and the Tuamotus are situated about 750 miles
toward the north, Pitcairn almost 900 miles due east-northeast, Samoa being about
1600 miles, Fiji almost 2000, and the Kermadec group approximately 2100 miles
away.

As far as I am aware no dragonflies have yet been recorded from Rapa. With
the exception of the new Ischnura, which in all probability is endemic in the island,
all specimens contained in the present collection belong to species having a very
wide distribution.

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Odonota of Rapa 91

LIST OF SPECIES
Coenagrionidae

Ischnura a. aurora Brauer, 1865 (Fig. 3)

Material. — 18 &, 15 2, Rapa, Haurei, 6-16 and 28.IX.1963.

All females belong to the heterochromatic, dark colour form.

This little dragonfly is a wind-borne species, breeding in stagnant waters of
every kind. Originally described from Tahiti it is distributed far beyond its many
oceanic settlements, ranging from northwest India and Ceylon through southeast
Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Chiefly coastal throughout the South Sea islands
and elsewhere, I. aurora also has a number of isolated montane habitations in parts
of Java and New Guinea, where it seems to have firmly established itself. Remark-
ably enough, a distinctive subspecies, lacking blue markings on the terminal seg-
ments of abdomen, has developed in the mountain valley of the Baliem River
(Central North New Guinea) and occurs nowhere else on that continent. A second
red-bodied Ischnura, nearly related with I. aurora but specifically distinct there-
from, was discovered in the Arfak Mountains of the Vogelkop, in West New
Guinea. For further particulars, including references, notes on the distribution, and
an account of the larvae of some species, see LIEFTINCK (1949, 1959 and 1962).

Ischnura thelmae spec. nov. (Fig. 1)
Material. — A small series comprising both sexes, described hereafter.

Libellulidae

Diplacodes bipunctata (Brauer)

Material. -- 31 4, 26:9, Rapa, Haurei, 8-28.IX and 1-28.X.1963.

This is also a common and wide-ranging dragonfly, from the Moluccas eastward
far into the Pacific; it has been reported from almost all Polynesian island groups,
but goes high up into mountainous areas all over its range.

Pantala flavescens (F.)

Material. — 23 &, 23 9, Rapa, Haurei, 11-28.IX, 3-31.X and 4.XII.1963.

Tropics and warmer temperate countries of the world; almost cosmopolitan,
with strong migratory habits and probably also wind-carried.

N.B. — After the completion of this paper I received a letter from Mr. D. E.
KIMMINS, of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), in which he tells with regard to the
Rapa Island Odonata, that the following species are represented in the collection:
Ischnura aurora, Diplacodes bipunctata and Pantala flavescens. These were col-
lected by Mr. COLLENETTE and Miss LONGFIELD during the “St. George” Expedi-
tion and labelled as collected by the former. Being obviously common species,
presumably only a single pair of each of these was taken.

92 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 4, 1966

DESCRIPTIONS
Ischnura thelmae spec. nov. (Fig. 1)

Material. — 10 &, 2 ® (partly immature or discoloured), Rapa Island: Pt.
Tepai Kutautau, 4.X.1963 (4); Rapa Maii Bay, 23.X.1963 (2 4); Rapa Mau-
gaoa, 1000 ft., Sand 7.X%.1963 (5 3) and 9507ft.,5 11.X11.1963 MS) Rape
Haurei, 18.IX and 3.XII.1963 (2 9, one with collector's note: “Coral red
thorax”). All collected by Dr. J. F. GATES CLARKE and Mrs. THELMA M. CLARKE.
Holotype 4 and allotype 9, Rapa Maii Bay, 23.X.1963 and Rapa Haurei,
3.XII.1963, respectively, in USNM (holotype &, reg. no. 68921). Paratypes of
both sexes in USNM and the Leiden Museum.

Fig. 1. Ischnura thelmae spec. nov., Rapa I. Terminal segments of abdomen and appendages
of & holotype, dorsal, left lateral and caudal view; posterior lobe of prothorax of © allotype,
dorsal view

Dr. GATES CLARKE informs me that the species was generally found at fairly
high elevations and believes that the immature stages will be found in the axils of
the leaves of Freycinetia. This plant is abundant on the steep hillsides and occasion-
ally overlaps into the flat areas along the ridges of Rapa.

Male (adult). — Labium pale yellow. Labrum, mandible-bases, genal area,
anteclypeus, and vertical surface of frons greenish yellow, this colour extending
upward along margin of compound eye to a level about half-way the distance
between fronto-clypeal suture and median ocellus; basal one-third of labrum shiny

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Odonota of Rapa 93

bronze-black, forming a transverse mark slightly produced forward in the middle.
Postclypeus black with brilliant bronze-green reflex, its surface finely transversely
wrinkled and sparsely clothed with long yellow hair, especially so along front
margin. Posterior limit of pale frontal stripe very irregular, the area surrounding
the antennal sockets remaining black; there is an additional black spot, shaped like
a broad triangle, placed in the middle of the frons at its base. Antennal sockets
yellow green in front, the first antennal segment finely ringed with yellow apically;
rest of antennae black. Dorsal surface of head, including occipital ridge, bronze-
black with metallic green and coppery reflections; occipital lobes tumid, produced
backwards as an obtuse-angulate swelling on either side, dorsally with a pair of
moderately large, completely isolated, subcircular, blue postocular spots. Rear of the
head mat black with a very large, oval, greenish yellow area adjoining the eyes on
either side.

Prothorax shaped and coloured much as described for I. taitensis; anterior lobe,
lower parts of pleurae, and a streak along lateral margin of posterior lobe, greenish
yellow. Posterior lobe short and broad, the transverse ridge-like lateral divisions
raised on either side of the middle, where they are lowest and gradually become
obsolete; median division swollen, placed on a slightly lower level and produced
backward as a short rounded lamella. Lamina mesostigmalis transverse, subtrian-
gular in outline, strongly hollowed out dorsally; colour black, except the swollen
hind margin, which is yellow, terminating on either side in a conspicuously raised
and recurved bluntly triangular tubercle.

Synthorax, ground colour light yellowish- to bluish-green, the dorsum and part
of the sides bronze-black with metallic green lustre; pattern very similar to that of
I. taitensis, the antehumeral stripes a little narrower and straighter, widest and
more or less club-shaped at extreme base, their upper extremities hardly noticeably
expanded; outer border of dark humeral band lacking an angular extension at the
shoulder-area, but recurved upper streak and marginal lines along dorsal crests
present; black stripe at second lateral suture complete, slightly irregular and variable
in width, widest dorsally and more or less forked at the metinfraepisternal suture.
Remaining parts of thorax and striped pattern of legs exactly as described for 1.
taitensis.

Wings hyaline, neuration brown; 13—16 Px in fore wings, 11—13 in hind
wings; 3 postquadrangular antenodal cells. There are two rows of cells between
C and R, posterior to the pterostigma in one of the Rapa Maii Bay specimens,
whereas in 5 others several cells are divided in one or more of the wings; lastly,
in 4 males only a single cell-row is present. Arculus situated at Ax, more rarely
a trifle beyond that level in all wings. Course of Cz, in fore wing straight as far
as the end of first to second cell beyond level of subnodus, thereafter strongly
fractured and reaching the wing margin at about Px,,; in hind wing this vein
ends its unbroken course at level of Pxo, the fractured portion terminating at level
of Px,, . Pterostigma not very different in shape and size in fore and hind wings,
very oblique and distinctly higher than long in both pairs, this cell in fore wing
differing from that of the hind wing only in that the outer distal angle is more
drawn out, the anal side being, moreover, definitely outwardly convex. Colour of
all pterostigmata dark brown surrounded by light chrome (possible bluish in life?),

94 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 4, 1966

heavily framed in dark brown; outer angle of fore wing pt including the inner
margin of same more extensively pale-coloured than that of the hinder pair.

Abdomen shaped similarly to that of I. taitensis, the basal and terminal segments
moderately expanded. Bronze-green markings of segm. 3—6 complete though
less broad than those covering 1—2 and 7—10, widest basally and near apex of
segments, where they are attached to complete, deep black apical rings; markings
on the rest of the segments restricted to the dorsum, leaving not only narrow,
transverse subinterrupted basal annules but also the whole of the sides chrome
yellow. The complete dorsal marks of segm. 1—2 are shaped as in I. taitensis,
the intersegmental annules being bright blue, as in that species. Terminal segments
almost entirely black; latero-ventral border of tergites 8 and 9 narrowly striped
with yellow, the intersegmental membranes of segm. 7—8, 8—9 and 9—10 like-
wise pale. Apical portion of segm. 10 strongly pinched and in the form of a
prominent dorso-apical tubercle, the hind border of which is whitish apically, as
shown in the figure. The penis has the shape and armature characteristic for the
genus, i.e., the second segment carries a pair of robust divergent, almost straight,
backwardly directed black spines, one on each side of a bluntly raised median
tubercle, the slightly recurved tips of the spines reaching the dome of the third
segment; this latter terminates in two ribbon-like recurved processes, much longer
than the spines, shaped similarly to those figured by FRASER (1927) for the Sa-
moan ischnurine Amorphostigma auricolor Fraser.

Anal appendages shaped as in fig. 1, similar to those of J. taitensis but dif-
fering in details of structure. Superior pair black, the lower part of the basal
portion yellowish interiorly; surface shiny and clothed with the same longish hair
as seen in /aitensis. In some males the dorsal angulation of the superior appendage,
just before the bend, is better pronounced than in others, forming a blunt, back-
wardly directed tooth-like projection, which is only poorly developed in the
specimen figured.

Female (heterochromatic, orange colour form). — Labium pale yellow. Mouth-
parts, face, and frons anteriorly, extensively orangish (between chamois and cin-
namon, RIDGWAY). Black stripe at base of labrum ill-defined, acquiring soon a
rusty brown tint and turning gradually to chrome beyond the median impression;
postclypeus as in male, except that a transverse ferruginous spot is clearly discernible
mid-basally. Dorsal surface of head orange with an irregularly shaped bronze-black
band, widest in the middle, connecting the eyes across the vertex; the anterior
border of this band is excavated on either side between median ocellus and
antennal socket so as to save a prominent crown-shaped black dot placed immedi-
ately in front of the median ocellus. Antennal sockets orange, the segments them-
selves black. Epicranial lobes entirely orange, confluent with a transverse stripe at
the occipital crest, this colour also occupying most of the occipital lobes ventrally,
only the area surrounding the foramen remaining deep black.

Prothorax orange, save for a V-shaped black spot in the depression behind
anterior lobe and a thick transverse bronze-black mark at the base of the posterior
lobe, which itself is orange and shaped almost exactly as in the male (fig. 1).
Lamina mesostigmalis less strongly concave dorsally than in male, the inner angle
of its posterior rim not strongly protuberant but rounded and beset with a tuft of

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Odonota of Rapa 95

long yellow bristles which are directed straight upward; colour orange with a black
dot filling up the inner anterior angle of the lamina.

Synthorax throughout orange, marked with a sharply delimited, parallel-sided
bronze-black mid-dorsal band leaving the outer one-half of the mesepisterna un-
covered. Antealar triangles, axillaries and notal sclerites orange; thoracic sides and
ventral surface orange, but the former with a continuous black line at the humeral
suture and a tiny black streak at upper end of second suture.

Legs light orange, but all spines black; vestigial black spots are present at the
junction of the trochanters and femora and also at the apices of the latter; outer
faces of anterior and middle tibiae with an obliterated black stripe, the extremities
of all tibiae and tarsal segments likewise black.

Wings clear, neuration brown, lighter towards the bases; 14 Px in fore wing,
12 in hind wing. Pterostigma lozenge-shaped, greyish yellow, smoky grey in the
centre; slightly less oblique and a trifle more expanded (longer) than in the male,
shaped similarly in fore and hind wings; 1—3 duplicated cells between C and R,
only in the hind wings.

Abdomen, ground-colour orange; dorsum of all segments (save the basal ones)
marked more broadly with metallic greenish black than in the male and differing
as follows: segm. 1—2 throughout orange, the intersegmental annule of 2—3
brown; 3 with the dark band narrower than those on the succeeding segments,
tapering forward and not quite reaching base of segment; orange rings at base of
segm. 4—7 slightly wider than in the male and not interrupted by black in the
median line; terminal segments unmarked save for diffuse light spots low down
at the sides of 9 and 10. Apex of 8th sternite abruptly constricted so as to form
a short, tooth-like, black vulvar spine. Valves and anal appendages obscured, outer
gonapophyses with a yellow stripe; styli black.

The second female is an old adult specimen which differs from the previous
one by having the body much darker generally. All orange tints are replaced by
light brownish olive, the postocular spots also being much obscured. Markings dull
bronze brown to black, the basal stripe of labrum and entire postclypeus very shiny.
Black stripe at humeral and second lateral sutures of thorax slightly wider than in
the other female, the last-mentioned stripe linear but complete, extending along
full length. Wing membrane greyish yellow, venation almost black. There are 14
Px in the fore wings, 13 in the hinder pair. Abdomen with indication of a dark
sub-apical transverse marking placed on mid-dorsum of segm. 2.

Measurements: & abd. + app. 30.5—34.0 mm, hind wing 19.2—21.0 mm;
Q 28.0—28.4 mm and 22.0 mm, respectively; most males measure 33 mm for the
abdomen and 20 mm for the hind wing.

This interesting new species is chiefly remarkable for its large size, it being far
superior in this respect to any other Old World member of the genus and even
larger than the two described species of the allied Amorphostigma from Samoa.
The male has the facies of a compactly built Teinobasis or Nesobasis, but the head
is larger and all characters are decidedly those of a typical Ischnura. Apart from
its dimensions, the male of I. thelmae is easily distinguished from its congeners
by the bulging epicranial lobes, unmarked terminal segments of abdomen, as well

96 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 4, 1966

Fig. 2. Ischnura taitensis Selys, Tahiti (Fautaua). Terminal segments of abdomen and
appendages of &, dorsal, left lateral and caudal view; posterior lobe of prothorax, dorsal
view, of 2 from Ape-Aotai trail

as by the shape of its anal appendages. In the last two characters it approaches
I. taitensis Selys fairly closely, these two species being undoubtedly nearly related,
taking an isolated position within the genus.

I have much pleasure in dedicating this dragonfly to its discoverer, Mrs. THELMA
M. CLARKE.

Ischnura taitensis Selys, 1876 (fig. 2)

1876. SE Lys, Bull. Acad. Belg. [2] 41: 279—280 (35—36 sep.). — & 9 Ile de Taiti
(I. taitensis sp.n.)

1942. FRASER in MUMFORD, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [11] 9 : 646—647, fig. 1—2 (& app.),
3 (pterost. of fore wing). — & Tahiti (I. cheesmani sp.n., syn. nov.)

Material. — & (juv., holotype), @ (semiad., allotype), both labelled by DE
SELYS “Tahiti” and “taitense Selys” (&) or “taitense” (2) on pinkish labels
(IRSN); ¢ (ad.), Tahiti, Mt. Aorai, NW Ridge, 1400 m, 11.VII.1961, native
collector (BISH); ¢ (ad.), Tahiti, Fautaua near Papeete, 25 m, 5-11.VII.1961,
Malaise trap, J. L. Gressirr (ex BISH, ML); 2 ® (ad. isochromatic), Tahiti,
Faie Rau Ape-Aotai trail, 15.11.1962, N. L. H. Krauss (BISH & ML).

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Odonota of Rapa 97

Male (ad., Fautaua). — Labium pale ochreous, its median area glaucous.
Labrum green with the basal one-third in the form of a sharply defined glossy
black band which is slightly produced forward and obtuse-angulate medially.
Mandible-bases, genae and anteclypeus bright green, the light area on the genae
extending upwards along the eye-margin to a level almost as far as the median
ocellus. Postclypeus shiny metallic greenish black, its surface rather convex, finely
transversely wrinkled. Anterior surface of frons on each side of the middle with a
two-pronged green mark directed obliquely inward, the branches of this spot
divergent, narrow and tapered, the anterior branch a little longer than the posterior
one and separated by black in the median line. Head otherwise deep bronze-black
above with slight metallic green lustre; a tiny yellow dot in front of the median
ocellus, and epicranium with a pair of large and conspicuous, bright blue, sub-
triangular postocular spots, which are on all sides surrounded by black. Occipital
crest unmarked. Rear of the head bicoloured: outer half of the surface bright blue,
the inner half black with a comma-shaped dark off-shoot invading the blue colour
towards the eye-margin. Antennae black, apex of first segment narrowly ringed
with blue.

Prothorax predominantly bronze-black, anterior lobe bright blue finely bordered
with black anteriorly; pronotal tubercles and most of the sides black, the former
evenly convex; posterolateral portion of proepimerum including the lower proces-
ses, green. Posterior lobe short, consisting of three portions: lateral divisions
directed almost straight upward and separated from one another by a shallow
emargination, the midlobe a little more swollen, placed on a slightly lower level
and directed caudad; whole structure black, except the lateral divisions whose outer
rims are bordered with green. Lamina mesostigmalis subtriangular in outline, dorsal
surface of each strongly hollowed out with raised swollen margins which them-
selves bear a bright green halter-shaped mark posteriorly.

Dorsum of synthorax, to a level about half-way between humeral and first lateral
suture, deep black with slight metallic blue lustre; with a pair of complete, parallel,
bright green antehumeral bands, which are distinctly widened, more or less club-
shaped, on either end, extending almost as far as the ante-alar triangles at their
upper extremities; mesepisternal dark colour irregularly bordered externally,
encroaching on the blue of the thoracic sides to form a squarish extension upon
the shoulder area and a short recurved streak invading the blue near the dorsal
crest of the mesepisternum; mesinfraepisternum black with a triangular mark of
blue-green adjoining the mesocoxa. Sides otherwise bright blue with a complete
irregular black stripe on the second suture; this stripe widened (though also
constricted) towards the dorsal crest; metinfraepisternum yellow-green outlined
with black at the upper suture; ventral surface lemon yellow. All scutellar areas,
wing processes and axillaries spotted with blue.

Legs bright ochreous green, the coxae each with a tiny dark basal spot and all
femora heavily striped with black exteriorly; tibiae and tarsi dark ochreous, outer
faces of anterior tibiae also with a continuous black stripe, but stripes along
posterior two pairs of tibiae obliterated; the basal one-third of inner faces of tibiae
likewise black; tarsal segments black-tipped.

Wings hyaline, neuration brown; 10 Px of first series in fore wing, 9 in hind

98 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 4, 1966

wing; 3 postquadrangular antenodal cells; arculus at or a little distal to Ax, in
both pairs of wings; course of C#, straight as far as the end of the third or fourth
cell following the quadrilateral in fore wings, of the fourth or fifth in the hind
wings. Pterostigma dissimilar in shape and size in fore and hind wings, all very
oblique; pt of fore wing about one-fourth longer than that of hind wing, sides
strengthened and a little outbent in all wings. Fore wing pf two times longer than
high, the proximal side only half the length of costal side and a little shorter than
the distal one, which is more oblique; distal and anal sides forming a single
convexity; costal side black but inner margin of distal side blue on upper surface;
colour of cell jet-black dorsally for its proximal three-fifths, bright blue for the
rest, with a yellow streak along costal margin; ventrally the cell is black save for
a similar streak along costa. Hind wing pt only little longer than high, lozenge-
shaped, almost parallel-sided; colour grey-brown on either surface and surrounded
by a yellow line.

Abdomen of the usual shape and colour, marked broadly with bronze-black on
the dorsum of all segments, the two basal ones rather more brilliant and more
greenish black than the next; all markings a little expanded subapically and broadly
attached to narrow black apical rings. Intersegmental membrane of segm. 1—2
bright blue, those of the intermediate segments obscured, and of 8—9 and 9—10
yellowish (possibly blue in life?). Segm. 3—7 have narrow clear yellow basal
annules finely interrupted by black on mid-dorsum. Sides of segm. 1—2 blue, base
of 3 blue-green, and of the remainder clear ochreous. Terminal segments unmarked,
except laterally, the raised and excavated posterior border of segm. 10 yellow, as
shown in the figure. Anal appendages shaped as in fig. 2; superior pair black,
smooth and shiny interiorly, clothed with long pale pubescence above and within;
inferior appendages a little longer and much more slender, their colour ochreous,
save the outer border and apices, which are black.

Penis shaped similarly to that of I. thelmae (antea: 94), the backwardly directed
black spines of the second segment are longer, the apices acute and rather abruptly
downcurved; terminal processes of third segment shorter and narrower than in
thelmae, evenly curved, about equal in length to the spines of second segment.

The above male corresponds in every respect with what has remained of the
holotype, which is an incomplete specimen, quite immature, and lacking most of
its abdominal segments. The 10th segment and left pair of anal appendages are,
however, still intact in the type, whose characteristic face marks and enlarged post-
ocular spots are still clearly shown.

The third male now before me, from Mt. Aorai, is far superior in size. It is a
discoloured specimen, but as far as can be seen its markings are similar, except
that the black lateral thoracic stripe is slightly wider; the blue antehumeral bands
are, on the contrary, somewhat narrower than in the example described. The 10th
segment and anal appendages are identical in shape, but the form of the ptero-
stigmata in the Mt. Aorai male is rather different: in both pairs of wings it is
shorter, only little longer than high in the fore wing and even slightly higher than
long in the hind wing. It has also 11 instead of only 10 Px in fore wings, 9 in
the hinder pair.

Female (isochromatic). — Labrum blue-green, the black basal stripe narrower

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Odonota of Rapa 99

than in the male, occupying about one-fourth of whole depth of labrum. Mandible-
bases and anteclypeus chrome yellow; genae light green, this colour extending
upwards along the eye margin as far as the antennal sockets, which themselves are
likewise green; postclypeus and a transverse crescent at the frontoclypeal suture,
bronze-black; horizontal part of frons in the middle, as well as the rest of the
dorsal surface posterior to it, bronze-black, with the exception of a light triangle
in front of the median ocellus, a pair of very large subcircular postocular spots,
and a greenish transverse stripe at the occipital crest.

Prothorax as in the male, except that each of the pronotal tubercles bears a green
lateral spot, varying in size and shape. Posterior lobe shaped much as in the male,
but lateral lobes less strongly upcurved, directed obliquely backwards and separated
from one another only by a shallow emargination on a slightly lower level than the
margins on either side of it; median division vestigial, not projecting caudad and
visible only when viewed from behind (fig. 2). Light-coloured areas of thoracic
segments bright blue-green, turning to green laterally and chrome yellow under-
neath. Antehumeral stripes a little longer and wider than in the male, especially
at either end, completely filling up the lower edges of the mesepisterna outwardly;
bronze-black bands at the humeral and second lateral sutures narrower, the former
with a linear extension along the dorsal crest.

Wings with 11 Px in fore wing, 9 in hinder pair; pterostigma of fore wing only
about one and one-third larger than that of the hind wing, proximal and costal
sides of equal length in both, but costal side in fore wing shorter than the anal
and distal side more strongly convex than that of the hind wing; colour grey-brown
surrounded by yellow.

Abdomen coloured and marked similarly to the male, the intersegmental mem-
brane of segm. 1—2 blue, those of 7—8 and 8—9 yellow; vulvar spine short;
appendages conical, obscured; valves light chrome, not surpassing apex of anal
tubercles.

Measurements: & abd. + app. 21.0 mm, hind wing 13.2 mm (Fautaua), 26.7
and 16.0 mm (Mt. Aorai), respectively; 9 25.8—26.5, 17.7—19.0 mm.

Both male and female types are at present in a very dilapidated condition,
various body parts having been repeatedly mended since the time of description.
Owing to the juvenile state of the male and the loss of colour in either sex, these
insects could have been defined hardly better; all the same, SELYS's original
description is inevitably quite misleading. I. taitensis is, in fact, a brightly coloured
insect, chiefly distinguished from other species by the following combination of
characters: (1) exceptionally large size of blue postocular spots; (2) conspicuous
blue-and-black pterostigma of male fore wing; (3) absence of colour marks on
terminal segments of abdomen, and (4) shape of 10th abdominal segment and
anal appendages of the male.

The discrepancies in size and details of the venation between the Mt. Aorai and
Ape-Aotai specimens on the one hand, and the types (along with the male from
Papeete) on the other, are worthy of note. These can probably be explained by the
former having been taken at a much higher level than the latter. Ecotypic dif-
ferentiation of forms with an extensive and fairly continuous vertical distribution
is a common phenomenon also among dragonflies. Several examples are now

100 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 4, 1966

known of species in Java, Celebes and New Guinea ranging from the coastal |
forests into the lower mountain zone, or even much higher, whose representative
populations remain unchanged structurally but at higher elevations show a marked
increase in size combined with an obscurated colour design and various deviations
of the more ‘normal’ wing venation.

Fig. 3. Ischnura spinicauda Brauer, holotype from “Polynesien”. Terminal segment of

abdomen and appendages, dorsal, caudal and right lateral view (upper row). Posterior

portion of prothorax, dorsal view of & holotype of I. spinicauda Brauer (left) and 1. a.
aurora Brauer, & from Tahiti (right) (lower row)

I. taitensis is obviously the same species as I. cheesmani Fraser in MUMFORD
(1942: 646—647), described from a single male in the Royal Scottish Museum,
Edinburgh. This came from Hitiaa, Tahiti, 10 July, 1925, L. E. CHEESMAN coll.,
and is stated by its describer to be “easily distinguished from I. taitensis Selys,
by the presence of a lateral black stripe on thorax”; which is, in fact, exactly one
of the characters of I. taitensis. For the rest, FRASER’s description is grossly super-
ficial and his figures are worthless. All characters given for cheesmani in the
description also apply to I. taitensis and hence there can be no doubt that the two
are conspecific.

Still another endemic Ischnura from the Society Islands (Raiatea and Bora),
apparently known only from two males in the British Museum, is I. cardinalis
Kimmins (1929). Like I. aurora, the male is characterized by a variegated body
pattern consisting of orange, blue and bronze-black; but I. cardinalis is superior
in size and easily distinguished from other species by the blood red fore wing
pterostigma and the great length of the inferior appendages of the male, the latter
being over two times longer than the superior pair.

Ischnura spinicauda Brauer, 1865 (Fig. 3)

1865. BRAUER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 15: 511 (latin diagnosis). — 4 Polynesien
(Agrion [Ischnura] spinicauda n.sp.)

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Odonota of Rapa 101

1866. BRAUER, Neuropteren, in Novara Expedition, Zool. 1: 57—58, tab. I fig. 13 (&
app.). — & “Polynesien (ohne nähere Angabe)” (Agrion [Ischnura] spini-
cauda).

1876. SELYS, Bull. Acad. Belg. [2] 42: 990—991 (additional note).

Material. — & (holotype), labelled “Ischnura spinicauda Br. Polynäs.”
(BRAUER’s writing), “Ischnura spinicauda Br. & Type, Novara Reise 1857—59”;
in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien.

For many years I, and possibly other students with me, have been looking about
for this remarkable species. If in the last decades it had been at all represented
in the many collections brought home from the various island groups in the
Pacific, it would surely have been recognized. Up to this time it has, however,

never been found again. With its nearest ally, the widely distributed I. aurora
Brauer, the unique type of I. spinicauda is probably the fullest and best described
member of the genus; for a general characterization the reader is, therefore, refer-
red to the original description. A re-examination of the type reveals the following
differences as compared with topotypical examples of I. aurora in our collection:

Spinicauda

Posterior lobe of prothorax trilobate,
the edges of the lateral divisions
evenly rounded and only slightly
raised and thickened; upper portion
of median division on level with the
lateral ones and with a continuous
pale border; triangular lower portion
of median division (midlobe) project-
ing caudad on a slightly lower level
(ig, 3, left).

Abdomen, segm. 3—7 orange-red,
scarcely and indistinctly obscured
apically, 7 with bronze-black apical
mark tapered to a point toward base
and occupying terminal one-third or
a little less of segment.

Bifid dorso-apical tubercle of segm.
10 more strongly raised, the tubercles
closely approximated, arising from a
marrow, rather pinched basal cone

(fig. 3).

Sup. anal app. in lateral view with
its apex above more broadly rounded;
outer branch of inf. app. longer,
ending in a strongly upcurved finely
pointed hook (fig. 3).

aurora (Tahiti)

Posterior lobe of prothorax trilobate,
the edges of the lateral divisions more
swollen and prominent but ridges
gradually declining towards the middle
and interrupted medially at a point
where the surface is sunk; lower
portion of median division similar to
Spinicauda (fig. 3, right).

Abdomen, segm. 3—6 orange-red
with finely black terminal rings, 6
with subapical bronze-black mark,
variable in shape and size, usually
attached to a black ring at apex of
segment; segm. 7 wholly black.

Bifid dorso-apical tubercle of segm.
10 lower, the tubercles well separated
from each other by a shallow emargin-
ation.

Sup. anal app. in lateral view more
elongate and narrowly rounded at
apex above; outer branch of inf. app.
thicker and more evenly upcurved.

102 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 4, 1966

As pointed out in BRAUER’s more elaborate description contained in the “Novara
Expedition”, I. spinicauda can be distinguished from aurora, apart from the colour
differences, by the more prominent process at the apex of the 10th segment and
also by the shape of the appendages. BRAUER’s figures of the former are, however,
not quite correct and rather exaggerated. I am, therefore, giving camera lucida
drawings of these terminal structures taken from the type specimen, the origin
and proper habitation of which still remain unknown.

REFERENCES

CHUBB, L. J. & W. C. SMITH, 1927. The Geology of the Austral or Tubuai Islands (Southern
Pacific). Quart J. Geol. Soc. 83 : 291—341, 7 fig. & pl. 23.
COLLENETTE, C. L., 1925. Sea-girt Jungles. The Experiences of a Naturalist with the St.
George” Expedition. London, Hutchinson. 275 pp., 36 pl.
FRASER, F. C., 1927. Insects of Samoa, etc. 7. Odonata. London, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.):
19—44, fig. 1—5.
Kımmins, D. C., 1929. Ischnura cardinalis sp.n. (Fam. Agrionidae): an addition to the fauna |
of the Society Islands. Entomologist 62 : 224—225, Fig. A—C. |
LIEFTINCK, M. A., 1949. The dragonflies (Odonata) of New Guinea and neighbouring
islands. Part VII (II. Zygoptera). Nova Guinea, new ser. 5: 1—271, 288 fig.
——, 1959. On the New Guinea species of Ischnura Charpentier and Oreagrion Ris,
with special reference to the larval forms and notes on the species of adjacent
regions (Odonata, Coenagrionidae). Nova Guinea, new ser. 10: 213—240, fig.
1—29.
, 1962. Insects of Micronesia 5. Odonata. Honolulu, 95 pp., fig. 1—30.
MUMFORD, E. P., 1942. A new species of Ischnura (Order Odonata); a dragonfly-nymph,
possibly Agriocnemis Selys, and other records from Tahiti. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
[11] 9: 644—647, fig. 1—3.

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE

Het verschijnt in één deel van 350—450 bladzijden per jaar, bestaande uit
enkele afleveringen.

| ENTOMOLOGISCHE BERICHTEN

TRICHOPTERORUM CATALOGUS
Deze Catalogus van F. C. J. Fischer wordt door de Vereeniging voor rekening
van de auteur uitgegeven. Alle bekende recente en fossiele soorten van de gehele
wereld met hun synoniemen worden er in behandeld. Delen I en II kosten f 39 —
per stuk, delen III-V: f 45 —, deel VI: f 49.—, deel VII: f 42.—. Er zullen in
totaal 15 delen verschijnen. Van alle delen zijn ook éénzijdig bedrukte exemplaren
beschikbaar. De prijsverhoging hiervoor is gering.

Alle zakelijke correspondentie betreffende de Vereeniging te richten aan de
Secretaris, W. Hellinga, Weesperzijde 2311, Amsterdam-O.

Alle correspondentie over de redactie van het Tijdschrift voor Entomologie en
de Monographieén te richten aan de Redacteur, Dr. A. Diakonoff, Rijksmuseum
van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.

Alle correspondentie over de redactie van de Entomologische Berichten te rich-
ten aan de Redacteur, B. J. Lempke, Oude IJselstraat 12III, Amsterdam-Z. 2.

Alle betalingen te richten aan de Penningmeester, Drs. H. Wiering, Doorntjes
29, Bergen (N.H.), postgiro 188130, ten name van de Nederlandsche Entomolo-
gische Vereeniging te Bergen (N.H.).

Alle correspondentie betreffende de Bibliotheek der Vereeniging te richten aan
de Bibliotheek, Zeeburgerdijk 21, Amsterdam-O.

NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS

NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS
|

Contributors will receive free of charge fifty reprints of their papers, joint authors have
to divide this number between them at their discretion. Additional reprints may be eu
when returning proofs.

Manuscripts should be written in Dutch, English, French, German or Italian. If ibi
contain descriptions of new genera, species, etc., they should be in one of the four last
mentioned languages. |

Drawings for reproduction should be on good paper in Indian ink, preferably at least.
one and a half times as large as the ultimate size desired. Lettering should be uniform, and,
after reduction, of the same size. Photographs should be furnished as shiny positive prints,
unmounted. Plates should be arranged so as to fill a whole page (11.5 x 19 cm) of the
Tijdschrift, or a portion thereof, captions included. Combinations of illustrations into groups
are preferable to separate illustrations, since there is a minimum charge per block.

Names of genera and lower systematic categories, new terms and the like are to be under:
lined by the author in the manuscript by a single straight line. Any other directions as to.
size or style of the type are given by the editors, not by the author. Italic type or spacing to.
stress ordinary words or sentences is to be avoided. Dates should be spelled as follows: either |
”10.V.1948” or "10 May, 1948”. Other use of latin numerals should be avoided, as well as
abbreviations in the text, save those generally accepted. Numbers from one to ten occurring
in the text should be written in full, one, two, three, etc. Titles must be kept short. Foot-
notes should be kept at a minimum. |

Bibliography should not be given in footnotes but compiled in a list at end of the
paper, styled as follows: 1

Mosley, M. E. 1932, ”A revision of the European species of the genus Leuctra (Pleco-
ptera)”. — Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [10] 10 (3): 1—41, pl. 1—5, fig. 1—57. Number of
issue should only be added (in parentheses) when it has individual pagination.

Text references to this Use 4 be made thus:

“Mosley (1932) says...” ” (Mosley, 1932)”.

The editors reserve the right to adjust style to certain standards of uniformity. a

Manuscripts and all communications concerning editorial matters only should be sent to:
Dr. A. DIAKONOFF, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands.

DEEL 109 AFLEVERING 5 EE 1966

TIJDSCHRIFT
VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE

UITGEGEVEN DOOR

DE NEDERLANDSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREENIGING

INHOUD:

Iosir CAPUSE. — New and rare Palaearctic Tineidae (Lepidoptera), p. 103—124,
| Fig. 1—49.

Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 109, afl. 5 Gepubliceerd 19-VIII-1966

SEE

Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging -
|

BESTUUR

Prof. Dr. J. van der Vecht, President (1961—1967), Oegstgeest.
Dr. G. Barendrecht, Vice-President (1965—1971), Amsterdam.
W. Hellinga, Secretaris (1963— 1969), Amsterdam.
Drs. H. Wiering, Penningmeester (1962—1968), Bergen (N.H.).
Dr. G. Kruseman, Bibliothecaris (1966—1972), Amsterdam.
J. A. Janse (1964—1970), Bennebroek.
Dr. A. F. H. Besemer (1965—1970), Bennekom.

COMMISSIE VAN REDACTIE VOOR DE PUBLICATIES
Prof. Dr. J. van der Vecht (1961—1967), Oegstgeest.
P. Chrysanthus (1964--1967), Oosterhout (N.B.).
Dr. A. Diakonoff (1964—1967), Leiderdorp.
G. L. van Eyndhoven (1966—1969), Haarlem.
Dr. L. G. E. Kalshoven (1964—1967), Blaricum.
Prof. Dr. D. J. Kuenen (benoemd 1957), Leiden.
Dr. P. A. van der Laan (benoemd 1957), Bennekom.
B. J. Lempke (1965—1968), Amsterdam.
Prof. Dr. J. de Wilde (benoemd 1957), Wageningen.
Dr. J. T. Wiebes (1966-1969), Leiden.

De contributie voor het lidmaatschap bedraagt f 20.—, voor student-leden
f5.—, per jaar. — Begunstigers betalen jaarlijks tenminste f 20.—.

De leden, behalve de student-leden, ontvangen gratis de Entomologische u
Berichten, waarvan de prijs voor niet-leden f 30.— per jaar en f 3.— per nummer
bedraagt.

De leden kunnen zich voor f 12.50 per jaar abonneren op het Tijdschrift voor
Entomologie; hiervan bedraagt de prijs voor niet-leden f 45.— per jaar.

De eerder verschenen publicaties der Vereeniging zijn voor de leden tegen ver-
minderde prijzen verkrijgbaar. De Vereeniging geeft de volgende publicaties uit.

MONOGRAPHIEEN VAN DE NEDERLANDSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREENIGING

Deze worden met onregelmatige tussenpozen uitgegeven. Er zijn reeds ver- —

schenen:

— F. T. Valck Lucassen et al. — Monographie du genre Lomaptera Gory &
Percheron (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae), prijs f 50.—.

1. A. J. Besseling. — De Nederlandse Watermijten (Hydrachnellae Latreille, |
1802), prijs f 25.—.

NEW AND RARE PALAEARCTIC TINEIDAE
(LEPIDOPTERA)

IOSIE CAPUSE

Bucharest, Rumania

In the present paper which forms a continuation of my studies on the family
Tineidae, descriptions are presented of a new genus, two new species and one new
subspecies. Furthermore remarks are made on morphological characters of some
other species not dealt with in the literature so far.

The systematic arrangement of the material is that proposed by G. PETERSEN.

The author wishes to express his thanks to Dr. A. DIAKONOFF, who kindly read
the manuscript of the present paper.

NEMAPOGONINAE

Cephimallota libanotica Petersen, 1959
(Fig. 1)

Head orange-yellow. Antennae brown-yellow. First antennal joint nearly twice
longer than broad, and four times longer than second joint. Labial palpi brown-
yellow. Maxillary palpi somewhat longer than labial, yellowish. Galeae not sur-
passing half length of labial palpi. Thorax grey-brown, tegulae concolorous, with
a few lighter scales on posterior edge. Forewing without pattern, blackish brown,
darker on the underside, posterior half lighter. Upper and under side of both wings
with a faint violaceous gloss. Legs yellowish-brown with yellow bands on ends of
tarsal joints.

In one of the specimens examined the colour and shape of the wings are asym-
metrical: in the right forewing the apex is a little more truncate, while near it there
is a rectangular spot, lighter than remainder of wing.

Male genitalia. Tegumen and vinculum forming a large ring. Vinculum with a
rather long slender saccus. In dorsal view uncus with two cusps, reaching beyond
posterior margin of valvae. A deep median excavation beset with numerous hairs.
Arms of gnathos long-pointed. Valvae small, robust, densely haired. Anellus similar
to that in C. simplicella (H.-S.).

Examined material. 1 &, Rumania, Baneasa wood, Bucuresti, 29.VIII.1960
(author); 1 4, the same locality, 15.VII.1961 (Dr. A. PoPEscu-GORJ); 2 ¢,
Ineu (coll. L. DioszeGHY); 1 &, Baile Herculane, 7.VII.1964 (author); 2 ¢,
Ciresu-Pestera Topolnita, 27.VI.1964 (author).

Distribution. Lebanon, Greece (Peloponese), Yugoslavia (Macedonia), Albania,
and Rumania.

103

TINEINAE

104 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 5, 1966
Tinea murariella Staudinger, 1859 |
(Rio) |

Head yellow; antennae brown. Labial palpi blackish-brown with a few light
scales. Thorax and tegulae blackish-brown. Forewing with a blackish-brown ground
colour. Three spots darker than ground colour: two in basal third and one in.
middle of wing. Hindwing grey-brown. Legs brown.

Male genitalia resembling those of T. /eonhardi Pet., but differing by stouter
aedeagus, absence of small hair-like cornuti, and presence of spines on large
cornuti. In T. murariella Stgr. distal end of the valva is strongly narrowed; aedeagus
2,7 X longer than valva. Tegumen, uncus, and gnathos normal.

Examined material. 1 4, Rumania, Ciungetu, 29.VII.1962 (D. DANCAU).

Distribution. Spain, southern France, Rumania.

According to PETERSEN (1959b : 569) T. murariella Stgr. is a western Mediter-
ranean element while T. leonhardi Pet. is an eastern Mediterranean one. The
occurrence of the species in Rumania proves that the actual range of T. murariella
Stgr. is much wider than PETERSEN believed. Our present knowledge of the family
Tineidae, however, does not allow of a delimitation of the geographical range
of the species, many regions being insufficiently studied.

Tinea flavescentella Haworth, 1828
(Fig. 4—5)

Head yellow; base of antennae darker. Antennae light brown. Labial palpus
yellow, externally and dorsally brown, its last joint dark brown with a lighter apex.
Thorax yellow. Anterior half of tegulae brown, posterior yellow. Ground colour
of forewing yellowish-brown. A dark brown spot on the base of costal edge.
Marking similar to those in T. pellzonella L., consisting of two hardly visible spots
in basal half of wing and a well-defined spot at 2/3 of wing length. Terminal part
of forewing darker in colour. Hindwing greyish-yellow. Legs yellow.

Female genitalia. Sterigma medially with a strong concavity separating two lobes
with short, hairy, rounded posterior edges. Ostium bursae strongly broadened.
Bursa copulatrix, an elongate sack with three equal signa, each signum with a
dilated base provided with one hair.

In PETERSEN’s revision (1957—1958) this species is characterized by the
presence of four signa; the specimen examined by me has only three.

Examined material. 1 9, Rumania, Eforie Sud, Dobrogea Region, 30.VI.1962
(author).

Distribution. The species has been collected in England, Ireland, France,
Germany, Italy, Yugoslavia (Dalmatia), Algeria, Turkey, and Rumania.

Monopis nonimella Zagulajev, 1955

This species is very similar externally to M. imella Hb. from which it can be
distinguished only by the genital characters.

LIE RARY
SEP 27 1966

MARY Art)

EIN IIAN ZIT TA Ten;

I. CAPUSE : Palaearctic Tineidae 105

Fig. 1—5. Genitalia of Tineidae. 1, Cephimallota libanotica Pet., 3, dorsal view of genitalia;
2, Tinea murariella Stgr., & left valva; 3, the same, distal end of aedeagus; 4, Tinea
flavescentella Hw., @, genitalia; 5, the same, bursa

106 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 5, 1966

Examined material. 1 &, Rumania, Eforie Sud, Dobrogea Region, 9.VII.1962
(author).

Distribution. USSR (Siberia, Kazakhstan, South Ural, Taganrog, Pskov), Yugo-
slavia (Montenegro), and Rumania.

MEESSIINAE

Type-genus, Meessia Hofmann, 1898.

Head with long, slender antennae; usually both pairs of palpi well-developed;
maxillary palpi absent in Lichenovora Pet. Second joint of labial palpus usually
provided with variable number of rigid hairs. Wings elongate, lanceolate, with
pointed apex. Markings of forewing in most species forming transverse bands or
dots of diverse size and of a different colour, irregularly scattered.

In most genera of the subfamily there is a more or less marked reduction of
venation. Thus in the forewing the whole length of the radial trunk or parts of it
are feebly marked (e.g., Ischnoscia, Lichenovora, Lichenotinea, Phereoeca, etc.).
In some genera (Ischnoscia, Obesoceras) R and Rg, and in other (Infurcitinea,
Gozmanytinea, Lichenotinea, Meessia), R, and R, are pedunculate. Sometimes
R; (Lichenovora) or one of the median veins (Obesoceras, Ischnoscia) are missing.
Veins A, (Agnathosia, Lichenotinea, Ischnoscia, Obesoceras, Infurcitinea, Goz-
manytinea) and A, (Celestica) can be missing or weakly marked. Radiocubital
cell, narrow and very elongate, is sometimes open (Lichenovora, Phereoeca).

The radial trunk in the hindwing is sometimes feebly marked or absent
(Lichenovora, Lichenotinea, Infurcitinea, Phereoeca, Celestica); in some genera
there are three median veins (Lichenotinea, Infurcitinea, Gozmanytinea, Licheno-
vora, Phereoeca), while in other there are only two (Celestica, Ischnoscia, Obeso-
ceras, Meessia). In some genera the anal veins, generally feebly developed are
present as a single vein (Infurcitinea, Gozmanytinea, Meessia), or as two veins
(Lichenovora, Obesoceras, Phereoeca) or they may be missing (Celestica, Isch-
noscia, Lichenotinea). The radiocubital cell in the hindwing is as a rule elongate
and closed, at times open (Lichenovora, Celestica, Lichenotinea), seldom short
and narrow (Ischnoscia). In some instances it includes the radial trunk (Obesoceras,
Meessia).

Median spurs of hind tibiae on basal half more or less close to base.

For the genera of this subfamily only descriptions of the venation are given in
the following pages; these data have either been spread in a number of separate
publications or not described at all; the male genitalia, on the contrary, have been
very well characterized by PETERSEN (1957—1964).

The male genitalia are characterized by more or less pronounced reduction of the
uncus and gnathos, which in some instances can be missing altogether. Valvae
developed, strongly specialized, sometimes asymmetrical (Infurcitinea). Vinculum
strongly developed, very broad in some genera (Lichenovora, Lichenotinea) while
in other it is narrow and has two tips (Infzrcitinea), or a saccus of variable length
and breadth (Celestica, Agnathosia, Phereoeca, Montetinea, Meessta, Obesoceras,
Gozmanytinea, Ischnoscia, Novotinea). Aedeagus developed, usually with cornuti;
in some genera the shape of aedeagus is very characteristic. Sometimes, e.g. in
Infurcitinea, the anellus is strongly developed.

I. CAPUSE : Palaearctic Tineidae 107

Since the female genitalia are known only in few members of this subfamily, it
is not possible to characterize them at the present time.

The scanty data in the literature show that the larvae of the subfamily Meessiinae
feed on lichens, and that the adults may be captured on rocks covered with lichens
and at night at light.

The present subfamily includes the following genera: Celestica Meyrick, Agna-
thosia Amsel, Phereoeca Hinton & Bradley, Montetinea Petersen, Meessia Hof-
mann, Obesoceras Petersen, Gozmanytinea gen. nov., Infurcitinea Spuler, Tiner-
forma Amsel, Lichenotinea Petersen, Ischnoscia Meyrick, and Novotinea Amsel.

Celestica Meyrick, 1917
(Fig. 6—7)

Type-species, Tinea angustipennis H.-S., 1854.

Until now this genus stands isolated within the family Tineidae, showing
affinities with some Meessiinae.

Wings very elongate and narrow. Sc of forewing terminating before middle of
wing; radial veins all from the radiocubital cell. The distance between R, and R,
about twelve times larger than that between R, and R;. The three median veins
are present and well marked. Cubital trunk strong; cubital veins missing. One anal
vein present, distinct throughout. Radiocubital cell very elongate, exceeding 2/3
of wing length, very narrow basally.

Sc of hindwing terminating beyond marginal half of costa. Basal half of radial
trunk not evident. R well marked. Two median veins present. Cubital trunk curved
and close to anal edge of wing. Cu, and Cu, present, short. All anal veins missing.

Only one species.

Examined material. 1 3, Poland, Oswiecim, 30.VII.1960 (S. TOLL) (C. an-
gustipennis).

Distribution. Yugoslavia (Macedonia), Rumania, Central Europe, Netherlands,
Denmark, Finland, England.

Agnathosia Amsel, 1954
(Fig. 8—9)

Type-species: Tinea mendicella Hübner, 1796.

Vein Sc of forewing terminating on costa before middle. Radial trunk feebly
marked. All five radial veins independently ending on costal edge of wing. Distance
between bases of veins R, and R, about 3.5 X as large as that between bases of
veins R and Rg. Veins Ry, R;, M, and M, weak along a short distance from base.
Three median veins. Cubital trunk and two cubital veins well marked. A, feebly
marked, not reaching edge of wing, A, strongly marked, reaching that edge; A3
absent.

Costal edge of hindwing with a convexity; Sc terminating beyond half of wing.
Radial trunk feebly marked and radial vein with a weak small portion from base,
remaining part strong. Bases of M, and M, close together. Cubital trunk and
cubital veins well marked. Only one anal vein apparent, but weak, reaching to edge
of wing.

108 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 5, 1966

Fig. 6—15. Venation of Tineidae. 6—7, Celestica angustipennis (H.-S.); 8—9, Agnathosia
mendicella (Hb.); 10—11, Phereoeca uterella (Wilsm.) (after Hinton & Bradley); 12—13,
Lichenovora rhenania Pet.; 14—15, Meessia vinculella (H.-S.) (after Spuler)

|
|

I. CAPUSE : Palaearctic Tineidae 109

Only one species.
Examined material. 1 4, Rumania, Suceava (I. TABACARU).
Distribution. Finland, Central Europe, and Rumania.

Phereoeca Hinton & Bradley, 1956
(Fig. 10—11)

Type-species, Tineola uterella Walsingham, 1897.

Vein Sc in forewing ending in middle of costal margin. Radial trunk feebly
marked at 2/,. All radial veins arise independently from radiocubital cell. Diverse
portions of bases Ry, Rs, My, My and M, weak. A, ill-developed, A, weak in
distal portion, A, absent.

Sc of hindwing very long, ending at 4/; of costa. Radial trunk absent. R distinct.
M, and M, with a weak base.

The genus includes four species, Ph. uterella (Wlsm.), Ph. allutella (Rbl.),
Ph. pachyspila (Meyrick), and Ph. walsinghami (Busck).

Distribution. Canaries, Madeira, Ceylon, India, West Indies, and Florida.

Lichenovora Petersen, 1957
(Fig. 12—13)

Type-species, Lichenovora rhenania Petersen, 1962 (Lichenovora nigripunctella
Petersen, 1957, nec Haworth, 1828).

Two species belong to the genus, viz. L. nigripunctella (Hw.) and L. rhenania
Bet.

Examined material, 1 3, L. rhenania Pet., Rumania, Bucuresti.

Distribution. England, Central Europe, Spain, Sicily, Yugoslavia (Dalmatia),
Bulgaria, and Rumania.

Lichenovora rhenania Petersen, 1962

This species is hardly distinguishable externally from L. migripunctella (Hw.).

Head light yellow. Antenna to 3/, of wing. First two antennal joints light
yellow, flagellum yellowish-brown. First antennal joint 21/5 times longer than
broad; second joint 21/, times shorter than first. Galeae and maxillary palpi absent.
Labial palpi developed, 3-jointed; last joint pointed, equal to 2/3 of second. Pear-
shaped sensorial papilla of last joint of labial palpi with 3 short hairs on surface.

Ground colour of forewing light yellow. Brown markings forming spots and
bands situated as follows: one spot at costal margin, followed by three faint spots,
one beneath the other, in the shape of an interrupted band; near middle of wing
there is a band broadened medially and at the ends along wing edge; a similarly
shaped band at 2/3 from wing base, broader, followed by a small spot in the
vicinity of costal margin; wing apex likewise brown. Cilia of forewing light
yellow. Hindwing and cilia whitish-yellow. Forewing under side ochreous-yellow,
hindwing much lighter.

Forewing with vein Sc ending on costal margin before middle of wing. Radial
trunk and A, throughout, as well as bases of R 3,4 and M ,,,, are less developed.

110 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 5, 1966

Radial veins to costa. Rg and Ry and M, and Mg stalked. A, distinct throughout, |

reaching edge of wing. A, very short, hardly visible. Radiocubital cell 2/3 of
wing length, its distal end very faint. Hindwing with Sc to beyond half of costa.
Radial trunk and bases of R, M, 4 zand M; hardly visible. Radiocubital cell open,
median veins running from radial trunk. Cu, continuing as a distinct cubital trunk.
Cu, short. A, reaching edge of wing; A, and A, parallel. Legs brown-yellow.

Examined material. 1 &, Rumania, Bucuresti, 27.VIII.1958 (author).

Distribution. Germany, Rumania.

In a previous paper (CAPUSE, 1963) I recorded L. nigripunctella (Hw.) as new
for the Rumanian fauna, judging from PETERSEN’s description (1957 : 345) of
the genitalia. It appeared to be L. rhenania Pet., described by the same author at

the end of 1962, which description I received after the publication of my paper. |

Meessia Hofmann, 1898
(Fig. 14—15)

Type-species, Tinea vinculella H.-S., 1850.

Forewing with vein Sc to before middle of costa. Ry and R; stalked. M; absent.
A, weak, not reaching edge. A, and A, free at base, then united.

Hindwing with Sc long. Radial trunk ill-defined throughout. Cell very narrow,
with radial and median trunks. R, M, and M, well marked; M; absent. Cubital
trunk strong, distally furcate. One single weak anal vein.

The following species have been assigned to Meessia: M. vinculella (H.-S.),
? M. vinctella (H.-S.), M. pachyceras Wlsm., M. richardsoni Wlsm., M. klimeschi
Ams., M. nerviella Ams., M. mensella Wlsm., M. leopoldella (Cst.), M. ober-
thurella (Mill.), M. nigraella Mar., M. alberti Ams., M. gallica Pet., and the fol-
lowing new species.

Examined material. 1 9, M. herculanella spec. nov.

Distribution. Central Europe, England, Iberian Peninsula, France, Italy, Corsica,
Sicily, and Rumania. :

Meessia herculanella spec. nov.
(Fig. 16—18)

Holotype: 1 9, Rumania, Baile Herculane, Orsova district, Banat Region,
8.VII.1964 (author). GS. no. 956. In the author's collection.1)

Head yellowish-white. Antennae ringed brown and yellowish-white; brown basal
rings of joints narrower than yellowish-white apical ones.

Forewing black-brown with two broad white bands not reaching dorsum but
exceeding half of wing breadth, from 1/3 and 2/3 of costa, respectively; anterior
band narrowest. Fringes concolorous with ground colour, with white tips. Hind-
wing dark brown.

Female genitalia. Posterior ends of apophyses anteriores attached to a narrow,
well sclerotized ring-shaped 9th segment; broader dorsally. This ring is open
ventrally, as usual, interrupted by the colliculum. Ostium bursae large, continued

1) After the present paper was sent to press, I received through the kindness of Dr. F. Kasy
of the Vienna Museum, 5 4 and 1 2 from Baile Herculane, all belonging to this species.

I. CAPUSE : Palaearctic Tineidae 111

by a well-sclerotized, relatively long colliculum. Beyond this the membraneous
ductus is strongly extended, then narrowed before bursa copulatrix. A dentate,
sclerotized plate at the beginning of ductus bursae. Corpus bursae relatively small,
oval, with an agglomeration of spinules in median portion dorsally.

M. herculanella resembles in external appearence M. vinculella (H.-S.) from
which it differs by the darker ground colour, the lack of golden gloss and by less
extended but more pronounced pattern. With the aid of genital characters M. her-
culanella is easily recognizable by the presence of signa, dentate sclerite, and spines
of corpus bursae. The venation of the forewing resembles that in M. vinculella
(H.-S.) (SPULER, 1910), only the stalk of R, and R; is much longer.

Obesoceras Petersen, 1957
(Fig. 19—28)

Type-species, Tinea granulatella H.-S., 1850.

Forewing with additional vein present, fused with Sc, ending before middle of
costa. All radial veins present; R, and R, stalked. Base of R, usually close to base
of R;. Sometimes M, from common stalk with R; (O. confusellum orientale, O.
hedemanni). Sometimes one of the median veins absent (O. granulatellum, O.
hedemanni). A, does not reach margin and is weak. United portion of A, and As
long; small portion of these veins free at base. Radiocubital cell narrow and long.

Hindwing with vein Sc to near middle of costa. Radial trunk weak, forming a
very narrow long cell together with median trunk. R, M, and M, from end of
cell. M; absent. Cubital trunk distally furcate; terminal portions of cubital veins
weak. Two anal veins.

The genus includes the following species: O. granulatellum (H.-S.), O. holtzi
(Rbl.), O. confusellum (H.-S.), O. hedemanni (Rbl.), O. croaticum Pet., O.
romanum Pet., and O. forsteri Pet.

Examined material. 1 9, O. granulatellum (H.-S.); 1 8, O. confusellum
orientale subspec. nov., and 1 &, O. hedemanni (Rbl.).

Distribution. Italy, Bavaria, Austria, Yugoslavia (Dalmatia, Macedonia), Albania,
Greece, and Rumania.

Obesoceras granulatellum (Herrich-Schäffer, 1850)
(Fig. 19—20)

Head brown-yellow. Antennae brown-black. Forewing black-brown with
yellowish-white costal spots at 1/3 and 2/3, respectively; towards dorsum each
spot continued as two narrow bands. A small line and two yellowish-white spots
in apical area. Hindwing dark brown.

Venation of forewing similar to that in O. confusellum orientale subspec. nov.,
from which it only differs by the lack of median vein and by distant bases of R4
and R;.

Ostium bursae large, surrounding area weakly sclerotized. Ductus bursae narrow
at base then strongly dilated. Bursa copulatrix elongate with ten sclerotized signa,
shaped as slender dentate rods. Apophyses anteriores furcate, dorsal arm longer
than ventral, and with two apical hairs.

ay TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 5, 1966

Fig. 16—18. Meessia herculanella sp. n., © holotype. 16, venation in distal half of fore-

wing; 17, lateral view of genitalia; 18, ventral view of the same. Fig. 19—20. Obesoceras

granulatellum (H.-S.). 19, Q genitalia; 20, venation in distal half of forewing. Fig. 21—22.
Obesoceras confusellum orientale ssp. n., & holotype, venation

I. CAPUSE : Palaearctic Tineidae 113

Examined materiall 1 9, Rumania, Baile Herculane, Orsova district, Banat
Region, 10.VII.1964 (author).

Distribution. Albania, Yugoslavia (Istria, Dalmatia, Montenegro, Macedonia),
and Rumania.

Obesoceras confusellum orientale subspec. nov.
(Fig. 21—26)

Holotype: &, Rumania, Baile Herculane — Mt. Domogled, Crucea Alba, Or-
sova district, Banat Region (author). GS. no. 955. In the author’s collection.

Head yellowish-white; a few brown scales on frontal margin. First antennal
joint brown-black, remaining joints yellowish-white with distal narrow brown rings.
Labial palpi dirty white; 2nd and 3rd joints distally brown. Forewing with brown-
black ground colour, markings, white bands and spots. Oblique transverse band
from dorsum near base to half of wing breadth. Small square spot on 1/4 of costa
continued towards dorsum by three interrupted lines. On middle of costa small
rectangular spot continued a little obliquely across wing; two interrupted lines from
lateral angles of the spot. In the apical half of wing three narrow, transverse bands
obliquely to base of wing. Hindwing blackish-brown.

After a long free portion, Sc of forewing anastomosing with additional vein to
before middle of costa. Radial trunk weak, stronger only between bases of R, and
stalk of R, | 3. R, approximately to middle of costa. R; and M, forming a long
stalk, originating close to Ry. R, terminates at costa about twice as far from apex
as M, is at termen. M, and My present. A, weak, not reaching dorsum. A, and
A, well marked, free at base, their anastomose twice as long as free parts.

Legs brown with yellowish-white spurs and yellowish-white ringed tarsal joints.

Male genitalia. Tegumen + uncus broad with lateral edges turned inward. Top
of uncus bilobed. Vinculum broad, with thick and relatively short saccus. Gnathos
unpaired, with curved, dilated and short-spinose apex. Lateral lobes of tegumen
short and relatively broad with much narrowed end. Cucullus narrowed, finger-
shaped. A strong tooth near middle of ventral margin of valva; dorsal margin hardly
concave in middle. Sacculus, a large conical prominence, the margin of which beset
with numerous strong short spines. Aedeagus short and thick with a narrowed
strongly sclerotized apical portion. One short, dentoid cornutus present.

Female unknown.

O. confusellum orientale subspec. nov. is very similar to O. confusellum con-
fusellum (H.-S.); however, as the descriptions and drawings of PETERSEN show,
there are some distinct differences. Thus externally O. c. orientale subspec. nov.
differs from O. c. confusellum (H.-S.) by having two well-defined costal spots,
continued to dorsum as two or three lines and having three stripes towards apex,
instead of two indefinite median stripes and one apical spot. Moreover, the ground
colour is darker in O. confusellum orientale. It is apparent from PETERSEN’s key,
descriptions, and drawings that in O. confusellum (H.-S.) the uncus is not bilobed,
as in our subspecies. In O. c. orientale the dorsal margin of the valva is more
straight while in O. c. confusellum it is concave. In the new subspecies the cornutus
is situated in the narrowed portion of the aedeagus (in O. c. confusellum, in the
distal end of the vesica).

114 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 5, 1966

Our subspecies fits in PETERSEN’s key (1964b : 18—19) as follows:
1. — Posterior margin of the vinculum with a thick, sclerotized, distally pointed
rod, about as long as aedeagus. . . . . . O. granulatellum (H.-S.)
— Posterior margin of the vinculum without a sclerotized rod. . . . . 2
2. — Dorsal edge of the valva with three large crescent-shaped teeth. Aedeagus
without cornutus . . . so + Chao (il)
— Dorsal edge of the valva han (dl helene withrcornutuser ES
3. — Inner surface of the valvae with a large prominence in basal portion . 4
— Valvae without prominence on inner surface. . . . RES
4. — Uncus with top not bilobed. Cornutus in distal end of vesica. Dorsal edge
of valva with a slight concavity. . O. confusellum confusellum (H.-S.)
— Uncus with top bilobed. Cornutus in distal end of thickened Peres of
aedeagus. Dorsal margin of valva hardly concave . : 8
O. confusellum Di Sea nov.

5. — Crete en, Erlebe) ele tapering, finger-like. Aedeagus short, about

as long as valva. . . 6
— Gnathos distally not pigra wakes deal els Shaan arc- Ive!
teeth. Aedeagus slender, longer than valva . . . RZ,

6. — Uncus with a faint median split. Valvae slightly dal dentali;
O. hedemanni (Rbl. )
— Ur distally fentes ales nerd Be in basal part tapering

towards tip, finger-like. . . . CM O 4forsteni met.
7. — Ventral edge of valva with one gran andl one weak dent. Aedeagus shorter
than distance between uncus and end of saccus. . . O. romanum Pet.

— Ventral edge of the valva with a large dent exceeding breadth of valva.
Aedeagus as long as distance between uncus and tip of saccus .
O. croaticum Pet.

Obesoceras hedemanni (Rebel, 1899)
(Fig. 27—28)

The venation in this species is similar to that in O. confusellum orientale subspec,
nov., from which it differs by a shorter stalk of R; and M,, by the distance between
apex of wing and end of R; on costa being half the distance between wing apex
and end of M,, as well as by the absence of a median vein.

Examined material. 1 3, southern Tyrol, Bozen (S. TOLL).

Distribution. Northern Italy.

Gozmanytinea gen. nov.
(Fig. 29—31)

Type-species, Infurcitinea captans Gozmany, 1960.

Vein Sc of forewing to before middle of costa. Radial trunk weak to base of R;.
All radial veins to costa. R, and R, with ends curved towards base of wing; Ry
and R; stalked. M, and M, curved downwards. Cu, curved upwards. A, weak;
its end on wing edge slightly better defined. A, and A, free at base. Hindwing

I. CAPUSE : Palaearctic Tineidae 115

Fig. 23—26. Obesoceras confusellum orientale subsp. n., & holotype. 23, lateral view of

genitalia without aedeagus; 24, lateral view of aedeagus; 25, genitalia without aedeagus in

ventral view; 26, inner surface of right valva. Fig. 27—28. Obesoceras hedemanni (Rbl.),

venation. Fig. 29—31. Gozmanytinea captans (Gozm.), & paratype. 29—30, venation;

31, vinculum, lateral view. Fig. 32—33. Infurcitinea ignicomella (H.-S.), venation. Fig. 34.
Infurcitinea romanica sp. n., 2 allotype, venation of forewing

116 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 5, 1966

with costa rounded-prominent; Sc to beyond middle. R free from cell, its basal
half weak. Median trunk weak. M, and M, curved downwards. Cubital veins
relatively long. Cubital trunk strong. Only distal end of anal vein defined. Anal
field broad.

The male genitalia are charactized by the symmetry of all the parts. Tegumen
+ uncus long, relatively narrow with lateral edges turned inwardly. Vinculum
broad, with a single tip. Valvae basally broad, narrowing apically, narrowed portion
with numerous basad directed hairs. Near the base of the costa there is a process
which can be short (G. banatica), or long (G. captans) or furcate (G. albanica,
G. kasyi, and G. litochorella). Aedeagus rather short, straight, with a small
dilatation basally, broadened distally, usually with two small tips. Anellus cuff-
shaped, membraneous, with minute dentations, without sclerotized projections or
hairy arms, as in Infurcitinea Spuler.

The female genitalia are known in a few members of the genus only (G. cap-
tans and G. banatica).

Gozmanytinea gen. nov. is very similar to Infurcitinea Spuler, having a similar
venation. Our genus differs from the latter chiefly by the characters of the genitalia;
in Gozmanytinea the genitalia are symmetrical, in Infurcitinea, asymmetrical; the
vinculum in the new genus has a single tip, instead of two as in Infurcitinea; the
anellus is in the shape of a membraneous denticulate cuff, without projections,
while in Infurcitinea this part bears projections or hairy arms.

Althought the venation is not differing from that in Infurcitinea and only
slightly differing from that in Lichenotinea, I consider the group of species assigned
to Gozmanytinea to represent a distinct unit showing a separate line of evolution,
judging from the genital characters.

I have assigned the following species to Gozmanytinea: G. captans (Gozm.),
G. banatica (Pet.), G. albanica (Pet.), G. kasyi (Pet.), and G. litochorella (Pet.).

Examined material. 1 3, G. captans (Gozm.) paratype 1); 1 4,1 9, G. bana-
tica (Pet):

Distribution. Albania, Greece, Yugoslavia, Rumania, northern Tyrol, Engadine,
Wallis, south-eastern France.

Gozmanytinea banatica (Petersen, 1961)
(Fig. 35—36a)

Head white, the base of antenna with light brown scales. First joint of antenna
yellowish-white, basal joints of flagellum white, apical joints dark brown. Labial
palpi white, second joint with a light brown diffuse ring. Maxillary palpi white.
Thorax white with sparse maroonish scales. Ground colour of forewing yellowish-
white, markings maroon-brown; points scattered over wing. Cilia white. Anterior
legs brown with narrow white rings; middle and posterior legs maroon-white.

Female genitalia. Sternite VIII consisting of two plates, triangularly narrowed
medially. Ostium bursae relatively broad, subrectangular with a notch in posterior
margin. Ductus bursae long, narrow. Corpus bursae ovoid, constricted at the end

1) To the kindness of Dr. L. GOZMANY I owe material of this species received for study.

I. CAPUSE : Palaearctic Tineidae 117

of ductus bursae. Apophyses anteriores rather long, with a strong spine at posterior
end on internal margin. Apophyses posteriores long.

Examined material. 1 ¢, Rumania, Topolnita grotto at Ciresu, Turnu Severin
district, Oltenia Region, 26.VI.1962 (V. DECU); 1 2, the same locality, 27.VI.
1964, GS. no. 953 (author). In the author’s collection.

Distribution. Albania, Yugoslavia (Macedonia), and Rumania.

Infurcitinea Spuler, 1910
(Ro SANTA)

Type-species, Tinea argentimaculella Stainton, 1849.

Sc of forewing ending before or in middle of costa. Radial trunk weak basally.
Radial veins terminating on costa. Ry and R; short-stalked. Cubital trunk and two
cubital veins well-defined throughout. A, does or does not reach wing edge (I.
ignicomella); sometimes its terminal portion more defined than remaining portion
(I. romanica spec. nov.). As and A, with a short free portion, then united.

Sc of hindwing long, to middle of costa. The radial trunk free of cell. The radial
trunk and R weak. Three median veins present. Median trunk and M; weak. M,
to costa twice as near to apex as distance of end of M, to apex. Cubital trunk well-
defined. The three anal veins weak.

Infurcitinea Spuler includes about 40 species.

Examined material. Rumania, 1 &, I. ignicomella (H.-S.), Bucuresti, 28.VI.
1962 (author); 1 ¢, I. rumelicella (Rbl.), Baile Herculane, 8.VII.1964 (author);
1 &, I. albicomella (H.-S.), Ineu, Arad district, Banat Region (L. DISZEGHY);
Greece, 1 &, I. olympica Pet., Mt. Olympus (G. PETERSEN coll.1), leg. F. Kasy).
Rumania, 1 ¢, 2 ®, I. romanica spec. nov., Ciresu, Turnu Severin district,
Oltenia Region (V. DECU).

Distribution. England, Iberian Peninsula, southern France, Central Europe, Italy,
Corsica, Sardinia, Yugoslavia, Greece, Bulgaria, Rumania, USSR (Caucasus), Iran,
Pakistan, Afghanistan, Palestine, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco.

Infurcitinea romanica spec. nov.
(Fig. 34, 37—40)

The material has been collected in Topolnita grotto at Ciresu, Turnu Severin
district, Oltenia Region, and is preserved in the author’s collection. Holotype, 4,
26.VI.1962 (V. DEcu), GS. no. 893; allotype, 9, 27.VI.1964, GS. no. 954;
paratype, 1 9, 27.VI.1964 (author).

Head white. First antennal joint yellowish-white with scarce brown scales. Joints
of flagellum blackish-brown, with narrow, white basal rings. Labial palpi blackish-
brown basally, yellowish-white apically; their outer surface blackish-brown, inner
surface white. First two joints of maxillary palpi black-brown, remainder white,
densely mixed with brown. Thorax and tegulae white mixed with scarce black-
brown scales. Ground colour of the forewing white, markings black-brown scat-

1) I owe the loan of the material of this species to the kindness of Dr. G. PETERSEN.

118 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 5, 1966

Fig. 35—36a. Gozmanytinea banatica (Pet.), ® genitalia. 35, ventral view; 36—36a, lateral

view. Fig. 37—39. Infurcitinea romanica sp. n. 37, & holotype, genitalia without aedeagus

and anellus; 38, the same, aedeagus and anellus; 39, © allotype, dorsal and ventral views
of the genitalia

I. CAPUSE : Palaearctic Tineidae 119

tered points. Fringes white. Venation as in the genus. Hindwing brown-grey;
fringes dirty white.

Male genitalia. Tegumen + uncus relatively broad, slightly narrowing towards
end. Vinculum narrow with two rather long processes. Valvae very broad at base,
strongly narrowed towards apex, asymmetrical. Left valva with two rather long,
slender, club-like arms, ventral somewhat shorter, dorsal with strong, rigid hairs.
Bases of these arms with oblique, transverse, sclerotized ridges with distal edges
slightly concave. Right valva more abruptly narrowed with short apical processes;
dorsal margin of narrowed portion with strong rigid hairs; internal surface at the
narrow part with a bilobed ridge, longer than in left valva, obliquely longitudinal.
Bases of valvae ventrally covered with dense hairs. Anellus shaped as a plate with
a strong constriction beyond a broad base; it is dilated again from middle, tapering
apically. Aedeagus slender and narrow, strongly dilated at base, divided before
middle in a straight, pointed arm and a curved, longer arm, covered with dense
broad spines.

Female genitalia. Eighth segment ventrally with a sclerotized tube, dilated
distally, upon which lays the ostium; dorsally with a sclerotized triangular body
haired apically. Apophyses anteriores rather short with furcate posterior parts, arms
dorsally united. Apophyses posteriores long. Anal papillae haired.

I. romanica spec. nov. resembles I. olympica Pet. but differs both externally and
internally. In the former the first antennal joint is yellowish-white, in the latter
brown-white. The labial palpi in romanica are black-brown externally, in o/ympica
only the base of the third joint is brown. The black-brown dots of the forewing
are more numerous in olympica than in romanica.

Infurcitinea olympica Petersen, 1959
(Fig. 41—43)

Male genitalia. Tegumen + uncus relatively broad, distally rounded. Vinculum
narrow with two rather long thick tips. Left valva with rather short apical process
more dentate along ventral edge. Right valva relatively broad in constricted portion,
with rather thick processes. The anellus tapers abruptly beyond middle into a long,
strong well-sclerotized, curved spine. Both arms of the aedeagus of equal length,
running parallel; one arm is provided with sparse spines. Lamella of the right valva
transverse.

The shape and position of the lamellae of the valvae and the remaining genital
characters are entirely different in I. olympica and in I. romanica (for comparison
see above).

Examined material. 1 4, Greece, Mt. Olympus (G. PETERSEN coll. leg. F.
Kasy, GS. no. 1169). In the author’s collection.

Lichenotinea Petersen, 1957
(Fig. 44—45)

Type-species, Tinea pustulatella Zeller, 1852.
Vein Sc of forewing to beyond middle of costa. Basal portion of radial trunk
weak. Radial veins ending on costa; R, and R; stalked. Three median and two

120 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 5, 1966

cubital veins. A, weak throughout, reaching edge. A, and A, free at base then
forming a long common trunk. |

Sc of hindwing to beyond middle of costa; radiocubital cell open. Radial trunk ©
weak throughout. Three median veins. M, and M, close at base. Cubital trunk
well-marked, with two cubital veins. All anal veins absent.

Two species belong in Lichenotinea Pet., viz. L. pustulatella (Zl) and L.
maculata Pet.

Examined material. 3 4, Rumania, cave no. 2, Motru Sec at Calugareni, Gorj
district, Oltenia Region, 16.VII.1961 (A. BALACESCU); 9 4 and 2 9, Topolnita
cave at Ciresu, Turnu Severin district, Oltenia Region, 27.VI.1964 (author) (L.
pustulatella).

Distribution. Central and southeastern Europe, Asia Minor.

Ischnoscia Meyrick, 1895
(Fig. 46—47)

Type-species, Gwenea borreonella Miliere, 1874.

Sc of the forewing to before middle of costa. Radial trunk weak throughout.
Rs and Rs long-stalked; Ry and Ry short-stalked. Free portion of Ry short, not
reaching edge. Stalk of Ry + R, and a small basal portion of the two existing
median veins weak. Cubital trunk well-defined, with two cubital veins. A, reaching
edge but weak; A, well-defined; A, absent. Radiocubital cell narrowed and long.

Sc of the hindwing to beyond middle of costa. Radial trunk weak, but R well-
defined. Two median veins. Cubital trunk well-marked, distally with two cubital
veins. There is no cell proper but a weak vein from base of cubital trunk to the
radial trunk towards its end, outlining a rudimentary cell.

The genus has two species, I. borreonella (Mill.) and I. pandorella (Mill.).

Examined material. Rumania, 1 &, 29.VIII.1964, cave beyond Cirsa — Carasova
community, Anina district, Banat Region (ST. NEGREA) (I. borreonella).

Distribution. England, North Spain, France, southwestern Germany, Rumania.

Novotinea Amsel, 1938
(Fig. 48—49)

Type-species, Tinea muricolella Fuchs, 1879.

Sc of the forewing very short, ending before 1/3 of costa. Four radial veins
present. Radial trunk furcate into two radial veins. Other two radial veins free.
Radiocubital cell open. Two median veins. Two cubital and one median vein from
cubital trunk. One short anal vein.

Sc and cubital veins of the hindwing absent. Radial trunk together with the
cubital trunk forming a very narrow and rather short cell. R stalked with one of
the two median veins present. Two anal veins present, of which one very short.

Six species belong to the present genus, viz. N. muricolella (Fuchs), N. car-
bonifera (Wlsm.), N. liguriella (Ams.), N. klimeschi (Rbl.), N. fasciata (Stgr.),
and N. andalusiella Pet.

Distribution. Western Germany, Spain, Corsica, Sardinia, Italy, Yugoslavia
(southern Dalmatia), and Asia Minor.

I. CAPUSE : Palaearctic Tineidae 121

Fig. 40. Infurcitinea romanica sp. n., ® allotype, lateral view of genitalia. Fig. 41—43.

Infurcitinea olympica Pet. 41, & genitalia without aedeagus and anellus; 43, the same in

lateral view; 42, the same, aedeagus and anellus. Fig. 44—45. Lichenotinea pustulatella (Z1l.),

venation. Fig. 46—47. Ischnoscia borreonella (Mill.), venation. Fig. 48—49. Novotinea
muricolella (Fuchs), venation (after Amsel)

122 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 5, 1966

KEY TO THE GENERA OF MEESSIINAE ACCORDING TO VENATION 1)

1. — Hindwing with Sc present . . . . qua VE
— Hindwing with Sc, one median vein, total veins Seh one anal vein
absent. Forewing with Sc very short; one radial vein, one cubital vein and

two anal veins absent. . . . ee NOIA IDE.

2. — Forewing with Sc normally heran i ONE 3
— Forewing with Sc rs fused with an ion vein, both fee at base |
IRR Obesoceras Pet.

3. — Eno ih ana veins pisa rte SUN, di
— Forewing with cubital veins absent. In Rincon cell open; base of radial |
trunk not distinct; two median veins present, all anal veins absent . |
Celestica Meyr.

4, — onen ah fine eal VEINSK 5 iS
— Forewing with four radial veins; M, and M, sella N ee A, very
short. One anal vein absent in dre ee Pıchenovora, Peta
5. — Forewing with all radial veins free. . . . DR ub ee 6
— Forewing with some of the radial veins stalken Meden ee nitie 7
6. — Hindwing with two weak anal veins. . . . Phereoeca Hint. & Brad.
— Hindwing with one weak anal vein. . . . . . Agnathosia Ams.
7. — Forewing with R, and Rs, as well as Ry and Rs, stalked; Ry short, not
reaching margin; one median and one anal veins absent. All anal veins
and one median vein absent in es OSG ANNIE ae
— Only R, and R; stalked. . . . I fon €
8. — Hindwing with cell closed, the aa or he el tint does not
participate in building of the cell; not all anal veins absent. . . . 9
— Hindwing with cell open; all anal veins absent. . . Lichenotinea Pet.
9. — Radial trunk does not participate in building of the cell in hindwing 10

— Cubital trunk does not Paste in Ras of the cell in hindwing .
Meessia Hofm.

10. — Foce n à: ne not reaching margin. All anal veins present in
hinde ee InfareitineauSpull

— Forewing with A, ee rates margin. Two anal veins absent in
hindwings. EE GOZI AEON Te MDO

KEY TO THE GENERA OF MEESSIINAE, ACCORDING TO THE MALE GENITALIA

lin Gaathos. present 7. omer e RCN
— Gnathos absent D RE oe 5
DIE Gnathos consisting Of-two AIMONS e O ee ne
— Gnathos not paired . NT 4
3. — Arms of gnathos without bene, Rs | fe) saccus dis

Montetinea Pet.
-- Nias af autres on a LI fa distally not joined; saccus not dilated
Phereoeca Hint. & Brad.

1) The genera Montetinea Pet. and Tineiforma Ams. are not included in the present key
as their venation is unknown to me.

I. CAPUSE : Palaearctic Tineidae 123

4. — Uncus ending in two lobes; hardly ending in a rounded-clavate lobe when
a prominence on internal surface of the valva is present; saccus short .

A i Obesoceras Pet.

— Wines Aha ine in a 1 shalt tip, eG acute, scarcely rounded;

saccusL long At DEMI ECS Hofm.
5. — Vinculum very Broce TIC snow SACCUSRADSEN LENIG
— Vinculum not so broad, aedeagus long; saccus present. . . . . . 7

6. — Uncus not distinct; valvae complete, basally dilated; anellus simple .

2 5 Lichenovora Pet.
— DE leren Agate? alte deeply vide into two portions; anellus

complicated nr ae Cen ot eaN Det

7. — Uncus consisting of two basen wh stone long hairs Celestica Meyr.
— Uncus consisting either of a plate or of two lobes. . . . . . 8
Sean McusmCOMsistine: OLM twonlobes una ee ANR ONE Fee ABEL IO
— Uncus consisting of a plate. . . . ater ee LO

9. — Tegumen narrow; valva with a ventral long cone arm; aedeagus with an
external very strong cornutus. . . . in) Ischnoscra ‚Mey:

— Tegumen broad; valva without a all. arm, sometimes with a small
prominence; aedeagus with internal cornuti. . . . Novotinea Ams.

10. — Vinculum broad with a long saccus; aedeagus simple, slender, long;
anellus roughly horseshoe-shaped . . . . . . . Agnathosia Ams.

— Vinculum narrow with a simple or double tip; aedeagus complicated, short;
anellus of diverse shape, usually very complicated. . . . . . . 11

11. — Anellus very complicated and developed; valvae asymmetrical; vinculum
with two tips. . . . . . Infurcitinea Spul.1)

— Anellus cuff-shaped, weakly developed cake: symmetrical; vinculum
withroneüp a Wo u. : . . . Gozmanytinea gen. nov.

REFERENCES

AMSEL, H. G., 1938, “Nuove forme di Lepidotteri. Contributo alla conoscenza della Fauna
Entomologica della Sardegna”. Mem. Soc. Ent. Italiana 17: 63—84.
CAPUSE, I., 1963, “Contributii la studiul Tineidelor (Lepidoptera) din R.P.R.”. Com. Acad.
Rep. Pop. Rom. 13 : 377—384.
DIAKONOFF, A., 1954, “Considerations on the terminology of the genitalia in Lepidoptera”.
The Lepidopterists’ News 8: 67—74.
GOZMANY, L. A., 1960, “New and rare Tineids from the palearctic region and one from
Ethiopia (Lepidopt.)”. Acta Zool. Acad. Scient. Hungaricae 6: 103—115.
HINTON, H. E. & J. D. BRADLEY, 1956, “Observations on species of Lepidoptera infesting
stored products. XVI: Two new genera of Clothes Moths (Tineidae)”. The En-
tomologist 89: 42—47.
PETERSEN, G., 1957, “Die Genitalien der paläarktischen Tineiden (Lepidoptera: Tineidae)”’.
Beitr. Ent. 7: 338—379.
, 1958, “Neue paläarktische Tineiden aus der Gruppe der lichenophagen Gattungen
(Lep. Tineidae)”. D. Ent. Zeit. [N.F.} 5: 367—375.
, 1959a, “Ergebnisse der Untersuchung indeterminierter paläarktischer Tineiden aus
dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin und der Sammlung H. G. AMSEL (Karlsruhe)”.
D. Ent. Zeit. [N.F.] 6: 152—159.

1) Here belongs probably also Tineiforma Ams.

124 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 5, 1966

PETERSEN, G., 1959b, “Tineiden aus Afghanistan mit einer Revision der paläarktischen
Scardiinen’’. Beitr. Ent. 9: 558—579.

——, 1961, “Identity, synonymy and generic position of Tinea confusella H.-S. (Lep.,
Tineidae)’”. Ent. Gaz. 12: 117—120.

——, 1962a, “New and rare Tineids (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) in the collections of the
British Museum (Nat. Hist.)”. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. [13] 4: 529—539.

———, 1962b, “Beitrag zur Kenntnis der südeuropäischen Tineiden (Lepidoptera, Tinei-
dae)”. Beitr. naturk. Forsch. SW-Deutschl. 21 : 205—220.

—, 1963, “Ergebnisse der Albanien-Expedition 1961 des Deutschen Entomologischen
Institutes. 3. Beitrag. Lepidoptera: Tineidae”. Beitr. Ent. 13: 1—20.

——, 1964a, “Über einige Tineiden aus SW-Europa”. Reichenbachia 2: 225—233.

—, 1964b, “Neue und seltene lichenophage Tineiden aus Südeuropa (Lepidoptera:
Tineidae)’’. Nachrichtenblatt der Bayr. Ent. 13: 17—25.

——, 1964c, “Zur systematischen Stellung von Tinea moeniella Rössler, 1877”. Beitr.
Ent. 14: 391—393.

——, 1964d, “Zweiter Beitrag zur Kenntnis der geographischen Verbreitung der Tineiden
auf der Iberischen Halbinsel”. Beitr. Ent. 14: 395—420.

——, 1964e, “Tineiden von Karatschi (Pakistan), Fars (SW-Iran) und den Bahrein-
Inseln (Lepidoptera : Tineidae)’’. Beitr. naturk. Forsch. SW-Deutschl. 23 : 111—
122.

SPULER, A., 1910, “Die Schmetterlinge Europas” 2, Stuttgart.

ZAGULAJEV, A. K., 1960. “Tineinae. Fauna SSSR, Moths’ 4, Moscow & Leningrad.

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE

Het verschijnt in één deel van 350—450 bladzijden per jaar, bestaande uit
enkele afleveringen.

x me < = <i
Re

n ENTOMOLOGISCHE BERICHTEN

_ Deze zijn bestemd voor de publicatie van kortere artikelen, faunistische notities
etc., alsmede van de Verslagen der Vergaderingen en van mededelingen van het
bestuur. Zij verschijnen twaalf maal per jaar in een aflevering van 16 of meer
bladzijden, die samen een deel vormen.

TRICHOPTERORUM CATALOGUS
Deze Catalogus van F. C. J. Fischer wordt door de Vereeniging voor rekening
van de auteur uitgegeven. Alle bekende recente en fossiele soorten van de gehele
wereld met hun synoniemen worden er in behandeld. Delen I en II kosten f 39.—
per stuk, delen III-V: f 45 —, deel VI: f 49.—, deel VII: f 42.—. Er zullen in
totaal 15 delen verschijnen. Yan alle delen zijn DE éénzijdig bedrukte pee
beschikbaar. De en hiervoor is gering.

ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA
_ Dit tijdschrift wordt uitgegeven door de Noord-Hollandse Uitgevers Maatschap-
pij te Amsterdam in opdracht van de Vereeniging. Het publiceert artikelen over
experimentele biologie en oekologie bij insecten en andere land-arthropoden. Het
verschijnt vier maal per jaar en bevat 320 bladzijden. De prijs voor leden bedraagt
f 25 —, voor niet-leden f 40.— per jaar.

Alle zakelijke correspondentie betreffende de Vereeniging te richten aan de
Secretaris, W. Hellinga, Weesperzijde 2311, Amsterdam-O.

. Alle correspondentie over de redactie van het Tijdschrift voor Entomologie en
de Monographieën te richten aan de Redacteur, Dr. A. Diakonoff, Rijksmuseum
van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.

Alle correspondentie over de redactie van de Entomologische Berichten te rich-
ten aan de Redacteur, B. J. Lempke, Oude IJselstraat 12111, Amsterdam-Z. 2.

Alle betalingen te richten aan de Penningmeester, Drs. H. Wiering, Doorntjes
29, Bergen (N.H.), postgiro 188130, ten name van de Nederlandsche Entomolo-
gische Vereeniging te Bergen (N.H.).

Alle correspondentie betreffende de Bibliotheek der Vereeniging te richten aan
de Bibliotheek, Zeeburgerdijk 21, Amsterdam-O.

NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS

AES Re:
> ae AE

Contributors will receive free of charge fifty reprints of their papers, joint authors have A

to divide this number between them at their discretion. Additional reprints may be ordered
when returning proofs.

Manuscripts should be written in Dutch, English, French, German or Italian. If they À

contain descriptions of new genera, species, etc., they should be in one of the four last.

mentioned languages.

The author should communicate with the editor before submitting his manuscript. He

will enclose with manuscript a Synopsis (Abstract), styled according to recommendations i
of the UNESCO (style rules will be provided by the editor) and, if needed, a Summary.
Papers in Dutch should contain an Abstract and/or a Summary in one of the four other …

languages.

Manuscripts should be typewritten in double spacing on only one side of the paper, with |

a margin of at least three cm at the left side of each sheet. Paragraphs should be indented.

Carbon copies cannot be accepted, as handling makes them illegible.

Captions for text figures and plates should be written on a separate sheet in double |

spacing, numbered consecutively in arabic numerals; the use of a, b, c, or any other
subdivision of the figure numbering should be avoided.

Drawings for reproduction should be on good paper in Indian ink, preferably at least

one and a half times as large as the ultimate size desired. Lettering should be uniform, and, .

after reduction, of the same size. Photographs should be furnished as shiny positive prints, —

unmounted. Plates should be arranged so as to fill a whole page (11.5 x 19 cm) of the.

Tijdschrift, or a portion thereof, captions included. Combinations of illustrations into groups
are preferable to separate illustrations, since there is a minimum charge per block.

Names of genera and lower systematic categories, new terms and the like are to be under- —
lined by the author in the manuscript by a single straight line. Any other directions as to ï
size or style of the type are given by the editors, not by the author. Italic type or spacing to M

stress ordinary words or sentences is to be avoided. Dates should be spelled as follows: either
”10.V.1948” or ”10 May, 1948”. Other use of latin numerals should be avoided, as well as
abbreviations in the text, save those generally accepted. Numbers from one to ten occurring
in the text should be written in full, one, two, three, etc. Titles must be kept short. Foot-
notes should be kept at a minimum.

Bibliography should not be given in footnotes but compiled in a list at end of the —

paper, styled as follows:
Mosley, M. E., 1932, ”A revision of the European species of the genus Leuctra (Pleco-

ptera)”. — Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [10] 10 (3): 1—41, pl. 1—5, fig. 1—57. Number of

issue should only be added (in parentheses) when it has individual pagination.
Text references to this list might be made thus:
Mosley (1932) says...” or ”’ (Mosley, 1932)”.

The editors reserve the right to adjust style to certain standards of uniformity.

Manuscripts and all communications concerning editorial matters only should be sent to:
Dr. A. DIAKONOFF, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands.

DEEL 109 AFLEVERING 6 SEP 27 198866

UNIVER

TIJDSCHRIFT
VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE

UITGEGEVEN DOOR

DE NEDERLANDSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREENIGING

INHOUD:

M. A. LIEFTINCK. — Notes on some Anthophorine bees, mainly from the Old
World (Apoidea), p. 125—161, Fig. 1—92.

| Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 109, afl. 6 Gepubliceerd 19-VIII-1966 |

Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging

BESTUUR
Prof. Dr. J. van der Vecht, President (1961—1967), Oegstgeest.
Dr. G. Barendrecht, Vice-President (1965—1971), Amsterdam.
W. Hellinga, Secretaris (1963—1969), Amsterdam.
Drs. H. Wiering, Penningmeester (1962—1968), Bergen (N.H.).
Dr. G. Kruseman, Bibliothecaris (1966—1972), Amsterdam.
J. A. Janse (1964—1970), Bennebroek.
Dr. A. F. H. Besemer (1965—1970), Bennekom.

COMMISSIE VAN REDACTIE VOOR DE PUBLICATIES
Prof. Dr. J. van der Vecht (1961—1967), Oegstgeest.
P. Chrysanthus (1964—1967), Oosterhout (N.B.).
Dr. A. Diakonoff (1964—1967), Leiderdorp.
G. L. van Eyndhoven (1966—1969), Haarlem.
Dr. L. G. E. Kalshoven (1964—1967), Blaricum.
Prof. Dr. D. J. Kuenen (benoemd 1957), Leiden.
Dr. P. A. van der Laan (benoemd 1957), Bennekom.
B. J. Lempke (1965—1968), Amsterdam.
Prof. Dr. J. de Wilde (benoemd 1957), Wageningen.
Dr. J. T. Wiebes (1966—1969), Leiden.

De contributie voor het lidmaatschap bedraagt f 20.—, voor student-leden |

f 5.—, per jaar. — Begunstigers betalen jaarlijks tenminste f 20.—.

De leden, behalve de student-leden, ontvangen gratis de Entomologische |

Berichten, waarvan de prijs voor niet-leden f 30.— per jaar en f 3.— per nummer
bedraagt.

De leden kunnen zich voor f 12.50 per jaar abonneren op het Tijdschrift voor
Entomologie; hiervan bedraagt de prijs voor niet-leden f 45.— per jaar.

De eerder verschenen publicaties der Vereeniging zijn voor de leden tegen ver-
minderde prijzen verkrijgbaar. De Vereeniging geeft de volgende publicaties uit.

MONOGRAPHIEEN VAN DE NEDERLANDSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREENIGING

Deze worden met onregelmatige tussenpozen uitgegeven. Er zijn reeds ver-

schenen:

— F. T. Valck Lucassen et al. — Monographie du genre Lomaptera Gory &
Percheron (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae), prijs f 50.—.

1. A. J. Besseling. — De Nederlandse Watermijten (Hydrachnellae Latreille,
1802), prijs f 25.—.

NOTES ON SOME ANTHOPHORINE BEES, MAINLY
FROM THE OLD WORLD (APOIDEA)

M. A. LIEFTINCK
Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden

Abstract

An outline is given of the present state of our knowledge of the tribe Anthophorini. This
is followed by a discussion of the status, interrelationship and distribution of some Old and
New World components of the Habropoda association. The essential features of the type-
species of Anthophora, Emphoropsis, Habropoda and Elaphropoda are enumerated and, to
ensure generic and specific recognition, illustrations of the more important male characters
are supplied for each of these. A review of the Old World members of Habropoda includes
Anthophora oraniensis Lep., from Algeria, which is redescribed and figured. Species doubt-
fully referred to Habropoda are listed, but it is emphasized that this taxon can be split up
in a number of distinct genera with broadly overlapping ranges. One of these is Elaphropoda,
a new genus from Eurasia, which contains several already described and one new species,
E. bembidion sp. n., from Borneo.

Fig. 1—4. Head in fronto-dorsal and lateral view. Fig. 1, Anthophora acervorum (L.), Hol-

land; fig. 2, Emphoropsis laboriosa (F.), Florida; fig. 3, Habropoda tarsata (Spin.), Rome,

Italy; fig. 4, Elaphropoda impatiens (Lieft.), Bukit Kutu, Malaya. Light coloured and dark
areas enclosed in dotted lines. Males

125

126 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 6, 1966

Introduction

The Anthophoridae are a large group of solitary bees having an almost world-
wide distribution, a great many of which also occur in the tropical parts of the
Old World. As far as the elements of the tribe Anthophorini are concerned, those
of the Ethiopian and Malagasy faunal regions are still imperfectly analysed and
will not concern us here: in addition to some others also found elsewhere, two
genera, Pachymelus F. Smith, 1879, and Pachymelopsis Ckll., 1905, are richly

Fig. 5—19. Tarsal claws of hind leg, mandible, maxillae and maxillary palpi, and apical

segments of labial palpi. Vestiture omitted. Fig. 5—8, Anthophora acervorum (L.), Holland;

fig. 9—13, Emphoropsis laboriosa (F.), Florida; fig. 14—16, Habropoda tarsata (Spin.),

Rome, Italy; fig. 17, Elaphropoda impatiens (Lieft.), Fraser's Hill, Malaya; fig. 18—19,

Elaphropoda percarinata (Ckll.), Fukien, China. Corresponding figures drawn to the same
scale. Males

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Notes on Anthophorine bees 127

represented in Madagascar and apparently peculiar to that island. In Eurasia and
Australia, on the other hand, six non-parasitic genera of the tribe have so far been
recognized. These are: Anthophora Latr., 1803 (including the poorly defined
Paramegilla Friese), Heliophila Klug, 1807, Habropoda F. Smith, 1854, Clisodon
Patton, 1879, Amegilla Friese, 1897, and Asaropoda Cockerell, 1926. In the
present paper only Habropoda and a new taxon closely related to it will be
discussed in somewhat greater detail.

The genera Anthophora, Heliophila and Clisodon 1), having mainly a Palearctic
and Mediterranean distribution in the Old World, are not or only poorly

Fig. 20—23. Venation of right pair of wings (right) and portion of fore wings, more

enlarged. Fig. 20, Anthophora acervorum (L.), Holland; fig. 21, Emphoropsis laboriosa

(F.), Florida; fig. 22, Habropoda tarsata (Spin.), Rome, Italy; fig. 23, Elaphropoda impatiens
(Lieft.), Bukit Kutu, Malaya. Corresponding figures drawn to the same scale. Males

1) Revision: V. B. Popov (1951).

128 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 6, 1966

represented in southeast Asia and are absent from Australia. Amegilla, with its
numerous species throughout the warmer parts of the Eastern Hemisphere, is also
the dominant genus in southeast Asia and the Australian region. It was briefly
reviewed by Popov (1950), who was the first to firmly establish its status within
the family, supplying at the same time a list of the described species and lower
categories compiled from the literature then available to him. Towards the eastern
periphery of the Oriental region and on the mainland of Australia Amegilla mixes
with species of the nearly related Asaropoda, which has its centre of distribution
in Australia. A synopsis of the Australian forms was published by RAYMENT
(1951), whose treatment is, however, superficial and does not include any of the
taxa defined by earlier writers. Lastly, the origin and geographical distribution of
the Eurasian genus Habropoda were discussed at some length by Popov (1948),
whose paper clearly demonstrates the complexity of this group. In this synoptic
review the author outlined the supposed evolutionary history of these bees, refer-
ring simultaneously to some taxonomic features. It was necessarily based on a study
of the genus in its broadest sense, as it comprised all described Old World forms
previously assigned to it. Although many of the latter were known to him only
from the literature, all recorded localities were treated alike and entered in a map
showing the distribution regardless of group differentiations. Popov’s concept of
Habropoda not only necessitated the inclusion of at least one African element of
rather remote affinity but also of other units with which he was not personally
acquainted. As a matter of fact, three Eurasian genera with overlapping ranges
are involved in Popov's account. Two of them are treated in the present paper,
while a third (and probably more) still require careful analysis. Moreover, these
taxa are morphologically as closely related among themselves as each of them can
be linked with the dominant genus Anthophora, which is itself highly polymorphic
and of widespread occurrence. For some unknown reason the last-mentioned genus
was entirely left out of consideration in Popov’s account. We have at present
obtained a somewhat better knowledge of the morphology of these bees and,
though still far from complete, it indicates that Popov’s interpretation of the
present-day distribution of the Habropoda group requires considerable alteration.
I also think that the conclusions arrived at by him, though admittedly tentative,
are rather premature and do not permit of a decisive answer to be given on the
origin and evolution of these bees.

In a publication that appeared four years in advance of Popov’s review but
which for obvious reasons had remained unknown to him, I have given
characterizations of a number of old and new species of “Anthophora’ and
“Habropoda’ occurring in the Malaysian subregion (LIEFTINCK, 1944). All
regional species previously assigned by me to Anthophora were subsequently
transferred to Amegilla (LIEFTINCK, 1956) but, in anticipation of a thorough
analysis of the whole complex still amalgamated in Anthophora, I merely stated
that a new genus would be necessary to accommodate the tropical oriental bees
formerly included in Habropoda.

It is the object of the present paper to demonstrate the principal features of this
compact little group, which is here introduced under the new name Elaphropoda,
gen. nov. An attempt will be made to directly compare the type-species and allied

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Notes on Anthophorine bees 129

forms of this taxon with others of more remote affinity and with the types of three
other genera considered to be most nearly related. These representative species are:
Anthophora acervorum (L., 1758), Emphoropsis kboriosa (F., 1804),
Habropoda tarsata (Spinola, 1838) with its immediate allies.

The principal generic characters of Anthophora are contained in the well-known
publication of MICHENER (1944), while definitions of Emphoropsis have been
supplied by a number of writers whose publications are cited under that genus.

The illustrations of morphological structures accompanying the text of the fol-
lowing account are intended to be self-explanatory. As far as the genera Antho-
phora and Emphoropsis are concerned, the figures are given solely for the purpose
of comparison with corresponding structures found in Habropoda and Elaphro-
poda, more comprehensive notes and descriptions, where necessary, being supplied
only for the latter.

Anthophora Latreille, 1803

As is well known, Anthophora contains an enormous number of very diverse
species distributed all over the temperate and subtropical parts of the world, with
radiations in more southerly directions. There is, in fact, a marked decrease in the
number of species south of the Tropic of Cancer; and when leaving aside the
Anthophorini of the African fauna and South America, whose components and
affinities are still imperfectly studied, it can be said that in the Old World tropics
no true Anthophora occur in the Malay Archipelago nor has any been found in
the Australian Region or the Pacific islands.The greatest diversity in morphological
features exists amongst those inhabiting the temperate regions of the Old World
from which it may possibly be inferred that the Nearctic elements are derived
from old stock centred in the Palearctic Region.

In the existing keys and descriptions of these Old World Abo group
characters that may express the probable relationships have only rarely been taken
into account 1). Of the great majority of Mediterranean and Asiatic species, for
instance, practically no descriptions or figures exist of the head and leg structures
or of the male copulatory organs, so that many remain unrecognizable. In several
instances it is not even known whether such forms are true Anthophora or Ame-
gilla. Some of the former are superficially much like Amegilla while others may
easily be mistaken for Heliophila, which themselves are sometimes astoundingly
similar to certain Amegilla with which they occur together. The highly specialized
short-haired and banded groups of true Anthophora are thus frequently confused
with similarly-looking sections of allied genera. With so many of them only known
from descriptions, it is hardly surprising that generic identification can only be a
matter of guess-work. A notable exception to the rule forms the beautifully

1) A section still of doubtful generic (or subgeneric) status is the “subgenus” Paramegilla
Friese, 1897. According to FRIESE, the only character by which it is said to differ from
Anthophora is the presence of large, white pubescent spots at the sides of the abdominal
segments. The type-species of Paramegilla is Apis ireos Pallas, 1773, from Russia; I have
only seen a female of another included species, A. (P.) christofi F. Mor., 1880, from
Turkestan.

130 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 6, 1966

illustrated work of MoRAWITZ (1875) on the bees of Turkestan. In this out-
standing publication a number of excellent drawings of male genitalia are found
which are most helpful in segregating the regional genera and species groups.

The most comprehensive study of Anthophora is the one published by MICHE-
NER (1944), who provided a profusely illustrated account of the general morpho-
logy and anatomy based on one of the commonest Nearctic species, viz. A.
edward sii Cresson. For comparison with other genera discussed in the present paper
I have, for similar reasons, selected one of the best known European representatives,

ES 11 eso

“ di RO : AK
al UN 15 alle
RAS TOO

Atty

(TO

My tlt KG (ee
N ti |

TULA para

pipa lo, je

COLTA
1 Cray

i r &
(A Pel
Mile? (a Par.

Fig. 24—35. Seventh gastral tergite of male, dorsal view (24, 27, 30 and 33), ventral view
more enlarged (25, 28, 31 and 34), and cross-sections of same (26, 29, 32 and 35). Fig.
24—26, Anthophora acervorum (L.), Holland; fig. 27—29, Emphoropsis laboriosa (F.),
Florida; fig. 30—32, Habropoda tarsata (Spin.), Rome, Italy; fig. 33—35, Elaphropoda
impatiens (Lieft.), Fraser's Hill, Malaya. Corresponding figures drawn to the same scale

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Notes on Anthophorine bees 131

Fig. 36—42. Sixth gastral sternite of male, ventral and lateral view (36, 37, 39 and 41),

and cross-sections of same (38, 40 and 42). Fig. 36, Anthophora acervorum (L.), Holland;

fig. 37—38, Emphoropsis laboriosa (F.), Florida; fig. 39—40, Habropoda tarsata (Spin.),

Rome, Italy; fig. 41—42, Elaphropoda impatiens (Lieft.), Bukit Kutu, Malaya. All figures
on the same scale

132 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 6, 1966

i
di

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Notes on Anthophorine bees 133

the type-species A. acervorum (L.). The most important structural characters of
the male are here illustrated; head, mouth-parts and tarsal claw (fig. 1, 5—8),
wings (fig. 20), exposed apical tergites and sternites of abdomen (fig. 24—26
and 36), seventh and eighth sternal plates (fig. 43—44), and genital capsule

(fig. 51).
Habropoda F. Smith, 1854

1854. SMITH, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. 2: 318—319 (Habrophora F. Sm.), 320 (Habropoda
nom. nov.), pl. 12 fig. 9—11.

1869. Dours, Mon. Icon. Anthophora (Mém. Soc. linn. Nord France): 29—34, pl. 1
(partim), pl. 2 fig. 1—6 (col. plate).

1879. PATTON, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. 5: 477—479 (partim, type-species H. ezonata F.
Smith, 1854 = Tetralonia tarsata Spinola, 1838, designated).

1890. DE SAUSSURE, in GRANDIDIER, Hist. Madagascar 20: 12 (diagnosis).

1897. BiliGHam, Fauna Brit. India, Hym. 1: 414 (key), 521—523 (partim), fig. 177; not
pl. IV fig. 6.

1897. Friese, Bienen Europa's 3: 18, 24 (subgenus).

1899. ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 26: 60 (key).

1909. VACHAL, Ann. Soc. ent. France 78: 11 (key).

1923. FRIESE, Die europ. Bienen : 215—217 (notes).

1930. SCHMIEDEKNECHT, Hym. Nord- u. Mitteleuropas, 2. Aufl.: 780 (key, subgenus).

1943. SANDHOUSE, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92: 557.

1948. Popov, Doklady Akad. Nauk URSS, new ser. 59: 1673—1676 (partim!), fig. 1
(map).

1958. IUGA, Subfam. Anthophorinae, in Faun. Rep. Pop. Rom. Ins. 9: 94—97, fig. 40
(wing).

Always excepting the differences found in the wing venation, generic characters
applicable to both sexes of Habropoda are not very well marked and (for the
female) difficult to evaluate. The main characteristics are contained in the afore-
cited references, but it should be remembered that in the diagnoses given by
Dours, PATTON, BINGHAM and also Popov, members of the allied genera
Emphoropsis and Elaphropoda were included. The best general definitions are
those supplied by SMITH and DE SAUSSURE, insofar as these are based only upon
the Mediterranean forms. I have failed to discover clear-cut characters for the
female other than those found in the venation, for I have observed that some
features of the mouth-parts, legs and pygidial area are hardly, if at all, different
from those of certain large-sized species of Anthophora. In both sexes of the more
typical species of Habropoda the interocellar distance is only little longer than the
ocellocular distance, whereas in the type-species of Emphoropsis the lateral ocelli
are more widely separated (ratio about 10 : 7); lastly, in two Emphoropsis-like
bees (from Vietnam and Fukien, respectively), the reverse condition exists (ratio
8.5 : 10). These differences may be, however, of specific rather than generic

Fig. 43—50. Seventh and eighth sternites, exterior view (43, 44 and 50, left and 45—49),

and interior view (43, 44 and 50, right). Fig. 4344, Anthophora acervorum (L.), Holland;

fig. 45—46, Emphoropsis laboriosa (F.), Florida; fig. 4748, Elaphropoda impatiens (Lieft.),

Bukit Kutu, Malaya; fig. 49—50, Habropoda tarsata (Spin.), Rome, Italy. All figures on
the same scale

134 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 6, 1966

significance. Males are easily recognized by a combination of sexual characters,
primary as well as secondary; most of these will be apparent from the accompany-
ing figures. An additional feature worth mentioning is, perhaps, the attenuated
and curiously flattened flagellar segments of the antennae, which in all males
extend beyond the tegulae.

Popov (1948) has already called attention to the remarkably elaborate form
and texture of the invaginated seventh and eighth abdominal sternites in Habro-
poda males. Somewhat beyond half-way their length these plates are distended,
bearing transverse and swollen ridges with angulate or tooth-like marginal
projections which are heavily sclerotized; the apical portions often bear strong

Fig. 51. Genital armature of Anthophora acervorum (L.), Holland, dorsal, left lateral and
ventral view. Fig. 52, the same of Emphoropsis laboriosa (F.), Florida. Enlarged on the
same scale

papillae and bristle-like setae (see fig. 49, 57—58, 63—64, and 69—70). The
long apodemes and spiculae of these plates are also present in some Emphoropsis
and Elaphropoda but the ridges and processes in Emphoropsis are only poorly
indicated while they have completely disappeared in the highly specialized
Elaphropoda.

It will be seen from our illustrations that the resemblance between Habropoda

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Notes on Anthophorine bees 135

and Anthophora is not quite as great as that between either of these and Empho-
ropsis, the latter taking rather an intermediate position in almost every respect.

Pending a characterization of the species reportedly known from the African
continent (south of the Sahara), it seems best not to include these in Habropoda
in the strict sence as applied here. I do not know which species from South and
East Africa Popov (1948) had in mind when recording these on a map (loc. cit.:
1674). He remarks upon four but, with the exception of H. festiva Dours (from

Fig. 53. Genital armature of Elaphropoda impatiens (Lieft.), Bukit Kutu, Malaya. Fig. 54,
the same of Habropoda tarsata (Spin.), Rome, Italy. Enlarged on the same scale

“Cafrerie”), none of them was mentioned by name. I have examined and dissected
a male of a species apparently closely allied to festiva from Tanganyika but,
although this shows some approach towards Habropoda, it is surely not congeneric,
differing also in the venation.

Following the specific accounts of Habropoda proper, I have appended a list of
the Asiatic forms questionably referred to it by previous authors. This list may or
may not include a remarkable species from China of which I have dissected a male
from Fukien, which undoubtedly belongs to yet another genus; it resembles
Elaphropoda but is wholly different structurally. I hope to deal with this and other
forms in a future paper.

136 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 6, 1966

Lastly, mention should be made of Anthophora gracilipes F. Mor., 1873, from
the Caucasus. This is one of a separate species-group of Anthophora, which in
1877 was erroneously transferred to Habropoda by RADOSZKOWSKI (Horae Soc.
Ent. Ross. 12 : 334); I have seen both sexes of it.

Distribution. — From the Mediterranean region eastwards through central Asia
to China (Peking).

Remarks. — The species of Habropoda are probably parasitized by the conspicu-
ous velvet black-and-white pubescent bees of the melectine genus Eupavlovskia
Popov, whose distribution corresponds very nearly with that of their probable hosts
with which they were repeatedly found associated in the field. Nothing further
seems to be known of their biology.

Habropoda tarsata (Spinola, 1838)

1838. SPINOLA, Ann. Soc. ent. France 7: 541—542. — & “environs de Civita Vecchia,
dr. Leach don.” (Tetralonia).

1854. SMITH, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. 2: 320, pl. 7 fig. 6—6a (& ins. & leg). — 28
Albania (H. ezonata sp. n.).

1856. SICHEL, Bull. Soc. ent. France (3) 4: xix. — & Florence; & Sicilia (Anthophora

Passerini sp. n.).

1869. Dours, Mon. Icon. Anthophora : 31—33, pl. 2 fig. 3—4 (2 & colour plate, & hind
leg). — 9 4 Greece.

1874. Dours, Cat. syn. Hym. France, Mém. Soc. linn. Nord France 3: 2 (first record in
France : Hyéres). ie

1876. MORAWITZ, Horae Soc. ent. Ross. 12: 5, 31 (Caucasus).

1878. MORAWITZ, Ibid. 14: 8 (Tauskaja, Caucasus).

1890. DE SAUSSURE, in GRANDIDIER, Hist. Madagascar 20: 12 (key) (H. ezonata Smith).

1897. FRIESE, Bienen Europa's 3 : 24—25 (key), 51—53 (descr., distrib., ethol.) (Podalirius
tarsatus, and as subgenus).

1913. ZAVATTARI, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. comp. Torino 28: 1. — 2 4 Rodi (= Rhodes)
(Anthophora).

1921. FRIESE, Archiv f. Naturgesch. A. 87: 166. — Amanus Mts.

1923. FRIESE, Die europ. Bienen : 215, 217, 226 (flower records, notes), fig. 55 (wings).

1930. SCHMIEDEKNECHT, Hym. Nord- u. Mitteleuropas : 780, 785 (key 2 &) (subgenus).

1948. Popov, Doklady Akad. Nauk URSS, new ser. 59: 1675 (distrib.).

1958. IuGA, Subfam. Anthophorinae, in Faun. Rep. Pop. Rom. Ins. 9: 97 (key) —99. —
& 2 Romania: Tulcea.)

1964. ComBa, Mem. Soc. Ent. Ital. 43 : 44. — & 9 Lazio, Italy.

For good descriptions of this handsome bee reference can be made to the
literature and also to the illustrations supplied in the present paper. The head is
shown in fig. 3, the tarsal claw, mouth-parts and wings in fig. 14—16 and 22
respectively, the male gastral terminalia in fig. 30—31, 39—40 and 49—50, and
the genital apparatus in fig. 54.

Distribution. — Originally described from Italy (Rome), the species is probably
widely distributed in the Mediterranean basin and southwest Asia. The following
localities can be recorded. France: Le Trayas, Le Lavandou and Hyeres (Var);
Nice (Alpes maritimes). — Italy: Bolzano (Bozen, Tirol); environs of
Bologna (Emilia); environs of Genova (Liguria); Firenze and Castiglioncello
near Livorno (Toscana); environs of Rome and Acilia (Lazio); Portici and Castel-

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Notes on Anthophorine bees 137

lammare (Campania); Calabria; Sicily. — Romania: Tulcea.1) — Jugo-
slavia: Pola (Istria); Split (Spalato); Treska valley, Urosevac, Skopje and
Katlanovska Banja (Macedonia). — Bulgaria: Krupnik. — Albania, —
Greece: Corfu; Athens (Mt. Imitos); Attica (Limni Marathonos); Kalavrita
(Peloponnesus) ; Samos; Tinos (Cyclades); Rodhos (Rhodes). — Asia Minor
(Turkey): Marmaris and Ula (Mugla Prov.); Finike (Antalya Prov.); Gozne

(Mersin Prov.); Amanus Mts. (Gavur Daglari). — Caucasus and Trans-
caucasus: various localities.
Remarks. — H. tarsata is an early spring species, occurring from March to the

first half of May in low country; it is often found in company of H. zonatula.
Flower records are: Coronilla emerus, near Krupnik 300 m, leg. PITTIONI (VER-
HOEFF in litt.); Coronilla emerus, Anchusa and Ajuga, near Bolzano (FRIESE,
1897); Echium altissimum and Salvia sclera, at Broshom, 800 m, Caucasus (MORA-
WITZ, 1876); Muscari comosum, in southern France (BARENDRECHT in litt.) ; male
also on Prunus persica (FRIESE, 1923) and P. amygdalus (IuGA, 1958).

Habropoda tadzhica Popov, 1948

1948. Popov, Trans. Tadjik Br. Akad. Sci. URSS 8 : 31—34, fig. a—e (4 struct.). — 9 4
Tadzhikistan.

Material. — 1 & 1 @ (paratypes), labelled (in Russian) “Village Kwak,
2000 m, 35 km N of Dushanbe, 10 & 20.VI.1937, V. Gussakovski” and “Ha-
bropoda tadzhica sp. nov. Popov’, det. V. Popov 1947, in Mus. Leningrad.

This species comes nearest H. tarsata. The original description is incomplete
and does not do full justice to the nature of the pubescent body pattern and the
peculiar structure of the legs and terminalia of the male. The abdomen is neither
tricoloured (tarsata) nor banded (zonatula), but uniformly clothed with rather
long and dense golden yellow hair. The bright yellow clypeus of the male is
marked with black as in the species just mentioned, the size of the spots being
intermediate between the two. Like H. tarsata the fore legs are of simple structure
but the long spine-like coxal process is reduced to a short plate-shaped lamella.
Femur and tibia III are greatly swollen, the inner carina of the tibia terminating
in a short tooth-like subapical projection; the smooth and shiny inner surface of
the greatly modified basitarsus (fig. 55) is deeply hollowed out, the whole
structure smaller than in farsata and shaped differently. The 7th and 8th sternal
plates are shown (fig. 57-58), the 8th sternite bearing more likeness to that of
tarsata (fig. 50) than to zonatula (fig. 64), and considering also the structure of
the genital capsule with its appendages (fig. 56), tadzhica appears to be most
closely related to tarsata. This resemblance applies also to the female pygidial
plate, which in the latter is more narrowly triangular and pointed than it is in
zonatula and allies.

1) This Romanian record was taken from MORAWITZ and possibly confused with Tauskaja
(Tauz in Azerbeidshan), as given by MORAWITZ.

138 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 6, 1966
Habropoda moesta Popov, 1952

1948. Popov, Doklady Akad. Nauk. URSS, new ser. 59 : 1673 (Kopet Dagh, sine nomine).
1952. Popov, Trav. Inst. Zool. Acad. Sci. URSS, Moscou 10 : 113—114. — ® Kopet Dagh.
1960. PONOMAREVA, Ibid. 27: 161 (flower record).

Material. — 1 @ labelled (in Russian) lol. Dere/W. Kopet Dagh, 20.V.1953,
Ponomareva, on Lonicera floribunda, in Mus. Leningrad.

Male unknown. The type is from Germab, Kopet Dagh, LEDER (collector?),
in Mus. Leningrad. The present specimen, identified by A. PONOMAREVA, tallies
with the description. General appearance similar to H. zonatula and balassogloi

“je

Fig. 55—58. Habropoda tadzhica Popov, paratype male, Tadzhikistan; fig. 55, left basitarsus
of hind leg, exterior view; fig. 56, apex of gonoforceps, showing gonostyli; fig. 57 and 58,
seventh (57) and eighth (58) sternal plates, exterior view

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Notes on Anthophorine bees 139

but the abdominal pubescence covers most of the exposed tergal surface and the
anterior limit of the dense apical banding is effaced by the presence of much
shorter and scantier pale hairs covering the basal portions of tergites 2—4. There
is also a greater abundance of longish erect hair interspersed between the appressed
pubescence and this has led Popov to associate this species with H. tarsata rather
than ezonata and immediate allies. His view is supported by the pygidial plate of
moesta being more convex and more definitely pointed than in ezonata. It is, in
fact, shaped similarly to that of tadzhica and tarsata, the last two being un-
questionably intimately allied species.

Habropoda zonatula F. Smith, 1854

1854. SMITH, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. 2: 319, pl. 7 fig. 7 (4 leg). — 2 & Albania (H.
zonatula sp. n.).

1869. Dours, Mon. Icon. Anthophora : 30—31, pl. 2 fig. 1—2 (9 & colour plate). —
Q & Greece.

1874. MORAWITZ, Horae Soc. ent. Ross. 10: 133—134 (addit. descr.). — & Bacu,
Daghestan.

1876. MORAWITZ, Ibid. 12: 5 (Azchur, Caucasus).

1890. DE SAUSSURE, in GRANDIDIER, Hist. Madagascar 20: 12 (key).

1897. FRIESE, Bienen Europa’s 3 : 24—25 (key), 53—55 (descr., distrib., ethol.) (Podalirius
zonatulus).

1923. FRIESE, Die europ. Bienen: 215, 217, 226 (flower records, distrib. etc.).

1930. SCHMIEDEKNECHT, Hym. Nord- u. Mitteleuropas : 780, 784 (key 9 4) (subgenus).

1948. Popov, Doklady Akad. Nauk URSS, new ser. 59: 1675 (distrib.).

1954. IuGA, Bull. stiint. Acad. Rep. Pop. Rom. 6: 792.

1957. Moczar, Fauna Hung. 19. Apidae: 22 (records in Hungary) (Arthophora).

1958. IuGA, Subfam. Anthophorinae, in Faun. Rep. Pop. Rom. Ins. 9: 97 (key), 99—100,
fig. 41—42 (4 struct.). — ¢ Q Romania.

1958. Moczar, Rovart. Koslem (Fol. Ent. Hung.) 11: 404 (records in Hungary & flower
records) (Anthophora).

1964. ComBa, Mem. Soc. Ent. Ital. 43—44. — ® Lazio, Italy.

Superficially, the female of this conspicuous banded bee is more like Antho-
phora or some large-sized Amegilla than any of its congeners. From the former it
can be distinguished, apart from the neural characters, by the narrow malar space
and the widely distant lateral ocelli; from Amegilla it differs by the presence of
pulvilli between the tarsal claws and other characters. The face-marks and
morphological details of a male from Greece are here shown in fig. 59—64.

Distribution. — Like H. tarsata a spring species, first described from Albania.
Widely spread and, though apparently very local, showing a distribution that
broadly overlaps the range of tarsata. The localities known to the writer are as
follows. France: Hyéres (Var). — Italy: environs of Rome (Lazio);
Brindisi (Apulia); Sicily: Mt. Etna (Mte. Rossi, 800 m) and Taormina (Mte.
Ziretto, 200 m). — Malta. — Hungary: various localities, a.o. Cinkota
and environs of Budapest. — Romania: ‘“Tultscha” (? Tulcea); Techirghiol,
and in Craiova. — Jugoslavia: environs of Prilep (Macedonia). — Al-
bania. — Greece: Thessaloniki (Saloniki, Macedonia); Olympia and Mes-
sene (Peloponnesus); Ionian Islands. — Asia Minor (Turkey): Marmaris
and Ula (Mugla Prov.); Cubuk (Ankara Prov.); Bozdogan (Aydin Prov.);

140 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 6, 1966

Amanus Mts. (Gavur Daglari). — Azerbeidshan (Caucasus): Bacu. —
Transcaucasus: various localities. — According to Mr. E. STANEK (in
litt.), the species has recently been discovered also in Czechoslovakia.
Remarks. — There is an old record by FRIESE (1897 : 55) who found the bees
in Hungary, nesting in loamy soil on the roadside between Rakos-Kereshtur and
Czinkota (east of Budapest). The same author mentions Melecta funeraria (=
Eupavlovskia funeraria (F. Smith) as its parasite. Flower records for the female
in Hungary are Salvia and Vicia (FRIESE, 1897 and Moczar, 1958); IUGA (1955)
observed that in Romania males frequent the flowers of Robinia pseudacacia.

Habropoda oraniensis (Lepeletier, 1841) comb. nov.

1841. LEPELETIER, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. 2: 39—40. — 2 & Oran (Anthophora oranıen-
sis sp. n.).

?1849. Lucas, Explor. Sci. Algérie, Zool. 3: 143—144, Hym. pl. 1 fig. 1, laf (3 £
ins.col. & struct.) — 2 & Oran (Anthophora).

Material. — Type series, consisting of 2 9 and 3 &. Lectotype @ (by present
designation), labelled “Oran” on blue disk, under drawer label “Anthophora
Oraniensis Q” (LEPELETIER’s writing in red); lectoallotype ¢ (by present
designation), dissected, bearing same labels as lectotype 9 ; 1 4 1 ©, unlabelled.
All in the Paris Museum. & (incomplete), under drawer label “Anthophora
oraniensis LePell. Oran/coll. Serville, M. de St. Fargeau”, in Mus. Torino.

The above specimens quite unsuspectedly turn out to be true Habropoda,
constituting a species that has always been looked upon as a member of Antho-
phora. It has been no easy matter to find out whether LEPELETIER’s bee has any-
thing to do with the Anthophora oraniensis of Dours (1869), Lucas (1849),
FRIESE (1897) or PRIESNER (1957 : 79—80). FRIESE placed it in a separate group
of his “Subgenus Amegilla Friese’, together with A. caroli Pérez (which is an
Anthophora) and fulvodimidiatus (Dours) (which is a Heliophila); what he
thought to be a female of oraniensis in all probability is some species of Ame-
gilla. The other authors referred to it as Anthophora but in no case did they
supply enough details to enable its recognition. Even the beautifully executed
colour pictures and line drawings in Lucas's work give no clue to reveal its
identity, so that it still remains possible that here also some similarly-looking
species of Anthophora was mistaken for it.

H. oraniensis resembles H. zonatula Smith very closely in most respects. The
following additional descriptions may be supplied of the two sexes, one each (out
of only five) being still in perfect condition.

Female (lectotype, Oran). — Stature and pubescent pattern as in H. zonatula.
Vestiture of head silvery white, very dense and decumbent on labrum, gradually
acquiring a yellowish white tint on vertex and becoming fox red on temples,
occipital region, thorax and first gastral segment; this bright colour changes to
brown on the lower portions of the thoracic pleurae. Legs for the greater part
black haired; tibiae I and II outwardly with a streak of depressed silvery white
tomentum, the black covering inner faces of femora I and II interspersed with
pale hairs; outer faces of basitarsi II whitish. Tibia III black, but outwardly with

141

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Notes on Anthophorine bees

Fig. 59—64. Habropoda zonatula F. Smith, male, Peloponnesus; fig. 59, frontal view of
head, showing face-marks; fig. 60, left basitarsus of hind leg, exterior view; fig. 61—62,
apex of right (61, ventral view) and left (62, dorsal view) gonoforceps, showing gonostyli;

fig. 63—64, apical portions of seventh (63) and eighth (64) sternites, exterior view. Fig. 65.

Habropoda oraniensis (Lep.), lectoallotype male, Oran (Algeria), frontal view of head,
showing face-marks

142 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 6, 1966

a broad, wedge-shaped area of silvery pubescence; outer face of basitarsus III
black, inner face chestnut to dark ferruginous. Wings exactly as in H. zonatula.
Pubescence of first gastral segment dense, erect, fox red; integument of tergites
2—4 shiny, pubescence short and scanty, deep black, each segment bordered
apically with a narrow, sharply defined band of snow white hair leaving off
abruptly at the sides; tergite 5 densely clothed with black hair entirely concealing

Fig. 66—70. Habropoda oraniensis (Lep.), lectoallotype, Oran (Algeria); fig. 66, left basi-

tarsus of hind leg, exterior view; fig. 67—68, apex of right (67, ventral view) and left (68,

dorsal view) gonoforceps, showing gonostyli; fig. 69—70, seventh (69) and eighth (70)
sternites, exterior view

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Notes on Anthophorine bees 143

surface; pygidial segment black. Ventral surface of gaster mainly dark in the
centre, densely fringed with whitish laterally; apical pubescent band of tergite 4
broadly continuous underneath so as to cover also the sternal surface, the next
segments also clothed with long white hair.

Male (lectoallotype). — General aspect, size and texture almost as in H. zona-
tula; differs from it in the reduced face marks, more brightly coloured pubescence
and in structural details of legs and terminalia.

Antennal segments 4—13 missing. Legs generally slightly more robust, pro-
coxal process very similar but more evenly and less strongly downcurved; shape
of basitarsus I similar to zonatula, but basitarsus III relatively shorter and more
expanded distally, the apical process thicker and bluntly triangular, not lanceolate
as in zonatula (cf. fig. 60 and 66). Clypeus yellow, with indication only of dark
basal markings (cf. fig. 59 and 65). Pubescent pattern much as described for the
female, brighter than in zonatula; decumbent and white on labrum, changing to
yellowish white on clypeus and brightening to orange on vertex; vivid thoracic
pubescence becoming lighter, almost white, laterally. Legs clothed with silvery
white tomentum. Transverse apical bands of gastral tergites 2—5 distinct, but on
6 only the sides are white-haired; ventral surface of 3—5 clothed with white hair
laterally.

The contour and sclerotization of the 6th gastral tergite and exposed sternal
plates are very nearly identical in the two species compared, but contrasting
characters are found in the shape of the apical portions of the seventh and eighth
sternites, the surface and borders of which are more or less profusely adorned with
papillae, thick sensory(?) setae and fine pubescence, variable in size, arrangement
and density, as shown (cf. fig. 63—64 and 69—70). When comparing the genital
armature of oraniensis with that of zonatula, it will be observed that slight but
well-marked differences also exist in the shape and vestiture of the gonocoxite,
whose two branches (gonostyli) are shown in outer and inner aspect (cf. fig.
61—62 and 67—68).

LEPELETIER's cotypes ( 4 and 9 in Mus. Paris and 4 in Mus. Torino) are
badly damaged and partly eaten away by insect pests, but all specimens are un-
doubtedly conspecific.

Distribution. — Algeria.
Habropoda balassogloi Radoszkowski, 1877

1877. RADOSZKOWSKI, Hor. Soc. ent. Ross. 12 : 334—335. — @ Etschmiadzin (Caucasus).
1948. Popov, Doklady Akad. Nauk URSS, new ser. 59: 1673—1675 (remarks, distrib.).

Material. — Transcaspia: 1 9, Kasakhstan, labelled “Nikolajewka/
zonatula Smith 9 /Habropoda balassogloi Rad. 2, V. Popov det.”, in Mus.
Leningrad.

The female of this bee is so much like H. zonatula in general appearance and
vestiture that it can be easily mistaken for it. The description of the leg structure

144 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 6, 1966

of the male 1) also corresponds with zonatula but, since it belongs to a group
of closely similar species even in respect of the male terminalia, I have no hesit-
ation in following Popov and considering it a distinct species. Males are not
available for comparison but in the female of balassogloi the pubescent abdominal
bands are distinctly broader than in zonatula and the marginal hair fringes at
the apical sternites are longer, denser and white instead of yellow, the long
pubescence at the temples, thoracic sides and on the scopa being also silvery.
Apical hair band of gastral tergite 5 palest silvery yellow sparsely intermixed with
light brown and hair on both sides of pygidial plate light brown (all bright fer-
ruginous in zonatula). Pubescence on inner faces of middle and hind basitarsi and
penicillus dark brown, not bright golden yellow as in zonatula. The best character
I have found in the antennae, which in balassogloi are distinctly longer than in
zonatula; the first flagellar in balassogloi is about 3.5 times as long as its apical
width, in zonatula less than 3 times, the length of the first four flagellar segments
in balassogloi being in the ratio 28.5 : 10 : 10 : 10, in zonatula 25 : 10 : 10 : 10.
In both species the pygidial plate is flat, finely transversely striate, the sides only
slightly converging towards the rounded and almost truncated apex.
Distribution. — Caucasus and Transcaspia.

Habropoda pekinensis Cockerell, 1911

1911. COCKERELL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 39: 642—643. — & 9 Pekin, China.

1936. GUSSAKOWSKIJ, Trav. Inst. Zool. Acad. Sci. URSS, Moscou 2 (4): 735—736, fig.
1—2 (leg structures). — & Prov. Ala-Shan, W. China (H. alashanica sp. n.).

1948. Popov, Doklady Akad. Nauk URSS, new ser. 59: 1674 and 1675, footnote (syno-
nymy).

Although I have not seen specimens, it is evident from the description that this
bee is a true Habropoda, most closely related to H. zonatula Smith, with which
the species was compared by CockERELL himself. The male is described as having
the characteristic long backwardly directed spine at the anterior coxa and the
greatly flattened lamina at the hind basitarsus, thus agreeing with the European
species. I have adopted the synonymy as given by Popov; yet it seems necessary
to compare GUSSAKOWSKIJ's figures of the leg structure of H. alashanica with the
type of pekinensis in the U.S. National Museum, Washington.

Distribution. — West and East China.

Asiatic species described in Habropoda, or doubtfully referred to Emphoropsis
but requiring further investigation, are the following (arranged in chronological
order):

H. radoszkowskii Dalla Torre, 1896 (Cat. Hym. 10: 285, nom. nov. for
Habropoda montana Radoszkowski, 1882 (Wiadom. nauk przyrodz. Warszowa 2 :
77, 92 & Himalaya, nec Anthophora montana Cresson, 1869).

1) Of the legs RADOSZKOWSKI says: ‘ la base de chaque trochanter des pattes antérieures
on voit une forte apophyse pyriforme d'un jaune pâle, avec l'extrémité émoussée; les
jambes de cette paire sont renflées au milieu; les cuisses des pattes postérieures trés
renflées, creusées un peu en gouttiére, les jambes assez renflées et le premier article des
tarses dilaté, applati et extérieurement bordé de pils gris.” (loc. cit: 335).

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Notes on Anthophorine bees 145

I have not been able to locate the type of H. montana but FRIESE (1897 :
305—306) refers to the latter by quoting the latin diagnosis (‘“ 2 sarothrum rufo,
metatarso posteriori nigro-villosis; & tibiis anterioribus fortiter albido-ciliatis,
metatarso posteriori dente auriculato terminato.”). A female in the British Museum
from Sikkim, Darjeeling, 7000 ft., 4.94, identified by BINGHAM himself, conforms
exactly with his description and figure (1897), as do two unnamed females from
Kumaon, United Prov., W. Almora Div., Nov. 1919, H.G.C., in the same
museum. However, the leg structure of a conspecific male (Shillong 10.03, TUR-
NER coll. 1912-111) differs from that described by BINGHAM, who writes:
“posterior femora very slightly swollen, each posterior tibia produced at its inferior
apex into a compressed, thin, rounded plate.” As it is not the unmodified tibia
but the posterior basitarsus which is produced apically (thus conforming with
RADOSZKOWSKI's statement), the sexes were probably wrongly associated by
BINGHAM. Also in the British Museum collection is a good series (both sexes)
of a closely similar species recently collected in the Taplejung District (East Nepal
Exped. 1961—62). Though undoubtedly closely related, these Shillong and
Nepalese bees differ from each other both in structure and body colour, despite
the fact that all agree in having the posterior tibia unmodified and the basitarsus
widened and provided interiorly with a smooth ridge ending in a blunt tooth.
An examination of the hidden sternites reveals that all of them are unquestionable
Habropoda. These plates, though less heavily sclerotized than in the more typical
members of the genus, are of the same characteristic form, markedly constricted
and transversely ridged about half-way their length and provided apically with
the same minute papillae. The same applies to at least three more species from
various high altitude localities in the Himalayas and Assam (Shillong), of which
specimens are available for further study in the British Museum collection.

H. krishna Bingham, 1908 (Rec. Ind. Mus. 2 : 366—367, & Sikkim, Darjee-
ling, 7000 ft.).

Status uncertain. The author says that it comes nearest to H. radoszkowskii, as
determined by him. Whole body densely covered with long brownish yellow
pubescence. Mandibles and clypeus white, only the sutures of the latter black.
Orbits parallel. Ocelli in equilateral triangle, but description of their position
obscure. Legs normal.

H. turneri Cockerell, 1909 (Entomologist 42: 308, 9 Shillong Assam).

Male unknown. A mounted female in perfect condition (British Museum coll.),
now before me, bears TURNER’s written label “Shillong 9.03” and a second
printed one with “Assam R. E. Turner 1910—225”. This is obviously a topotype,
agreeing with the original description in every respect. A densely pubescent bee
with a strongly contrasting Bombus-like colour pattern of black, canary yellow
and orange-red. Contrary to COCKERELL’s statement on the type, the present
example is compactly built and of normal proportions. The face and mouth-
parts as well as the placement of the ocelli are as in Habropoda; the slender
sickle-shaped mandibles bear a single subapical interior tooth and the tongue is
of moderate length. Unusual features are (1) the greater length of the marginal

146 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 6, 1966

cell of the fore wing and (2) the minute size of the pulvilli between the tarsal
claws, characters which it shares alike with H. mimetica Ckll., from China, which
appears to be closely allied.

H. tainanicola Strand, 1913 (Supplem. Entom. Berlin 2: 51—52, ® For-
mosa).

Male unknown. Position of first recurrent vein of fore wing slightly variable:
usually received slightly before end of second submarginal, more rarely interstitial
with its distal side. Body pubescence of head, thorax and gastral segments 1 to
3—4 black, for the rest orange. Clypeus prominent, black. According to STRAND
the species resembles H. radoszkowskii D.T. (sensu BINGHAM!)

H. rowlandi Meade-Waldo, 1914 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 13: 50—51,
2 4 Shillong Assam).

Appears to be allied with H. turner: Ckll., the male of which is unknown. The
male of rowlandi has the clypeus totally pale yellow without any indication of a
keel; the antennae are wholly black, the scape not yellow, as is so prevalent in
males of this genus. In the female the face is all black, the legs ferruginous and
the pubescence golden brown. I noted that the type (no. 637), in the British
Museum, is not a true Habropoda, but the terminalia of the male have not yet
been examined.

H. hookeri Cockerell, 1920 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 6: 202—203, 2
Simla, 7000 ft. and 9 Mussoorie, 7000 ft.).

Male unknown. According to COCKERELL nearly agrees with H. radoszkowskii
D.T. (= montana Rad.), as described by BINGHAM. It is held distinct from that
species on account of the unmodified and not specially broadened hind tibia.
These are, however, characters of the male, not of the female, and since COCKE-
RELL had no male of hookeri, this distinguishing character does not hold good.

H. mimetica Cockerell, 1927 (Amer. Mus. Novit. 274: 15, 9 Yen Ping,
China).

According to COCKERELL, this species is allied to H. turneri Ckll. The male has
not so far been described but will, it is hoped, be made known soon. I have
examined a series of both sexes from Fukien (SE China) and, as these do not fit
the diagnosis of either Habropoda and Elaphropoda, a new genus (or subgenus)
will be necessary to accommodate the species.

H. sutepensis Cockerell, 1929 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 4: 132—133, &
Siam).

A small, densely pubescent species with normally shaped legs and a non-pro-
tuberant yellow clypeus. I have examined the types of either sex in the British
Museum collection (&, no. 652), the female having also been described by
COCKERELL. The species approaches Elaphropoda in several characters but probably
requires a new generic (or subgeneric) name to hold it.

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Notes on Anthophorine bees 147

H. nubilipennis Cockerell, 1930 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 6: 52, 9
Foochow, China).

I agree with COCKERELL that the type, which I examined in the British Museum
collection (no. 645), is not the female of H. percarinata, the latter being now
transferred to Elaphropoda. The two species are not even congeneric but the exact
status of »ubilipennis (male unknown) remains to be established. The head of
H. nubilipennis is shaped differently, the clypeus being shorter, considerably less
swollen than in Elaphropoda, while the brown face marks are more sharply
defined and shaped otherwise, as compared with members of that genus. It ap-
proaches a Chinese species-group of which H. mimetica is one of the participants
but, pending the discovery of the male, this is all that can be said.

H. sinensis Alfken, 1937 (Ent. & Phytopath. 5 : 404—405, ® 4 Chekiang,
China).

It is absolutely impossible from the description alone to obtain an impression
of this bee, nearly all characters mentioned being insignificant.

Emphoropsis Ashmead, 1899

1879. PATTON, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey 5: 477—478 (partim, sub Habropoda).

1899. ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 26: 60 (key, gen. nov.).

1901. COCKERELL & COCKERELL, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 7: 48 (type-species Anthophora
floridana F. Smith, 1854 = Bombus laboriosus F., 1804).

1905. COCKERELL, Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4: 99—100 (revision).

1909. COCKERELL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 36 : 414 (Emphoropsis murihirta murina Ckll. 1909,
first taxon included in Meliturgopsis Ashmead, 1899 : 62 = Emphoropsis Ashmead,
1899 : 60, teste COCKERELL).

1943. SANDHOUSE, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92: 547, 572.

1944. MICHENER, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 82: 285—286 (incl. key).

1951. MICHENER, in MUESEBECK et al, Agric. Mon. U.S. Dept. Agric. Wash. 2: 1239 —
1240 (catalog).

1962. MITCHELL, Tech. Bul. N. Carol. Agric. Exp. St. 152: 234 (key), 331—332 (diagn.,
references, etc.), fig. 67 (wings).

This New World genus is included here for comparison with related taxa in the
Anthophorini. For descriptions of the type-species, E. laboriosa (F.) (= flori-
dana Sm.) and other members of the genus, the reader may be referred to the
existing literature, the fullest characterization having been published recently
by MITCHELL (1962). In the same year, TIMBERLAKE (Ent. News 73 : 36—38)
described E. excellens Timb., an aberrant species from California, the male of
which differs remarkably from other members by the structure of its antennae
and legs.

Of the described species I have been able to examine both sexes of E. depressa
(Fowler), dammersi Timb., interspersa Ckll. and miserabilis (Cress.); also the
males of E. laboriosa (F.) and pallida Timb.; and a female of E. rugosissima
Ckll. In general appearance all these species are closely similar to members of
Anthophora with which they occur together in parts of their range. The generic
characters of the venation are those enumerated and illustrated by PATTON (1879)
and MITCHELL (1962). In all species examined the first recurrent vein in the fore
wing is received just before the second intercubitus and the transverse median

148 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 6, 1966

is placed slightly postfurcal (fig. 21); in several /aboriosa and a male of E. mise-
rabilis these veins are interstitial or coincide in one point, as is also the case in
the Chinese ‘“Habropoda” and all Elaphropoda (fig. 23). It will be seen that the
latter differs from Emphoropsis in the much longer marginal cell and numerous
structural characters. MICHENER (1944) has suggested that some of the bees
described in Habropoda from East Asia (e.g. China) are in reality Emphoropsis.
This may be true, as the resemblance is quite striking. In the Chinese species
group the venation is scarcely more like true Habropoda than Emphoropsis, but
since not one of the East Asiatic forms has yet been studied in sufficient detail, a
decisive answer to this question can not yet be given.

Emphoropsis laboriosa (Fabricius, 1804)

1804. FABRICIUS, Syst. Piez.: 352, no. 51. — © Hab. in Carolina (Bombus laboriosus nov.).

1854. SMITH, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. 2: 339—340. — 9 & East Florida (Anthophora
Floridana sp. n.).

1962. MITCHELL, Tech. Bul. N. Carol. Agric. Exp. St. 152: 332—333 (descr., distrib.,
ethol.), fig. 94 (head 9 &), 95 (3 terminalia).

Material. — Florida: & (dissected), Florida, Dunedin, 30.1.1932, A. L.
MELANDER, identified by P. A. TIMBERLAKE.

Good figures of the head (male and female), wings and male terminalia are
to be found in MITCHELL’s work (loc. cit.). These conform to the illustrations
here given, except that the head of the male in fig. 2 was drawn from a slightly
different angle of view. Other figures are those of the tarsal claw (fig. 9), mouth-
parts (fig. 11-13), wings (fig. 21), seventh tergite (fig. 27—28), transverse
section of gaster (fig. 29), sixth sternite (fig. 37—38), seventh and eighth sternal
plates (fig. 45—46), and genital capsule (fig. 52).

Elaphropoda gen. nov.

1897. BINGHAM, Fauna Brit. India, Hym. 1: 414, 521—523 (partim), not fig. 177, but
with pl. IV fig. 6 (Habropoda magrettii Bingh. &).

1944. LIEFTINCK, Treubia, hors ser.: 77—93, fig. 23—31, pl. 42 fig. 5—8 (phot. ¢ 2
Habropoda impatiens sp. n.).

1965. MICHENER, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 130: 14, 17—18 and 20 (Habropoda).

Medium-sized Anthophorini with elongate body and sparsely pubescent
abdomen. Integument dark brown or black, the face, legs and parts of abdomen
often predominantly light coloured (ochraceous-orange). Pubescence throughout
short and scanty, except on thorax, where it is long and dense; plumose hairs
behind orbits, on thorax, and partly also on legs and gastral sternites. Disk of
labrum and clypeus sparsely covered with long, erect, bristle-like hairs. Abdomen
comparatively long and narrow, that of male even more slender with pointed
apex, the intermediate and terminal segments cylindrical in cross-section (fig. 35).
Integument well exposed under the short tomentum, tergites not distinctly banded
but posterior margins usually with narrow fringe of dense appressed pubescence;
hair fringes of sternites longer, erect and plumose.

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Notes on Anthophorine bees 149

Head. Labial palpus 4-segmented, longer than galea, first segment very long
and attenuated, about three times as long as second, the two apical segments small
(fig. 19, 87); galea of proboscis extending back to or slightly beyond base of
hind coxa in repose and when extended much longer than abdomen; glossa very
long, with appressed pubescence, distal one-third with longer erect hairs. Maxil-
lary palpus subequal in length to stipes, very slender, 6-segmented, second seg-
ment longest, separate segments in the ratio of 6 : 23 : 16 : 11 : 7 : 5, about the
same in either sex of all species (fig. 18). Structure of head, fig. 4 and 81. Face
narrow, inner orbits subparallel, curvature slightly inwardly convex, shortest
distance between eyes about midway their length in full frontal view. Ocellorbital
distance about twice broader than interocellar distance, but only one-half of the
clypeocellar distance. Clypeus longer than its distance from anterior ocellus
(clypeocellar distance) and much longer than its width at base (about 5 : 3);
strongly protuberant, usually with distinct median longitudinal keel, its greatest
depth in side view about equal to diameter of eye. Frontal carina poorly developed,
reduced to a short elongate, antero-median tubercle situated at level of antennal
sockets. Ocelli placed in a triangle, closely approximated, the anterior one largest,
its distance from either posterior ocellus about one-third of the interocellar
distance. Malar space distinct, though short, one-seventh to almost one-tenth of
its width. Labrum subcordate, only little wider than long, its anterior border
entire, but apex distinctly produced. Mandibles with two well-developed interior
subapical teeth, the proximal tooth shortest (fig. 82). Antenna slender, of normal
length, flagellar segments longer than wide (10 : 8); first joint of flagellum
much widened towards apex; ratios of length and breadth as 12 : 9 (4 ) and
17:9 (2); length ratios of first four flagellar segments as 12 : 6 : 10 : 10 (&)
ande 4068553105 210. ADE

Wings as for tribe, with short narrow stigma. Marginal cell of fore wing much
longer than distance from its rounded apex to wing tip, free part of marginal
cell only little shorter than rest of cell; first submarginal cell shorter than second
and third together but longer than third, the second much the shortest though
rather high and squarish, with its costal side little shorter than the anal; costal
side of third submarginal likewise shorter than anal side; first recurrent vein
invariably interstitial with second intercubital vein; fork of basal vein coincident
with transverse median, which is hardly curved. Hind wing with transverse median
vein moderately oblique and outwardly convex, about half as long as its distance
from the fork M-Cz, the second abscissa obsolete beyond half-way length of M;
jugal lobe small, lanceolate (fig. 23).

Legs slender, coxae not modified, unarmed; trochanter of hind leg of male
enlarged, angular and produced backward, its posterior (caudal) surface flat-
tened, that of female simple and rounded. Hind femur of male conspicuously
inflated, its inner surface flat and bounded by two longitudinal keels, the inner-
most acute, the outer blunt; hind tibia laterally compressed, the inner surface
smooth, shiny, slightly hollowed out and bounded by longitudinal sharp keels,
in side view the tibia is strongly widened towards apex, ending in a triquetrous
lamella. Claws similar in both sexes, deeply cleft, inner ramus shorter and more
robust than outer; orbicula and pulvillus (arolia) well developed (fig. 17).

150 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 6, 1966

Scopal hairs of female not plumose, rather short and sparse, not at all concealing
surface. Basitibial plate of female distinct, subtriangular, apex narrowly rounded,
that of male similar and of equal size but poorly defined and this only at extreme
apex, which is subacute.

Abdomen slender, more cylindrical than in allied genera, often with in-
tegumental maculations; pubescence short and sparse, segments not or only
narrowly banded. Seventh gastral tergite of male strongly tapered, sixth sternite
usually more distinctly so, apex subacute. Seventh and eighth sternites unmodified,
thin and delicate, disk of the former broader than long, finely pubescent with
abruptly pointed apex, the latter subrectangular, apex emarginate. Gonostylus at
apex of gonocoxite distinct and bipartite, consisting of a long, thin, plate-shaped
exterior process, situated dorsad, and a slightly shorter, cylindrical or rod-like
interior process, placed more ventrad; penis valves (sagittae) robust and thick,
strongly incurved, the broad apices emarginate and/or toothed; membranous
midlobe of penis short, transverse. Pygidial plate of female subtriangular, slightly
longer than its width at base, apex very broadly rounded.

Type-species: Habropoda impatiens Lieftinck, 1944.

Though previous discoveries in Malaya, Borneo and China include bees closely
comparable with E. impatiens, I have selected this form as the type-species as it is
the only one of which both sexes were fully described and illustrated.

The species placed in this new genus recall Apis in stature and general ap-
pearance, especially the female. They can be easily distinguished from Anthophora,
Habropoda and Emphoropsis by the tridentate mandibles, closely approximated
ocelli, sparsely pubescent legs and abdomen, and the great length of the marginal
cell of the fore wing. Additional features both sexes have in common are:
extremely attenuated mouth-parts, strongly elevated narrow face and conspicu-
ously light-coloured legs. Males have modified hind legs and a pointed abdomen,
the tapered form of the last visible segments being noteworthy. The apical sternal
plates and genitalia are altogether different in shape from those of the allied
genera, the former being flat, delicately pubescent structures (fig. 33—34, 41—42,
47—48, 76—80, 84—86, and 88—92). The characters of the legs, venation and
genitalia at once exclude relationship with certain species of the Amegilla florea
(F. Smith) assemblage, which they resemble at a casual glance. Some of the latter
are equally striking for their strongly protuberant facial parts, enormously
lengthened glossa and short pubescence; they are, however, at once separated by
the absence of pulvilli (arolia) between the tarsal claws.

It is of interest also to compare Elaphropoda with Deltoptila LaBerge & Mi-
chener (1963), recently proposed for a group of Anthophorini occurring in
Middle America. The authors found it to resemble Habropoda more nearly than
it does Emphoropsis, especially in regard to the slender form of the legs, the
short and sparse scopal hairs and, especially, the equilateral ocellar triangle.
Deltoptila includes several species doubtfully placed in Habropoda by early
American writers and it will be clear that the authors of the new taxon were
entirely justified to remove it therefrom and place it in a genus of its own. It
should be borne in mind that Deltoptila was compared with Habropoda at a time

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Notes on Anthophorine bees 151

when Elaphropoda had not yet been separated from it as a distinct genus. It is
exactly with the last-mentioned group that Deltoptila was primarily compared,
sharing with it the long proboscis, unusually protuberant face and the features
already mentioned. This resemblance is rather surprising but on the other hand
there are well marked differences between the two. Chief amongst these are: the
longer malar space of Deltoptila, the single inner tooth at its mandibles, the
much shorter 2nd and 3rd segments of maxillary palpi, the shorter submarginal
cell of the fore wing, and the different male genitalia and apical sternal plates.

Significant specific characters appear to be slight and few in number. Nearly
all species have been described from single individuals of either sex, thus making
it quite impossible to form an opinion about the consistency of any given character.
For instance in E. impatiens, the only species of which good series of both sexes
are available, the extent of “red” colour on the gastral segments was found to
vary considerably between individuals and thus proved of no help in the separation
of species. In regard to body sculpturing and degree of hairiness all known species
seem to be practically alike, even the male sexual organs hardly showing distinctive
differences. Under the circumstances all that could be done was to profusely
illustrate the few characters most likely to be constant, i.e. the shape of the hind
tibia and the penis valves of the male genital apparatus. For details not mentioned
under the species discussed hereafter, see the comprehensive specific descriptions
of E. impatiens (Lieft.) in the writer's previous paper (1944).

Distribution. — Sumatra (terr. typ.); from the Himalayas to southeast China,
and through Burma and Malaya to Java and Borneo.

Remarks. — Restricted to the humid rain forests of the lower mountain zone
(1450—1700 m alt.). Owing to this peculiar habitat and the extremely swift
flight of Elaphropoda, these bees are easily overlooked and very rare in collections.
The two species known from Sumatra and Java were both caught on flowers of
Impatiens (Balsaminaceae). The same species in Malaya, Sumatra and Java are
presumably parasitized by their nearest melectine relatives of the genus Callo-
melecta Ckll. discussed also in my 1944 article.

Elaphropoda magrettii (Bingham, 1897) comb. nov.

1897. BINGHAM, Fauna Brit. India, Hym. 1: 522 (key), 523, pl. 4 fig. 6 (& insect). —
4 Kumaon (Habropoda magrettii, n. sp.).

1909. BINGHAM, Rec. Ind. Mus. 2 : 366 (locality only). — Ferozepore, Punjab (Habropoda).

1920. COCKERELL, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 6: 201—202. — & Kumaon (Habropoda
fletcheri, sp. n.) Syn. nov.

Material. — The types of these two Himalayan species were examined by me
in the British Museum collection (#agrettii, no. 638). Both are from Kumaon
(northern United Provinces, W of Nepal), COCKERELL’s specimen of fletcheri
bearing a label “Kumaon, Ramgarh, 6000’, viii.1918, Fletcher”.

A third male, now before me and in the British Museum under H. magretti
Bingh., is labelled “Shillong 9.03” (written) and “Assam R. Turner 1905—125”
(printed). It agrees with my notes on the type but was received too late for dis-
section, figuring and incorporation in this paper. It is a rather small specimen
with light-coloured legs, only the bases of all femora being diffusely brown. The

152 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 6, 1966

inner outline of the hind tibia when viewed from below is distinctly undulated,
thus differing from the figures here presented for related species. This male
probably is correctly identified.

Clypeus not carinate down the middle, lacking the longitudinal keel so well
pronounced in most other species. In the original description of fletcheri this bee is
said to be less robust than magrettii, with black femora and dark apex of abdomen.
The first statement I am unable to confirm, while the only point of distinction
between the two relates to body colour, which, as I have shown for zmpatiens, in
this group varies greatly between individuals when good series can be compared.
The gastral tergites in all males of either magretti and fletcheri are dull black
with faint blue and purplish reflections, lacking “red” areas, only the hind
margins of the segments being broadly testaceous, as they are also in the Chinese
E. percarinata (Ckll.), which has, however, a sharply defined clypeal keel. In
general appearance and venation these bees are quite similar to E. moelleri and
other members here united, but the male sternites and genital organs of the types
could not be investigated; further material of the present species from the same
country is therefore needed to decide on the relationship of these closely similar
bees. I have no doubt that magrettii and fletcheri are conspecific.

Distribution. — Northern India and ? Assam.

Elaphropoda khasiana (Schulz, 1906) comb. nov.

1904. CAMERON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 13: 211—212 (pars: 2 only!). — 2 Khasia
Hills (Habropoda fulvipes sp. n.).

1906. SCHULZ, Spolia hymenopt.: 253 (Anthophora khasianus nom. nov. for Habropoda
fulvipes Cam., not Anthophora fulvipes Eversm.).

1920. COCKERELL, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 6: 202 (descr.). — & Khasia Hills (Habro-
poda fulvipes Cam.).

1922. COCKERELL, Ibid. (9) 9: 248 (note) (Habropoda fulvipes Cam.).

1927. COCKERELL, Ibid. (9) 20: 530—531 (add. notes on &) (H. fulvipes Cam.).

Material. — Assam: 9 (lectotype), labelled “Khasia”, ROTHNEY coll., in
the University Museum, Oxford.

This bee is a true Elaphropoda, conforming in every respect to the diagnosis
of that genus. COCKERELL (1922) already pointed out that CAMERON’s male of
fulvipes does not belong here but is a halictine (Thrinchostoma spec., possibly
sladeni Ckll., 1913), CAMERON having been led astray by comparing his specimen
with BINGHAM’s picture of the male of E. magrettii (Bingham), a totally different
bee; and by wrongly associating the sexes he naturally considered his female to
represent a new species. In an earlier paper COCKERELL (1920) refers to a (topo-
typical!) male from the Khasia Hills he received from Mr. SLADEN, which he
characterizes as follows: “... the face below the antennae is entirely rich chrome-
yellow and the clypeus is carinated. The scape is yellow in front. The abdomen
has the first two segments red”. I have not seen this specimen, but since the last-
mentioned brief description applies to any other species of the group except
magreitii (which has no clypeal keel), its identity must remain doubtful. It may
be conspecific with E. moelleri (Bingham), described from a male, but as long

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Notes on Anthophorine bees 153

as no direct comparisons can be made of the structural features of these bees,
nothing definite can be said.
Distribution. — Assam and ? Siam.

Although SCHULZ wrongly considered Anthophora fulvipes Eversmann, 1846,
and Habropoda fulvipes Cameron, 1904, to be congeneric, we have to accept the
substitute name &Aasiana Schulz for this species, fulvipes Cameron being a junior
secondary homonym of fulvipes Eversmann.

Elaphropoda moelleri (Bingham, 1897) comb. nov.

1897. BINGHAM, Fauna Brit. India, Hym. 1: 522 (key), 523. — & Native Sikkim (Habro-
poda moelleri, n. sp.).

Material. — & (holotype, no. 636), bearing BINGHAM’s locality label, in the
British Museum collection. It may well have been taken in the Darjeeling district
(eastern Himalayas), east of Nepal. A second 3 (Miinich museum), now before
me, is labelled “Sikkim/Waagen/46” and “Habropoda moelleri Bingh. det. E.
Clement”.

The present 4 agrees well with the type and original description, except that
only the first gastral segment is entirely “red”, the disk of the succeeding segments
of the abdomen being obscured, exactly as in magretti and dark individuals, males
as well as females, among our series of E. impatiens from Sumatra and the Malay

Fig. 71—75. Elaphropoda species, horizontal interior view of right hind tibia; fig. 71, E.

moelleri (Bingham), Sikkim; fig. 72, E.? impatiens (Lieft.), Lower Burma; fig. 73, E. im-

patiens (Lieft.), Fraser's Hill, Malaya; fig. 74, E. impatiens (Lieft.), paratype, Mt. Tang-

gamus, S. Sumatra; fig. 75, E. percarinata (Ckll.), Tachulan, Fukien. All figures drawn to
the same scale

154 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 6, 1966

Peninsula. Here again we meet with colour differences which are obviously of no
use for specific discrimination.

Whole anterior surface of head, including labrum and most of the mandibles,
honey yellow, except a pair of dark ferruginous hair-lines running from the
transverse clypeal suture down along subantennal grooves to tentorial pits; yellow
lateral face marks extending upward along eye-margin to upper margin of antennal
sockets. Supraclypeal mark triangular, 2%, times broader than high, surface on
top of this mark slightly raised, forming a low tubercle. Anterior face of antennal
scape honey yellow, tawny behind; pedicel dark brown; flagellum ochraceous
tawny, apical portion of first and basal part of second flagellar segments lighter.
Hind leg (except coxa and trochanter) entirely pale, basitarsus not obscured.

Terminalia very similar to those of the allied species, as in fig. 76—77 (the
7th sternite was damaged and lost).

The following additional features, taken from the single male now before me,
may or may not be of specific value as they would seem to apply to most, if not
all, species examined.

Labrum widest about half-way its length, only little longer than wide (43 : 40).
Length and basal width ratio of clypeus 50 : 32. Clypeocellar distance shorter than
length of clypeus (40 : 55). Anterior length ratios of first four flagellar segments
of antennae 13 : 5 : 10 : 10. Hind tibia about twice as long as its width at apex,
measured along inner margin; inner aspect of hind tibia, see fig. 71.

Were it not for the strongly developed clypeal keel, moelleri would come very
near magrettii, but on the strength of this important character, I prefer to keep
the species apart.

Elaphropoda impatiens (Lieftinck, 1944) comb. nov.

1944. LIEFTINCK, Treubia, hors sér.: 80—91, pl. 42 fig. S—7 (& @ ins. phot.) fig. 23—31
(& struct.). — ¢Q Sumatra (Habropoda).

21927. COCKERELL, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 20: 531 (record only). — 2 Peninsular
Siam (Habropoda fulvipes Cam.).

Additional material. — Sumatra: series ¢ 9, NE Sumatra, Deli, Berastagi,
foot of Mt. Sinabung, 1400 m, 7—14.XI.1950, in dense forest, on flowers of
Impatiens sp., M. A. LIEFTINCK; ?, NE Sumatra, Deli, Sibolangit forest reserve,
450 m, 16.X1.1950, same collector; 9, W Sumatra, Kerintji, Muara Sako,
X.1915, EDW. JACOBSON. — Malay Peninsula: 9, Negeri Sembilan,
Gunong Angsi, 2000—2790 ft, IV.1918; 4, Selangor, Bukit Kutu, 3300 ft,
IX.1932; 3 9, Perak, Larut Hills, 4000—4500 ft., 11.1932; 2 9, Pahang, Fraser’s
Hill, 4200—4600 ft, X.1933 & V.1936; 9, Pahang, Cameron’s Highlands, 5000
ft, VI.1935; all H. M. PENDLEBURY. — Thailand: &, Chiengmai, Doi
Suthep, 900 m, 14.X1.1957, J. L. GRESSITT, Bishop Mus. — Burma: 9, Lower
Burma, S Shan States, Road 40 km E of Taunggyi, 25.IX—13.X.1934, R. MA-
LAISE, Mus. Stockholm.

There is almost complete agreement between the type series and the additional
examples from NE Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, the latter exhibiting the

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Notes on Anthophorine bees 155

same amount of variation in the abdominal colour pattern. This was described
by me earlier and need not be repeated here. In fig. 23 of the original description
the face marks of the male are incorrectly shown to extend inward behind the
antennal sockets. This is due to the fact that the similarly coloured dense hair
tufts on both sides of the frons were mistaken for integumental spots; in reality
the paraclypeal area is coloured exactly as in E. bembidion sp. n., as shown in
fig. 4 of the present paper. It will be seen, however, that the latter differs from

Fig. 76—81. Structural details of Elaphropoda males; fig. 76—77, E. moelleri (Bingham),

eighth sternite (76), exterior view, and right gonoforceps and volsella (77), partial ventral

view; fig. 78—80, E. ? impatiens (Lieft.), Lower Burma, seventh sternite (78), eighth

sternite (79), exterior view, and right gonoforceps and volsella (80), partial ventral view;

fig. 81, E. bembidion sp. n., holotype, Mt. Kinabalu, N Borneo, frontal view of head.
Vestiture in fig. 77 and 80 omitted

impatiens by having a pair of conspicuous dark blotches on the clypeus (fig. 81).
The supraclypeal mark in both sexes of zmpatiens is invariably shaped like a broad
triangle, as correctly indicated in fig. 23 of the earlier paper. Despite the very
close similarity in general appearance, colour and pubescent pattern, the specimens
from Burma, Malaya and Sumatra are not quite alike with respect to certain
structural proportions. The clypeocellar distance and length of clypeus are in the
ratio of 40 : 50 (Burma and Malaya), as against 40 : 55.6 (Sumatra); the length
and basal width of the clypeus and median interorbital width are in the ratios
of 50 : 32 : 60 (Malaya and Sumatra) and 50 : 32 : 56 (Burma). Slight dif-
ferences were also noted in the configuration of the hind tibiae as seen from
beneath (fig. 72—74), but when viewed from the side the shapes and propor-
tions were found to be nearly identical.

156 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 6, 1966

The Burmese male is a worn specimen whose coloured pubescence has lost
much of its freshness. In this specimen the first gastral segment and a pair of
transverse spots (one on either side) at the base of the second, are “red”, the
hind margins of 2—6 being broadly bordered with ochraceous, thus differing
from the others in which these segments are only narrowly light-bordered. Now
COCKERELL (1927) records E. khasiana (Schulz) from Peninsular Siam, so that
the present male may belong to that species rather than zmpatiens? Its tibia is
shown in fig. 72, the terminalia in fig. 78—80.

Distribution. — Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula (universal); ? Lower Burma.

Remarks. — I came across this elusive species again in northern Sumatra under
circumstances almost identical to those during my collecting trip in 1939 and 1940
to south Sumatra. I wrote about these as follows: “On Mt. Tanggamoes H. im-
patiens was strictly confined in its visits to one particular kind of flower, viz. a
wild Balsam, Impatiens cf. oncidioides, with large yellow flowers carrying long
curved spurs. Patches of this hygrophilous plant were found in damp shady
situations, chiefly in trenches and other gloomy places beside the long-abandoned
track on the edge of the dense virgin forest. Once arrived there, we were soon
struck by the shrill note of impatiens which flashed hither and thither among
the low herbage. The males kept up a continual flight over the flowers which
only the females searched for honey and pollen; the males greatly outnumbered
the females and alighted only rarely in sunlit openings, on leaves and tiny
branches; they were exceedingly alert and difficult to capture when ranging over
the flowers in search of the females. Curiously enough, the insects were most
abundant when the weather was dull and were active even when it was raining.
Although common in this restricted habitat and possibly breeding gregariously,
we have been unable to find the nests. H. impatiens is probably the host of Cal-
lomelecta vulpecula, which was captured in the same locality and on the same
days.” (LIEFTINCK, 1944 : 90—91).

Elaphropoda erratica (Lieftinck, 1944) comb. nov.

1944. LIEFTINCK, Treubia, hors sér.: 91—93, pl. 42 fig. 8 (2 ins. phot.). — 9 West Java
(Habropoda).

Additional material. — Java: 9, W Java, Mt. Pangrango, southern slope,
1200 m, 7.VIII.1949, on flower of Impatiens platypetala in humid forest, M. A.
LIEFTINCK.

This is the second known example of a very rare species. It is exactly identical
with the type. Unfortunately the male has remained unknown, but it should be
easily distinguished from impatiens by its smaller size and different face marks.

Elaphropoda bembidion sp. n.

Material. — Borneo: & (diss.), N Borneo (Sabah), Mt. Kinabalu, Ke-
nokok, 3300 ft., 29.1V.1929, H. M. PENDLEBURY. Holotype ex F. M. S. Mus., in
the British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

Characters as for genus. Closely resembling dark individuals of E. impatiens

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Notes on Anthophorine bees 157

(Lieft.), but differing in details of coloration, armature of legs and abdominal
terminalia, as follows.

Male. — Mouth-parts, greater part of face and scape of antenna anteriorly,
deep chrome, the malar space, teeth and apex of mandible, dark ferruginous.
Face marks, frons and antennae dark brown, only the distal portion of first
flagellar segment of antenna red brown; orange supraclypeal mark high and nar-
row (fig. 81). Legs rufous, the coxae and trochanters hazel; outer face of hind
femur slightly darker towards apex, the basitibial area and hind basitarsus dark
brown. Wings more strongly tinged with yellow than in E. zmpatiens, but the
neuration as in that species. Integument of gaster coloured as in the darkest in-
dividuals of E. impatiens, i.e. no ‘‘red” areas on basal segments; instead, the hind
margins of all tergites are more broadly pale coloured (cinnamon-buff) than in
impatiens, the apical bands occupying only little less than half of the exposed
surface of segm. 1—5, the sternites on the contrary being predominantly dark
brown. Body pubescence as in E. impatiens.

Structure. — Clypeocellar distance and length of clypeus in the ratio of 40 :
54.5; length and basal width ratio of clypeus 50 : 30; length ratios of first four
flagellar segments of antenna, 12 : 6 : 10 : 10. Clypeal keel well developed,
similar to E. impatiens. Inferior keel of hind tibia more sharply pronounced than
in impatiens, the apical lamella distinctly more drawn out in lateral view and
narrower, the apex almost pointed when looked at from beneath (fig. 83). Length
of body 15 mm approx., length of fore wing 11 mm.

Frontal view of head as in fig. 81; mandible, fig. 82. nmel very similar
to those of the allied species (fig. 8486).

Immediately distinguished from its allies by the well-developed dark brown
clypeal marks, which in the males of all other described species are reduced to
narrow dark stripes, often mere hair lines extending along the subantennal suture
as far as the anterior tentorial pits, the clypeus itself remaining unmarked. The
species is also remarkable for its darker wings, which are deeply stained with
yellow. The female remains unknown.

Distribution. — Borneo.

Elaphropoda percarinata (Cockerell, 1930) comb. nov.

1930. COCKERELL, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 6: 51—52. — & Foochow, China (Habro-
poda).

Material. — China: & (holotype, no. 644), SE China, Fukien, Foochow
district, KELLOGG, in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). — 2 & (diss.) 9, SE
China, Fukien, Shaowu, Tachulan, 8—17.VIII, 8—14.IX.1943 and 27.VII.1947;
& (diss.) 9, same area, Stat. 1, 1500 m, 3.VIII.1946; 4 9, same area, Kuatun,
Chungan, 1400 m, 4—6.VII.1945 and Sanchiang, Stat. 9, 14—1500 m, 11—
12.VIII.1945; ©, Fukien, Kienyang, Hwangkeng, Stat. 2, no date; all TsınG-
CHAO MAA.

The present specimens are referred here with some misgivings, the pubescence
in all of them being rather paler than in the type and possibly discoloured. In

158 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 6, 1966

general they agree with the type but differ by having the greater part of the
anterior face of the antennal scape definitely yellow, though the yellow area is
not sharply defined. In the original description no mention has been made of the
consistency of the long hairs covering the clypeus on either side, the latter being

Fig. 82—86. Elaphropoda bembidion sp. n., holotype, Mt. Kinabalu, N Borneo; fig. 82,

right mandible, exterior view (bristling omitted); fig. 83, right hind tibia, horizontal interior

view; fig. 84 and 85, seventh (84) and eighth (85) sternites, exterior view; fig. 86, right
gonoforceps and volsella, partial ventral view (vestiture omitted).

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Notes on Anthophorine bees 159

bristly, not abundant, brown on upper portion and becoming golden yellow
anteriorly. The wings are exactly as described for magrettii and impatiens; the
marginal cell in the type is erroneously described as “not greatly produced”, it
being in fact of the same great length as in all other species of Elaphropoda.
The tarsi of the type are described as “black or nearly so”, but I failed to notice
any difference between our specimens and the type, in which they are ochraceous
orange, only the basitarsus III being conspicuously dark brown, and the claws are
tipped with black.

The abdomen in both sexes is blackish brown or black, the integument of the

of labial palpus; fig. 88, sixth gastral sternite, exterior and profile view; fig. 89—90, seventh
(89) and eighth (90) sternites, exterior view; fig. 91, genital capsule, ventral and left
lateral view; fig. 92, right gonoforceps and volsella, partial ventral view (vestiture omitted).

160 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 6, 1966

posterior margins of the first five gastral segments being pale brownish yellow,
those of the tergites broadly, of the sternites more narrowly so. There are no “red”
areas on the first two tergites in any of the present series, males and females,
which thus differ from the type. The thin short pubescence on the disk of the
gastral tergites is more dense than in any of the other species described, but the
integument still remains well visible under the tomentum.

Male characters. — Clypeus relatively long, clypeocellar distance and length of
clypeus in the ratio 40 : 56.5; length and basal width ratio of clypeus 50 : 30;
length ratios of first four flagellar segments of antenna, 12 : 5 : 10 : 10. Details
of structure, taken from two males collected at Shaowu (Tachulan) are illustrated
(fig. 75 and 87—92).

COCKERELL compares his specimen with H. fulvipes Cam. (= khasiana Schulz)
and magrettii, with which the species is, indeed, very nearly related.
Distribution. — East China (Fukien).

Acknowledgements

My sincere thanks are due to ail entomologists who have assisted me in carrying
out the present investigation, which is to be considered as a preliminary to further
studies on a somewhat larger scale. It was started before I left Indonesia and is
mainly based on material then received through the good offices of several cor-
respondents abroad. Many of the illustrations were also prepared about that time,
while others were supplemented only recently.

I am deeply grateful to the late H. M. PENDLEBURY, a learned scientist who
before his untimely death was an entomologist at the Federated Malay States
museum, Kuala Lumpur; his Malayan insect collections will long remain an im-
portant source of information. Through the great kindness of Dr. P. H. TIMBER-
LAKE, of the Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside (Cal.), I obtained representative
species of various Nearctic anthophorines, while the late Dr. V. B. Popov and
A. PONOMAREVA, of the Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences (Leningrad),
supplied valuable material of Eurasian Habropoda. The rich material given to me
by Dr. T. C. Maa, from his expeditions in southeast China, also added a great
deal to our knowledge of this group. Lastly, I am much obliged to the following
persons and institutions who enabled me to study material in museums and
private collections: Dr. G. BARENDRECHT, Laboratorium voor Toegepaste Ento-
mologie (Amsterdam); Fr. P. BENNo (Babberich); Dr. M. CERUTTI and ELENA
ETZELSDORFER, Istituto Nazionale di Entomologia (Roma); Dr. M. CoMBA
(Roma); Dr. ELLI FRANZ, Natur-Museum Senckenberg (Frankfurt); Dr. J. L.
GRESSITT and Miss S. NAKATA, B.P. Bishop Museum (Honolulu); Dr. DELFA
GUIGLIA, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale (Genova); Prof. Dr. G. GRANDI,
Istituto di Entomologia (Bologna); SIMONE KELNER-PILLAULT, Muséum National
d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris); Dr. G. KRUSEMAN, Zoologisch Museum (Amster-
dam); Dr. F. KÜHLHORN, Zoologische Staatssammlung des Bayerischen Staates
(München); Dr. R. MALAISE, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum (Stockholm); Prof.
Dr. L. Parpi and Frl. Goss, Museo di Zoologia della Universita (Torino) ;

M. A. LIEFTINCK : Notes on Anthophorine bees 161

Prof. Dr. G. C. VARLEY and Mr. E. TAYLOR, Hope Department of Zoology
(Oxford); Mr. P. VERHOEFF (Den Dolder); and Dr. I. H. H. Yarrow, British
Museum, Nat. Hist. (London).

REFERENCES

BINGHAM, C. T. 1897. — The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hym. I,
579 pp., fig. & pl.

FRIESE, H. 1897. — Die Bienen Europa’s (Apidae europaeae), etc. III. Berlin, 316 pp., fig.

LABERGE, W. E. & C. D. MICHENER. 1963. — Deltoptila, a Middle American genus of
Anthophorine bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Bull. Univ. Nebraska State Mus. 4:
211—225, fig.

LIEFTINCK, M. A. 1944. — Some Malaysian bees of the family Anthophoridae (Hym.,
Apoidea). Dobutu gaku-iho (Treubia) 1 (hors serie) 2604 (= 1944): 57—138,

fig. & pl. 42.

, 1956. — Revision of some Oriental Anthophorine bees of the genus Amegilla
Friese (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Zool. Verhand. Leiden 30: 1—41, fig.
MICHENER, C. D. 1944. — Comparative external morphology, phylogeny, and a classification
of the bees (Hymenoptera). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 82: 151—326, fig. &

diagr.

MITCHELL, T. B. 1962. — Bees of the Eastern United States. II. Techn. Bull. North Carol.
Agric, Exp, Stan 152557. pps fig:

MORAWITZ, F. 1875—76. — Hymenopt. mellif. in FEDTSCHENKO’s Voyage in Turkestan,
Moscou I, 19 (2): 1—60 (text, 1875) and II, 21 (3): 161—304 (plates only,
1876). In Russian.

Popov, V. B. 1948. — Geographical distribution of the Apidae of the genus Habropoda
F. Smith, Dokl. Akad. Nauk URSS, Moscou, new ser. 59: 1673—1676, 1 map.
In Russian.

——, 1950. — The genus Amegilla Friese (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Entom. Oboz. 31:
257—261, fig. In Russian.

——, 1951. — Geographical distribution and evolution of the Apidae of the genus
Clisodon Patton (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Zool. Zh. Akad. Nauk SSSR
Moscou (formerly Revue russe Zool.) 30: 243—253, fig. and map. In Russian.

PRIESNER, H. 1957. — A review of the Anthophora-species of Egypt (Hymenoptera :
Apidae). Bull. Soc. Entom. Egypt 41: 1—115.
RAYMENT, T. 1951. — A critical revision of species in the genus Asaropoda by new

characters. Mem. Nat. Mus. Vict., Melbourne 17: 65—80, pls. I—III.

La
dt

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE

Het verschijnt in één deel van 350—450 bladzijden per jaar, bestaande uit
enkele afleveringen.

TRICHOPTERORUM CATALOGUS
Deze Catalogus van F. C. J. Fischer wordt door de Vereeniging voor rekening
van de auteur uitgegeven. Alle bekende recente en fossiele soorten van de gehele
wereld met hun synoniemen worden er in behandeld. Delen I en II kosten f 39.—
per stuk, delen III-V: f 45.—, deel VI: f 49.—, deel VII: f 42.—. Er zullen in
totaal 15 delen verschijnen. Van alle delen zijn ook éénzijdig bedrukte exemplaren
beschikbaar. De prijsverhoging hiervoor is gering.

Alle zakelijke correspondentie betreffende de Vereeniging te richten aan de
Secretaris, W. Hellinga, Weesperzijde 2311, Amsterdam-O.

Alle correspondentie over de redactie van het Tijdschrift voor Entomologie en
de Monographieén te richten aan de Redacteur, Dr. A. Diakonoff, Rijksmuseum
van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.

Alle correspondentie over de redactie van de Entomologische Berichten te rich-
ten aan de Redacteur, B. J. Lempke, Oude IJselstraat 12111, Amsterdam-Z. 2.

Alle betalingen te richten aan de Penningmeester, Drs. H. Wiering, Doorntjes
29, Bergen (N.H.), postgiro 188130, ten name van de Nederlandsche Entomolo-
gische Vereeniging te Bergen (N.H.).

Alle correspondentie betreffende de Bibliotheek der Vereeniging te richten aan
de Bibliotheek, Zeeburgerdijk 21, Amsterdam-O.

NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS
_ All correspondence referring to subscriptions and exchange of the periodicals
of the Netherlands Entomological Society should be addressed to the Librarian,
Zeeburgerdijk 21, Amsterdam-O, Netherlands.

Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging

BESTUUR
Prof. Dr. J. van der Vecht, President (1961—1967), Oegstgeest.
Dr. G. Barendrecht, Vice-President (1965—1971), Amsterdam.
W. Hellinga, Secretaris (1963—1969), Amsterdam.
Drs. H. Wiering, Penningmeester (1962—1968), Bergen (N.H.).
Dr. G. Kruseman, Bibliothecaris (1966—1972), Amsterdam.
J. A. Janse (1964—1970), Bennebroek.
Dr. A. F. H. Besemer (1965—1970), Bennekom.

COMMISSIE VAN REDACTIE VOOR DE PUBLICATIES
Prof. Dr. J. van der Vecht (1961—1967), Cegstgeest.
P. Chrysanthus (1964—1967), Oosterhout (N.B.).
Dr. A. Diakonoff (1964—1967), Leiderdorp.
G. L. van Eyndhoven (1966—1969), Haarlem.
Dr. L. G. E. Kalshoven (1964—1967), Blaricum.
Prof. Dr. D. J. Kuenen (benoemd 1957), Leiden.
Dr. P. A. van der Laan (benoemd 1957), Bennekom.
B. J. Lempke (1965—1968), Amsterdam.
Prof. Dr. J. de Wilde (benoemd 1957), Wageningen.
Dr. J. T. Wiebes (1966—1969), Leiden.

De contributie voor het lidmaatschap bedraagt f 20.—, voor student-leden
f 5.—, per jaar. — Begunstigers betalen jaarlijks tenminste f 20.—.

De leden, behalve de student-leden, ontvangen gratis de Entomologische
Berichten, waarvan de prijs voor niet-leden f 30.— per jaar en f 3.— per nummer
bedraagt.

De leden kunnen zich voor f 12.50 per jaar abonneren op het Tydschrift voor
Entomologie; hiervan bedraagt de prijs voor niet-leden f 45.— per jaar.

De eerder verschenen publicaties der Vereeniging zijn voor de leden tegen ver-
minderde prijzen verkrijgbaar. De Vereeniging geeft de volgende publicaties uit.

MONOGRAPHIEEN VAN DE NEDERLANDSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREENIGING

Deze worden met onregelmatige tussenpozen uitgegeven. Er zijn reeds ver-

schenen:

— F. T. Valck Lucassen et al. — Monographie du genre Lomaptera Gory &
Percheron (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae), prijs f 50.—. |

1. A. J. Besseling. — De Nederlandse Watermijten (Hydrachnellae Latreille,
1802), prijs f 25.—.

BORNEAN FIG WASPS FROM FICUS STUPENDA MIQUEL
(HYMENOPTERA, CHALCIDOIDEA)

J. T. WIEBES

Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden

ABSTRACT

The Agaonidae Blastophaga (Waterstoniella) masii Grandi, 9 6, and Blastophaga (B.)
errata spec. nov., 9, reared from one and the same receptacle of Ficus stupenda Miq., are
described together with other fig wasps from the same sample, viz. Agaonidae: Ceratosolen
spec. near C. notus (Baker), & (contamination of the sample?); Sycophagine Torymidae:
Arachonia borneensis spec. nov., 9, Sycoryctes hilli spec. nov, 9 8, Sycoscapter reticulatus
spec. nov, 2 4 (including a possibly conspecific, giant male), Sycoscapteridea stilifera
spec. nov., 2, Grandiana corneliae spec. nov, 9 4.

INTRODUCTION

One of the moot points in the hypothesis of specificity of figs and fig wasps,
is the question whether two species of Agaonidae can live in one species of Ficus.

WILLIAMS (1928: 9—10) tried Blastophaga (Eupristina) bakeri (Grandi),
the symbiont of Ficus forstenit Miq., on young figs of Ficus microcarpa Linn. f.,
and Ceratosolen notus (Baker) from Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr., on Ficus botryo-
carpa Miq. It appeared that the wasps entered the foreign receptacles and, in the
latter instance, oviposited in the gall flowers.

JOSEPH (1953a: 282; 1954: 409) recorded two specimens of Agaonidae from
one species of Ficus, viz. Ceratosolen fusciceps (Mayr) and Blastophaga (Eupris-
tina) belgaumensis (Joseph) from Ficus drupacea Thunb. var. pubescens (Roth)
Corner. I suggested (WIEBES, 1963: 98) that these records might be due to
confusion of the figs of the strangler Ficus with those of its host Ficus, either
by the collector or by the wasps.

Figs of Ficus stupenda Miq., collected by E. J. H. CORNER in Borneo, attracted
attention because of the many kinds of insect emerging (CORNER, 1964: 38). The
insect fauna of these receptacles is described in the present paper, some Chalcido-
idea not belonging to the Agaonidae nor to the Sycophagine Torymidae excepted.

HOST RECORDS FROM Ficus stupenda AND RELATED FIGS

A survey of the Agaonidae and Sycophagine Torymidae (Sycophilini excluded)
from Ficus stupenda and related figs of subsection Conosycea (Miq.) Corner, is
given in Table I. Ficus arnottiana Miq. (with Blastophaga (B.) arnottiana Joseph,
and Terastiozoon incompletum Joseph), Ficus chrysolepis Mig. (with Blastophaga
sp. near “Ceratosolen” megarhopalus Grandi), Ficus crassiramea Mig. (with

163

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 7, 1966

164

‘paio Surpueis snorqnp jo sWIoF awog (+

ee en

POOMISIM PAPAS 7112409] AL
Ydasof stsuojpsog uoozorsv4a],
"AOU ‘dads 307794403 vuripursy poomIsa M z2549punvs vjargosks ydesof vqvsszavja vpjaiqosks — tur JasaNO

_—errmmee_oomere—rre__—""—" © «© © —*T€*_TT |O€0o(P CT(TET*OWE=WO=< «*£ « «*®*«_ «=-<{Z SS

‘sou ‘dads 249/1115 vaprtordvIsoxs

“AOU “Dads 5712]131194 421dvI509(S sI9apuneS Sıudısur 4214250 ydasof szwuofzn 4ardv3sosks
‘sou “dads 7719 S219£409£S TUIPPAITODAG
‘AOU ‘Dads 515429440] VIUOGIVAH ydasof vsowund viuoqIriy

—_ceé o], == =" =——_—"r St ne ee.
poom3sa n Szurffp vrjardr3sosks
ydasof suszsosuvavay stsoqkmorprgd

(aoe A) Sworsuvar sisadkstopiqgd ydasof »sourdsısuor stsadkaorrgd turd Anjo] g

ydasof sısusrpragrjvgt vajaqsoyvivg TUISEYdOIAG
Lee Lee INI AAE AIA

“ads 23705070427 (tke) sdasıssn{ uazosowsay
‘aou ads 272442 (‘@) v3vgdossergg (sispunes) (ydasof )
IpueIo 2524 (ppppruogsuamw AL) värgdorsvyg suosvu (vunsudng) vrgdorsvyg Sisuauinvsjaq (vunsudng) virgdorsvyg aepruoesy
"Dim vpuodnis sns] (HT stsuorg8uog sns] ‘quny.L vasvdusp sn]

Ee A ee ee ee
(papnpxa urprydos4s) seprumAso] aurseydookg pue sepruor$y ‘sp10931 3S0Y 3WOS ‘I IGEL

J. T. WIEBES: Fig wasps from Ficus stupenda 165

Blastophaga (Waterstoniella) jacobsoni Grandi), and Ficus forstenii Mig. (with
Blastophaga (Eupristina) bakeri (Grandi)), are not included in this table.

I have the impression that the following species do not belong to the regular
fauna of the figs listed:

Ceratosolen fusciceps (Mayr), known as the symbiont of Ficus racemosa L.;

Blastophaga errata spec. nov.;

Ceratosolen spec., close to C. notus (Baker) from Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr.;

Parakoebelea thalakvadiensis Joseph; the other species of this genus, P. stratheni
Joseph, is known from Ficus racemosa L.

The Philotrypini, Sycoryctini and Otitesellini are abundant throughout the sub-
genus Urostigma (Gasp.) Miq.

Philotrypesis transiens (Walker), P. travancoricus Joseph and Sycoscaptella
affinis Westwood may actually be only one and the same species of Philotrypests.
Terastiozoon keralensis Joseph seems to be identical with Walkerella temeraria
Westwood. Redescriptions of these species will be presented in a separate paper.

The fact is now unambiguously established, that more than one species of
Agaonidae can reproduce in the receptacles of one fig. The data suggest that there
are some Sycophaginae too, that can develop in a fig specifically or even sub-
generically distinct from their normal host. I feel that this conclusion, although
it does not affect the general hypothesis of host specificity, should warn against
too strict appliance of the principle in special instances.

AGAONIDAE FROM Ficus stupenda

A preliminary report on the pollinating insects from Ficus stupenda was
presented to the XIIth International Congress of Entomology (WIEBES, 1965).

The Agaonid wasps reared from Ficus stupenda belong to Blastophaga (Wa-
terstoniella) masii Grandi, Blastophaga (B.) errata spec. nov., and Ceratosolen
spec. near C. notus (Baker). I am not sure that the Ceratosolen are not a
contamination of the sample.

Galls situated side by side in the same receptacle, contained nymphs of B. errata
and B. masii, respectively. This not only means that the females of these two
species of Agaonidae entered the same young receptacle, but also that they ovi-
posited, and that a new generation of both (females and males of B. mast,
females only of B. errata) developed in one and the same fig.

Blastophaga (Waterstoniella) masii is the second species of the subgenus to
become known in the male sex. The description of this male allows for a better
evaluation of the relationship of the group.

Blastophaga (Waterstoniella) masii Grandi
(Fig. 1—7)

Blastophaga (Waterstoniella) masii Grandi, 1921, Ann. Mus. Stor. nat. Genova 49 : 306
(descr. 9 in key, Engano); Grandi, 1922, Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici 15 : 213—215, fig. IV
(descr. 2, Bua-Bua, Engano, leg. E. Modigliani, 5.VI.1891); Grandi, 1924, Boll. Lab. Zool.
Portici 18: 11—12, fig. IV 3—4 (add. descr. 9, Fort de Kock, Sumatra, leg. E. Jacobson,

166 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 7, 1966

1.1923); Grandi, 1932, Verh. Kon. natuurhist. Mus. Belgié, buiten reeks 4 (5): 5 (2,

Samarinda, Borneo, 8.11.1929).
Waterstoniella spec.; Wiebes, 1965, Proc. XIIth Int. Congr. Ent., London 1964: 95 (ex

Ficus stupenda Miq., North Borneo, leg. E. J. H. Corner).

Fig. 1—7. Blastophaga (Waterstoniella) masii Grandi, male. 1, apex of fore tibia, and tarsus,
axial aspect; 2, mid tibia and tarsus, antiaxial aspect; 3, hind tibia and tarsus, antiaxial aspect;
4, left mandible and hypostomal margin, ventral aspect; 5, left antenna, dorsal aspect;
6, head and thorax, dorsal aspect (pubescence omitted); 7, outline of penis, dorsal aspect. —
Fig. 8—11. Blastophaga (Waterstoniella) jacobsoni Grandi, male. 8, fore tibia and tarsus,
axial aspect; 9, do., specimen from type lot; 10, mid tibia and tarsus, antiaxial aspect; 11,
apex of hind tibia, and three tarsal segments, antiaxial aspect. — Fig. 1—5, 7—11, X 165;
Gy 3k

J. T. WIEBES : Fig wasps from Ficus stupenda 167

Material. — Series 9, 4, coll. Mus. Leiden, no. 715; Sungei Liwagu, North
Borneo, 4000 ft., ex Ficus stupenda Miq. (leg. et det. E. J. H. CORNER, RSNB
no. 2845); 9, slides nos. 715a, b, &, slides nos. 715 c-e.

Male. — Reference is made to Blastophaga (Waterstoniella) jacobsoni Grandi,
the only male of the subgenus hitherto known. Dr. GRANDI sent to me some
specimens from the type lot of B. jacobsoni (Fig. 9), for comparison with the
present material of B. masii. Most drawings of B. jacobsoni (Fig. 8, 10—11),
however, were made from another sample (coll. Mus. Leiden, no. 323) from the
type locality (Bot. Gdn., Bogor, Java, ex Ficus crassiramea Miq., leg. J. VAN DER
VECHT, 5.1V.1955).

B. masii is somewhat variable, particularly in the chaetotaxy of the legs. The
same appears to apply to B. jacobsoni; cf. its description by GRANDI (1917:
TP), Veta, IDO),

Head (Fig. 6) depress, transverse, nearly twice as wide as long, with scattered
small hairs. Eyes relatively small. Mandible (Fig. 4) large, other mouth parts
atrophied; a variable number of hairs occur next to the oral aperture. Antenna
(Fig. 5) much like that of B. jacobsoni, but the flagellar segments relatively
longer; the club entire.

Thorax (Fig. 6) large and wide, depress, with scattered small hairs. Pronotum
with anterior and lateral expansions, as in males of Euwpristina Saunders; the
mesonotum approximately twice as wide as its median length, with posterior parts
next to the propodeum; the metanotum visible in dorsal aspect as two lateral
sclerites. Propodeum almost completely separate, nearly as long as wide, the
spiracular peritremata almost circular, lateral in position. Prosternum short and
wide, the prothoracic episterna large. Fore leg, Fig. 1. The dorsal tibial spines,
found in all specimens of B. jacobsoni studied (Fig. 8—9), lacking; apical armature
of the tibia as in B. jacobsoni. First tarsal segment with conical spines in variable
number, other segments with normal spines. In B. jacobsoni, also the second tarsal
segment (Fig. 8) and in some instances the third (Fig. 9), bear conical spines;
the number is variable, even in both legs of one specimen. Tarsal segments
approximately in ratio 4 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 2. Mid leg, Fig. 2. The dorsal margin of the
tibia without conical spines (present in B. jacobsoni, Fig. 10; although the number
is variable); the ventral angle produced, with one axial conical spine, and one
antiaxial. The tarsus with conical spines on the first segment only (in B. jacobsoni
also on the second, and sometimes on the third); the segments approximately in
ratio 10 : 5 : 5 : 5 : 8. Hind leg, Fig. 3. In comparison with B. jacobsoni (Fig.
11), the dorso-apical conical spines of the tibia are relatively smaller and more
concealed by the pubescence; the bidental apical crest is more robust, the teeth
being inequal; the dorso-apical angle is distinctly produced. The ventral conical
spines on the first tarsal segment are again smaller than in B. jacobsoni; the second
segment bears only one cone, while the axial side has a robust spine instead; the
segments are more transverse, approximately in ratio 5 : 1:1: 1 : 5.

Gaster. Penis, Fig. 7.

Length (head and thorax), 1.5—1.6 mm. Colour olive-brown.

168 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 7, 1966

Remark. — At first sight the male of B. masii reminds one of a species ot
Eupristina, but a closer examination reveals its true subgeneric position. The
characters of the head, antennae and thorax, similar to those of B. jacobsoni,
confirm Waterstoniella Grandi as a distinct group in Blastophaga Gravenhorst.
It appears to be close to Ezpristina Saunders, which relation is better depicted in
the new classification of Eupristina as another subgenus of Blastophaga (WIEBES,
1963: 100; GRANDI, 1963: 334), instead of as a distinct genus.

Blastophaga (Blastophaga) errata spec. nov.
(Fig. 12—20)

Ceratosolen spec. (part.); Wiebes, 1965, Proc. XIIth Int. Congr. Ent., London 1964 : 95
(ex Ficus stupenda Miq., North Borneo, leg. E. J. H. Corner).

Material. — Series 9, coll. Mus. Leiden, no. 778; Sungei Liwagu, North
Borneo, 4000 ft., ex Ficus stupenda Mig. (leg. et det. E. J. H. CORNER, RSNB
no. 2845); 9 holotype, slide no. 778a, ® paratype, slide no. 778b.

Female. — Head (Fig. 18) about as long as wide across the compound eyes;
the short pubescence becomes longer towards the cheeks. Facial groove rather
narrow. The cheek nearly one and a half times as long as the longitudinal diameter
of a compound eye. Three ocelli. Epistomal margin trilobate, the lateral lobes not
prominent. Mandible (Fig. 16) with 13 ventral ridges, its appendage with nine
lamellae. Labium and maxillae (Fig. 14) with two long, apical hairs each. Antenna
(Fig. 13) with eleven free segments, the last three of which are shaped so as to
form a club; the scape twice as long as its maximum width, with a prominent
ridge on the antiaxial disc, the dorsal and ventral margins hirsute; the pedicel
short, with a few axial spines only; the third segment small, its appendage (Fig.
12) wide and blunt, reaching halfway the fifth segment; the fourth segment
small, with apical hairs; the fifth and sixth little longer than the fourth but
distinctly wider, with apical hairs and one row of large, oblong sensilla; the seventh
to ninth segments with more hairs, and with two rows of sensilla each (more
regularly spaced at the axial side than at the antiaxial); the tenth segment shorter
than the seventh to ninth, and about as long as the sixth although much wider,
with one irregular row of oblong sensilla (forming two nearly complete rows at
the axial side) and many circular pits; the ultimate segment shortest, with oblong
sensilla and many blunt, sensillar hairs. The characters of the antenna appear to
be rather variable in the present series. The club may consist of only two, sub-
equal, distinct segments (numbers 9 and 10), and the number of sensilla may be
larger, especially on the axial side.

Thorax almost glabrous. Pronotum rather short; the dorsal disc with small hairs
in the posterior corners, the lateral parts with more, longer hairs. Scutum some-
what wider than long, subglabrous, some six short hairs occur along the postero-
lateral margins only, the parapsides with some hairs; the scutellum as long as
wide, with approximately 25 short hairs; the metanotum glabrous except for
approximately seven lateral hairs towards each lateral margin. Propodeum not
very long, with five hairs before, and many more, longer hairs behind the

J. T. WIEBES : Fig wasps from Ficus stupenda 169

spiracular peritremata; some more, smaller hairs occur along the posterior margin.
Wings with many microtrichae and few longer hairs. Fore wing (5 : 2), 2.0 mm
long; the submarginal, marginal, stigmal, and postmarginal veins in ratio
26 : 8 : 5 : 8, the submarginal and stigmal both with three pustules; the fringe
rather short. Hind wing (7 : 2), 1.1 mm long; the fringe longer. Fore leg (Fig.
15): the coxa half as long as the femur, with some hairs on the axial and anti-
axial surfaces; the femur more than twice as long as the tibia including the dorsal

DNS

Fig. 12—20. Blastophaga (B.) errata spec. nov., female holotype. 12, antenna, detail in anti-

axial view; 13, antenna, antiaxial aspect; 14, labium and maxillae, ventral aspect; 15, fore tibia

and metatarsus, antiaxial aspect; 16, mandible, ventral aspect; 17, pygostyle, and outline of

spiraculum of eighth urotergite; 18, head, frontal aspect (pubescence omitted); 19—20, hind

tibia and metatarsus, 19, antiaxial aspect, 20, axial aspect. — Fig. 12, 250; 13—17,
19—20, X 165; 18, X 65

170 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 7, 1966

armature, almost glabrous on the disc, with hairs along the dorsal and ventral
margins and a patch of finer pubescence on the axial disc close to the ventral
margin; the tibia with a comb of three dorsal teeth and one ventral, anti-
axially with several long hairs near the ventral angle and a row of shorter hairs
along the dorsal margin, axially with a tuft of heavy spines on the disc; the tarsal
segments with a few antiaxial, apical spines, and many more axials (as figured
for the hind leg, Fig. 19), the length ratio approximately as 8 : 2 : 3 : 3 : 8.
Mid leg slender; the femur shorter than the tibia, hirsute along the dorsal and
ventral margins; a few hairs on the posterior disc, the anterior disc subglabrous;
the tibia almost straight, with scattered hairs and one ventral spine; the tarsal
segments approximately in ratio 22 : 12 : 11 : 9 : 16, with hairs and apical spines.
Hind leg (Fig. 19—20): the coxa a little smaller than the femur, with small axial
spines, glabrous antiaxially; the femur hirsute along the ventral and dorsal margins,
and with some smaller hairs on the dorsal part of the antiaxial disc; the tibia two-
thirds of the length of the femur, with stout hairs along the dorsal margin and
on the discs (some spine-like hairs on the axial disc are blunt, and differently
shaped from the others), the apical edge bears a hyaline ridge at the dorsal side,
and two teeth (the one simple, the other bidentate) at the ventral angle; the
tarsus rather wide, with axial hairs and spines, antiaxial spines, and a ventral
fringe on all segments, the length ratio approximately as 17 : 7 : 7 : 5 : 8.

Gaster. The segments with long hairs, particularly along the caudal margins.
Stigmata of the eighth urotergite (Fig. 17) circular; pygostyles with four apical
hairs, one of which is short. The ovipositor and the valves are nearly one and a
half times as long as the gaster.

Length (head, thorax and gaster), 2.7 mm. Colour blackish brown, the an-
tennae, distal segments of the legs (from the tibiae onwards), and the ventral
surfaces lighter.

Remark. — B. errata is immediately recognized from the other species of
Blastophaga, e.g. by the head, in which the sclerotized parts are large, and the
facial furrow narrow.

The remarkable fact that the rather long series consists of females only, may
be due to abnormal conditions in the presumably foreign, host species.

Ceratosolen spec. near C. notus (Baker)
(Fig. 21—30)

Ceratosolen spec. (part.); Wiebes, 1965, Proc. XIIth Int. Congr. Ent., London 1964: 95
(ex Ficus stupenda Miq., North Borneo, leg. E. J. H. Corner).

Material. — 2 &, coll. Mus. Leiden, no. 716; Sungei Liwagu, North Borneo,
4000 ft., ex Ficus stupenda Mig. (leg. et det. E. J. H. CORNER, RSNB no. 2845);
4, slide no. 716a.

Male. — Head (Fig. 23) one and a half times as long as its maximum width,
with fine, scattered pubescence. Eyes absent. Epistomal margin trilobate, the

J. T. WIEBES : Fig wasps from Ficus stupenda 171

Fig. 21—30. Ceratosolen spec. near C. notus (Baker), male. 21—22, hind leg, 21, antiaxial

aspect (semidiagrammatical), 22, detail enlarged; 23, head and thorax, dorsal aspect

(pubescence omitted); 24, head of second specimen, dorsal aspect (pubescence omitted);

25, apex of mid tibia, and tarsus, antiaxial aspect; 26, antenna, ventral aspect; 27, labium

and maxilla, ventral aspect; 28, genital armature; 29, mandible, ventral aspect; 30, fore tibia

and tarsus, antiaxial aspect. — Fig. 21, 23—24, X 65; 22, 25—26, 29—30, X 165;
27—28, X 250

median lobe wide, the lateral lobes more acute. Mandible (Fig. 29) bidentate.
Maxilla (Fig. 27) not or scarcely expanded laterally, with two long hairs.
Antennal grooves open, but not very long; this may be a variable character, as in
the second specimen the grooves are relatively longer (Fig. 24). Antenna (Fig.
26) five-segmented; the scape (2 : 1) twice as long as the pedicel (4 : 3), and
much wider; the first and second flagellar segments as wide as the pedicel, the
second of the same length (in ventral aspect; much shorter in dorsal view), the
first half as long; the ultimate segment tapering distad, little more than twice as
long as the pedicel; hairs as in the figure.

Thorax (Fig. 23) glabrous. Pronotum approximately as long as wide posteriorly,
narrower anteriorly; the mesonotum wide, its width nearly twice the length, with
straight, slightly tapering, lateral edges; the metanotum straight, incompletely
separate from the propodeum. Propodeum almost as long as its maximum width,
the spiracular peritremata not very large, partly lateral in position. Fore leg
(Fig. 30) rather slender, particularly the femur, which is more than twice the
length of the tibia including the apical armature; the femur subglabrous; the tibia

172 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 7, 1966

with some long subapical hairs, four dorsal teeth (one of which is small), and
three ventrals; the bimerous tarsus with four stout, axial hairs on the first segment,
the segments approximately in ratio 7 : 6. Mid leg (Fig. 25): the coxa subequal
in length to the femur; the tibia distinctly longer, slightly arcuate, with apical
teeth, four of which are visible in posterior aspect; the tarsus pentamerous, oligo-
merous in one of the legs of the first specimen (Fig. 25), the segments ap-
proximately in ratio 5 : 3 : 2 : 2 : 8. Hind leg (Fig. 21) pubescent; the coxa with
a dorsal hyaline ridge reaching half length, and heavy axial pubescence; the femur
and tibia pubescent on the axial surfaces; the tibial armature (Fig. 22) inconspicu-
ous, consisting of two antiaxial teeth, and one smaller, axial; the metatarsus nearly
half as long as the tibia, the tarsal segments dilated and pubescent, their length
ratio approximately as 10:7:7:6:8.

Gaster. Claspers (Fig. 28) of the genitalia with three claws; parameres present.

Length (head and thorax), 1.4 mm. Colour uniform yellowish brown.

Remark. — In my key to the Indo-Australian species of Ceratosolen Mayr
(WIEBES, 1963: 88—91), this Ceratosolen spec. runs to couplet 26, and appears
to be rather close to C. notus (Baker). It differs in various characters, e.g. the
pubescence of the head, the shape of the antennal grooves, the straight lateral
edges of the maxillae; C. notus, moreover, is more robust and distinctly larger.

The find of the males of Ceratosolen spec. in the sample from Ficus stupenda
led me to the record of 1965 (WIEBES, 1965: 95—96), but on closer examination
the females taken from the galls situated side by side with those of Blastophaga
masti, appear to belong to Blastophaga errata. The two males of Ceratosolen were
found in the tube of insects accompanying the entire figs from which I took
Blastophaga masii, B. errata, Arachonia borneensis, etc.; 1 could not find any more
specimens of Ceratosolen in the figs.

More males and females of this Ceratosolen were collected by E. J. H. CORNER
during the same expedition to Borneo, from figs of Ficus cf. nota (Blanco) Merr.
(without number 2), at Kota Belud, North Borneo, 23.IX.1961; coll. Mus. Leiden,
nos. 630, 632. I refrain from naming the form until I have studied the rich col-
lection of insects from Ficus nota and its allies, made during a recent trip to the
Philippine Islands. The alliance of Ceratosolen notus contains some closely related
forms, the status of which should be reconsidered now that more material is
available.

SYCOPHAGINE TORYMIDAE FROM Ficus stupenda
Sycoryctini

Ovipositing organs of some of the female Sycoryctini from Ficus stupenda were
figured by WIEBES (1966). In the same paper the Indo-Australian genera of the
tribe were listed. A provisional key, mainly based on the criteria applied, though
not explicitely stated, by JosEPH (1957), may show the characters used for the
generic distinction of the females.

2) CORNER (1962, in litt.) noted: “I am not sure that the Bornean plants are the same as
the Philippine F. rota”.

J. T. WIEBES : Fig wasps from Ficus stupenda 173

KEY TO SOME GENERA OF SYCORYCTINI

1. Fore wing with a number of large hairs in the margino-stigmal a 2
— Fore wing without such large hairs .
2. Funicular segments of the antenna normal, Along connerie
TU Sycoscapter Saunders
= Pel ul segments af o antenna dilated ventrad, distinctly

asymmetrical . SANTE CR en Arachonta Joseph
3. Dorsal spine of the hind metatarsus er ons reaching beyond the second
tarsal segment. . . . Sac Santen Mayr

— Dorsal spine of the hind metatarsus Roe em the second tarsal segment
Sycoscapteridea Ashmead

The association of the males proves to be difficult. The assignment of the male
Sycoryctini found in the present sample, is argumented under their respective
specific headings.

Arachonia borneensis spec. nov.
(Fig. 31—42)

Arachonia spec.; Wiebes, 1966, Zool. Meded. 41: 153, fig. 3 (eighth and base of ninth
urotergites figured).

Material. — 14 2, coll. Mus. Leiden, no. 717; Sungei Liwagu, North Borneo,
4000 ft., ex Ficus stupenda Mig. (leg. et det. E. J. H. CORNER, RSNB no. 2845);
9 holotype, slide no. 717a, 9 paratype, slide no. 717b.

Female. — Head (Fig. 42) slightly shorter than wide across the compound
eyes, rather depress in lateral view; moderately pubescent except for the lighter
parts (indicated in the figure by a dotted line), which are glabrous. Face with a
shallow, wide groove running from the antennal toruli to the median ocellus. Eyes
large, but not much protruding; the longitudinal diameter more than twice as long
as the cheek. Three ocelli. Epistomal margin with one prominent lobe. Mandible
(Fig. 32—33) bidentate, with two glands; both the dorsal and ventral surfaces
with many long hairs. Maxillary palp (Fig. 35) four-segmented, the segments
approximately in ratio 6 : 8 : 4 : 9, the second and third bear one long seta each,
the ultimate segment bears two long hairs. Labial palp unisegmented in the holo-
type (Fig. 35), distinctly two-segmented in the paratype (Fig. 36); the chaetotaxy
appears to be somewhat variable. Antenna (Fig. 41) with 12 free segments, the
third and fourth of which are annuliform, the last three are shaped so as to form
a club; the first four segments bear short hairs as in the figure, the fifth to twelfth
with longer hairs; the scape four times as long as the pedicel, slightly flattened;
the pedicel short, its maximum width not much less than its length (3 : 4); the
first annulus slightly longer than the second; the third to fifth flagellar segments
dilated ventrad, the sixth to tenth more symmetrical in outline; these segments
gradually diminishing in size toward the tip of the antenna; each bears a rather
regular row of 15 to 20 long sensilla.

Thoracic terga with a reticulate sculpturation, as indicated in Fig. 39. Pronotum
rather wide and long, moderately pubescent; scutum not much longer than the

174 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 7, 1966

pronotum, with approximately 12 dorsal hairs, the parapsidal furrows obsolete in
the posterior two-thirds; the parapsides with five hairs; the scutellum (Fig. 39)
wider than long (5 : 4), with 12 or 13 hairs; declining in the posterior part; the
metanotum very short, but as wide as the propodeum. Propodeum with the usual
longitudinal ridges mediad of the circular spiracular peritremata; the lateral parts

Fig. 31—42. Arachonia borneensis spec. nov., female (holotype, unless otherwise indicated).

31, apex of fore tibia, and metatarsus, axial aspect; 32—33, mandibles (paratype), 32, dorsal
aspect of left mandible; 33, ventral aspect of right mandible; 34, apex of hind tibia, antiaxial
aspect; 35, maxilla and labial palp, ventral aspect; 36, labial palp of paratype; 37, venation
of left fore wing, detail; 38, stigmal vein of right fore wing; 39, scutellum (sculpturation
only partly indicated); 40, end of ninth, and tenth abdominal segment, valves, and tip of
ovipositor, dorsal aspect (slightly oblique); 41, antenna, axial aspect; 42, head, frontal aspect
(pubescence for the greater part omitted). — Fig. 31—36, X 250; 37—38, X 165;
39—41, X 100; 42, X 65

J. T. WIEBES : Fig wasps from Ficus stupenda 175

declining; the margins not converging backwards, but almost parallel; next to the
peritremata occur six very long hairs, the mid part with some small hairs in the
postero-lateral corners. Fore wing (5 : 2), 2.0 mm long; the submarginal,
marginal, stigmal, and postmarginal veins (Fig. 37) approximately in ratio 21 :
4 : 4 : 7, the submarginal vein with one pustule, the stigmal with five (four in
one row, and a fifth more distally, widely spaced from the others) or, at the
other side of the same specimen, of a different shape (Fig. 38), with four
pustules; the wing is almost hyaline, but with higher magnification appears to be
covered by minute setae; seven very large hairs occur in the margino-stigmal angle;
the distal two-thirds bear a short marginal fringe. Hind wing (4 : 1), 1.2 mm
long; with small setae as in the fore wing, and some longer hairs along the
marginal vein; three hamuli; the fringe of moderate length. Fore leg: the coxa
more than twice as long as the trochanter, glabrous except for some long hairs
at the axial side; the trochanter and femur with short hairs, particularly along the
dorsal femoral margin; the femur three and a half times as long as the trochanter,
approximately as long as the tibia; the tibia long-pubescent, with three spine-like,
longer hairs at mid length on the ventral margin, the apical armature (Fig. 31)
consisting of: one bifid, ventral spur, a large conical spine next to it but more
apically and antiaxially, two long apical, peg-like spines, and four conical spines
at the dorsal angle; the tarsus pentamerous, hirsute, fimbriated along the plantar
edge, the first four segments with distal spines, the segments approximately in
ratio 20 : 7 : 5 : 5 : 10. Mid leg slender, the coxa as long as the trochanter, but
much wider; both segments with some long hairs; the femur almost thrice as long
as the trochanter, sparsely long-pubescent; the tibia one and a half times as long
as the femur, its long pubescence mixed with shorter hairs, the apex with some
stouter, spine-like hairs, one short ventral spur and an accompanying blunt spine;
the tarsus pentamerous, hirsute, the segments approximately in ratio 10 : 3 : 2 :
1 : 3, except for the fifth which bears a pair of spines at mid length, with distal
spines. Hind leg: the coxa as long as the femur, the trochanter approximately
one-quarter of this length, the tibia much longer than the femur (3 : 2); the coxa
bears very long hairs at the dorso-apical edge, and particularly along the ventro-
apical margin; the trochanter has some short hairs; the femur bears hairs along
the dorsal margin, at the dorsal part of the disc, and some stouter hairs along the
ventral margin; the tibia has a rather long pubescence, particularly dorsally, where
spine-like hairs occur in two rows; the tibial armature (Fig. 34) consists of two
subapical, ventral spurs, three antiaxial spines (two dorsals and one ventral), and
many stout hairs along the axial, apical edge; the tarsal segments with hairs, a
plantar fringe, and short apical spines, the lengths approximately in ratio
DONS HS DA ED:

Gaster ovoid in general shape, but tapering towards the apex; the terga with
scattered hairs, the sterna with more, longer hairs; the spiracular peritremata of
the eighth urotergite small. The ninth urotergite is very long, forming a setiferous
sheath over the ovipositor; the tip (Fig. 40) is slightly swollen; between the end
of the ninth urotergite and the short protruding valvae, a small hyaline lobe is
visible, presumably representing the tenth urotergite; pygostyles are wanting. The
ninth urotergite and the small protruding valvae combined, are approximately

176 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 7. 1966

four times as long as the apparent gaster (abdominal segments II-VIII).

Length (head and body up to and including the eighth abdominal segment),
2.5—2.7 mm. Colour dark brown, the dorsal parts with a green, shiny lustre, part
of the face and the distal segments of the legs lighter.

Remark. — The new species is evidently related to Arachonia plumosa Joseph
(1957 : 107—110, Fig. V 4—9, VI, VII 1—7), but it differs in the shape and
number of the antennal sensilla and hairs (both much sparser in A. plumosa),
in the armature of the fore tibia (less spines in A. plumosa), in the shape of the
propodeum (the lateral margins converging backwards in A. plumosa), to mention
some of the most obvious differential characters only.

Sycoryctes hilli spec. nov.
(Fig. 43—59)
Sycoryctes spec.; Wiebes, 1966, Zool. Meded. 41: 153, fig. 1 (apex of gaster figured).
Material. — 3 9, 3 &, coll. Mus. Leiden, no. 720; Sungei Liwagu, North
Borneo, 4000 ft., ex Ficus stupenda Mig. (leg. et det. E. J. H. CORNER, RSNB
no. 2845); @ holotype, slide 720a; ¢, slide no. 720b.

N IN 50 SI

Fig. 43—51. Sycoryctes hilli spec. nov., female holotype. 43, labium and maxilla, ventral

aspect; 44, mandible, dorsal aspect; 45, end of ninth abdominal segment, valve, and ovipositor,

lateral aspect; 46, antenna, antiaxial aspect (scape omitted); 47, head, frontal aspect

(pubescence partly omitted); 48—49, apex of fore tibia, and base of metatarsus, 48, axial

aspect, 49, antiaxial aspect; 50, apex of hind tibia, antiaxial aspect; 51, scutellum. —
Fig. 43—44, 46, 50, X 165; 45, 51, X 100; 47, X 65; 48—49, X 250

J. T. WIEBES : Fig wasps from Ficus stupenda 177

Female. — Head (Fig. 47) transverse, the length slightly more than two-thirds
of the width across the compound eyes; the face moderately pubescent, particularly
in the lower half, shallowly grooved between the antennal toruli and the median
ocellus; the sculpturation reticulate. Eyes large and protruding, their longitudinal
diameter more than twice as long as the cheek. Three ocelli. Epistomal margin
with a distinct median lobe. Mandible (Fig. 44) bidentate. Maxillary palp (Fig.
43) four-segmented, the segments approximately in ratio 3 : 10 : 3 : 18, with
hairs as in the figure. Labial palp (Fig. 43) consisting of two subequal segments.
Antenna (Fig. 46) with its scape and pedicel reticulately sculpturated; the scape
five times as long as the pedicel, with scattered hairs; the third and fourth seg-
ments annuliform; the fifth to twelfth each with one regular row of long sensilla,
all segments with long hairs; the fifth segment sub-globular, the sixth to tenth
slightly longer, the eleventh and twelfth shorter; the last three segments shaped
so as to form a club.

Thorax with heavy reticulate sculpturation, and scattered hairs. Pronotum
transverse, approximately thrice as wide as long; scutum twice as wide as its
maximum length, the parapsidal furrows obsolete in the posterior two-thirds; the
scutellum (Fig. 51) transverse, with scattered hairs; the metanotum with one
hair on both lateral parts. Propodeum rather short, with longitudinal ridges
mediad of the subcircular spiracular peritremata, and with many long hairs next
to and behind the peritremata. Fore wing (5 : 2), 2.1 mm long; the submarginal,
marginal, stigmal, and postmarginal veins approximately in ratio 7 : 4 : 2 : 6, the
submarginal vein with two pustules, the stigmal with four; the wing almost
hyaline, the fringe short. Hind wing (7 : 2), 1.1 mm long; three hamuli; the
fringe longer. Fore leg (Fig. 48—49) moderately pubescent, the sculpturation of
the coxa up to and including the tibia reticulate; the coxa more than twice as long
as the trochanter, and approximately half as long as the femur; the tibia as long
as the femur, its apical armature consisting of one ventral spur accompanied by a
large conical spine and three more slender spines at the axial side, five conical
spines at the dorso-apical angle; the tarsus pentamerous, with the usual hairs and
spines (the dorsal metatarsal spine rather long), the segments approximately in
ratio 13 : 6 : 5 : 3 : 12. Mid leg with faint reticulate sculpturation, with scattered
hairs; the tibia one and a half times as long as the femur, its apical armature
consisting of one rather long, ventral spur and five conical spines, one of which
is situated close to the spur; the five tarsal segments approximately in ratio
10 :5:4:2 : 4, with apical spines and scattered hairs. Hind leg (Fig. 50) much
as in Arachonia borneensis; the tibia with a row of spines along the distal half
of the dorsal margin and the distal third of the ventral, the apical armature
consisting of two antiaxial, conical spines close to the ventral spurs, and one at
the dorsal angle; the tarsus pubescent, with ventral and dorso-apical spines, the
axial dorso-apical spines of the metatarsus and of the second segment almost reach
to the distal end of the third and fourth segments, respectively; the tarsal segments
approximately in ratio 25 : 9 : 4 : 3 : 10.

Gaster. The tubularly lengthened, ninth urotergite nearly four times as long as
the body; pygostyles wanting. Apex of ninth urotergite, valve, and ovipositor,
Fig. 45.

178 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 7, 1966

Length (head, and body up to and including the eighth abdominal segment),
2.4 mm. Colour of the dorsal parts dark brown, with a greenish hue; ventral parts
and the legs lighter, yellow-brown.

Male. — Head (Fig. 52) slightly longer than its posterior width, one and a
half times as long as its anterior width; finely pubescent. Compound eyes small,
no ocelli. Epistomal margin nearly straight, with two long hairs. Mandible (Fig.
58) tridentate, the outer tooth acute, the inner truncate (more distinctly so in
dorsal than in ventral aspect); one gland serves the two inner teeth; pubescence
long but sparse. Maxillary palp (Fig. 53) four-segmented, the segments ap-
proximately in ratio 7 : 7 : 6 : 10. Labial palp (Fig. 53) two-segmented, the
second segment one and a half times as long as the first. Antennal toruli large,
situated close to the epistomal margin, not touching in the mid line. Antenna
(Fig. 54) consisting of 13 free segments, three of which are annuliform, the last
three segments form a club; the scape widening distad, not quite thrice as long

Fig. 52—59. Sycoryctes hilli spec. nov., male. 52, head and thorax, dorsal aspect (pubescence

omitted); 53, labium and maxillae, ventral aspect; 54, antenna, dorsal aspect; 55, fore tibia

and tarsus, axial aspect; 56, mid tibia and tarsus, antiaxial aspect; 57, hind tibia and tarsus,

antiaxial aspect; 58, mandible, ventral aspect; 59, genitalia, ventral aspect. — Fig. 52, X
100; 53, 58—59, X250; 54—57, X 165

J. T. WIEBES : Fig wasps from Ficus stupenda 179

as the pedicel; the pedicel robust; the funicular segments subequal, with rows of
hairs, and lateral sensilla; the ultimate and penultimate segments of the club sub-
equal in length, with sensilla, the basal club-segment half as long, without sensilla.

Thorax (Fig. 52) with scattered small hairs. Pronotum longer than wide (5 : 4),
with straight lateral edges; the mesonotum of a complicate structure, with lobes
and ridges, some hyaline protuberances between the lateral lobes probably
represent the wing-remnants 3); the metanotum visible from above as two narrow
sclerites laterad of the posterior quarter of the mesonotum and the anterior third
of the propodeum. Propodeum large, about one and a half times as wide as long,
with two dorsal, subcircular peritremata of the spiracles, and two sublateral
longitudinal ridges set with a row of moderately long hairs. Fore leg (Fig. 55)
sparsely pubescent; some of the hairs, particularly those of the coxa, strong and
spine-like; the coxa as long as the femur, but much wider; the tibia two-thirds
of the length of the femur, its apical armature consisting of five conical spines
close to the ventral spur, one axial slender spine close to the dorsal angle, and
one conical spine at the antiaxial side of the dorsal angle; the five tarsal segments
approximately in ratio 7 : 5 : 4 : 3 : 15, the first two segments with robust ventral
and lateral spines, the first three with plantar protuberances. Mid leg (Fig. 56)
more robust than the fore leg, the tibia distinctly longer than the femur, with a
long spur and a number of conical spines on the ventro-apical part of the disc,
most of which can be seen in antiaxial view, and more slender spines along the
apical third of the dorsal margin; the five tarsal segments approximately in ratio
23 :9 : 6 : 4 : 23, the first two segments with ventral spines. Hind leg (Fig. 57)
much like the mid leg, but larger, and the coxa much longer; the tibia with a
similar set of spines close to the ventral spurs, but with many more dorsal spines,
some of which are long and slender; the five tarsal segments approximately in
ratio 23 : 7 : 5 : 3 : 10, the metatarsus with many ventral spines, the second
segment with only two apical, conical spines.

Gaster. The first segment (second abdominal segment; Fig. 52) has the shape
of a petiole. Genitalia, Fig. 59; the claspers with four claws, the parameres with
two hairs.

Length (head and thorax), 1.0 mm. Colour yellow-brown.

Remark. — The type species of the genus Sycoryctes Mayr needs to be re-
described, so it seems best to compare the new species with one of the better
known species of the genus.

The female has two antennal ring-segments, versus one in S. trifemmensis
Joseph (1957 : 110—113, Fig. VIII), there are more spines along the apical
margin of the fore tibia, the hind tibia bears spines along the dorsal and ventral
margins, which appear to be lacking in S. irzfemmensis.

The male is distinct from any of the species described in Sycoryctes, both in its
general shape and in the structure of the antenna. I place it here, because in
another sample of fig wasps I found a similar male associated with a female

3) The material is too poor for a more extensive description.

180 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 7, 1966

apparently belonging to Sycoryctes. Moreover, the longitudinal ridges of the
propodeum are also found in the other species of Sycoryctes.

It is a pleasure to name the new species to D. S. Hitt M.Sc., Commonwealth
Institute of Entomology, London, who studies the fig wasp fauna of Hong Kong.

Sycoscapter reticulatus spec. nov.
(Fig. 60—90)

Material. — 4 9, 5 & (and 3 giant males), coll. Mus. Leiden, no. 718;
Sungei Liwagu, North Borneo, 4000 ft, ex Ficus stupenda Mig. (leg. et det.
E. J. H. CORNER, RSNB no. 2845); 9 holotype, slide no. 718a, 9 paratype,
slide no. 718b; &, slide no. 718c; &, giant form, slide no. 718d.

Fig. 60—68. Sycoscapter reticulatus spec. nov., female holotype. 60, head, frontal aspect
(pubescence omitted); 61—62, apex of hind tibia, 61, antiaxial aspect, 62, axial aspect;
63, maxillary palp, ventral aspect; 64, labial palp, ventral aspect; 65, antenna, antiaxial
aspect; 66—67, apex of fore tibia and base of metatarsus, 66, antiaxial aspect, 67, axial aspect;
68, scutellum, part of metanotum, propodeum, and first gastral segment, dorsal aspect
(pubescence partly omitted). — Fig. 60, X 65; 61—64, 66—67, X 250; 65, 68, X 100

J. T. WIEBES : Fig wasps from Ficus stupenda 181

Female. — Head (Fig. 60) little shorter than wide across the compound eyes,
with a narrow ridge reaching from the epistomal margin to more than halfway
between the antennal toruli and the median ocellus; pubescence of the face short
and scattered, longer and denser along the ridge below the toruli. Sculpturation
reticulate. Eyes small, the longitudinal diameter about as long as the cheek; not
bulging. Three ocelli. Epistomal margin with a distinct median, triangular lobe.
Mandible bidentate, the second tooth truncate; with some hairs on the dorsal disc.
Maxillary palp (Fig. 63) four-segmented, with ventral hairs as in the figure, and
more hairs on the dorsal surface of the first and second segments; the segments
approximately in ratio 14 : 11 : 12 : 20. Labial palp (Fig. 64) two-segmented,
the proximal segment one and a half times as long as the distal. Antenna (Fig.
65) rather compact; the scape four times as long as pedicel; the third and fourth
segments annuliform; the fifth to ninth subequal, with long hairs and a regular
row of about fifteen long sensilla; the tenth to twelfth shaped so as to form a
club.

Thorax with heavy reticulate sculpturation, pubescence short and scattered.
Pronotum transverse, more than twice as wide as long; scutum not quite twice as
wide as its median length, the parapsidal furrows obsolete for the posterior two-
thirds; the scutellum (Fig. 68) subpentagonal. Propodeum with longitudinal
ridges mediad of the spiracular peritremata, and along the lateral margins, with a
few hairs next to the peritremata. Fore wing (5 : 2), 2.0 mm long; the sub-
marginal, marginal, stigmal, and postmarginal veins approximately in ratio 13 :
7 : 5 : 12, the submarginal vein with two pustules, the stigmal with four; the
membrane almost hyaline; with about ten long hairs in the margino-stigmal angle;
the fringe short. Hind wing (4 : 1), 1.5 mm long; three hamuli; the fringe longer
than that of the fore wing. Fore leg with reticulate sculpturation; the coxa longi-
tudinally striate; the femur one and a half times as long as the coxa, four times
as long as the trochanter, and slightly longer than the tibia; these segments
moderately pubescent; the apical armature of the tibia (Fig. 66—67) consisting
of a ventral spur accompanied by one antiaxial and two axial spines (the one
large and robust, the other slender), two slender spines along the antiaxial, distal
margin, and five robust spines at the dorsal angle; the tarsal segments ap-
proximately in ratio 15 : 8 : 6 : 4 : 7. Mid leg rather pubescent; the tibia one
and a half times as long as the femur, its ventral spur of normal length, accom-
panied by one short, conical spine, one other spine occurs at the posterior, dorsal
angle; the tarsal segments approximately in ratio 12 : 6 : 4 : 3 : 8. Hind leg
with the coxa nearly as long as the femur; the trochanter not half as long; the
tibia (Fig. 61—62), nearly one and a half times as long as the femur, with scat-
tered hairs and approximately 13 spines in two rows along the distal two-thirds
of the dorsal margin, heavily hirsute and spinose towards the axial apex, with
several conical spines at the dorsal angle, and a large spine close to the ventral
spurs at the antiaxial side; the metatarsus with longitudinal rows of hairs, the
apical spine not particularly long, the tarsal segments approximately in ratio
MONTEREN GS

Gaster. The ninth urotergite tubular, more than thrice as long as the body, six
times the length of the apparent gaster. Pygostyles wanting.

182 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 7, 1966

Length (head and body up to and including the eighth segment), 2.5 mm.
Colour blackish bronze, the antennal scape and pedicel, and the legs yellowish,
the coxae darker, the antennal flagellum as dark as the body.

Male. — Head (Fig. 75, 78) one and one-quarter longer than wide, depress,
or, in a larger form (Fig. 79) approximately as long as wide and less depress.
Pubescence short and scattered; in the larger form some longer hairs occur on the
dorsal disc close to the occipital margin. Compound eyes of moderate size, no
ocelli. Epistomal margin widely emarginate to nearly straight. Mandible (Fig. 71)
robust, blunt at tip; with two glands. Maxillary palp (Fig. 74) four-segmented,
the segments approximately in ratio 2 : 3 : 1 : 3, with long hairs. Labial palp
(Fig. 70) consisting of two subequal segments. Antennal toruli spaced from each
other and from the epistomal margin for a distance about equal to their width.
Antenna (Fig. 69) consisting of eleven free segments, one of which is annuli-
form, the last three shaped so as to form a club; the scape two and a half times as
long as its maximum width, slightly dilated, twice as long as the pedicel; the first
funicular segment when viewed from above, distinctly wider than the second or
third, and twice as long, the fourth larger than the third, the fifth as long as the
third; the first segment of the club as long as the other two combined. The
flagellar segments have transverse rows of hairs, and some bear sensilla, not all of
which are visible from above (cf. Fig. 69, dotted lines).

Thorax with some long hairs (often abraded) as in Fig. 90, otherwise sub-
glabrous. Pronotum wider than long, not tapering frontad; the sclerite representing
mesonotum and propodeum narrower and shorter; the lateral parts, presumably
representing the metanotum, distinctly separate, the posterior margins subhyaline;
the spiracular peritremata of the propodeum small, subcircular. Wing remnant,
Fig. 90. The legs are rather short and robust, the coxae large, bearing some long
antiaxial hairs close to the insertion of the trochanter (hind leg), and a short,
scattered axial pubescence; the femora with scattered, moderately long hairs,
particularly along the margins. Fore tibia (Fig. 72) expanded distad, the apical
armature consisting of the blunt ventral spur, a row of peg-like spines along the
distal margin (three axial spines are more slender than the others), and one sub-
apical spine at the dorsal angle; the pubescence is rather long and scattered; the
tarsus pentamerous, the segments approximately in ratio 8 : 4 : 3 : 2 : 11. Mid
tibia (Fig. 73) quite similar to that of the fore leg in general shape, though it is
larger, and the armature of peg-like spines extends along the dorsal margin; the
tarsus pentamerous, the segments approximately in ratio 7 : 5 : 4 : 3 : 16. Hind
tibia (Fig. 76) much like the mid tibia, but larger and more slender, the spines
are longer, most of the axial distal spines (three of which are visible in the figure,
between the metatarsus and the spur) slender, although distinctly blunt at tip; the
segments of the pentamerous tarsus approximately in ratio 5 :3:2:2:9.

Gaster. The parameres of the genitalia with two subapical hairs; the claspers
(Fig. 77) with six claws.

Length (head and thorax), 1.0—1.3 mm. Colour yellow-brown.

Remark. — Sycoscapter reticulatus spec. nc. is eviaently reiated to S. insgnis

J. T. WIEBES : Fig wasps from Ficus stupenda 183

Saunders, the female of which was described by JOSEPH (1953 : 77—81, Fig.
73—86) as Indothymus crenulatus. It differs in some important characters, viz.
the female is much larger and more robust, and the reticulate sculpturation is
heavier; the median process of the epistomal margin is less prominent (the dif-
ference between S. insignis and S. reticulatus seems to be of the same magnitude
as that between Sycoscapter inubiae (Ishii) and S. gajimaru (Ishii), respectively;
cf. IsHu, 1934: PI. 1 fig. 12 and 20); there are more sensilla on the antennal
segments, and they are more regularly placed; there are more apical spines on the
fore tibia, particularly at the dorsal angle; there are about one and a half times

Fig. 69—79. Sycoscapter reticulatus spec. nov., male. 69, epistomal margin, and antenna,

dorsal aspect; 70, labial palp, ventral aspect; 71, mandible, dorsal aspect; 72, fore tibia and

tarsus, antiaxial aspect; 73, mid tibia and tarsus, antiaxial aspect; 74, maxillary palp, ventral

aspect; 75, head and thorax, dorsal aspect (pubescence omitted); 76, hind tibia and tarsus,

antiaxial aspect; 77, clasper of the genitalia; 78—79, outline of head of two different males.

— Fig. 80. Sycoscapter ? reticulatus, outline of male head. — Fig. 69, 71—73, 75, X 165;
70, 74, 77, X 250; 78—80, X 65

184 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 7, 1966

Fig. 81—89. Sycoscapter ? reticulatus, giant male. 81, hind tibia and tarsus, antiaxial aspect;

82, fore tibia and tarsus, antiaxial aspect; 83, mid tibia and tarsus, antiaxial aspect; 84,

mandible, ventral aspect; 85, maxillary palp, ventral aspect; 86, labial palp, ventral aspect;

87, head and thorax, dorsal aspect (pubescence partly omitted); 88, antenna, dorsal aspect;

89, genitalia, lateral aspect. — Fig. 90. Sycoscapter reticulatus spec. nov., male, detail of

thorax, for comparison with Fig. 87. — Fig. 81—83, X 100; 84—86, 88, 90, X 165;
87, X 65; 89, X 250

J. T. WIEBES : Fig wasps from Ficus stupenda 185

as many spines along the dorsal margin of the hind tibia, and the spines are larger;
the ninth urotergite is relatively longer in S. reticulatus than in S. insignis.

Although the male shows several differential characters, e.g. in the shape and
structure of the wing remnants (which are more filament-like in other species of
Sycoscapter), I am confident that it belongs here. The larger male alluded to in
the description differs in size and in the shape of the head (cf. Fig. 78—79), but
it is otherwise essentially similar, and evidently conspecific.

Another male, of unknown relationship, is described below. In presumably
essential characters, it is similar to the males described above, and it may be a
giant form of S. reticulatus. It is, however, aberrant in shape and to a less degree,
in the spines of the legs and the genitalia, so as to make the specific identification
uncertain.

Male, giant form (Fig. 80—89). — Head (Fig. 80, 87) large and robust,
slightly wider than long. Compound eyes rather large, no ocelli. Epistomal margin
shallowly emarginate, the median part indistinctly invaginated. Mandible (Fig. 84)
short and robust, with two glands. Maxillary palp (Fig. 85) four-segmented, the
segments approximately in ratio 8 : 10 : 4 : 9, with many long hairs, particularly
on the dorsal discs of the first and second segments. Labial palp (Fig. 86) two-
segmented, the first segment about twice as long as the second. Antennal toruli
half closed when viewed from above, situated close together but widely spaced
from the epistomal margin. Antenna (Fig. 88) much like that of the male
described above, but the third funicular segment larger; the sensilla indistinct.

Thorax (Fig. 87) distinct from that of the smaller males by its shape: the
pronotum tapering in front, its maximum width nearly one and a half times the
length; the lateral sclerites (presumably representing the metanotum) rather small,
and less elongate than in the other males. Wing remnant large, pubescent. Fore
leg (Fig. 82) essentially similar to that of the male described above; the tarsal
segments approximately in ratio 15 : 10 : 9 : 8 : 40. Mid leg (Fig. 83): the
tibia has more antiaxial spines at the ventral angle, and the distal row of peg-like
spines is less complete; the tarsal segments approximately in ratio 10 : 5 : 5:
4 : 24. Hind leg (Fig. 81): the apical armature of the tibia is reduced, the distal
row consisting of a few scattered peg-like spines only; the tarsal segments ap-
proximately in ratio 3 : 2 : 1 : 1 : 8.

Gaster. Genitalia, Fig. 89; the claspers bear three claws.

Length (head and thorax), 1.8 mm. Colour dark brown, the gastral tergites
and sternites sclerotized, and distinctly darker than the connecting membranes.

Sycoscapteridea stilifera spec. nov.
(Fig. 91—102)

Material. — 2 2, coll. Mus. Leiden, no. 719; Sungei Liwagu, North Borneo,
4000 ft., ex Ficus stupenda Mig. (leg. et det. E. J. H. CORNER, RSNB no. 2845);
2 holotype, slide no. 719a.

Female. — Head (Fig. 99) distinctly shorter than wide across the compound

186 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 7, 1966

Fig. 91—102. Sycoscapteridea stilifera spec. nov., female holotype. 91—92, apex of fore tibia,
and metatarsus, 91, axial aspect, 92, detail in antiaxial view; 93—94, apex of hind tibia,
93, antiaxial aspect; 94, detail in axial view; 95, maxillary palp, ventral aspect; 96, labial
palp, ventral aspect; 97, end of ninth abdominal segment, lateral aspect; 98, antenna, antiaxial
aspect; 99, head, frontal aspect (pubescence omitted); 100, scutellum (sculpturation only
partly indicated); 101, scutum, pronotum and head, lateral aspect (semidiagrammatical) ;
102, mandible, dorsal aspect. — Fig. 91—96, 102, X 250; 97—98, X 165; 99, 101,
X 65; 100, X 100

eyes, rather robust in lateral view (Fig. 101). Face moderately pubescent,
sculpturation reticulate, a shallow groove runs from the median ocellus to the
antennal toruli. Eyes large and slightly protruding, the longitudinal diameter twice
as long as the cheek. Three ocelli. Epistomal margin only very faintly bilobed.
Mandible (Fig. 102) bidentate, although the second tooth is again bilobed; with
two glands; dorsal surface with hairs, ventral surface almost glabrous. Maxillary
palp (Fig. 95) four-segmented, the segments approximately in ratio 4:6 : 7 : 14;
the ultimate segment with about ten hairs. Labial palp (Fig. 96) two-segmented,

J. T. WIEBES : Fig wasps from Ficus stupenda 187

the second segment twice as long as the first, with five hairs. Antenna (Fig. 98)
consisting of 13 segments, three of which are annuliform, the last three shaped
so as to form a club; the scape and the pedicel hirsute, the scape more than twice
as long as the pedicel; the ring-segments each with a row of hairs; the funicular
segments subequal in length, with hairs and irregular rows of long sensilla; the
segments of the club diminishing in size toward the tip, otherwise similar to those
of the funicle.

Thorax almost glabrous, with reticulate sculpturation as indicated in Fig. 100.
Pronotum (Fig. 101) wide and very long, about as long as the head; the scutum
almost half as long as the pronotum, with two long black hairs on the parapsides
(as on the axillae), the parapsidal furrows more nearly complete than in any of
the other Sycoryctini described in this paper, but obsolete in the posterior fifth;
scutellum (Fig. 100) more angular than in Arachonia borneensis, but almost of
the same size and structure, more like Sycoryctes Ailli in general outline but
distinctly smaller; metanotum short, narrower than the propodeum. Propodeum
rather long, with the usual ridges, and with long hairs posterior to the spiracular
peritremata and along the lateral margins. Fore wing (5 : 2), 2.2 mm long; the
submarginal, marginal, stigmal, and postmarginal veins approximately in ratio
16 : 18 : 7 : 18, the submarginal vein with two pustules, the stigmal with four in
one row; the membrane moderately pubescent; the fringe of moderate length.
Hind wing (3 : 1) rather broad, 1.2 mm long; the fringe long. Fore leg moderately
pubescent on the antiaxial surfaces, subglabrous on the axial; with reticulate
sculpturation; the coxa more than thrice as long as the trochanter, not much
shorter than the femur; the tibia straight, its apical armature (Fig. 91—-92)
consisting of two axial, dorsal, conical spines, one antiaxial, dorsal spine, and
three peg-like spines close to the ventral spur, moreover, the dorso-apical angle is
distinctly produced; the tarsus pentamerous, fimbriate along the plantar edge,
hirsute, and provided with the usual spines, the segments approximately in ratio
7: 4:2 : 3 : 9. Mid leg slender, hirsute; the tibia distinctly longer than the
femur, its ventral spur normal, longer than that in Arachonia borneensis; the
tarsal segments approximately in ratio 14 : 6 : 4 : 2 : 3. Hind leg moderately
hirsute; the coxa about as long as the femur, the tibia slightly longer; the apical
armature of the tibia (Fig. 93—94) consists of peg-like spines along the anti-
axial distal margin, two ventral spurs (the one not nearly twice as long as the
other), a row of spine-like hairs along the axial margin (Fig. 94), and two conical
spines at the dorso-apical angle, the dorsal margin with a row of peg-like spines;
the tarsus pentamerous, the segments approximately in ratio 20 : 11 : 8 : 3 : 6,
the apical spines short.

Gaster. The ninth urotergite is more than three times as long as the body, the
tip bears small pygostyles (Fig. 97).

Length (head and body up to and including the eighth abdominal segment),
2.8 mm. Colour almost uniform yellowish brown.

Remark. — This species differs from the species previously described in the
genus Sycoscapteridea Ashmead, by several characters, some of which may be
enumerated as follows. The antennal toruli are situated rather close to the epistomal

188 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 7, 1966

margin; there are three antennal ring-segments (versus one in the other species) ;
the pronotum is particularly long; the ninth urotergite bears pygostyles. As JOSEPH
(1953, 1957), in his descriptions of several species of Sycoscapteridea, evidently
did not recognize the true morphological character of the “tail” of these insects,
the pygostyles may have escaped his attention.

The type species of the genus Sycoscapteridea Ashmead, viz. S yeoscapier mont-
lifer Westwood, is known in the male sex only.

Otitesellini

Grandiana corneliae spec. nov.
(Fig. 103—121)

Material. — 14 9,2 &, coll. Mus. Leiden, no. 784; Sungei Liwagu, North
Borneo, 4000 ft, ex Ficus stupenda Miq. (leg. et det. E. J. H. CORNER, RSNB
no. 2845); 4 holotype, slide no. 784a, 2 allotype, slide no. 784b.

Male. — Head (Fig. 103, 105) strongly transverse, approximately twice as
wide as long, depress. Compound eyes rather large, no ocelli. Epistomal margin
with a prominent median lobe directed ventrad; hypostomal margin, Fig. 104.
Mandible (Fig. 107) tridentate, with three glands; the outer tooth long and acute,
the two other almost truncate, directed towards the orifice. Maxillary palp (Fig.
106) two-segmented, the segments subequal in length, partly fused; labial palp
(Fig. 106) unisegmented; hairs and spines as in the figure. Antennal toruli almost
lateral in position. Antenna (Fig. 110) consisting of ten free segments, two of
which are annuliform; the scape large, slightly dilated, the apical dorsal ridge
subhyaline, covering a groove for the reception of the pedicel; the pedicel nearly
half as long as the scape; the funicular segments subequal in shape, the first
largest, the fourth smallest, all with one antiaxial sensillum and with small hairs
along the distal margins; the club as long as the pedicel, evidently composed of
three fused segments, with a few sensilla and sensillar hairs.

Thorax, Fig. 103. Terga shaped so as to form a carapace; the pronotum more
than twice as wide as long; the mesonotum and metanotum fused, incompletely
separated from the propodeum; the spiracular peritremata subcircular. Fore wing
reduced, hind wing absent. Legs short and robust; the coxae transverse; the femora
slightly expanded dorsad, also ventrad in the mid and hind legs; the tibiae with a
great number of antiaxial, conical spines and long hairs, the axial surfaces flat and
subglabrous; the tarsi tetramerous, long pubescent. Fore tibia and tarsus, Fig. 111;
there is a distinct ventral spur; the tarsal segments approximately in ratio
2:1:1 : 2. Mid tibia and tarsus, Fig. 109; the tarsal segments approximately in
ratio 8 : 4 : 3 : 10. Hind tibia and tarsus, Fig. 112; the tarsal segments ap-
proximately in ratio 10 : 5 : 4 : 13.

Gaster short. Genitalia (Fig. 108) with three pairs of appendages, viz. the
parameres with two long, apical hairs, the inner lobes with one hair, and the
claspers with four claws.

Length (head and thorax), 1.2 mm (paratype) to 1.5 mm (holotype). Colour
yellowish brown, the legs (particularly the tibial spines) darker.

J. T. WieBEs: Fig wasps from Ficus stupenda 189

Fig. 103—112. Grandiana corneliae spec. nov., male holotype. 103, head and thorax, dorsal

aspect (pubescence omitted); 104, hypostomal margin, ventral aspect; 105, head, dorsal aspect

(pubescence omitted); 106, labium and maxillae, ventral aspect; 107, mandible, ventral

aspect; 108, penis and genital armature, ventral aspect; 109, mid tibia and tarsus, antiaxial

aspect; 110, antenna, dorsal aspect; 111, fore tibia and tarsus, antiaxial aspect; 112, hind tibia

and tarsus, antiaxial aspect. — Fig. 103, X 40; 104—105, X 65; 106—107, X 165;
108, X 250; 109—112, X 100

190 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 7, 1966

Female. — Head (Fig. 117) little more than half as long as wide across the
compound eyes, rather depress in lateral aspect. Face finely striate, with fine
pubescence. Eyes large and bulging, the longitudinal diameter more than twice as
long as the cheek. Three ocelli. Epistomal margin with two rounded, prominent
lobes. Mandible (Fig. 119) tridentate, with three glands. Maxillary palp (Fig.
113) four-segmented, the segments approximately in ratio 2 : 3 : 2 : 5. Labial
palp (Fig. 113) two-segmented, the second segment one and a half times as long
as the first. Antennal toruli rather widely spaced. Antenna (Fig. 116) consisting
of 13 free segments, three of which are annuliform, the last three shaped so as
to form a club; the scape slender, almost four times as long as the pedicel; the
first two annuli subequal, the third distinctly wider and longer; the funicular
segments subequal, long-pubescent so as to almost obscure the narrow sensilla,
each segment with a row of approximately 15 sensilla in the distal half; the seg-
ments of the club slightly shorter than those of the funicle, similar in pubescence
and in the pattern of the sensilla.

Thorax with reticulate sculpturation and sparse, short pubescence. Pronotum
transverse, short but distinctly visible in dorsal aspect; the scutum twice as long
as wide posteriorly, the maximum width equal to the length, the parapsidal fur-
rows complete; the scutellum subpentagonal, with rounded edges, the maximum
length three-quarters of the maximum width; the metanotum very short. Propo-
deum short in the median part, dilated laterad, with two distinct ridges mediad of
the subcircular spiracular peritremata, laterally with many, rather long hairs.
Wings, Fig. 118. Fore wing more than twice as long as wide, 2.7 mm long; the
submarginal, marginal, stigmal, and postmarginal veins approximately in ratio
20 : 10 : 5 : 4, the stigmal vein with four pustules in one row; the membrane
finely pubescent in the distal two-thirds, some darker patches occur in the proximal
third; the fringe short but distinct. Hind wing (4 : 1), 2.0 mm long; the fringe
longer. Fore leg sparsely hirsute, the coxa nearly thrice as long as the trochanter,
four-fifths of the length of the femur, and as long as the tibia; the tibial armature
(Fig. 114—115) consisting of a long, ventral spur accompanied by some antiaxial
spines, two conical spines at the dorsal angle, and a row of four peg-like spines
along the axial, distal margin; the tarsus pentamerous, the segments approximately
in ratio 10 : 5 : 4 : 4 : 8, the first two segments with a plantar protuberance
between the distal spines. Mid leg long and slender, moderately long-pubescent;
the tibia longer than femur and coxa combined, with some spine-like hairs
next to the ventral spur; the tarsus pentamerous, the segments approximately in
ratio 13 : 6 : 4 : 3 : 5. Hind leg long-pubescent; the coxa, femur and tibia sub-
equal in length; the tibial armature (Fig. 120) consisting of two ventral spurs
(the one twice as long as the other), two spines at the ventral angle, three conical
spines along the antiaxial, distal margin, a comb of axial, peg-like spines, and a
row of about eight spines along the distal half of the dorsal margin; the tarsus
pentamerous, with rather long hairs, stout but short apical spines, and a plantar
comb of spine-like hairs; the segments approximately in ratio 18 : 6 : 5 : 3 : 5.

Gaster scarcely depressed laterad, twice as long as the thorax, the distal seg-
ments curved ventrad; the ovipositor valves distinctly projecting beyond the apex
of the abdomen; the pygostyles (Fig. 121) with five long hairs.

J. T. WIEBES : Fig wasps from Ficus stupenda 191

IST

QUMO

Fig. 113—121. Grandiana corneliae spec. nov., female allotype. 113, labium and maxilla,

ventral aspect; 114—115, apex of fore tibia, and metatarsus, 114, antiaxial aspect, 115, detail

in axial aspect; 116, antenna, antiaxial aspect; 117, head, frontal aspect (pubescence omitted) ;

118, wings; 119, mandible, dorsal aspect; 120, apex of hind tibia and base of metatarsus,

antiaxial aspect; 121, pygostyl, lateral aspect. — Fig. 113—115, 119—120, X 165;
116, X 100; 117, X 65; 118° X< 16; 121, X 250

Length (head, thorax, and gaster), approximately 3 mm. Colour black bronze,
the legs except for the black coxae, yellowish; the palps of the mouth parts and
the antennae infuscated; the compound eyes pinkish red.

Remark. — Grandiana corneliae, evidently related to Grandiana wassae Wiebes
(1961 : 245—249, Fig. 1—19), may be distinguished in both male and female
specimens by the more transverse head, the shape and pubescence of the antennal
segments, and the greater number of tibial spines; the male, moreover, has two
antennal ring-segments, versus one in G. wassae, and the toruli of the antennae
are situated laterally, not ventrally; the postmarginal vein of the female fore wing
is distinctly longer than in G. wassae.

The host of the present species, Ficus stupenda Miq. (subgenus Urostigma,
section Conosycea) is only remotely related to that of G. wassae, Ficus wassae
Roxb. (subgenus Ficus, section Sycidium).

192 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 7, 1966

REFERENCES

CORNER, E. J. H., 1964. Royal Society expedition to North Borneo 1961 : special report 3.
Ficus on Mt. Kinabalu. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 175 : 37—39.

GRANDI, G., 1917. Contributo alla conoscenza degli Agaonini (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae)
di Giava. Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici 12: 1—60, fig. I—XXII.

——, 1963. Catalogo ragionato degli Agaonidi del mondo descritti fino a oggi (6a
edizione). Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna 26: 319—373.

IsHu, T., 1934. Fig chalcidoids of Japan. Konty# 8: 84— 100, pl. 1—2.

JosePH, K. J., 1953. Contributions to our knowledge of fig insects (Chalcidoidea : parasitic
Hymenoptera) from India III. Description of three new genera and five new species
of Sycophagini, with notes on biology, distribution and evolution. Agra Univ. J.
Res. (Sci.) 2: 53—82, fig. 1—86.

—, 1953a. Do. IV. Descriptions of three new and records of four known species of
Agaonini. Agra Univ. J. Res. (Sci.) 2: 267—284, fig. I—V.

—, 1954. Do. VI. On six species of Agaoninae. Agra. Univ. J. Res. (Sci.) 3:
401—416, fig. I—IV.

——, 1957. Do. VII. Descriptions of fifteen new and revision of some old species.
Ann. Soc. ent. France 125: 97—133, fig. I—XIX.

WIEBES, J. T., 1961. Indomalayan and Papuan fig wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea).
1. Grandiana wassae nov. gen., nov. spec. (Idarninae), with remarks on the clas-
sification of the Sycophaginae. Nova Guinea, Zool. 14: 245—252, fig. 1—19.

———, 1963. Taxonomy and host preferences of Indo-Australian fig wasps of the genus
Ceratosolen (Agaonidae). Tijdschr. Ent. 106: 1—112, fig. 1—329, pl. 1.

—, 1965. Host specificity of fig wasps (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae).
Proc. XIIth Int. Congr. Ent., London 1964: 95—96.

—, 1966. The structure of the ovipositing organs as a tribal character in the Indo-
Australian Sycophagine Torymidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Zool. Meded.
Ata 159 fie ni

WILLIAMS, F. X., 1928. Studies in tropical wasps — their hosts and associates (with
descriptions of new species). Bull. Hawaii. Sugar Exp. Sta., Ent. Ser. 19: 1—179,
frontispiece, fig. A, B, 1—33.

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE

. Het verschijnt in één deel van 350—450 bladzijden per jaar, bestaande uit
enkele afleveringen.

ENTOMOLOGISCHE BERICHTEN
Deze zijn bestemd voor de publicatie van kortere artikelen, faunistische notities
etc, alsmede van de Verslagen der Vergaderingen en van mededelingen van het
bestuur. Zij verschijnen twaalf maal per jaar in een aflevering van 16 of meer
bladzijden, die samen een deel vormen.

TRICHOPTERORUM CATALOGUS
Deze Catalogus van F. C. J. Fischer wordt door de Vereeniging voor rekening
van de auteur uitgegeven. Alle bekende recente en fossiele soorten van de gehele
wereld met hun synoniemen worden er in behandeld. Delen I en II kosten f 39.—
per stuk, delen III-V: f 45 —, deel VI: f 49.—, deel VII: f 42.—. Er zullen in
„totaal 15 delen verschijnen. Van alle delen zijn ook éénzijdig bedrukte exemplaren
beschikbaar. De prijsverhoging hiervoor is gering.

| Alle zakelijke correspondentie betreffende de Vereeniging te richten aan de
Secretaris, W. Hellinga, Weesperzijde 2311, Amsterdam-O.

Alle correspondentie over de redactie van het Tijdschrift voor Entomologie en
de Monographieén te richten aan de Redacteur, Dr. A. Diakonoff, Rijksmuseum
van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.

Alle correspondentie over de redactie van de Eutomologische Berichten te rich-
ten aan de Redacteur, B. J. Lempke, Oude IJselstraat 12111, Amsterdam-Z. 2.

Alle betalingen te richten aan de Penningmeester, Drs. H. Wiering, Doorntjes
29, Bergen (N.H.), postgiro 188130, ten name van de Nederlandsche Entomolo-
ische Vereeniging te Bergen (N.H.).

Alle correspondentie betreffende de Bibliotheek der Vereeniging te richten aan
de Bibliotheek, Zeeburgerdijk 21, Amsterdam-O.

NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS
| All correspondence referring to subscriptions and exchange of the periodicals
of the Netherlands Entomological Society should be addressed to the Librarian,
Zeeburgerdijk 21, Amsterdam-O, Netherlands.

NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS

Manuscripts should be written in Dutch, English, French, German or Italian. If they
contain descriptions of new genera, species, etc., they should be in one of the four last
mentioned languages.

The author should communicate with the editor before submitting his manuscript. He
will enclose with manuscript a Synopsis (Abstract), styled according to recommendations

- of the UNESCO (style rules will be provided by the editor) and, if needed, a Summary.

Papers in Dutch should contain an Abstract and/or a Summary in one of the four other
languages.

‚ stress ordinary words or sentences is to be avoided. Dates should be spelled as follows: either
”10.V.1948” or "10 May, 1948”. Other use of latin numerals should be avoided, as well as
abbreviations in the text, save those generally accepted. Numbers from one to ten occurring
in the text should be written in full, one, two, three, etc. Titles must be kept short. Foot-
notes should be kept at a minimum.

Bibliography should not be given in footnotes but compiled in a list at end of the
paper, styled as follows:

Text references to this list might be made thus:

”Mosley (1932) says....” or "(Mosley, 1932)”.

The editors reserve the right to adjust style to certain standards of uniformity.

Manuscripts and all communications concerning editorial matters only should be sent to:
Dr. A. DIAKONOFF, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands.

CAERE AVA ee INC e VII u IL

LIGrRARY
NOV 1 1966
DEEL 109 AFLEVERING 8 Mri V mix il 966

UNIVERSITY

TIJDSCHRIFT
VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE

UITGEGEVEN DOOR

DE NEDERLANDSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREENIGING

INHOUD:

D. Hite Ris LAMBERS. — New and little known Aphids from Pakistan
(Homoptera, Aphididae), p. 193—220, Fig. 1—3, Plate 2.

Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 109, afl. 8 E Gepubliceerd 23-IX-1966 |
I I MA TEN RR DEREN

Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging

BESTUUR
Prof. Dr. J. van der Vecht, President (1961—1967), Oegstgeest.
Dr. G. Barendrecht, Vice-President (1965—1971), Amsterdam.
W. Hellinga, Secretaris (1963—1969), Amsterdam.
Drs. H. Wiering, Penningmeester (1962—1968), Bergen (N.H.).
Dr. G. Kruseman, Bibliothecaris (1966—1972), Amsterdam.
J. A. Janse (1964—1970), Bennebroek.
Dr. A. F. H. Besemer (1965—1970), Bennekom.

COMMISSIE VAN REDACTIE VOOR DE PUBLICATIES
Prof. Dr. J. van der Vecht (1961—1967), Oegstgeest.
P. Chrysanthus (1964—1967), Oosterhout (N.B.).
Dr. A. Diakonoff (1964—1967), Leiderdorp.
G. L. van Eyndhoven (1966—1969), Haarlem.
Dr. L. G. E. Kalshoven (1964—1967), Blaricum.
Prof. Dr. D. J. Kuenen (benoemd 1957), Leiden.
Dr. P. A. van der Laan (benoemd 1957), Bennekom.
B. J. Lempke (1965—1968), Amsterdam.
Prof. Dr. J. de Wilde (benoemd 1957), Wageningen.
Dr. J. T. Wiebes (1966—1969), Leiden.

BESTUUR DER AFDELING VOOR TOEGEPASTE ENTOMOLOGIF
Dr. A. F. H. Besemer, Voorzitter, Wageningen.
Ir. P. Gruys, Secretaris, Rheden.
Dr. Ir. L. Bravenboer, Naaldwijk.
J. J. Laarman, Leiden.
Dr. Ir. J. B. M. van Dinther, Bennekom.

De contributie voor het lidmaatschap bedraagt f 20.—, voor student-leden
f 5.—, per jaar. — Begunstigers betalen jaarlijks tenminste f 20.—.

De leden, behalve de student-leden, ontvangen gratis de Entomologische
Berichten, waarvan de prijs voor niet-leden f 30.— per jaar en f 3.— per nummer
bedraagt.

De leden kunnen zich voor f 12.50 per jaar abonneren op het Tijdschrift voor
Entomologie; hiervan bedraagt de prijs voor niet-leden f 45 — per jaar.

De eerder verschenen publicaties der Vereeniging zijn voor de leden tegen ver-
minderde prijzen verkrijgbaar. De Vereeniging geeft de volgende publicaties uit.

MONOGRAPHIEEN VAN DE NEDERLANDSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREENIGING

Deze worden met onregelmatige tussenpozen uitgegeven. Er zijn reeds ver-

schenen:

— F. T. Valck Lucassen et al. — Monographie du genre Lomaptera Gory z
Percheron (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae), prijs f 50.—.

1. A. J. Besseling. — De Nederlandse Watermijten (Hydrachnellae Latreille,
1802), prijs f 25.—.

NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN APHIDS FROM PAKISTAN
(HOMOPTERA, APHIDIDAE)

D. HILLE RIS LAMBERS
Bladluisonderzoek T.N.O., Bennekom, Netherlands

ABSTRACT

In this paper the following new genera and species are described from Northern Pakistan.

Aphis longituba spec. nov., from unidentified herbaceous climber; Ceruraphis eastopi
spec. nov., from Viburnum cotinifolium; Chaitophorus kapuri spec. nov., from Populus ciliata;
Chaitophorus nigritus spec. nov., from Salix sp.; Chaitophorus pakistanicus spec. nov., from
Salix acmophylla and S. tetrasperma; Cinara lachnirostris spec. nov., from Pinus (probably
wallichiana); Cinara maculipes spec. nov., from Pinus wallichiana; Epipemphigus gen. nov.,
type-species Pemphigus imaicus Cholodkovsky, 1912; Globulicaudaphis gen. nov., type-species
Globulicaudaphis pakistanica spec. nov., from Quercus (probably dilatata); Macrosiphum
pachysiphon spec. nov., from Rubus lasiocarpus; Liosomaphis atra spec. nov., from Berberis
sp.; Matsumuraja capitophoroides spec. nov., from Rubus lasiocarpus and Rubus sp.; Peri-
phyllus vandenboschi spec. nov., from Acer sp.; Pseudessigella gen. nov., type-species
Pseudessigella brachychaeta spec. nov., from Pinus wallichiana.

Some notes on the identity of Chaitophorus himalayensis (Das, 1918), often mistaken for
C. pakistanicus spec. nov., are given. It is suggested that Hayhurstia tataricae Aizenberg,
1935, from Lonicera tatarica is a synonym of Brevicoryne coriandri Das, 1918, from Corian-
drum, referred to Hyadaphis Kirkaldy, 1904, type-species Aphis xylostei Schrank, 1801, of
which genus Neohayhurstia Aizenberg, 1954, type-species Hayhurstia tataricae Aizenberg,
1935, becomes a synonym. The fundatrix of Epipemphigus imaicus (Cholodkovsky, 1912)
is described for the first time, and a key to the apterous females of Matsumuraja Schumacher,
1921, is given.

Introduction

Dr. R. VAN DEN BoscH, Berkeley, California, managed to collect, during a short
stay in Northern West Pakistan, a considerable number of aphid samples which he
most kindly gave to me for identification. Where not otherwise indicated, all the
material originates from this collector. Several undescribed species which were
already familiar to me from material received from my colleagues Mr. A. N. Basu
and Mr. K. D. VERMA, will later be described by them. Other species are described
here, partly also from material received for identification from the Commonwealth
Institute for Biological Control.

Types of new species are in the author’s collection, with the exception of those
of Ceruraphis eastopi spec. nov.

Aphis longituba spec. nov.

Apterous viviparous female.
In life pale green, mottled with darker green on abdomen; appendages pale

193

194 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 8, 1966

except siphunculi which are black-tipped. In mounted specimens body oval, about
1.3—1.6 mm long. Tergum completely unpigmented. Extremely small marginal
tubercles present, on abdominal segment I, where they are but little wider in
diameter than the papilla of a marginal hair but rather taller than their basal width,
and on segment VII, where they are a little wider than the porus of the nearest
stigma. Dorsal hairs scarce, those on abdominal tergite III about 0.016—0.025
mm long, stiff, subacute, but the 2 hairs on tergite VIII up to 0.060 mm long;
marginal hairs on tergites II—IV usually in double pairs, sometimes in a single
pair on tergite III. Front slightly sinuated. Antennae pale with the processus
terminalis faintly smoky; flagellum imbricated; processus terminalis at most as
long as segment III, usually shorter, 2—21/, times base of segment VI; hairs on
segment III scarce (e.g. 7 or 9), half as long as basal diameter of the segment.
Rostrum just reaching the hind coxae; last segment rather long, about 11/;—11/,
times as long as second joint of hind tarsi, with 2, more rarely 3 hairs besides the
3 subapical pairs. Siphunculi quite pale with apical 1/g—1/g blackish, gradually
tapering from base to apex, in the middle about 11/, times as wide, at apex about
as wide as the hind tibiae, imbricated, with rather small flange, about 1/;—2/,
of length of body, 22/3—31/, times as long as cauda. Cauda small, at base about
twice as wide as middle of siphunculi, more or less like that of Aphis gossypii
Glover, cylindrical to tapering with rounded top, with 5—6 hairs. Legs rather
long, pale with brownish tarsi; trochanter and femora on the underside with at
least a few hairs fine and long, longer than the basal width of a femur; tibial hairs
rather like those of A. gossypii, short; first tarsal joints with 3, 3, 2 hairs, second
joints markedly imbricated.

Measurements in mm.

No. Length Ant. Ant. segments Siph. Cauda
of body III IV V VI
1. 1.50 1.02 0.29 0.16 0.15 (0.10 + 0.22) 0.33 0.12
DI 1.42 0.95 0.23 015 0.13 (0.11-+ 0.22) 0.30 0.11
3. 1.32 1.00 0.25 017 0.14 (0.10 <- 0.24) 0.32 0.10
4, 1.46 0.91 0.25, 70513) 070.122 (OFOO 221021) 0.32 0.12
Sk, 1.45 1.00 02800 7 Oe 20511. 210723) 0.33 0.12
6. 1.47 0.95 0.25 0.13 0.14 (0.09 + 0.23) 0.32 0.13

(1—6, from an unidentified plant, Murree, West Pakistan, 3.VII.1964).

Discussion. This Aphis was collected from the curled tender tips (undersides)
of a vine-like herbaceous plant. Species of the genus with such long, slender
siphunculi that are pale are scarce, and I know of no other than A. farinosa
Gmelin, very different as to marginal tubercles, and A. sdaez v. d. Goot which has
much thinner siphunculi. Some species of the group infesting Ribes and Ona-
graceae have such long pale siphunculi, but these always have more than 3 hairs
on the basal half of the last rostral segment and longer antennal hairs. The long
pale siphunculi with their Sonspicuously -dark.tips, and the small cauda, together

LIBRARY

NOV 1 1966

HARVARD
NEE Bl Ne N ne ae CA PEUR LE) LL AND AV EED nat fe oh ALMIRON IONE TAURO ee OOO Wy RENE pe eu Un

D. Hirre Ris LAMBERS : Aphids from Pakistan 195

with the scarcity of marginal tubercles and the few rostral hairs make recognition
of the species within the very large genus Aphis L. quite easy.

Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female (measurements no. 1), from an
unidentified plant, Murree, West Pakistan, 3.VII.1964 (R. VAN DEN Bosch),
P-VII-3a. Paratypes: 6 apterae viviparae with data as for the holotype.

Ceruraphis eastopi spec. nov.
(Fig. 1—2, p. 208)

Alate viviparous female.

Colour in life not known. In mounted specimens body about 2.70—3.15 mm
long, elongated. Head and thorax blackish sclerotic; abdomen with extensive
darkish dorsal sclerotisation consisting of thick spino-pleural bars which are
mutually free on tergites I and II, but except medially sometimes almost com-
pletely fused on tergites III—VI. Marginal tubercles variable, sometimes on all
segments from I—VII, but always on II—IV, low, flat, on segments II—IV about
0.015 mm in diameter. Spinal tubercles very small, very irregularly present on
tergites I—VIII, mesonotum or vertex. Dorsal hairs fine, on tergite II} up to
0.045 mm long; tergite IV with mostly single spinal and pleural pairs, but with
up to 8 marginal pairs, on more anterior tergites usually with several additional
spinal and pleural hairs; tergite VIII with 4—5 hairs. Posterior row of 6—8 hairs
on vertex remarkably far from posterior margin of head. Front sinuated. Antennae
blackish, about 3/, of length of body; segment III on basal one-third distinctly
imbricated, with about 15—23 rather protruding, mostly large and partly markedly
transversely oval rhinaria over whole length; segment IV with 1—5, rarely without
such rhinaria; segment V rarely with a secondary rhinarium, but with an enormous
primary rhinarium of about 0.10 mm long and 0.035 mm wide (Fig. 1), covering
up to half the length of the segment; segment VI with a hardly smaller primary
rhinarium, which covers much more than half the basal portion of the segment;
hairs on segment III rather bent and adpressed, up to just longer than basal
diameter of the segment. Rostrum reaching to half way the middle coxae; last
segment rather elongated, about 10/,, of second joint of hind tarsi, with 2 hairs
besides the 3 subapical pairs. Siphunculi tapering from base to apex or slightly
constricted at base, dark, about 1/,, of length of body, in the middle 11/,)—
11/, times as thick as middle portion of hind tibiae, dorsally from base to apex
with a few wavy transverse lines of bluntish spinules, ventrally with very dis-
persed imbrications bearing few blunt spinules, and these imbrications near apex
running together to form cells (Fig. 2); flange hardly indicated. Cauda 2/3—4/5
of siphunculi, dark, triangular with convex sides, rather acute, with 5 hairs. Legs
rather long; femora blackish with pale base; tibiae dark with blackish base and
apex; the hind tibiae over most of their length, the other tibiae near base, with
a very curious, vague, wavy transverse striation similar to that on distal two-thirds
of antennal segment III; first tarsal joints with 3, 3, 2 hairs. Venation of wings
normal; subcostal vein system and pterostigma conspicuously pale.

196 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 8, 1966 —

Measurements in mm.

No. Length Ant. Ant. segments Rhin. on segments
of body IT PIV Gow) VI Siph. Cauda III IV V
N Soli 1.88 0.47 0.25 0.23 (0.15 + 0.60) 0.17 0.12 16&18 2&4 0&0
i, | 207 1.74 0.38 0.21 0.22 (0.15 + 0.61) 0.16 0.13 ICI CQO OCs 2
Bo Colle) 1.69 0.36 0.21 0.21 (0.15 + 0.60) 0.16 013 21&23 1&5 0&0
4. 2.77 1.72 0.39 0.22 0.20 (0.16-++ 0.59) 0.17 0.13 14&16 3&4 0&0
> AD 1.74 0.40 0.20 0.21 (0.16 + 0.61) 0.16 013 21&22 1&3 0&0
Gi ZS) 1.71 0.38 0.20 0.21 (0.16 + 0.60) 0.16 0.13 15&17 3&4 0&1

(1—6, from Viburnum cotinifolium, Otrore, West Pakistan, 12.1X.1962,
Commonwealth Inst. Biol. Control, C.I.E. no. 18753: 847).

Larvae.

Embryos in alatae. Antennae of 4? segments; processus terminalis (fully
stretched) only 1.4 times base of last segment; base with one stout and one small
hair; penultimate segment with two stout, and one small hair, last rostral segment
0.065, with two hairs besides the 3 subapical pairs.

Alatoid nymphs, last instar. On abdomen with small dark marginal sclerites
bearing mostly 1 or 2 hairs and a tubercle. Spinally especially on the posterior
tergites, from IV or V caudad, with very small, caudad much larger sclerites
bearing one hair each, and besides, especially on tergites VII and VIII, a spinal
tubercle; all tubercles more pronounced, and larger than in most adults. Primary
rhinaria on antennal segments V and VI round, ciliate, rather large, about 0.025—
0.035 mm across the rims. Hind tibiae without spinules. As in other species of the
genus there is an unusually large distance between the first and the second pair of
coxae.

Discussion. The eight alatae that were collected evidently were not gynoparae
returned from their secondary host plant, for the same sample contained a number
of almost mature alatoid nymphs. Therefore the specimens must have developed
on Viburnum. Notwithstanding the date of collecting, the fact that only alatae,
and only alatoid nymphs were found, seems to suggest host alternation. Perhaps
the specimens were leaving Viburnum for a secondary host plant. In other species
of the genus the host plants are Cyperaceae, rarely Juncaceae. Indeed Dr. REMAU-
DIERE has collected a Ceruraphis on some species of Carex in Iran which might be
this species, but the alatae lack the gigantic primary rhinaria of C. eastopr.

These rhinaria make recognition of the described morph very easy, for to my
knowledge no other member of this subfamily with such primary rhinaria has
been described. However, almost certainly other morphs do not have such unusual
rhinaria: in the alatoid nymphs the primary rhinaria are of ordinary shape. The
sculpture of the siphunculi may be useful for identifying the other morphs when
these are found.

The very short processus terminalis in the embryos inside the described alatae
suggests that in apterae the processus terminalis 1s much shorter than in the
described alatae. When the apterae are found they could be identified by the
curious mixture of short and long hairs on the last two antennal segments of the
embryos that they contain.

D. Hie Ris LAMBERS: Aphids from Pakistan 197

The species is named after Dr. V. F. Easrop, British Museum (Natural
History), London.

Types. Holotype: alate viviparous female (measurements no. 1), from Viburnum
cotinifolium, Otrore, West Pakistan, 12.IX.1962 (Commonwealth Inst. Biol.
Control, C.I.E. no. 18753: 847). Paratypes: 7 alatae and 7 alatoid nymphs with
data as for the holotype. The holotype and all but two alate paratypes are in the
British Museum (Natural History), London.

Chaitophorus himalayensis (Das, 1918)

Das (1918) mentions in his description of Eichochaitophorus himalayensis that
the siphunculi in the apterae viviparae are brown. The processus terminalis is
about 21/ times as long as the base of antennal segment VI. These characters do
not apply to material identified by TAKAHASHI and recorded by him from Siam,
and to other specimens identified as himalayensis Das, from Pakistan and India.

Material of a species from Salix from India agrees with the description of hima-
layensis by Das in the pigmentation of the siphunculi and the length of the
processus terminalis. The first tarsal joints of the apterae viviparae have 7 hairs,
and the abdominal dorsum is distinctly nodulose.

Chaitophorus kapuri spec. nov.

Apterous viviparous female.

Colour in life not noted, but presumably largely blackish. Mounted specimens
dorsally dark to blackish sclerotic with the head laterally, and a not sharply
bordered median area from metanotum to about tergite III distinctly paler to pale.
Abdominal tergites I—VI solidly fused, the other tergites mutually free. Dorsum
not smooth but rather evenly covered with mostly irregularly arranged, not joined,
semiobtuse to blunt spinules which in lateral view are little more than half as high
as their basal width; locally these spinules are arranged in wavy transverse lines.
Dorsal hairs acute or somewhat acuminate, stiff, not wavy; the longest spinal hairs
on abdominal tergite III up to 6 times basal diameter of antennal segment III.
Antennae about 5/7,—2/3 of length of body, with segment I and the part near
the rhinaria on segment VI dusky to dark, the rest quite pale, slightly imbricated;
segment III with on inner side 2—4 hairs of about 3—33/, times basal diameter
of the segment, and with some much shorter hairs rather similar to those on outer
side which are about as long as basal diameter of the segment; base of segment VI
with 2—3 hairs, the longest of which is 12/,—2 times the shortest; for inter-
relation of antennal segments vide measurements. Last rostral segment about as
long as second joint of hind tarsi, with 2—4 hairs besides the 3 subapical pairs.
Siphunculi very short, blackish, not surrounded by a membranous ring, with 3—4
rows of transverse reticulations apically that are only well visible in lateral view.
Cauda rather pale, distinctly knobbed, with the knob usually wider than long. Legs
completely pale with only the apices of the tarsi slightly dusky; tibiae with a few
short spinules at the very tip; first tarsal joints with 7, 7, 7 hairs; empodial hairs
ribbon-shaped.

198 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 8, 1966

Measurements in mm.

No. Length Ant. Ant. segments Siph. Cauda
of body III IV Vv VI
ile 1.53 1.11 0.29 0.14 0.14 (0.10 + 0.33) 0.05 0.11
22 1.86 1.20 033 0.15 0.14 (0.10-+ 0.34) 0.06 092
3. 157 1.16 0.31 0.16 0.14 (0.114 0.32) 0.06 0.10
4. 1.56 1.14 0.30 0.16 0.13 (0.11 + 0.33) 0.06 0.10
DI 1.95 1.34 0.37 0.21 0.15 (0.114 0.35) 0.07 0.10
6. 1.92 1.14 0.36 0.20 0.15 (0.11 + 0.32) 0.07 0.10

(1-4, from Populus ciliata, Murree (7000 ft), Pakistan, 30.VI.1964 (R. VAN
DEN BoscH); 5—6, from Populus, Manali (6000 ft), India, 25.VI.1955 (A. P.
KAPUR) ).

Alate viviparous female.

Colour in life not noted. Mounted specimens with black head and thorax, with
on the abdominal dorsum thick spino-pleural, blackish, transverse bars from seg-
ment II or HI to VIII, which bars tend to fuse to a central sclerite from tergites
III to VI; marginal abdominal sclerites blackish, on segments II—V each with
6—11 hairs and on the posterior part with a very slender tubercle that often
looks like the socket of a large hair with the shaft broken near the base. Antennae
3/4—5/ of the length of body, pigmented as in apterae, but with also the apex
of segment V somewhat darkened; hairs on inner side of segment III considerably
shorter than in apterae, but still up to 31/, times as long as basal diameter of
segment III because the latter is constricted at base; segment III with about 10—12
rather large rhinaria more or less in a row over the length of the segment. Siphun-
culi conical, nearly as long as their basal width, dark, with 3—4 rows of basad
transverse reticulations. Legs pallid as in apterae. Wings with normal venation, the
veins very conspicuously and rather broadly darkly bordered.

Measurements in mm.

Noi (length "Ant: Ant, segments Siph. Cauda Rhin.

of body HT, IV. Vv VI on III
1. 1.70 1.29 0.35 0.18 0.15 (0.11-+ 0.36) 0.07 0.10 12 & 12
2% 1.64 1.17 0.35 0:16 0.13 (OMO 0:30) 0.08 0.10 10 & 12
38 1.62 1.30 0.33 0.19 0.15 (0.12 + 0.38) ? 0.09 10 & 11
4, 1.63 1227 0.37 0.17 0.14 (0.11-++ 0.34) 0.07 0.09 10& ?

(1—4, with apterae no. 1—4).

Larvae.

In mounted specimens head darkish, the rest pale, without dark scleroites at the
bases of the dorsal hairs. Siphunculi blackish, apparently reticulated before adult-
hood.

Discussion. The insects infest the undersides of the leaves of Populus ciliata.
No data are available on the attendance by ants. The completely unpigmented legs,

D. Hire Ris LAMBERS : Aphids from Pakistan 199

in sharp contrast to the dark body, and the strongly bordered veins ot the wings
make recognition of this species very easy.

Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female (measurements no. 1), from
Populus ciliata, Murree (7000 ft), West Pakistan, 30.VI.1964. Paratypes: apterae
and alatae with the same collecting data.

Chaitophorus nigritus spec. nov.

Apterous viviparous female.

In life black with pale legs and antennae. In mounted specimens tergum evenly
black with the head laterally just paler. Abdominal tergites II to VI completely
fused, the rest mutually free. Tergum with very small bluntish nodules that are
joined to wavy lines that mostly medially run more or less parallel, with on the
thorax here and there a faint tendency to reticulation. Dorsal hairs slightly flexed,
with fine apices; the longest spinal hairs on abdominal tergite III about 5 times as
long as basal diameter of antennal segment III. Antennae pale with segment I,
the distal half of the processus terminalis and sometimes the area near the rhinaria
on the last segment dusky to dark, sometimes on one side of 5 segments, 1/,—
5/g of the length of body; segment III on inner side with 3—6 hairs of up to
21/9—3 times basal diameter of the segment and with some shorter ones that yet
are 11/, times or more times that diameter and considerably longer than those ori
outer side which are mostly shorter than that diameter; the longest of the 2, rarely
3 hairs on the base of the last segment 21/,—3 times as long as the shortest.
Last rostral segment very nearly as long as second joint of hind tarsi, with 2 hairs
besides the 3 subapical pairs; one pair of the latter placed very far basad. Siphun-
culi black, surrounded by a membranous area, more or less conical, distinctly
reticulated on distal half. Cauda knobbed, pale with dusky knob, the latter wider
than long. Legs pale with the tarsi wholly or distally dusky; tibiae only at the very
apex with some spinules; first tarsal joints with 5 hairs; empodial hairs setaceous,
blunt to acute.

Measurements in mm.

No. Length Ant. Ant. segments Siph. Cauda
of body III IV V VI
sla 1.30 0.73 0.16 0.09 0.10 (0.09 + 0.22) 0.04 0.05
D} 1.13 0.67 0.15 0.08 0.10 (0.08-+ 0.18) 0.04 0.05
5% 1.36 0.75 0.17 0.09 0.09 (0.09 + 0.22) 0.04 0.05
4, 1.39 0.78 0.18 0.10 0.09 (0.09 + 0.21) 0.04 0.05
5. 1611 0.63 0.12 0.09 0.08 (0.08 + 0.18) 0.03 0.04
6. 1.42 0.80 0.17 0.10 0.10 (0.09 + 0.23) 0.05 0.05

(1—6, from Salix sp., Murree (7500 ft), Pakistan, 27.VI.1964).

Intermediate.

Like apterae viviparae, but thorax rather like that in alatae, with small wing’
pads. Antennae with 8 and 11 small secondary rhinaria on segment III, with 2
and 2 on IV, and with 0 and 1 on V.

200 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 8, 1966

Larvae.
From birth with black scleroites to the bases of the dorsal hairs.

Discussion. According to its collector the aphids live most characteristically in
tight colonies around galls on the leaves of Salix sp. No data on myrmecophily
are available.

In structure and ornamentation of the dorsum this species strongly resembles
Chaitophorus salicti (Schrank, 1801), but it can at once be distinguished by the
membranous ring around the siphunculi, the shorter, less hairy last rostral seg-
ment and unpigmented legs in, otherwise, solidly black specimens.

Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female (measurements no. 1), from Salix
sp., Murree (7500 ft), West Pakistan, 27.VI.1964. Paratypes: apterae viviparae
with the same collecting data.

Chaitophorus pakistanicus spec. nov.

Apterous viviparous female. :

Colour in life not known, but almost certainly greenish or yellowish. Mounted
specimens completely pale. Integumentum dorsally virtually smooth. Dorsal hairs
variable in length, stiff, mostly rather thick, the marginal ones acute, the rest rarely
partly acute, normally either partly acuminate or all with furcated apices; longest
spinal hairs on abdominal tergite III from 3—51/, times basal diameter of an-
tennal segment III. Antennae 4/,—5/, of length of body, always with the area
near the rhinaria on segment VI and the apical half of the processus terminalis
dark or dusky, sometimes with segment I, the apex of segment V, and the whole
segment VI, dusky; base of segment III slightly attenuated; that segment on inner
side with 2—5 rather stiff hairs with bluntish apices that are 11/,—2 times basal
diameter of the segment, often hardly longer than some hairs on the outer side;
basal part of segment VI with 2 rather short hairs of about equal length; processus
terminalis 13/„—21/, times base of last segment. Last rostral segment only 3/4—
5/4 of second joint of hind tarsi, with 2 long hairs as long as the longest of the
3 subapical pairs; of the latter one pair placed far basad. Siphunculi not pigmented,
very small, truncated conical or cylindrical, with only 2—3 rows of transverse
reticulation at apex. Cauda pale, knobbed, the knob broader than long. Legs pale
with dusky second tarsal joints; tibiae smooth, in some of the specimens from
Kashmir with a few pseudosensoria; first tarsal joints with 5 hairs; empodial hairs
thinly setaceous.

Measurements in mm.

No. Length Ant. Ant. segments Siph. Cauda
of body III IV V VI
1. 1.67 0.93 0:25), 0.13% 0522040 2020) 0.06 0.10
De 172 0.88 0.23 0.12 0.11 (0.09 + 0.19) ? 0.10
3. 152 0.81 0.25 0.12 0.10 (0.09 + 0.14) 0.06 0.10
4. 1.64 0.79 0210 Ost 704109 2(0:09- 120217) 0.06 0.10
5. 1.50 0.68 0.20 0.09 0.09 (0.08 + 0.12) 0.06 0.10
6. 1.48 0.79 0.22 0.12 0.11 (0.08 + 0.14) 0.06 0.10

D. HirrE Ris LAMBERS : Aphids from Pakistan 201

(1—2, from Salix acmophylla, Mardan, Pakistan, 3.XII.1962 (Commonwealth
Inst. Biol. Control); 3—4, from Salix acmophylla, Hangu, Pakistan, 9.XII.1962
(Commonwealth Inst. Biol. Control); 5—6, from Salix tetrasperma, Jammu,
Kashmir, 24.11.1964 (K. D. VERMA)).

Oviparous female.
Mounted specimen similar to apterous viviparous female, but body larger, cauda
not constricted, hind tibiae swollen with about 40 pseudosensoria.

Measurements in mm.

No. Length Ant. Ant. segments Siph. Cauda
of body III IV V VI
ik 1.98 0.92 DAD ORL (Om0- 019) 0.04 0.10

(1, with apterae 3—4).

Larvae.
Dorsal hairs without pigmented sclerites at their bases. First two antennal seg-
ments often brownish.

Discussion. The few records published after that of Das (1918) of Chaito-
phorus himalayensis (Das) probably relate to the present species, which in many
respects agrees with the description by that author, except for its pale siphunculi
and shorter processus terminalis. Specimens from Salix, Chiengmai, Thailand,
5.V.1940, received from Dr. TAKAHASHI and identified and recorded by him as
Chaitophorus himalayensis (Das) differ slightly from the material described above
by having a few more hairs on antennal segment III.

In a number of characters the new species agrees with colourless specimens of
Chaitophorus salicti (Schrank), but the short last rostral segment and almost
smooth abdominal tergum, as well as the short processus terminalis make recog-
nition easy.

Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female (measurements no. 1), from Salix
acmophylla, Mardan, Pakistan, 3.XII.1962 (Commonwealth Inst. Biol. Control).
Paratypes: apterae viviparae with collecting data as above; from Salix acmophylla,
Hangu, Pakistan, 9.XII.1962 (Commonwealth Inst. Biol. Control); from Salix
tetrasperma, Jammu, Kashmir, 24.11.1964 (K. D. VERMA).

Cinara lachnirostris spec. nov.

Apterous viviparous female.

In life small, darkish brown. Mounted specimens pale, with the head, pronotum,
mesothoracic furca, the customary six longitudinal rows of small, roundish pleural
intersegmental sclerites (‘‘Muskelplatten’”) more or less dark brown, the siphun-
cular cones and a broken bar across abdominal tergite VIII light brown, and very
vague, mottled pleuro-marginal areas on the mesonotum. Dorsal skin with even,
very fine reticulation. Dorsal hairs on the thorax stiff, spinally somewhat acuminate

202 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 8, 1966

and not longer than basal diameter of antennal segment III, marginally acute and
up to 11/, times that diameter; on the disc of abdomen caudad gradually shorter
and blunter, till on tergite V the hairs are quite blunt and cylindrical and down
to 1/3 or even 1/, the mentioned diameter, from where they again increase in
length till on tergite VIII they are as long as the marginal hairs on abdomen and
thorax; the short spinal hairs with dark sockets but not on sclerotic platelets.
Ventral hairs much more numerous than dorsal hairs, about twice the mentioned
diameter. Head not with a median suture, with acute thorny hairs like the spinal
thoracic hairs. Antennae rather long, more than half as long as body with segment
I as dark brown as the head, the other segments gradually darker towards segment
VI which is mostly paler than segment I; segment VI always longer than segment
V, the latter longer than segment IV which is 1/.—2/, of segment III; segment
VI with small, roundish imbrications which begin to become apparent on distal
half of segment V; the rest smooth; secondary rhinaria variable in number; pro-
cessus terminalis at base as wide as the part below the rhinaria, 2—21/, times as
long as its basal width, 1/,—2/, of the total length of the segment, with 8—11
short spiny hairs; hairs on segment III stiff, acuminate, the shortest only half basal
diameter of the segment, most of them about equal to that diameter, the longest
hairs 11/9 times that diameter. Rostrum long, reaching to about abdominal sternite
VI or VII, with surprisingly short ultimate segments; segment IV with 6 hairs
besides the 3 pairs at the junction of “IV and V”; about 11/, times as long as its
basal width; IV + V about 3/, of the length of second joint of hind tarsi. No
trace of a mesosternal processus present. Siphuncular cones quite small, often in-
conspicuous, in diameter just smaller than the length of rostral segment IV, with
only about 25 hairs of the ventral type. Cauda normal. Legs rather thick, with the
femora dark to blackish brown with the very base pale, tibiae with dark bases and
apices, on the fore and middle legs the middle part brownish yellow, on the hind
tibiae somewhat paler just past the base, but the rest gradually darker towards
apex; hairs on basal half of hind tibiae stiff and acuminate, considerably shorter
than width of tibiae; first tarsal joints with very numerous hairs and two short
spines, ventrally about 12/3 times as long as dorsally, 5 times as long as the width
at the basal articulation; empodial hairs just over half as long as the sclerite on
which they are placed.

Measurements in mm.

No. Length Ant. Ant. segments Diam. Cauda Rhin. on
of body A Ms MI siph. bf A Vv

Le 2577 1.40 0.49 0.18 0.25 0.28 0.15 0.11 O&O 2&3 0&1
2e 2.83 1555 0.572.20:20720267,.030 0.16 0.11 3&3 2&2 1&0
3. 2.56 1.48 0.52 0.21 0.23 0.30 0.15 0.09 O&O O&O O&O
4. 2.47 1.39 OSIO 023028 0.14 0.08 O&O O&O O&O
SE 2.49 Lal 0.55 0.19 0.26 0.31 0.15 - 0.10 O&O O&O O&O
6. 2.51 1.40 0.49 0.19 0.23 0.29 0.14 0.11 0&0 0&0 0&0

(1—6, from Pinus (probably wallichiana, syn. excelsa), Murree (7000 ft),
Pakistan, 3.VII.1964).

D. HırıE Ris LAMBERS : Aphids from Pakistan 203

Discussion. The new species can easily be distinguished from other Palaearctic
species by the combination of very small siphuncular cones with the unusually
long antennal segment VI and short dorsal hairs.

Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female (measurements no. 3), from Pinus
(wallichiana, syn. excelsa?), Murree (7000 ft), West Pakistan, 3.VII.1964 (R.
VAN DEN BoscH), no. P-3d. Paratypes: apterae viviparae with collecting data as
for holotype.

Cinara maculipes spec. nov.

Apterous viviparous female.

In life pale brown. In mounted specimens head, pronotum and mesonotum
somewhat mottled light brown; the small, roundish pleural intersegmental sclerites
(“Muskelplatten”) dark brown; the small siphuncular cones, an interrupted bar
across tergite VIII and the subgenital plate pale brownish; no further pigmentation
present. Dorsum medially with fields of very fine reticulation. Dorsal hairs very
stiff and thorny, on the mesonotum spinally and marginally about half as long as
basal diameter of antennal segment III, on the disc of the abdomen only 1/,—1/,
of that diameter, on tergite VIII as long as on mesonotum; hairs on sclerotic parts
with a diffuse darker brownish zone around their bases, on membranous parts
with dark sockets and a very small dark area around the socket. Ventral hairs also
thorny, up to 12/5 times the mentioned diameter. Head with distinct, complete
median suture, with hairs up to just longer than the mentioned diameter. Antennae
about 2/;—4/, of length of body, pale, with segment I light brown like the head,
tip of IV, most of V and the whole of VI blackish brown; segment VI, and seg-
ment V distally imbricated, the rest smooth; for interrelation of segments see
measurements; processus terminalis at base much (about 3/g) thinner than part
basad of the rhinaria, a little less than 1/3 of the length of segment, with 9—12
thorns; secondary rhinaria mostly absent; only no. 3 of the measurements with 1
and 2 rhinaria on segment IV; antennal hairs thorny, the longest on segment III
4/5 of basal diameter of the segment, but most of them much shorter. Rostrum
reaching to abdominal sternite II or III; last joint short, “IV + V” only half as
long as second joint of hind tarsi, with 6 long and fine hairs besides the 3 pairs
at the junction of IV and V; V about 11/, times as long as its largest width. No
trace of a mesosternal processus. Siphunculi on slightly pigmented, small cones
with a diameter as large as the length of rostral segment IV or less than 2/5 the
length of second joint of hind tarsi, with about 15—19 hairs most of which are
long, fine and curved, but a few on the mesal side may be like dorsal abdominal
hairs. Cauda rather long for the genus in comparison to its width, more or less
low triangular with strongly bulging sides. Legs yellowish brown with the bases
and apical parts of the tibiae darker to blackish brown, particularly the femora
very conspicuously pantherine spotted, the tibiae to a lesser extent; hairs on the
hind tibiae semiobtuse, on basal half 1/,—1/, of the local diameter of the tibiae;
first tarsal joints with 2—3 short ventral spines and a great number of longer
hairs, ventrally 12/, times as long as dorsally, 51/, times as long as the width

204 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 8, 1966

at the basal articulation; empodial hairs about 2/3 of the length of the sclerite on
which they are placed.

Measurements in mm.

No. Length Ant. Ant. segments Diam. Cauda Rhin.

of body III IV Vv VI siph. on IV
1 4.60 2.00 0.85 0.26 0.35 0.28 0.20 0.26 0&0
2% 4.80 2.06 0.88 0.29 0.36 0.28 0.23 0.21 0&0
Da 4.77 2.06 0.89 0.29 0.34 0.28 0.23 0.25 1&2
4. 4.30 WOM 0.81 0.22 0.34 0.28 0.22 0.25 0&0
Do 4.19 1.96 0.83 0.30 0.32 0.28 0.20 0.27 0&0
6. 4.73 2.06 0.87 0.30 0.34 0.29 0.19 0.22 0&0

(1—6, from Pinus wallichiana (syn. excelsa), Murree, Pakistan, 3.VII.1964).

Alate viviparous female.

Described from one specimen. Head and thorax darker mottled brown. Dorsal
hairs about 50% longer, slightly thinner, their sockets not darkened, not sur-
rounded by brown. Antennal segment III with very unevenly sized rhinaria more
or less in a row; hairs on segment III 7/,,—7/4 of its basal diameter. Eyes
slightly stalked, the stalk as high as the radius of the eye. Legs very dark with only
a part near base of the middle and hind tibiae paler, the spotting not so conspicu-
ous but still very distinct on transparent areas. Wings mutilated, venation incertain,
only subcosta and pterostigma very dark. Other characters as in apterae.

Measurements in mm.

No. Length Ant. Ant segments Diam. Cauda Rhin. on
of body II IV Wr NAL siph. III IV Vv

1. 4.23 1.92 0.75 0.34 0.34 0.26 0.15 0.18 15&18 3&5 O&O

(with the above mentioned apterae).

Discussion. The strongly spotted legs, very small siphuncular cones, and very
short hairs on abdominal dorsum and tibiae make identification of this species
very easy.

Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female (measurements no. 1), from Pinus
wallichiana (syn. excelsa), Murree, West Pakistan, 3.VII.1964 (R. VAN DEN
BoscH), P-3c. Paratypes: apterae no. 2—6, and the alate viviparous female with
collecting data as for holotype.

Epipemphigus gen. nov.

Fundatrix with four to five segmented antennae, without wax glands, without
siphunculi, with 2—3 caudal hairs, with the empodial hairs very short, about
1/4—1/3 of the length of the claws; embryos inside fundatrices also with short
empodial hairs, with wax glands. Alatae of the second generation both as larvae

D. Hire Ris LAMBERS : Aphids from Pakistan 205

and as adults with minute, unpigmented and therefore nearly invisible siphunculi,

perhaps not always, with simple media in the fore wings, with very distinctly

ciliate secondary rhinaria, with very irregular chaetotaxy of the first tarsal joints

(e.g. 4 ‚4, 4; 4, 2, 4; 4, 2, 2, etc.); embryos inside these alatae with mouth parts,

and with the empodial hairs at most 1/3 of the length of the claws.
Type-species: Pemphigus imaicus Cholodkovsky, 1912.

Discussion. BORNER’s (1952) subdivision of Pemphigine genera has the at-
traction of being very simple. By considering the lengths of the empodial hairs in
new born offspring of fundatrigeniae (alatae of the second generation) he discerns
two groups, those with short empodial hairs, the Pemphigini, and those with
long empodial hairs, the Pachypappini. In BORNER & HEINZE (1957) one finds
in addition that in Pemphigini the fundatrix and adult fundatrigeniae have long
empodial hairs.

A check on empodial hairs in embryos of viviparae showed that the American
Paraprociphilus Mordv. from Acer and Alnus indeed have the required very long
empodial hairs, and that the Asiatic Pemphigus baicalensis Chol. is, like Morp-
VILKO (1929, 1935) suggested, a true Paraprociphilus. However, Paraprociphilus
ucrainensis Mamontova, 1955, by the same standards is not a Paraprociphilus and,
since KRZYWIEC (1962) showed that Mimeuria ulmiphila del Guercio is the same
animal, this species should be placed not in Paraprociphilus Mordvilko, 1924,
but in Mzmeuria Börner, 1952.

The new genus unites a number of important characters of BORNER’s Pachy-
pappini with some characters of his Pemphigini. The fundatrix has no wax glands,
which is typical for Pachypappa Koch and Aszphum Koch, but it has short em-
podial hairs. The embryos in fundatrigeniae have short empodial hairs, a character
of Pemphigini, but also the fundatrix and fundatrigeniae have these short empo-
dial hairs which as Pemphigini they should not have. The very markedly ciliate
secondary rhinaria resemble to some extent the rhinaria with nodules, spinules or
minute ciliae in some Prociphilus Koch and Stagona Koch, but again these taxa
have embryos with long empodial hairs. Therefore there is no alternative but
erecting a new genus for Pemphigus imaicus Chol. The species is here redescribed.

Epipemphigus imaicus (Cholodkovsky, 1912)

Fundatrix.

Colour in life unknown. In mounted specimens body oval-rounded, about
2.0—2.25 mm long. Head and sides of prothorax blackish sclerotic; the rest
colourless and membranous, but stigmal plates, subanal plate and subgenital plate
brown and the sockets of the dorsal hairs somewhat pigmented. No wax glands
present. Dorsal hairs numerous, with long hairs of about 0.070—0.085 mm
regularly arranged, but besides a great number of scattered shorter and thinner
hairs of 0.040—0.070 mm long; the long hairs rather stout at base, but the apices
of all hairs drawn out into very fine apices; the sockets of especially the long hairs
distinctly pigmented; tergites VII and VIII both only with 4 long hairs of 0.08—
0.11 mm long. Antennae as dark as the head, 1/,—1/, of length of body, of

206 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 8, 1966

4 or 5 segments; in case of 5 segments the division between segments III and IV
somewhat abnormal; processus terminalis distinct, about as long as its basal width,
with a few rows of spinules that extend somewhat over the under and outer side
of basal part of last segment; primary rhinaria with long ciliae, roundish; hairs
on flagellum sparse, undulate, up to 11/, times basal diameter of segment III.
Rostrum reaching the middle coxae; apical joint about 9/j9 of second joint of
hind tarsi, rather acute, or slightly rostrate, with only the 3 subapical pairs of
hairs. Cauda inconspicuous, very broad, rather pale, with 2 long hairs. Rudi-
mentary gonapophyses 2. Legs dark, short, thick; first tarsal joints with 2, 2, 2
hairs; tarsi dorsally and laterally not even imbricated, but the second joints with a
very small number of spinules on their soles; empodial hairs short, 1/:—1/, of
the length of the claws.

Measurements in mm.

No. Length Ant. Ant. segments
of body III IV Vv
lo 2.20 0.35 0.11 0.12 —
De 2:07 0.34 0,10 0.11 —
3. DD 0.41 0.10 0.05 0.12
4. 2.01 0.39 0.09 0.05 0.13
5) 2.03 0.40 0.09 0.05 0.12

(1—5, from Populus ciliata, Murree (7000 ft), West Pakistan, 30.VI.1964).

Embryos in fundatrix.

Antennae of 4 segments. Wax glands on abdomen visible but pattern cannot
be made out. Empodial hairs short, half the length of the claws. Antennae with
few hairs, but on the very short processus terminalis with some 8—10 hairs, which
hairs persist in the later larvae and in the adult.

Alate viviparous female (emigrant).

Colour in life not known. In mounted specimens head and thorax black but a
triangular median part on the mesonotum paler to pale; abdomen without local
sclerotisation. No wax glands present on head and thorax, but abdomen with small
wax glands as follows: marginal ones on segments I—VII; no pleural ones; spinal
ones, mostly strongly transverse, fragmented or consisting only of a few cells on
tergites I—VI, irregularly present on most of these segments, and rarely also (a
few cells only) on tergite VIII. Dorsal hairs inconspicuous, mostly not placed on
the wax glands but quite near them, rather short, about 0.020 mm long. Antennae
of 6 segments, about 11/,—2 times as long as width of head through the eyes,
2/,—1/. of length of body; segment III the longest, with 4—9 rather irregular
very narrow rhinaria with wide rims on which rather long, very fine ciliae are
implanted; IV with 2—5 rhinaria; V with 0—1, more rarely 2 secondary rhinaria
and a primary rhinarium of very irregular shape, encircling about 2/3— 3/4 of the
circumference of the segment and covering, measured through the outer rim,
about 2/, of its length, with little islands or peninsulae sticking out from the
margin; segment VI without secondary rhinaria, with a primary rhinarium of

D. Hire Ris LAMBERS : Aphids from Pakistan 207

much the same shape and size as, or larger than that on segment V; these primary
rhinaria with long, often furcated ciliae, and on the peninsulae sometimes with
tree-shaped, many-branched ciliae; processus terminalis markedly thinner at base
than in the middle, with 8—10 hairs near apex. Rostrum short, reaching to half-
way the middle coxae; last segment acute, conical with slightly convex sides, just
less than half as long as second joint of hind tarsi, with only the 3 subapical pairs
of hairs. Siphunculi perhaps sometimes present, but not pigmented and so un-
developed that only irregularities in the microstructure indicate their presence.
Cauda undeveloped, broad, with 2, sometimes 3 hairs. Legs dark to blackish,
slender; the terminal spines of the tibiae not much different from the other hairs
near their apex; first tarsal joints with 2—4 hairs, rarely with the same number
on all legs, and with spinules; second tarsal joints with transverse lines of
spinules, with about 5 pairs of ventral hairs; empodial hairs just less than half as
long as the claws. Fore wings with simple media; the veins not bordered.

Measurements in mm.

No. Length Ant. Ant. segments Rhin. on segments
of body III IV V VI III IV V
ils 2.06 0.66 0.18 0.08 0.10 (0.14 + 0.04) 5&6 2&2 0&0
DJ 2.00 0.68 0.18 0.10 0.10 (0.14 + 0.05) 6&7 2&3 0&0
3. 2.19 0.64 OSLGRNO.O RIE OSLO (014.220:05) CS 1283,00, Sal
4. 2.10 0.70 0.18 0.10 0.11 (0.15 + 0.05) 6&7 2&3 0&1
De 2.54 0.89 0.22 0.182.015 (0.16 + 0.05) 9&6 4&5 1&2
6. 2.44 0.81 O22") TOS O12" (0:16 = 0105) CRC Aisa ORNE

(1—4, from Populus ciliata, Murree (7000 ft), West Pakistan, 30.VI.1964 (R.
VAN DEN BoscH); 5—6, from Populus ciliata, Muklisar, ubi?, 10.V.1930 (C. F.
C. BEESON) ).

Embryos in emigrants.

Antennae of 4 segments; primary rhinaria both transversely oval, twice as long
as wide, that on IV twice as large as that on III; processus terminalis with 5 hairs.
Wax glands very large, more or less rectangular with rounded angles, in the
transverse rows (of probably 4 per segment) at only about 0.004—0.006 mm
from each other, each with a hair. Empodial hairs about 1/3—2/; of the length
of the claws.

Discussion. CHOLODKOVSKY (1912) gave with the original description a
drawing of the emigrants’ antennae with their curious primary rhinaria, after
material from Dehra-Dun, India. He writes that all the rhinaria are ciliate, but
this has apparently escaped the notice of later authors. The gall which he also
illustrates resembles that made by Pemphigus populinigrae Schrank on Populus
nigra, irregularly sausage-like on the upperside of the leaf along the mid vein.

Globulicaudaphis gen. nov.

Apterous and alate viviparous females similar to each other in sclerotic pattern
(paired, free, or partly fused spinal sclerites on abdominal tergites I—IV; mar-

208 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 8, 1966

ginal sclerites) with in apterae somewhat capitate, smooth-shafted hairs (4 spinals,
4 marginal ones on the mentioned tergites) ; these hairs in alatae with only faintly
swollen apices. No dorsal processes present. Head normal, in apterae with the
customary faint median suture, with little developed frontal tubercles. Antennae
as in Myzocallis Pass., with processus terminalis longer than basal part of segment
VI, with roundish, faintly ciliate secondary rhinaria in alatae but none in apterae.
Triommatidia normal. Wings with normal venation. Siphunculi truncated-conical,
fused with the marginal sclerite of tergite VI which bears 2—3 hairs. Cauda not
knobbed but consisting of a large smooth membranous colourless bladder on the
underside of which a pale, sclerotic, transversely oval, spinulose part with hairs is
present. Subanal plate with two widely separated large lobes. Two rudimentary
gonaphyses. Subgenital plate not pigmented, normal. First tarsal joints with 2
dorsal and 5 ventral hairs.

First instar larvae with only single pairs of spinal and marginal long knobbed
hairs on abdomen, placed singly on dark sclerites. Antennae of 4 segments with

Fig. 1—2. Ceruraphis eastopi spec. nov., alate viviparous female. 1, ant. segments IV—VI,
X 160; 2, siphunculus, X 160. Fig. 3. Globulicaudaphis pakistanica spec. nov., apterous
viviparous female, posterior abd. segments, X 158.

D. HırıE Ris LAMBERS : Aphids from Pakistan 209

on segment III a pigmented spot where that segment subdivides at the next moult.
Siphunculi free from the marginal sclerite of tergite VI.
Type-species: Globulicaudaphis pakistanica spec. nov.

Discussion. The genus differs from all described aphids by the structure of its
anal tergite. There is a considerable resemblance in the sclerotic pattern to that of
Hoplochaetaphis Aizenberg, 1959, but there the similarity ends. Myzocallis Pas-
serini, 1860, is nearly related, and structurally quite close, but it may be separated
at once by the caudal structure.

Globulicaudaphis pakistanica spec. nov.
(Fig 35) Bin)

Apterous viviparous female.

Colour in life “basically pale greenish marked with a darker olive green dorsal
pattern and with what appears to be white paired waxy markings running laterally
from the head about 2/3 the length of body. Legs pale with black knees, antennae
pale, annulated with dark markings at joints”. In mounted specimens (Pl. 2)
anterior part of head pale, posterior middle part with a dark smoky area that is
partly fused with a similarly pigmented square spinal area on the pronotum,
divided in two by a fine membranous suture with halfway a transverse rhomboidal
membranous hole; from mesonotum to abdominal tergite IV each segment with a
spinal pair of rectangular to square, dark sclerites spinally separated by narrow
membranous sutures, but on tergite IV with their posterior halves fused; similar
marginal sclerites present on abdominal segments I—III, but segment IV with
only the posterior halves of such sclerites; occasionally a few very small round
pleural sclerites present on tergites I—IV; on tergite V an irregularly shaped
spino-marginal transverse bar which is not connected with the siphunculi; tergites
VI and VII with pairs of transverse spinal sclerites and traces of marginal sclerites;
tergite VIII with a sclerotic transverse bar; the sclerites from mesonotum caudad
slightly darker than those more cephalad, all with the margins darker than the
centres. Dorsal hairs rather long, straight, up to 4 times as long as basal diameter
of antennal segment III, with slightly widened blunt or knobbed apex, on
moderate sockets; the mentioned spinal sclerites on mesonotum each with 3 hairs,
from metanotum to tergite IV with 2 hairs, on tergites VI and VII mostly with 2,
sometimes with 1 hair; marginal sclerites with 2 or 3 hairs; bar across tergite V
with 18—24 hairs; tergite VIII with 8 hairs that may be up to 61/, times the
mentioned diameter; pleural hairs irregularly present on tergites I—IV. Ventral
hairs fine, acute and inconspicuous, mostly shorter than the mentioned diameter.
Head normal, Myzocallis-like; antennae subequal in length to body, very pale with
the apices of all segments but II, blackish; no rhinaria on segment III; hairs on
inner side of segments I and II similar to those on vertex, but shorter; those on
inner side of segment III still capitate but small and just shorter than basal dia-
meter of the segment. Rostrum reaching to middle coxae; last segment rather
short, subequal to second joint of hind tarsi, with 4—6 hairs besides the 3 sub-
apical pairs. Siphunculi truncated-conical, as dark as the dorsal sclerites, with paler

210 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 8, 1966

base, approximately smooth, caudad fused with the marginal sclerite of tergite VI,
that bears 2—3 hairs. Cauda, if it shrinks in mounts (Fig. 3), seemingly semi-
circular with all the 8—12 hairs on the underside; if it does not shrink, cauda
globular and the hairs ventrally on basal half. Subanal plate bilobed, the lobes at
their bases far apart, curved inwards apicad. Two rudimentary gonapophyses. Legs
quite pale with a dark smoky band around each femur a little basad the tip; tibiae
spinulose near the tips, the hind tibiae spinulose over distal 1/3 part; first tarsal
joints ventrally with 5 hairs, dorsally with 2; empodial hairs strongly enlarged,
flat.

Measurements in mm.

No. Length Ant. Ant. segments Siph. Cauda
of body III IV V VI

1. 1.79 1.63 0.39 031 031 (0.19 + 0.29) 0.06 0.13

22 1.51 1.51 0.37 0.27 0.29 (0.18 + 0.28) 0.06 0.13

3. 1.74 1.62 0455203121029 (04170127) 0.06 0.12

4. 1535, 1.39 0.40 0.23 0.26 (0.15 + 0.25) ? 0.11

(1-4, from Quercus dilatata?, Murree (7000 ft), Pakistan, 30.VI.1964).

Alate viviparous female.

Described from one specimen. Vertex laterally pale, in the middle dark smoky,
like: the middle portions of pronotum, the upper part of the meso- and meta-
notum, incised spinal bars across tergites I—IV, a spino-pleural bar, not touching
the marginal sclerites, across tergite V, small paired spinal sclerites on tergites VI
and VII, a narrow bar across tergite VIII and marginal sclerites on tergites IV—
VI; the rest pale. Dorsal hairs shorter and thinner, blunt or with incrassate apices.
Antennal segment III with 2 and 3 rather large roundish rhinaria near base.
Wings with normal venation. The veins hardly visible; basal vein markedly
bordered with dark brown; cubitus and three branches of media with dark brown
dots at their tips; cubitus with a darkened, bordered base; stigma mostly colour-
less with the caudal margin bordered and with a large blotch near the base. Hind
wings with a narrow dusky border along their apex. Other characters as in apterous
female.

Mesasurements in mm.

No. Length Ant. Ant. segments Siph. Cauda Rhin.
of body III IV. +M VI on III
ils 1.85 1877) 0.48 0.34 0.33 (0.19 + 0.29) 0.06 0.12 2&3

(with the apterae viviparae).

Larvae.

First instar larvae with all the spinal hairs and most of the marginal hairs on
dark sclerites; all the dorsal hairs at equal mutual distances, gradually increasing
in length caudad from mesonotum; no pleural hairs present; antennae of 4 seg-
ments; segment III with 2 hairs, IV with 1 hair.

D. HırıE Ris LAMBERS: Aphids from Pakistan 211

Discussion. According to the collector, Dr. R. VAN DEN Boscu, the species lives
in colonies on the undersides of its host plant, Quercus dilatata? No ants were
attending the aphids.

The species, apart from its cauda and the rather unusual abdominal sclerotisa-
tion, looks like a rather normal Myzocallis. In larvae the cauda has an almost
normal appearance, but even in the first instar the two hairs on the cauda are
distinctly on the underside, while in later instars the hairs seem to recede on the
underside, because the upperside, almost invisible in dorsal view, protrudes more
and more. During mounting the very thin upperside collapses. Afterwards the
cauda in dorsal view looks semicircular and rather normal because the upperside
is so transparent that the ventral, almost basal, position of the caudal hairs can
hardly be detected.

Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female (measurements no. 1), from
Quercus dilatata?, Murree (7000 ft), 30.VI.1964 (R. VAN DEN BoscH), P-30a.
Paratypes: 11 apterae and one alata with collecting data as for holotype.

Hyadaphis coriandri (Das, 1918) and H. tataricae (Aizenberg, 1935).

A large sample of a small Hyadaphis collected near Murree (7500 ft), West
Pakistan, 3.VII.1964, led to a closer study of the above two species. The resem-
blance between material of coriandri from various Umbelliferae from India to
East Africa, and three samples of apterous tatartcae from Lonicera tatarica from
Russia and Poland is so great that they would seem to belong to the same species.
The only difference that I could find is in the shape of the siphunculi which in
apterous specimens from Umbelliferae usually slightly taper from the base over
two-thirds of their length, while in my few specimens from Lonicera from Poland
and Russia they tend to be wider in the middle than at their basal one-third part.
In the Pakistan apterae the siphunculi are almost as in apterae from Umbelliferae,
but the cauda is less thick, while in the alatae the rhinaria are more tuberculate
and slightly larger than in alatae from Umbelliferae.

These facts suggest that, like foeniculi Pass., H. coriandri (Das) is a host
alternating species, with Lonicera tatarica and probably other species of Lonicera
(in the case of the Pakistan material a climbing one) as primary host plants, and
various Umbelliferae as summer hosts. Hayhurstia tataricae Aizenberg, 1935, type-
species of Neohayhurstia Aizenberg, 1954, appears to be a synonym of Brevicoryne
coriandri Das, 1918, referred to Hyadaphis Kirkaldy, 1904. Other synonyms
(Hire Ris LAMBERS, 1948) are Hyalopterus obscurus Theobald, 1922, Hya-
daphis conica Borner, 1932, and Hyalopterus peucedani Hall, 1932, and according
to EASTOP (1958) also Hyalopterus carii Theobald, 1929, and probably Hyalo-
pterus albus Monzen, 1929.

Liosomaphis atra spec. nov.

Apterous viviparous female.
In life dark purplish brown except centre of abdominal dorsum which is almost
dirty greenish; legs and antennae pale, siphunculi dark on distal half. In mounted

219 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 8, 1966

specimens body shortly oval, about 1.30—1.60 mm long. Tergum blackish sclerotic
with abdominal tergites I—VI solidly fused to a shield, which like the head,
thoracic segments, and abdominal tergites VII and VIII is strongly wrinkled; the
middle anterior part of the abdominal shield is often paler. Siphuncular base sur-
rounded by a rather large membranous colourless area. Marginal tubercles ap-
parently absent. Dorsal hairs short, subacute, on abdominal tergite III about half
as long as basal diameter of antennal segment III, the 2 hairs on tergite VIII not
much longer. Front with the broad, almost straight, middle part projecting beyond
the insignificant frontal tubercles. Antennae pale with dark basal segments and
somewhat dusky apex, about half as long as body; hairs on segment III about
1/3—2/; of basal diameter of the segment. Rostrum long for the genus, reaching
to or past the third pair of coxae; last segment about 9/, of second joint of hind
tarsi, with 2 hairs besides the 3 subapical pairs. Siphunculi rather evenly pale, to
dusky with pale base, about 1/, of length of body, twice the length of the cauda,
with basal 2/,—1/. consisting of an almost cylindrical stem which is 11/4 times
as thick as the hind tibiae; from the stem they abruptly increase in width to the
middle of their length, to a maximum of about twice the width of the stem from
where they more gradually decrease in width to the small flange where they are
as thick as the hind tibiae; most of the swelling is, as usual, on the inner side;
surface quite smooth with only at the very apex some transverse striae. Cauda
cylindrical, or near base constricted, with distal half to one-third part tapering to
the semiobtuse apex, of the colour of the distal part of the siphunculi, with 5
hairs. Legs pale to evenly pale brownish yellow; first tarsal joints with 3, 3, 3
hairs.

Measurements in mm.

No. Length Ant. Ant. segments Siph. Cauda
of body III IV V VI
ik 1.54 0.78 OO. DOD On OE ONE) 0.32 0.17
2} 1.46 0.74 0.18 0.10 0.10 (0.11 + 0.14) 0.32 0.15
3. 1.53 0.70 0.18 0.09 0.10 (0.10 + 0.13) 0.31 0.16
4. 157 0.81 0.19 0.11 0.11 (0.12 + 0.18) 0.33 0.18
Da 1.54 0.76 0.20 0.11 0.10 (0.11 + 0.13) 0.34 0.17
6. 1.36 0.64 0.16 0.07 0.09 (0.09 + 0.14) 0.29 0.14

(1—6, from Berberis sp., Murree (7000 ft), West Pakistan, 30.VI.1964).

Discussion. Recently some more Liosomaphis species have been described from
Asia (L. lydiae Narzykulov, 1957, later made the type of Berberidaphis Narzy-
kulov, 1960; L. twranicus Narzykulov, 1960; and L. himalayensis Basu, 1964); all
are pale insects, without strong sclerotisation of the dorsum. As to structure of
siphunculi and cauda our species most strongly resembles L. twranicus Narzykulov,
also in the length of the processus terminalis. In L. himalayensis the antennae and
the processus terminalis are absolutely and relatively longer. The rostrum of our
new species is conspicuously longer than that in the other species in which it
barely reaches past the middle coxae.

D. HırLLE Ris LAMBERS : Aphids from Pakistan 213

Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female (measurements no. 1), from
Berberis sp., Murree (7000 ft), West Pakistan, 30.VI.1960 (R. VAN DEN BoscH),
P-30b. Paratypes: apterous viviparous females with data as for holotype.

Macrosiphum pachysiphon spec. nov.

Apterous viviparous female.

In life very pale pink with black siphunculi. In mounted specimens body about
3.0—3.5 mm long. Tergum membranous and almost colourless with the exception
of vague smoky roundish pleural intersegmental sclerites on abdomen and hardly
more distinct antesiphuncular sclerites, but without marginal or postsiphuncular
sclerites. Dorsal hairs numerous and conspicuous, stiff, blunt, on tergite HI about
11/,—11/, times as long as basal diameter of antennal segment III; marginal
hairs quite numerous, tergite III often with 7—9 hairs on each side, tergite VIII
with 8—10 hairs. Marginal tubercles small and flat, rather regularly present on
tergites II—IV. Frontal tubercles strongly diverging, little developed; depth of
frontal furrow only about 1/,—2/,, of the distance between the antennal bases,
with flat to concave bottom; each frontal tubercle with 5—8 hairs, nearly all on
the underside. Antennae pale with apex of segment III dusky, that of IV and V
dark brownish black and the whole of VI blackish, about 7/g—1 times length of
body; IIIrd segment smooth with the very base imbricated, with 2—7 (average
of 26 antennae: 4.0) curiously sunk rhinaria on slightly elevated parts of the
segment near its base, and with numerous, some 30, hairs the longest of which are
as long as basal diameter of the segment; processus terminalis 41/3—5 times
length of base of last segment. Rostrum reaching just past the middle coxae; last
segment as in many Sztobion spp. somewhat constricted at base, not very blunt,
rather short, about 2/3 of second hind tarsal joint, with 4—7 hairs besides the
3 subapical pairs. Siphunculi very conspicuously black, thick, evenly tapering, at
base 21/,—3 times as thick as the hind tibiae, at apex 11/,)—11/, times as
thick as that joint, about 1/, of length of body, superficially but sharply imbricated
from base to about distal 1/7 part which is distinctly reticulated, with very small
flange, about 14/5 times as long as the cauda. Cauda pale, usually constricted at
basal 1/3 part, rather slender, bluntish, with about 13—17 hairs. Legs long, pale
with only the apices of the tibiae and the tarsi dark smoky; first tarsal joints with
SMN hars?

Measurements in mm.

No. Length Ant. Ant. segments Siph. Cauda Rhin.

of body III IV V VI on III
1. 3.09 2.92 0.77 0.52 0.51 (0.17 + 0.71) 0.81 0.45 3&4
2) 3.49 3.09 0.83 0.61 0.51 (0.17 + 0.73) 0.89 0.52 5 & 6
3. 3.35 3.07 0.82 0.56 0.49 (0.17 + 0.79) 0.87 0.49 5 &7
4. 3.14 2.77 0.76 0.49 0.44 (0.15 + 0.69) 0.87 0.48 2&3
DI 3.09 3.14 0.84 0.60 0.51 (0.16 + 0.78) 0.85 0.47 5&6
6. 3.01 3.03 0.83 0.54 0.51 (0.16 + 0.75) 0.88 0.46 3&4

(1—6, from Rubus sp., Murree (7000 ft), West Pakistan, 30.VI.1964).

214 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 8, 1966

Alate viviparous female.

Colour in life not known, but abdomen presumably as in apterae. In mounted
specimens head and thorax brownish, the abdomen with an elaborate, smoky
sclerotic pattern, consisting of irregularly fragmented spinal sclerites, bearing
1—3 hairs each, very small pleural sclerites, rather large transverse pleural inter-
segmental sclerites and squarish marginal sclerites with many hairs. Antennae with
the basal segments and the very base of segment III brownish like the head, the
rest dark to black, but segment III usually distinctly blacker than segments IV
and V; segment III with about 20—30 rhinaria that are larger and less sunken
than in apterae, along one side of the segment, in irregular arrangement on basal
half but in single file on distal half. Siphunculi more cylindrical and thinner than
in apterae with distal 1/, part reticulated. Cauda thinner and more acute than in
apterae. Legs with the femora blackish brown with pale base, tibiae brownish
yellow with blackish apices. Wings with normal venation, but stigma elongated
and the same dark or blackish colour as the subcostal vein system, so that the
wings seem to have an anterior dark margin. Other characters more or less as in
apterae viviparae.

Measurements in mm.

No. Length Ant. Ant. segments Siph. Cauda Rhin.

of body ih INA NY VI on III
ils 2.96 3.17, 0.83 0.64 0.53 (0.17 + 0.79) 0.69 0.37 19 & 27
29 3.08 2.98 0.89 0.63 0.54 (0.16 + 0.74) 0.67 0.37 22& 24
3. 29141 3.08 0.73 0.67 0.50 (0.16 + 0.80) 0.61 0.30 24 & 28
4. 2.45 2.84 0.66 0.59 0.49 (0.15 + 0.73) 0.59 0.28 25 & 29

(1—2, with apterae no. 1—6; 3—4, from Rubus lasiocarpus, Shillong, Assam,
India, 1964 (Commonwealth Inst. of Biol. Control) ).

Discussion. According to Dr. R. VAN DEN BOSCH, who collected the Pakistan
material, this aphid lives in tight colonies on the tender canes of the host plant.
His sample consisted of apterae with two alatae, presumably of the second
generation, but the sample from Assam consisted mainly of alatae with a few
damaged apterae, of which unfortunately the date of collecting was not given.

In many respects this species resembles a Sztobion, e.g. by the last rostral seg-
ment, the black siphunculi, the sclerotic pattern of the abdomen in alatae, etc.
But the long and very numerous hairs on body and antennae make it impossible
to place it in Sitobion Mordv. The very pale integumentum of apterae with which
the very thick black siphunculi strongly contrast distinguish the species from all
known relatives. Alatae can easily be recognized by their very dark subcostal vein
system and blackish pterostigma.

Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female (measurements no. 1), from Rubus
sp., Murree (7000 ft), West Pakistan, 30.VI.1964 (R. VAN DEN Bosch), P-VI-
30-j. Paratypes: apterous and alate viviparae with data as for holotype. Further
material: numerous alatae and some damaged apterae viviparae from Rubus lasio-
carpus, Shillong, Assam, India, 1964 (Commonwealth Inst. Biol. Control).

D. HırıE Ris LAMBERS : Aphids from Pakistan 215

Matsumuraja capitophoroides spec. nov.

Apterous viviparous female.

In life pale yellow with only the apices of antennal segments III—V, the part
near the primary rhinaria on VI, and the distal part of the processus terminalis
dark to blackish. In mounted specimens body elongated oval, very variable in
length, from 1.30 to 2.25 mm long. Tergum colourless, not visibly sclerotic but
actually thickened and marginally with semiglobular papillae which in dorsal view
look like small thick round to oval rings. Dorsal hairs thick (0.005 mm) and stiff,
rather variable in length, so that the spinal hairs on abdominal tergite III are
about 0.035 mm, the pleural hairs, if present, 0.030 mm, the hairs on tergite VIII
about 0.065 mm; in large specimens (second generation) pleural hairs often all
present from tergite I to VI, appearing as duplicated spinal hairs, but in small
specimens sometimes nearly all pleural hairs absent; marginal hairs in single pairs
on each of the anterior abdominal segments, similar to the spinal hairs; all dorsal
hairs distinctly knobbed, placed on strong conical sockets which are on top of short
processes which, including the socket, in the case of spinal hairs are about as long
as the hair on top. Head, except on the middle of vertex, quite rough by small
spinules, with markedly diverging frontal tubercles; depth of frontal furrow about
1/, of the distance between the antennae; numerous capitate hairs on strong
sockets present on upper and under side of the head, also on the front and on the
inner and under side of the frontal tubercles. Antennae 2/3—7/,9 of length of
body, pale with pigmentation as in the living insect; first segment on inner side
with a sausage-shaped, quite blunt processus about as long as the segment, bearing
2—3 knobbed hairs; flagellum lightly imbricated; segment III with a few rather
thin knobbed hairs of various length, the thickest of which are about 3/7 of the
diameter of the segment at its widened very base. Rostrum reaching just past the
middle coxae; last segment with almost straight, sometimes just concave sides, just
swollen near apex, and therefore not acute, about as long as second joint of hind
tarsi, with 2 hairs besides the 3 subapical pairs, one of which is placed far basad.
Siphunculi pale with only the very apex dusky, about 1/,—2/, of length of body,
lightly bluntly imbricated from base, but apical 1/7 part smooth, cylindrical and
about 11/, times as thick as the hind tibiae, to just swollen on distal half where
the diameter may be up to 11/, times the smallest on basal half, slightly attenu-
ated (9/, 9 of minimum width on basal half) just below the small flange, 3—
31/, times as long as the cauda. Cauda pale, bluntly triangular with slightly con-
vex sides, with 4 hairs. Legs rather long, pale with dusky tarsi; first tarsal joints
with 3, 3, 2 hairs.

Measurements in mm.

No. Length Ant. Ant. segments Siph. Cauda
of body III IV V VI
ie 1.51 1.07 0.24 0.16 0.16 (0.10 + 0.30) 0.34 0.12
D 1.49 1.12 OS 0 TS “Oley (01021030) 0.39 0.12
3. 2.06 1.33 OZ :0:210..0229. (022% 033) 0.50 0.14
4. 1.97 1.39 OST 0:21, 1023, (092159037) 0.49 0.14
5% 2.13 1.40 DD OPI OLD ODE OE) 0.47 0.16
6. 2.12 1.41 01330 0022000220 (0113/1037) 0.51 0.15

216 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 8, 1966

(1—2, from Rubus sp., Murree (7500 ft), West Pakistan, 5.VII.1964; 3—4
as 1—2, but 27.VI.1964).

Discussion. According to Dr. R. VAN DEN BOSCH this species lives in often large
colonies on the underside of the leaves of its host plant, a Rxbs species that
apparently also serves as host to Macrosiphum pachysiphon spec. nov., of which
a sample was received from Rubus lasiocarpus. It would seem that this species
does not have host alternation as suggested by TAKAHASHI (1959) for Matsumu-
raja rubifoliae Tak. The sample collected by Dr. VAN DEN BoscH on 30.VI on
Rubus consisted of apterae with one alatoid nymph. In a species with host
alternation such a composition of the population on its secondary host would seem
unlikely in that area at that time, because many other aphid species were only in
their second generation. From samples received from other sources it appears that
the species is widely distributed along the southern slopes of the Himalayas.

The present species can be distinguished from those species of which I have
material available with the following key:

Key to Matsumuraja Schumacher (apterae viviparae)

1 (2). Antennal segment I at inner apex merely very angular or slightly
protracted, not with a finger-shaped process that is much longer than its
width halfway its length. On Rubus peltatus. Japan. . . M. sorini Tak.

2 (1). Antennal segment I at inner apex with a long finger-shaped process
that is longer than its width halfway its length.

3 (6). Abdominal tergites I—V without long capitate hairs on strong sockets
or processes, and only the short marginal hairs on these tergites, though
short, sometimes capitate. Tergites VII and VIII always with long
capitate hairs on processes, and sometimes also tergite VI.

4 (5). Tergites VI—VIII with long capitate hairs. Siphunculi not or hardly
swollen. Antennal segment III with the apical portion dark to blackish.
On Rubus palmatus. Japan. . . . . . M. rubiphila Tak.

5 (4). Tergites VII and VIII with long tele hairs. Siphunculi thick,
distinctly somewhat swollen. Antennal segment III with pale apex.

On Rubus sp. Japan. . . . re WE ge Role:
6 (3). At least some spinal hairs on Kar I—V with capitate hairs on
processes.

7 (8). Marginal processes very long, the posterior ones as long as the siphun-
culi, or rather two of the marginal processes are the siphunculi. On
Clethra. Japan. According to TAKAHASHI (1959): ee of:

M. rubifoliae Ta

ST). All ae and oe, Ses ie present, very much shorter than
the siphunculi.

9 (10). Marginal processes on abdominal segments IV and V about as long as
last rostral segment. Processus on antennal segment I very slenderly
conical, almost pointed. On Rubus sp. Formosa. . . M. rubicola Tak.

10 (9). Marginal processes absent, but the marginal hairs on strong conical

D. HiLLe Ris LAMBERS : Aphids from Pakistan 217

sockets. Processus on antennal segment I more cylindrical, or near apex
thicker than halfway its length.

11 (12). Long spinal processes present which are more than 3 times as long as
their width in the middle and on abdominal tergite VI nearly half as
long as the siphunculi. On Rubus. Japan. . . . . M. rubi Mats.

12 (11). No long spinal processes present, but all the dorsal hairs on conical
sockets, that together with the short processus are about as long as the
hair on top.

13 (14). Siphunculi with about distal 1/, part blackish, distinctly swollen, thicker
at distal 1/, part than at basal 2/, part. Rostrum not with acutely
triangular apical segment. Spinal hairs on abdominal tergites III—IV
normally in single pairs. On Rubus. Japan.. . . M. rubifoliae Tak.

14 (13). Like the preceding, but siphunculi with the apices hardly darker or only
the very apex dusky, curved inwards, from the strongly tapering base
almost completely cylindrical with a constriction at the tip. Rostrum
with acutely triangular last segment. A few or all spinal hairs ne
of the de Hi On Rubus sp. W. Pakistan. .

BER, rh: : M. capitophoroides spec. nov.

In the above key Matsumuraja formosana Tak., 1925, is not considered because
I have no authentic specimens. According to the description it resembles M. capz-
tophoroides spec. nov. closely, but the spinal processes on the anterior abdominal
tergites must be much larger, as long as or longer than the second antennal seg-
ment, while spinally additional capitate hairs may occur.

Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female (measurements no. 1), from Rubus
sp., Murree (7500 ft), West Pakistan, 5.VII.1964. Paratypes: apterous viviparous
females with data as for holotype, and others collected on 27.VI.1964 and 30.VI.
1964.

Periphyllus vandenboschi spec. nov.

Apterous female.

Colour in life not known, but probably light green with pitch black siphunculi.
In mounted specimens body about 1.35—2.00 mm long, rather slender. Tergum
completely unpigmented with antennal segment I brown, and the apex of segment
V and the whole segment VI dark to blackish. Hairs on dorsum numerous and
long, the long spinal hairs on abdominal segment III 6—7 times as long as basal
diameter of antennal segment III, with extremely fine apices. Front straight to
just concave. Antennae 3/,—7/g of length of body; hairs on segment III
numerous, up to 51/,—6 times basal diameter of the segment; base of segment VI
with 2 hairs, the longest of which is about 0.12 mm, 14 times diameter of proces-
sus terminalis, 11/, times the length of the basal part of the segment; the shortest
of the two 0.09 mm; processus terminalis about as long as antennal segment III,
3—4 times basal part of segment VI. Rostrum reaching to the hind coxae; last
segment rather thick and obtuse, just shorter than second joint of hind tarsi, with
4—7 hairs besides the 3 subapical pairs. Siphunculi deep black, 2/3 of the second

218 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 8, 1966

joints of hind tarsi in length, cylindrical or with smallest width in the middle and
there about 0.045 mm thick, only on the wide flange reticulated with one row of
cells with sometimes one or two cells of a second row. Cauda pale, rather well
developed, 1/,—2/; times as long as its basal width, semioval to semicircular, not
constricted at base, with many hairs. Legs pale with the tarsi dusky, rather slender;
first tarsal joints with 5, 5, 5 hairs.

Measurements in mm.

Length Ant. Ant. segments Siph. Cauda
No. of body III IV V VI
ile 1.63 1.32 0.36 0.24 0.17 (0.09 + 0.34) 0.09 0.07
D, 1.58 1.29 036 0.21 0.17 (0.09 + 0.34) 0.09 0.07
3. 1.68 1.33 0.36 023 0.16 (0.11 + 0.35) 0.09 0.07
4. 1.93 1.48 0390268 102100 (0010037) 0.09 0.07
5. 1.40 1.14 0302. O03” O25) (OLS 082) - 0.07 0.05
6. 1.84 1.44 0.38 024 0.20 (0.11 + 0.37) 0.08 0.07

_ (1—3, Acer sp., Murree (7500 ft), West Pakistan, 4. VII.1964; 4—6, idem but
.27.V1.1964).

Larvae.

First instar larvae with the siphunculi black as in adults, all with long and fine
hairs, without pleural hairs on abdomen, with 2 caudal hairs, with 4 hairs on the
subanal plate; hairs on last antennal segment (fourth) as in adults.

Discussion. Two large samples of this aphid, consisting only of apterae vivi-
parae and larvae were collected on the petioles of an Acer sp. near Murree. The
Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, most kindly supplied the
information that the most likely Acer spp. in the vicinity of Murree would be
A. caesium Wall. ex Brand, A. villosum Wall. or A. pictum Thunb. The aphid
colonies were heavily attended by ants.

Very few Periphyllus species have only 5 hairs on the first tarsal joints normally,
though this may occur in small specimens of some species that normally have 7
tarsal hairs. Characteristic for the adult apterae are the complete absence of local
sclerotisation or pigmentation in contrast to the quite black cylindrical siphunculi,
the embryos with normal hairs, and the length and interrelation of length of the
two long hairs on the basal part of antennal segment VI. In most respects the
species resembles P. obscurus Mamontova from Acer campestre, but that species
has conical and slightly more reticulated siphunculi, pigmentation on the head
and abdominal tergite VIII, faint sclerites at the bases of the dorsal hairs, and
7, 7, 7 hairs on the first tarsal joints. A nearly related species from Iran has nor-
mally 3, considerably longer, hairs on the basal part of last antennal segment,
7, 7, 7 hairs on the first tarsal joints, and aestivating larvae with foliate marginal
hairs.

The species is named after Dr. R. van DEN BoscH, Berkeley, California, who
discovered this and nearly all the other species described in this paper.

Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female (measurements no. 1), from Acer

D. HıLıE Ris LAMBERS: Aphids from Pakistan 219

sp., Murree (7500 ft), West Pakistan, 4.VII.1964 (R. VAN DEN BoscH), P-VII-4a.
Paratypes: many apterous viviparae with data as for holotype, and others collected
on 27.VI.1964 (R. VAN DEN BoscH), P-VI-27a.

Pseudessigella gen. nov.

Body elongated, narrow, with few hairs. Eyes without distinct triommatidia.
Antennae in adults of 5 segments. Last rostral segment not subdivided, very short
and blunt. Siphunculi, rimmed pores on a very small, hairless sclerite. Cauda
rounded. First tarsal joints with 5 ventral hairs, in apterae not with dorsal hairs,
those of hind legs ventrally 11/, times as long as dorsally. Claws not with cleft
apices.

Type-species: Pseudessigella brachychaeta spec. nov.

Discussion. The genus is nearly related to Ewlachnus del Guercio. It lives like
that genus on the needles of Pinus spp. If differs from Ewlachnus in having 5
instead of 6 antennal segments and in that respect agrees with the American genus
Essigella del Guercio which it also strongly resembles in the extremely short
processus terminalis. It differs from Essigella in having claws with simple, acute
apices.

Pseudessigella brachychaeta spec. nov.

Apterous viviparous female.

In life pale green. In mounted specimens body about 2.0—2.6 mm long, very
elongated, about 31/, times as long as its maximum width. Tergum membranous,
with extremely small fuscous sclerites around the bases of the dorsal hairs, with
similarly coloured roundish pleural and marginal intersegmental sclerites (‘‘Mus-
kelplatten”) of about 0.02 mm in diameter, and with pleural, longitudinal groups
of 2—3 irregular sclerites pigmented like the smoky stigmal plates. Dorsal hairs
on abdominal tergite III about 14 in number, 8 of which are marginal, curved,
with incrassate apex, only about 0.0125—0.017 mm long. Head pale brownish
yellow, dorsally and frontally with hairs like the dorsal ones, ventrally with thin
acute hairs of about 0.046 mm long. Front strongly convex. Antennae short and
curved, evenly pale brownish yellow with slightly darker apex, 1/.—1/4 of length
of body, about 11/3 times as long as the width of the head across the eyes, without
secondary rhinaria; segment I and II smooth, but the other segments very in-
conspicuously imbricated; primary rhinaria of segment IV about equal to basal
diameter of segment V, hardly larger than the primary rhinarium of segment V
which is only 1/, of its diameter from the tip of the segment, and round in shape;
hairs on segment III sparse, blunt, short, only half as long as the diameter of the
segment as its narrowed base. Rostrum reaching beyond the middle coxae; apical
segment very blunt, short, about 1/3 of the second joint of hind tarsi, with only
the 3 subapical pairs of hairs. Siphunculi small, only 0.02 mm in diameter, hardly
elevated, placed on a pale brown hairless sclerite of about 0.042—0.046 mm in
diameter. Abdominal tergite VIII consisting of one wide dusky sclerotic ring,
with 16—18 very short hairs. Cauda semilunar, blunt, thick, over twice as wide as

220 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 8, 1966

long, with some 30 hairs of various lengths. Legs pigmented like the head, with
the fore and middle femora very strongly swollen on basal 1/, part dorsally,
ventrally almost straight; hind tibiae nearly twice as long as the middle tibiae;
first tarsal joints elongate, those of hind legs ventrally 11/, times as long as
dorsally, 21/9 times diameter of the joint, with 3 (one short, two long) hairs
ventro-apically and 2 hairs ventrally more basad; second tarsal joints only at the
very apex darkened; claws slender and acute.

Measurements in mm.

No. Length Ant. Ant. segments Diam. Cauda
of body III IV Vv siph.
ils 2.25 0.49 0.20 0.08 0.09 0.02 0.07
Di 2.44 0.52 0.21 0.09 0.10 0.02 0.07
3. 2.09 0.47 0.18 0.08 0.09 0.02 0.07
4. 217 0.52 0.20 0.08 0.10 0.02 0.07
5. 2.53 0.55 0.21 0.09 0.11 0.02 0.07
6. 2.43 0.51 0.20 0.09 0.10 0.02 0.07

(1—6, from Pinus wallichiana (P. excelsa), Murree, West Pakistan, 4.VII.
1964).

Discussion. This aphid lives on the very long needles of the host plant, like
members of the genera Ewlachnus and Essigella. It is easy to distinguish the
species from related aphids: no other species of this group is known with simple,
sharp claws and five antennal segments.

Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female (measurements no. 1) from Pinus
wallichiana (excelsa), Murree, West Pakistan, 4.VII.1964 (R. VAN DEN BOSCH),
P-VII-4d. Paratypes: apterae viviparae with data as for holotype.

REFERENCES

BORNER, C., 1952. Europae centralis Aphides. Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Gesellsch., Beiheft 3 :
1—488.

BÖRNER, C. & K. HEINZE, 1957. Aphidina-Aphidoidea. In SORAUER, Hndb. d. Pflanzenkr. 5,
ed. 5, (4): 1—402.

CHOLODKOVSKY, N., 1912. Sur quelques insectes exotiques. Revue Russe d’Entom. 12:
491—496.

Das, B., 1918. The Aphididae of Lahore. Mem. Indian Mus. 6: 135—274.

Eastop, V. F., 1958. A study of the Aphididae of East Africa. H.M.S. Stationary Office,
London. 126 p.

HırLıE Ris LAMBERS, D., 1948. On Palestina aphids with descriptions of new subgenera and
new species (Homoptera, Aphididae). Trans. R. Ent. Soc. London 99: 79—119.

Krzywiec, D., 1962. Morphology and biology of Mimeuria ulmiphila (del Guercio)
(Homoptera, Aphidina) Part 1. Bull. Soc. Amis Sc. Lettr. Poznan (D), livr. III:
63—97.

MOoRrDVILKO, A. K., 1929. Food plant catalogue of the Aphididae of U.S.S.R. Works of

Applied Entom. 14, no. 1: 1—100.
, 1935. Die Blattläuse mit unvollstindigem Generationszyklus und ihre Entstehung.
Ergebn. Fortschr. Zool. 8: 36—328.

TAKAHASHI, R., 1959. On the aphid, Matsumuraja rubifoliae Takahashi (Homoptera: Aphi-

didae). Trans. Shikoku Ent. Soc. 6: 55—58.

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 8, 1966 PLAAT 2

Plate 2. Globulicaudaphis pakistanica spec. nov., apterous viviparous female (X 9.5)
(phot. by I.P.O., Wageningen)

D. Hire Ris LAMBERS : Aphids from Pakistan

KAN

Dy edi

Pa REP ER

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE

Het verschijnt in één deel van 350—450 bladzijden per jaar, bestaande uit
enkele afleveringen.

ENTOMOLOGISCHE BERICHTEN
Deze zijn bestemd voor de publicatie van kortere artikelen, faunistische notities

etc, alsmede van de Verslagen der Vergaderingen en van mededelingen van het

bestuur. Zij verschijnen twaalf maal per jaar in een aflevering van 16 of meer
bladzijden, die samen een deel vormen.

TRICHOPTERORUM CATALOGUS

Deze Catalogus van F. C. J.. Fischer wordt door de Vereeniging voor rekening
van de auteur uitgegeven. Alle bekende recente en fossiele soorten van de gehele
wereld met hun synoniemen worden er in behandeld. Delen I en II kosten f 39 —
per stuk, delen III-V: f 45 —, deel VI: f 49.—, deel VII: f 42.—. Er zullen in
totaal 15 delen verschijnen. Van alle delen zijn ook éénzijdig bedrukte exemplaren

beschikbaar. De prijsverhoging hiervoor is gering.

Alle zakelijke correspondentie betreffende de Vereeniging te richten aan de
Secretaris, W. Hellinga, Weesperzijde 2311, Amsterdam-O.

Alle correspondentie over de redactie van het Tijdschrift voor Entomologie en
de Monographieën te richten aan de Redacteur, Dr. A. Diakonoff, Rijksmuseum
van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.

Alle correspondentie over de redactie van de Entomologische Berichten te rich-
ten aan de Redacteur, B. J. Lempke, Oude IJselstraat 12111, Amsterdam-Z. 2.

Alle betalingen te richten aan de Penningmeester, Drs. H. Wiering, Doorntjes
29, Bergen (N.H.), postgiro 188130, ten name van de Nederlandsche Entomolo-
gische Vereeniging te Bergen (N.H.).

Alle correspondentie betreffende de Bibliotheek der Vereeniging te richten aan
de Bibliotheek, Zeeburgerdijk 21, Amsterdam-O.

NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS

Contributors will receive free of charge fifty reprints of their papers, joint authors have.
to divide this number between them at their discretion. Additional reprints may be ordered
when returning proofs.

Manuscripts should be written in Dutch, English, French, German or Italian. If they
contain descriptions of new genera, species, etc., they should be in one of the four last.
mentioned languages. |

Drawings for reproduction should be on good paper in Indian ink, preferably at least
one and a half times as large as the ultimate size desired. Lettering should be uniform, and,
after reduction, of the same size. Photographs should be furnished as shiny positive prints,
unmounted. Plates should be arranged so as to fill a whole page (11.5 x 19 cm) of the
Tijdschrift, or a portion thereof, captions included. Combinations of illustrations into groups .
are preferable to separate illustrations, since there is a minimum charge per block.

Names of genera and lower systematic categories, new terms and the like are to be under-
lined by the author in the manuscript by a single straight line. Any other directions as to
size or style of the type are given by the editors, not by the author. Italic type or spacing to
stress ordinary words or sentences is to be avoided. Dates should be spelled as follows: either
”10.V.1948” or 10 May, 1948”. Other use of latin numerals should be avoided, as well as
abbreviations in the text, save those generally accepted. Numbers from one to ten occurring
in the text should be written in full, one, two, three, etc. Titles must be kept short. Foot-
notes should be kept at a minimum.

Bibliography should not be given in footnotes but compiled in a list at end of the
paper, styled as follows:

Text references to this list might be made thus:

“Mosley (1932) says.” or ”’ (Mosley, 1932)”.

The editors reserve the right to adjust style to certain standards of uniformity.

Manuscripts and all communications concerning editorial matters only should be sent to:
Dr. A. DIAKONOFF, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands.

DEEL 109 AFLEVERING 9* 1966

Wijs. COMP. ZOOL,
LIBRARY

rEB1 1967

TIJDSCHRIFT se

UNIVERSITY

VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE

UITGEGEVEN DOOR

DE NEDERLANDSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREENIGING

INHOUD:

B. J. LEMPKE. — Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera (Dertiende Sup-
plement), p. 221—301, fig. 44—54, pl. 3—7.

| Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 109, afl. 9 Gepubliceerd 31-XII-1966 |

* Met titelpagina, register en omslag

Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging

BESTUUR
Prof. Dr. J. van der Vecht, President (1961—1967), Oegstgeest.
Dr. G. Barendrecht, Vice-President (1965—1971), Amsterdam.
W. Hellinga, Secretaris (1963—1969), Amsterdam.
Drs. H. Wiering, Penningmeester (1962—1968), Bergen (N.H.).
Dr. G. Kruseman, Bzbliothecaris (1966—1972), Amsterdam.
J. A. Janse (1964—1970), Bennebroek.
Dr. A. F. H. Besemer (1965—1970), Bennekom.

COMMISSIE VAN REDACTIE VOOR DE PUBLICATIES
Prof. Dr. J. van der Vecht (1961—1967), Oegstgeest.
P. Chrysanthus (1964—1967), Oosterhout (N.B.).
Dr. A. Diakonoff (1964—1967), Leiderdorp.
G. L. van Eyndhoven (1966—1969), Haarlem.
Dr. L. G. E. Kalshoven (1964—1967), Blaricum.
Prof. Dr. D. J. Kuenen (benoemd 1957), Leiden.
Dr. P. A. van der Laan (benoemd 1957), Bennekom.
B. J. Lempke (1965—1968), Amsterdam.
Prof. Dr. J. de Wilde (benoemd 1957), Wageningen.
Dr. J. T. Wiebes (1966—1969), Leiden.

BESTUUR DER AFDELING VOOR TOEGEPASTE ENTOMOLOGIE
Dr. A. F. H. Besemer, Voorzitier, Wageningen.
Ir. P. Gruys, Secretaris, Rheden.
Dr. Ir. L. Bravenboer, Naaldwijk.
J. J. Laarman, Leiden.
Dr. Ir. J. B. M. van Dinther, Bennekom.

De contributie voor het lidmaatschap bedraagt f 20.—, voor student-leden
f 5.—, per jaar. — Begunstigers betalen jaarlijks tenminste f 20.—.

De leden, behalve de student-leden, ontvangen gratis de Entomologische
Berichten, waarvan de prijs voor niet-leden f 30.— per jaar en f 3.— per nummer
bedraagt.

De leden kunnen zich voor f 12.50 per jaar abonneren op het Tijdschrift voor
Entomologie; hiervan bedraagt de prijs voor niet-leden f 45.— per jaar.

De eerder verschenen publicaties der Vereeniging zijn voor de leden tegen ver-
minderde prijzen verkrijgbaar. De Vereeniging geeft de volgende publicaties uit.

MONOGRAPHIEEN VAN DE NEDERLANDSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREENIGING

Deze worden met onregelmatige tussenpozen uitgegeven. Er zijn reeds ver-

schenen:

— F. T. Valck Lucassen et al. — Monographie du genre Lomaptera Gory &
Percheron (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae), prijs f 50.—.

1. A. J. Besseling. — De Nederlandse Watermijten (Hydrachnellae Latreille,
1802), prijs f 25.—.

PAR rN ster

MUS. COMP. ZOOL.
LIBRARY

FEB 1 1967

Firm VAL)
UNIVERSITY

CATALOGUS DER NEDERLANDSE MACROLEPIDOPTERA
(DERTIENDE SUPPLEMENT)

DOOR

B. J. LEMPKE

Amsterdam

ABSTRACT

This part of the catalogue contains the end of the subfamily Amphipyrinae and the sub-
families belonging to the group of the Quadrifinae, being the last part of the family Noctuidae.

The particulars for each species are given in the same sequence as in the preceding parts:
time of appearance, discussion of the biotope(s), new localities and variation.

AMPHIPYRINAE
(voortzetting)

Charanica Billberg

Charanica trigrammica Hufnagel. Tijdschr. Entom. 85 : 87; Cat. VII : (414).
In het Hafdistrict en het westelijke deel van het Fluviatiele District zijn enkele
nieuwe vindplaatsen bekend geworden: Sexbierum (1964, STOBBE), Aerdt (1965,
PEERDEMAN), Middelie (1952, DE BOER), Purmerend (1946, in aantal, HUISEN-
GA), Capelle aan den IJssel (VERKAIK), Melissant (1959, HUISMAN). Waarschijn-
lijk zijn dit voor het grootste deel toch wel zwervers van de zandgronden, hetzij
uit het duingebied (op Goeree komt de vlinder ook voor), hetzij dat zij behoorden
tot een populatie van een nabij gelegen spoorbaan. Daarentegen schijnt de vlinder
wel tot de fauna van het Amsterdamse Bos te behoren, daar hij hier vrij geregeld,
doch niet in groot aantal, wordt gevangen (PEERDEMAN). Een merkwaardige
vindplaats is ook Botshol (WOLSCHRIJN c.s.), hoewel dit moerasgebied meer
„zandgrondsoorten” heeft opgeleverd. Overigens is aan de in 1943 gegeven ver-
spreiding niets nieuws toe te voegen, ook niet wat het voorkomen op de wadden-
eilanden betreft.

De vliegtijd kan al begin mei aanvangen. De vroegste datum is nu: 5.V, in
1963 waargenomen door Pater MUNSTERS te Stein, zodat de uiterste data nu
worden: 5.V—27.VII.

Variabiliteit. De donkere vormen zijn over het algemeen zeldzaam en
ontbreken op vele plaatsen zelfs volkomen. Van een toename is niets te bespeuren.
Of ze dominant zijn, is zeer te betwijfelen. COCKAYNE vermeldt in Ent. Rec. 37 :
142 (1925) het resultaat van een kweek, afkomstig van een prachtig donker 9.
Geen enkel exemplaar van de F,-generatie was donker. Zeer waarschijnlijk was
de vorm dan ook recessief.

f. albescens Lenz, 1927. Exemplaren met zeer lichte haast witachtige voorvleu-

221

222 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (872)

gels zijn zeldzaam. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Aerdenhout (VAN WISSELINGH); Stein
(Missiehuis).

f. erubescens Turati, 1909. Exemplaren met opvallend roodachtig gekleurde
voorvleugels zijn evenmin gewoon. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Frederiksoord, Heems-
kerk (Zoöl. Mus.); Stein (Missiehuis).

f. semifuscans Haworth, 1809. Exemplaren waarbij de voorvleugels vanaf de
schaduwlijn duidelijk donkerder zijn dan de basale helft (plaat 3 fig. 1), werden
nog aangetroffen te: Holten (LUKKIEN); Zeist (GORTER); ‘s-Graveland (WEs-
TERNENG); Den Haag, Oostkapelle, Vijlen (Zoöl. Mus.) ; Stein (Missiehuis, VAN
DE POL). :

f. fuscolimbata nov. De voorvleugels verdonkerd vanaf de tweede dwarslijn
tot de achterrand. Plaat 3 fig. 2. Twello, 4, 2.VI.1938 (holotype), Vijlen, &,
1963 (Zoöl. Mus.); Nieuwkuik, &, 1952 (DIDDEN); Montfort, 4, 1960
(MAASSEN).

[Fore wings darkened from the postmedian to the outer margin.]

f. paradoxa nov. Grondkleur van de voorvleugels donkerbruin, maar de ruimte
tussen eerste dwarslijn en schaduwlijn lichtbruin, zodat een brede lichte midden-
band ontstaat. Plaat 3 fig. 3. Stein, &, 29.V.1960 (holotype, VAN DE Por). Een
exemplaar van 1961 in de collectie van het Missiehuis aldaar.

[Ground colour of the fore wings dark brown, but the area between central shade and
postmedian pale brown, so that a broad pale central band results.]

f. brunnea Lenz, 1927. De vorm met eenkleurig donker bruinachtige voor-
vleugels met min of meer duidelijke dwarslijnen werd verder bekend van: Apel-
doorn (LEFFEF); Warnsveld (CARON); Ruurlo (LUKKIEN) ; Babberich (ELFRINK) ;
Slijk-Ewijk, Rijckholt, Eijs (VAN DE POL); Zeist (GORTER); Oostvoorne (LUCAS);
Geulem, Eperheide, Vijlen (Zoöl. Mus.); Stein (Missiehuis); Gronsveld (VAN
AARTSEN ).

f. obscura Tutt, 1891. De vorm met donkere zwartachtig grijze voorvleugels
met meestal slechts twee dwarslijnen werd nog aangetroffen te: Holten (LuK-
KIEN) ; Twello, Doetinchem, Gronsveld, Eperheide, Vijlen (Zoöl. Mus.); Eiber-
gen (VAN WESTEN); Babberich (ELFRINK); Amersfoort (CARON); Oostvoorne
(Lucas); Stein (Missiehuis).

(De donkere vormen worden dus vooral in het oosten en zuidoosten van het
land gevonden en niet zelden beide op dezelfde vindplaatsen).

f. pallidalinea Tutt, 1891. Eenkleurig donkere exemplaren, waarbij de eerste
en tweede dwarslijn opvallend licht afgezet zijn, werden gevangen te: Twello,
Berg en Dal (Zoöl. Mus.); Hoog-Keppel (LEFFEF); Stein, Rijckholt (VAN DE
Por). Blijkbaar vrij zeldzaam.

f. basivoluta Wihan, 1917. Van de vorm waarbij de halve en de eerste dwarslijn
langs de voorrand van de voorvleugels met elkaar verbonden zijn door een don-
kere lijn, werden de volgende nieuwe vindplaatsen bekend: Colmschate, Hoog-
Keppel, Bussum, Rotterdam, Geulem (Zoöl. Mus.).

f. approximata Haworth, 1809. Exemplaren, waarbij de schaduwlijn en de
eerste dwarslijn elkaar aan de binnenrand van de voorvleugels sterk naderen, zijn

(873) B. J. LEMPKE: Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 223

stellig niet zeldzaam. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Amerongen (GORTER); Amsterdam,
Heemskerk, Eperheide (Zoöl. Mus.); Wassenaar (VAN WISSELINGH); Leiden,
Oostvoorne (Lucas); Rijckholt (VAN DE POL).

f. convergens Wihan, 1917. Van de vorm, waarbij schaduwlijn en eerste dwars-
lijn elkaar aan de binnenrand raken, werden enkele nieuwe vindplaatsen bekend:
Zeist (GORTER); Heemskerk (Zoöl. Mus.).

f. fasciata Krombach, 1920. Een exemplaar met duidelijk verbrede midden-
schaduw is afgebeeld op plaat 3 fig. 4. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Noordlaren, Heem-
stede, Stein (VAN DE Por); Havelte (VAN DER MEULEN); Wilp (TER LAAG);
Woudenberg, Bunnik (CARON); Zeist (GORTER); Heemskerk (AUKEMA); Oost-
voorne (LUCAS); Deurne (Nies); Eperheide (Zoöl. Mus.). Blijkbaar een vrij
verbreide vorm.

[KROMBACH writes: “Mit auffallend verbreiteter Mittelbinde”, with strikingly widened
central band. In my opinion this means that it is the central shade which is widened, not the
central area (‘‘Mittelfeld’’ in German). TURNER’s translation “with extraordinarily wide
band” in Brit. Noct., suppl. 1: 322 (1934) is not exact.}

f. obsoleta Lempke, 1943. Een eenkleurig donkerbruin exemplaar van Doetin-
chem mist alle dwarslijnen (VAN WISSELINGH).

f. renata Lenz, 1927. Nieuwe vindplaatsen van exemplaren met donker gerande
niervlek: Putten (Zoöl. Mus.); Bennekom (VAN DE Por).

f. oculata Wihan, 1917. Nieuwe vindplaats van exemplaren met donker gevulde
niervlek (die dan in de schaduwlijn ligt): Leiden (Lucas).

Dwerg. Blaricum (BERGMAN).

Teratologisch exemplaar. Linker achtervleugel te klein. Ermelo
(BRANGER).

Hoplodrina Boursin

Hoplodrina alsines Brahm. Tijdschr. Entom. 85 : 96; Cat. VII : (423). Van
de waddeneilanden is de soort nu bekend van Schiermonnikoog (VAN WISSE-
LINGH), Terschelling (gewoon, LEFFEF, TANIS) en Vlieland (CAMPING). Overi-
gens is aan de in 1943 opgegeven verbreiding van de haast overal gewone vlinder
niets nieuws toe te voegen.

De uiterste data van de vliegtijd blijven bijna ongewijzigd: 3.VI—16.VIII.

Variabiliteit. f. suffusa Tutt, 1891. De vorm met sterk verdonkerde
vleugels is niet zeldzaam en komt vrij verbreid onder de soort voor.

f. elegans Lempke, 1943. Exemplaren met helder geelbruine scherp getekende
voorvleugels werden nog aangetroffen te: Borne (VAN WESTEN); Apeldoorn
(Zoöl. Mus.) ; Heemstede (VON HERWARTH); Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (BOGAARD).

(f. rufescens Lempke, 1943. Moet vervallen. Het exemplaar behoort zonder
twijfel tot Hoplodrina blanda; de roodachtige tint is geheel verdwenen. De twee
soorten zijn naar de genitalién niet met zekerheid te determineren.

f. bimaculata nov. Voorvleugels met scherp afstekende geheel donker gevulde
ronde en niervlek. Plaat 3 fig. 5. Zeist, &, 8.VII.1949 (holotype, GORTER).

[Upper side fore wings: orbicular and reniform completely filled with a dark colour
(black-brown), strongly contrasting with the ground colour.}

224 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (874)

f. centrifasciata nov. Voorvleugels met opvallend donkere middenschaduw.
Plaat 3 fig. 6. Slijk-Ewijk, 4, 13.VI.1960 (holotype, VAN DE Por); Eindhoven
(VAN DER WOLF).

[Fore wings with strikingly dark central shade.]

f. clausa Lempke, 1943. Behalve het holotype van Twello (3, 8.VII.1930),
dat zich nu in het Zoòl. Mus. bevindt, zijn geen andere exemplaren bekend ge-
worden. Bij deze vorm raken eerste en tweede dwarslijn elkaar aan de binnenrand.
Zie plaat 3 fig. 7.

Dwerg. Gronsveld (Zoöl. Mus.).

Hoplodrina blanda Schiff. Tijdschrift Entom. 85 : 94; Cat. VII : (421). Al is
de minder bont getekende soort over het algemeen niet zo gewoon als de vorige,
uit de combinatie van beide lijsten van vindplaatsen blijkt wel, dat hij toch in
vrijwel het gehele land is aan te treffen, evenmin zonder duidelijke voorkeur voor
een of meer bepaalde biotopen. De vlinder is nu bekend van drie van de wadden-
eilanden.

De vliegtijd kan tot begin september duren. De uiterste data zijn nu: 12.VI—
6.IX. De laatste datum werd in 1951 genoteerd door LANDSMAN.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Terschelling, Vlieland, Leeuwarden, Tjerkwerd, Friens, Olter-
terp, Wijnjeterp, Oosterwolde, Nijetrijne, Oudemirdum, Rijs. Gr.: Borgercompagnie, Ter
Borgh. Dr.: Donderen, Eelde, Zuidlaren, Eext, Schoonlo, Odoorn. Ov.: Volthe, Saasveld
(Molenven), Rijssen, Holten, Rechteren, Raalte, Abdij Sion, Deventer, Zwartsluis, Vollen-
hove, Marknesse. Flevoland: Lelystad. Gdl.: Ermelo, Hulshorst, Epe, Wiessel, Hoog-Soeren,
Uchelen, Empe, Laag-Soeren, Hoenderlo, Wageningen, Eefde, de Voorst, Wientjesvoort,
Ruurlo, Hoog-Keppel, Loerbeek, Babberich, Aerdt; Berg en Dal, Ingen, Slijk-Ewijk. Utr.:
Soesterberg, Maarsseveen, Hollandse Rading, Botshol. N.H.: ’s-Graveland, Blaricum, Naarden,
Bussum, Kortenhoef, Weesp, Zaandam, Wormerveer, Middelie, Hoorn, Den Helder, Egmond
aan Zee, Heilo, Heemskerk, Velzen, Aerdenhout. Z.H.: Noorden, Reeuwijk, Oegstgeest,
Wassenaar, Meijendel, Voorschoten, Leidschendam, Staelduin, Vlaardingen, Capelle aan den
IJssel, Arkel, Gorkum, Schelluinen, Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, Oostvoorne, Middelharnis, Melis-
sant, Ouddorp. Zl.: Burgh, Haamstede, Westenschouwen, Oostkapelle, Valkenisse, Zoute-
lande, Goes, Groede, Cadzand. N.B.: Sint Michielsgestel, Haaren, Best, Nuenen, Bergeijk,
Someren, Deurne, Helenaveen, Sint Anthonis, Gassel. Lbg.: Geijsteren, Sevenum, Griends-
veen, Grubbenvorst, Swalmen, Roggel, Montfort, Stein, Heerlerbaan, Kerkrade, Geulem,
Bunde, Cannerbos, Gronsveld, Bocholtz, Vijlen, Vaals.

Variabiliteit. f. suffusa Prout, 1895. Op het ogenblik is de donker
bruingrijze vorm de overheersende vorm van het 2 geworden. Bij het ¢ komt hy
daarentegen veel minder voor (in het Zoöl. Mus. slechts vijf exemplaren van
Doetinchem, Amsterdam, Oostkapelle en Valkenisse). Plaat 3 fig. 8. Een extreem
& met bruinzwarte voorvleugels van Melissant (HUISMAN).

f. redacta Haworth, 1809. Exemplaren met zuiver grijsachtige voorvleugels nog
van Apeldoorn, Wiessel, Valkenisse en Vijlen (Zoöl. Mus.); Leiden (Lucas).

f. pallidior Lenz, 1927. Een goed exemplaar met licht grijsbruine onduidelijk
getekende voorvleugels van Slijk-Ewijk (VAN DE Por) is afgebeeld op plaat 3
fig. 9.

f. bimaculata nov. Voorvleugels met scherp afstekende geheel donker gevulde
ronde en niervlek. Plaat 3 fig. 10. Lelystad, 4, 1.VII.1961 (holotype, VAN DE
Por).

(875) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 225

[Upper side fore wings: orbicular and reniform completely filled with a dark colour,
strongly contrasting with the ground colour.]

Dwerg. Epen (VAN WISSELINGH).

Hoplodrina ambigua Schiff. Tijdschr. Entom. 95 : 278; Cat. XI : (889). Het
is nu wel duidelijk, dat deze soort in de loop van de veertiger jaren van onze eeuw
zijn areaal in noordelijke richting heeft uitgebreid en daarbij ook ons land heeft
bereikt. Daar hij elk jaar in de trekverslagen is opgenomen, is het niet moeilijk
een goede indruk te krijgen van het verloop van het voorkomen hier te lande. Na
de vangst van het eerste exemplaar in 1946 werd ambigua pas weer in 1949 ge-
meld, nu in acht stuks. Maar reeds de drie volgende jaren vloog het aantal omhoog
tot 110, 280 en 223 stuks. In 1954 en 1955 vielen de totalen terug tot resp. 98
en 64 stuks, maar beslist slecht waren 1956, 57 en ’58 met 17, nul en 16 stuks,
zodat het er op begon te lijken, dat de vlinder zich hier op de duur niet zou kun-
nen handhaven. Doch het jaar daarop kwamen we weer tot bijna 200 stuks. Op-
vallend goed waren 1961 en 1962 met 2863 en 2388 getelde exemplaren. 1963
bracht het slechts tot 135 stuks, maar 1964 was weer veel beter (480 stuks). Zeer
slecht was 1965 (38 stuks). Er zijn dus sterke schommelingen in de aantallen,
die voor een belangrijk deel wel veroorzaakt worden door oecologische factoren.

Hoewel de vlinder op verscheidene plaatsen benoorden de grote rivieren is
waargenomen, is toch wel duidelijk geworden, dat hij zich ten zuiden ervan het
beste thuis voelt. Hier wordt hij het regelmatigst waargenomen en hier zijn de
aantallen in de regel ook het grootst.

De vliegtijd kan in de tweede helft van mei beginnen en nog voortduren tot in
oktober. De uiterste data zijn nu: 21.V—10.X. Ongetwijfeld komen er twee gene-
raties voor, waarvan de grens in juli ligt. Alle jaren bij elkaar geven echter geen
scherpe scheiding meer te zien, hoewel die er in de afzonderlijke seizoenen in de
regel wel is.

Op de waddeneilanden is ambigua tot nog toe alleen op Terschelling aange-
troffen (1956, LEFFEF). De in 1953 vermelde vindplaats Leeuwarden bleek later
onjuist te zijn. Overigens volgt hierna een volledige lijst van alle plaatsen, waar
de vlinder tot nog toe is waargenomen, zonder verdere biezonderheden, daar die
in de trekverslagen te vinden zijn.

Vindplaatsen. Fr: West-Terschelling, Nijetrijne. Ov.: Deventer. Gdl.: Wiessel,
Apeldoorn, Wageningen, Bennekom; Gorssel, Eefde, Warnsveld, de Voorst, Rekken, Hack-
fort, Aalten, Hoog-Keppel (Ulenpas), Groessen; Hatert, Slijk-Ewijk. Utr.: Zeist, Utrecht.
N.H.: Amsterdamse Bos, Castricum, Heemskerk, Overveen, Aerdenhout. Z.H.: Leiden, Den
Haag, Staelduin, Oostvoorne, Nieuw Helvoet, Hellevoetsluis, Melissant, Ouddorp. Zl.: Burgh,
Westenschouwen, Oostkapelle, Valkenisse, Goes, Cadzand. N.B.: Hoogerheide, Chaam,
Oostelbeers, Best, Eindhoven, Nuenen, Deurne. Lbg.: Plasmolen, de Hamert, Arcen, Griends-
veen, Sevenum, Grubbenvorst, Velden, Venlo, Tegelen, Steijl, Swalmen, Maasniel, Roggel,
Moesel, Roermond, Maalbroek, Melick, Sint Odiliënberg, Montfort, Echt, Sittard, Stein,
Brunssum, Heerlen, Chrèvremont, Kerkrade, Geulem, Neercanne, Sint Pietersberg, Cadier,
Gronsveld, Rijckholt, Epen, Vijlen, Vaals.

Variabiliteit. f. brunnescens Lempke, 1953. Exemplaren met bruingrijze
voorvleugels werden verder nog bekend van: Oostvoorne (Lucas); Melissant
(HUISMAN).

226 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (876)

f. obscura nov. Grondkleur van de voorvleugels sterk verdonkerd. Plaat 3
fig. 11. Wageningen, Slijk-Ewijk, 9, 13.VII.1960 (holotype, VAN DE Por);
Burgh (GORTER); Bergeijk, Epen (VAN WISSELINGH); Maalbroek (Mus. Rotter-
dam); Montfort (BOGAARD).

[Ground colour of the fore wings strongly darkened. ]

f. protensa nov. Ronde vlek wortelwaarts uitgerekt tot de eerste dwarslijn.
Maasniel, 4, 13.IX.1960 (holotype, Mus. Rotterdam).

[Orbicular lengthened in the direction of the base and touching the antemedian.]

f. juncta nov. Ronde vlek en niervlek raken elkaar. Melissant, 9, 4.IX.1960
(holotype, HUISMAN).

[Orbicular and reniform touch each other. }

f. benesignata nov. Bovenzijde voorvleugels met scherpe donkere eerste en
tweede dwarslijn. Aalten, 4, 28.VIII.1950 (holotype, VAN GALEN); Melissant,
4, 12.VI.1962 (HUISMAN).

[Fore wings with sharp dark antemedian and postmedian.]

Dwergen. Melissant (HUISMAN); Oostkapelle (Zoöl. Mus.).

Spodoptera Guenée

Spodoptera exigua Hübner. Tijdschr. Entom. 85: 104; Cat. VII: (431).
Het voorkomen in Nederland, zoals wij dat tot nog toe kennen, demonstreert weer
duidelijk, dat voor verschillende soorten de laatste 20 jaar een gunstiger periode
is aangebroken, die hen in staat stelt veel verder noordwaarts te komen, dan dat
daarvoor het geval was, ook al houden we rekening met het intensievere vangen
in de moderne tijd. Na de eerste vangst in 1868 duurde het tot 1937, vòòr de
soort weer in ons land gesignaleerd werd, terwijl het volgende jaar zelfs tien stuks
gevangen werden. 1941 leverde één waarneming, maar vanaf 1944 tot nu is de vlin-
der in meer dan de helft van het aantal jaren hier te lande aangetroffen. In de
regel echter is het aantal exemplaren klein, maar een enkele keer komt het boven
de tien (1952 met 13, 1958 met 14). Alles overtreffend echter was het jaar 1962,
toen hier niet minder dan 227 stuks geteld werden, die tussen 5 mei en 20 oktober
voor het grootste deel in het westen van het land werden waargenomen. Deze
immigratie hing duidelijk samen met de Britse. Onze overburen bereikten echter
een totaal van 746 stuks, wat ook voor hen een record betekende dat vooral
veroorzaakt werd door de gunstiger ligging van de Engelse zuidkust.

Exceptioneel was de vangst van een exemplaar op 3 maart 1952 (VAN WISSE-
LINGH). Ook blijkens de Engelse ervaring is dat jaar de migratie zeer vroeg be-
gonnen. Soms worden de aanvliegers in mei waargenomen (1958, 1962, 1964)
of in juni (1946, 1962, 1964). Juli-vangsten zijn evenmin gewoon (1868, 1937,
1938, 1952, 1962, 1964), maar komen blijkens het aantal jaren dat ze plaats von-
den, toch wat meer voor. Augustus echter is nu wel duidelijk de beste maand voor
de soort. In verschillende jaren is de vlinder ook in september gevangen en zelfs

(877) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 227

in oktober. De kroon echter spant het jaar 1963, toen maar één enkel exemplaar
werd gemeld, en wel op 9 november! In alle jaren, dat er vroege immigranten
werden waargenomen (maart, mei, juni), werden ook later in het seizoen weer
exemplaren gevangen. Dit is een aanwijzing, dat het dier zich hier in de zomer
althans één generatie kan voortplanten. Niets wijst er echter op, dat exigua in
staat zou zijn ook wel eens onze winter door te komen. Na het topjaar 1962 kwam
in het volgende jaar alleen de ene november-vangst!

In het volgende overzicht zijn alle vindplaatsen na 1943 vermeld met de jaren
van waarneming zonder verdere biezonderheden. Deze zijn steeds in de trekvlin-
derverslagen te vinden.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Sexbierum (1962). Dr.: Ruinen (1962). Ov.: Holten (1952).
Flevoland: Lelystad (1962). Gdl.: Ede (1948), Dieren (1962); Warnsveld (1947); Buren
(1962). Utr.: Zeist (1959). N.H.: 's-Graveland (1958), Amsterdamse Bos (1962), Halfweg
(1962, 1966), Middelie (1949), Heemskerk (1962), Overveen (1964), Aerdenhout (1946,
1947, 1952, 1958), Heemstede (1956). Z.H.: Leiden (1952), Staelduin (1952), Arkel
(1962), Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (1964), Oostvoorne (1958, 1962, 1964), Melissant (1958,
1966), Ouddorp (1966). Zl.: Haamstede (1962), Burgh (1962), Westenschouwen (1962),
Oostkapelle (1962, 1964), Valkenisse (1962, 1964). N.B.: Best (1962), Bergeijk (1962),
Deurne (1944, 1945, 1946). Lbg.: Belfeld (1964), Swalmen (1958, 1959), Stein (1958,
1962, 1964), Heerlerbaan (1958), Schaesberg (1952), Epen (1958).

Variabiliteit. De grondkleur van de voorvleugels varieert van een lichter
tot een donkerder grijs. De ronde vlek heeft soms nauwelijks een donkerder kern,
meestal is deze donker bruinachtig, soms is de kern mooi roodbruin en kan de vlek
vrijwel geheel vullen. Al deze verschillen gaan echter zo geleidelijk in elkaar over,
dat het met het thans beschikbare materiaal vrijwel onmogelijk is bepaalde vormen
te onderscheiden. De reeds beschreven vormen kon ik onder het Nederlandse
materiaal niet terug vinden.

Dwergen. Heemskerk, Haamstede (Zoöl. Mus.).

{Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval. Tijdschr. Entom. 85: 104; Cat. VII: (431), noot 1.
Van deze adventief is nog altijd slechts het ene exemplaar bekend, dat in 1922 uit een te
Alkmaar in geïmporterde bananen gevonden rups werd gekweekt.

VIETTE heeft aangetoond, dat Sp. litura Fabricius, 1775, en Sp. littoralis Boisduval, 1834,
twee verschillende soorten zijn, practisch alleen te onderscheiden aan het genitaalapparaat.
De eerste soort komt voor in zuidoost-Azië, op Java, in Australië, op Nieuw Caledonië en
op de Fidsji eilanden. De tweede is bekend van grote delen van Afrika, van Spanje, het
zuiden van Frankrijk en van Syrië. Zie Bull. Soc. Linn. de Lyon 32: 145—148, 1963. In
Frankrijk werd littoralis voor het eerst omstreeks 1935 te Parijs aangetroffen. De soort is
daarna in vele exemplaren op verschillende plaatsen in het zuiden van de Basses Alpes tot
de Pyreneeën gevangen en is er mogelijk geacclimatiseerd (DuFAY, 1962, Alexanor 2 : 207).

In Proc. Trans. South London ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1963 : 48 (1964) wordt meegedeeld,
dat littoralis op chrysanten in kassen in de zuidelijke helft van Engeland is aangetroffen,
waar het dier een ernstige plaag kan zijn, daar het in staat is zich het hele jaar door in de
kassen voort te planten en de rups van tal van planten kan leven, o.a. van sla en tomaten.

Ook in Denemarken is de rups herhaaldelijk ingevoerd, met bloemen uit Italië, met bana-
nen, met sla van de Canarische eilanden (in 1953 zelfs meer dan 40 rupsen) (HOFFMEYER,
De Danske Ugler, 2de druk : 247, 1962).

Uit al deze gegevens blijkt wel, dat nieuwe rupsevondsten in Nederland beslist niet uit-
gesloten zijn. Het enige tot nu toe bekende Nederlandse exemplaar behoort inderdaad tot
littoralis. Het is afgebeeld op plaat 4 fig. 8.].

228 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (878)

Caradrina Ochsenheimer

Subgenus Caradrina Ochsenheimer

Caradrina (Caradrina) morpheus Hufnagel. Tijdschr. Entom. 85 : 94; Cat.
VII : (421). Met uitzondering van Texel, waar hij ongetwijfeld ook zal voor-
komen, is de vlinder nu van alle waddeneilanden bekend. Op Rottum ving Dip-
DEN in 1959 twee exemplaren. Overigens is aan de in 1943 opgegeven verbreiding
niets toe te voegen.

Wat de vliegtijd betreft, na de publicatie van Cat. VII is gebleken, dat mor-
pheus niet zelden een (partiële) tweede generatie kan voortbrengen. De vliegtijd
van de eerste kan iets eerder beginnen en wordt nu: 9.V (in 1959 genoteerd,
Lucas) tot 7.VIII. De tweede is waargenomen van eind augustus tot in de tweede
helft van oktober (30.VIII—21.X). Hij werd vermeld in 1949, 1953, 1959, 1960
en 1961. Vooral 1959 met zijn zeer droge en zonnige zomer en herfst leverde
veel gegevens op. Uit dit jaar stammen ook de beide uiterste data van deze gene-
ratie. (In 1950 trof VAN WISSELINGH op 24 februari een vers exemplaar in zijn
huis aan. Dit had zich daar ongetwijfeld wel ontwikkeld).

Variabiliteit. De typische vorm met niet al te donkere voorvleugels
blijkt de hoofdvorm te zijn, ook bij het moderne materiaal.

f. ochracea Lenz, 1927. De vorm met licht geelbruine voorvleugels komt niet
veel voor. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Zeist (GORTER); Halfweg (VAN AARTSEN, in
Zoöl. Mus.); Zaandam (WESTERNENG); Bergeijk, Epen (VAN WISSELINGH);
Oisterwijk (Lucas); Eindhoven (VAN DER WOLF).

f. fuscomarginata nov. Bovenzijde voorvleugels: de ruimte tussen tweede
dwarslijn en achterrand sterk verdonkerd. Ruurlo, 3, 6.VII.1961 (holotype,
LUKKIEN); Ratum (PEERDEMAN); Zeist (GORTER); Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (Bo-
GAARD); Ouddorp (VROEGINDEWEIJ).

[Upper side fore wings: the area between postdiscal and outer margin strongly darkened.]

f. spalleki Kitt, 1917. Van deze vorm, waarbij ook het wortelveld verdonkerd
is, zijn geen nieuwe vangsten bekend geworden.

f. obscura Tutt, 1891. De vorm met bruinzwarte of zwartachtige voorvleugels
is vrij gewoon, vooral onder het moderne materiaal, maar is over het geheel ge-
rekend zeker niet de hoofdvorm.

f. semiconfluens Lempke, 1943. Exemplaren, waarbij ronde vlek en niervlek
smal met elkaar verbonden zijn, werden nog aangetroffen te: Vledder, Den Haag
(Zoöl. Mus.) ; Bennekom (VAN DE Por); Aalten (VAN GALEN); Zeist (GORTER) ;
Leiden (VAN DER WOLF); Oostvoorne, Eperheide (Lucas); Melissant (Huts-
MAN); Nuenen (NEIJTS); Epen (VAN WISSELINGH).

f. confluens nov. Ronde vlek en niervlek samengesmolten tot één vlek. Zeist,
&, 15.VII.1960 (holotype, GORTER); Ouddorp, &, 1962 (HUISMAN).

[Orbicular and reniform coalescent, so forming one large spot.]

f. tangens Lucas, 1960, Ent. Ber. 20 : 230. De eerste en de tweede dwarslijn
ontmoeten elkaar even boven de binnenrand van de voorvleugels en lopen dan
weer uit elkaar. Oostvoorne (LUCAS).

(879) B. J. LEMPKE: Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 229

f. brevipennis nov. Voor- en achtervleugels duidelijk te kort. Hendrik-Ido-
Ambacht, @, 4.VI.1956 (holotype, BOGAARD).

[Fore and hind wings distinctly too short.}

Dwergen. Odoorn, Amsterdam, Someren (PEERDEMAN); Marknesse, Wage-
ningen (VAN DE PoL); Zaandam (AUKEMA); Maarheeze (VERHAAK); Chèvre-
mont (LUKKIEN).

Subgenus Paradrina Boursin

Caradrina (Paradrina) selini Boisduval. Tijdschr. Entom. 85 : 93; Cat. VII:
(420). Er kan niet de minste twijfel aan bestaan, dat de soort bij ons inheems is.
De vlinder is vooral in het Duindistrict en op enkele waddeneilanden aangetrof-
fen, maar is ook bekend van vrij veel vindplaatsen in het oosten en zuiden van het
land, waar hij toch wel in hoofdzaak beperkt is tot de zandgronden. Hier is hij
overal schaars.

Het areaal in het omringende gebied is zeer verbrokkeld. In Denemarken is de
vlinder bekend van de eilanden Bornholm (hier verbreid) en Anholt (niet zeld-
zaam), terwijl in 1932 een exemplaar bij Skagen in het noorden van Jutland
gevangen werd. Uit het aan ons land grenzende Duitse gebied ken ik alleen een
vermelding van Bremen (in 1952, JACK, 1953, Bombus 1: 322). In Belgié is
selini alleen bekend van de Kempen, hoofdzakelijk van Sutendael, volgens mede-
deling van de heer DE LAEVER. Op de Britse eilanden is de soort nooit aange-
troffen.

De vliegtijd kan in de laatste week van mei beginnen en voortduren tot in de
eerste week van augustus (27.V—4.VIII). De vroegste datum werd in 1951 te
Amerongen vastgesteld (BENTINCK), de laatste in 1962 (Westenschouwen, LEF-
FEF). Bij uitzondering blijkt ook bij deze soort nu en dan een zeer partiéle tweede
generatie te kunnen voorkomen (8 september 1961, twee exemplaren te Burgh,
LEFFEF).

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Terschelling (betrekkelijk gewoon, LEFFEF), Vlieland. Gdl.:
Wageningen; Winterswijk. Utr.: Amerongen, Zeist, Soest. N.H.: Schoorl, Egmond aan Zee,
Heemskerk, Heemstede. Z.H.: Meijendel, Staelduin, Rotterdam (Kralingerhout), Arkel
(1963, ZWAKHALS), Ouddorp. Zl.: Burgh, Westenschouwen, Oostkapelle. N.B.: Bergen op
Zoom, Schijf, Kampina, Bergeijk, Deurne, Someren. Lbg.: De Hamert, Geijsteren, Sevenum,
Swalmen, Heel, Buchten, Brunssum, Meerssen.

Variabiliteit. Botspuvat beschreef de soort naar materiaal uit het Zuid-
zwitserse kanton Valais (Wallis) en gaf er de volgende diagnose van: „alis anticis
argenteo-cinereis, strigis obscurioribus, macula reniformis strigaque fulgurali rufo-
ferrugineis: alae posticae cinereae, ad basin dilutiores”. Zijn holotype is afgebeeld
door Curor (Noct. et Géom. d'Europe 1, pl. 46 fig. 15). In overeenstemming met
de beschrijving heeft het exemplaar lichtgrijze voorvleugels met twee duidelijk
afstekende donkere dwarslijnen. Ook de niervlek steekt goed af. Voor de golflijn
staat een rij donker roodbruine pijlvlekken. Exemplaren uit de Basses Alpes (zuid-
Frankrijk) uit de collectie-CARON stemmen ermee overeen (plaat 4 fig. 1—3).

De Nederlandse exemplaren behoren niet tot deze nominaatvorm. De meeste

230 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (880)

hebben donkergrijze voorvleugels, sommige zijn wat lichter van tint, maar vrijwel
alle hebben een zeer onduidelijke tekening (fig. 4—6).

Onze populaties komen daarentegen goed overeen met die van Pommeren,
zoals URBAHN die beschrijft (Stett. ent. Z. 100 : 594, 1939). De oudste naam
hiervoor is milleri Schultz (1862, Ent. Z. Stettin 23 : 367), beschreven als een
van clavipalpis verschillende soort, die bij Misdroy aan de Oostzeekust gevangen
werd. Ook daar variéren de vlinders van een lichter tot een donkerder grijs en zijn
ze bijna alle zeer onduidelijk getekend.

[The Dutch populations do not belong to the nominate form, described by BoIsDUVAL
after a specimen from the Swiss canton Valais and figured by CULOT (l.c.). Our specimens
differ by having indistinctly marked fore wings with the ground colour varying from a paler
to a darker grey. Cf. plate 4, figs. 1—6.

The oldest name for this indistinctly marked subspecies is milleri Schultz, 1862, described
as a species after some specimens from Misdroy near the coast of the Baltic in the former

German province of Pommern. URBAHN gives an excellent description of this subspecies
(1939, I. c.), clearly showing that it perfectly corresponds with our Dutch populations. }

Caradrina (Paradrina) clavipalpis Scopoli. Tijdschr. Entom. 85: 91; Cat.
VII : (418). Met uitzondering van Texel (waar de vlinder ook wel zal voorko-
men) en Rottum is clavipalpis nu bekend van alle waddeneilanden. Overigens
is aan de in 1943 opgegeven verbreiding niets toe te voegen.

De vliegtijd, die in Cat. VII werd gegeven (3.IV—24.XII), blijkt nog te
beperkt geweest te zijn. Wij kennen nu vangsten uit alle maanden van het jaar.
Op 22 januari 1946 werd een gaaf 3 binnenshuis te Steijl aangetroffen (Broeder
ANTONIUS). 12 februari (jaar?) vond KNoop een exemplaar binnenshuis te
Almelo. Op 26 februari 1961 ving TER LAAG een gaaf exemplaar te Bussum op
licht. Op 25 maart 1953 werd door vAN GALEN een volkomen vers dier te Aalten
gevangen. Op 1 april 1962 ving TER LAAG een exemplaar te Hilversum. Op 7.IV.
1948 vond GORTER een volkomen gaaf exemplaar te Zeist. Maar natuurlijk blijven
wintervangsten uitzonderingen. Overigens zijn we nog niet veel wijzer dan in
1943.

Variabiliteit. f. quadripunctata Fabricius, 1775. Exemplaren, waarbij het
franjeveld van de voorvleugels opvallend verdonkerd ís, zijn niet gewoon, maar
komen toch vrij verbreid onder de soort voor.

f. paradoxa nov. Niet alleen het franjeveld, maar ook het wortelveld van de
voorvleugels verdonkerd. Het middenveld steekt dus licht af. Stein, 4, 18.IX.1958
(holotype, Missiehuis).

[Upper side fore wings: basal area and marginal area darkened, central area contrasts as
a pale band.]

f. obscura Prout, 1895. Exemplaren met geheel verdonkerde voorvleugels zijn
vrij gewoon, zowel bij 4, als by 9.

f. pallida Lempke, 1943. Exemplaren met opvallend lichtgrijze voorvleugels
komen veel minder voor. Bolsward, Den Haag (Zoöl. Mus.); Wassenaar (VAN
WISSELINGH) ; Montfort (MAASSEN).

f. bimaculata nov. Voorvleugels met scherp afstekende geheel donker gevulde
ronde en niervlek. Plaat 4 fig. 7. Wageningen, 4, 2.VII.1953 (holotype, VAN
DE POL).

(881) B. J. LEMPKE: Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 231

{Upper side fore wings: orbicular and reniform completely filled with a dark colour,
strongly contrasting with the ground colour. }

f. obsoleta Lempke, 1943. Exemplaren zonder dwarslijnen op de voorvleugels
werden nog bekend van Havelte (VAN DER MEULEN); Deventer (LUKKIEN);
Wiessel, Weesp (Zoöl. Mus.); Bennekom (VAN DE POL).

f. distincta nov. Voorvleugels met scherpe zwarte dwarslijnen. Nuenen, 19,
28.VIII.1959 (holotype) en 3, 5.IX.1959 (NEIJTS).

[Fore wings with sharp black transverse lines. }

f. signata nov. De golflijn over de gehele lengte aan de binnenzijde opvallend
donker afgezet en daardoor scherp afstekend. Sittard, &, 13.VII.1949 (holotype,
DIEDEREN).

[The submarginal line of the fore wings bordered on its inner side by a striking dark line
and therefore sharply contrasting. |

Dwergen. Naardermeer (Zoöl. Mus.); Amsterdamse Bos (PEERDEMAN); Den
Helder (Lucas); Haarlem, Wassenaar (VAN WISSELINGH) ; Eindhoven (VAN DER
WOLF).

Chilodes Herrich-Schäffer

Chilodes maritima Tauscher. Tijdschr. Entom. 84 : 342; Cat. VI: (390). De
vlinder blijkt inderdaad verbreider te zijn dan in 1941 bekend was, hoewel hij
uiteraard beperkt blijft tot min of meer vochtige terreinen, waar riet groeit. Toch
valt het aantal nieuwe vindplaatsen niet mee, al kunnen bij de 10 van 1941 nu 34
nieuwe gevoegd worden, waarbij zelfs één van de waddeneilanden. Op de meeste
vindplaatsen is het dier vrij schaars, wat mogelijk echter meer schijn dan werke-
lijkheid is.

De vliegtijd blijkt vrij lang te zijn. De vroegste datum is nu 10 juni (1948,
Meerssen, RıJK), maar de vlinder is waargenomen tot eind augustus en zelfs tot
ver in september toe: 25.VIII.1959, Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (BOGAARD), 2.IX.
1956, Groessen (VAN DE POL), 28.IX.1941, een klein exemplaar. Botshol (PIET).
Mogelijk is hier een enkel exemplaar van een dan wel zelden voorkomende (par-
tiéle) tweede generatie bij.

Vindplaatsen. Fr: Terschelling (enkele exemplaren in West-Terschelling in 1956,
LEFFEF), Sexbierum, Leeuwarden, Eernewoude, Nijetrijne (gewoon, LEFFEF). Ov.: Vollen-
hove. Gdl.: Ermelo, Apeldoorn, Lunteren; de Voorst, Korenburgerveen, Groessen; Hatert,
Buren. Utr.: Botshol. N.H.: Hilversum, Naardermeer, Weesp, Muiderberg, Hoorn, Castri-
cum, Aerdenhout. Z.H.: Spijk, Arkel, Schelluinen, Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, Oostvoorne, Melis-
sant. Zl.: Haamstede (enkele, LEFFEF). Lbg.: Sevenum, Griendsveen (gewoon tijdens het
Rivon-onderzoek, LEFFEF), Moesel, Montfort, Stein, Meerssen, Rijckholt.

Variabiliteit. TAUSCHER beeldt zijn exemplaar van Noctua maritima af
met grijze voorvleugels, waarop de donkere aderen duidelijk afsteken en zijn be-
schrijving is met deze figuur in overeenstemming (,,Alae anticae cinerascentes
venosae ...... ”) (1806, Mém. Moscou 1: 211, pl. XIII, fig. 5). Weinig Neder-
landse exemplaren komen hiermee overeen. Wel bezitten veel exemplaren grijze

232 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (882)

voorvleugels, maar de donkere adertekening is zelden zo sterk als door TAUSCHER
beschreven en afgebeeld wordt. Zijn exemplaar werd in 1805 aan de Oostzeekust
in Koerland gevangen en het is mogelijk dat de soort daar sterker getekend is
dan bij ons. Zo lang hierover niets bekend is, lijkt het me het beste alle exemplaren
met grijze voorvleugels zonder afwijkende tekening als typisch te beschouwen.
Niet zelden is deze grijze tint met iets bruin gemengd, zodat overgangen naar
f. ulvae ontstaan.

f. ulvae Hübner, [1818—1819}. HÜBNER beeldt twee verschillende vormen
af onder deze naam. De eerste (fig. 635, 636) die uiteraard de prioriteit heeft, is
een vorm met lichtbruine voorvleugels, waarbij het achterrandsveld echter grijs is
(althans bij het exemplaar van de „Sammlung” in de bibliotheek van de Ned. Ent.
Ver.). Een dergelijke maritima heb ik nooit gezien. Voorlopig zou ik de naam
willen gebruiken voor alle exemplaren met bruine voorvleugels, zoals SOUTH er
ook één afbeeldt in de oude editie van „British Moths’. Het merkwaardige is, dat
deze vorm onder het moderne Nederlandse materiaal nauwelijks meer voorkomt!
Zelfs overgangs-exemplaren met bruingrijze voorvleugels zijn schaars (bijv. Lun-
teren, BRANGER). In de collectie van het Zoöl. Mus. bevinden zich alleen enkele
exemplaren van Zevenhuizen met zuiver bruine voorvleugels. Dat dit verkleurde
dieren zouden zijn, die oorspronkelijk grijs waren, is uitgesloten.

f. bipunctata Haworth, 1812. Vrij geregeld in een enkel exemplaar onder de
soort. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Leeuwarden, Eernewoude (CAMPING); Nijetrijne
(LEFFEF); Ermelo (VAN DER MEULEN); Apeldoorn, Buren, Kortenhoef (Zoöl.
Mus.); Hoorn (KUCHLEIN).

f. wismariensis Schmidt, 1858. Exemplaren met de zwarte lengtestreep zijn veel
zeldzamer. Ermelo (VAN DER MEULEN); Groessen (VAN DE Por); Kortenhoef
(Zoöl. Mus.); Melissant (HUISMAN).

f. nigristriata Staudinger, 1871. Is naast de door TAUSCHER afgebeelde vorm
nauwelijks te handhaven.

Dwerg. Rijckholt (VAN DE POL).

Athetis Hübner

Athetis gluteosa Treitschke. Alleen enkele malen in het zuiden van Limburg
aangetroffen. Of de soort hier nu inheems is, of dat we met nu en dan vanuit
Belgié tot in ons land doordringende exemplaren te doen hebben, is op het ogen-
blik moeilijk uit te maken. Daarvoor wordt in dit gebied op te weinig plaatsen
intensief verzameld. Enkele Nederlandse exemplaren zijn afgebeeld op plaat 4
fig. 9 en 10.

In Denemarken en het omringende Duitse gebied is gluteosa nergens aange-
troffen. De dichtstbij bekende Duitse vindplaats is het Mombacher Wald by
Mainz, waar de vlinder omstreeks 1850 werd gevangen (RÖSSLER, 1881, Fauna
Wiesbaden). Overigens slechts bekend van Karlsruhe (1952). Wijlen Dr. G.
WARNECKE verstrekte mij nog deze gegevens. In België is g/uteosa alleen in het
bergachtige oosten gevangen. HACKRAY vermeldt Aye-Marche-en-Famenne (in
het noorden van Belgisch Luxemburg) (1947, Rev. frans. Lép. 11 : 19) en voor
zover ik kon nagaan, is dit de enige bekende Belgische vindplaats van deze eeuw.

(883) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 233

(DERENNE kende alleen een oude vangst van Han-sur-Lesse, zie zijn „Addenda”
etc.: 77, 1928). Op de Britse eilanden is de soort nooit gevonden.
Alle Nederlandse exemplaren werden in juli gevangen (11.VII—24.VII).

Vindplaatsen. Lbg.: Stein, 9, 11.VII.1963 (Missiehuis); Epen, 9 24.VII.1954,
® 18.VII.1955, drie mannetjes 18.VII.1955 (VAN WISSELINGH).

Athetis pallustris Hübner. Tijdschr. Entom. 85 : 103; Cat. VII: (430). De
vlinder blijft een zeer lokale soort in ons land, wat wel duidelijk blijkt uit het feit,
dat bij de zes vindplaatsen, die in 1943 bekend waren, slechts negen nieuwe ge-
voegd kunnen worden. Opvallend is het voorkomen op één van de waddeneilan-
den en in het Duindistrict. Het behoeven dus zeker geen uitgebreide moerassige
terreinen te zijn, die de soort als biotoop nodig heeft. Wel natuurlijk plaatsen,
waar de voedselplant van de rups, de moerasspiraea, groeit.

In Denemarken schijnt de vlinder minder zeldzaam geworden te zijn. In de
2de druk van De Danske Ugler (1962, p. 257) vermeldt HOFFMEYER tenminste,
dat in 1944 een flink aantal exemplaren op Seeland gevangen is, terwijl vooral
sinds 1950 vrij veel nieuwe vondsten bekend geworden zijn. In België is pallustris
nog steeds niet aangetroffen. Mogelijk is hierdoor te verklaren, waarom de vlinder
nog nooit in de zuidelijke helft van ons land gevangen is. Een interessant artikel
over de biologie en het voorkomen in Engeland werd gepubliceerd door EDELSTEN,
FRYER en ROBINSON (1944, Entomologist 77 : 49 etc.).

De vliegtijd kan al half mei beginnen en tot in de tweede helft van juli voort-
duren. De nu bekende uiterste data zijn: 18.V—20.VII (de laatste datum in 1965
te Wijnjeterp, G. DIJKSTRA).

Vindplaatsen. Fr. Vlieland, 4, 10.VI.1951 (CAMPING); Wijnjeterp, juli 1965
(G. DijKsTRA). Dr: Roden, 18.V.1946 (Brom); Assen, &, 8.VI.1954 (VAN DE POL);
Ruinen, 6.VI.1960 (VAN DER MADE & Vis). Ov.: Balkbrug, 7.VI.1966 (LEFFEF); Raalte,
29.V.1956 (FLINT); Olst, 24.V.1949 (KUCHLEIN); Marknesse, 11.V.1961 (VAN DE POL).
N.H.: Heemskerk, 31.V.1959, 23.V (twee exemplaren) en 24.V.1961 (VAN AARTSEN);
Overveen, &, 9.VI.1964 (LEFFEF).

Agrotis Hübner

Agrotis venustula Hübner. Tijdschr. Entom. 85 : 104; Cat. VII: (431). De
vlinder komt niet alleen in het oosten en zuiden voor, maar ook op zandgronden
in het noorden, is op een van de waddeneilanden aangetroffen en blijkt tevens
vrij verbreid in het Duindistrict te zijn. Hoewel venustula in het goede biotoop
geregeld is aan te treffen, is het dier toch maar zelden werkelijk gewoon.

De vliegtijd kan iets langer duren dan in 1943 werd opgegeven. De uiterste data
worden nu: 15.V—19.VII. Aanmerkelijk hier buiten valt een vangst op 4.VIII.
1962 te Westenschouwen (LEFFEF), blijkbaar een extreem laat exemplaar.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Terschelling, verscheidene exemplaren in 1956 en 1957 (LEFFEF),
Eernewoude, Beetsterzwaag, Fochtelo, Appelscha, Nijetrijne. Gr.: Glimmen. Dr.: Westervelde,
Schipborg, Eext, Schoonlo, Hooghalen. Ov.: Saasveld (Molenven), Almelo, Rijssen, Balk-
brug, Oud-Leusen, Zandbelt (Diepenveen). Gdl.: Ermelo, Hulshorst, Vierhouten, Epe,
Wiessel, Hoog-Soeren, Uchelen, Empe, Laag-Soeren, Hoenderlo, Kootwijk, Kootwijkerveen;

234 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (884)

Gorssel, de Voorst, Warnsveld, Almen, Ruurlo, Winterswijk, Aalten, Hoog-Keppel; Slijk-
Ewijk. Utr.: Amerongen, Leersum, Zeist. N.H.: Schoorl, Egmond aan Zee, Bakkum, Heems-
kerk, Overveen. Z.H.: Leiden, Meijendel. Zl.: Burgh, Haamstede, Westenschouwen, Cadzand.
N.B.: Sint Michielsgestel, Gassel, Mill, Kampina, Bergeijk, Eindhoven, Valkenswaard, So-
meren, Helenaveen. Lbg.: Griendsveen, Sevenum, Roggel, Heel, Tegelen, Belfeld, Swalmen,
Maasniel, Vlodrop, Montfort, Putbroek, Echt, Stein, Schinveld, Brunssum, Heerlerbaan,
Geulem, Kannerbos, Cadier en Keer, Gronsveld, Rijckholt, Vijlen.

MELICLEPTRIINAE

Chloridea Duncan

Chloridea viriplaca Hufnagel, 1766 (dipsacea L., 1767). Tijdschr. Entom. 84 :
337; Cat. VI: (385). Het voornaamste biotoop van de vlinder blijkt het duin-
gebied, zowel van het vasteland als van de waddeneilanden. Het tweede is het
zuiden van Limburg en dan speciaal het Krijtdistrict. Buiten deze twee gebieden
zijn behalve de paar reeds in 1941 vermelde vindplaatsen slechts enkele nieuwe
bekend geworden.

Uit kweekresultaten is gebleken, dat er inderdaad twee generaties voorkomen.
Lucas ving 15 juni te Katwijk enige vlinders en vond twee rupsen op slangekruid,
die 30.VI en 2.VII verpopten. In de tweede helft van juli kwamen beide poppen
uit. In 1959 vond AUKEMA te Egmond een rups op nachtsilene (Silene nutans L.).
De vlinder daarvan kwam 4.VIII uit de pop. De hoofdvliegtijd valt ongetwijfeld
in de maand juni. Van juli bezit ik op het ogenblik acht data, zonder duidelijk
hiaat verspreid over de hele maand. Dan nog vijf in augustus en twee in mei. De
reeds in 1941 vermelde aprildatum schijnt wel een grote uitzondering te zijn.
Voor zover de gegevens het nu toelaten, kunnen we de twee generaties als volgt
vaststellen: de eerste (bij uitzondering in april) de tweede helft van mei (20.V)
tot in juli (16.VII nog?), de tweede van de tweede helft van juli tot de tweede
helft van augustus (21.VII—20.VIII). Deze tweede generatie is waarschijnlijk
slechts partieel.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Terschelling (TANIS), Vlieland (CAMPING). N.H.: Amsterdam
(in 1952, 1958 en 1959 op opgespoten reeds begroeide terreinen, PEERDEMAN), Bergen aan
Zee, Egmond aan Zee, Egmond aan den Hoef, Castricum, Heemskerk, Bloemendaal, Aerden-
hout. Z.H.: Katwijk aan Zee, Meijendel, Voorschoten. N.B.: Nuenen, 29.VII.1948 (NEIJTS),
Valkenswaard. Lbg.: Wittem, Epen.

Variabiliteit. f. pallida nov. Voorvleugels bleek met zeer zwakke teke-
ning, achtervleugels normaal. Egmond, ¢, 28.VI.1964 (holotype, AUKEMA).

[Fore wings pale with obsolete markings, hind wings normal. }

Dwergen. Overveen (WITMOND); Aerdenhout (VAN WISSELINGH).

Chloridea maritima Graslin. Tijdschr. Entom. 84 : 336; Cat. VI: (384). De
vlinder is vooral verbreid in heidestreken, maar blijkt ook hier en daar in het
Duindistrict voor te komen en is zelfs van één van de waddeneilanden bekend.
Over het algemeen is hij niet gewoon.

De vliegtijd kan iets vroeger beginnen dan in 1941 bekend was. De uiterste data

(885) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 235

worden nu: 20.V—18.VIII. De meeste vangsten stammen uit juni en juli. De
tweede generatie is hoogstwaarschijnlijk partieel.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Vlieland (CAMPING). Dr.: Peize, Roden, Donderen, Norg,
Assen, Geuzingerveld (Ruinen), Uffelte, Vledder. Ov.: Lutterzand, Breklenkamp, Dene-
kamp, Almelo, Nijverdal, Boetelerveld, Zandbelt (Diepenveen), Steenwijk. Flevoland: Lely-
stad (1962, VAN DE Por). Gdl.: Ermelo, Elspeet, Hulshorst, Vierhouten, Velp, Hoenderlo,
Kootwijk, Wageningen, Bennekom; Almen, Vorden, Meddo. Utr.: Maarn. N.H.: Bussum,
Overveen (1942, HELMERS). Z.H.: Wassenaarse Slag (1942, Zoöl. Mus.). N.B.: Hilvaren-
beek, Hooge Mierde, Kampina, Esch, Eindhoven, Nuenen, Gerwen, Lierop, Asten, Helena-
veen, De Rips. Lbg.: Meijel, Sevenum, Lomm, Swalmen, Melick, Heerlen, Epen.

Variabiliteit. De nominaatvorm vliegt in de Vendée. De bontere sub-
species van het noordwesten van Europa, waartoe dus ook onze populaties behoren,
werd door HOFFMEYER onderscheiden als subsp. septentrionalis. Deze naam is
echter gepreoccupeerd. BOURSIN gaf als nieuwe naam subsp. warneckei (1963,
Linn. Belg. 2: 125, noot 3; 1964, Bull. mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon 33 : 240).

Chloridea peltigera Schiff. Tijdschr. Entom. 84 : 335; Cat. VI: (383). In de
loop van de jaren is de vlinder ín alle provincies behalve Utrecht aangetroffen,
maar hij blijft een zeldzaamheid, die lang niet elk jaar in Nederland wordt waar-
genomen. Het hoogste aantal exemplaren werd tot nog toe in 1958 geteld, name-
lijk 11 stuks.

Wat de vliegtijd betreft, is peltigera in alle maanden van mei tot in de tweede
helft van september gevangen. Alle exemplaren van mei, juni en zeker nog van
begin juli zijn immigranten, die van de tweede helft van juli en later afstamme-
lingen daarvan. Maar of de laatste zich steeds hier te lande ontwikkeld hebben,
blijft de vraag. De beste maand ís augustus. Uit september zijn slechts vijf vangsten
bekend en uit oktober geen enkele.

Vindplaatsen. Fr: Vlieland, 10.VII.1952 (CAMPING). Gr.: Groningen, 9.V.1958
(WILMINK). Dr.: Havelte, 19.VIII.1955 (VAN DER MEULEN). Ov.: Raalte, 12.VIII.1958
(FLINT); Abdij Sion, 17.V.1964 (Pater AMADEUS). Flevoland: Lelystad, 18.VI.1962 (VAN
DE Por). Gdl.: Apeldoorn, 7.VII.1952 (LEFFEF, in Zoöl. Mus.), 23.V.1958 (LEFFEF);
Lunteren, 14.VIII.1945, e. 1. (BRANGER); Zeddam, 16.VIII.1946 (SCHOLTEN). N.H.: Am-
sterdam, 2.VIII.1945 (BOTZEN); Hembrug, 20.IX.1947 (ANDERSEN); Beemster, 15.V.1958
(HUISENGA); Hoorn, 20.VIII.1958 (Zoöl. Mus.); Wieringermeerpolder, 31.VIII.1958 (DE
Vries). Z.H.: Rijnsburg, twee rupsen op goudsbloem, waarvan één 26.VII.1945 de vlinder
leverde (WITPEN); Schiedam, vier exemplaren in juli 1945 (NIJSSEN); Rotterdam, 10.V.1958
(ELFFERICH); Oostvoorne, 22.VIII.1959 (Lucas); Melissant, 29.VIII, 1.IX en 6.IX.1958
(HUISMAN); Ouddorp, 20.VIII.1965 (VROEGINDEWEIJ). Zl: Burgh, 11.VIII.1964 (Boor);
Haamstede, 29.V.1965 (VAN RANDEN); Westenschouwen, 10.VIII.1962 (WILMINK). N.B.:
Bergen op Zoom, 5.VIII en 7.VIII.1945 (NIJSSEN); Eindhoven, 17.VI.1964 (VAN DER
WOLF). Lbg.: Bunde, 27.VIII.1964 (LEFFEF).

Variabiliteit. De vlinder is zeer variabel, zowel wat de grondkleur van
de voorvleugels als wat de sterkte van de tekening betreft. In een voortreffelijk
artikel heeft KETTLEWELL aangetoond, dat beide in elk geval voor een groot deel
afhangen van de temperatuur van de actieve fase van de pop, dat wil zeggen van
de fase gedurende welke de afgebroken weefsels van de rups omgezet worden in
die van de vlinder. En daar de temperatuur weer de lengte van deze fase bein-
vloedt, hangen kleur en tekening dus af van de duur van de actieve fase. Daaren-

236 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (886)

tegen heeft de temperatuur gedurende de passieve fase (dat is de fase van de
afbraak, de tijd onmiddellijk na de verpopping) niet de minste invloed. Zie Proc.
Trans. South London ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1943—1944 : 69—79, pl. I, 1944. Het
op plaat 4 fig. 11 afgebeelde exemplaar heeft zeer lichte voor- en achtervleugels
en komt overeen met KETTLEWELL’s experiment 4. De poppen hiervan werden
gedurende de actieve fase aan een hoge temperatuur blootgesteld (37° C.), zodat
ze zich snel ontwikkelden. Dit zou er op kunnen wijzen, dat zulke lichte exem-
plaren immigranten uit tropisch Afrika zijn. Een dergelijk licht exemplaar is ook
dat van Eindhoven (1964), terwijl een groot deel van de andere hier gevangen
dieren min of meer er mee overeenstemmen.

f. condolens Schawerda, 1914, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 64 : 365. De zwarte
band langs de achterrand van de achtervleugels is sterk verbreed en mist de lichte
vlek bij de binnenrandshoek. Plaat 4 fig. 12. Bunde, 1964 (LEFFEF).

(Het exemplaar lijkt het meest op de nummers 4 en 5 van KETTLEWELL’s expe-
riment 7, dat betrekking had op poppen, die niet konden overwinteren, maar zich
onmiddellijk moesten ontwikkelen. De achtervleugels zijn echter donkerder).

f. obscura nov. Grondkleur van voor- en achtervleugels witachtig met iets créme
tint, maar de voorvleugels sterk verdonkerd door de zware donker bruingrijze
tekening: het gehele wortelveld is donker, een brede donkere band loopt basaal-
waarts van de golflijn en de rest van de voorvleugels is min of meer donker be-
stoven. De vorm lijkt het meest op KETTLEWELL’s exemplaren van experiment 5,
maar de grondkleur is witter. Plaat 4 fig. 13. Hoorn, 4, 20.VIII.1958 (holotype,
Zool. Mus.).

{Ground colour of the fore wings whitish with slight creamy tint, but the fore wings
strongly darkened by the heavy dark brown-grey markings: the whole basal area is dark, a
broad band basad of the submarginal, and the remainder of the fore wings more or less
covered by dark scales. ]

Chloridea armigera Hübner. Tydschr. Entom. 84: 335; Cat. VI: (383).
Terwijl van deze soort in 1941 negen vangsten in ons land bekend waren en van
de vorige soort slechts drie, zijn sinds dat jaar van armigera veel minder nieuwe
waarnemingen bekend geworden dan van peltigera, zoals duidelijk uit het vol-
gende lijstje van nieuwe vondsten blijkt. Van 1941 tot en met 1965 is armigera
slechts in vier jaren waargenomen met als hoogste totaal drie stuks in 1950. De
vlinder behoort dan ook tot onze zeer zeldzame trekvlinders.

Voorjaarsimmigranten zijn tot nu toe nog nooit bij ons gezien. Alle exemplaren
zijn laat in de zomer of in de herfst gevangen, namelijk tussen 9 augustus en 11
oktober. Evenmin zijn hier ooit rupsen gevonden.

Vindplaatsen. Dr.: Grollo, 18.IX.1962 (LEFFEF). Utr.: Soest, 24.VIII.1944, een
vrij gaaf Q overdag honing zuigend op dophei (LEMPKE, nu in Zoöl. Mus.). N.H.: Aer-
denhout, 20.VIII.1950 (VAN WISSELINGH). Z.H.: Leiden, 20.IX.1956 (Kroon). Zl.: Burgh.
3.IX.1962 (PEERDEMAN), 11.X.1962 (LEFFEF). Lbg.: Swalmen, 4.X.1950 (LÜCKER); Stein,
4.X.1961 (Missiehuis); Brunssum, 7.X.1950 (DIEDEREN).

Variabiliteit. Het is niet onmogelijk, dat armigera op ongeveer dezelfde
wijze op de temperatuur reageert tijdens het gevoelige stadium van de pop als
peltigera. Proeven zijn met deze soort echter tot nog toe niet genomen.

(887) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 237

f. fusca Cockerell, 1889, Entomologist 22 : 4. De auteur verwijst alleen naar
Entomologist 11 : 24, waar staat: „a dark brown variety”. Zo een donker exem-
plaar wordt door WARREN afgebeeld in „Seitz” 3, pl. 50 rij k fig. 7. Een vrij ex-
treem exemplaar van de vorm is dat van Brunssum. De voorvleugels zijn nog
slechts rondom de discale vlek licht geelbruin, overigens zwartbruin, de achtervleu-
gels hebben een brede donkere achterrand en ook de wortelhelft is donkerder
getint.

Chloridea scutosa Schiff. Tijdschr. Entom. 84 : 334; Cat. VI : (382). Tot 1941
was slechts één Nederlands exemplaar bekend, dat in 1878 te Wolfheze gevangen
was. Daarbij komen negen nieuwe waarnemingen, meer dus dan van de vorige
soort. Toch is ook scutosa bij ons een zeldzaamheid. Slechts in één enkel jaar
werden twee stuks gevangen, in de weinige andere jaren dat de vlinder hier gezien
werd, telkens slechts één.

In Denemarken werd scutosa voor het eerst in 1942 aangetroffen, maar toen
meteen al in niet minder dan een dozijn exemplaren. En in de daarop volgende
jaren vermeldt HOFFMEYER in de tweede druk van zijn „Danske Ugler” (1962,
p. 305) tal van vangsten. Ook Finland kende zeer goede scutosa-jaren (1953 en
1960) en in Noorwegen werd de soort in 1953 eveneens in aantal gevangen.
Het lijkt er daarom op, dat de vlinder over het algemeen een meer oostelijk gele-
gen trekbaan heeft, want in 1953 werd in Nederland slechts één exemplaar gevan-
gen en in 1960 zelfs geen enkel. Hierop wijst ook het feit, dat in 1953 in Groot-
Brittannië geen enkel exemplaar aangetroffen werd en in 1960 slechts één.
Volgens een mededeling van wijlen Dr. WARNECKE was scutosa in 1942 talrijk in
Noord-Duitsland en werden veel rupsen gevonden. Verschillende berichten hier-
over zijn te vinden in Ent. Z. Frankfurt 56 (1942 en 1943), terwijl URBAHN in
hetzelfde tijdschrift (57 : 9—14, 1943) een uitvoerig artikel over dit voorkomen
publiceerde met een kaart. In 1954 werd nog een exemplaar in de omgeving van
Hamburg gevangen. Overigens zijn mij geen nieuwe gegevens over het omringen-
de gebied bekend.

Wat de vliegtijd betreft, zijn de vangsten hier te lande verdeeld over de maan-
den juni tot en met september met een (overigens zeer laag) maximum in augus-
tus.

Vindplaatsen. Gdl.: Didam, &, 12.VIII.1942 (SCHOLTEN). Utr.: Rhenen, een
rups in 1943, die mislukte (DoETs); Soest, 14.VIII.1945, een vrij goed & overdag zuigend
op dophei (LEMPKE, in Zoöl. Mus.); Groenekan, 2.IX.1942, een exemplaar zuigend op
bloeiende hei (BERK). N.H.: Blaricum, 26.VIII.1956 (BERGMAN). Z.H.: Leiden, 12.VI.1953

(Kroon). N.B.: Geldrop, 5.IX.1958 (HAANSTRA). Lbg.: Sittard, 18.VIII.1947 en 10.VII.
1948 (DIEDEREN); Simpelveld, VIII.1954 (VAN DE Por); Rijckholt, 10.VIII.1954 (idem).

Pyrrhia Hübner

Pyrrhia umbra Hufnagel. Tijdschr. Entom. 84 : 341; Cat. VI: (389). Uit de
beide gecombineerde lijsten van vindplaatsen blijkt duidelijk, dat de vlinder over
vrijwel het gehele land verbreid is zonder duidelijke voorkeur voor een bepaald
biotoop. Hij is zowel op de zandgronden aangetroffen als in het Hafdistrict en
het Fluviatiel District. Het menu van de rups is ook zeker niet zo beperkt als in
verschillende boeken staat. Behalve de door iedere auteur vermelde Ononis (stal-

238 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (888)

kruid) werd in Cat. VI al wilg genoemd, terwijl LEFFEF de rups bij Wiessel op
wilgenroosje aantrof. SEPP schrijft (7 : 37), dat VAN MEDENBACH DE Rooy hem
een rups stuurde, die hij volwassen op Pelargonium had gevonden. Of het dier
ook op deze plant opgegroeid was, is echter niet zeker. Te kweken is de rups heel
makkelijk met varkensgras, ook uit het ei, maar het staat al weer niet vast, of hij
ook in de vrije natuur op Polygonum voorkomt. In elk geval verklaart het blijkbaar
vrij gevarieerde menu het voorkomen van de soort in diverse biotopen. P. #mbra
is nu bekend van twee van de waddeneilanden.

De vliegtijd kan al in de tweede helft van mei beginnen (25.V.1960, Lucas;
27.V.1960, BOGAARD) en voortduren tot in de tweede helft van augustus (14. VIII.
1950, Neercanne, Leids Mus.; 17.VIII.1942, Almelo, KNoop; 19.VIII.1959,
Oostvoorne, Lucas). Opvallend laat is een zeer vers exemplaar van 17.IX.1931
(VAN WISSELINGH). Dit behoort ongetwijfeld tot een wel zelden voorkomende en
zeer partiële tweede generatie.

Vindplaatsen. Fr: Terschelling (vrij gewoon, LEFFEF), Vlieland, Leeuwarden,
Tietjerk, Eernewoude, Wijnjeterp (bij de Rivon-inventarisatie in 1965 gewoon, G. DIJKSTRA),
Oosterwolde, Nijetrijne, Oudemirdum, Rijs. Gr.: Veendam, Vlagtwedde, Ter Borgh. Dr.:
Roderwolde, Roden, Peize, Norg, Westervelde, Veenhuizen, Eext, Grollo, Odoorn, Dwingelo,
Vledder, Havelte. Ov.: Volthe, Denekamp, Albergen, Almelo, Aadorp, Nijverdal, Raalte,
Abdij Sion, Bathmen, Colmschate, Deventer, Balkbrug, Kalenberg, Marknesse. Flevoland:
Lelystad. Gdl.: Elspeet, Vierhouten, Epe, Heerde, Wiessel, Hoog-Soeren, Assel, Uchelen,
Teuge, Empe, Hall, Loenen, Laag-Soeren, Hoenderlo, Kootwijk, Wageningen, Bennekom,
Ede, Lunteren; Epse, de Voorst, Zutfen, Ruurlo, Winterswijk, Ratum, Aalten, Hoog-Keppel,
Didam, Babberich, Aerdt; Heteren, Slijk-Ewijk, Buren, Tiel. Utr.: Austerlitz, Zeist, Maars-
sen, Botshol. N.H.: ’s-Graveland, Hilversum, Blaricum, Huizen, Bussum, Kortenhoef,
Weesp, Amsterdamse Bos (weinig, PEERDEMAN), Halfweg, Zaandam, Wormerveer, Beem-
ster, Oosthuizen, Hoorn, Schoorl, Egmond aan Zee, Heemskerk, Bloemendaal, Aerdenhout.
Z.H.: Woerdense Verlaat, Noordwijk, Oegstgeest, Staelduin, Vlaardingen, Capelle aan den
IJssel, Krimpen aan den IJssel, Arkel, Schelluinen, Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (geregeld, in 1966
gewoon), Rhoon, Oostvoorne, Rockanje, Hellevoetsluis, Melissant, Goedereede, Ouddorp.
Zl.: Burgh, Haamstede, Westenschouwen, Oostkapelle, Valkenisse. N.B.: Udenhout, Waalwijk,
Sint Michielsgestel, Uden, Velp (bij Grave), Best, Eindhoven, Nuenen, Helmond, Someren,
Maarheeze, Helenaveen. Lbg.: Griendsveen, Sevenum, de Hamert, Steijl, Belfeld, Swalmen,
Weert, Moesel, Heel, Sint Odiliënberg, Montfort, Stein, Brunssum, Heerlerbaan, Chévremont,
Geulem, Bemelen, Bunde, Neercanne, Sint Pietersberg, Gronsveld, Epen, Vijlen.

Variabiliteit. f. marginata Fabricius, 1787. Exemplaren met gele grond-
kleur van de voorvleugels zijn niet zeldzaam, maar schijnen vooral bij de mannetjes
voor te komen. Soms is de kleur bleekgeel en wordt de tint van de achterrands-
band van de voorvleugels bleekpaars, terwijl dan ook de donkere band op de
achtervleugels lichter van kleur wordt.

f. suffusa Lempke, 1941. Exemplaren met roodbruin bestoven en daardoor
donkerder dan normale voorvleugels werden nog bekend van: Frederiksoord,
Ruurlo, Amsterdam, Best (Zöol. Mus.) ; Wolvega, Aerdenhout, Welterberg, Epen
(VAN WISSELINGH).

f. depurpurata nov. De rode band langs de achterrand van de voorvleugels
zonder paarse tint. Wiessel, 4, 31.VII.1954 (holotype, VAN DE Por); Amsterdam
(PEERDEMAN) ; Beemster (HUISENGA); Chèvremont (LUKKIEN).

[The red band along the outer border of the fore wings without purple tint.]

(889) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 239

f. postclara nov. Achtervleugels eenkleurig geelachtig wit met scherp afsteken-
de zwarte band langs de achterrand. De donkere bestuiving aan de wortel ont-
breekt dus geheel. Plaat 5 fig. 1. Valkenisse, 4, 7.VII.1963 (holotype),
Oostkapelle, &, 1962 (VAN AARTSEN, in Zoöl. Mus.).

[Hind wings unicolorous yellowish white with sharply contrasting black band along the
outer margin. The dark suffusion of the base fails completely. ]

f. postfasciata nov. Achtervleugels eenkleurig zwart op een scherp afstekende
lichte submarginale band na. Rotterdam (Kralingerhout), 21.VII.1961 (holotype,
(VAN DER AA).

[Hind wings unicolorous black with the exception of a sharply contrasting pale sub-
marginal band.]

f. juncta nov. De ronde vlek en de niervlek raken elkaar. Frederiksoord, &,
1.V11.1930 (holotype, Zoöl. Mus.).

[Orbicular and reniform touch each other.]

Dwergen. Lelystad, Bennekom, Slijk-Ewijk (VAN DE Por); Zaandam (AUKE-
MA); Oosthuizen (DE BOER); Dordrecht (kapelaan GROENENDIJK).

Panemeria Hübner

Panemeria tenebrata Scopoli. Tijdschr. Entom. 84 : 342; Cat. VI: (390). De
vlinder blijkt een zeer grote verbreiding in ons land te hebben en zeker niet
beperkt te zijn tot de zandgronden. Ook in het Hafdistrict en het Fluviatiel
District is hij op verschillende plaatsen aangetroffen zonder dat steeds aan een
verbreiding via de spoorbanen gedacht kan worden. Tevens is hij nu van een van
de waddeneilanden vermeld.

Hoewel tenebrata plaatselijk heel gewoon kan zijn, is het verschillende verza-
melaars opgevallen, dat het dier op plaatsen, waar het voorheen geregeld voor-
kwam, later niet meer te vinden is. Zo schreef wijlen KNOOP me, dat hij de vlinder
na 1950 niet meer in Twente gezien had. En BOGAARD merkte op, dat de omge-
ving van Ottoland van 1958—1961 een zeer goede vliegplaats was (op 5 mei
1960 werden 25 stuks in een half uur gevangen), maar dat daarna geen enkele
vlinder meer werd waargenomen. Dit kan mogelijk in verband staan met veran-
deringen in de flora van het betreffende gebied. Overigens is de rups zeker niet
aan één enkele Cerastzum-soort gebonden. In het Zoöl. Mus. bevindt zich een lange
serie, die door DOETS gekweekt werd uit rupsen, die hij bij Kortenhoef op Ceras-
tium triviale (Hoornbloem) vond, terwijl Boor in zijn tuin te Haamstede de
rupsen op de gekweekte Cerastium aantrof (C. tomentosum of C. biebersteinit).

LEFFEF schreef me de volgende interessante opmerking: „De vlinders zijn
moeilijk te zien. Ze vliegen razend snel in de zon, de mannetjes tot ongeveer 14
uur. De wijfjes vliegen echter door. Zodra de zon weg is, bv. door bewolking, is
geen beest te zien. Ik heb de moeite genomen eens af te wachten, waar zo’n dier
zich dan ging verschuilen. Dat is mij één keer gelukt. Het bleek, dat zodra een
wolk voor de zon kwam, de vlinder gewoon onder de bloem kroop en daar met
het kopje omlaag tegen de steel vlak onder de kelkverdikking ging zitten. Natuur-
lijk volkomen onzichtbaar voor al wie boven op de bloem kijkt.”

240 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (890)

De vliegtijd kan tot begin juli duren. De uiterste data worden nu: 27.1V—
5.VII.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Terschelling (langs polderwegen, LEFFEF), Wolvega (in mei
1956 talrijk, G. Dijkstra), Rijs. Dr.: Peizermade, Peize, Paterswolde, Norg, Veenhuizen,
Vries, Eext, Gasteren. Ov.: Volthe, Albergen, Agelo, Weerselo, Almelo, Aadorp, Elzen,
Bathmen, Colmschate, IJsselmuiden, Dalfsen, Steenwijkerwold, Vollenhove. Gdl.: Hoog-
Soeren, Teuge, Heelsum, Bennekom; Warnsveld, Eefde, Lochem, Hoog-Keppel, Babberich,
Tolkamer, Aerdt. Utr.: Grebbe, Amerongen, Maarn, Zeist, Amersfoort, Soesterberg, Hollandse
Rading. N.H.: Kortenhoef, Amstelveen, Aalsmeer, Cruquius (Haarlemmermeer), Hembrug,
Zaandam, Assendelft, Overveen, Heemstede. Z.H.: Voorburg, Nootdorp, Staelduin, Capelle
aan den IJssel, Krimpen aan den IJssel, Lekkerkerk, Ottoland, Schelluinen, Rozenburg, Me-
lissant, Ouddorp. Zl: Burgh. N.B.: Bergen op Zoom, Ulvenhout, Hilvarenbeek, Kampina,
Boxtel, Best, Nederwetten, Nuenen, Valkenswaard, Veghel, Uden, Velp (bij Grave). Lbg.:
Sevenum, Tegelen, Blerick, Heel, Herkenbosch, Stein, Schinveld, Wijnandsrade, Wijlre,
Maastricht, Sint Pietersberg, Vijlen.

Variabiliteit. f. tenuivittata nov. Bovenzijde achtervleugels met opval-
lend smalle gele band. Chèvremont, 9, 15.V.1956 (holotype, LUKKIEN).

[Upper side hind wings: yellow band distinctly narrowed.]

f. pallida nov. Grondkleur van de voorvleugels bleekbruin. Nederwetten, :9,
2.VI.1965 (holotype, VAN DER WOLF).

[Ground colour of the fore wings pale brown.]

f. nigrescens nov. Grondkleur van de voorvleugels zwartachtig met nauwelijks
zichtbare tekening. Nederwetten, :9, 14.V.1966 (holotype, VAN DER WOLF).

[Ground colour of the fore wings blackish with hardly visible markings. ]

Dwerg. Vaals (VAN WISSELINGH).
Periphanes Hübner

Periphanes delphinii L. Tijdschr. Entom. 84: 340; Cat. VI: (388). Geen
enkel nieuw gegeven is over deze fraaie soort bekend geworden. Hy is in onze
omgeving stellig sinds lang uitgestorven.

Axylia Hübner

Axylia putris L. Tijdschr. Entom. 82: 236; Cat. IV: (243). Uit de hierbij
afgedrukte verspreidingskaart (fig. 44) blijkt, dat de soort in allerlei biotopen is
aan te treffen en moeilijk een typische bewoner van zandgronden genoemd kan
worden. Ook in het Hafdistrict en het Fluviatiel District is hij thuis en kan daar
op zeer vochtige plaatsen voorkomen (Naardermeer, Nieuwkoopse plassen enz.).
Op verschillende plaatsen in het lage land is pufris gewoon (Tjerkwerd, Halfweg,
Beemster, Hoorn, Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht). In 1963 was de vlinder op laatstge-
noemde plaats zelfs zeer talrijk. Op 2.VII trof BOGAARD in zijn vangapparaat
480 stuks aan, op 5.VII niet minder dan 714! Ook bij het Rivon-onderzoek te
Aerdt (1965) bleek putris gewoon te zijn, terwijl hij in 1964 bij honderden uit
de Rivon-val te Roggel te voorschijn kwam (PEERDEMAN). LEFFEF vat zijn veel-

|
|
|

(891) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 241

Fig. 44. Verbreiding van Axylia putris L. in Nederland.

jarige ervaring aldus samen: vrijwel overal opgemerkt, maar vooral in cultuur-
gebieden in zeer bescheiden aantallen, vergeleken met bijv. Amathes c-nigrum en
Ochropleura plecta. Overigens sterk afwisselend in de mate van voorkomen, al
naar de seizoenen.
Met uitzondering van Rottum is pztris nu van alle waddeneilanden bekend.
De eerste generatie kan al in de eerste decade van mei beginnen te vliegen.
De grenzen ervan worden nu: 5.V (1961, Stein, Missiehuis) tot 1.VIII. Die van
de (partiële) tweede worden: 5.VIII tot 14.IX. In zeer gunstige jaren komt echter
zelfs een (heel kleine) derde generatie voor. Met zekerheid is deze waargenomen

242 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (892)

in 1953, 1959, 1961, 1963 en 1964, van eind september tot half oktober (verse
exemplaren!). De uiterste data ervan zijn: 26.IX—16.X.

Variabiliteit. De vlinder is variabeler dan oppervlakkig lijkt. Vooral de
tint van de voorvleugels en de uitgebreidheid van de donkere kleur erop schom-
melen nogal. Maar ook in de tekening komen soms interessante afwijkingen voor.

f. lignosa Hübner, [1800—1803}. Exemplaren met donkerder grondkleur van
de voorvleugels, meer geelachtig oker, komen vrij verbreid onder de soort voor.

f. ruficosta nov. Voorrand van de voorvleugels donker roodbruin. Weesp,
Haarlem, ¢, 19.V.1962 (holotype, beide in Zoöl. Mus.).

: [Costa of the fore wings dark red-brown.}

f. obscura nov. De donkere tekening langs de costa zo verbreed, dat ronde
vlek en niervlek erin vallen. Bovendien is de kleur ervan verdonkerd tot zwart-
bruin. Plaat 5 fig. 2. Apeldoorn, Halfweg, &, 22.VI.1961 (holotype, beide in
Zoöl. Mus.); Lelystad, Wageningen, Slijk-Ewijk (VAN DE POL).

[The dark markings along the costa of the fore wings broadened, so that they reach beyond
the orbicular and the reniform. Moreover, their colour is black-brown.]

f. clara nov. Voorvleugels zeer licht, costa slechts iets of in het geheel niet
verdonkerd, tekening langs de achterrand bijna verdwenen, alleen ronde vlek en
niervlek duidelijk afstekend; achtervleugels eenkleurig geelachtig wit. Plaat 5
fig. 3. Zeist (GORTER); Utrecht (Leids Mus.); Hilversum, Laren, Amsterdam
(2, 14.VII.1907, holotype) (Zoöl. Mus.); Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (BOGAARD);
Melissant (HUISMAN); Nuenen (NEIJTS); Tegelen (OTTENHEIJM); Heer (VAN
DE Por). Blijkbaar geen zeldzame vorm.

[Fore wings very pale, costa only a little or not at all darkened, markings along the outer
border nearly absent, only orbicular and reniform distinctly contrasting; hind wings uni-
colorous yellowish-white. }

f. unimacula nov. De ronde vlek ontbreekt. Oosterbeek, 9, 20.VI.1908 (holo-
type), Hilversum, Amsterdam (Zoöl. Mus.); Warnsveld, Rotterdam (Leids Mus.).

[The orbicular is absent. ]

f. bilineata nov. Voorvleugels met volledige eerste en tweede dwarslijn. Maas-
tricht, &, 17.VI.1939 (holotype, KORTEBOS).

[Fore wings with complete antemedian and postmedian.]

f. tangens nov. Als de vorige vorm, maar de beide dwarslijnen raken elkaar

even boven de binnenrand en lopen dan weer uit elkaar. Oostvoorne, 16.VII.1961
(holotype, Lucas).

[As the preceding form, but the two transverse lines meet each other a little above the
inner margin and then separate again. }

Dwergen. Nuenen (VERHAAK).

QUADRIFINAE

De onderfamilies behorende tot de quadrifine uilen (met vier anaaladeren in de
achtervleugels) zijn grotendeels gerangschikt volgens het systeem van Dr. Ch.

(893) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 243

Duray, de Franse specialist van deze groep, met enkele correcties op de door hem
gebruikte nomenclatuur.

JASPIDIINAE

Porphyrinia Hübner

Porphyrinia parva Hübner. Immigrant uit Zuid-Europa, die voor het eerst in
een paar exemplaren in 1964 in ons land is aangetroffen. Uit Denemarken en het
omringende Duitse gebied zijn mij geen vangsten bekend. In Belgié werd de
vlinder op 7 juni 1958 te Wavreille bij Han-sur-Lesse aangetroffen (Lambillionea
59 : 55, 1959). In Engeland is parva herhaaldelijk vooral in de graafschappen
langs de zuidkust gesignaleerd. In mei en juni 1953 was het dier er zelfs talrijk
(„SOUTH”, nieuwe editie 1: 348, 1961). In 1947 werden twee exemplaren in
Ierland gevangen.

Van de vliegtijd hier te lande is uiteraard nog niet veel bekend. Twee exem-
plaren werden in juni gevangen, het derde in augustus.

Vindplaatsen. Z.H.: Melissant, 13.VI.1964 (HUISMAN, afgebeeld in Ent. Ber. 25:
153). Lbg.: Roggel, 6.VI.1964 (PEERDEMAN); Cadier, 28.VIII.1964 (VAN AARTSEN, nu
afgebeeld plaat 5 fig. 4).

Porphyrinia ostrina Hübner. Deze soort, eveneens een immigrant, is tot nu toe
slechts éénmaal in ons land aangetroffen, namelijk in 1958. Ook hiervan zijn geen
waarnemingen uit Denemarken en het omringende Duitse gebied gemeld, maar
evenmin uit België. Wel is ostrina weer bekend van het zuiden van Engeland,
maar is er toch veel minder waargenomen dan parva. Uit Ierland is slechts één
vangst bekend van 1947. Zie overigens „SOUTH”, I. c.: 347.

In Ent. Ber. 19 : 135—137 (1959) heeft KUCHLEIN na zijn vangst een artikel
over de soort gepubliceerd met foto van het exemplaar en kaart van de vind-
plaatsen in West-Europa.

Vindplaats. N.H.: Overveen, 24.V.1958, & (KUCHLEIN).
Jaspidia Hübner

Jaspidia pygarga Hufnagel. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 89; Cat. VIII : (499). Het
voornaamste biotoop wordt in ons land ongetwijfeld gevormd door bosachtige
gebieden en deze worden het meest aangetroffen op de zandgronden en in het
Krijtdistrict. Toch zijn nu opvallend veel vindplaatsen in het Hafdistrict en het
Fluviatiel District bekend geworden, hoewel het bijna steeds vangsten van enke-
lingen betreft. Het merendeel zal dan ook wel betrekking hebben op zwervers.
Zulke vindplaatsen zijn: Sexbierum (1963, STOBBE), Zwartsluis (HARSEVOORD),
Weesp (Zoòl. Mus.), Amsterdamse Bos (weinig, PEERDEMAN), Nek (N.H., 1964,
WIEDIJK), Hoorn (HOUTMAN), Slijk-Ewijk (5.VI en 19.VI.1961, VAN DE POL),
Buren (1962, idem), Heteren (1961, HUISMAN), Geldermalsen (1962, Tuinbouw-
school), Leiden (hier gewoon, Lucas), Arkel (1963, ZWAKHALS), Schelluinen
(1955, SLoB), Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (vrij gewoon, BoGAARD), Melissant (1961,

244 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (894)

HUISMAN). Vermeldenswaard is verder Cadzand (PEERDEMAN). De vlinder is nu
ook bekend van Terschelling.

De vliegtijd kan al in de eerste decade van mei beginnen. De uiterste data van
de hoofdgeneratie worden nu: 9.V—14.VIII. De vroegste datum werd in 1959
door Lucas te Oostvoorne waargenomen. Het is nu wel zeker, dat in gunstige
seizoenen nog een zeer kleine partiële tweede generatie kan voorkomen. Deze is
bekend uit de jaren 1925, 1943, 1946, 1950, 1953, 1957 en 1963. Behalve de
reeds in Cat. VIII vermelde vangsten kennen we nu de volgende: 10.1X.1943,
Wassenaar (VAN WISSELINGH), 7.X.1950, Twello (COLDEWEIJ), 9.X.1953, Aer-
denhout (VAN WISSELINGH), 7.1X.1957, Epen (idem), 28.IX.1957, Gassel (VAN
DE Por), 22.IX.1963, Helenaveen (LEFFEF). De uiterste data ervan zijn dus:
7.1X—9.X.

Variabiliteit. f. albilinea Haworth, 1809. Deze verdonkerde vorm komt
vrijwel overal onder de soort voor. Er zijn zoveel nieuwe vindplaatsen, dat het geen
zin heeft ze alle op te sommen.

f. nigra nov. Voorvleugels eenkleurig zwart, de dwarslijnen en de omtrekken
van de vlekken nog net zichtbaar; achtervleugels donkergrijs. Tegelen, ¢, 4.VI.
1961 (holotype, OTTENHEIJM).

[Fore wings unicolorous black, the transverse lines and the circumscriptions of the stig-
mata hardly visible; hind wings dark grey. ]

f. brunnescens Lempke, 1949. Nieuwe vindplaats: Roermond (LUCKER).

f. albomarginata Spuler, 1907. Van de vorm met brede witte band op de voor-
vleugels franjewaarts van de tweede dwarslijn, doorlopend van voorrand tot bin-
nenrand, zijn enkele nieuwe vindplaatsen bekend geworden: Bilthoven, Vijlen
(Zoöl. Mus.); Epen (VAN WISSELINGH).

f. ochrea Derenne, 1928. Exemplaren, waarbij de voorvleugels een geelachtige
in plaats van een witte vlek hebben, komen wat meer voor. Nieuwe vindplaatsen:
Eext (WITMOND); Abdi Sion (FLINT); Wageningen, Gassel (VAN DE POL);
Babberich (ELFRINK); Aalten (VAN GALEN); Scheveningen (KALLENBACH) ; Oost-
kapelle, Best, Vijlen (VAN AARTSEN, in Zoöl. Mus.); Eindhoven (NEIJTS); Heeze
(VAN WISSELINGH).

Dwerg. Apeldoorn (LEFFEF).

Jaspidia deceptoria Schiff. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 89; Cat. VIII: (499). De
vlinder is er zonder twijfel in geslaagd de laatste 15 jaar vaste voet in ons land
te krijgen. Hij is al verscheidene jaren plaatselijk zeer gewoon in het zuiden van
Limburg, maar werd ook aangetroffen op verschillende plaatsen in het oosten van
het land.

Ook in Denemarken is deceptoria sinds 1950 minder zeldzaam geworden en
is nu op enkele plaatsen zelfs gewoon (HOFFMEYER, De Danske Ugler, 2de druk :
314, 1962). Nieuwe vindplaatsen voor Sleeswijk-Holstein en de omgeving van
Lübeck worden vermeld in Mitt. faun. Arb.gemeinsch. Schleswig-Holstein etc.
N. F. 4: 51 (1951), 6: 57 (1953), 7: 12 en 40 (1954). Voor Belgié wordt
alleen een vangst te Romont gemeld (Lambilionea 55 : 11, 1955). Na de eerste
vangst in 1948 werden in het zuiden van Engeland enkele exemplaren gevangen,

(895) B. J. LEMPKE: Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 245

in 1952 en 1954 in Kent (cf. Ent. Rec. 78 : (316), 1966), 1952 (in het noord-
oosten van Sussex, Ent. Rec. 64: 262) en in 1956 (in het oosten van Sussex,
Ent. Gaz. 8 : 29, 1957). Hier lijkt de vlinder dus een immigrant gebleven te zijn.

De vliegtijd kan al in de laatste decade van april beginnen en voortduren tot
de laatste decade van juli. De uiterste data zijn nu: 24.IV—25.VII. De vroegste
vangst stamt uit 1959 (Cadier, Nies), de late uit 1962 (Montfort, MAASSEN).

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Wijnjeterp (1965, G. Dijkstra). Dr.: Grollo (1960, LEFFEF).
Ov.: Ommen (1964, VAN WISSELINGH); Abdij Sion (1964, Pater AMADEUS). Gdl.: Wage-
ningen (1954, VAN DE Por); Vorden (1939, HARDONK). Lbg.: Sevenum (1954, VAN DE
Por); Swalmen (1957 en volgende jaren, Pijpers, LUCKER); Vlodrop (1959, LÜCKER);
Meijnweg (1966, MAASSEN) ; Montfort (1962, dezelfde); Brunssum (CLAASSENS, DIEDEREN);
Simpelveld (1954, VAN DE Por); Kunrade (LEFFEF); Wijlre (idem); Eijs (1957, VAN DE
Por); Gerendal (LEFFEF); Bemelen (idem); Cadier en Keer (vele verzamelaars); Vijlen
(1962, LEFFEF); Vaals (1953, LÜCKER).

Variabiliteit. De vlinder varieert heel weinig.
f. latefasciata nov. Bovenzijde voorvleugels: de witte gewaterde band duidelijk
verbreed. Plaat 5 fig. 6. Simpelveld, &, VI.1954 (holotype, VAN DE POL).

[Upper side fore wings: the white submarginal band distinctly widened.}

Eustrotia Hübner

Eustrotia bankiana Fabricius, 1775 (olivana Schiff., 1775; zie voor de priori-
teit van de in 1775 gepubliceerde werken supplement VII : (449)). Tijdschr.
Entom. 90 : 91; Cat. VIII: (501). Er kan weinig twijfel aan bestaan, dat het
oorspronkelijke Nederlandse biotoop werd gevormd door moerassige gronden,
zoals dan ook in Cat. VIII werd geschreven, en nog altijd zijn zulke terreinen de
aangewezen plaatsen om naar de gemakkelijk op te jagen vlinder uit te kijken.
Ook op de Britse eilanden (waar hij in Engeland zelf zeer sterk achteruit gegaan
is, zie ,,SOUTH”, nieuwe editie, Moths 1 : 351, 1961), is dit eigenlijk het enige
biotoop, waar de vlinder is aangetroffen.

Maar in Nederland is bankiana zich de laatste decennia thuis gaan voelen in
heel andere biotopen, droge zandgronden, al of niet bebost. Van tal van zulke
plaatsen is het dier bekend geworden, veel te veel en veel te regelmatig, dan dat
nog aan zwervers gedacht kan worden. We hebben hier een fraai voorbeeld van
areaaluitbreiding door aanpassing aan diverse biotopen. Een biezonder plezierig
verschijnsel, want het oorspronkelijke biotoop verdwijnt hoe langer hoe meer.

De soort is nu ook van één van de waddeneilanden bekend geworden.

De vliegtijd kan tot in de eerste decade van augustus duren. De uiterste data
worden nu: 13.V—8.VIII. De laatste datum werd in 1960 door FLINT waarge-
nomen in het Boetelerveld. In sommige jaren komt echter nog een zeer kleine
(en dus partiéle) tweede generatie voor. Die is nu bekend uit de jaren 1957 (VAN
DE POL), 1963 en 1964 (LEFFEF). De uiterste data ervan zijn: 26.VIII—22.IX.
Ietwat twijfelachtig is de datum 16.VIII.1963, toen LEFFEF een exemplaar te Empe
ving. Vermoedelijk is dit toch ook al een vertegenwoordiger van de tweede gene-
ratie geweest.

246 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (896)

Vindplatsen. Fr.: Terschelling (alleen in de Kooibosjes, LEFFEF), Wijnjeterp,
Nijetrijne. Dr.: Paterswolde, Norg, Zuidlaren, Schoonlo. Ov.: Bergvennen, Denekamp, Volthe,
Saasveld (Molenven), Enschede, Aamsveen, Balkbrug, Ommen, Oudleusen, Rechteren, Leme-
lerveld, Wechele, Boetelerveld, Raalte, Abdij Sion, Frieswijk, Tjoene (droog dennenbos,
LUKKIEN), Schalkhaar, Colmschate, Deventer, Platvoet (langs spoordijk, LUKKIEN), Olst
(tussen eikenhout, idem). Gdl.: Epe, Hoog-Soeren, Assel, Apeldoorn, Laag-Soeren, Leuven-
heim, Spankeren, Hoenderlo, Kootwijk, Kootwijkerveen, Gerritsfles, Wageningen, Bennekom,
Lunteren; de Voorst, Warnsveld, Almen, Barchem, Ruurlo, de Boggelaar, Korenburgerveen,
Winterswijk, Ratum, Kotten, Woold, Aalten, Ulenpas, Beek bij Didam, Montferland, Aerdt;
Sint Jansberg (op het droogste gedeelte, GORTER), Slijk-Ewijk, Geldermalsen. Utr.: Ame-
rongen, Leersum. N.H.: Naarden, Naardermeer, Hoorn, Overveen. Z.H.: Woerdense Verlaat,
Noorden, Nieuwkoop, Arkel, Schelluinen, Ottoland, Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (vier stuks in
1959, BOGAARD), Melissant (4 in 1950, HUISMAN). ZI: Burgh, Westenschouwen. N.B.:
Wouw, Halsteren, Bergen op Zoom, Strijbeek, Drunen, Loon op Zand, Kampina, Boxtel,
Waalre, Heeze, Maarheeze, Eindhoven, Nederwetten, Nuenen, Gerwen, Deurne, Liessel,
Helenaveen, Sint Anthonis, Mill, Gassel. Lbg.: Plasmolen, Horst, Sevenum, America, Griends-
veen (talrijk, LEFFEF), Nederweert, Weert, Moesel, Roggel, Beegden, Panheel, Heel, Itter-
voort, de Hamert, Arcen, Lottum, Lomm, Tegelen, Belfeld, Swalmen, Maalbroek, Vlodrop,
Montfort, Annendaal, Koningsbos, Echt, Susteren, Stein, Geleen, Schinveld, Brunssum,
Gerendal, Meerssen, Bunde, Cadier en Keer, Gronsveld, Vijlen.

Variabiliteit. De exemplaren van de tweede generatie, die LEFFEF in
september 1963 in de Peel aantrof, waren kleiner en donkerder dan die van de
eerste generatie.

f. renigera nov. Bovenzijde voorvleugels: aan de binnenkant van de buitenste
witte dwarslijn bevindt zich op de plaats, waar deze in de regel iets naar binnen
gebogen is, een volledig ontwikkelde witte donker gekernde niervlek. Plaat 5
fig. 8 en 9. Slijk-Ewijk, 4, 19.V.1960 (holotype), Winterswijk, &, 15.VI.1958,
een exemplaar, dat tegelijk het kenmerk van f. obsoleta bezit (beide in collectie
VAN DE POL).

[Upper side fore wings: on the inner side of the white postmedian a fully developed white
reniform with dark centre in the place where this line, as a rule, is slightly bent inwards. ]}

f. edentata Lempke, 1949. Exemplaren zonder uitstekende tanden aan de eerste
dwarslijn komen vrij regelmatig onder de soort voor.

f. signata Lempke, 1949. Exemplaren, waarbij de twee witte dwarslijnen door
dunne zwarte lijnen afgezet zijn, zijn zeldzamer. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Empe,
Bergen op Zoom (Zoöl. Mus.); Kotten, Plasmolen, Lottum (VAN WISSELINGH);
Noorden, Kampina, Heeze (Lucas); Nuenen (Nets); Annendaal (MAASSEN).

f. obsoleta Tutt, 1892, Brit. Noct. 4: 7. Exemplaren, waarbij de twee witte
banden sterk gereduceerd zijn en nog slechts als dunne witte lijntjes aanwezig
zijn. Een prachtig 4 ving LEFFEF 6.VII.1955 te Empe (Zoöl. Mus.). Een minder
extreem exemplaar met smalle gebroken banden van Waalre (VAN WISSELINGH).

Dwergen. Hatert, Rijen, Best (Zoöl. Mus.).

Eustrotia uncula Clerck. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 90; Cat. VIII : (500). Met de
lijst van 1949 mee een lange rij van vindplaatsen, die bewijst, dat de vlinder een
sterke verbreiding in ons land heeft. Daar de rups volgens de literatuur niet alleen
op zeggen, maar ook op ruwe grassen leeft, is het wel te verklaren, dat de vlinder
in zijn voorkomen niet beperkt is tot moerassige plaatsen, al vormen die ook het

(897) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 247

voornaamste biotoop voor de soort. Hij is nu ook op drie van de waddeneilanden
aangetroffen.

De eerste generatie kan al in de eerste meidagen beginnen te vliegen en in
gunstige seizoenen waarschijnlijk zelfs al in de laatste week van april. De uiterste
data ervan zijn nu: 1.V—20.VII. De tweede generatie is nog tot in september
waargenomen. De laatste datum ervan wordt nu: 10.IX (in 1955, Koor).

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Ameland, Terschelling (vrij gewoon in 1956 en 1957, LEFFEF),
Vlieland, Leeuwarden, Tietjerk, Olterterp, Duurswoude, Bakkeveen, Haule, Wijnjeterp,
Fochtelo, Oosterwolde, Oudehorne, Oldeberkoop, Nijetriine, Oudemirdum, Delburen. Gr.:
Zevenhuizen (Leek), Glimmen, Noordlaren, Veendam. Dr.: Roden, Steenbergen, Lieveren,
Norg, Westervelde, Veenhuizen, Paterswolde, Eelderwolde, De Punt, Donderen, Vries,
Schipbeek, Zuidlaren, Eext, Gieten, Gasselte, Schoonlo, Hooghalen, Ruinen, Hoogeveen. Ov.:
Denekamp, Volthe, Ootmarsum, Vasse, Agelo, Reutum, Albergen, Bornerbroek, Delden,
Balkbrug, Beerze, Oudleusen, Rechteren, Dalfsen, Gerner, Lemelerveld, Boetelerveld, Abdij
Sion, Zwartsluis, Vollenhove, Marknesse. Gdl.: Staverden, Epe, Wiessel, Hoog-Soeren,
Teuge, Uchelen, Empe, Tonden, Deelen, Wolfheze, Hoenderlo, Otterlo, Gerritsfles, Hars-
kamp, Kootwijk, Kootwijkerveen, Gorssel, Eefde, Ruurlo, Korenburgerveen, Wooldse veen,
Hoog-Keppel, Babberich; Groesbeek, Slijk-Ewijk, Geldermalsen. Utr.: Bilthoven, Achttien-
hoven, Botshol. N.H.: ’s-Graveland, Naardermeer, Callantsoog, Heemskerk, Overveen,
Aerdenhout. Z.H.: Woerdense Verlaat, Noorden, Nieuwkoop, Asperen, Arkel, Schelluinen,
Ottoland, Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (één exemplaar in 1959, BOGAARD), Oostvoorne, Helle-
voetsluis, Melissant (1966, HUISMAN), Ouddorp. Zl.: Burgh, Haamstede, Westenschouwen,
Oostkapelle, Goes, Cadzand. N.B.: Strijbeek, Waalwijk, Drunen, Haaren, Kampina, Sint
Michielsgestel, Boxtel, Bergeijk, Eindhoven, Someren, Helenaveen, Erp, Mill, Gassel. Lbg.:
Well, de Hamert, Lomm, Swalmen, Roggel, Moesel, Herkenbosch, Melick, Sint Odiliënberg,
Montfort, Stein, Huls, Wijlre, Geulem, Gronsveld.

Variabiliteit. f. rufotincta Kolb, 1930, Mitt. Münchener ent. Ges. 20:
62. Grondkleur van de voorvleugels van een warm roodbruine tint. Hatert (VAN
WISSELINGH) ; Noorden, Wouw (Lucas); Deurne (Br. ANTONIUS).

f. obscurior Spuler, 1907. Grondkleur sterk verdonkerd, ook de tekening die
anders licht is, is bruinachtig getint. Nuenen (NEIJTS); de Peel (Helenaveen),
een exemplaar, waarbij de voorvleugels bruinzwart zijn met donkere costa en de
achtervleugels eveneens verdonkerd zijn (Nrs).

f. lineola Dannehl, 1926. Vrijwel overal onder de soort, een lange rij van vele
vindplaatsen ín Zoöl. Mus.

f. clarivittata Nordström, 1940 (clarivittata Lucas, 1959, Ent. Ber. 19 : 205).
De vorm met een brede witachtige achterrandsband (en in de regel ook brede
lichte voorrand) is niet zo gewoon, maar blijkbaar ook tamelijk verbreid. Noord-
laren, Marknesse, Bennekom, Wageningen (VAN DE Por); Almen, Nieuwkoop,
Kampina (Lucas); Melissant (HUISMAN); Nuenen (VERHAAK).

f. triangulata Lempke, 1949. Niet zeldzaam, verbreid onder de soort.

f. pupillata Lempke, 1949. Hetzelfde geldt voor exemplaren met donker ge-
kernde niervlek.

f. bipartita nov. De langgerekte lichte niervlek in tweeën gedeeld. Plaat 5
fig. 10. Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, 9, 9.VII.1959 (holotype, BOGAARD).

[The long pale reniform divided into two parts.]

Teratologisch exemplaar. Linker voorvleugel te klein. Meerssen
(RIJK).

248 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (898)
Emmelia Hübner

Emmelia trabealis Scopoli. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 92; Cat. VIII: (502). Het
geregeldst komt de vlinder bij ons in het zuiden en midden van Limburg voor,
al is het ook hier meestal beslist geen gewoon dier. In elk geval is het toch steeds
een slechts plaatselijk voorkomende soort. Buiten deze provincie alleen enkele
vangsten in Gelderland en Noord-Brabant.

SÌ)

Fig. 45. Histogram van Emmelia trabealis Scopoli.

De eerste generatie kan al in de eerste helft van mei beginnen te vliegen. De
vroegste datum is nu: 12 mei. Toen werd in 1960 een exemplaar te Slijk-Ewijk
gevangen (VAN DE Por). De laatste datum van de tweede generatie blijft 10.VIII.
Uit het hierbij gegeven histogram (fig. 45) blijkt, dat de beste tijd voor de eerste
generatie de eerste helft van juni is. De tweede generatie is duidelijk schaarser.
Er zijn althans minder gegevens over beschikbaar. De hoofdvliegtijd hiervan
schijnt de eerste helft van juli te zijn, wat dan wel op een snelle ontwikkeling van
deze generatie moet wijzen. Heel laat is een exemplaar, dat TOLMAN 27.1X.1948
te Milsbeek ving (zeer partiéle derde generatie?).

Vindplaatsen. Gdl.: de Voorst (1953, LEFFEF); Slijk-Ewijk (1960, VAN DE Pot).
N.B.: Sint Michielsgestel (1950, KNIPPENBERG); Eindhoven (1954, 1955, VAN DULM);
Heeze (1959, BENTINCK). Lbg.: Milsbeek (1948, TOLMAN); Horst (1960, LEFFEF);
Swalmen (1950—1954, diverse verzamelaars); Sint Odiliénberg (1948, Mus. Rotterdam;
1949, LUCKER; 1960, VERBEEK); Linne (1953, LUCKER); Montfort (1960, MAASSEN);
Echt (1959, VAN AARTSEN); Sint Joost (1960, idem).

f. confluens Stauder, 1924. Echt (Zoöl. Mus.).
f. nigricosta Stauder, 1924. De drie exemplaren in het Zoöl. Mus. zijn alle

overgangsexemplaren, waarbij wel de twee basale gele vlekjes langs de costa ver-
dwenen zijn, maar niet het derde.

Acontia Ochsenheimer

Acontia lucida Hufnagel. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 196; Cat. VIII : (606). Van
dit fraaie dier is tot nog toe geen tweede exemplaar uit ons land bekend geworden.
Ook uit het omringende gebied zijn geen nieuwe gegevens te vermelden.

Acontia luctuosa Schiff. Ook van deze soort is slechts één enkele vangst uit
Nederland bekend (1963). In Denemarken werd op 15.VII.1949 het eerste exem-
plaar op Bornholm gevangen (1949, Flora og Fauna 55 : 116), het tweede in
1965 op Seeland (op. cit. 72: 122, 1966). Uit het omringende Duitse gebied
vermeldt PEETS het dier als zeer zeldzaam voor de omgeving van Hannover

(899) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 249

(Jahresber. Naturhist. Ges. Hannover 55—57 : 247, 1908). Uit Belgié wordt de
vlinder vermeld van verschillende plaatsen in het zuiden van de provincies Namen
en Luxemburg. Op de Britse eilanden is /wctwosa bekend van het zuiden van
Engeland en is vooral langs de kuststrook van het zuidwestelijk deel gewoon.

Van vliegtijd is hier te lande uiteraard vrijwel niets bekend. Het exemplaar
werd in de tweede helft van juli gevangen.

Vindplaats. N.H.: Heemskerk, 22.VII.1963 (VAN AARTSEN, afgebeeld plaat 5
fig. 13).

NYCTEOLINAE

Nycteola Hübner

Nycteola revayana Scopoli. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 92; Cat. VII: (502). In
verband met het voorkomen van rupsen op eik is de soort in hoofdzaak beperkt
tot de zandgronden, maar hier is hij dan ook goed verbreid. Toch is het geen
soort, die gewoon genoemd kan worden. De aantallen, die met de menglicht-
lampen gevangen worden, zijn in de regel klein. Wanneer men het materiaal in
de oudere collecties bekijkt, rijst het vermoeden, dat de vlinder toen gewoner was
(en veel variabeler) dan nu. Het is mogelijk, dat met het verdwijnen van de cul-
tuur van eikehakhout (voor de schors) ook het voor de rups meest geschikte bio-
toop is achteruit gegaan.

Naast de vindplaatsen op de zandgronden zijn er vrij veel daarbuiten bekend
geworden. Voor een deel is dit te verklaren door het feit, dat de eik niet beperkt
is tot deze grondsoort, maar een aantal van deze vondsten moeten betrekking
hebben op zwervers, daar ze afkomstig zijn van plaatsen, waar wijd en zijd geen
eik te bekennen is. De vlinder is nu bekend van één van de waddeneilanden.

Wat de vliegtijd betreft, er is nauwelijks een grens tussen de beide generaties,
daar Lucas na 19.VIII nog 20.VIII (1944) en 21.VIII (1960) vermeldt, al zal
er in elk jaar waarschijnlijk wel een korte onderbreking zijn. De tweede generatie
kan bij gunstig weer tot in december blijven vliegen (7.XII.1956, Lucas), ter-
wijl overwinterde exemplaren reeds half maart kunnen verschijnen (vroegste
datum nu: 16.111, in 1950 waargenomen te Twello door COLDEWEIJ).

Vindplaatsen. Fr: Terschelling (enkele, LEFFEF), Wijnjeterp. Gr.: Glimmen.
Dr.: Roden, Schoonlo, Wijster. Ov.: Volthe, Raalte, Abdij Sion, Frieswijk, Holten, Colm-
schate, Vollenhove. Gdl.: Ermelo, Epe, Wiessel, Hoog-Soeren, Otterlo, Lunteren; Gorssel,
Warnsveld, Ruurlo, Boekelo, Korenburgerveen, Hoog-Keppel, Didam, Loerbeek; Slijk-Ewijk.
Utr.: Rhenen, Doorn, Bunnik, Bilthoven, Amersfoort, Hollandse Rading, Botshol (Wor-
SCHRIJN). N.H.: Valkeveen, Naardermeer, Weesp, Amsterdam (1959, PEERDEMAN), Halfweg
(1960, VAN AARTSEN), Schoorl, Heemskerk, Heemstede. Z.H.: Den Haag, Rotterdam
(Lucas), Dordrecht (1964, BOGAARD), Oostvoorne, Melissant (1960, HUISMAN). Zl.: Burgh,
Haamstede, Westenschouwen, Oostkapelle, Valkenisse, Cadzand. N.B.: Hoogerheide, Haaren,
Sint Michielsgestel, Bergeijk, Valkenswaard, Someren, Helenaveen, Sint Anthonis, Gassel.
Lbg.: Grubbenvorst, Tegelen, Belfeld, Swalmen, Heel, Montfort, Nieuwstadt, Brunssum,
Treebeek, Maastricht, Gronsveld, Epen, Camerig, Vijlen.

Variabiliteit. Exemplaren, die met Scororr's beschrijving overeenstem-
men, zijn nog altijd niet in ons land aangetroffen.

f. grisea ter Haar, [1899 of 1900}. Exemplaren met grijze voorvleugels en de
zwarte streep uit de wortel werden nog bekend van: Ermelo (VAN DER MEULEN);

250 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (900)

Rhenen (Landb. Hschool); Doorn (VAN DER WOLF); Zeist (GORTER); Weesp
(Zoöl. Mus.); Epen (VAN WISSELINGH).

f. ramosana Hübner, 1793. Van de vorm, waarbij de voorvleugels boven de
streep bruin zijn en eronder grijs, werden de volgende nieuwe vindplaatsen be-
kend: Lage Vuursche, Bussum (Zoöl. Mus.); Belfeld (OTTENHEIJM). VAN
WISSELINGH bezit een exemplaar van Wassenaar, waarbij bijna de gehele voor-
vleugel bruin is, behalve langs de achterrand, die grijs is. Dit kan toch wel het
beste tot ramosana gerekend worden.

f. atrata Sheldon, 1919. Van deze zeer donkere vorm, waartoe ik ook de
zwartachtige zonder bruine tint (maar waarbij de diepzwarte ramosana-streep nog
steeds duidelijk afsteekt) zou willen rekenen, werden nog exemplaren gevangen
te Ruurlo (LUKKIEN), Aalten (VAN GALEN), Zeist (GORTER), Bussum (KUCH-
LEIN), Bergeijk, Epen (VAN WISSELINGH), Sint Anthonis (PEERDEMAN).

f. dilutanoides Lempke, 1958, Ent. Ber. 18 : 163 (dilutana auct. nec Hubner).
De vorm is beslist niet gewoon. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Doorn (Zoöl. Mus.);
Aerdenhout (VAN WISSELINGH).

f. fusculana Schmid, 1885. Ook van deze vorm slechts enkele nieuwe vind-
plaatsen: Aerdenhout, Epen (VAN WISSELINGH).

f. obsoleta Sheldon, 1919. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Bussum (Zoöl. Mus.); Aer-
denhout, Wassenaar (VAN WISSELINGH).

f. lathamiana Swederus, 1787. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Arnhem, Laren-Gdl.
(Zoöl. Mus.).

f. ilicana Fabricius, 1781. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Lage Vuursche, Bussum,
Oostkapelle, Valkenisse, Vijlen (Zoöl. Mus.).

f. notata Sheldon, 1919. De zilvergrijze vorm met zwarte stippen werd gevan-
gen te Montfort (MAASSEN).

f. afzeliana Swederus, 1787. Rotterdam (Lucas).

f. adusta Sheldon, 1919. Epen (VAN WISSELINGH).

f. lichenodes Sheldon, 1919. Putten (Zoöl. Mus.).

f. undulana Hübner, [1796}. Hoofdvorm.

f. plumbea Sheldon, 1919. Bussum (Zoöl. Mus.).

f. melanosticta Sheldon, 1919. Apeldoorn, Aerdenhout (VAN WISSELINGH);
Bunnik (C. DE JONG).

f. nigricans Sheldon, 1919. Gewoon.

f. conjuncta Cockayne, 1951, Ent. Rec. 63 : 162. Bovenzijde voorvleugels: van
de niervlek loopt een zwarte streep naar de eerste dwarslijn. Arnhem, 1871 (Zoöl.
Mus.); Amersfoort (Landb. Hschool).

Nycteola degenerana Hübner. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 95; Cat. VIII: (505).
Uit ons land zijn geen nieuwe gegevens bekend geworden. De soort is hier stellig
niet inheems.

(De laatste jaren zijn in de buitenlandse literatuur verschillende publicaties
over het geslacht Nycteola verschenen. De uitvoerigste is de monografie van
Ch. Duray, Révision des Nycteola Hübner (Sarrothripus Curtis) paléarctiques,
Ann. Soc. ent. France 127 : 107—132, pl. H en III, 1958. Er blijken in de weste-
lijke helft van Europa niet minder dan vijf verschillende soorten voor te komen.

(901) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 251

In het omringende gebied is behalve de twee uit Nederland bekende nog N. asia-
tica Krulikovski aangetroffen (één vondst in Denemarken, verschillende in het
uiterste zuiden van Belgisch Luxemburg). Deze soort heeft eveneens groene voor-
vleugels, maar is kleiner dan degenerana (net als revayana) en heeft meer hoekige
voorvleugels. Heel goed zijn de verschillen te zien in HOFFMEYER’s Danske Ugler,
2de druk, plaat 22, fig. 19 en 20 (1962). Behalve de vangsten van asiatica in het
zuiden van Belgié maken overigens alle andere in onze omgeving, zowel van
degenerana als van asiatica, de indruk, dat we met zwervers te doen hebben).

Earias Hubner

Earias clorana L. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 99; Cat. VIII : (509). Zeer verbreid
in ons land, vooral in het lage deel. Opvallend veel nieuwe vindplaatsen in het
Hafdistrict en in het Fluviatiel District, wat natuurlijk in verband staat met de
levenswijze van de rups, die in de samengesponnen topscheuten van smalbladige
wilgen leeft, vooral van Salix alba en Salix viminalis. Nu van drie van de wad-
deneilanden bekend.

De eerste generatie kan reeds in de laatste week van april beginnen te vliegen.
De vroegste datum is nu: 25.IV (1946, Stein, collectie Missiehuis), de laatste
12.VII. Het is thans zeker, dat in gunstige jaren nog een partiéle derde generatie
kan voorkomen. Na 28.VIII, de laatste in 1949 bekende datum, werden exem-
plaren gevangen op 1.IX.1959, 1 en 2.IX.1961, 4.IX.1957 en 1959, 10.IX.1956,
16.1X.1965 (koud en laat jaar). Mogelijk zijn dit althans gedeeltelijk nog late
vertegenwoordigers van de tweede generatie geweest. Zekere derde generatie
dieren waren echter: 20.IX.1956, Stein (Missiehuis), 13.1X.1959, vers exemplaar,
Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (BOGAARD), 15, 16 en 21.IX.1963, Arkel (ZWAKHALS),
2.X.1959, vers exemplaar, Heemskerk (VAN AARTSEN), 7.X.1961 en 18.X.1962,
Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (BOGAARD).

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Terschelling, Vlieland, Sexbierum, Leeuwarden, Tietjerk,
Ternaard, Eernewoude, Wijnjeterp, Nijetrijne, Oudemirdum, Nijemirdum, Dedgum, Tjerk-
werd. Gr.: Glimmen. Dr.: Westervelde, Norg, Donderen, Schoonlo, Ruinen. Ov.: Volthe,
Albergen, Almelo, Vriezenveen, Holten, Balkbrug, Rechteren, Dalfsen, Abdij Sion, Platvoet,
Zwartsluis, Vollenhove, Kalenberg. Flevoland: Lelystad. Gdl.: Harderwijk, Vierhouten,
Wiessel, Terwolde, Uchelen, Empe, Laag-Soeren, Gerritsfles, Wageningen, Bennekom;
Gorssel, Eefde, Warnsveld, Almen, Ruurlo, Hoog-Keppel, Aerdt, Groessen; Berg en Dal,
Slijk-Ewijk, Neerijnen. Utr.: Amersfoort, Utrecht, Harmelen, Botshol. N.H.: ’s-Graveland,
Naarden, Naardermeer, Muiden, Weesp, Halfweg, Katham, Beemster, Wormerveer, Oost-
Knollendam, Hoorn, Koog-Texel, Schoorl, Bergen, Castricum, Bakkum, Heemskerk, Velzen,
Overveen, Haarlem, Aerdenhout, Heemstede, Vogelenzang. Z.H.: Woerdense Verlaat, Noor-
den, Nieuwkoop, Noordwijk, Oegstgeest, Wassenaar, Leidschendam, Voorburg, Delft, Vlaar-
dingen, Krimpen aan den IJssel, Krimpen aan de Lek, Reeuwijk, Asperen, Arkel, Schelluinen,
Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, Hoogvliet, Oostvoorne, Rockanje, Hellevoetsluis, Middelharnis, Me-
lissant, Ouddorp. Zl.: Burgh, Haamstede, Westenschouwen, Oostkapelle, Koudekerke, Val-
kenisse, Kamperland, Goes, Cadzand. N.B.: Galder, Strijbeek, Chaam, Waalwijk, Sint
Michielsgestel, Kampina, Boxtel, Best, Eindhoven, Geldrop, Helmond, Helenaveen, Sint
Anthonis. Lbg.: Griendsveen, Sevenum, Moesel, Roggel, Steijl, Tegelen, Swalmen, Maasniel,
Montfort, Echt, Stein, Heerlerbaan, Chèvremont, Eijs, Geulem, Bunde, Heer, Kannerbos,
Sint Pietersberg, Gronsveld, Epen, Vijlen, Vaals.

252 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (902)

Variabiliteit. De groene kleur van de voorvleugels varieert iets in tint.

f. lacticolor nov. Voorvleugels roomwit, de aderen, die bij typisch gekleurde
exemplaren donkerder groen zijn, zijn nu donkerder grijs. Arkel, 9, 5.VIII.1960
(holotype, ZWAKHALS).

[Fore wings creamy white, the nervures, darker green in typically coloured specimens,
are now darker grey.]

Dwerg. Bennekom (VAN DE Por).

Earias vernana Fabricius. Tot nog toe is slechts één exemplaar bekend, dat in
1954 in het noorden van het land werd gevangen. Volgens de literatuur leeft de
rups uitsluitend op de witte abeel en dat is nu niet bepaald een algemeen voor-
komende boom in Nederland.

In Denemarken is de vlinder lokaal, maar komt op alle grote eilanden voor en
is ook bekend van Jutland. De vlinder zelf wordt niet veel aangetroffen, maar de
rups komt vaak in aantal voor (zie HOFFMEYER, De Danske Ugler, 2de druk:
327—328, 1962). In het noordwesten van Duitsland is vernana bekend van
Sleeswijk-Holstein (één exemplaar in 1937), van de omgeving van Hamburg
(twee oude vondsten in 1895 en 1909, daarna weer op licht in 1952, 1953 en
1954), bij Bremen (een 9 in 1934), van Hannover (één exemplaar in 1951 op
licht bij de stad) en verder in het bergachtige deel: Göttingen, Bückeburg. Niet
bekend uit Westfalen. In de voormalige Rijnprovincie een 9 bij Düsseldorf in
1910 en een & zonder datum van Krefeld. Niet aangetroffen in België en op de
Britse eilanden.

Van vliegtijd is hier uiteraard vrijwel niets bekend. In Denemarken heeft de
vlinder twee generaties van mei tot in augustus.

Vindplaats. Dr.: Donderen, 5.VI.1954 (BLOM, afgebeeld plaat 5 fig. 12).

Hylophila Hübner

Hylophila fagana Fabricius (prasinana auct.). Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 99; Cat.
VII : (509). De soort met de drie zilverkleurige dwarslijnen op de voor-
vleugels. De in 1949 gegeven verbreiding is goed, al zijn heel wat nieuwe vind-
plaatsen bekend geworden. Hierbij zijn ook enkele in het Hafdistrict en het Flu-
viatiel District, die beslist van zwervers afkomstig moeten zijn. De vlinder is nu
van twee van de waddeneilanden bekend.

De normale eerste generatie kan tot in de tweede helft van juli vliegen, zodat
de uiterste data nu worden: 24.1V—24.VII (de late datum in 1962 te Stein, col-
lectie Missiehuis). De zeer partiéle tweede generatie, die zeker niet alle jaren
voorkomt, werd aangetroffen in 1952 (Apeldoorn, Bennekom), vooral in 1953
(Apeldoorn, Bennekom, Aerdenhout, Melissant), in 1955 en 1957 (Wiessel,
Apeldoorn), van 12.VIII—1.IX. Merkwaardig is vooral het 4 (stellig een zwer-
ver), dat HUISMAN 12.VIII.1953 te Melissant ving, terwijl er nog nooit een
exemplaar van de eerste generatie is gezien!

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Terschelling (weinig, vooral in het beboste westen, LEFFEF),
Tietjerk, Beetsterzwaag, Olterterp, Duurswoude, Wijnjeterp, Oosterwolde, Oudehorne,

(903) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 253

Nijetrijne, Balk, Nijemirdum, Oudemirdum. Gr.: Noordlaren. Dr.: Eelde, Roden, Een, Norg,
Westervelde, Eext, Schoonlo. Ov.: Ootmarsum, Volthe, Saasveld (Molenven), Enschede,
Ommen, Rechteren, Raalte, Abdij Sion, Colmschate, Zwartsluis. Gdl.: Ermelo, Hulshorst,
Nunspeet, Soerel, Hattem, Epe, Wiessel, Hoog-Soeren, Assel, Uchelen, Beekbergen, Ellecom,
Hoenderlo, Otterlo, Bennekom, Ede; Eefde, Warnsveld, Lochem, Ruurlo, Hoog-Keppel;
Groesbeek, Hatert. Utr.: Amerongen, Doorn, Overlangbroek, Soesterberg, Soestduinen, Lage
Vuursche. N.H.: ’s-Graveland, Blaricum, Amsterdamse Bos (matig, PEERDEMAN), Halfweg
(26.VI.1960, 2, VAN AARTSEN), Den Burg (Texel, P. A. SMIT), Schoorl, Bergen aan Zee,
Heemskerk, Santpoort, Aerdenhout, Heemstede. Z.H.: Leiden, Wassenaar, Duinrel, Scheve-
ningen, Staelduin, Rotterdam (Kralinger Hout), Arkel (drie exemplaren op 8.VI.1961,
ZWAKHALS), Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (in 1962 en in 1963 telkens één exemplaar, BOGAARD),
Melissant (12.VIII.1953, 4, HUISMAN), Ouddorp. Zl.: Haamstede, Westenschouwen, Oost-
kapelle. N.B.: Dorst, Galder, Strijbeek, Ulvenhout, Teteringen, Nieuwkuik, Sint Michiels-
gestel, Boxtel, Kampina, Eindhoven, Heeze. Lbg.: Griendsveen, Sevenum, Tegelen, Belfeld,
Swalmen, Sint Odiliënberg, Meijnweg, Montfort, Stein, Schinveld, Brunssum, Heerlen, Val-
kenburg, Maastricht, Gronsveld, Bocholtz, Epen, Vijlen.

Variabiliteit. f. fzorii Costantini, 1911 (bzlinea Richardson, 1952, Ent.
Rec. 64: 271, pl. XI fig. 26). Exemplaren van de tweede generatie, die aan de
beschrijving voldoen, zag ik van: Apeldoorn (Lucas); Bennekom (VAN DE Por);
Aerdenhout (VAN WISSELINGH); Melissant (HUISMAN).

(De tweede generatie is nu ook uit Engeland bekend, maar werd ook daar weer
als een nieuwe vorm beschreven. Blijkens de foto komt de loop van de twee aan-
wezige dwarsijnen geheel overeen met de beschrijving van COSTANTINI).

f. sylvana Fabricius, 1794. Exemplaren zonder de binnenste dwarslijn op de
voorvleugels werden nog aangetroffen te: Apeldoorn (Zoöl. Mus.); Nijmegen,
Haarlem, Aerdenhout (VAN WISSELINGH); Vijlen (PEERDEMAN).

f. bilineata Slevogt, 1901. Exemplaren zonder de buitenste dwarslijn op de
voorvleugels werden nog bekend van: Eext, Wiessel, Apeldoorn, Heemskerk
(Zoöl. Mus.); Ruurlo (LUKKIEN); Soestduinen (BERK); Bussum (TER LAAG);
Santpoort (AUKEMA); Aerdenhout (VAN WISSELINGH); Heemstede (von HER-
WARTH); Wassenaar (Lucas); Den Haag (Landb. Hschool); Valkenburg (TER
LAAG).

f. unilinea nov. Bovenzijde voorvleugels: van de drie dwarslijnen is alleen de
buitenste aanwezig. Paterswolde, &, 15.1V.1930, e. I. (holotype, Landb. Hschool).

[Upper side fore wings: only the outermost transverse line is present]

f. & millieri Capronnier, 1883. Nieuwe vindplaatsen van de vorm met rode
middelste dwarslijn en binnenrand van de voorvleugels zijn: Abdij Sion (FLINT);
Apeldoorn, Den Haag (Zoöl. Mus.); Bennekom (BRANGER); Amerongen, Zeist
(GORTER); Bussum (TER LAAG); Santpoort (AUKEMA); Wassenaar (VAN WIs-
SELINGH) ; Montfort (MAASSEN). Blijkbaar vrij verbreid onder de soort.

f. © rubrociliata Obraztsov, 1950, Ent. Z. Frankfurt 60 : 72. De franje van de
voorvleugels over de hele lengte roodachtig, net als bij het 4. Zeker geen zeld-
zame vorm. Of hij genetisch iets te maken heeft met de vorige is niet bekend.
Beetsterzwaag (G. DijKSTRA); Deventer, Putten, Tongeren, Apeldoorn, Soest,
Hilversum (Zoöl. Mus.); Ruurlo (LUKKIEN); Zeist (GORTER); ’s-Graveland
(WESTERNENG) ; Deurne (NIES).

f. caerulescens Lempke, 1949. Nieuwe vindplaatsen van deze blauwgroene

254 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (904)

vorm: Abdij Sion, 9, 1963 (FLINT); Apeldoorn, twee wijfjes (Zoöl. Mus.);
Heemstede (VAN DE POL).

f. flava Spuler, 1906, Schmetterl. Eur. 2 : 126 (xanthophilana Obraztsov, 1943,
Iris 56: 157). Grondkleur van de voorvleugels diepgeel, met donkerder gele
strepen (de schaduwen langs de nu nauwelijks zichtbare dwarslijnen); achter-
vleugels lichter geel. Een prachtig gaaf & van Apeldoorn, 19.VI.1957 (LEFFEF
leg., Zoöl. Mus.).

[In 1950 (l. c.) OBRAZTSOV declares his xanthophilana not to be identical with Spuler’s
f. flava. However the differences indicated by him are mainly caused by the fact that
SPULER described his form after a ¢, whereas OBRAZTSOV’s xanthophilana is a 9 .}

Bena Billberg

Bena prasinana L. (bicolorana Fuessly, 1775). Tydschr. Entom. 90: 100;
Cat. VIII : (510). De grotere soort met de twee gele dwarslijnen op de voor-
vleugels. Evenals de vorige soort vooral verbreid in bosachtige gebieden, maar
over het algemeen toch iets minder gewoon, althans als imago. Opmerkelijk is
ook, dat vrijwel geen zwervers buiten het normale biotoop bekend zijn. Een inte-
ressante opmerking schreef LEFFEF me over het dier: „Mijn ervaring is, dat van de
soort meer rupsen gevonden worden dan imagines, die bovendien niet goed op
licht komen. Ook lijkt het me toe, dat er iets van achteruitgang is te merken. Een
feit is, dat de rupsen niet op struiken leven, maar vooral in bossen bestaande uit
uitgegroeide eikespaartelgen en in niet al te zwaar gestamde eiken-berkenbossen.”
De vlinder is nu bekend van één van de waddeneilanden.

Geen correctie op de vliegtijd.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Terschelling (enkele in 1956, LEFFEF), Leeuwarden, Tietjerk,
Beetsterzwaag, Oudemirdum. Gr.: Veendam, Vlagtwedde. Dr.: Peize, Norg, Donderen,
Zeijen, Schipborg, Zuidlaren, Assen, Schoonlo, Odoornerveen, Hooghalen, Vledder, Havelte.
Ov.: Ootmarsum, Volthe, Enschede, Boekelo, Raalte, Abdij Sion. Gdl.: Ermelo, Tongeren,
Wiessel, Hoog-Soeren, Assel, Uchelen, Hoog-Buurlo, Hoenderlo, Laag-Soeren, Wolfheze,
Bennekom; Eefde, de Voorst, Almen, Hoog-Keppel; Hatert, Groesbeek, Neerijnen. Utr.:
Doorn, Achterveld, Amersfoort, Soesterberg. N.H.: ’s-Graveland, Blaricum, Huizen, Bergen,
Heemskerk, Bloemendaal, Aerdenhout, Zandvoort. Z.H.: Oegstgeest, Wassenaar. Zl.: Wes-
tenschouwen. N.B.: Ulvenhout, Hilvarenbeek, Waalwijk, Sint Michielsgestel, Haaren,
Oisterwijk, Kampina, Schijndel, Middelbeers, Bergeijk, Eindhoven, Someren, Helenaveen,
Mill. Lbg.: Mook, Velden, Tegelen, Sevenum, Meijnweg, Montfort (in 1963 massaal, daarna
weinig, MAASSEN), Linne, Echt, Stein, Amstenrade, Brunssum, Geulem, Bunde, Cannerbos,
Gronsveld, Eperheide, Vijlen, Vaals.

Note. The specific nomenclature of the last two species is in accordance with my article
on this subject in Entomologist 80 : 127—132 (1947), notwithstanding the note I published
in part X of the Catalogue: (806)—(807) (1951). Mr. D. S. FLETCHER (British Museum,
Nat. Hist.) wrote to me: “Your article of 1947 quite clearly selects a lectotype. The para-
graph “Through the intermediary … but the moth is the type, contemporary with Syst.
Naturae ed. X” is beyond dispute.

Whatever second thoughts you may have had or whatever the views of Dr. DE LATTIN
may be, this settlement of the name cannot be altered without a sanction of the Commission
for Zoological Nomenclature.”

The same specific nomenclature as in the present supplement is to be found in the new
edition of “SOUTH”.

(905) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 255

PANTHEINAE

Panthea Hübner

Panthea coenobita Esper. Tijdschr. Entom. 82 : 197; Cat. IV : (204). Er zijn
op het ogenblik twee verspreidingsgebieden in Nederland bekend, nl. het zuiden
en midden van Limburg (op zichzelf ook weer geen samenhangend gebied) en
een deel van de oostelijke helft van Drente. Dank zij de inventarisaties van het
RIVON blijkt de vlinder in het laatstgenoemde gebied zelfs gewoner te zijn dan in
het zuiden van het land. Toch heeft hij zich hier waarschijnlijk pas kunnen vesti-
gen na de aanleg van de Staatsbossen. De rups leeft op spar, den (volgens HoFF-
MEYER in „De Danske Ugler”, 2de druk : 15 vooral op Weymouth-den) en lork.
En juist deze laatste is in Drente in flink aantal aangeplant.

In Denemarken is de vlinder thans niet alleen van de meeste eilanden bekend,
maar ook van tal van plaatsen in Jutland. In Sleeswijk-Holstein heeft coenobita
zich de laatste decennién over het gehele gebied verbreid en is daar nu een ge-
regelde, maar niet talrijk voorkomende verschijning op de lamp (Mitt. faun. Arb.-
gemeinsch. Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg u. Lübeck, N.F. 5 : 43, 1952). In het
linker gedeelte van de voormalige Rijnprovincie werd de vlinder aangetroffen bij
Elmpt (1939) en bij Hüls (in 1941).

Volgens de nu bekende gegevens duurt de vliegtijd bij ons van half mei tot
in de tweede helft van juli (18.V—19.VII).

Vindplaatsen. Gr.: Glimmen (VAN DE Por). Dr.: Eext (1.VII.1963, elf exem-
plaren, WITMOND); Schoonlo (in 1960 en volgende jaren, vrij gewoon, LEFFEF). Lbg.:
Montfort (5.VII.1957, MAASSEN); Brunssum (7.VII.1946, GIELKENS; 25.VI.1957, CLAAS-
SENS); Geulem (20.VI.1953, HARDONK, in Zoöl. Mus.); Epen (15.VII.1954, VAN DE Por,
1.VII.1966, VAN DER WOLF); Vaals (27.VI.1936, LANGOHR, eerste vangst in Nederland!
JUSSEN, diverse exemplaren tussen 18.VI. en 8.VII; PIJPERS en JACOBI in 1947).

Variabiliteit. De zwarte tekening op de voorvleugels kan nu eens
sterker, dan weer zwakker zijn. Enkele exemplaren zijn ter illustratie hiervan
afgebeeld op plaat 5 fig. 14—16.

Colocasia Ochsenheimer

Colocasia coryli L. Tijdschr. Entom. 82 : 198; Cat. IV : (205). De vlinder
blijkt ook in bosachtig terrein buiten de zandgronden voor te kunnen komen.
VAN DER AA trof hem in de Kralinger Hout (Rotterdam) aan. In het Amster-
damse Bos is hij tot nu toe echter nog niet opgemerkt. Van de waddeneilanden is
coryli nu bekend van Terschelling (1956, LEFFEF) en van Texel (Koog, 1959,
FISCHER). In beide gevallen werd slechts één exemplaar gevangen, zodat de vlin-
der er blijkbaar nog niet gewoon is. Vindplaatsen buiten bosachtig terrein zijn
niet bekend geworden, met uitzondering van Zwartsluis (HARSEVOORD).

De eerste generatie kan tot half mei vliegen. De uiterste data ervan zijn nu:
8.IV—12.VI. De tweede kan nog tot in september voorkomen, zodat de grenzen
ervan nu worden: 6.VII—5.IX. De laatste datum werd door Lucas genoteerd in
1956.

256 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (906)

Variabiliteit. De vlinder is zeer variabel in allerlei kleine details, zowel
wat de tekening als wat de kleuren betreft.

f. avellanae Huene, 1901. De vorm met eenkleurig grijze maar duidelijk gete-
kende voorvleugels is niet zeldzaam en komt vrijwel overal onder de soort voor.

f. medionigra Vorbrodt, 1911. Hetzelfde geldt voor de vorm met zwartbruin
middenveld van de voorvleugels.

f. seminigra nov. Bovenzijde voorvleugels: wortelveld en middenveld zwart-
achtig, achterrandsveld vrijwel normaal. Ruurlo, ¢, 1.VIII.1962 (holotype,
LUKKIEN).

[Upper side fore wings: basal and central areas blackish, outer area practically normal. }

f. melanotica Haverkampf, 1906, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 50 : 158. Voorvleugels
eenkleurig zwart met nog zichtbare tekening; achtervleugels eveneens verdonkerd.
Plaat 6 fig. 1. Zonder enige twijfel een moderne melanistische vorm. De auteur
beschreef hem naar een exemplaar, dat in het begin van deze eeuw bij Elberfeld
gevangen was. Bij Hamburg werden de eerste exemplaren ín 1948 aangetroffen,
evenals bij Hannover (Bombus 1: 230, 231, 1953). Overigens zijn mij geen
vermeldingen uit het buitenland bekend. Het eerste Nederlandse exemplaar da-
teert van 1954. Daarna is de vorm verschillende malen gevangen, steeds in het
oosten en vooral het zuiden van het land, maar altijd in een enkel exemplaar.
Wilp, 20.VII.1959 (TER LAAG); Gassel, 2.VIII.1957 (VAN DE POL); Geijsteren,
1964 (NEIJTS), 1965 (VERHAAK); Tegelen, 1.VIII.1961 (OTTENHEIJM); Swal-
men, 9.V.1954 (LÜCKER); Maalbroek, 16.VII.1959 (LANDSMAN, in Mus. Rotter-
dam); Roggel, 1964 en Tegelen, 1966 (PEERDEMAN).

f. deleta Cockayne, 1951, Ent. Rec. 63 : 163. Op de bovenzijde van de voor-
vleugels ontbreken de dwarslijnen. Zulke zeer zwak getekende en meestal opval-
lend licht gekleurde exemplaren zag ik van Bennekom (VAN DE Pot), Arnhem,
De Bilt, Hilversum (Zoöl. Mus.), Den Dolder (CARON), Zeist (GORTER). Een
normaal gekleurd exemplaar, maar eveneens zonder spoor van dwarslijnen, van
Westervelde (Zoòl. Mus.).

f. protensa nov. De ronde vlek wortelwaarts uitgerekt tot de eerste dwarslijn.
Putten, 4, 2.VIII.1918 (holotype, Zoöl. Mus.).

[The orbicular lengthened in the direction of the base and touching the antemedian.]

[The orbicular and the reniform touch each other}

f. trilinea nov. Voor de tweede dwarslijn staat een volledige van costa naar
binnenrand doorlopende donkere middenschaduw. Plaat 6 fig. 2. Vrij verbreid
onder de soort. Holotype: ¢ van Eext, 11.V.1963 (Zoöl. Mus.).

[Before the postmedian is a complete dark central shade, extending from costa to inner
margin of the fore wings. The form is not rare.]

Diloba Boisduval

Diloba caeruleocephala L. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 123; Cat. VII : (533). Aan

(907) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 257

de in 1949 gegeven verbreiding is weinig nieuws toe te voegen. De mate van
voorkomen hangt uiteraard vooral af van de aanwezigheid van meidoorn en slee-
doorn in een bepaald gebied. Het enige waddeneiland, waarvan de vlinder tot nu
toe bekend is, is Terschelling. Enkele exemplaren van dit eiland bevinden zich in
de kleine collectie van het Museum voor het Onderwijs te Den Haag, terwijl
LEFFEF de rupsen in 1957 overal op meidoorn aantrof.

Geen correctie op de vliegtijd, die dus blijft: 30.VII—8.XI.

Variabiliteit. f. sfumata Schwingenschuss, 1918, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges.
Wien 68: (150). Thorax, abdomen, voorvleugels en achtervleugels zwartbruin,
de vlekken op de voorvleugels geel. Een min of meer verdonkerde vorm dus, maar
dan met gele vlekken. Bij ons tot nog toe een rariteit. Halfweg, 9, 1965 (VAN
AARTSEN, in Zoöl. Mus.); Oostvoorne, ¢, 1960 (Lucas).

f. medionigra van Wisselingh, 1966, Ent. Ber. 26 : 183. Thorax en abdomen
zwart, halskraag donker bruinachtig grijs; voorvleugels met zwart middenveld en
normaal licht gekleurde vlekken, wortelveld en gewaterde band donker bruin-
achtig grijs, franjeveld zwartachtig; achtervleugels donker grijs. Plaat 6 fig. 3.
Epen, 4, 1.X.1965 (holotype, VAN WISSELINGH).

f. nigrescens nov. Voorvleugels egaal zwartachtig verdonkerd, de beide vlekken
normaal, scherp afstekend; achtervleugels verdonkerd; lichaam zwart. Plaat 6
fig. 4. Eext, Amsterdamse Bos, Heemskerk (Zoöl. Mus.); Best (TER LAAG).

Holotype: 4, Heemskerk, 9.X.1961, in collectie Zoöl. Mus.

[Fore wings of a uniform blackish tint, the two spots normal, sharply contrasting; hind
wings darkened; body black.}

f. bipartita Strand, 1903. Exemplaren met volkomen gescheiden ronde vlek en
niervlek komen vrij verbreid onder de soort voor.

f. orbimaculata Strand, 1903. Exemplaren met een derde vlek tussen de eerste
dwarslijn en de beide andere vlekken is veel zeldzamer. Nieuwe vindplaatsen:
Hoog-Keppel (Zoöl. Mus.); Groessen (VAN DE POL); Oostvoorne (LUCAS).

f. coalita Meves, 1914. De vorm, waarbij ronde vlek en niervlek samengesmol-
ten zijn, maar waarbij de twee kernen nog afzonderlijk zichtbaar blijven, is
gewoon en overal onder de soort aan te treffen.

f. confluens Dammer, 1922, Ent. Z. Frankfurt 35 : 100 (confluens Bergmann,
1953, Großschm. Mitteld. 3 : 452). Ronde en niervlek samengesmolten tot één
vlek, waarin niet meer twee verschillende kernen te zien zijn. Plaat 6 fig. 5. Aer-
denhout, 1948 (tegelijk f. protensa, VAN WISSELINGH).

f. protensa Lempke, 1949. De vorm met wortelwaarts uitgerekte ronde vlek
(plaat 6 fig. 6) werd nog aangetroffen te: Hoog-Keppel (Zoöl. Mus.); Aerden-
hout (VAN WISSELINGH).

f. trimaculata nov. De niervlek in tweeën gedeeld, waardoor drie kernen ont-
staan, die even donker als de grondkleur zijn, met scherpe lichte ringen. Raalte,
&, 19.X.1956 (holotype, FLINT).

[The reniform devided into two parts as a result of which there are three centres, as dark
as the ground colour, each encircled by sharply contrasting pale rings. ]

f. clausa Lempke, 1949. Nieuwe vindplaatsen van deze vrij zeldzame vorm zijn:
Amsterdamse Bos (PEERDEMAN); Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (BOGAARD).

258 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (908)

Dwergen. Terschelling (Mus. Onderwijs Den Haag); Amsterdamse Bos (Zoöl.
Mus.); Heerlerbaan (LUKKIEN).

PLUSIINAE

Syngrapha Hübner

Syngrapha interrogationis L. Tijdschr. Entom. 90: 110; Cat. VIII: (520).
Na de vangst van het eerste exemplaar in 1919 heeft het 35 jaar geduurd vòòr de
vlinder weer in Nederland werd aangetroffen, maar sinds dat ogenblik (in 1955)
werden we met verschillende vangsten van deze rariteit verrast. Dit meer buiten
zijn normale areaal optreden is niet tot ons land beperkt gebleven. Ook in het
omringende gebied zijn daarvan voorbeelden bekend geworden. HOFFMEYER
vermeldt 1955 en 1959 als biezonder goede jaren voor Denemarken (De Danske
Ugler, 2de druk : 352, 1962). In hetzelfde jaar 1959 werd een exemplaar bij
Hamburg gevangen (Bombus 2, supplement Heft 1 : 10, 1959). In het zuiden
van Engeland (volkomen buiten het normale Britse biotoop dus) werd in 1955
een vlinder te Westcliff-on-Sea (Essex) gevangen, in 1959 weer één op dezelfde
plaats en in 1964 een derde in Oost-Norfolk. Combineert men deze gegevens met
die uit ons land (1959 het topjaar), dan blijkt er een duidelijke samenhang tussen
te bestaan. Blijkbaar bestaat in een goed jaar voor de soort in noordelijker gebieden
de kans bij ons, dat de vlinder ook hier is aan te treffen.

Alle vangsten stammen uit juli en augustus.

Vindplaatsen. Fr: Terschelling, VII.1956 (LEFFEF, in Zoöl. Mus.). Ov.: Schalk-
haar, 27.VII.1961 (OorD). Utr.: Zeist, 8.VIII.1959 (GORTER); Utrecht, 4.VIII.1959 (BERK);
Amersfoort, 26.VII.1955 (prachtig exemplaar, NIEUWLAND). N.H.: Castricum, 12.VIII.1955
(BANK). Z.H.: Leiden, 1.VIII.1959 (KROON); Katwijk aan Zee, 31.VII.1959 (Lucas);
Oostvoorne, 1.VIII.1959 (VESTERGAARD).

Trichoplusia McDunnough

Trichoplusia ni Hübner. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 119; Cat. VIII: (529). Deze
vlinder blijft wel een van de zeldzaamste immigranten voor onze fauna. Na de
eerste vangst in 1931 is slechts één exemplaar binnen onze grenzen aangetroffen,
namelijk in 1958, toen het een zeer goed vliegjaar voor de soort in het zuiden van
Europa was. Ook uit het omringende gebied is weinig nieuws bekend geworden.
Alleen in de nieuwe editie van ,,SOUTH” worden een aantal Britse vangsten na
1931 opgesomd, waarbij 1952 en 1953 zelfs als goede jaren genoemd worden.
De laatste melding daar is die van twee stuks in 1962 (in Surrey en Sussex).

Vindplaats. Lbg.: Stein, 5.IX.1958 (collectie Missiehuis).

Autographa Hübner
Subgenus Chrysaspidia Hübner

Autographa (Chrysaspidia) festucae L. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 111; Cat. VIII:
(521). Aan de reeds vrij lange lijst van vindplaatsen van Cat. VIII kan een zo

(909) B. J. LEMPKE: Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 259,

mogelijk nog langere toegevoegd worden, waaruit blijkt, dat de vlinder in ons land
sterk verbreid is. Vooral het Hafdistrict is een ideaal gebied voor de soort, maar
ook in het Fluviatiel District en trouwens ook op de hogere gronden, mits deze
maar niet te droog zijn, kennen we tal van vindplaatsen. Op vochtige terreinen is
de vlinder gewoon, maar hij is toch nooit zo talrijk als de volgende soort kan zijn.
Van de waddeneilanden is behalve Terschelling en Texel nu ook Vlieland als
vindplaats bekend geworden.

m j j 2 Ss (o)

Fig. 46. Histogram van Autographa festucae L. (Cf. fig. 48)

De vliegtijd kan al in de eerste helft van mei beginnen. De vroegst bekende
datum is nu 4.V. Uit het hierbij afgebeelde histogram (fig. 46) is te zien, dat
festucae in deze maand echter schaars is. Juni is de goede maand voor de eerste
generatie. Reeds begin juli neemt het aantal sterk af om geleidelijk over te gaan
in de tweede generatie. Over alle jaren samen gerekend is er geen onderbreking
in de vliegtijd, maar per seizoen is er in de regel wel een klein hiaat. De tweede
generatie is talrijker dan de eerste en bereikt tegen het eind van augustus zijn
maximum om in september ook weer snel in aantal af te nemen. In oktober vliegen
dan soms nog enkele late exemplaren (laatste datum 17.X). Dit kunnen nakomers

260 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (910)

van de tweede generatie zijn, maar het is niet uitgesloten, dat er een snel ontwik-
keld exemplaar bij is, dat dan tot een (zeer partiéle) derde generatie zou behoren.
DE Roo van WESTMAAS schrijft in „Sepp”, 2de serie 1: 53 (+ 1858), dat
SNELLEN in september 1857 rupsen vond op mannagras (Glyceria fluitans R. Br.),
waarvan de vlinders 1 oktober uitkwamen. Deze rupsen kunnen heel goed afkom-
stig geweest zijn van vroege vlinders van de tweede generatie, zodat de vlinders
dan derde generatie-dieren waren.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: (van het reeds vermelde eiland Terschelling schrijft LEFFEF me:
„In de Kooibosjes, te Westterschelling en Hoorn vrij gewoon’), Vlieland, Sexbierum,
Akkrum, Eernewoude, Olterterp, Wijnjeterp, Oosterwolde, Fochtelo, Noordwolde, Nijetrijne,
Oudemirdum, Rijs, Hemelum, Hieslum, Tjerkwerd. Gr.: Haren, Glimmen, Noordlaren,
Borgercompagnie, Veendam. Dr.: Paterswolde, Eelde, Peize, Roden, Steenbergen, Een, Norg,
Veenhuizen, Donderen, Zuidlaren, Annen, Eext, Schoonlo, Havelte. Ov.: Volthe, Rectum,
Beerse, Den Ham, Ommen, Rechteren, Dalfsen, Raalte, Abdij Sion, Slagharen, Deventer,
Zwolle, IJsselmuiden, Zwartsluis, Vollenhove, Marknesse. Flevoland: Lelystad. Gdl.: Hoop-
huizen, Ermelo, Vierhouten, Wezep, Vaassen, Wiessel, Hoog-Soeren, Teuge, Empe, Laag-
Soeren, Rozendaal, Otterlo, Kootwijkerveen, Wageningen, Bennekom, Lunteren; Gorssel,
Eefde, Warnsveld, Zutfen, Almen, Winterswijk, Hoog-Keppel, Didam, Aerdt, Groessen;
Ochten, Ingen, Buren, Geldermalsen, Slijk-Ewijk. Utr.: Cothen, IJsselstein, Harmelen, Bilt-
hoven, Den Dolder, Spakenburg, Vinkeveen, Botshol. N.H.: ’s-Graveland, Blaricum, Korten-
hoef, Ankeveen, Naarden, Naardermeer, Weesp, Uithoorn, Amsterdamse Bos, Halfweg,
Zaandam, Westzaan, Wormerveer, Beemster, Oosthuizen, De Koog, Groet, Catrijp, Schoorl,
Bergen, Overveen, Haarlem. Z.H.: Woerdense Verlaat, Noorden, Nieuwkoop, Reeuwijk,
Meijendel, Voorschoten, Leidschendam, Rijswijk, Delft, Staelduin, Maassluis, Capelle aan den
IJssel, Krimpen aan den IJssel, Vianen, Arkel, Spijk, Gorkum, Schelluinen, Ottoland,
Sliedrecht, Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, Rhoon, Barendrecht, Oostvoorne, Rockanje, Hellevoetsluis,
Middelharnis, Melissant, Ouddorp. Zl.: Haamstede, Burgh, Westenschouwen, Oostkapelle.
N.B.: Bergen op Zoom, Dorst, Lage Zwaluwe, Waalwijk, Sint Michielsgestel, Haaren,
Kampina, Vessem, Bergeijk, Eindhoven, Nederwetten, Geldrop, Helenaveen, Uden, Gassel.
Lbg.: Geijsteren, Sevenum, Roggel, De Hamert, Grubbenvorst, Velden, Blerick, Tegelen,
Maalbroek, Sint Odiliënberg, Vlodrop, Herkenbosch, Montfort, Stein, Nuth, Amstenrade,
Brunssum, Schinveld, Bunde, Maastricht, Gronsveld, Epen, Cottessen, Vijlen, Vaals.

Variabiliteit. f. coalescens Schultz, 1905. De vorm, waarbij de twee
discale zilvervlekken op de voorvleugels met elkaar verbonden zijn (wat kan varië-
ren van rakend tot geheel samengesmolten) komt in klein percentage vrijwel
overal onder de soort voor, zodat geen vindplaatsen meer genoemd worden.

f. parvomaculata nov. De buitenste discale zilvervlek op de bovenzijde van de
voorvleugels is sterk verkleind. Stein, 4, 22.VII.1959 (holotype, collectie Missie-
huis).

[The outermost discal silver spot on the upper side of the fore wings is very small. }

f. obscura nov. Grondkleur van de voorvleugels sterk verdonkerd, donker
bruinachtig, de grootste discale vlek dikwijls donker gekernd; achtervleugels
grijszwart. Plaat 6 fig. 7. Niet al te zeldzaam, althans onder het moderne materiaal.
Nijetrijne, Borgercompagnie, Lelystad, Apeldoorn, Halfweg, Woerdense Verlaat,
Hellevoetsluis (Zoöl. Mus.); Groessen (VAN DE Por); Bussum (TER LAAG);
Zaandam (AUKEMA); Bergeijk (VAN WISSELINGH).

Holotype: 9 van Halfweg, 23.VI.1962, in collectie Zoöl. Mus.

[Ground colour of the fore wings strongly darkened, dark brownish, the larger discal spot
often with dark centre; hind wings grey-black.}

(911) B. J. LEMPKE: Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 261

f. alepica nov. Achtervleugels op een smalle baan langs de achterrand na geheel
onbeschubd. Plaat 6 fig. 8. Halfweg, ¢, 8.VIII.1959 (holotype, VAN AARTSEN
leg., Zoöl. Mus.).

{Hind wings without scales with the exception of a narrow band along the outer margin.]

Dwergen. Veenhuizen (Zoöl. Mus.); Twello, Zwammerdam (Zoöl. Mus.);
Deventer (LUKKIEN); Amsterdam (PEERDEMAN); Nuenen (Neijrs); Blerick,
Swalmen (OTTENHEIJM); Sint Odiliénberg, Montfort (MAASSEN).

Autographa (Chrysaspidia) gracilis Lempke. Zie voor de beschrijving van
deze soort Ent. Ber. 26 : 64—71, plaat 1 (1966). Hoewel de verspreiding ervan

Fig. 47. De nu bekende verbreiding van Autographa gracilis Lempke in Nederland

262 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (912)

nog slechts gedeeltelijk bekend is, is het toch reeds duidelijk, dat het ideale biotoop
voor de vlinder gevormd wordt door niet te kleine moerassige terreinen. Vooral
de vangsten met de RIVON-vallen door LEFFEF en G. DIJKSTRA in zulke vroeger
nooit goed doorzochte gebieden hebben hiervoor belangrijke gegevens geleverd.
Op de goede vliegplaatsen blijkt het dier in de regel zijn verwant A. festucae in
aantal duidelijk te overtreffen.

Uit de hierbij gegeven verspreidingskaart (fig. 47) is reeds goed te zien, dat de
vlinder niet tot een klein deel van ons land beperkt is, zodat we in de toekomst
ongetwijfeld nog meldingen van nieuwe vindplaatsen kunnen verwachten. Op-
vallend is het aantal vondsten in het noorden van Drente. Maar ook in Friesland
zal de soort wel veel verbreider zijn dan we nu weten. Hetzelfde zal waarschijnlijk
het geval zijn in het Hollands-Utrechtse deel van het Hafdistrict.

Over het voorkomen van de soort in Denemarken verscheen intussen een
artikel van F. NAABYE, Plusia tvillinger P. festucae Linn. og P. gracilis Lmk., in
log Ole Haunar 12): 19 85, 119.1 47.1960):

m j j a S (o)
Fig. 48. Histogram van Autographa gracilis Lempke.
(The histogram is mainly composed from the data of 1964 and 1965. Cf. fig. 46!)

(913) B. J. LEMPKE: Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 263

Vergelijkt men het hierbij gegeven histogram (fig. 48) met dat van A. festucae
(fig. 46), dan blijkt een duidelijk verschil tussen het voorkomen van de beide
generaties te bestaan. Terwijl bij festucae de top in de tweede generatie valt, is bij
gracilis de eerste generatie het talrijkst. Bovendien is deze generatie veel talrijker
dan die van festucae en vliegt veel langer. Hierbij moet men wel bedenken, dat
we voor gracilis slechts over de gegevens van een paar seizoenen beschikken.
Zouden de waarnemingen over een reeks van jaren voortgezet worden, dan zouden
de verschillen ongetwijfeld nog groter zijn.

De eerste generatie vliegt van de tweede helft van mei tot de tweede helft van
augustus (21.V—23.VIII). Vangsten van mei en de eerste decade van juni zijn
echter uitzonderingen. Pas in de tweede helft van juni begint de vlinder goed te
vliegen om in juli zijn hoogtepunt te bereiken. In de tweede helft van augustus
vliegen nog slechts volkomen afgevlogen dieren.

De veel schaarsere tweede generatie vliegt van half september tot begin oktober
(17.IX—6.X). Of hij elk jaar voorkomt, is niet zeker. In het ongunstige seizoen
1965 werd er in elk geval geen enkel exemplaar van gevangen.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Eernewoude (Princehof, Oude Venen), Wijnjeterp (talrijk),
Nijetrijne (talrijk). Gr.: Glimmen. Dr.: Een, Westervelde, Veenhuizen, Norg, Donderen,
Bunnerveen, Eext, Wijster. Ov.: Lemelerveld. Gdl.: Empe; Hatert. Utr.: Botshol. N.H.:
Ankeveen, Bussum, Naardermeer. Z.H.: Woerdense Verlaat, Noorden, Asperen, Hellevoet-
sluis. N.B.: Eindhoven, Nuenen, Helenaveen. Lbg.: Griendsveen (talrijk), Sevenum, Weert,
Moesel, Maalbroek, Bunde.

Variabiliteit. De grondkleur van de voorvleugels varieert nogal in tint.
Soms zijn de vleugels prachtig rood van kleur, dan weer is het rood sterk geredu-
ceerd en overheerst een meer gele tint. Deze uitersten zijn echter door allerlei
nuances zo met elkaar verbonden, dat het onmogelijk is er duidelijk omgrensde
kleurgroepen in te onderscheiden. De enige goed omschrijfbare vorm is weer een
donkere, die vrijwel geheel overeenstemt met de donkere vorm van festwcae.

f. obscura nov. Voorvleugels donkerbruin zonder enige rode tint, achtervleugels
grjszwart. Wijnjeterp (het Schar), &, 26/27.VII.1965 (holotype), Nijetrijne
(Zoöl. Mus.).

[Fore wings dark brown without any reddish tint, hind wings grey-black.}

f. coalescens nov. Bovenzijde voorvleugels: de twee discale zilvervlekken met
elkaar verbonden, net als bij festucae variërend van elkaar rakend tot geheel
samengesmolten. Plaat 6 fig. 9. In klein percentage vrijwel overal onder de soort
voorkomend, daar de vorm in elke niet te kleine serie aanwezig is.

Holotype: ¢ van Nijetrijne, 30.VII.1964, in collectie Zoöl. Mus.

[Upper side fore wings: the two discal silver spots united, varying from just touching to
completely coalescing. }

f. disconulla nov. Bovenzijde voorvleugels: de twee discale zilvervlekken ont-
breken geheel. Plaat 6 fig. 10. Ongetwijfeld een zeer zeldzame mogelijk reces-
sieve vorm. Griendsveen, ¢, 21.V.1964 (holotype, LEFFEF, in Zoöl. Mus.).

[Upper side fore wings: the two discal spots fail completely. }

264 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (914)

Autographa (Chrysaspidia) bractea Schiff. Deze fraaie immigrant (afgebeeld
op plaat 6 fig. 11) werd voor het eerst in 1954 in het zuiden van ons land
waargenomen. Daarna zijn nog een viertal vangsten bekend geworden. In Dene-
marken werd de vlinder voor het eerst in 1962 aangetroffen (zeven stuks op
Bornholm, zie KAABER & NORGAARD, 1963, Flora og Fauna 69 : 109). In het
noordwesten van Duitsland werd in 1952 een exemplaar bij Harburg gevangen
(Bombus 1 : 314, 1952). In België werd de eerste bractea in 1940 te Loén ver-
zameld, gevolgd door vangsten te Losheimergraben (in het oosten van Luik) in
1959, te Uccle (Brussel) in 1962 en in 1963 te Buzenol (in het zuiden van de
provincie Luxemburg). Op de Britse eilanden is de vlinder inheems. Hij is sterk
verbreid en gewoon in Ierland, verbreid in Schotland en het noorden van Enge-
land, maar ook aangetroffen in het zuiden van Wales en ten noorden van Bristol.
Bovendien in 1956 in de omgeving van Londen (zwerver of trekker).

(In Frankrijk komt de vlinder voor in het hoge oostelijke gedeelte, van de
Basses-Alpes tot in de Vogezen — zie LHOMME, Cat. Lép. de France et de Bel-
gique : 319 —, zodat het met het oog op de Nederlandse en Belgische vindplaat-
sen toch wel het meest voor de hand liggend is, dat onze immigranten vanuit
zuidelijke richting naar ons land komen. Toch zit in de Britse populaties ook wel
enige beweging blijkens de vangst van een exemplaar in de naaste omgeving van
Londen, zodat we een overvliegen vanuit het noorden van Engeland of Schotland
niet geheel kunnen uitsluiten.)

Vindplaatsen. Z.H.: Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, 3.VII.1959 (tweede Nederlandse exem-
plaar, BOGAARD); Oostvoorne, 26.VII.1964 (VAN DER MADE c.s.). N.B.: Helenaveen, 2.VII.
1963 (LEFFEF, afgebeeld). Lbg.: Gulpen, 3.VII.1963 (F. J. vAN OosTERHOUT); Epen,
18.VIII.1954 (eerste vangst in Nederland, VAN WISSELINGH).

Subgenus Autographa Hübner

Autographa (Autographa) jota L. Tidschr. Entom. 90: 114; Cat. VIII:
(524). Hoewel enkele vindplaatsen in het Hafdistrict en het Fluviatiel District
bekend geworden zijn, is de verspreiding in ons land toch wel in grote trekken,
zoals die in 1949 werd aangegeven. In het Waddendistrict is de vlinder nu van
een van de eilanden bekend.

Er is geen correctie op de vliegtijd.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Terschelling (gewoon, LEFFEF), Leeuwarden, Beetsterzwaag,
Duurswoude, Wijnjeterp (gewoon, G. DijKsTtRA), Oosterwolde, Nijetrijne, Oudemirdum,
Nijemirdum. Gr.: Groningen, Haren, Noordlaren. Dr.: Peize, Roden, Steenbergen, Norg,
Westervelde, Donderen, Vries, Zuidlaren, Eext, Schoonlo. Ov.: Volthe, Saasveld (Molenven),
Rechteren, Dalfsen, Ommen, Raalte, Diepenveen, Abdij Sion, Frieswijk, Deventer, Kalenberg.
Gdl.: Garderbroek, Putten, Vierhouten, Nunspeet, Tongeren, Epe, Wenum, Wiessel, Teuge,
Empe, Laag-Soeren, Wageningen, Bennekom, Ede, Lunteren; Gorssel, Eefde, de Voorst,
Ruurlo, Ratum, Winterswijk, Woold, Hoog-Keppel, Babberich, Loerbeek; Ubbergen, Gelder-
malsen, Neerijnen. Utr.: Botshol. N.H.: ’s-Graveland, Blaricum, Huizen, Bussum, Naarder-
meer, Muiderberg, Weesp, Amsterdamse Bos (één exemplaar in 1957), Zaandam, Schoorl,
Bergen, Heemskerk, Aerdenhout. Z.H.: Meijendel, Staelduin, Oostvoorne, Rockanje, Nieuw-
Helvoet, Hellevoetsluis, Melissant, Ouddorp. Zl.: Haamstede, Burgh, Westenschouwen,
Oostkapelle. N.B.: Strijbeek, Dorst, Drunen, Nieuwkuik, Sint Michielsgestel, Haaren, Oister-
wijk, Boxtel, Best, Nederwetten, Nuenen, Eindhoven, Valkenswaard, Velp bij Grave. Lbg.:

(915) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 265

Geijsteren, Sevenum, Griendsveen, Moesel, Roggel, de Hamert, Venlo, Tegelen, Belfeld,
Swalmen, Maalbroek, Sint Odiliénberg, Meijnweg, Montfort, Wijnandsrade, Brunssum,
Bocholtz, Geulem, Bunde, Gronsveld, Vijlen, Lemiers, Vaals.

Variabiliteit. f. baltica Speyer, 1875. Deze donkere vorm werd nog
bekend van: Eelde, Apeldoorn (Zoöl. Mus.); Wiessel, Vierhouten, Meijendel
(Lucas); Aalten (VAN GALEN); Stein (Missiehuis).

f. percontationis Treitschke, 1826. De vorm met verbonden zilvervlekken is
inderdaad zeldzaam, maar is toch zeer verbreid onder de soort blijkens de vele
nieuwe vindplaatsen, die ervan genoteerd konden worden. Een opsomming daar-
van blijft dan ook achterwege.

f. incipiens Lempke, 1949. Hetzelfde geldt voor de vorm, waarbij de droppel
ontbreekt.

f. inscripta Esper, [1788]. Exemplaren zonder spoor van de zilvertekening zijn
zeldzaam. Epe (KAIJADOE); Wageningen, Bennekom (VAN DE Por); Ratum
(PEERDEMAN) ; Nederwetten, Eindhoven (VAN DER WOLF); Swalmen (LÜCKER).
Bij overgangen naar deze vorm zijn nog min of meer duidelijke resten van de
droppel aanwezig: Oosterwolde (VAN RANDEN); Aerdenhout (VAN WISSELINGH).

Dwerg. Swalmen (LÜCKER).

Autographa (Autographa) pulchrina Haworth. Tijdschr. Entom. 90: 114;
Cat. VIII : (524). Veel minder verbreid dan de vorige soort. Het meest voorko-
mend in het Duindistrict, hoewel de vlinder ook hier op de vliegplaatsen lang niet
ieder jaar even gewoon is. Daarnaast min of meer lokaal op de zandgronden van
het binnenland en in het Krijtdistrict. Opvallend zijn vooral de vindplaatsen in
het westelijk deel van het Fluviatiel District en in het Hafdistrict. In het Wadden-
district nu van één van de eilanden bekend.

De vliegtijd kan tot in de tweede helft van juni duren. De uiterste data zijn
nu: 14.V—22.VII.

Vindplaatsen. Fr: Terschelling (weinig, LEFFEF), Wijnjeterp, Nijetrijne, Oude-
mirdum (in 1964 opvallend gewoon, LEFFEF). Dr.: Schoonlo. Ov.: Colmschate. Gdl.:
Wiessel, Hoog-Soeren, Empe, Laag-Soeren, Lunteren; Hoog-Keppel. Utr.: Amersfoort, Zeist.
N.H.: Amsterdamse Bos (weinig, maar geregeld, PEERDEMAN), Schoorl, Heemskerk, Aerden-
hout (in 1952 gewoon, VAN WISSELINGH), Vogelenzang, Heemstede. Z.H.: Oegstgeest,
Meijendel, Arkel, Schelluinen, Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, Oostvoorne, Hellevoetsluis, Ouddorp.
Zl.: Haamstede, Burgh, Westenschouwen, Oostkapelle. N.B.: Dorst, Boxtel, Best, Eind-
hoven. Lbg.: Sevenum, Griendsveen, Meijnweg, Stein, Brunssum, Aalbeek, Geulem,
Maastricht, Gronsveld, Epen, Vijlen, Vaals.

Variabiliteit. f. gammoides Speyer, 1875. De vorm met violetgrijze
grondkleur werd nog bekend van Aerdenhout (gewoon), Vogelenzang (VAN
WISSELINGH); Heemstede, Eijs (VAN DE POL); Vijlen (Zoöl. Mus.); Vaals
(LUKKIEN).

f. derosea van Wisselingh, 1954, Ent. Ber. 15 : 19. Grondkleur van de voor-
vleugels grijsbruin, zonder spoor van rood of violet. Aerdenhout (vAN WISSE-
LINGH).

f. percontatrix Aurivillius, 1888—1891. De vorm met verbonden zilvervlekken
werd nog gevangen te: Heemskerk (DE Boer); Aerdenhout, Epen (VAN WISSE-

266 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (916)

LINGH); Heemstede (van DE Por); Arkel (ZwAKHALS); Schelluinen (Stop).
Een overgang met bijna verbonden vlekken van Leiden (Lucas).

f. incipiens Schawerda, 1929. De vorm met ontbrekende droppel is veel zeld-
zamer. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Aerdenhout (VAN WISSELINGH, één exemplaar in
een serie van bijna 100!); Heemstede (VAN DE Por); Arkel (ZWAKHALS).

f. circumscripta nov. De v-vormige zilvervlek is van boven gesloten. Aerden-
hout, 17.V.1952, 3, holotype (VAN WISSELINGH).

[The v-shaped silver spot is closed on its upper side. }

f. obsoleta nov. De tekening van de vlekken op de bovenzijde van de voor-
vleugels is wel aanwezig, maar mist de zilverkleur, zodat hij slechts zwak zicht-
baar is. Vaals, 4, 5.VI.1964, e. L., holotype (LUKKIEN).

{The spots on the upper side of the fore wings are present, but without the silver colour,
so being only feebly visible. ]

Dwerg. Gronsveld (Zoöl. Mus.).

Autographa (Autographa) gamma L. Tydschr. Entom. 90 : 116; Cat. VIII:
(526). Aan de verbreiding is slechts toe te voegen, dat de vlinder nu ook van
Vlieland bekend is, zodat alleen Rottum nog in de rij der waddeneilanden ont-
breekt.

In de regel komen de eerste immigranten in de loop van april. Toch zijn een
enkele maal reeds in maart gamma-uilen waargenomen (1961, 1964, 1965). Dit
waren dieren, die buiten in de vrije natuur werden aangetroffen als de eerste
voorlopers van hun later opdagende soortgenoten. In dít opzicht van minder
belang is een vlinder, die 24 maart 1960 in een kas te Aalsmeer werd gevangen,
al is het een aanwijzing, welke mogelijkheid er ook soms voor het dier is om
zich in ons klimaat te ontwikkelen. Hoe het verder met de soort in de loop van
het jaar zal gaan, hangt in sterke mate van het seizoen af. In de regel is het wel
zo, dat de grote top in het begin van de herfst valt (september, begin oktober).
In sommige jaren zijn duidelijk twee toppen te onderscheiden, ook een in de loop
van juli en augustus. Meestal gaat het aantal exemplaren in de eerste helft van
oktober (maar niet zelden ook al vroeger) in zeer korte tijd heel snel achteruit,
wat vermoedelijk toegeschreven moet worden aan een terugtrek naar het zuiden,
die dan vrij plotseling plaats vindt. Achterblijvers kunnen evenwel nog tot ver in
november aangetroffen worden. Zelfs in december blijken bij gunstig weer spora-
disch nog dieren actief te zijn, zoals in 1948. Te beginnen met 1952 zijn ze elk
jaar waargenomen met uitzondering van 1958, 1963 en 1965. Hierop sluiten dan
een paar meldingen van januari-exemplaren aan (15 en 22.1.1957, Den Haag;
10.1.1960, Castricum). Waarnemingen uit februari zijn echter nog niet bekend.
Dit wijst er op, dat de kans voor een imago om hier de winter door te komen, in
elk geval uitermate klein is.

Wel gelukt dit een enkele maal aan rupsen, niet alleen in het gunstige micro-
klimaat van kassen (hoewel hier natuurlijk veel gespoten wordt) en bakken, maar
ook buiten in de vrije natuur, waar sommige ervan in staat blijken te zijn behoor-
lijk lage temperaturen (10 of meer graden vorst) te doorstaan (1950, 1952, 1964,

(917) B. J. LEMPKE: Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 267

1965). Verse vlinders, die hier in mei of juni vliegen, kunnen van zulke rupsen
afstammen, maar het is even goed mogelijk, dat het pas ontwikkelde exemplaren
uit het subtropische Middellandse Zee-gebied zijn.

Variabiliteit. De grondkleur van de voorvleugels varieert sterk. Soms
is de achterrand zeer licht en is de grondkleur zelf van een koude donkere, soms
zelfs zwartachtig grijze tint (een mooie kleurvorm overigens), dan weer is de
grondkleur meer met bruin of roodachtig gemengd.

f. pallida Tutt, 1892. Alle lichtere delen van de voorvleugels (wortel, voor-
rand, achterrand) lichtgrijs. Plaat 7 fig. 2. Onder al onze generaties voorkomend
en waarschijnlijk niet al te zeldzaam (in Zoöl. Mus. exemplaren van Westervelde,
Wiessel, Apeldoorn, Nijmegen, Den Haag en Boxtel).

[From TuTtT’s text (Brit. Noct. 4: 32, 1892) one gets the impression that he had not
actually seen specimens answering to the description, but that he only gave a name to
GUENÉE's “Var. A”, the description of which (literally translated by TUTT) is rather mis-
leading. For the French author refers to Esper, Schmetterl. in Abb. 4, 1, pl. 111 fig. 2
(cf. Noctuélites 2: 349, 1852). ESPER’s figure 1 is a specimen with very dark fore wings,
whereas fig. 2, which he calls “Eine Abänderung des Weibchens” has the head, thorax and
all the pale parts of the fore wings (basal, costal and outer areas) of a pale grey colour
(in the specimen figured with a slightly rosy tint, but this must be extremely rare). The
form occurs in all Dutch generations and is not rare. A good specimen is figured on plate 7
fig. 2, with a typical specimen for comparison. }

f. alba Cockayne, 1951, Ent. Rec. 63 : 164 (effusa van Wisselingh, 1959, Ent.
Ber. 19 : 197). Grondkleur van de voorvleugels witachtig, de tekening licht grijs-
achtig. Plaat 7 fig. 3. Epen, ¢, 2.IX.1958 (VAN WISSELINGH).

(Van deze uiterst zeldzame vorm kende COCKAYNE één exemplaar uit Engeland.
Bovendien verwijst hij naar CuLoT, Noct. et Géom., plaat 71 fig. 17. Het daar
afgebeelde exemplaar uit Silezié komt volkomen met het Nederlandse overeen).

f. rufescens Tutt, 1892. De diagnose, die in Cat. VIII gegeven werd, is niet
juist. De naam moet gebruikt worden voor exemplaren met opvallend roodachtige
voorvleugels. Deze vorm is niet gewoon. In Zoöl. Mus. exemplaren van Putten,
Halfweg en Valkenburg.

f. brunnea nov. Grondkleur van de voorvleugels zuiver bruin, overigens nor-
maal. Kollum, Arnhem, Hilversum ( 4, 7.VIII.1879, holotype), Wijk aan Zee
(Zoöl. Mus.) ; Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, 1959 (BOGAARD).

[Ground colour of the fore wings pure brown, for the rest normal. }

f. lilacina Lempke, 1949. Het holotype bevindt zich thans in de collectie van
het Zoöl. Mus. Andere exemplaren zijn niet bekend.

f. fuscescens Goodson, 1966, Ent. Rec. 78 : 152, pl. VI fig. 4. Voor- en ach-
tervleugels overdekt door een donker bruinachtige tint, waardoor ze veel een-
kleuriger zijn; het gamma-teken bruinachtig goudkleurig, nog duidelijk, maar
veel minder afstekend. Zie plaat 7 fig. 4. Apeldoorn, ¢, 20.1X.1953 (Lucas).

f. nigricans Spuler, 1907. Exemplaren met zeer donkere, haast zwartachtige
voorvleugels blijken niet zulke grote zeldzaamheden te zijn. Een prachtig exem-
plaar uit de collectie-Lucas is afgebeeld op plaat 7 fig. 5. Apeldoorn, Halfweg
(Zoöl. Mus.) ; Slijk-Ewijk, Heemstede (VAN DE Por); Rhenen (VON HERWARTH) ;
Amersfoort (NIEUWLAND); Zeist (GORTER); Middelie (DE BOER); Castricum

268 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (918)

(BANK); Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (BOGAARD, Lucas); Oostvoorne (Lucas); Sint
Michielsgestel (KNIPPENBERG); Bergeijk (VAN WISSELINGH); Mechelen (PEER-
DEMAN).

f. postfusca nov. De wortelhelft van de achtervleugels sterk verdonkerd, niet
scherp gescheiden van de donkere achterrand; voorvleugels normaal. Nes op
Ameland, 2, VIII.1938 (holotype, Zoöl. Mus.).

[The basal half of the hind wings strongly darkened, not sharply separated from the dark
band along the outer margin; fore wings normal.}

f. microgamma nov. Voorvleugels met normaal gevormde maar sterk verkleinde
gamma-vlek. Plaat 7 fig. 6. Marknesse, &, 21.VI.1951 (holotype), Buren, 9,
21.VI.1962 (VAN DE POL).

[The gamma spot on the fore wings has the normal shape, but it is strongly reduced in
size.]

f. comma Ostrejkówna, 1929. De vorm, waarbij de gamma gereduceerd is tot
een tamelijk dik gebogen staafje, werd nog aangetroffen te: Harderwijk (A. VAN
BEEK); Apeldoorn, Amsterdam (Zoöl. Mus.); Heemskerk (BANK); Melissant
(HUISMAN); Stein (Missiehuis).

f. bipartita Orstadius, 1929. Nieuwe vindplaatsen van de vorm met doorgebro-
ken gamma zijn: Grollo (LEFFEF); Apeldoorn (LEFFEF, vier exemplaren, in Zoöl.
Mus.); Doorn (VAN DER WOLF); Amersfoort (NIEUWLAND); Zeist (GORTER);
Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (BOGAARD); Melissant (HUISMAN); Geldrop (HAAN-
STRA); Stein (Missiehuis).

f. tiltscheri Diöszeghy, 1935. De vorm met ontbrekende droppel werd gevangen
te: Apeldoorn, Amsterdam (Zoöl. Mus.); Gorssel (S. R. DIJKSTRA); Weesp
(WESTERNENG); Oegstgeest (KAIJADOE); Oostvoorne (VESTERGAARD); Melis-
sant (HUISMAN); Nuenen (NEIJTS); Stein (Missiehuis).

f. incipiens Cockayne, 1955, Entomologist 88: 75, pl. III fig. 8. Alleen de
droppel is nog van de zilvervlek over. Zutfen (S. R. DijKsTRA); Melissant
(HUISMAN).

f. inscripta van de Pol, 1963, Ent. Ber. 23 : 63, fig. De gamma-tekening ont-
breekt geheel. Heemstede, &, 1954 (VAN DE POL).

Teratologische exemplaren. Rechter achtervleugel te klein. Ben-
nekom, Slijk-Ewijk (VAN DE POL).

Rechter voorvleugel te klein. Heemstede (VAN DE POL).

Beide rechter vleugels te klein. Bennekom (VAN DE POL).

Pathologisch exemplaar. Achtervleugels gedeeltelijk verbleekt.
Valkenburg (STAMMESHAUS).

Macdunnoughia Kostrowicki 1)

Macdunnoughia confusa Stephens. Tijdschr. Entom. 90: 119; Cat. VIII :
(529). Na de eerste vangsten hier te lande in 1934 en 1945 werd de vlinder weer

1) Paraplusia Mukerji & Krishnamorthy, 1955, Proc. 42nd Indian Sci. Congr. 3: 295.
Type species: P. confusa Stephens. The name is nine years older than the one introduced by
KOSTROWICKI, but as far as I could ascertain it was never accompanied by a valid description,
so that it remains a nomen nudum.

(919) B. J. LEMPKE: Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 269

in 1949 aangetroffen en te beginnen met dat jaar werd hij een vrij geregelde,
hoewel over het algemeen zeldzame, verschijning. Alleen in de jaren 1957, 1958
en 1962 werden geen meldingen over het voorkomen in Nederland ontvangen.
Een echte migrant is confusa niet. Hij behoort tot de soorten, die de laatste decen-
nién hun areaal uitgebreid hebben. Of het hem echter duurzaam zal gelukken hier
vaste voet te krijgen, moeten we afwachten. Er zijn verschillende tekenen, dat
confusa zich hier maar met moeite kan handhaven: de zeer kleine eerste generatie,
die in vele jaren, dat de zomergeneratie wel aanwezig is. zelfs niet eens wordt
waargenomen, de meestal zeer kleine jaartotalen, de hiaten in de jaren van voor-
komen of in elk geval van waargenomen worden. Ook in de ons omringende
gebieden is de vlinder nergens een gewone soort geworden, integendeel, Neder-
land slaat tot nog toe het beste figuur (wat voor een deel ook kan liggen aan het
aantal en het enthousiasme van de waarnemers).

Wat de Nederlandse vindplaatsen betreft, op Groningen en Drente na is de
vlinder in alle provincies aangetroffen. Maar de meeste vondsten stammen uit
Limburg. Nieuwe gegevens uit de omringende gebieden zijn de volgende. In
Denemarken werd in 1949 een exemplaar te Randers gevangen en in 1950 een
tweede te Aabenraa (beide in Jutland). In de omgeving van Hamburg werd
confusa byna alle jaren van 1948 tot 1954 waargenomen, by Hannover in 1948,
in de voormalige Rijnprovincie in 1953 en 1954 bij Rheidt (KUNNERT, Ent. Z.
Frankfurt 67 : 152, 1957). Uit België zijn alleen vangsten gemeld van Grand-
menil en Argenteau (beide in de provincie Luxemburg) (Lambillionea 57 : 47,
1957; 63 : 22, 1964). Maar onze Limburgse ervaringen wijzen er duidelijk op,
dat de vlinder bij onze zuidelijke buren althans in het oosten van hun land meer
te vinden moet zijn. In Groot-Brittannië is confusa een paar maal in het zuiden
van Engeland waargenomen: in 1951 in Essex, in 1955 in Norfolk, Kent en Surrey
en in 1962 in Devon. Vaste voet heeft de soort hier blijkbaar niet gekregen.

De gunstigste periode was bij ons het tijdvak 1950—1955 (maximum in 1955
met 31 stuks), waarmee de ervaringen om ons heen over het algemeen dus vrij
goed overeenstemmen.

j
Fig. 49. Histogram van Macdunnoughia confusa Stephens.
(Composed from the data of 176 specimens).

m j

De vlinder is bij ons waargenomen tussen 14 mei (1954, Eindhoven, VAN
DuLm) en 30 oktober (1951, Swalmen). In het histogram (fig. 49) zijn de
gegevens verwerkt van alle 176 Nederlandse exemplaren, waarvan de juiste datum
bekend is. Vangsten in de tweede helft van mei en de eerste helft van juni komen
sporadisch voor. Tussen 10.VI en 4.VII is slechts één enkele waarneming bekend.
Pas de tweede helft van juli is wat beter voor de soort. Deze gunstige periode kan
voortduren tot omstreeks 20.VIII. Een tweede periode valt in de tweede helft van
september en houdt nog aan in oktober. Het lijkt er dus op, dat er in een gunstig

270 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (920)

seizoen drie generaties kunnen voorkomen, de eerste tussen half mei en half juli,
de tweede van half juli tot begin september en de derde van half september tot
eind oktober en mogelijk zelfs begin november (nog vijf stuks op 30.X!). EIk
seizoen is echter weer anders en onze gegevens zijn nog te klein om een definitief
oordeel mogelijk te maken. Bovendien weten we nog niets van de biologie van
de soort in ons klimaat.

Een Nederlands exemplaar is afgebeeld op plaat 6 fig. 12.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Sexbierum (1964), Nijetrijne (1964). Ov.: Buurse (1952),
Olst (1954). Gdl.: Wageningen (1953, 1954, 1955, 1960); Warnsveld (1950), Aalten
(1950, 1951, 1956); Malden (1960). Utr.: Amerongen (1958), Zeist (1953, 1955, 1959,
1960, 1961), Amersfoort (1953). N.H.: Hilversum (1955), Blaricum (1955). Z.H.: Arkel
(1960). Zl.: Oostkapelle (1956). N.B.: Boxtel (1965), Eindhoven (1953, 1954, 1955),
Helenaveen (1963). Lbg.: Horst (1954), Sevenum (1954, 1955), Grubbenvorst (1953),
Arcen (1961), Velden (1961), Venlo (1961), Tegelen (1949, 1951, 1955, 1961), Swalmen
(1949 tot en met 1953, 1955, 1960, 1964), Maalbroek (1953, 1954, 1955, 1960), Roermond
(1956), Melick (1953), Sint Odiliénberg (1949), Montfort (1959, 1960, 1961), Stein
(1961, 1963), Brunssum (1959), Heerlerheide (1950), Heerlen (1960), Simpelveld (1954,
1955), Kannerbos (1950), Gronsveld (1954), Epen (1953, 1954, 1955), Vaals (1953, 1954).

Variabiliteit. f. brunnescens nov. Grondkleur van de voorvleugels
lichter, helderder bruin. Swalmen (LUCKER); Simpelveld (VAN DE POL); Epen,
&, 28.VIII.1954 (holotype) plus een tweede exemplaar van hetzelfde jaar en
dezelfde vindplaats (VAN WISSELINGH).

[Ground colour of the fore wings paler, of a clearer brown. |

f. bigutta Staudinger, 1892, Mém. Rom. 6: 545. De zilvervlek op de boven-
zijde van de voorvleugels in tweeén gedeeld. Maalbroek, 1953 (Mus. Rotterdam) ;
Epen, 1954 (VAN WISSELINGH).

Plusia Ochsenheimer

Plusia chrysitis L. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 112; Cat. VIII: (522). De vlinder
kan plaatselijk zeer algemeen zijn, zowel in vochtiger biotopen als in het droge
duingebied, zoals de laatste jaren duidelijk gebleken is bij de inventarisaties door
het RIVON: lange series uit Nijetrijne en de Peel, maar even goed uit Overveen
en van de Schouwense duinen. In het Waddendistrict is de soort nu bekend van
Terschelling (hier vrij gewoon volgens TANIS), Vlieland en Texel.

De vliegtijd kan van de eerste week van mei tot de derde week van oktober
duren. De vroegste datum is nu 6.V, de laatste 21.X (in 1956 te Heerlen, CLAAS-
SENS). Daar ik door het onderzoek naar het voorkomen van de vermeende Plusia
tutti Kostrowicki (zie Ent. Ber. 25 : 73—79, 1965, en 26 : 25—26, 1966) over
gegevens van honderden exemplaren kon beschikken, heb ik hiervan een histo-
gram samengesteld (zie fig. 50). Hieruit blijkt, dat de vlinder in de loop van mei
geleidelijk aan gewoner begint te worden en dat de eerste generatie het talrijkst is
in de tweede helft van juni en de eerste twee weken van juli. Daarna neemt het
aantal duidelijk af, maar reeds in de tweede decade van augustus neemt de vlinder
weer in aantal toe om in de laatste week van augustus het maximum van de tweede
generatie te bereiken. Na de eerste week van september wordt het dier veel
schaarser en in de laatste week van september en in oktober worden nog slechts

(921) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 27,1

j j à s

Fig. 50. Histogram van Plusia chrysitis L.

sporadisch exemplaren gevangen. Een scherpe grens tussen eerste en tweede gene-
ratie is er niet, al kan dit in een bepaald jaar natuurlijk wel het geval zijn. Zo nam
Pater AMADEUS ALMA tussen 29.VII en 15.VIII.1965 geen enkel exemplaar waar
in de val van de Plantenziektenkundige Dienst, die opgesteld stond bij de Abdij
Sion (Overijsel) en die zonder onderbreking elke nacht in werking was.

De eerste generatie is wat talrijker dan de tweede. Of er nog een (zeer partiële)
derde generatie kan voorkomen, is lang niet zeker. De late exemplaren zijn in de
regel sterk afgevlogen. Bovendien merkte VAN AARTSEN, die de vlinder twee maal
uit het ei opgekweekt heeft, dat de rupsen van hetzelfde legsel zich zeer onregel-
matig ontwikkelen. Naast snel doorgroeiende exemplaren komen ook veel lang-

272 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (922)

zamer groeiende voor en het is best mogelijk, dat late vlinders van zulke trage
groeiers afstammen. Van eieren afkomstig van een wijfje van de tweede generatie
verscheen een vlinder op 4 november 1964. Dit derde generatie-exemplaar kwam
dus uit op een moment, dat buiten geen enkele chrysitis meer vliegt. En het was
afkomstig van een rups, die met nog enkele andere snel doorgegroeid was, terwijl
de rest van het broedsel wilde overwinteren.

Interessant is ook het (helaas zeer magere) resultaat van een eikweek van
Knoop. Van een op 3 juli 1940 gevangen ‘9 verschenen drie nakomelingen nog
hetzelfde jaar tussen 3 en 20 september en drie andere pas tussen 4 en 20 juni
1941. De tweede generatie kan dus partieel zijn (in welke mate dat het geval is,
weten we natuurlijk nog niet) en dit verklaart, waarom het totaal aantal exem-
plaren ervan kleiner is dan dat van de eerste generatie.

Variabiliteit. Gemiddeld verschillen exemplaren van de eerste generatie |

door hun meerdere grootte van de later vliegende dieren. Dit is fraai te zien op

plaat 1 in Ent. Ber. 25 (1965). Er zijn echter nogal wat uitzonderingen, dieren
van de eerste generatie, die opvallend klein zijn (fig. 5 van de plaat) en exem-
plaren van de tweede generatie, die voor de eerste niet onder doen in grootte.
Bovendien zijn er ook overgangen tussen beide grootteklassen (fig. 17 en 19).
De verklaring van dit verschijnsel ligt nog in het duister.

Een ander (eveneens gradueel) verschil tussen beide generaties betreft de teke-
ning op de voorvleugels. De twee metaalkleurige banden kunnen al of niet met
elkaar verbonden zijn. Vergelijkt men nu grote aantallen met elkaar, dan blijken
er duidelijke procentuele verschillen tussen de twee generaties te bestaan. Terwijl
in de eerste generatie beide groepen ongeveer even talrijk voorkomen, zijn in de
tweede generatie exemplaren met verbonden banden duidelijk in de meerderheid
(zie de tabel).

banden niet verbonden banden verbonden

(bands not connected) (bands connected)
generatie I 731 (49,74%) 781 (50,26%)
generatie II 248 (33,11%) 497 (66,89%)

[N ote. The table clearly shows, that the markings on the fore wings of Plusia chrysitis
differ in both generations. In the first generation the two coppery bands are separated nearly
as often as connected. In the second generation the bands are connected much more often
than separated. The most probable explanation seems to be that this character depends on a
combination of hereditary and environmental factors.]

Zoals bekend variéren de banden ook sterk in kleur, van zuiver goudgeel (zeld-
zaam) via kopergeel (een minder diepe tint), groenachtig geel en groenachtig
naar blauwgroen. Een interessante discussie hierover is te vinden in The Entomolo-
gist 28 (1895). Op p. 159 schrijft THORNHILL, dat van een lange gevangen serie
een kwart groenbrons was en de rest goudbrons. Het volgende jaar ving hij eerst
een serie zeer verse dieren en kweekte er ook een paar. Al deze dieren waren goud-
brons. Later in het seizoen, toen de vlinders meer afgevlogen waren, ving hij er
weer en deze waren alle groenbrons. Zijn conclusie is daarom, dat de groene tint
een verkleuring is van de gouden. Deze mening wordt gedeeld door Kaye (1. c.:
181). Ook zijn gekweekte exemplaren waren alle goudkleurig, terwijl afgevlogen

(923) B. J. LEMPKE: Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 273

dieren een groenachtige tint hadden. Op p. 204 deelt BUNN mee, dat van een
serie gevangen zeer gave exemplaren ongeveer de helft goudkleurig was en de
andere helft een groenachtige tint had. Tenslotte schrijft THORNHILL (p. 229),
dat hij van mening is, dat de goudbronzen tint die van de pas uitgekomen vlin-
ders is, doch dat deze door invloed van het licht in groenbrons verandert. Jammer
genoeg is later geen enkele lepidopteroloog meer op dit onderwerp terug gekomen.
(De Engelse auteurs bedoelen met goudbrons of goudkleurig ongetwijfeld de
gewone kopergele kleur, de echte goudkleur is veel zeldzamer.)

Na het zien van honderden exemplaren in allerlei stadia van ouderdom geloof
ik, dat THORNHILL het bij het rechte eind had. Alle gekweekte vlinders die ik
gezien heb (maar dat zijn er helaas betrekkelijk weinig), hadden prachtige koper-
kleurige banden zonder groene tint. En ook SEPP beeldt zijn (gekweekte) exem-
plaren zo af (Ned. Ins. 1, vijfde stuk, Tab. I, fig. 11 en 12). Hij schrijft (I. c.:
7), dat de tint overeenkomt „met den Glans van blank geschuurd geel Koper”.

Bij de lange serie gevangen exemplaren in de collectie van het Zoöl. Mus.
komen zowel exemplaren zonder als met de groene tint in het geel voor. Er ís geen
scherpe scheiding tussen deze twee groepen. Naarmate de dieren langer gevlogen
hadden, is de groene tint intensiever. Tenslotte verandert de kleur in blauwgroen
of zelfs blauwachtig. Heel verse dieren met laatstgenoemde kleuren heb ik nooit
gezien en ze bestaan waarschijnlijk ook niet. De kleurvorm scintillans is dan ook
geen echte vorm, maar een ouderdomsverschijnsel. Hetzelfde geldt waarschijnlijk
voor de virescens-groep. Er blijken echter ook exemplaren te zijn, die nooit een
groene tint krijgen, maar waarvan de banden steeds geel blijven. Wel wordt de
tint steeds doffer en is tenslotte nauwelijks meer zichtbaar, maar er komt geen
kleurverandering. Zo lang we door kweken niet meer van de tintverschillen van
verse dieren afweten, lijkt het me het beste de groene en blauwe dieren niet meer
afzonderlijk te vermelden.

Wel vermeldenswaard daarentegen zijn naar mijn mening de exemplaren met
zuiver goudkleurige banden. Deze zijn van een prachtige diep donkergele kleur,
die onmogelijk door verkleuring uit de koperkleurige tint ontstaan kan zijn. Deze
tint is beslist zeldzaam. De enige exemplaren, die ik zelf gezien heb, zijn de vol-
gende:

f. disiuncta Schultz, 1900. Met niet verbonden banden. Warga, Soest (Zoöl.
Mus.); Slijk-Ewijk (VAN DE Por).

f. aurea Huene, 1901. De banden verbonden. Ruurlo (LUKKIEN); Groessen,
Buren (VAN DE Por); Den Haag (Leids Mus.); Rotterdam (Zoöl. Mus.).

Aanvullingen op de afwijkingen in de tekening van de voorvleugels:

f. juncta Tutt, 1892. Zeer gewoon. Zie de tabel.

f. decorata Dannehl, 1933. Exemplaren met opvallend brede verbinding tussen
de twee metaalkleurige banden op de voorvleugels komen in klein aantal vrij ver-
breid onder de soort voor, zodat geen vindplaatsen meer vermeld worden.

f. croesus Bryk, 1923. Exemplaren met goudkleurige niervlek komen weinig
voor. Roggel (PEERDEMAN).

Dwergen. Zeer kleine exemplaren, zelfs vergeleken met die van de tweede
generatie, zag ik van Apeldoorn (Zoöl. Mus.); Aerdt, Groet (PEERDEMAN).

274 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (924)

Note. Reference is made to the observation of THORNHILL and others in Entomologist
28: 159 etc. (1895) about the colour of the bands of the fore wings. THORNHILL is of
opinion that all bred or very fresh specimens have coppery bands without green tint, and
that this tint is only a question of fading.

Having examined hundreds of specimens in all stages from very fresh to utterly worn I
am inclined to agree with TORNHILL. The older the specimens are the greener they become,
till at last they are blue-green or even quite bluish. Yet there are specimens the bands of
which always remain yellowish. The colour becomes duller and duller, till at last it is hardly
visible, but it never shows a trace of greenish. I therefore prefer not to accept colour forms
of chrysitis till more is known about their nature, except the rare ones with the pure deep
gold colour (disiuncta and aurea).

Plusia chryson Esper. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 112; Cat. VIII : (522). Na de vijf
in Cat. VIII vermelde vangsten zijn slechts twee nieuwe uit ons land bekend ge-
worden. Erg toegenomen is de neiging om tot in Nederland door te trekken dus
niet. Uit Denemarken en het omringende Duitse gebied zijn in de literatuur geen
nieuwe meldingen te vinden. Wel werd de vlinder weer aangetroffen in het zuiden
van Belgisch Luxemburg: Ethe-Laclaireau (1939), Virton (1963), Buzenol (twee
exemplaren in 1963). In het groothertogdom zelf werd in 1951 een exemplaar
in de onmiddellijke nabijheid van de hoofdstad gevangen.

Van de verbreiding in het zuiden van Groot-Brittannié geeft HAGGET het vol-
gende overzicht: zeer verbreid in het zuiden en oosten van Engeland en het zuiden
van Wales tot in Cardiganshire toe. Een van de beste lokaliteiten is op het ogen-
blik de Test Valley in Hampshire (Proc. Trans. South London ent. nat. Hist. Soc.
1957 : 94—95, 1958).

De in ons land waargenomen vliegtijd ligt nu tussen half juli en eind augustus
(16.VII—27.VIIT).

Vindplaatsen. Lbg.: Stein, 16.VII.1963 (collectie Missiehuis); Vaals, 27.VIII.1952
(LÜCKER).

Chrysoptera Latreille

Chrysoptera c-aureum Knoch. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 121; Cat. VIII: (531).
De vlinder is zonder twijfel inheems en komt lokaal vooral op moerassige plaatsen
verspreid in het land voor. Hij komt goed op licht, maar is spoedig min of meer
afgevlogen. Het zoeken van de rupsen is echter niet zo eenvoudig. Zie hiervoor
G. DIJKsTRA in Ent. Ber. 21 : 182, 1961.

De vliegtijd kan al in de eerste helft van juni beginnen en voortduren tot half
augustus. De uiterste data zijn nu: 10.VI—15.VIII.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Wolvega (CAMPING, G. DIJKSTRA, rupsen en vlinders). Gr.:
Ter Borgh, 28.VII.1956 (Brom). Ov.: Wiene, 21.VII.1951 (KLEINJAN); Kalenberg (hier
bleek de soort gewoon te zijn tijdens het Rivon-onderzoek in 1964 en 1965, AUKEMA);
Marknesse, 7.VII.1959 (VAN DE Por). Gdl.: Slijk-Ewijk, 10.VII.1961 (dezelfde). Utr.:
Amerongen, 7.VII.1959 (BENTINCK); Botshol (gewoon, LOURENS c. s.). N.H.: ’s-Graveland,
26.VI.1959 (Nat.hist. Mus. Zaandam); Bussum, 10.VII.1958, 23.VI.1960 (TER LAAG);
Aalsmeer, 27.VII.1957 (KEESSEN). Z.H.: Noorden, 1956 en volgende jaren geregeld
(Lucas); Arkel, 10.VI.1962, 1964, 1965, vlinders en rupsen (SLOB, ZWAKHALS). N.B.:
Sprang, 4.VII.1954 (DIDDEN).

(925) B. J. LEMPKE: Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 275

Polychrisia Hübner

Polychrisia moneta Fabricius. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 120; Cat. VIII: (530).
Het voorkomen van de vlinder hangt af van de aanwezigheid van ridderspoor en
monnikskap in tuinen. In de regel is het dier vrij schaars, althans op licht, in
sommige jaren echter veel talrijker. Zo was de eerste generatie in 1956 talrijk te
Bennekom, de tweede in 1953 (VAN DE Por). LEFFEF vermoedt, dat de vlinder
vooral in de schemering vliegt en dan bloemen bezoekt, zodat hij schaarser lijkt
dan hij in werkelijkheid is (in litt.). De rupsen zijn in elk geval niet zelden in
het voorjaar op de voedselplanten in aantal te vinden.

In het Waddendistrict is de soort nu van één van de eilanden bekend. Interes-
sant is, dat het eerste exemplaar voor Ierland pas in 1939 werd gevangen, het
tweede in 1952 (E. S. A. BAYNES, Ent. Gazette 4 : 286, 1953).

De vliegtijd van de tweede generatie kan al half augustus beginnen (17.VII.
1943, e. l., 19.VIII.1959, wild, Lucas) en voortduren tot half oktober (14.X.
1953, Wageningen, VAN DE POL).

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Terschelling (LEFFEF), Sexbierum, Leeuwarden, Oenkerk, Wijn-
jeterp, Nijetrijne, Oudemirdum, Rijs, Tjerkwerd. Gr.: Haren, Glimmen, Veendam. Dr.:
Roden, Steenbergen, Een, Westervelde, Eelde, Zuidlaren, Eext, Schoonlo. Ov.: Rechteren,
Raalte, Abdij Sion, Deventer, Zwolle, Vollenhove, Kalenberg, Marknesse. Gdl.: Harderwijk,
Epe, Vaassen, Wiessel, Teuge, Lunteren; Gorssel, de Voorst, Eefde, Warnsveld, Ruurlo,
Hoog-Keppel, Groessen; Slijk-Ewijk, Rumpt (gem. Deil). Utr.: Doorn, Botshol. N.H.:
’s-Graveland, Blaricum, Bussum, Naarden, Weesp, Amsterdamse Bos (PEERDEMAN vond eens
een spinsel op kardinaalsmuts!), Halfweg, Landsmeer, Wormerveer, Beemster, Oosthuizen,
Hoorn, Groet, Schoorl, Bergen. Z.H.: Oegstgeest, Leidschendam, Capelle aan den IJssel,
Krimpen aan den IJssel, Arkel, Gorkum, Schelluinen, Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, Oostvoorne,
Hellevoetsluis, Oude Tonge. Zl: Burgh, Haamstede, Westenschouwen. N.B.: Waalwijk,
Valkenswaard, Geldrop, Helenaveen. Lbg.: Sevenum, Moesel, Belfeld, Montfort, Amstenrade,
Chèvremont, Bocholtz, Gronsveld, Vaals.

Variabiliteit. f. pallescens Lempke, 1949. Een enkele keer hebben exem-
plaren van de tweede generatie dezelfde grondkleur als die van de eerste, maar in
de regel zijn ze toch iets kleiner. Exemplaren van de eerste generatie met de lichte
grondkleur zijn vermoedelijk niet al te zeldzaam. In Zoöl. Mus. nog van Apel-
doorn, Twello, Hilversum, Leidschendam. Verder bekend van Voorburg (Lucas).

Een fraai exemplaar van deze bleke vorm uit de collectie-VAN WISSELINGH is
afgebeeld op plaat 7 fig. 7.

f. aurea Lempke, 1949. Geen nieuwe vindplaatsen.

f. obscura nov. Grondkleur van de voorvleugels sterk verdonkerd, achtervleu-
gels zwartachtig, vooral langs de achterrand. Plaat 7 fig. 8. Halfweg, 4, 8.IX.
1963 (holotype, VAN AARTSEN, in Zoöl. Mus.), plus een tweede minder extreem
exemplaar van dezelfde vindplaats van 20.VI.1959; Wormerveer (HUISENGA).

[Ground colour of the fore wings strongly darkened, hind wings blackish, especially along
the outer border. }

f. maculata Lempke, 1949. Het holotype is afgebeeld op plaat 7 fig. 9. Nieuwe
vondsten zijn niet bekend.

f. renitangens Lempke, 1949. De vorm, waarbij de niervlek aan boven- en
onderzijde de middenschaduw raakt, zijn niet zeldzaam en komen waarschijnlijk

276 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (926)

op de meeste plaatsen onder de soort voor, zodat geen vangsten meer vermeld
worden.

Dwerg. Zeist (Zoöl. Mus.).

Pathologisch exemplaar. Een exemplaar met onregelmatige witte
vlekken op de achtervleugels van Oosthuizen (DE BOER).

Abrostola Ochsenheimer

Abrostola trigemina Werneburg (triplasia auct. nec Linnaeus). Tydschr.
Entom. 90 : 122; Cat. VIII : (532). De soort dus met (bij typische exemplaren)
licht bruinachtig wortelveld op de bovenzijde van de voorvleugels en iets gegolfde
tweede dwarslijn. Reeds in 1864 toonde WERNEBURG aan, dat dit niet de door
Linnaeus beschreven soort is (Beitr. Schmetterl.k. 1 : 247— 248), maar pas in de
moderne publicaties wordt zijn correctie toegepast (o.a. in de nieuwe editie van
SOUTH).

Uit beide lijsten van vindplaatsen blijkt, dat de vlinder over vrijwel het gehele
land verbreid is. Opvallend is het grote aantal nieuwe vindplaatsen in het westen.
Hier en in het noorden is de soort beslist gewoner dan de volgende. In het zuiden
van het land is op vele plaatsen daarentegen het omgekeerde het geval. Tot nog
toe pas op één van de waddeneilanden aangetroffen.

Wat de vliegtijd betreft, zekere data van de derde generatie zijn thans: 17.1X—
10.X. De zeer late datum werd in 1962 genoteerd door VAN AARTSEN.

Vindplaatsen. Fr: Terschelling (LEFFEF), Sexbierum, Friens, Beetsterzwaag, Oos-
terwolde, Nijetrijne, Oudemirdum, Rijs, Tjerkwerd. Gr.: Borgercompagnie, Veendam. Dr.:
Paterswolde, Een, Westervelde, Donderen, Zuidlaren, Eext, Schoonlo, Hooghalen, Vledder.
Ov.: Volthe, Albergen, Weerselo, Saasveld (Molenven), Rectum, Enschede, Wiene, Delden,
Holten, Balkbrug, Dalfsen, Raalte, Abdij Sion, IJsselmuiden, Zwartsluis, Vollenhove. Gdl.:
Ermelo, Leuvenum, Vierhouten, Wezep, Wiessel, Hoog-Soeren, Teuge, Wilp, Laag-Soeren,
Lunteren; Gorssel, de Voorst, Eefde, Almen, Wientjesvoort, Ruurlo, Winterswijk, Hoog-
Keppel, Didam, Aerdt; Berg en Dal, Ochten, Buren, Slijk-Ewijk, Neerijnen. Utr: Grebbe,
Maarsseveen, Vinkeveen, Botshol. N.H.: Blaricum, Ankeveen, Bussum, Naarden, Naarder-
meer, Weesp, Amsterdamse Bos, Halfweg, Zaandam, Wormerveer, Oost-Knollendam,
Beemster, Hoorn, Den Helder, Schoorl, Bergen, Heemskerk, Overveen. Z.H.: Woerdense
Verlaat, Noorden, Katwijk, Meijendel, Voorschoten, Leidschendam, Den Haag, Loosduinen,
Delft, Staelduin, Vlaardingen, Capelle aan den IJssel, Krimpen aan den IJssel, Arkel,
Gorkum, Schelluinen, Dubbeldam, Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, Barendrecht, Oostvoorne, Rockanje,
Hellevoetsluis, Sommelsdijk, Ouddorp. Zl.: Burgh, Haamstede, Westenschouwen (op Schou-
wen veel minder dan de volgende soort, LEFFEF), Oostkapelle, Valkenisse, Cadzand. N.B.:
Chaam, Oosterhout, Drunen, Haaren, Kampina, Sint Michielsgestel, Boxtel, Oirschot, Acht,
Overwetten, Eindhoven, Vessem, Someren, Helenaveen, Sint Anthonis, Uden. Lbg.: Griends-
veen, Sevenum, Moesel, Roggel, De Hamert, Swalmen, Maasniel, Sint Odiliënberg, Montfort,
Stein, Sittard, Geleen, Heerlerheide, Heerlerbaan, Chèvremont, Bocholtz, Geulem, Bunde,
Cannerbos, Sint Pietersberg, Heer, Vijlen, Lemiers, Vaals.

Variabiliteit. f. monotona Lempke, 1949. De eenkleurig donkere vorm
werd nog aangetroffen te Eindhoven (VAN DULM).

f. juncta Lempke, 1949. Bennekom (vAN DE Por); Breda (Zoöl. Mus.).

f. semiconfluens Lempke, 1949. Breda (Zoöl. Mus.).

Dwergen. Apeldoorn, Valkenburg (Zoöl. Mus.); Melissant (HUISMAN).

(927) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 277

Abrostola triplasia L., 1758 (¢ripartita Hufnagel, 1766). Tijdschr. Entom. 90 :
123; Cat. VIII: (533). De soort met (bij typische exemplaren) licht wortel-
veld en licht achterrandsveld, terwijl de tweede dwarslijn alleen iets gebogen is.

In de noordelijke helft (ongeveer tot aan de grote rivieren) is de vlinder bijna
overal duidelijk minder gewoon dan de vorige soort, in de zuidelijke helft daaren-
tegen is in de regel het omgekeerde het geval. Hoewel vindplaatsen op de Veluwe
bekend zijn, schrijft LEFFEF me, dat hijzelf de soort nog nooit daar heeft aange-
troffen, wat wel iets zegt omtrent de zeldzaamheid in dit gebied. In de hierna
volgende lijst van nieuwe vindplaatsen valt ook het kleine aantal ten noorden van
Ryn en Lek op (slechts één enkele op de Veluwe!). Tussen de grote rivieren
wordt het al dadelijk beter (ook in het westen) en vooral Limburg komt met een
lange serie goed uit de bus. Mogelijk hebben we in dit geval met klimatologische
invloeden te doen.

In het Waddendistrict is ook deze soort slechts van één van de eilanden bekend.

De vlinder kan in gunstige voorjaren al in de tweede helft van april beginnen
te vliegen. De vroegste datum is nu 19 april (in 1964 te Nuenen, Nets). De
tweede generatie kan eveneens belangrijk vroeger verschijnen dan in 1949 bekend
was. Van een op 29 juni gevonden rups kwam de vlinder reeds op 22.VII uit de
pop (HUISMAN). Er zal dan ook zeer waarschijnlijk geen scherpe grens tussen
beide generaties bestaan. De vliegtijd kan iets later eindigen dan in Cat. VIII
vermeld is: op 11.IX.1963 nog een exemplaar te Stein (collectie Missiehuis).
Duidelijke aanwijzingen van een derde generatie kan ik bij deze soort evenwel
niet vinden.

Vindplaatsen. Fr: Terschelling (weinig, LEFFEF), Leeuwarden, Tietjerk, Wijnje-
terp, Oosterwolde, Nijetrijne, Oudemirdum, Tjerkwerd. Gr.: Delfzijl, Veendam. Dr.: Veen-
huizen, Donderen, Eext, Schoonlo. Ov.: Volthe, Almelo, Enschede, Delden, Abdij Sion,
Vollenhove. Gdl.: Hoenderlo; Eefde, Warnsveld, Winterswijk, Hoog-Keppel (hier vrij ge-
woon, LEFFEF), Aerdt; Ubbergen, Malden, Slijk-Ewijk, Ochten, Buren, Geldermalsen,
Neerijnen. Utr.: Utrecht. N.H.: Amsterdamse Bos, Schoorl (heel weinig, LEFFEF), Bergen,
Castricum, Heemskerk, Santpoort, Bloemendaal, Heemstede. Z.H.: Noorden, Reeuwijk,
Rijswijk, Staelduin, Capelle aan den IJssel, Vianen, Arkel, Gorkum, Schelluinen, Dubbeldam,
Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (meer dan de vorige soort !), Barendrecht, Rhoon, Brielle, Oostvoorne,
Rockanje, Hellevoetsluis, Middelharnis, Ouddorp. Zl.: Burgh, Haamstede, Westenschouwen
(op Schouwen veel gewoner dan de vorige soort volgens de inventarisatiegegevens van het
Rivon), Oostkapelle, Valkenisse, Cadzand. N.B.: Wouw, Roosendaal, Ulvenhout, Tilburg,
Waalwijk, Drunen, Sint Michielsgestel, Kampina, Best, Acht, Nederwetten, Eindhoven,
Vessem, Bergeijk, Heeze, Someren, Deurne, Mill, Gassel. Lbg.: Mook, de Hamert, Arcen,
Horst, Sevenum, Griendsveen, Moesel, Roggel, Swalmen, Heel, Sint Odiliënberg, Montfort,
Stein, Sittard, Amstenrade, Heerlerheide, Heerlen, Heerlerbaan, Chèvremont, Bocholtz,
Geulem, Ulestraten, Bunde, Kannerbos, Sint Pieter, Gronsveld, Rijckholt, Heer, Noorbeek,
Camerig, Cottessen, Vijlen, Lemiers, Vaals.

Variabiliteit. HÜBNER's wrficae is niet te scheiden van de typische vorm.
Alle exemplaren met min of meer wit afgezette dwarslijnen moeten hiertoe gere-
kend worden.

f. plumbea Cockayne, 1947. Naast de eenkleurig donkere exemplaren komen
er ook voor met even donkere voorvleugels, maar die iets van de witte tekening in
wortel- en achterrandsveld bezitten. Ook COCKAYNE vermeldt zulke exemplaren.
De vorm is afgebeeld op plaat 7 fig. 11. Oude Nederlandse exemplaren bestaan

278 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (928)

er niet van. Het is stellig een moderne melanistische vorm, die zich bovendien
snel uitgebreid heeft. Kon in Cat. VIII nog slechts één vindplaats vermeld worden,
thans zijn vooral in het zuiden en midden van Limburg tal van vindplaatsen be-
kend, waaraan die in het oosten van Noord-Brabant aansluiten. Ook in Zeeland
zijn al exemplaren gevangen, bovendien in Twente. Nergens is de vorm echter zo
verbreid als in het zuidoosten van het land. Hier werd hij ook voor het eerst
waargenomen (Valkenburg, 1910).

In het Limburgs-Oostbrabantse gebied komt de vorm thans practisch op alle
vindplaatsen onder de soort voor, zodat deze niet opnieuw opgesomd behoeven
te worden. Daarbuiten ken ik thans de volgende: Volthe (VAN DER MEULEN);
Bennekom (Landb. Hschool); Aerdt (PEERDEMAN); Aerdenhout, Bergeijk (VAN
WISSELINGH); Gorkum (BRANGER); Ouddorp (VROEGINDEWEIJ); Haamstede
(Zool. Mus.); Sint Michielsgestel (KNIPPENBERG ).

f. juncta Lempke, 1949. Oostvoorne (Lucas); Gronsveld (Zoöl. Mus.).

f. semiconfluens Lempke, 1949. Gewoon, van tal van vindplaatsen bekend.

CATOCALINAE
Mormonia Hiibner

Mormonia sponsa L. Tijdschr. Entom. 90: 101; Cat. VIII: (511). De in
1949 gegeven verbreiding is goed. Het aantal nieuwe vindplaatsen is klein.
LEFFEF schreef me enkele interessante details over het gedrag van het dier. In
1946 zag hy op klaarlichte dag twee exemplaren, die steeds maar om een middel-
grote eik vlogen langs de weg van Hoenderlo naar Otterlo. Aan de stam was
geen lekkende plek, zodat het niet om het sap te doen geweest kon zijn. Zijn erva-
ring is overigens dat de vlinder in de schemering begint te vliegen en dan zeer
schuw is. Na half elf komen de dieren goed op de stroop en zitten dan zelfs in
het felle licht van een sterke lamp goed vast. Maar op menglichtlampen en kwik-
damplampen komen ze maar heel zelden, evenmin trouwens als Catocala promissa.

Geen correctie op de vliegtijd, die dus blijft: 10.VII—16.IX.

Vindplaatsen. Ov.: Volthe, Borne, Abdij Sion. Gdl.: Vaassen, Wiessel (in 1925
en 1926 op smeer, later nooit meer, LEFFEF), Hoenderlo; Hackfort, Wientjesvoort, Groenlo,
Miste, Bijvank, Babberich. Utr.: Hollandse Rading. N.H.: Bussum (14.VIII.1963, A. VAN
Tuijr), Amsterdamse Bos (1947, NIEUWLAND). Lbg.: Bocholtz.

Variabiliteit. f. demaculata Heinrich, 1916. Apeldoorn (Zoöl. Mus.).

f. fasciata Spuler, 1908, Schmetterl. Eur. 1: 367 (variegata Lempke, 1949).
Geen nieuwe vangsten.

f. brunnea nov. Grondkleur van de voorvleugels zuiver bruin zonder grijs of
zwart. Paterswolde, 9, 7.VII.1905, a. o. (holotype, plus een tweede 19 van de-
zelfde kweek; Zoöl. Mus.).

[Ground colour of the fore wings pure brown without grey or black.}

Catocala Schrank

Catocala fraxini L. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 104; Cat. VIII: (514). De vlinder
blijft een grote zeldzaamheid, die zeer onregelmatig nu eens hier, dan weer daar

(929) B. J. LEMPKE: Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 279

wordt gevangen. Ik geloof dan ook, dat hij niet in staat is zich hier te handhaven,
maar dat hij steeds weer opnieuw naar ons land moet immigreren. De hiaten in
de jaren van waarneming en de zeer kleine aantallen zijn hiervoor wel een sterke
aanwijzing.

Merkwaardig is, dat de soort na de Tweede Wereldoorlog vaste voet in het
zuiden van Engeland gekregen heeft. Zowel in Kent als in Norfolk zijn herhaal-
delijk vlinders gevangen en rupsen gevonden (zie T. G. HOWARTH, 1950, Ent.
Gazette 1: 41—46). De laatste jaren heb ik geen enkele melding meer in de
Engelse tijdschriften gezien, zodat het de vraag is, of deze vestiging wel duurzaam
geweest is.

De vliegtijd kan al in de eerste helft van juli beginnen. Reeds 10.VII.1956
werd een exemplaar te Epe gevangen. De slotdatum verschuift ook iets: de laatste
dag van waarneming wordt nu 13.X (in 1953 te Bennekom).

Vindplaatsen. Fr: Wolvega, juli 1955 (van Tut); Rijs, 5.VIII.1950 (O. DE
VRIES). Ov.: Almelo, 17.VIII.1940 (KNoop). Gdl.: Epe, 10.VII.1956 (W. DE VRIES);
Bennekom, 13.X.1953 (VAN DE Por); Ulenpas, 17.IX.1956 (LEFFEF); Nijmegen, 1928, e. 1.
(Zoöl. Mus.); Wijchen, 23.VIII.1964 (Aarts). Utr.: Rhenen, 11.IX.1958 (Mus. Rotter-
dam); Maarn, 9.IX.1952 (BERK); Linschoten, 4.VIII.1964 (VAN DER Voo). N.H.: Amster-
dam, 25.IX.1939 (Zoöl. Mus.), VIII.1952 (T. van Dijk); Den Helder, 1939 (NIESTHOVEN);
Heemskerk, 3.IX.1949 (BANK); Bloemendaal, 23.IX.1956 (ALDERS); Heemstede, 25.IX.1956
(VAN DE Por). Z.H.: Leiden, 23.VIII.1950 (J. KROON); Meijendel, 1954 (van ToL); Den
Haag, 16.VIII.1950 (Zoöl. Mus.); Kethel, 18.IX.1954 (W. VINK). N.B.: ’s-Hertogenbosch,
1910 (Plantenz. Dienst). Lbg.: Swalmen, 27.IX.1950 (Pijpers); Kerkrade, 1955 (volgens
LUKKIEN); Vaals, 1946 (plus vier ongedateerde exemplaren, JUSSEN), 28.VII.1949 (JACOBI),
1953 (volgens GERRIS).

Variabiliteit. f. moerens Fuchs, 1889. Slechts enkele exemplaren van
deze vorm werden nog gevangen: Epe (W. DE VRIES); Maarn (BERK).

Catocala nupta L. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 103; Cat. VIII : (513). De in 1949
gegeven verbreiding is goed. In het Waddendistrict is de vlinder nu bekend van
de volgende eilanden: Schiermonnikoog (VAN MINNEN), Terschelling (hier ge-
woon, LEFFEF), Vlieland (CAMPING).

De vliegtijd kan tot in november duren: 8.X1.1962, Burgh (LEFFEF), 9.XI.
1962, Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (BOGAARD), 10.XI.1949, Heemstede (von HER-
WARTH), zodat de uiterste grenzen nu worden: 10.VII—10.X1.

Variabiliteit. f. variegata Lempke, 1949. De vorm met bonte voorvleu-
gels werd nog aangetroffen te Empe, Vijlen (Zoöl. Mus.); Middelie (DE BOER);
Sint Michielsgestel (KNIPPENBERG); Gassel, Rijckholt (VAN DE Por); Swalmen
(Mus. Rotterdam); Lemiers (DELNOYE).

f. nigrata, nom. nov. pro nigra Cockayne, 1951, Ent. Rec. 63 : 162, pl. V,
fig. 4, nec Lempke, 1949. Thorax en voorvleugels bijna zwart; op de voorvleugels
nog sporen van de lichte vlek onder de niervlek en van de lichte golflijn. Am-
sterdam, &, 25.IX.1961 (VAN AARTSEN, in Zoöl. Mus.). Fig. 51.

f. sanguinea Lempke, 1949. Exemplaren met dieprode achtervleugels zijn niet
zeldzaam en komen verbreid onder de soort voor.

f. salmonea Cockayne, 1946. Exemplaren met rose achtervleugels zijn zeldzaam.

280 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (930)

Fot. J. HUISENGA
Fig. 51. Catocala nupta L., f. nigrata nov.

Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Steenwijk (VAN WISSELINGH); Apeldoorn (Lucas);
Beemster (HUISENGA).

f. caerulescens Cockerell, 1889. Van deze rariteit zag ik een exemplaar, dat
gekweekt werd uit een rups van Rotterdam en 17.VIII.1955 uit de pop kwam
(VAN TUIJL).

f. concubina Borkhausen, 1792. De vorm, waarbij de zwarte middenband van
de achtervleugels tot de binnenrand doorloopt, blijkt in de lange serie in het Zoöl.
Mus. gewoner te zijn dan de typische vorm, waarbij de band de binnenrand niet
bereikt.

Dwergen. ’s-Graveland (Zoöl. Mus.); Rotterdam (Vis); Dordrecht (VERHEIJ);
Nuenen (NEIJTs); Maastricht (KORTEBOS).

Pathologische exemplaren. Linker achtervleugel; zwarte achter-
randsband bij de apicale hoek verbleekt. Rotterdam (VAN DER AA).

Linker achtervleugel: een lichte vlek in de rode middenband. Hoog-Keppel
(Zoöl. Mus.).

Rechter achtervleugel: de basale helft verbleekt. Hoog-Keppel (Zoöl. Mus.).

Beide achtervleugels: een brede baan langs de voorrand verbleekt. Eindhoven
(HAANSTRA). i

Catocala electa Borkhausen. Tijdschr. Entom. 90: 103; Cat. VIII: (513).
Geen nieuwe vangsten, noch in ons land, noch in de ons omringende gebieden.
Alleen vond ik in een collectie nog een exemplaar, dat indertij;d aan de aandacht
ontsnapt is, zodat het totale aantal, dat uit ons land bekend is, acht stuks bedraagt.

Vindplaats. Z.H.: Alblasserdam, 23.VIII.1900 (RIJK).

Catocala promissa Esper. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 101; Cat. VIII: (511). Het
voorkomen in ons land blijft even raadselachtig als het in 1949 was. Na de publi-
catie van Cat. VIII in 1949 is de vlinder slechts in enkele jaren bij ons aangetrof-
fen. Heel wonderlijk is daar een vangst bij van een grote serie in de omgeving

(931) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 281

van Apeldoorn, die bestond uit vrijwel alleen prachtige gave exemplaren, wat de
indruk wekt, dat ze ook in die omgeving hun ontwikkeling doorgemaakt hadden.
Maar alle pogingen de soort in latere jaren op dezelfde plaats terug te vinden,
hebben tot nog toe schipbreuk geleden. Het is daarom niet uitgesloten, dat de
vlinder niet in staat is zich hier te lande constant te handhaven, een conclusie, die
me in 1949 ook al de meest waarschijnlijke leck.

Uit het omringende gebied zijn mij geen nieuwe gegevens bekend geworden.

Een kleine correctie op de vliegtijd, waarvan de uiterste data nu worden:
15.VI—20.VIII.

Vindplaatsen. Dr.: Eelde, 20.VIII.1955 (Koor leg., Zoöl. Mus.). Gdl.: Ermelo,
1964 (BoGAARD); Apeldoorn, VIII.1946, één exemplaar (BANK), van 15.VII—15.VIII.1953
niet minder dan 33 exemplaren (LEFFEF, een kleine serie hiervan bevindt zich in Zoöl. Mus.).
Lbg.: Rijckholt, 21.VIII.1954 (VAN DE Por); Nieuwenhagen, vers & in 1965 (NEIJTS);
Vaals (geen datum, JUSSEN).

Variabiliteit. f. contigua Lempke, 1949. Apeldoorn (Zoöl. Mus.).

Minucia Moore

Minucia lunaris Schiff. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 106; Cat. VIII : (516). De vlin-
der komt in hoofdzaak op de zandgronden van het binnenland voor. In het Duin-
district is hij veel lokaler.

Geen correctie op de vliegtijd, die blijft: 25.IV—7.VII.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Beetsterzwaag, Balk. Dr.: Norg, Westervelde, Schoonlo, Odoor-
nerveen, Hoogeveen, Dwingelo. Ov.: Volthe, Rijssen, Eerde, Vilsteren, Raalte, Tjoene,
Platvoet: Gdl.: Terschuur, Barneveld, Ermelo, Epe, Wiessel, Empe, Hoenderlo, Harskamp,
Kootwijkerveen, Ede; Gorssel, Almen, Ruurlo, Groesbeek. Utr.: Rhenen, Amerongen, Doorn,
Driebergen, Zeist, Woudenberg, Leusden, Vlasakkers. N.H.: Laren, Naarden, Aerdenhout.
Z.H.: Katwijk. Zl.: Oostkapelle. N.B.: Princenhage, Kampina, Geldrop, Maarheeze, Mill.
Lbg.: Geijsteren, Arcen, Belfeld, Roggel, Maalbroek, Montfort, Stein, Schinveld, Gronsveld,
Vijlen, Vaals.

Variabiliteit. f. meretrix Fabricius, 1781. De vorm met witte (eigenlijk
licht gele) dwarslijnen werd aangetroffen te Dwingelo, Hilversum (Zoöl. Mus.);
Bennekom (VAN DE Por).

t. bitincta Dannehl, 1926. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Dwingelo (Zoöl. Mus.);
Aalten (VAN GALEN).

f. clara Lempke, 1949. Zeist (Zoöl. Mus.).

f. marginata nov. Bovenzijde voorvleugels: ruimte tussen golflijn en achter-
rand donker, scherp afstekend. Hoenderlo, Dabbelo, Bilthoven, Hilversum, Breda
(Zoöl. Mus.). Blijkbaar geen al te zeldzame vorm.

Holotype: :9 van Hilversum, 25.1V.1948, in Zoöl. Mus.

[Upper side fore wings: area between submarginal line and fringe dark, sharply contrasting.]

f. ochrea Krombach, 1919. Geen nieuwe gegevens.

f. brunnea Lempke, 1949. Deurne (Zoöl. Mus.).

f. brunneogrisea Lempke, 1949. Norg, Apeldoorn, Soest, Breda (Zoöl. Mus.).
f. obscura Favre, 1899. Dwingelo (Zoöl. Mus.).

282 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (932)

f. nigromarginata nov. De band langs de achterrand van de achtervleugels is
niet donker bruinachtig, maar zwart. Bergeijk, 9, 13.V.1966 (holotype, VAN
WISSELINGH).

[The band along the outer border of the hind wings is not dark brownish, but black.]

f. privata Dannehl, 1926. Apeldoorn (Zoöl. Mus.); Bennekom (VAN DE Por);
Aalten (VAN GALEN); Aerdenhout (VAN WISSELINGH).

f. cingulata Lempke, 1949. Vrij gewoon.

f. clausa Lempke, 1949. Hulshorst, Hilversum (Zoöl. Mus.).

f. simplex nov. De geelachtige lijn, die langs de eerste en de tweede dwarslijn
loopt, ontbreekt. Bennekom, &, 15.V.1953 (holotype, VAN DE POL).

[The yellowish line which borders the antemedian and the postmedian, is absent. ]

f. fuscociliata nov. Voorvleugels met scherp afstekende donkere franje. Mont-
fort, 2, 2.1V.1961 (holotype, MAASSEN).

[Fore wings with sharply contrasting dark fringes. }

Callistege Hübner

Callistege mi Clerck. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 108; Cat. VIII: (518). Van de
waddeneilanden is de vlinder nu ook bekend van Vlieland (CAMPING) en Ter-
schelling. Op het laatstgenoemde eiland trof LEFFEF hem heel gewoon aan, zowel
in het duin als in de polders en langs de dijken. Alleen Rottum ontbreekt dus nog
in de rij. Overigens is niets nieuws over de verspreiding te vermelden.

De normaal enige generatie kan nog iets vroeger beginnen te verschijnen dan
in 1949 bekend was. De vroegste datum is nu 2.V (1946, Heemskerk, Lucas).
Een tweede juli-vangst is 16.VII.1949 op Texel. Mogelijk was dit een vertegen-
woordiger van een overigens wel erg zeldzame tweede generatie. Zeker behoorde
er het exemplaar toe, dat VAN OorscHoT 30.VIII.1949 te Nijverdal ving.

Variabiliteit. Typische exemplaren met witte achtervleugels (of sterke
overgangen met bijna witte vleugels) komen op de meeste plaatsen onder de soort
voor.

f. illuminata Warren, 1913. Deze lichte scherp getekende vorm is niet zeld-
zaam en komt vrijwel overal onder de soort voor.

f. obscura Lempke, 1949. Ook deze vorm is niet zeldzaam, bekend van tal van
vindplaatsen.

f. desagittata nov. De zwarte wigvormige vlekken aan de binnenzijde van de
golflijn op de bovenzijde van de voorvleugels ontbreken geheel. Nuenen, ©,
1.VI.1950 (holotype, NEIJTS).

[The black sagittate markings on the inner side of the submarginal line on the upper side
of the fore wings fail completely. }

Dwergen. Vogelenzang (Zoöl. Mus.); Schore (WILMINK). (Volgens WILMINK
zijn alle Zeeuwse exemplaren van de soort kleiner dan die van andere vindplaat-
sen. Ik kan dit door gebrek aan materiaal noch bevestigen noch ontkennen).

(933) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 283

Ectypa Billberg

Ectypa glyphica L. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 109; Cat. VIII : (519). De in 1949
aangegeven verbreiding is in grote trekken juist. De vlinder is nu van een der
waddeneilanden bekend geworden. In het Hafdistrict is hij een rariteit en ook in
het Duindistrict wordt g/yphica maar weinig aangetroffen. In het Fluviatiel Dis-
trict komt hij meer voor. Maar opvallend is vooral zijn sterke verbreiding in het
zuiden en midden van Limburg. Hier is de vlinder wel overal aan te treffen, waar
voldoende klaver groeit.

De eerste generatie kan iets eerder beginnen te vliegen dan in 1949 bekend was
en de tweede kan iets later eindigen. De uiterste data van beide generaties worden
nu: I van 21.1V—30.VI en II van 7.VII—9.VIll. Het valt me op, dat de collectie
van het Zoöl. Mus. veel meer materiaal van de eerste generatie bevat dan van de
tweede. Zeer waarschijnlijk is de laatste slechts partieel.

Vindplaatsen. Fr: Terschelling (in de Kooibosjes en langs de dijk bij West-
Terschelling, LEFFEF). Gr.: Onstwedde, Vlagtwedde, Laude. Dr.: Veenhuizen, Vries, Zuid-
laren, Annen, Anlo, Eext, Schoonlo, Lheebroek. Ov.: Brekkelenkamp, Volthe, Agelo, Oot-
marsum, Reutum, Weerselo, Borne, Bornerbroek, Stokkum, Buurse, Haaksbergen, Delden,
Hardenberg, Stegeren, Junne, Vilsteren, Oudleusen, Rechteren, Raalte, Zandbelt, Frieswijk,
Zwolle, Vollenhove, Noordoostpolder. Gdl.: Wapenveld, Wiessel, Teuge, Laag-Soeren;
Eefde, Zutfen, Harfsen, Hoog-Keppel, ’s-Heerenberg, Tolkamer; Berg en Dal, Elst, Culem-
borg. Utr.: Grebbe, Renswoude, Amerongen, Wijk bij Duurstede. N.H.: Hoorn. Z.H.:
Schelluinen, Ottoland, Sliedrecht (31.V.1957 bij honderden, BOGAARD). Zl.: Burgh. N.B.:
Hilvarenbeek, Kaatsheuvel, Drunen, Sint Michielsgestel, Oirschot, Nederwetten, Nuenen,
Valkenswaard, Geldrop, Liessel, Deurne, Veghel. Lbg.: Griendsveen, Belfeld, Swalmen,
Haelen, Herkenbosch, Maasbracht, Vlodrop, Montfort, Roosteren, Born, Stein, Katsop, Huls,
Welterberg, Colmond, Eijs, Wijlre, Schin op Geul, Bemelen, Cadier, Gronsveld, Mesch,
Camerig, Nijswiller.

Variabiliteit. f. marginata Spuler, 1907. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Borner-
broek (KLEINJAN); Ingen (Zoöl. Mus.); Nuenen (NEIJTS).

f. tristicula Schultz, 1908. Deze extreem donkere vorm is blijkbaar een zeld-
zaamheid. Ik ken er geen enkele nieuwe vindplaats van.

f. meridionalis Strand, 1901. Slechts één nieuwe vindplaats: Welterberg (VAN
WISSELINGH).

f. demaculata nov. Bovenzijde voorvleugels: de donkere subapicale vlek ont-
breekt. Schelluinen, klein 19, 17.V.1964 (holotype, ZWAKHALS).

[Upper side fore wings: the dark subapical spot is absent. ]}

f. costovata Foltin, 1944. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Wiessel, Oisterwijk, Deurne
(Zool. Mus.).

f. angustelineata Lempke, 1949. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Wiessel (Zoöl. Mus.) ;
Schelluinen (Lucas); Montfort (MAASSEN).

f. obsoleta Strand, 1901. De vorm is vrijwel overal onder de soort aan te tref-
fen. Alle exemplaren in Zoöl. Mus. zijn mannetjes!

f. lata Strand, 1901. Schelluinen (Lucas); Welterberg, Epen (van WISSE-
LINGH).

Dwergen. Norg, Arnhem (Zoöl. Mus.); Albergen (VAN DER MEULEN);
Schelluinen, Maastricht (Lucas).

284 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (934)

OTHREINAE
Scoliopteryx Germar

Scoliopteryx libatrix L. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 124; Cat. VIII: (534). De
vlinder is door CAMPING op Vlieland aangetroffen, zodat hij nu van vier van de
waddeneilanden bekend is. Overigens komt hij overal voor, waar maar smalbladige
wilgen groeien.

De vroegste datum, waarop een overwinterend exemplaar werd gevangen, is
thans 1 maart. Op die datum ving kapelaan GROENENDIJK in 1960 een prachtig
Q van de f. suffusa te Willemsdorp.

Dank zij waarnemingen van LEFFEF weten we nu zeker, dat een deel van de
vlinders univoltien is. In juli 1963 werden in de Rivon-vallen in de Peel zeer gave
dieren aangetroffen. Deze werden alle weer losgelaten nadat ze eerst gemerkt
waren door een hoek uit de achterrand van de rechter voorvleugel te knippen. In
de periode van 6—16 oktober 1963 werden drie van deze gemerkte dieren terug
gevangen tegelijk met vele andere exemplaren, waarvan zeker 40% verkleurd was,
terwijl de rest een veel helderder tint had. In mei 1964 werd weer een gemerkt
roesje in de Peel gevangen, dat dus van juli 1963 dateerde! Daarnaast zijn er
natuurlijk ook veel exemplaren, die bivoltien zijn en waarvan de vele nazomer-
rupsen afstammen, die nog hetzelfde jaar de vlinder leveren. Dit komt dus inder-
daad vrijwel overeen met de gang van zaken als bij Aglais urticae. Alleen is het
merkwaardig, dat de vlinders, die zich niet hetzelfde jaar voortplanten, blijkbaar
(althans voor een deel) actief blijven, terwijl die van A. wrticae al vrij spoedig
na het uitkomen in diapauze gaan.

Variabiliteit. f. pallidior Spuler, 1907. Nieuwe vindplaatsen van deze
bleke vorm zijn: Denekamp, Hilversum, Weesp, Groede (Zoöl. Mus.); Rhenen
(CARON); Den Haag (HARDONK).

f. suffusa Tutt, 1892. De vorm zonder een spoor van de roestrode kleur in het
achterrandsveld van de voorvleugels is onder het moderne materiaal in elk geval
gewoon en komt practisch overal onder de soort voor. Vaak is ook de rode kleur
aan de wortel en in het middenveld gereduceerd, zodat de dieren er dan opvallend
donker uitzien.

Fot. J. HUIZENGA
Fig. 52. Scoliopteryx libatrix L. Links ©, Hilversum, 29.IX.1937, e. 1.; rechts f. postnigres-
cens nov., &, Ruurlo, 24.IX.1965 (holotype).

(935) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 285

f. flavoinspersa nov. Grondkleur van voor- en achtervleugels dof grijsachtig
bruin, bestuiving aan wortel en in middenveld van de voorvleugels niet rood-
achtig, maar geelachtig. Deventer, 19, 30.VIII.1952, e. 1. (holotype, LUKKIEN).

[Ground colour of fore and hind wings dull greyish brown; base and central area of the
fore wings not dusted with reddish, but with yellowish.}

f. postnigrescens nov. Achtervleugels duidelijk donkerder dan de voorvleugels,
zwartachtig, alleen aan de wortel lichter. Zie fig. 52. Ruurlo, &, 24.1X.1965, e. I.
(holotype, LUKKIEN).

[Hind wings distinctly darker than the fore wings, blackish, only the base is paler.]

f. impuncta Lempke, 1949. Exemplaren zonder de witte middenstip op de
voorvleugels komen weinig voor. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Weesp (VAN SCHAIK);
Nuenen (VERHAAK); Helmond (KNIPPENBERG).

Dwergen. Schalkhaar (LUKKIEN) ; Amsterdamse Bos (PEERDEMAN) ; Eindhoven
(VAN DER WOLF).

Lygephila Billberg

Lygephila pastinum Treitschke. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 126; Cat. VIII : (536).
De in 1949 gegeven verbreiding is correct. De vlinder wordt maar zelden in flink
aantal gevangen. Hij is nu van twee der waddeneilanden bekend.

j j

Fig. 53. Histogram van Lygephila pastinum Treitschke.

Het hierbij afgebeelde histogram (fig. 53) laat zien, dat de hoofdvliegtijd in de
laatste week van juni en in de eerste twee decaden van juli valt. De vroegste vangst
is een exemplaar van 3 juni 1901 te Voorschoten (in Zoöl. Mus.). De vliegtijd
van de eerste generatie eindigt in de eerste decade van augustus en de grenzen
ervan worden nu: 3.VI—9.VIII. De zeer partiële tweede generatie kan in de
derde decade van augustus en de eerste helft van september vliegen (20.VIII—
11.IX, vers dier in 1959 te Montfort door MAASSEN, dus zeker is ook nog een
latere datum mogelijk). Alleen in gunstige seizoenen is deze generatie, waarvan de
vertegenwoordigers in de regel duidelijk kleiner zijn, te verwachten.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Terschelling (Kooibosjes, langs sommige polderdijken, LEFFEF).
Dr.: Veenhuizen. Ov.: Ootmarsum, Volthe, Saasveld (Molenven), Markelo, Abdij Sion,
Tjoene, Deventer, Olt. Gdl.: Vaassen, Wiessel, Empe, Laag-Soeren; De Voorst, Wientjes-
voort, Ruurlo, Hoog-Keppel; Slijk-Ewijk, Heteren. N.H.: Schoorl, Castricum, Bakkum. Z.H.:

286 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (936)

Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (één exemplaar in 1960, BOGAARD), Nieuw-Helvoet, Hellevoetsluis,
Ouddorp. Zl.: Burgh, Westenschouwen, Kapelle, Cadzand. N.B.: Bergen op Zoom, Kampina,
Boxtel, Best, Nederwetten, Eindhoven, Bergeijk, Helmond, Helenaveen, Sint Anthonis. Lbg.:
Griendsveen, Sevenum, Moesel, Panheel, Sint Odiliënberg, Posterholt, Meijnweg, Montfort,
Spaubeek, Heerlerbaan, Hulst, Simpelveld, Eijs, Wijlre, Kunrade, Colmond, Schin op Geul,
Heer, Gronsveld, Camerig, Vijlen.

Variabiliteit. f. pallida Tutt, 1892. Aalten (VAN GALEN); Hatert,
Welterberg, Eijs (VAN WISSELINGH).

f. ludicra Haworth, 1809. Vrij gewoon onder de soort.

f. impuncta Lempke, 1949. Eveneens vrij gewoon.

f. confluens nov. Bovenzijde voorvleugels: de niervlek en de zwarte stip op de
plaats van de ronde vlek samengesmolten tot één grote wigvormige vlek. Plaat 5
fig. 17. Aalten, &, 2.VII.1952 (holotype), plus een tweede uit het ei gekweekt
& van 4.VII.1954 en een derde 4 van 1955 (VAN GALEN). Het feit, dat de
vorm op dezelfde plaats in drie verschillende jaren te voorschijn komt, wijst er
duidelijk op, dat hij erfelijk is.

[Upper side fore wings: the reniform and the black point in the place of the orbicular

united so as to form a single wedge-shaped spot. The form appeared in the same locality
in three different years, a clear indication that it is hereditary. }

Dwerg. Agelo (VAN DER MEULEN).

Catephia Ochsenheimer

Catephia alchymista Schiff. Tijdschr. Entom. 90: 126; Cat. VIII: (536).
Toen de tekst voor Cat. VIII werd samengesteld, was juist de bloeiperiode voor de
soort begonnen, die in de loop van de vijftiger jaren en het allereerste begin van
de zestiger jaren zijn hoogtepunt zou bereiken, maar die sinds 1962 (voorlopig?)
weer voorbij is. Of deze achteruitgang van tijdelijke aard is, zullen we moeten
afwachten. In elk geval worden nu nog slechts enkele exemplaren aangetroffen
op dezelfde plaatsen, waar nog maar een paar jaar geleden tientallen gevonden
konden worden. Overigens is dit niet zo verwonderlijk voor een soort, die hier
de uiterste grens van zijn areaal bereikt en daardoor extra gevoelig zal zijn voor
ongunstige factoren, waarbij we wel in de eerste plaats aan het klimaat zullen
moeten denken.

Het midden van Limburg is blijkbaar het meest ideale gebied voor de vlinder
in ons land, waar het oosten van Noord-Brabant dan goed bij aansluit. In de gun-
stigste periode reikte zijn areaal tot in Utrecht en Gelderland, maar uit deze pro-
vincies zijn al jaren lang geen nieuwe vangsten meer gemeld.

Uit het omringende gebied zijn vrijwel geen nieuwe gegevens bekend geworden,
hoewel de bloeiperiode onmogelijk tot Nederland beperkt gebleven kan zijn.
Een nog niet vermelde Belgische vindplaats is Lanaeken, vanwaar zich een exem-
plaar in de collectie-Rijk te Maastricht bevindt.

De vliegtijd kan tot half juli duren. De grenzen zijn nu: 27.IV—15.V1.
Bovendien is een enkele maal een exemplaar van een zeer partiële tweede generatie
in augustus gevangen: 11.VIII.1953 te Wageningen, augustus 1954 te Sevenum
(beide in collectie-VAN DE Por). Dat we hier niet met late exemplaren van de
normale generatie te doen hebben, bleek duidelijk uit een eikweek van Pijpers

(937) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 287

in 1960. Alle poppen overwinterden, behalve één, die op 6.VIII de vlinder
leverde.

Vindplaatsen. Gdl.: Wageningen, 1953 (VAN DE PoL); Zutfen, 1954 (VISSER);
Aalten, 1950 (VAN GALEN). Utr.: Zeist, 1951, 1960 (GORTER). N.B.: Uden, 1937 (Br.
ANTHONIUS); Eindhoven, 1943 (NEIJTS). Lbg.: Arcen, 1953 (S. R. DiJKSTRA); Belfeld,
1950 (Br. ANTHONIUS), 1958—1962 vrijwel alle jaren (diverse verzamelaars, soms ge-
woon), 1965 slechts twee exemplaren (OTTENHEIJM); Reuver, 1959 (50 stuks! PIJPERS),
1960 (OTTENHEIJM); Beesel, 1958 gewoon, 1959, 1960 (OTTENHEIJM); Sevenum, 1954
(VAN DE Por); Haelen, 1961 (Zoöl. Mus.), Sint Odiliënberg, 1954 (LÜCKER); Posterholt,
1954, 1958, 1960 (LÜCKER); Linne, 1959, vrij talrijk in 1961 (MAASSEN); Montfort, 1959
(ruim 60 stuks! MAASSEN); Echt, 1959 (verschillende verzamelaars, soms gewoon), 1960
(OTTENHEIJM), 1961 (vrij talrijk, MAASSEN), 1962 (OTTENHEIJM); Sint Joost, 1960
(VAN AARTSEN); Stein, 1963 (Missiehuis).

Variabiliteit. Deze is zeer gering. Sommige exemplaren zijn op de
voorvleugels wat bonter getekend dan de meerderheid der exemplaren, maar een
duidelijke afgrenzing van een bepaalde vorm is niet te geven.

Laspeyria Germar

Laspeyria flexula Schiff. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 130; Cat. VIII : (540). De in
Cat. VIII gegeven verspreiding is goed. Van diverse plaatsen op de zandgronden
wordt de vlinder als gewoon gemeld. In het Hafdistrict is hij tot nog toe vrijwel
nergens aangetroffen. Opvallend zijn de vindplaatsen in het Fluviatiel District.
Ook is flexula nu bekend van twee van de waddeneilanden.

De vliegtijd kan wel een week eerder beginnen dan in 1949 bekend was. Ook
de laatste datum schuift iets op. De grenzen zijn nu: 6.VI (in 1959 genoteerd
door Lucas) tot 17.VIII (in 1955 te Apeldoorn, SOUTENDIJK). Heel zelden komt
toch ook bij ons een exemplaar voor van een zeer partiële tweede generatie. Hier-
toe moet een gaaf dier behoord hebben, dat GORTER in de warme zomer van 1947
op 15 september te Zeist ving.

Vindplaatsen. Fr: Terschelling (vrij gewoon, LEFFEF), Vlieland (CAMPING),
Beetsterzwaag, Wijnjeterp, Oosterwolde, Fochtelo, Appelscha, Wolvega, Oudemirdum. Gr.:
Glimmen, Noordlaren. Dr.: Roden, Norg, Westervelde, Vries, Schipborg, Zuidlaren, Eext,
Schoonlo (zeer gewoon, LEFFEF), Odoorn, Vledder. Ov.: Denekamp, Volthe, Vasse, Reutum,
Saasveld (Molenven), Nijverdal, Markelo, Abdij Sion, Frieswijk, Wesepe, Rechteren, Vol-
lenhove. Gdl.: Harderwijk, Hulshorst, Vierhouten, Tongeren, Epe, Heerde, Wiessel, Hoog-
Soeren, Assel, Uchelen, Beekbergen, Laag-Soeren, Imbosch, Dabbelo, Hoenderlo, Otterlo,
Kootwijk, Garderbroek, Lunteren, Ede; Gorssel, Eefde, Almen, Ruurlo, Woold, Hoog-Keppel,
Loerbeek; Berg en Dal, Groesbeek, Geldermalsen. Utr.: Veenendaal, Amersfoort. N.H.:
Blaricum, Naardermeer, Schoorl, Bergen, Castricum, Heemskerk, Heemstede, Aerdenhout.
Z.H.: Leiden, Oegstgeest, Meijendel, Den Haag, Arkel, Schelluinen, Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht
(één exemplaar in 1958), Oostvoorne, Rockanje, Hellevoetsluis, Ouddorp. Zl: Burgh,
Haamstede, Westenschouwen, Oostkapelle. N.B.: Strijbeek, Galder, Dorst, Rovert (Hilvaren-
beek), Nieuwkuik, Sint Michielsgestel, Kampina, Boxtel, Best, Oirschot, Vessem, Bergeijk,
Schaft, Eindhoven, Nuenen, Valkenswaard, Someren, Deurne, Helenaveen, Sint Anthonis,
Gassel. Lbg.: Geijsteren, Sevenum, Griendsveen (zeer talrijk, LEFFEF), Roggel, de Hamert,
Velden, Swalmen, Heel, Meijnweg, Vlodrop, Montfort, Stein, Brunssum, Chèvremont,
Geulem, Heer, Gronsveld (gewoon, LEFFEF), Mechelen, Epen, Holset, Vijlen.

Variabiliteit. f. obscura Lempke, 1949. Niet zeldzaam, van vrij veel
vindplaatsen bekend.

288 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (938)

f. grisea Lempke, 1949. Gewoon.

f. impuncta Lempke, 1949. De vorm zonder de beide zwarte punten op de
voorvleugels is ongetwijfeld een zeldzaamheid. Ik zag geen nieuwe exemplaren
ervan, alleen een trans. met nauwelijks zichtbaar stipje van Zeist (GORTER).

f. signata Lempke, 1949. Hetzelfde geldt voor deze vorm: geen nieuwe
vangsten.

Dwergen. Aerdenhout (VAN WISSELINGH).

Colobochyla Hübner

Colobochyla salicalis Schiff. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 131; Cat. VIII: (541).
De vlinder is vooral verbreid in het zuiden en midden van Limburg en de ooste-
lijke helft van Noord-Brabant en is daarnaast ook aangetroffen op verschillende
plaatsen in Gelderland (vooral in de Achterhoek) en in Twente. In het eerstge-
noemde gebied is hij plaatselijk gewoon, zoals uit de recente inventarisaties voor
het Rivon door LEFFEF is gebleken. Hij vond de rupsen in de Peel op Populus
tremula!

In het omringende gebied is salicalis nu ook bekend van het Deense eiland
Lolland en van enkele plaatsen in Sleeswijk-Holstein en aangrenzend gebied (zie
Mitt. faun. Arb.gemeinsch. Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg u. Lübeck N.F. 4 : 52,
1951; 5 : 44, 1952). Vlak over de grens bij Sittard ving CLAASSENS de vlinder in
1954 te Susterseel.

Er is slechts één generatie, die van de tweede helft van mei tot begin augustus
kan voorkomen (20.V—1.VIII). De hoofdvliegtijd ligt tussen begin juni en
de eerste helft van juli, al naar gelang het seizoen.

Vindplaatsen. Ov.: Volthe, 1958 (VAN DER MEULEN); Lemselo, 1945 (KLEINJAN);
Saasveld (Molenven), 1957, 1959 (KNOOP, VAN DER MEULEN). Gdl.: Apeldoorn, 1952
(Lucas); Winterswijk, 1956 (VAN DE Por); Aalten, 1956, 1958 (VAN GALEN); Hoog-
Keppel (Ulenpas), 1956 (LEFFEF). N.B.: Boxtel, 1964 (VERHAAK), 1965 (AUKEMA); Best,
1960 (VAN AARTSEN), 1962 (TER LAAG); Nederwetten, 1966 (v. D. WOLF); Nuenen,
weer in 1947 en volgende jaren (NEIJTS); Deurne, weer in 1955 en volgende jaren (NIES);
Helenaveen, 1962 (LEFFEF). Lbg.: Griendsveen, 1963, 1964, gewoon (LEFFEF); Sevenum,
1963, 1964 (idem); Roggel, 1965 (PEERDEMAN); De Hamert, 1966, gewoon (diverse ver-
zamelaars); Velden, 1965 (OTTENHEIJM); Tegelen, 1963 (idem); Belfeld, 1964 (Cox);
Swalmen, 1951 en volgende jaren (diverse verzamelaars); Meijnweg, 1966 (MAASSEN c. s.);
Vlodrop (LÜCKER); Stein, 1931, 1963 (Missiehuis); Brunssum, weer in 1937, 1947 en
volgende jaren (diverse verzamelaars); Gronsveld, 1960, 1961 in aantal (LEFFEF).

Parascotia Hübner

Parascotia fuliginaria L. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 127; Cat. VIII : (537). Uit de
combinatie van de beide lijsten van vindplaatsen blijkt, dat de vlinder vooral ver-
breid is in de zandstreken van het oosten en het zuiden van het land. In het Haf-

district ontbreekt hij vrijwel volkomen, terwijl hij in het Duindistrict slechts zeer

plaatselijk is aangetroffen. Opvallend zijn de vondst op één van de waddeneilan-
den en de vindplaatsen in het westelijk deel van het Fluviatiel District. Over het
algemeen is het dier vrij schaars.

De vliegtijd kan iets vroeger beginnen dan in 1949 bekend was en voortduren
tot eind augustus (26.VIII.1948 te Aalten, VAN GALEN, 28.VIII.1941 te Benne-

(939) B. J. LEMPKE: Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 289

kom, VAN DE Por), zodat de uiterste data nu worden: 23.VI (in 1947 te Ben-
nekom, VAN DE Por) tot 28.VIII. Bovendien komen in biezonder gunstige
seizoenen soms enkele exemplaren voor, die tot een partiële tweede generatie
moeten behoren: 3.IX.1956, vers exemplaar te Aalten (VAN GALEN), 5.IX.1959,
vers klein & te Montfort (MAASSEN), 3.X.1956 een exemplaar te Aalten (VAN
GALEN).

In Ent. Ber. 25 : 152 (1965) geeft ELFFERICH een beschrijving van een ab ovo-
kweek met foto's van de verschillende stadia. De grote moeilijkheid is het juiste
vochtgehalte van de lucht, waarbij de Polyporus (of Polysticcus, de twee hoofd-
voedselplanten) niet mag verschrompelen, maar ook niet mag schimmelen. Een
uitvoerig artikel over de biologie (en de verspreiding in Groot-Brittannië) publi-
ceerde H. D. SWAIN in Ent. Gazette 1 : 186—200 (1950).

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Terschelling (alleen enkele exemplaren in West, LEFFEF),
Boornbergum, Wijnjeterp, Oosterwolde, Fochtelo, Oudemirdum. Dr.: Peize, Eelde, Een,
Zuidlaren, Schoonlo (hier gewoon door de vochtige bossen met veel fungi, LEFFEF). Ov.:
Denekamp, Volthe, Albergen, Hellendoorn, Raalte, Abdij Sion, Deventer. Gdl.: Garderbroek,
Ermelo, Tongeren, Vaassen, Wiessel, Hoog-Soeren, Assel, Beekbergen, Hoenderlo, Wolfheze,
Wageningen, Lunteren; Gorssel, Warnsveld, Ruurlo, Neede, Woold, Didam. Utr.: Ameron-
gen, Doorn, Amersfoort, Soesterberg, Hollandse Rading, Botshol. N.H.: ’s-Graveland, Bussum,
Overveen. Z.H.: Den Haag, Staelduin, Schelluinen, Arkel, Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (vrij
gewoon), Oostvoorne. Zl.: Haamstede, Westenschouwen. N.B.: Bergen op Zoom, Ulvenhout,
Dorst, Sint Michielsgestel, Vessem, Best, Acht, Schaft, Nuenen, Aarle-Rixtel, Helenaveen.
Lbg.: Griendsveen, Sevenum, Moesel, Swalmen, Sint Odiliënberg, Montfort, Stein, Amsten-
rade, Schinnen, Brunssum, Heerlerbaan, Klimmen, Valkenburg, Gronsveld (gewoon, LEFFEF),
Epen, Vijlen.

Variabiliteit. f. variegata Lempke, 1949. Een exemplaar van de bonte
vorm met licht achterrandsveld van de voorvleugels werd nog gevangen te Zeist
(GORTER). Een fraai bont exemplaar van Aarle-Rixtel (PEERDEMAN) is afgebeeld
op plaat 7, fig. 12.

f. nigra nov. Zeer donkere vorm: behalve de dwarslijnen en de lichte vlek bij
de binnenrandshoek van de achtervleugels ontbreekt alle lichte tekening. Zeist, 4,
12.VII.1956 (GORTER); Montfort, 4, 1963 (MAASSEN).

[Very dark form; with the exception of the transverse lines and the pale spot at the anal
angle of the hind wings all pale markings are absent.

(EsPER figures a fuliginaria with black ground colour under the name of Geometra carbo-
naria ({1799], Schmetterl. in Abb. 5, pl. 32, fig. 3—5) and describes it under the name of
Phalaena Geometra carbonaria (l. c.: 182, [1799]}). In both cases the name is preoccupied,
so that it cannot be used to designate this dark form).]

Dwergen. Apeldoorn (Zoöl. Mus.); Lunteren (BRANGER); Aalten (VAN GA-
LEN); Amerongen, Slijk-Ewijk (VAN DE Por); ’s-Graveland (Mus. Zaandam);
Acht (VERHAAK).

Epizeuxis Hübner

Epizeuxis calvaria Schiff. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 132; Cat. VIII : (542). Geen
enkele nieuwe vangst, noch in ons land, noch in de omringende gebieden.

290 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (940)

Phytometra Haworth

Phytometra viridaria Clerck. Tijdschr. Entom. 90: 128; Cat. VIII: (538).
De voedselplant van de rups, de vleugeltjesbloem (Polygala vulgaris L.), groeit
volgens de flora van HEIMANS, HEINSIUS en THIJSSE in de duinen, op lichte
plaatsen in bossen en langs beschaduwde zandwegen en daardoor is de verbreiding
van de vlinder in ons land ook tot dergelijke terreinen beperkt. Een enkele Zuid-
limburgse vindplaats zou er op kunnen wijzen, dat de rups daar op de alleen in
dat gebied voorkomende Polygala comosa leeft. Het gewoonst is viridaria in de
duinen, vooral op enkele der waddeneilanden. Hier is de soort nu alleen nog niet
op Texel en Rottum aangetroffen. In het binnenland is hij lokaal en vrij schaars.

Fig. 54. Histogram van Phytometra viridaria Clerck.

De vangdata van alle exemplaren, die ik kon achterhalen, zijn in het histogram
(fig. 54) verwerkt. Daaruit blijkt duidelijk, dat de soort twee generaties heeft. De
eerste kan al omstreeks half april verschijnen, maar de hoofdvliegtijd valt in de
tweede en derde decade van mei met enkele nakomers in de eerste en tweede
decade van juni. De uiterste data ervan zijn nu: 17.1V—17.VI.

De tweede generatie, die gewoner is, begint eind juni te vliegen. De hoofd-
vliegtijd ervan valt in juli en begin augustus en nakomers rekken het soms tot de
laatste week van augustus. De uiterste data zijn nu: 30.VI—27.VUI.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Schiermonnikoog (VAN MINNEN), Terschelling (talrijk op de
Bosplaat in 1957, LEFFEF), Vlieland (CAMPING). Dr.: Veenhuizen, Uffelte, Havelte. Ov.:
Almelo. Gdl.: Tongeren, Hoge Veluwe; Ruurlo, Haaksbergen. N.H.: Bergen, Egmond aan
Zee, Castricum, Aerdenhout. Z.H.: Katwijk, Oostvoorne, Hellevoetsluis. Zl.: Burgh, Haam-
stede, Valkenisse, Cadzand. N.B.: Putte, Drunen, Someren. Lbg.: Griendsveen, Sevenum,
Swalmen, Montfort, Meerssen.

Variabiliteit. f. aenea Hübner, [1803—1808}. Apeldoorn, Egmond
aan Zee, Domburg (Zoöl. Mus.).

f. reducta Lempke, 1949. Aalten (Zoöl. Mus.); Meijendel, Oostvoorne (Lu-
CAS).

f. ljungdahli Nordström, 1940. Niet zeldzaam: Veenhuizen, Epe, Vogelen-
zang, Putte (Zoöl. Mus.).

f. fusca Tutt, 1892. Overal onder de soort.

f. semipurpurea Kiefer, 1941. Donderen, Brunssum (VAN WISSELINGH).

(941) B. J. LEMPKE: Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 291
Rivula Guenée

Rivula sericealis Scopoli. Tijdschr. Entom. 90: 129; Cat. VIII: (539).
CAMPING trof de vlinder ook op Vlieland aan, zodat hij nu van drie van de
waddeneilanden bekend is. Overigens is niets biezonders over de verspreiding te
vermelden.

De vliegtijd kan al aan het begin van de derde decade van mei beginnen. De
vroegste datum is nu: 21.V, in 1953 te Bennekom (VAN DE POL). In gunstige
herfsten kan de vlinder nog tot in de tweede helft van oktober voorkomen en
vliegt dan ongetwijfeld in een partiéle derde generatie, daar deze late exemplaren
verse dieren zijn. Tweede en derde generatie gaan dan zonder grens in elkaar
over, zoals blijkt uit de volgende waarnemingen van Lucas: 3.X.1959 een afge-
vlogen exemplaar (laatste datum van de tweede generatie), maar 10.X.1959 een
vers dier; ook 3.X.1962. Andere late data zijn: 11.X.1947 te Aerdenhout (VAN
WISSELINGH), 13.X.1953 een vers exemplaar te Bennekom (VAN DE POL),
17.X.1959 te Hendik-Ido-Ambacht (BOGAARD), 20.X.1958 te Stein (slotdatum
van de derde generatie, collectie Missiehuis).

Variabiliteit. f. expressa Lempke, 1949. De vorm met twee duidelijke
dwarsliinen werd nog aangetroffen te: Glimmen, Wageningen, Slijk-Ewijk, Gassel
(VAN DE Por); Wiessel, Halfweg, Boxtel (Zoöl. Mus.); Aerdenhout (VAN WIs-
SELING); Nederwetten (VAN DER WOLF).

f. lutea Lempke, 1949. De vorm met eenkleurig gele voorvleugels, alleen ge-
tekend met de donkere middenstip, komt vrij verbreid onder de soort voor, zodat
geen vindplaatsen opgesomd behoeven te worden.

f. limbata Spuler, 1907. Nieuwe vindplaatsen van exemplaren met verdonkerde
achterrand zijn: Apeldoorn, Hilversum, Kortenhoef, Halfweg, Woerdense Verlaat
(Zoöl. Mus.); Delfzijl, Hatert, Aerdenhout (VAN WISSELINGH); Oostvoorne
(Lucas). Blijkbaar niet zeldzaam.

f. signata Lempke, 1949. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Amsterdamse Bos, Sint Antho-
nis (PEERDEMAN).

f. oenipontana Hellweger, 1922. Niet al te zeldzaam: Apeldoorn, Eefde, Half-
weg, Best (Zoöl. Mus.) ; Bennekom, Groessen, Horst (VAN DE Por); Aerdenhout,
Haarlem (VAN WISSELINGH); Acht (VERHAAK); Rotterdam (VAN DER AA).

HYPENINAE

Herminia Latreille

Herminia barbalis Clerck. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 137; Cat. VIII : (547). Geen
nieuwe gegevens over de verspreiding, wat dus ook inhoudt, dat de vlinder nog
niet op de waddeneilanden is aangetroffen.

De vliegtijd kan iets eerder beginnen dan in 1949 bekend was en later eindigen.
De uiterste data zijn nu: 20.V—14.VII. Op de vroege datum werd in 1919 te
Helmond een exemplaar gevangen (collectie-KNIPPENBERG), terwijl de laatste
in 1956 door Lucas genoteerd werd.

Variabiliteit. f. signata Lempke, 1949. Opvallend scherp getekende

292 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (942)

exemplaren werden nog aangetroffen te: Wiessel (Zoöl. Mus.); Arnhem (VAN
WISSELINGH).

f. demaculata Lempke, 1949. Exemplaren zonder middencelvlek zijn blijkbaar
niet zo zeldzaam. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Imbosch, Arnhem (VAN WISSELINGH) ;
Nijmegen, Soest, Valkenburg (Zoöl. Mus.).

f. obsoleta Lempke, 1949. Zwak getekende exemplaren werden nog bekend
van: Apeldoorn, Renkum, Eemnes, Hilversum (Zoöl. Mus.); Harskamp, Hoen-
derlo (Lucas); Bennekom (VAN DE POL); Gorssel (WILMINK); Heemstede
(LEEFMANS) ; Aerdenhout, Epen (VAN WISSELINGH); Geulem (Landb. Hschool).

f. approximata Lempke, 1949. Exemplaren, waarbij de eerste en de tweede
dwarslijn dicht bij elkaar staan, werden aangetroffen te Beetsterzwaag (Landb.
Hschool); Arnhem, Nijmegen, Oisterwijk (Zoöl. Mus.); Eindhoven (NEIJTS).

f. bilineata nov. Bovenzijde voorvleugels: de golfliin ontbreekt. Eindhoven,
&, 26.V.1950 (holotype, NEIJTS).

[Upper side fore wings: the submarginal line is absent.]

Dwergen. Winterswijk, Oud-Leusden (Zoöl. Mus.).

Chytolita Grote

Chytolita cribrumalis Hübner. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 135; Cat. VIII: (545).
Wel in hoofdzaak een soort van moerassige plaatsen, onverschillig op welke
grondsoort die zich bevinden en daardoor in het Hafdistrict vrijwel beperkt tot
de plassengebieden. Op het ogenblik nog slechts van één van de waddeneilanden
bekend.

De vliegtijd kan zowel vroeger beginnen als later eindigen dan in 1949 bekend
was. De uiterste data zijn nu: 4.VI (in 1959, Lucas) tot 22.VIII (in 1959 te
Glimmen, VAN DE Por).

Vindplaatsen. Fr: Terschelling (plaatselijk zeer gewoon: Dodemanskisten, Kroon-
polders, Kooibosjes, Hoornerkooi, LEFFEF), Ternaard, Eernewoude, Wolvega, Nijetrijne
(gewoon, LEFFEF), Oudemirdum. Gr.: Glimmen. Dr.: Zuidlaren, Schoonlo. Ov.: Vriezen-
veen, Boetelerveld (bij Raalte), Diepenveen, Colmschate, Kalenberg. Gdl.: Teuge, Empe,
Klarenbeek (gewoon in het Polveen, LEFFEF), Leuvenheim, Gerritsfles, Kootwijkerveen,
Wageningen; Hoog-Keppel, Lobith; Slijk-Ewijk, Buren. Utr.: Zegveld. N.H.: Egmond aan
Zee, Heemskerk, Naardermeer, Halfweg, Zaandam, Hoorn, Kennemerduin, Aerdenhout.
Z.H.: Meijendel, Staelduin, Asperen, Arkel, Schelluinen, Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (gewoon
geweest, de laatste jaren niet meer), Oostvoorne, Hellevoetsluis, Melissant, Ouddorp. ZI.:
Burgh, Haamstede, Westenschouwen, Oostkapelle, Zoutelande, Valkenisse, Sloedam, Cad-
zand. N.B.: Sint Michielsgestel, Kampina, Best, Valkenswaard, Helenaveen, Gassel. Lbg.:
Griendsveen (gewoon, LEFFEF), Sevenum, Moesel, Tegelen, Swalmen, Montfort, Gronsveld,
Vijlen.

Variabiliteit. f. nigrostriata Urbahn, 1939. Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht
(Lucas).

f. tangens Lempke, 1949. Een nieuwe vindplaats van deze zeldzame vorm is
Valkenisse (VAN AARTSEN leg., Zoöl. Mus.).

f. reducta Lempke, 1949. Exemplaren zonder de rij streepjes op de plaats van
de tweede dwarslijn werden nog aangetroffen te: Kortenhoef (Zoöl. Mus.);
Wassenaar (VAN WISSELINGH).

(943) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 293

f. modestalis Boldt, 1928. Exemplaren, waarbij op de voorvleugels alleen de
middenstip aanwezig is, werden nog gevangen op Terschelling (VAN WISSELINGH)
en te Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (BOGAARD).

f. grisescens Lempke, 1949. Nieuwe vindplaatsen van de vorm met grijsachtige
grondkleur zijn: Terschelling (VAN WissELINGH); Malden, Zoutelande, Valke-
nisse, Cadzand (Zoöl. Mus.); Kampina, Deurne (Lucas). Blijkbaar vrij gewoon.

f. postmaculata nov. Bovenzijde achtervleugels: voor de achterrand een door-
lopende rij donkere vlekken. Aerdenhout, 4, 9.VII.1959 (holotype), Wassenaar,
&, 1939 (VAN WISSELINGH).

[Upper side hind wings: a subterminal continuous row of dark spots. }

Dwerg. Heemstede (VAN DE POL).
Zanclognatha Lederer

Zanclognatha tarsipennalis Treitschke. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 133; Cat. VIII :
(543). De in 1949 aangegeven verbreiding is wel goed. Er zijn nu wat meer vind-
plaatsen in het lage deel van het land bekend geworden, maar de vlinder is hier
toch niet zo verbreid als op de zandgronden. Hij is nu van twee der waddeneilan-
den bekend.

De eerste generatie kan al in de tweede helft van mei beginnen te vliegen. De
grenzen ervan worden nu: 19.V (in 1952 te Bennekom waargenomen, VAN DE
Por) tot 11.VIII. Geen correctie op de vliegtijd van de tweede generatie.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Terschelling, Vlieland, Sexbierum, Leeuwarden, Wijnjeterp,
Oosterwolde, Nijetrijne, Oudemirdum, Rijs, Tjerkwerd. Gr.: Delfzijl, Slochteren, Veendam.
Dr.: Roden, Westervelde, Veenhuizen, Schipborg, Zuidlaren, Eext, Grollo, Wijster, Kralo,
Vledder. Ov.: Denekamp, Volthe, Albergen, Saasveld (Molenven), Nijverdal, Balkbrug,
Rechteren, Dalfsen, Raalte, Abdij Sion, Colmschate. Gdl.: Garderbroek, Kootwijk, Hoen-
derlo, Heerde, Wiessel, Hoog-Soeren, Assel, Teuge, Uchelen, Beekbergen, Empe, Laag-
Soeren, Wageningen, Lunteren; Eefde, Verwolde, Ruurlo, Vorden, Aalten; Slijk-Ewijk. Utr.:
Utrecht, Botshol. N.H.: Weesp, Diemen, Halfweg, Zaandam, Beemster, Oosthuizen, Hoorn,
Schoorl, Heemskerk, Heemstede, Aerdenhout. Z.H.: Noorden, Katwijk, Wassenaar, Voor-
schoten, Leidschendam, Den Haag, Staelduin, Rotterdam, Arkel, Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht,
Oostvoorne, Hellevoetsluis, Middelharnis, Ouddorp. Zl.: Burgh, Haamstede, Westenschou-
wen, Oostkapelle, Valkenisse, Goes, Cadzand. N.B.: Waalwijk, Udenhout, Sint Michiels-
gestel, Oirschot, Vessem, Geldrop, Valkenswaard, Heeze, Helmond, Helenaveen. Lbg.:
Griendsveen, Sevenum, Moesel, Roggel, de Hamert, Baarlo, Swalmen, Meijnweg, Stein,
Heerlerbaan, Chèvremont, Kerkrade, Bunde, Gronsveld, Epen, Vijlen, Vaals.

Variabiliteit. f. obscura Lempke, 1949. Vooral bij het 9 gewoon.
f. latelineata nov. Bovenzijde voorvleugels: de eerste en de tweede dwarslijn
duidelijk verbreed. Stein, &, 18.VI.1961 (holotype, collectie-Missiehuis).

[Upper side fore wings: antemedian and postmedian distinctly broadened.}

f. delineata Lempke, 1949. Exemplaren zonder de eerste en tweede dwarslijn
zijn zeldzaamheden. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Apeldoorn (Zoöl. Mus.); Amsterdam
(PEERDEMAN) ; Nuenen (NEIJTS).

f. bidentalis Heinemann, 1859. De vorm blijkt helemaal niet zo zeldzaam te
zijn als ik in 1949 dacht. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Putten, Hilversum, Amsterdam,
Halfweg, Den Haag (Zoöl. Mus.).

Dwergen. Apeldoorn, Bussum, Rotterdam, Breda (Zoöl. Mus.).

294 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (944)

Zanclognatha lunalis Scopoli, 1763 (tarsiplumalis Hübner, [1796}). Tijdschr.
Entom. 90 : 132; Cat. VIII : (542). De vlinder behoort zonder twijfel tot onze
lokale soorten, wat wel heel duidelijk gedemonstreerd wordt door het geringe
aantal nieuwe vindplaatsen. Behalve op de zandgronden komt hij ook in het
Krijtdistrict voor, maar dan toch wel bij voorkeur in bosachtig terrein.

Ons land ligt in het grensgebied van het areaal. Uit Denemarken is slechts één
9 bekend, dat in 1946 op Falster gevangen werd. In het noordwesten van Duits-
land en op de Britse eilanden komt de soort niet voor.

Een zeer kleine correctie op de vliegtijd, waarvan de uiterste data nu worden:
3. VI—13.VIII.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Leeuwarden, Ternaar, Beetsterzwaag, Wolvega. Ov.: Volthe,
Rectum. Gdl.: Wiessel. Utr.: Amerongen, Maarsseveen. N.H.: Aerdenhout. Z.H.: Oegstgeest,
Den Haag. Zl: Burgh, Haamstede, Westenschouwen. Lbg.: Sevenum, Epen, Vijlen.

Variabiliteit. f. brunnescens Lempke, 1949. De lichtere vorm met
bruinere grondkleur werd nog aangetroffen te: Apeldoorn, Bentveld, Aerdenhout
(VAN WISSELINGH).

Zanclognatha tarsicrinalis Knoch. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 133; Cat. VIII : (543).
De in 1949 gegeven verbreiding is goed. Uit de combinatie van beide lijsten van
vindplaatsen blijkt duidelijk, dat de soort het meest verbreid is in het zuiden en
midden van Limburg. Meer noordelijk wordt hij steeds zeldzamer, hoewel hij nu
toch ook uit Friesland en Drente bekend geworden is. In het Duindistrict komt de
vlinder blijkbaar slechts zeer spaarzaam voor. De vindplaats Hilversum moet
vervallen (onjuiste determinatie).

Ons land ligt aan de noordgrens van het areaal. Pas in 1918 werd de soort voor
het eerst in Denemarken gevonden. Hij is er nu bekend van Lolland, Falster, Mon
en Bornholm. Eerst na de Tweede Wereldoorlog werd tarsicrinalis in Holstein, bij
Hamburg en in Oldenburg aangetroffen, terwijl in 1965 voor het eerst een exem-
plaar op de Britse eilanden werd gevangen, nl. in Suffolk (zie E. C. PELHAM-
CLINTON, Ent. Gazette 17 : 3—5, plaat 1 fig. 1, 1966).

De vliegtijd kan reeds eind mei beginnen en wordt nu: 30.V (in 1946 te Agelo,
KNoop) tot 5.VIII.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Beetsterzwaag. Dr.: Eext. Ov.: Denekamp, Volthe, Agelo, Reu-
tum, Weerselo, Saasveld (Molenven), Colmschate. Gdl.: Bennekom; Eefde, Ratum, Aalten.
N.H.: Overveen. ZI.: Oostkapelle. N B.: Bergen op Zoom, Chaam, Oosterhout, Sint Michiels-
gestel, Haaren, Best, Acht, Eindhoven, Nederwetten, Nuenen, Valkenswaard, Someren. Lbg.:
Geijsteren, Moesel, Tegelen, Steijl, Swalmen, Maalbroek, Meijnweg, Montfort, Stein, Amsten-
rade, Schinveld, Heerlerbaan, Chévremont, Geulem, Berg, Bunde, Kannerbos, Gronsveld,
Vijlen.

Variabiliteit. f. obscura nov. Grondkleur van de voorvleugels donker-
grijs. Ratum, ¢, 1962 (PEERDEMAN); Gronsveld, 2, 23.VI.1936 (holotype, VAN
WISSELINGH).

{Ground colour of the fore wings dark grey. ]

f. diluta Lempke, 1949. Deze lichte vorm werd nog bekend van Hatert (VAN
WISSELINGH).

(945) B. J. LEMPKE: Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 295

Zanclognatha grisealis Schiff. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 134; Cat. VIII : (544).
In het Waddendistrict is de vlinder nu bekend geworden van Terschelling (enkele
exemplaren, LEFFEF). Ook werd hij nog op een paar plaatsen buiten de zand-
gronden aangetroffen: Sexbierum (STOBBE, 1963 en 1964, mogelijk zwervers van
Terschelling), Heteren en Melissant (HUISMAN), Amsterdamse Bos (Zoöl. Mus.),
Woerdense Verlaat (1960, VAN AARTSEN), Leiden (Lucas), Rotterdam (Kra-
lingerhout, VAN DER AA), Bolnes (gewoon !), Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (BOGAARD).

De eerste generatie kan iets vroeger beginnen te vliegen dan in 1949 bekend
was: 17.V (in 1959 genoteerd door Lucas), terwijl de tweede tot in oktober kan
doorvliegen (7.X.1962, VAN AARTSEN, ook 3.X.1962, Lucas). LEFFEF heeft
deze tweede generatie geregeld van 1951 tot 1958 te Apeldoorn en Wiessel waar-
genomen. Gemiddeld zijn de exemplaren ervan kleiner dan die van de eerste.

Variabiliteit. f. clara Lempke, 1949. Deze lichtere vorm komt wel op
de meeste plaatsen onder de soort voor, maar is niet gewoon.

f. albescens nov. Grondkleur van lichaam en vleugels witgrijs. Zeist, 9, juli
1939 (holotype, GORTER).

[Ground colour of body and wings whitish-grey.]

f. obscura nov. Voorvleugels opvallend verdonkerd: donker bruingrijs tot
zwartgrijs, ook de achtervleugels en het lichaam donkerder dan bij typische exem-
plaren. Alleen onder modern materiaal aangetroffen, zowel bij het & als bij het
9. Eext, Amsterdamse Bos, Geulem, Vijlen (Zoöl. Mus.); Ruurlo (LUKKIEN);
Bergeijk (VAN WISSELINGH); Deurne (Nies); Heerlerbaan (LUKKIEN).

Holotype: & van Vijlen, 24.VI.1962, in de collectie van het Zoöl. Mus.

[Fore wings strikingly darkened: dark brown-grey to black-grey, hind wings and body also
darker than with typical specimens. In both sexes, but only with modern material}

Dwerg. Valkenisse (Zoöl. Mus.).

Trisateles Tams

Trisateles emortualis Schiff. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 132; Cat. VIN: (542).
De vlinder komt in hoofdzaak op de zandgronden en in het Krijtdistrict voor,
vooral in bosachtig terrein. Hij is nu ook van twee van de waddeneilanden bekend.
Plaatselijk kan hij gewoon zijn, wat vooral gebleken is door het faunistische onder-
zoek van het Rivon, waarvan LEFFEF mij de resultaten meedeelde. Opmerkingen
achter sommige vindplaatsen over de mate van voorkomen zonder verdere aan-
duiding zijn van hem afkomstig. De vangst op de ene plaats in het Fluviatiel
District zal wel van een zwerver geweest zijn.

Merkwaardig is de sterke achteruitgang van de soort in Groot-Brittannié. De
laatste vangst dateerde daar uit 1859. Pas in 1962 werden weer vijf exemplaren
in Buckinghamshire gevangen (Proc. Trans. South London ent. nat. Hist. Soc.
1962 : 35, 1963).

De laatste zekere datum van de eerste generatie is nu 21.VII (in 1958, Missie-
huis Stein), die van de tweede 7.IX (LEFFEF), terwijl een exceptioneel laat exem-
plaar op 4 oktober 1950 te Brunssum werd gevangen (DELNOYE). De vliegtijden
worden nu dus: generatie I van 18.V—21.VII en generatie II van 23.VII—4.X.

296 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (946)

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Schiermonnikoog (STOBBE), Terschelling (Rivon), Beetster-
zwaag, Oosterwolde, Oudemirdum. Dr.: Eext, Schoonlo (zeer veel). Ov.: Denekamp, Saas-
veld (Molenven), Ommen, Abdij Sion, Frieswijk, Deventer, Olst. Gdl.: Hulshorst, Epe,
Wiessel, Hoog-Soeren (gewoon, ook op smeer), Assel, Teuge (enkele), Uchelen, De Steeg,
Hoenderlo (zeer gewoon) Harskamp, Kootwijk, Kootwijkerveen, Lunteren; Bekendelle,
Hoog-Keppel, Loerbeek, Berg en Dal. Utr.: Amerongen, Bilthoven. N.H.: ’s-Graveland,
Schoorl, Overveen (gewoon), Heemstede. Z.H.: Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (1963 en 1964 telkens
één exemplaar, BOGAARD). Zl.: Haamstede, Westenschouwen, Oostkapelle. N.B.: Bergen op
Zoom, Wouw, Strijbeek, Eindhoven, Nuenen. Lbg.: Griendsveen (zeer veel), Sevenum, Arcen,
Tegelen, Swalmen, Stein, Brunssum, Chèvremont, Eijs, Cadier, Kannerbos, Gronsveld (vrij
veel), Eperheide, Epen, Bissen, Vijlen (vrij veel), Vaals.

Variabiliteit. Dwerg. Eperheide (Zoöl. Mus.). Bovendien zijn de exem-
plaren van de (partiële) tweede generatie over het algemeen wat kleiner dan die
van de eerste, zonder evenwel echte dwergen te worden.

Paracolax Hübner

Paracolax derivalis Hübner. Tijdschr. Entom. 90: 136; Cat. VIII: (546).
Slechts een enkele vangst, blijkbaar van een zwerver, is bekend geworden buiten
de in 1949 aangegeven biotopen. De vlinder is nu aangetroffen op twee van de
waddeneilanden.

De vliegtijd kan tot eind augustus duren. De grenzen ervan worden nu: 16.VI—
28.VIII. De laatste datum werd in 1955 te Epen genoteerd door VAN WISSE-
LINGH.

Vindplaatsen. Fr: Terschelling, Vlieland, Eernewoude, Duurswoude, Wijnjeterp,
Oosterwolde, Fochtelo, Appelscha, Wolvega, Nijemirdum. Gr.: Sellingerbeetse. Dr.: Wes-
tervelde, Veenhuizen, Schoonlo, Odoorn, Hooghalen, Wijster, Havelte. Ov.: Volthe, Saas-
veld (Molenven), Almelo, Nijverdal, Holten, Abdij Sion, Frieswijk, Colmschate, Deventer.
Gdl.: Garderbroek, Ermelo, Harderwijk, Hulshorst, Nunspeet, Vierhouten, Wezep, Tongeren,
Epe, Heerde, Wiessel, Beekbergen, Eerbeek, Kemperberg, Otterlo, Wageningen, Bennekom;
Gorssel, Eefde, Harfsen, Ruurlo, Vorden, Loerbeek, Aerdt, Ubbergen, Slijk-Ewijk. Utr.:
Grebbe, Utrecht, Zeist, Bilthoven, Soesterberg. N.H.: Blaricum, Huizen, Middelie (een afge-
vlogen exemplaar in 1949, DE Boer), Groet, Schoorl, Bakkum, Heemskerk, Heemstede.
Z.H.: Leiden, Meijendel, Oostvoorne. Zl.: Oostkapelle, Domburg, Goes. N.B.: Dorst, Vught,
Sint Michielsgestel, Best, Oirschot, Eindhoven, Someren, Sint Anthonis, Mill. Lbg.: Milsbeek,
Arcen, Geijsteren, Sevenum, Griendsveen, Baarlo, Swalmen, Schurenberg, Kannerbos, Rijck-
holt, Epen, Vijlen.

Variabiliteit. f. delicata Dannehl, 1925. Nieuwe vindplaatsen van deze
lichte vorm zonder donkere bestuiving op de vleugels zijn: Milligen, Aerdenhout,
Zandvoort, Epen (VAN WISSELINGH); Oostkapelle (Zoöl. Mus.).

f. suffusa Lempke, 1949. Als in 1949 aangegeven.

f. latelineata Lempke, 1949. Exemplaren met opvallend verdikte dwarslijnen
(niet zelden alleen de tweede) werden nog aangetroffen te: Zeist (GORTER);
Overveen (VAN WISSELINGH); Heemstede (VAN DE Por); Wassenaar (Zoöl.
Mus.); Geijsteren (NEIJTS); Swalmen (LÜCKER); Roggel (PEERDEMAN); Epen
(BERGMAN). Blijkbaar niet zeldzaam.

f. fangalis Dannehl, 1925. De vorm met de rij donkere vlekken voor de ach-
terrand van de voorvleugels werd nog aangetroffen te: Ruurlo (LUKKIEN); Zeist
(GORTER); Wageningen (VAN DE Por); Den Haag (Landb. Hschool).

(947) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 297

f. signata Lempke, 1949. Nieuwe vindplaats van de vorm met duidelijke donker
afgezette golfliin: Hoenderlo (Lucas).

f. obsoleta Lempke, 1949. De vorm met vrijwel verdwenen middencelvlek op
de bovenzijde van de voorvleugels is minder zeldzaam. Nieuwe vindplaatsen:
Colmschate, Tongeren, Otterlo, Soest, Oostkapelle (Zoöl. Mus.); Leuvenum
(Landb. Hschool); Oostvoorne (Lucas); Epen (VAN WISSELINGH).

f. unilineata Lempke, 1949. Otterlo (Zoöl. Mus.); Geijsteren (VERHAAK).

f. delineata Lempke, 1949. Geen nieuwe vindplaatsen, blijkbaar een rariteit.

Bomolocha Hubner

Bomolocha crassalis Fabricius. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 138; Cat. VIII : (548).

Van de nieuwe vindplaatsen zijn vooral de twee in het Noordhollandse duin-
gebied een verrassing. Zij kwamen te voorschijn bij het faunistische onderzoek
door het Rivon (opgaven van LEFFEF). Vaccinium, de voedselplant van de rups,
komt bij Schoorl voor, maar niet bij Overveen (mededeling van Dr. G. KRUSE-
MAN). Op de eerstgenoemde vindplaats kan de vlinder dus inheems zijn, maar die
van Overveen zal wel een zwerver zijn. Opvallend is ook de vangst in twee opeen-
volgende jaren op Terschelling. Hier groeit Vaccinium genoeg, maar de vindplaats
ligt wel erg excentrisch. Het voornaamste biotoop wordt gevormd door groeiplaat-
sen van bosbes onder grove den (LEFFEF).

De vliegtijd kan tot ver in de tweede helft van augustus duren en wordt nu:
27.V—23.VII. Op de late augustus-datum werd in 1952 door S. R. DIJKSTRA
nog een exemplaar bij Voorst gevangen. Ik zelf ving op 18 en 22.VIII.1955 te
Wiessel enkele afgevlogen exemplaren.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Terschelling (in 1956 en 1957 te West-Terschelling, LEFFEF),
Beetsterzwaag. Gr.: Noordlaren. Dr.: Roden, Westervelde, Norg, Eelde, Vries, Schoonlo.
Ov.: Albergen, Saasveld (Molenven), Tusveld, Abdij Sion, Colmschate, Wesepe. Gdl.:
Garderen, Elspeet, Uddel, Nieuw-Milligen, Vierhouten, Soerel, Tongeren, Wiessel, Doorn-
spijk, Oldebroek, Heerde, Epe, Gortel, Nierssen, Wiessel, Hoog-Soeren, Assel, Uchelen,
Beekbergen, Loenen, Eerbeek, Arnhem, Terlet, Schaarsbergen, Woeste Hoeve, Hoenderlo,
Hoge Veluwe, Kootwijk, Harskamp; Ruurlo, Winterswijk. Utr.: Doorn, Austerlitz, Soest-
duinen. N.H.: Bussum, Schoorl, Overveen (zie bij de algemene opmerkingen over de ver-
spreiding). N.B.: Boxtel, Kampina, Middelbeers, Eindhoven, Maarheeze. Lbg.: Sevenum,
Roggel, Steijl, Swalmen, Sint Odiliénberg, Posterholt, Stein, Aalbeek, Heerlen, Imstenrader
Bos, Vijlen, Vaals.

Variabiliteit. f. terriculalis Hübner, {1811—1813}. Vrijwel overal onder
de soort, zodat geen vindplaatsen meer opgesomd worden.
f. achatalis Hübner, 1790. Dezelfde opmerking als bij de vorige vorm.

Hypena Schrank

Hypena rostralis L. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 140; Cat. VIII : (550). Behalve op
Texel en Schiermonnikoog is de vlinder nu ook tijdens het Rivononderzoek in
1956 op Terschelling aangetroffen (LEFFEF). Overigens is de in 1949 aangegeven
verbreiding wel juist, maar het is wel de ervaring van vrijwel alle verzamelaars,
dat het dier beslist niet talrijk te noemen is. Dit blijkt ook wel hieruit, dat ik na

298 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (948)

1949 betrekkelijk weinig nieuw materiaal gezien heb. Opvallend is de vindplaats
Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, waar in 1956 en 1958 telkens één exemplaar werd gevan-
gen (BOGAARD).

Geen correctie op de aangegeven vliegtijd.

Variabiliteit. f. vittatus Haworth, 1809. De vorm komt vrijwel overal
onder de soort voor, zodat geen vindplaatsen meer opgegeven worden.

f. vittata-variegata Lempke, 1949. Als de vorige vorm.

f. brunnea Lempke, 1949. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Paterswolde, Hatert, Was-
senaar (VAN WISSELINGH).

f. brunnea-variegata Lempke, 1949. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Wassenaar, Bergeijk
(VAN WISSELINGH).

f. spectans Dannehl, 1926. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Wiessel (Zoöl. Mus.); Haar-
lem, Wassenaar (VAN WISSELINGH).

f. radiatalis Hübner, [1796}. Nieuwe vindplaatsen: Leuvenum (Landbouw
Hogeschool); Hilversum (Zoöl. Mus.); Heemstede (VON HERWARTH); Bergeijk
(VAN WISSELINGH); Nuenen (NEIJTS).

f. radiatalis-variegata Lempke, 1949. Bolsward, Colmschate, Nijkerk, Den
Haag (Zoöl. Mus.); Almelo (KLEINJAN); Leuvenum (Landbouw Hogeschool);
Aerdenhout (VAN WISSELINGH); Scheveningen (VAN DER WEELE); Nuenen
(VERHAAK).

Dwerg. Arnhem (Zoöl. Mus.).

Teratologisch exemplaar. Linker vleugels te klein. Hollandse
Rading (Zoöl. Mus.).

Hypena obesalis Treitschke. Van deze vlinder, die in 1963 voor het eerst in
ons land werd aangetroffen, zijn nu twee in Nederland gevangen exemplaren
bekend. Ongetwijfeld hebben we met een overigens op onze breedte zeldzame
immigrant te doen, vrij zeker uit zuidelijker gebieden.

Uit Denemarken is één exemplaar bekend, dat in 1911 op het eiland Mors (in
de Limfjord, ten noorden van Jutland) werd gevangen. Geen enkele melding uit
het omringende Duitse gebied. Evenmin uit Belgié. (In Frankrijk van de Basses
Alpes in het zuiden tot de Vogezen, hoofdzakelijk in bergstreken. Cf. LHOMME,
Cat. Lép. France et Belgique : 336—337). Eén exemplaar in 1908 in het zuiden
van Engeland.

Het ene exemplaar werd begin juni, het andere in de tweede helft van augustus
gevangen.

Vindplaatsen. Ov.: Abdij Sion, begin juli 1963 (Pater AMADEUS ALMA). Z.H.:
Oostvoorne, 23.VIII.1964 (VAN DER MADE c.s.).

Hypena proboscidalis L. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 139; Cat. VIII: (549). De
vlinder is nu ook bekend van Terschelling en Vlieland, zodat alleen Ameland en
Rottum nog in de rij van de waddeneilanden ontbreken. Overigens is de in 1949
gegeven verbreiding correct.

De eerste generatie wordt omstreeks half juli nog slechts sporadisch waargeno-
men. De enige waarneming, behalve de twee in 1949 vermelde data 10.VII en
17.VII, is 9.VII.1959 (Lucas). De tweede generatie kan tot ver in oktober vliegen,

(949) B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 299

zoals blijkt uit de volgende data: 13.X.1953 (KNIPPENBERG), 14.X.1962 (Lucas)
en 18.X.1962 (LEFFEF).

Variabiliteit. f. bilineata Lempke, 1949 (brunnea-bilineata Lempke,
1949). Exemplaren zonder golflijn op de voorvleugels zijn niet zeldzaam. Als
vrijwel altijd heeft de tekening geen relatie met de grondkleur, zodat het niet
nodig is de diverse mogelijkheden door aparte namen te onderscheiden. Nieuwe
vindplaatsen zijn: Vollenhove (WINTERS); Apeldoorn, Wiessel, De Steeg, Nij-
megen, Muiden, Weesp (Zoöl. Mus.); Middelie (DE BOER); Vogelenzang (VAN
WISSELINGH); Oegstgeest (KAIJADOE); Kerkrade (LUCAS).

f. obsoleta Lempke, 1949. Apeldoorn, Soest, Muiden, Weesp (Zoöl. Mus.) ;
Zeist (GORTER); Amsterdamse Bos (PEERDEMAN); Nuenen (VERHAAK).

f. infuscata Spuler, 1908. Deze donkere vorm blijkt nu vrij gewoon te zijn,
zodat het zelfs overbodig is er vindplaatsen van te vermelden.

Dwergen. Noordlaren, Heemstede (VAN DE PoL); Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht (een
extreem klein exemplaar, BOGAARD).

Schrankia Hübner

Schrankia taenialis Hübner. Tijdschr. Entom. 90: 143; Cat. VIII: (553).
De vlinder blijft tot nog toe een lokale soort, die nog steeds niet uit het westen
van het land bekend is. Ongetwijfeld zal hij net als de beide volgende soorten
vaak voor een micro aangezien worden, zodat hij in werkelijkheid wel minder
zeldzaam zal zijn dan lijkt.

De eerste generatie verschijnt al in juni. De vroegste datum is nu 8.VI (in 1964
te Ommen, BENTINCK), terwijl de laatste zekere datum 2.VIII is (in 1954 te
Eperheide, van WISSELINGH). De hoofdvliegtijd is in elk geval de maand juli.
Mogelijk begint de tweede generatie reeds half augustus te vliegen. Het is ten-
minste te betwijfelen, of een exemplaar van 18.VIII (in 1964 te Ommen, BEN-
TINCK) nog tot de eerste generatie behoort.

Vindplaatsen. Ov.: Ommen (1964, BENTINCK), Volthe (1943, VAN DER MEULEN,
blijkens de vele notities in de cartotheek van KNoop hier niet zeldzaam). Utr.: Amerongen
(1964, BENTINCK); Botshol (WOLSCHRIJN). Lbg.: Sevenum (1964, enkele exemplaren tijdens
de Rivon-inventarisatie, LEFFEF); Bunde (1964, Lucas); Eperheide („bepaald niet zeldzaam,

vooral in de eerste helft van juli op stroop’, VAN WISSELINGH); Epen (1952, BENTINCK,
1957, Lucas).

f. obscura nov. Grondkleur van de voorvleugels zwartgrijs, die van de achter-
vleugels donkergrijs. Epen, 9, 16.VII.1964 (holotype, VAN WISSELINGH).

[Ground colour of the fore wings black-grey, that of the hind wings dark-grey.]

f. virgata nov. Bovenzijde voorvleugels: middenveld donker, wortel- en achter-
randsveld licht. Epen, ¢, 12.VII.1964 (holotype, VAN WISSELINGH).

[Upper side fore wings: central area dark, basal and outer areas pale.]

Schrankia costaestrigalis Stephens. Tijdschr. Entom. 90: 144; Cat. VII:
(554). In elk geval veel verbreider dan de vorige soort, mogelijk op de meeste
moerassige terreinen te verwachten; plaatselijk zeer gewoon en zelfs van een van
de waddeneilanden bekend.

300 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 (950)

De eerste generatie kan vroeger beginnen te vliegen en later voorkomen dan in
1949 bekend was. De uiterste data ervan zijn nu: 26.V—14.VII. Geen correctie
op de vliegtijd van de tweede generatie.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Terschelling, Eernewoude, Olterterp, Nijetrijne (blijkens het
Rivon-onderzoek zeer gewoon, LEFFEF). Gdl.: Aalten. Utr.: Amerongen, Botshol. N.H.:
Kortenhoef, Amsterdamse Bos (weinig, maar geregeld, PEERDEMAN), Halfweg, Aerdenhout.
Z.H.: Woerdense Verlaat, Oostvoorne, Melissant. N.B.: Bergeijk, Deurne. Lbg.: Plasmolen,
Arcen, Tegelen, Griendsveen (gewoon, LEFFEF), Sevenum, Moesel, Roggel, Stein, Eperheide.

f. monotona Lempke, 1949. Eperheide (VAN WISSELINGH).

f. unicolor Lempke, 1949. Hollandse Rading (Zoöl. Mus.).

f. virgata nov. Bovenzijde voorvleugels: middenveld donker, wortel- en ach-
terrandsveld licht. Epen, ¢, 10.VII.1950 (holotype, VAN WISSELINGH).

[Upper side fore wings: central area dark, basal and outer areas pale.}

Tholomiges Lederer

Tholomiges turfosalis Wocke. Tijdschr. Entom. 90 : 145; Cat. VIII : (555).
Slechts enkele nieuwe vindplaatsen kunnen aan de in 1949 vermelde toegevoegd
worden, die een kleine uitbreiding van het in ons land bekende areaal betekenen.

De vlinder kan tot in oktober vliegen. De laatste datum wordt nu: 6.X (in
1964, VAN AARTSEN), zodat er ongetwijfeld twee generaties kunnen voorkomen.
De grens ertussen is echter op het ogenblik nog moeilijk aan te geven door te
weinig gegevens.

Vindplaatsen. Fr.: Eernewoude (1955, CAMPING); Nijetrijne (1959, G. DIJKSTRA
en CAMPING). Z.H.: Woerdense Verlaat (1959, VAN AARTSEN, in Zoöl. Mus.). N.B.: Kam-
pina (Lucas); Valkenswaard (1966, VAN DER WOLF); Geldrop (1958, HAANSTRA); Hele-
naveen (1953, 1958, Nies). Lbg.: Stein (1964, VAN AARTSEN).

Variabiliteit. f. obscura Lempke, 1949. Deze eenkleurig donkere vorm
werd nog aangetroffen te Woerdense Verlaat (Zoöl. Mus.); Plasmolen (Lucas).

f. lacticolor nov. Voor- en achtervleugels eenkleurig witachtig, van de tekening
is alleen de middenstip van de voorvleugels vrij duidelijk zichtbaar. ,,Friesland”,
Kortenhoef, Plasmolen (Zoöl. Mus.).

Holotype: ¢ van Plasmolen, 13.VII.1922, in genoemde collectie.

[Fore and hind wings unicolorous whitish, of the markings only the central spot of the
fore wings is rather distinctly visible. }

f. bicolor Lempke, 1949. Geen nieuwe gegevens.

(951)

ner ne} TT Ine)

(0)

. (324),

G25);

5 (22)

. (424),

(02)

. (515),

. (812),
. (841),
. (837),

B. J. LEMPKE : Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera 301

CORRIGENDA
Supplement I

regel 7 van boven: Graphium moet zijn Iphiclides.

regel 8 van boven: Graphium podalirius moet zijn: Iphiclides poda-
lirius. Cf. MUNROE, E., 1960, The classification of the Papilionidae :
18 (Canad. Ent., suppl. 17).

Supplement VI

regel 14 van onderen: Celerio Oken moet zijn: Spectrum Scopoli.
Cf. FLETCHER, D. S., 1966, Ent. Gazette 17 : 16.

regel 15 van onderen: Celerio euphorbiae moet zijn: Spectrum euphor-
biae.

regel 8 van onderen: Celerio galii Schiff. moet zijn: Spectrum gallii
von Rottemburg.

regel 8 van boven: Celerio livornica moet zijn: Spectrum livornica.

Supplement VII

regel 4 van onderen: asiatica Bang Haas is zelfs geen subspecies van
Cilix glaucata, maar een goede soort. Zie DANIEL, F., 1963, Z. Wiener
ent. Ges. 48: 151.

Supplement VIII

regel 2 van onderen: Procris Fabricius moet zijn: Adscita Retzius.
Cf. FLETCHER, D. S., 1966, Ent. Gazette 17: 9.

Regel 1 van onderen: Procris statices moet zijn Adscita statices.
regel 14 van boven: Sciapteron Staudinger moet zijn Paranthrene Hüb-
ner. Cf. Fletcher, D. S., 1966, Ent. Gazette 17: 9.

regel 15 van boven: Sciapteron tabaniformis moet zijn: Paranthrene
tabaniformis.

Supplement XII
regel 21 van boven: Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht moet vervallen.

regel 11 van onderen: Arkel moet vervallen.
regel 24 van onderen: Photeres moet zijn Photedes.

laat 15, regel 3 van boven: Arenostola moet zijn Photedes.

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 PLAAT 3

J. HUISENGA

Fig. 1—4. Charanica trigammica Hufnagel. 1. f. semifuscans Haworth, 9, Den Haag,
18.VI.1949; 2. f. fuscolimbata nov, &, Twello, 2.VI.1938 (holotype); 3. f. paradoxa nov.,
4. Stein, 29.V.1960 (holotype); 4. f. fasciata Krombach, 43, Heemstede, 20.V.1957.
Fig. 5—7. Hoplodrina alsines Brahm. 5. f. bimaculata nov., 4, Zeist, 8.VII.1949 (holotype):
6. f. centrifasciata nov., &, Slijk-Ewijk, 13.VI.1960 (holotype); 7. f. clausa Lempke, &,
Twello, 8.VII.1930 (holotype). Fig. 8—10. Hoplodrina blanda Scaiff. 8. f. suffusa Prout,
&, Slijk-Ewijk, 7.VII.1960; 9. f. pallidior Lenz, &, Slijk-Ewijk, 1.VIII.1961; 10. f. bima-
culata nov., &, Lelystad, 1.VII.1961 (holotype). Fig. 11. Hoplodrina ambigua Schiff.,
f. obscura nov, 2, Slijk-Ewijk, 13.VII.1960 (holotype).

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 PLAAT 4

J. HUISENGA

Fig. 1—3. Caradrina selini selini Boisduval. 1. &, Colmars-les-Alpes (Basses Alpes, France),
7.VII.1929. 2. &, Larche (Basses Alpes, France), 1—6.VIII.1932. 3. 9, Colmars-les-Alpes,
2.VII.1929. Fig. 4—6. Caradrina selini milleri Schultz. 4. &, Haarlem, 6.V1.1930; 5. 4,
Venlo, 12.V1.1937; 6. 2, Wassenaar, 20.VI.1939. Fig. 7. Caradrina clavipalpis Scopoli,
f. bimaculata nov, 6, Wageningen, 2.VII.1953 (holotype). Fig. 8. Spodoptera littoralis
Boisduval, 9, Alkmaar, 22.X1.1922, e. l. Fig. 9, 10. Athetis gluteosa Treitschke. 9. &,
Epen, 18.VII.1955; 10. ®, Epen, 24.VII.1954. Fig. 11—13. Chloridea peltigera Schiff.
11. 4, Beemster, 15.V.1958; 12. f. condolens Schawerda, &, Bunde, 27.VIII.1964; 13.
f. obscura nov., Hoorn, 4, 20.VIII.1958 (holotype).

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 PLAAT 5

J. HUISENGA

Fig. 1. Pyrrhia umbra Hufnagel, f. postclara nov., &, Valkenisse, 7.VII.1963 (holotype).
Fig. 2, 3. Axylia putris L. 2. f. obscura nov., 6, Halfweg, 22.VI.1961 (holotype); 3. f.
clara nov., 6, Heer, 21.VII.1954. Fig. 4. Porphyrinia parva Hübner, &, Cadier, 28.VIII.1964
(x 112). Fig. 5, 6. Jaspidia deceptoria Schiff. 5. &, Cadier, 3.VI.1960; 6. f. latefasciata
nov, &, Simpelveld, VI.1954 (holotype). Fig. 7—9. Eustrotia bankiana Fabricius. 7. 2,
Empe, 1.VII.1954; 8. . renigera nov., 6, Slijk-Ewijk, 19.V.1960 (holotype); 9. f. renigera
nov. + f. obsoleta Tutt, 9, Winterswijk, 15.VI.1958. Fig. 10. Ewstrotia uncula Clerck,
f. bipartita nov., 9, Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, 9.VII.1959 (holotype). Fig. 11. Earias clorana
L., 4, Halfweg, 7.VIII.1960. Fig. 12. Earias vernana Fabricius, &, Donderen, 5.VI.1954.
Fifg. 13. Acontia luctuosa Schiff., &, Heemskerk, 22.VII.1963. Fig. 14—16. Panthea coeno-
bita Esper. 14. &, Schoonlo, 25.VI.1963; 15. &, Schoonlo, 27.VI.1963; 16. 2, Schoonlo,
25.VI.1963. Fig. 17. Lygephila pastinum Treitschke, f. confluens nov., 6, Aalten, 2.VII.
1952 (holotype).

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 PLAAT 6

J. HUISENGA

Fig. 1, 2. Colocasia coryli L. 1. f. melanotica Haverkampf, &, Swalmen, 9.V.1954; 2 fe
trilinea nov., &, Eext, 11.V.1963 (holotype). Fig. 3—6. Diloba caeruleocephala L. 3. f.
medionigra van Wisselingh, &, Epen, 1.X.1965 (holotype); 4. f. nigrescens nov. 6,
Heemskerk, 9.X.1961 (holotype); 5. f. confluens Dammer + f. protensa Lempke, &, Aer-
denhout, 12.X.1948; 6. f. protensa Lempke, 9, Hoog-Keppel, 22.IX.1956, e. l. Fig. 7, 8.
Autographa festucae L. 7. f. obscura nov., 9, Halfweg, 23.VI.1962 (holotype); 8. f. alepica
nov., &, Halweg, 8.VIII.1959 (holotype). Fig. 9, 10. Autographa gracilis Lempke. 9. f.
coalescens nov. &, Nijetrijne, 21.VI.1964 (holotype); 10. f. diisconulla nov., 6, Griends-
veen, 21.VI.1964 (holotype). Fig. 11. Autographa bractea Schiff., &, Helenaveen, 4.VII.
1963. Fig. 12. Macdunnoughia confusa Stephens, &, Helenaveen, 9.VIII.1963.

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9, 1966 PLAAT 7

J. HUISENGA

Fig. 1—6. Autographa gamma L. 1. &, Borgercompagnie, 6.XI.1962; 2. f. pallida Tutt, 4,
Apeldoorn, 17.1X.1958; 3. f. alba Cockayne, 6, Epen, 2.IX.1958; 4. f. fuscescens Goodson,
4, Apeldoorn, 20.IX.1953; 5. f. nigricans Spuler, 4, Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, 20.VIII.1962;
6. f. microgamma nov., &, Marknesse, 21.VI.1951 (holotype). Fig. 7—9. Polychrisia moneta
Fabricius. 7. f. pallescens Lempke, 3, Aerdenhout, 25.VI.1960; 8. f. obscura nov., 6, Half-
weg, 11.1X.1963 (holotype); 9. f. maculata Lempke, 8, Apeldoorn, 2.VII.1901, e. 1. (holo-
type). Fig. 10, 11. Abrostola triplasia L. 10. 4, Heemskerk, 21.V.1961; 11. f. plumbea
Cockayne, 2, Gronsveld, 22.VII.1959. Fig. 12. Parascotia fuliginaria L., f. variegata Lempke,
@, Aerle-Rixtel, 21.VII.1961.

CAL

* Een sterretje duidt een naam aan nieuw voor de wetenschap.

* An asterisc denotes a name new to science.

In dit register zijn weggelaten de namen van taxa onder de rang van subspecies, behalve
die welke als nieuw worden beschreven.
From this Index are omitted names of taxa lower than subspecies, except those being

described as new.

INVERTEBRATA, EXCLUSIEF ARTHROPODA

PROTOZOA

mooseri 19
Rickettsia 19

COLEOPTERA

Leptinus 10
Silphidae 10
testaceus 10

DERMAPTERA

Anisolabis 18
annulipes 18

HYMENOPTERA

acervorum 125—127,
1251312133, 134,
[144
affinis 164, 165
Agaonidae 163—165
alashanica 144
Amegilla 127—129, 139,
[140, 150
Anthophora 125—131,
[133—136, 139, 140,
[144, 147, 148, 150,
[152, 153
Anthophoridae 126
Anthophorini 125, 126,
[147, 148, 150
Apis 129, 150
Apoidea 125
Arachonia 163, 164, 172—
[174, 176, 177, 187
arnottiana 163
Asaropoda 127, 128
bakeri 163, 165
balassogloi 138, 143, 144
belgaumensis 163, 164
*bembidion 125, 155, 156,
[158
Blastophaga 163—170, 172

VERMES

caninum 18
diminuta 18

ARTHROPODA

Bombus 10, 145, 147, 148

*borneensis 163, 164, 172—

[174, 177, 187
Callomelecta 151, 156
carinifrons 35—37, 39—48
caroli 140
Ceratosolen 163—165, 168,

1170 172
Chalcidoidea 163
christofi 129
claviscapa 164
Clisodon 127

*corneliae 163, 164, 188,

[189, 191
crenulatus 183
dammersi 147
Deltoptila 150, 151
depressa 147
Diodontus 44
edwardsii 130

*Elaphropoda 125—131,

[133—135, 146—148,
[150—159
Emphoropsis 125—127,
[129—131, 133—135,
A7 SION
Eopsenulus 35, 42, 43

*errata 163—165, 168—170,

[172
erratica 156
Eupavlovskia 136, 140
Eupristina 163—165, 167,
[168
excellens 147
*extremus 41, 42, 45
ezonata 133, 136, 139
festiva 135
fletcheri 151, 152

303

Dipylidium 18
Hymenolepis 18
nana 18

florea 150
floridana 147, 148
fulvipes Cam. 152—154,
[160
fulvipes Eversm. 152, 153
fulvodimidiatus 140
funeraria 140
fusciceps 163—165
gajimaru 183
gracilipes 136
Grandiana 163, 164, 188,
[189, 191
Habrophora 133
Habropoda 125—131,
[134—148, 150—154,
156, 157, 160
Heliophila 127, 129, 140

*hilli 163, 164, 176, 178,

[187
hookeri 146
impatiens 125—127, 130,
[131, 133, 135, 148,
[150—157, 159
incompletum 163
Indothymus 183
insignis 164, 182, 183, 185
interspersa 147
interstitialis 44
inubiae 183
ireos 129
iwatai 35, 37, 38, 41—43
jacobsoni 165—168
keralensis 164, 165
khasiana 152, 153, 156, 160
krishna 145
laboriosa(us) 125—127,
[129—131, 133, 134,
[147, 148

304 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9 1966

longispinosa 164
magrettii 148, 151—154,
[159, 160
masii 163—168, 172
masoni 164
megarhopalus 163
Melecta 140
Meliturgopsis 147
mimetica 146, 147
miserabilis 147, 148
moelleri 152—155
moesta 138, 139
monilifer 188
montana Rad. 144—146
montana Cress. 144
murihirta 147
murina 147
Neofoxia 43, 44
notus 163, 165, 170—172
nubilipennis 147
oraniensis 125, 140—143
Otitesellini 164, 165, 188
Pachymelopsis 126
Pachymelus 126
pallida 147
Parakoebelea 164, 165
Paramegilla 127, 129
passerini 136
pekinensis 144
percarinata 126, 147, 152,
[153, 157, 159
Philotrypesis 164, 165
Philotrypini 164, 165
plumosa 164, 176
Podalirius 136, 139
projectus 37, 39, 42
Psen 41, 43
Psenulus 35—47
pulcherrimus 35, 37,
[39—43
radoszkowskii 144—146
*reticulatus 163, 164, 180,
[182—185
rohweri 37, 39, 41, 42, 44,
[45, 47, 48
rowlandi 146
rugosissima 147
saundersii 164
scutellatus 35, 37, 40, 41,
[43—46
sinclairi 35, 37, 43, 46—48
sinensis 147
sladeni 152
sogatophagus 37, 39, 40,
[42, 47
Sphecidae 35
*stilifera 163, 164, 185, 186
stratheni 165
sutepensis 146
Sycobiella 164
Sycophaginae 165
Sycophagini 164
Sycophilini 163, 164

Sycoryctes 163, 164, 173,
[176, 178—180, 187
Sycoryctini 164, 165, 172,
[173
Sycoscaptella 164, 165
Sycoscapter 163, 164, 173,
[180, 182—185, 188
Sycoscapteridea 163, 164
[173, 185—188
tadzhica 137—139
tainanicola 146
tarsata(us) 125—127,
[129—131, 133,
[135—137, 139
temeraria 164, 165
Terastiozoon 163—165
terrestris 10
Tetralonia 133, 136
thalakvadiensis 164, 165
Thrinchostoma 152
Torymidae 163, 164, 172
transiens 164, 165
travancoricus 164, 165
trifemmensis 179
triformis 164
turneri 145, 146
vulpecula 156
Walkerella 164, 165
wassae 191
Waterstoniella 163—168
xanthognathus 36, 37, 39,
[41, 44, 46—48
zonatula 137—144

LEPIDOPTERA

Abrostola 276

Acontia 248

*acrostega 49, 57

Adscita 301

Agnathosia 106—108, 122,
[123

Agrioceros 49, 82, 85

agronoma 67

Agrotis 233

albanica 116

alberti 110

*f. albescens (grisealis) 295

albicomella 117

alchymista 286

*f. alepica (festucae) 261

Allotalanta 88

allutella 109

alsines 223

Amathes 241

ambigua 225

Amphipyrinae 221

andalusiella 120

angustipennis 107, 108

*anholochrysa 49, 56, 57

*antalba 49, 54

Arenostola 301

argentimaculatella 117

armigera 236

EYE

asiatica Krul. 251
asiatica Bang-Haas 301
Athetis 232, 233
Autographa 258, 259, 261,
[262, 264—266
Axylia 240, 241
banatica 116, 118
bankiana 245
barbalis 291
Bena 254
*f, benesignata (ambigua)
[266
bicolorana 254
*f. bilineata (barbalis) 292
*f, bilineata (putris) 242
*f, bimaculata (alsines) 223
*f. bimaculata (blanda) 224
*f. bimaculata (clavipalpis)
[230
Binsitta 71, 72
*f, bipartita (uncula) 247
blanda 223, 224
Bomolocha 297
borreonella 120, 121
bractea 264
*f, brevipennis (morpheus)
[229
*f, brunnea (gamma) 267
*f, brunnea (sponsa) 278
*f. brunnescens (confusa)
[270
caeruleocephala 256
Callistege 282
calvaria 289
captans 114—116
Caradrina 228—230
carbonifera 120
Casmara 49, 59—65,
[67—69, 74, 87
Catephia 286
Catocala 278—280
Catocalinae 278
c-aureum 274
Celerio 301
Celestica 106—108, 122,
[123
*f, centrifasciata (alsines)
[224
*centroluta 49, 66, 78
Cephimallota 103, 105
ceramica 87
chalazopa 59
Charanica 221
Chilodes 231
Chloridea 234—237
Chrysaspidia 258, 261, 264
*Chrysethmia 49, 76, 79,
[83—86
chrysitis 270—272, 274
chryson 274 : :
Chrysoptera 274
Chytolita 292:
Cilix 301
‘*Cimeliomorpha 49—51

*f, circumscripta (pulchrina)
[266

*f, clara (putris) 242

clavipalpis 230

clorana 251

c-nigrum 241

*f. coalescens (gracilis) 263

coenobita 255

Coenoricta 49, 55—57

Colobochyla 288

colocasia 255

*f, confluens (morpheus)
[228

*f. confluens (pastinum)
[286

confusa 268, 269

confusellum 111—115

Cononia 71, 72, 74

Copromorpha 49, 50

coryli 255

costaestrigalis 299

crassalis 297

cribrumalis 292

croaticum 111, 114

Cryptolechia 71, 72, 74

Cryptophaga 54

Cryptophasa 49, 54

cymbalora 49—51

deceptoria 244

degenerana 250, 251

delphinii 240

*f, demaculata (glyphica)
[283

*f, depurpurata (umbra) 238

derivalis 296

*f, desagittata (mi) 282

Diloba 256

dipsacea 234

*f, disconulla (gracilis) 263

*f, distincta (clavipalpis)
[2

Earias 251, 252

Ectypa 283

effractella 49, 63, 71, 72,
[78

electa 280

Emmelia 248

emortualis 295

Epimecyntis 65

Epizeuxis 289

eschatopa 65

Ethmia 49, 80, 85

Ethmiidae 49, 80

euphorbiae 301

Eustrotia 245, 246

exculta 64—66, 71

exigua 226

fagana 252

fasciata 120

festucae 258, 259, 262, 263

flavescentella 104, 105

*f. flavoinspersa (libatrix)
[285

flexula 287

forsteri 111, 114
fraxini 278
fuliginaria 288
*f, fuscociliata (lunaris) 282
*f, fuscolimbata
{(trigrammica) 222
*f, fuscomarginata
{(morpheus) 228
galii 301
gallica 110
gallii 301
gamma 266
glaucata 301
gluteosa 232
glyphica 283
Glyphipterygidae 49, 59
*Gozmanytinea 106, 107,
114 116 118122)
[123
gracilis 261, 263
granulatell(a)um 111, 112,
[114
Graphium 301
grisealis 295
Guenea 120
hedemanni 111, 112, 114
*herculanella 110—112
Herminia 291
holtzi 111, 114
Hoplodrina 223—225
Hylophila 252
Hypena 297, 298
Hypeninae 291
*hypomelas 49, 76, 84—86
ignicomella 115, 117
imella 104
Imma 59, 73
infaustella 59
Infurcitinea 106, 107,
2 2119%.,121 123
interrogationis 258
Iphiclides 301
Ischnoscia 106, 107,
[120—123
Jaspidia 243, 244
Jaspidiinae 243
jota 264
*f, juncta (ambigua) 226
*f, juncta (coryli) 256
*f, juncta (umbra) 239
*kalshoveni 49, 60, 61, 63,
[69, 87
kasyi 116
klimeschi Ams. 110
klimeschi Rbl. 120
*f. lacticolor (clorana) 252
*f. lacticolor (turfosalis) 300
lagaropis 78
Laspeyresia 50
Laspeyresiinae 50
Laspeyria 287
*f, latefasciata
[ (deceptoria) 245

305

*f, latelineata
[ (tarsipennalis) 293
leonhardi 104
leopoldella 110
libanotica 103, 105
libatrix 284
Lichenotinea 106, 107,
[116, 119—123
Lichenovora 106, 108
liguriella 120
litochlorella 116
littoralis 227
litura 227
livornica 301
lucida 248
luctuosa 248, 249
lunalis 294
lunaris 281
Lygephila 285
Macdunnoughia 268, 269
maculata 120
magnificella 83
*f, marginata (lunaris) 281
maritima Grasl. 234
maritima Tausch. 231, 232
Meessia 106—108, 110,
[112, 122, 123
Meessiinae 106, 107, 122
Melicleptriinae 234
melitacma 54
*melanoglypha 49, 66, 68,
{79
mendicella 107, 108
mensella 110
mi 282
*f. microgamma (gamma)
[268
*microloga 49, 52—54
milleri 230
Minucia 281
moneta 275
Monopis 104
Montetinea 106, 107, 122
Mormonia 278
mormopa 59, 73
morpheus 228
murariella 104, 105
muricolella 120, 212
Nemapogoninae 103
*neogena 49, 79, 85, 86
nerviella 110
ni 258
*f, nigra (fuliginaria) 289
*f. nigra (pygarga) 244
nigraella 110
*f. nigrata (nupta) 279, 280
*f, nigrescens (caeruleo-
[cephala) 257
*f, nigrescens (tenebrata)
[240
nigricostella 68, 70, 72, 74
nigripunctella 109, 110
*f. nigromarginata (lunaris)
[282

306 TIJDSCHRIFT

niviferana 71, 87
Noctua 231
Noctuidae 221
nonimella 104
novarana 50
Novotinea 106, 107,
[120—123
nubicincta 59
nupta 279
Nycteola 249, 250
Nycteolinae 249
oberthurella 110
obesalis 298
Obesoceras 106, 107,
[111—115, 122, 123
*f, obscura (ambigua) 226
*f, obscura (festucae) 260
*f, obscura (gracilis) 263
*f, obscura (grisealis) 295
*f. obscura (moneta) 275
*f, obcura (peltigera) 236
*f, obscura (putris) 242
*f. obscura (taenialis) 299
*f, obscura (tarsicrinalis)
[294
*f, obsoleta (pulchrina) 266
Ochropleura 241
Odites 49, 55, 58
Oecophoridae 49, 59, 60, 63
olivana 245
olympica 117, 119, 121
*orientale 111—115
ostrina 243
Othreinae 284
pachyceras 110
pachyspila 109
*f. pallida (tenebrata) 240
*f. pallida (viriplaca) 234
pallustris 233
pandorella 120
Panemeria 239
Panthea 255
Pantheinae 255
Paracolax 296
paracyrta 58
*f, paradoxa (clavipalpis)
[230
*f. paradoxa (trigrammica)
[222
Paradrina 229, 230
Paranthrene 301
Paraplusia 268
Parascotia 288
parva 243
*f, parvomaculata
[(festucae) 260
pastinum 285
patrona 69
pellionella 104
peltigera 235, 236
Periphanes 240
*peripsacas 49, 66, 78
*pharmacis 49, 70, 75, 77, 80
Phereoeca 106—109, 122

VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109,

*phobographa 49, 62, 68
Photedes 301
Phytometra 290
plecta 241
Plusia 270—272, 274
Plusiinae 258
*plutotera 49, 55—57
podalirius 301
Polychrisia 275
Porphyrinia 243
*f. postclara (umbra) 239
*f. postfasciata (umbra) 239
*f, postfusca (gamma) 268
*f, postmaculata
(cribrumalis) 293
*f, postnigrescens (libatrix)
[284, 285
praeclara 81
prasinana 252, 254
proboscidalis 298
Procris 301
proleuca 54
promissa 278, 280
*f. protensa (ambigua) 226
*f. protensa (coryli) 256
psammochta 56
Ptochoryctis 59
pulchrina 265
pullata 81
pustulatella 119—121
putris 240, 241
pygarga 243
Pyrrhia 237
Quadrifinae 221, 242
*regalis 49, 60, 61, 71
*f. renigera (bankiana) 246
revayana 249, 251
rhenania 108—110
*rhodotrachys 49, 63, 67
richardsoni 110
Rivula 291
*romanica 115, 117—119,
[121
romanum 111, 114
rostralis 297
*f. ruficosta (putris) 242
*rufipes 49, 65, 74
rumelicella 117
salicalis 288
Sarrothripus 250
Schrankia 299
Sciapteron 301
*scolia 49, 52, 53
Scoliopteryx 284
scutosa 237
selini 229
*f. seminigra (coryli) 256
septentrionalis 235
sericealis 291
*seriosa 49—51
*f. signata (clavipalpis) 231
Simaethis 59
*f, simplex (lunaris) 282
simplicella 103

AFL. 9 1966

Spectrum 301
*sphaerophyes 49, 55, 58
Spodoptera 226, 227
sponsa 278
statices 301
*submersa 49, 80
*subnota 49, 82
*syngnoma 49, 66, 72
Syngrapha 258
tabaniformis 301
taenialis 299
*f. tangens (putris) 242
tarsicrinalis 294
tarsipennalis 293
tarsiplumalis 294
tenebrata 239
*f, tenuivittata (tenebrata)
[240
terasella 71
Teratomorpha 71, 72
Tholomiges 300
Thymiatris 49—54
Tinea 104, 105, 107, 110,
HAT 117 91195120
Tineidae 103, 107
Tineiforma 107, 122, 123
Tineinae 104
Tineola 109
Tonica 49, 63, 66, 68,
[70 2720, 740,75:
[77—79, 87
Tortricidae 49, 50
trabealis 248
Trichoplusia 258
trigemina 276
trigrammica 221
*f. trilinea (coryli) 256
*f. trimaculata
{(caeruleocephala) 257
triocellata 88
triplasia 276
Trisateles 295
turfosalis 300
tutti 270
umbra 237, 238
uncula 246
*uniata 49, 60, 64, 65
*f. unilineata (fagana) 253
*f, unimacula (putris) 242
uterella 108, 109
venustula 233
vernana 252
vinctella 110
vinculella 108, 110, 111
*f, virgata (costaestrigalis)
[300
*f, virgata (taenialis) 299
viridaria 290
viriplaca 234
walsinghami 109
warneckei 235
Xyleutes 87
Xyloryctidae 49, 50
Zanclognatha 293—295
zelaea 85

MALLOPHAGA

canis 18
Trichodectes 18

ODONATA

Agrion 100, 101

Amorphostigma 94, 95

auricolor 94

aurora 91, 100—102

bipunctata 91

cardinalis 100

cheesmani 89, 96, 100

Coenagrionidae 91

Diplacodes 91

flavescens 91

Ischnura 89—92, 95, 96,
[100, 101

Libellulidae 91

Nesobasis 95

Pantala 91

spinicauda 89, 100—102

taitensis 89, 93, 94, 96,
[99, 100

Teinobasis 95

*thelmae 89, 91, 92, 95, 98

RHYNCHOTA

albus 211

Aphididae 193

Aphis 193—195

Asiphum 205

*atra 193, 211

baicalensis 205

Berberidaphis 212

*brachychaeta 193, 219

Brevicoryne 193, 211

*capitophoroides 193, 215,
[217

carii 211

Ceruraphis 193, 195, 196,
[208

Chaitophorus 193, 197,

[199—201

Cinara 193, 201, 203

conica 211

coriandri 193, 211

*eastopi 193, 195, 196, 208

Eichochaitophorus 197

*Epipemphigus 193, 204,
[205

Essigella 219, 220

Eulachnus 219, 220

farinosa 194

foeniculi 211

formosana 217

*Globulicaudaphis 193,

[207—209

gossypii 194

Hayhurstia 193, 211

himalayensis Basu 212

himalayensis Das 193, 197,
[201

Homoptera 193
Hoplochaetaphis 209
Hyadaphis 193, 211
Hyalopterus 211
idaei 194
imaicus 193, 205
*kapuri 193, 197
*lachnirostris 193, 201
Liosomaphis 193, 211, 212
*longituba 193
lydiae 212
Macrosiphum 193, 213, 216
*maculipes 193, 203
Matsumuraja 193,

245 217,
Mimeuria 205
Myzocallis 208, 209, 211
Neohayhurstia 193, 211
*nigritus 193, 199
nuditerga 216
obscurus Mamontova 218
obscurus Theobald 211
Pachypappa 205
Pachypappini 205
*pachysiphon 193, 213, 216
*pakistanica 193, 208, 209
*pakistanicus 193, 209
Paraprociphilus 205
Pemphigini 205
Pemphigus 193, 205, 207
Periphyllus 193, 217, 218
peucedani 211
populinigrae 207
Prociphilus 205
*Pseudessigella 193, 219
rubi 217
rubicola 216
rubifoliae 216, 217
rubiphila 216
salicti 200, 201
Sitobion 213, 214
sorini 216
Stagona 205
tataricae 193, 211
turanicus 212
ucrainensis 205
ulmiphila 205
*vandenboschi 193, 217
xylostei 193

SIPHONAPTERA

Actenophthalmus 4
agyrtes 4, 10, 12—14, 19,
{21
Amalaraeus 5
Archaeopsylla 5, 17
Archaeopsyllinae 5
assimilis 4, 14
bisoctodentatus 4
borealis 5, 25, 28
Callopsylla 2
canis 5, 17, 18
Ceratophyllidae 5

307

Ceratophyllinae 5
Ceratophyllus 5, 10, 14, 17,

1201222 27
Chaetopsylla 5
cheopis 19
columbae 5, 22, 23, 25,
[26, 30

congener 4, 13

continentalis 4

Ctenocephalides 5, 17

Ctenophthalminae 4

Ctenophthalmus 4, 10—13,
[19, 21

cuniculi 5, 17, 30

dasycnema 4, 7, 19

Dasypsyllus 5, 20, 26, 27

Doratopsylla 4, 7, 19

Doratopsyllinae 4

elongatus 4, 16

erinacei 5, 14, 15, 17

Euctenophthalmus 4

eusarca 4, 16

farreni 5, 23, 25, 29

fasciatus 5, 7—14, 17—19,

[24

felis 5, 17, 18

fringillae 5, 20—30

Frontopsylla 2

gallinae 5, 9, 10, 14—18,
[20—30

gallinulae 5, 20—22,
[24—30

garei 5, 14—16, 20—29

globiceps 5

heselhausi 4, 7—10

Hexactenopsylla 4

hexactenus 4, 16, 22

hirundinis 5, 23—25, 29

Hystrichopsylla 3

Hystrichopsyllidae 3

Hystrichopsyllinae 3

intermedius 4

irritans 5, 17, 18

isacantha 4

Ischnopsyllidae 4

Ischnopsyllinae 4

Ischnopsyllus 4, 16, 22

jordani 25, 29, 30

laeta 2

laetitiae 2

Leptopsylla 4, 8, 11, 12,
[17, 19

Leptopsyllidae 4

Leptopsyllinae 4

longiceps 4

Malaraeus 5

Megabothris 5, 10, 12, 13,

{20

melis 5

minor 4, 8—10

Monopsyllus 5, 15, 19,
[22, 31

mustelae 5

myticus 4

308 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 109, AFL. 9 1966

nobilis 11

Nosopsyllus 5, 11, 12, 17,
[19, 24

Nycteridopsylla 4, 16

octactenus 4, 16

octodecimdentata 5, 16

Orfrontia 2

Orneacus 2

Ornithopsylla 2

Palaeopsylla 4, 7, 10

Paraceras 5

penicilliger 5

pentacantha 4, 13, 14

pentactena 4.‘

Peromyscopsylla 4, 13

poppei 3, 9

Pulex 5, 17

AVES

Accipiter 23, 27, 28
Acrocephalus 22, 26
Aegithalos 21, 26
alba iy 21 27

alba Scop. 23, 2
arctica 2

Asio 27

atra 22, 26
caeruleus 21, 27
caudatus 21, 26
Chlidonias 22, 26
Chloris 21, 26
chloris 21, 26
chloropus 22, 26
citrinella 21, 26
coelebs 21, 26
collybita 26
Columba 16, 22, 23, 27
Columbidae 22
corone 26

Corvidae 23

Corvus 23, 26, 27
deca(o)cto 23, 27
Delichon 2, 23
domestica 22, 27
domesticus 22, 27, 28
Emberiza 21, 26
ericetorum 20, 26
Erithacus 21, 26
Falco 23, 27
Falconidae 23

flava 21, 26
Fratercula 2
Fringilla 21, 26
Fringillidae 21
frugilegus 23, 27
Fulica 22, 26
Gallinula 22, 26
Garrulus 23, 27
glandarius 23, 27
grabae 2
Hirundinidae 23, 25, 26

Pulicidae 5

Pulicinae 5

Rhadinopsylla 4, 14
Rhadinopsyllinae 4
Rhinolophopsylla 4
rossittensis 5, 26

rusticus 5, 23, 25, 29
sciurorum 5, 14, 15, 19, 22,

1235850
segnis 4, 8, 10—12,

OA)
silvatica 4, 13—15
simplex 4

smitianus 4, 8—10,
sano Wi, 28

soricis 4, 7—9

spectabilis 14

VERTEBRATA

Hirundo 23, 27
Laridae 22

livia 225 27

major 21, 27
merula 20, 26
modularis 21, 26
monedula 23, 27
montanus 27
Motacilla 21, 26, 27
Motacillidae 21
Muscipata 26, 28
niger 22, 26

nisus 23, 27, 28
Oenanthe 30
oenanthe 30

oenas 16, 22, 27
otus 27

palumbus 23, 27
palustris 27
Paridae 21

Parus 21, 27
Passer 22, 27, 28
Passeridae 22
Phoenicurus 20, 26
phoenicurus 20, 26
Phylloscopus 26
lc 25, 27

pica 23, 27
Picidae 22 È
Picus 22, 27
Procellaria 2
Prunella 21, 26
Prunellidae 21
puffinus 2
Rallidae 22
Riparia 24, 27
riparia 24, 27
rubecula 21, 26
rustica 23, 27
scirpace(t)us 22, 26
Streptopelia 23, 27
striata 26, 28
Strigidae 23
Sturnidae 22

Spilopsyllinae 5

Spilopsyllus 5, 17

styx 5, 24, 25, 29, 30

talpae 3, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14

Tarsopsylla 5, 16

trichosa 5

turbidus 5, 8—10, 12, 13,
ZO, 2a

Typhloceras 3, 9

unipectinata 4

variabilis 4

Vermipsyllidae 5

vulgaris 11

walkeri 5

waterstoni 2

Xenopsylla 19

Sturnus 22, 27, 28
Sylviidae 22
tinnunculus 23, 27
Troglodytes 21, 26
troglodytes 21, 26
Troglodytidae 21
Turdidae 20
Turdus 20, 26
turtur 23, 27
Tyto 23, 27
urbica 2, 23
viridis 22, 27
viscivorus 20, 26
vulgaris 22, 27, 28

MAMMALIA

Apodemus 9, 10, 18
araneus 6—9

arvalis 10, 14

auritus 16

Chiroptera 16
Clethrionomys 9, 13
Crucidura 6—8
Eptesicus 16

erminea 14

europaea. 8

fodiens 8

glareolus 9, 10, 13, 14
leucodon 8

lutreola 15, 31
Microtinae 13
Microtus 10, 14
minutus 6—8, 31
Murinae 9

Mus 8, 11—13, 17
musculus 8, 11—13, 17
Mustela 14, 15, 18, 31
Mustelidae 14, 15, 17
Neomys 8

nivalis 14, 15

noctula 16

norvegicus 10
Nyctalus 16
Pipistrellus 16

pipistrellus 16
Plecotus 16
putorius 14, 18
Rattus 10
rattus 10

Acer 193, 205, 218
acmophila 193, 201
Ajuga 137
Aleurites 90
alba (Populus) 252
alba (Salix) 215
Alnus 205
altissimum 137
amygdalus 137
Anchusa 137
Anthocephalus 88
arnottiana 163
Balsaminaceae 151
benghalensis 164
Berberis 193, 212, 213
biebersteinii 239
Bombaceae 87
Bombax 87
botryocarpa 163
cadamba 88
caesium 218
campestre 218
Carex 196
Cerastium 239
chinensis 88
chrysolepis 163
ciliata 193, 198, 199, 206,
[207
Clethra 216
Colocasia 90
comosa 290
comosum 137
Conosycea 163, 191
Coriandrum 193
Coronilla 137
cotinifolium 193, 196, 197
Crataegus 257
Cyperaceae 196
decidua 255
Derris 76
dilatata 193, 210, 211
drassiramea 163, 164
drupacea 163, 164
enteritides 19

russula 6—8
Sciuridae 15
Sciurus 15, 18, 31
serotinus 16
Sorex 6—9, 31

PLANTAE

excelsa 202—204, 220, 255

Ficus 163—168, 170, 172,
[173, 176, 180, 185,
[188, 191

floribunda 138

fluitans 260

forstenii 163, 165

Freycinetia 92

Glyceria 260

Hevea 59

Impatiens 151, 154, 156

Juncaceae 196

Larix 255

lasiocarpus 193, 214, 216

Leptospira 17

Lonicera 138, 193, 211

malabaricum 87

Manihot 87

microcarpa 163

moluccana 90

Murraya 71, 87, 88

Muscari 137

nigra 207

nota 163, 165, 172

nutans 234

Onagraceae 194

oncidioides 156

Ononis 237

palmatus 216

paniculata 71, 87

Pasteurella 18, 19

Pelargonium 238

peltatus 216

persica 137

pestis 18

Picea 255

pictum 218

Pinus 193, 202—204, 219,

[220, 255

platypetala 156

Polygala 290

Polygonum 238

Polyporus 289

Polystictus 289

309

Soricidae 7, 11
sylvaticus 9, 10, 14, 18
Talpa 8

Talpidae 8

vulgaris 15, 18, 31

Populus 193, 198, 199,
[206, 207, 252, 288
Prunus 137, 257
pseudacacia 140
pubescens 163
Quercus 193, 210, 211, 249
racemosa 165
Ribes 194
Robinia 140
Rubiaceae 88
Rubus 193, 213, 214, 216,
[217
Rutacae 71, 87
Salix 193, 197, 199—201,
[251
Salmonella 19
Salvia 137
sclera 137
Silene 234
spinosa 257
strobus 255
stupenda 163—168, 170,
1172, 173, 176: 150)
[185, 188, 191
Sycidium 191
tatarica 193, 211
tetrasperma 193, 201
tomentosum 239
tremula 288
Trifolium 283
triviale 239
tularensis 19
typhimurium 19
Umbelliferae 211
Urostigma 165, 191
utilissima 87
Viburnum 193, 196, 197
Vicia 140
villosum 218
viminalis 251
vulgaris 290
wallichiana 193, 202—204,
[220
wassae 191

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE

Het verschijnt in één deel van 350—450 bladzijden per jaar, bestaande uit
enkele afleveringen.

TRICHOPTERORUM CATALOGUS
Deze Catalogus van F. C. J. Fischer wordt door de Vereeniging voor rekening
van de auteur uitgegeven. Alle bekende recente en fossiele soorten van de gehele
wereld met hun synoniemen worden er in behandeld. Delen I en II kosten f 39.—
per stuk, delen III-V: f 45.—, deel VI: f 49——, deel VII: f 42.—. Er zullen in
totaal 15 delen verschijnen. Van alle delen zijn ook éénzijdig bedrukte exemplaren
beschikbaar. De prijsverhoging hiervoor is gering.

Alle zakelijke correspondentie betreffende de Vereeniging te richten aan de
Secretaris, W. Hellinga, Weesperzijde 2311, Amsterdam-O.

Alle correspondentie over de redactie van het Tijdschrift voor Entomologie en
de Monographieën te richten aan de Redacteur, Dr. A. Diakonoff, Rijksmuseum
van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.

Alle correspondentie over de redactie van de Entomologische Berichten te rich-
ten aan de Redacteur, B. J. Lempke, Oude IJselstraat 12111, Amsterdam-Z. 2.

Alle betalingen te richten aan de Penningmeester, Drs. H. Wiering, Doorntjes
29, Bergen (N.H.), postgiro 188130, ten name van de Nederlandsche Entomolo- ©
gische Vereeniging te Bergen (N.H.).

Alle correspondentie betreffende de Bibliotheek der Vereeniging te richten aan
de Bibliotheek, Zeeburgerdijk 21, Amsterdam-O.

NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS

All correspondence referring to subscriptions and exchange of the periodicals

of the Netherlands Entomological Society should be addressed to the Librarian,
Zeeburgerdijk 21, Amsterdam-O, Netherlands.

NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS

Manuscripts should be written in Dutch, English, French, German or Italian. If they
contain descriptions of new genera, species, etc., they should be in one of the four last «
mentioned languages.

The author should communicate with the editor before submitting his manuscript. He
will enclose with manuscript a Synopsis (Abstract), styled according to recommendations _
of the UNESCO (style rules will be provided by the editor) and, if needed, a Summary. 4
Papers in Dutch should contain an Abstract and/or a Summary in one of the four other
languages.

Drawings for reproduction should be on good paper in Indian ink, preferably at least i
one and a half times as large as the ultimate size desired. Lettering should be uniform, and,
after reduction, of the same size. Photographs should be furnished as shiny positive prints,
unmounted. Plates should be arranged so as to fill a whole page (11.5 x 19 cm) of the

Tijdschrift, or a portion thereof, captions included. Combinations of illustrations into groups

are preferable to separate illustrations, since there is a minimum charge per block.
Names of genera and lower systematic categories, new terms and the like are to be under. —
lined by the author in the manuscript by a single straight line. Any other directions as to M

size or style of the type are given by the editors, not by the author. Italic type or spacing to M

stress ordinary words or sentences is to be avoided. Dates should be spelled as follows: either —
”10.V.1948” or "10 May, 1948”. Other use of latin numerals should be avoided, as well as —

abbreviations in the text, save those generally accepted. Numbers from one to ten occurring 4
in the text should be written in full, one, two, three, etc. Titles must be kept short. Foot- —

notes should be kept at a minimum. x
Bibliography should not be given in footnotes but compiled in a list at end of the 4
paper, styled as follows: È
Mosley, M. E., 1932, “A revision of the European species of the genus Leucira (Pleco- À
ptera)”. — Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [10] 10 (3): 1—41, pl. 1—5, fig. 1—57. Number of a
issue should only be added (in parentheses) when it has individual pagination. ;
Text references to this list might be made thus:
"Mosley (1932) says....’ or (Mosley, 1932)”.

The editors reserve the right to adjust style to certain standards of uniformity.

Manuscripts and all communications concerning editorial matters only should be sent to: — $
Dr. A. DIiAKONOFF, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands.

.; "44 D'UN

Ki,
Sy

MANO è

MISENA dn

ry al
TUTO

li ty
+ LENS
À Te VI
i + cap

(

rk
ol

Ban

ERNST MAYR LIBRARY

3 2044 114 196 009

Date Due

SEP 30-1996

NEN

a ri i rt = È
RR a
nnee OL A NEI BI

BER
vna
en
te dis ata
ee ae
= PN ENG MIA

la STALLA
a IE ret

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "Tijdschrift voor entomologie"

See other formats