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"  Tftme*1bonoure&  XancastetV 

By  Cross  Fleury. 


Time-Honoured  Lancaster 


-Richard  II.  Aci  I.  Scene  i. 


HISTORIC  NOTES 


ON    THE 


Ancient    Borough    of   Lancaster 


WRITTEN,  COLLECTED  &  COMPILED 


BY 


CROSS    FLEURY. 


"  Two  voices  are  there — one  is  of  the  sea, 
One  of  the  mountains — each  a  mighty  voice  ; 
in  both  from  age  to  age  thou  didst  rejoice." 

—  Wordsworth. 


[Entered  vr  Stationers'  Hall]. 


LANCASTER  : 

Eaton  tV  Bui.fh  i  d,  Printers,  Victoria  Btildings,  King  Street. 

MDCCCXCI. 


I  ( 

IDA 


INTRODUCTION 


It  is  thirty-eight  years  since  the  last  "  History  of  Lancaster  " 
appeared.  That  History  was  written  and  compiled  by  the  late 
Rev.  Robert  Simpson,  M.A.,  of  Queen's  College,  Cambridge, 
sometime  incumbent  of  St.  Luke's  Church,  Skerton.  Two  other 
Histories  of  the  Borough  were  published  before  Mr.  Simpson's- — 
one  by  Mr.  J.  Hall,  in  1801,  and  the  other  by  Mr.  C.  Clark,  in 
1807.  Many  things  have  happened  since  1852,  the  year  when  the 
last  History  was  published,  and  the  ancient  "  City  of  the  Lune  " 
has  once  more,  phcenix-like,  risen  from  its  ashes,  and  within  it  a 
spirit  of  life  and  activity  prevails,  such  as  our  fore-fathers  could 
scarcely  have  dreamed  probable  or  possible.  So  many  changes  have 
occurred  during  the  last  thirty  years  that  it  seems  unnecessary  to 
offer  any  apology  for  venturing  to  issue  a  work  of  the  character  now 
presented  to  the  public, — a  work  presented  not  without  feelings  of 
diffidence — I  had  almost  said  of  fear  and  trembling.  That  it  may 
not  prove  altogether  useless  or  an  abortive  effort,  is  the  earnest 
hope  of  the  writer  who  has  spared  neither  time  nor  pains  to  arrive 
at  facts,  and  to  clothe  the  same  in  a  phraseology  acceptable  at  least, 
to  homely  folk.       In   this  production   the   idea   has   been  to  assume 

518399 


vi .  IN  TROD  UCTION. 


more   of  an   epistolary   style  than   the  tediously  historic  ;  and  if  the 
author  has  succeeded  in  evoking  a  greater  degree  of  interest  in   the 
time-honoured  borough  he  treats  of,  and  likewise  a  warmer  respect 
for  its  venerable  memorials  and   associations   he   will   consider   his 
remuneration  ample.      Long  prefaces  are  a  weariness  to  the  flesh.      It 
only  remains,   therefore,    to   add   that   the   compiler   is   indebted   to 
many  local  gentlemen  for  the  encouragement  they  have  given  him  in 
the   way  of  placing  before  him   the   hitherto   ungarnered  items  of 
valuable  information   they   possessed.      Special   thanks  are   due   to 
several  clergymen,  three  of  whom  have  promptly  aided  me  in  regard 
to  institutions   with    which   they   have  been,    or   are  still,   officially 
connected.      I  refer  more  particularly  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Allen,  the  Rev. 
W.  E.  Pryke,  M.A.,  the  Rev.  J.  Bone,  M.A.,  the  Very  Rev.  Provost 
Walker,  Colonel  Marton,  J.  P.,  Colonel  Lawson  Whalley,  J. P.,  and 
Colonel   Middleton.      I  am  also  greatly   indebted   to  the   following 
gentlemen  :    James   Williamson,    Esq.,    M.P.,    W.  O.  Roper,  Esq., 
E.  G.  Paley,  Esq.,  James  Diggens,  Esq.,  W.  G.  Welch,  Esq.,  Thomas 
Barrow,    Esq.,    N.    Molyneux,    Esq.,    B.    P.    Gregson,   Esq.,  J. P., 
William  Tilly,  Esq.,  Edmund  Jackson,  Esq.,    W.    Housman,    Esq., 
and  J.  R.  Ford,  Esq. 

One    matter    I    am    obliged   to   call  attention  to.      It   is  the 

probability    of  many    readers    expressing   disappointment  with   the 

work  before  them,  because  it  does  not  deal  with  outside   places  and 
incidents  which  have  occurred  therein  connected  with  events  happen- 


INTRODUCTION.  vn 


ing  in  Lancaster.  "There  is  nothing-  about  Roman  Roads  in  Lunes- 
dale,"  I  imagine  one  to  remark.  "  Nothing  about  St.  Patrick  and 
Slyne,"  says  another;  and,  adds  a  third,  "Nothing  concerning 
Morecambe."  Perfectly  correct.  It  has  been  intended  that  such 
remarks  should  be  possible  in  order  to  state  that  the  villages  and 
hamlets  outside  Lancaster  are  treated  of  in  the  series  of  articles 
which  have  appeared  from  time  to  time  under  the  heading  of  "Round 
Lancaster  Castle,"  and  it  is  the  hope  of  the  author,  after  due  re- 
vision, to  publish  these  articles  in  book-form  as  soon  as  the  same  are 
completed.  "Time-Honoured  Lancaster"  deals  designedly  with 
Lancaster  only. 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER    I. 

Lancaster — Origin  of  the  Name — Roman  Remains  Discovered. 

CHAPTER    II. 

St.  Mary's  Church — Mural  inscriptions  within  the  Church — Transcrip- 
tions OF  BRASSES  ANCIENT   AND    MODERN — STAINED    WINDOWS — TlIE   OLD 

Register  Books — Extracts  from  thesame — Listsof  Priors  and  Vicars 
— The  Tower— Churchwardens  in  1671 — Old  Parish  Clerks— Memo 
rials  in  the  Churchyard — Privilege  of  Sanctuary  at  St.  Mary's 
Church — Extent  of  Parish  in  former  times — Religious  Houses  in 
Lancaster — The  Gardyner  Chantry — Penny's  and  Gillison's  Chari- 
ties— Names  of  those  resident  in  the  Almshouses  early  in  1890. 

CHAPTER    III. 

Lancaster    Castle  —  A    tour    through    it — Recent   Improvements   and 

Discoveries. 

CHAPTER    IV. 

The  Royal  Grammar   School  —  Some   Past   Masters  and   Ushers  of  the 
School — Educational  Charities. 

CHAPTER    V. 

Celebrities  of  the  past  connected  with   Lancaster — The   Great  Duke 
of  Lancaster — Odd  Bequests — Traditions  ascribed  to  the  Duke. 

CHAPTER    VI. 

Ecclesiastic  Characteristics — Lancaster  Chancery  Court — The  Wapen- 
take of  Lonsdale  —  Charters  granted  to  Lancaster — Thomas 
Covell — The  Town  Council  of  Lancaster — The  Aqueduct — Source 
of  the  Lune — Lancaster  and  Kendal  Canal — Travelling  on  the 
Canal  in  the  old  days — Custom  House  of  the  Port  of  Lancaster 
—  Employers  of  Labour — The  Old  Quay — Lancaster  Wagon  Works 
— The  London  and  North  Western  and  Midland  Railways. 

CHAPTER    VII. 

Lancaster  Thoroughfares  —  Origins  of  Names  of  Several  —  Ancient 
Structures—  The  Consecrated  Well — Lambert  Simnel — Lancaster 
and  the  Knights  Hospitallers — Wars  of  the  Roses. 


x.  CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER    VIII. 

St.  Peter's  Church— The  Architectural  Features  of  the  Church— The 
Stained  Windows— List  of  Past  Priests— The  Organ— The  Bells— 
The  Old  Mason  Street  Chapel— Catholics  Martyred  in  Lancaster. 

CHAPTER    IX. 

The  Town  Hall— The  Mayor's  Parlour— Paintings  therein  and  in  the 
Corridor— The  Mace  of  the  Borough— Municipal  Area — The  Old 
Market  Cross— The  Stocks— Ancient  Wine  and  Beer  Measures- 
List  of  Past  Mayors  of  Lancaster— Recorders  of  Lancaster- 
Past  Town  Clerks  and  Chief  Constables— Freemanship  of  the 
Borough— An  old  Certificate  ani.  Oath  of  a  Free  Burgess  of 
Lancaster  Corporation — Abstract  of  Charters  granted  to  Lan- 
caster— Extracts  from  the  old  "Constitutions  and  Orders" — 
The  Market  Hall— Williamson  Park— Introduction  of  Gas  into 
Lancaster. 

CHAPTER    X. 

Lancashire  Witches— Trials    of    some    of   them— Debtors    in   Lanca 

Castle — How  they  Fared  and  Passed  their  Time — Presentations 
a  \de  by  Debtors  in  1837 — The  Amicable  Library — Assembly  Room 
— The  Storey  Art  Institute — The  Theatre— Persons  of  Eminence 
wild  have  appeared  therein — lancaster  banks. 

CHAPTER    XI. 

Lancaster  Worthies. 

Eminent  Divines  born  in  Lancaster. 

\  Taylor,  D.D.— Thomas  Ashton,  D.D. — Robert  Housman,  B.A.— Pro- 
fessor    William    Whewell  —  Thomas    Hathornthwaite,    LL. D. 
J.  C.  M.  Bellew,  M.A. 

Eminent  Divines  closely  identified  with  Lancaster. 

Seth  Bushell,  D.D. — William  John  Knox-Little,  M.A. — Colin  Campbell, 
M.A. 

Eminent  Laymen  born  in  Lancaster. 

Sir  John  Harrison — Henry  Bracken,  M.D. — John  Heysham,  M.D.— Wm. 
Penny — William  Hadwen—  William  Sanderson — James  Lonsdale— 
Cornelius  Henderson — Sir  Richard  Owen — Sir  William  Turner — 
Professor  Edward  Atkinson— W.  H.  Higgin,  Q.C. — Col.  Richard 
Wadeson,  V.C — George  Danson — Thomas  Edmondson  —  William 
Shaw  Simpson — James  Brunton — James  Tomlinson. 

Eminent  Laymen  closely  identified  with  Lancaster. 

Professor  Frankland — Professor  Galloway — Sir  Robert  Rawlinson — 
Sir  A.  J.  Loftus— William  Linton— Jonathan  Binns — Edward  Denis 
de  Vitre — Stephen  Ross — Sir  Thomas  Storey — Benjamin  Robinson 
— H.  Gilbert. 

Eminent  Catholic  Divines  and  Laymen  closely  identified  with 

Lancaster. 

Edward  Hawarden,  D.D. — Nicholas  Skelton — Charles  Viscount  Fau- 
conberg,  D.D.  — John  Rigby,  D.D.  — Provost  William  Walker, 
M.R.V.F. — Richard  Gillow. 


CONTENTS.  xi. 


CHAPTER    XII. 

Churches  of  St.  John— St.  Anne — Christ  Church — St.  Luke,  Skerton— 
Past  Incumbents  of    each — Value   of   the    Respective    Livings 
Churches — Congregationalism   and    Wesleyanism    in    Lancaster 
St.  Nicholas's  Chapel — Various  Denominations — Friends'   Meeting 
House — Moorside  Burial  Ground. 

CHAPTER    XIII. 

The  Lancaster  Dispensary  and  Infirmary — List  of  Surgeons  and  Apothe- 
caries    CONNECTED      THEREWITH  —  COUNTY     ASYLUM  —  LlST     OF      PAST 

Medical    Superintendents,  Chaplains,  and   Stewards— The   Royal 
Albert    Asylum  —  The   Ripley    Hospital  —  Tfie    Workhouse  —  The 
Cemetery — The    Lune    Fishery— Seats   Round    Lancaster — Ashtok 
Hall — The  Local  Press — The    Green    Lane   Murder— Local    Cen 
tenarians —  curious    names     of     persons     in     lancaster —  lo' 
Improvements. 

CHAPTER    XIV. 

The  Bowerham  Barracks  —  The  First  Royal  Lancashire  Regiment  of 
Militia — "King's  Own" — Lancaster  Kings  of  Arms  and  Lancaster 
Heralds — List  of  Past  Kings-of-arms  and  Heralds — Lancaster 
Coins  and  Tokens — Lancaster  Probate  Court — Lancaster  Posi 
Office — Borough  Waits — Bellman's  Parrock — Our  Old  Houses 
— Castle  Hill  House — Fenton-Cawthorne  House — An  Old  Tower 
— Old  Wells — Hotels. 

CHAPTER  XV. 

John  o'Gaunt's  Bowmen — Masonry  and  Oddfellowship  in  Lancaster — 
Lancaster  Benevolent  Burial  Friendly  Society — The  Philippi 
Club— John  o'Gaunt's  Club,  London — Lancaster  and  its  Political 
Representation — List  of  Past  Members  for  the  Borough. 

CHAPTER    XVI. 

Further  Discoveries  at  the  Castle — George  Marsh — Executions  at 
Lancaster  Castle  of  persons  said  to  have  been  innocent — 
Last  Execution  in  England  by  Strangulation — Imprisonment  of 
an  infant  —  Lune  Shipbuilding  Company  — The  Coffee  House 
Movement  —  Borough  Perambulations  —  Proclamation  of  Queen 
Victoria — Is  Her  Majesty  Duke  or  Duchess  of  Lancaster? 
"Mayors  of  the  Horse  Shoe  "—Old  Esculapians — Epidemics  in 
Lancaster — List  of  Constables  of  Lancaster  Castle — Govern 
or  Keepers  of  the  Castle — Castle  Chaplains  and  Surgeons — 
Coroners  for  Lancaster  and  District  of  the  Century  —  Old 
Officials — Ages  of  and  Years  of  Service — Ancient  Tenures  in 
Lancaster. 

FRAGMENTS    THAT    REMAIN. 

The  Lancaster  Waterworks — Discovery  of  an  Old  Bayonet — Past 
Organists  of  St.  Mary's  Church — St.  Mary's  Church  Bells 
Weight  <m  each  Bell — List  of  Ringers  at  the  Churches  of  Si 
Mary,  St.  Thomas,  and  St.  Peter— Blue  Coat  and  National 
Schools — Duchy  of  Lancaster  Receipts  1890— Value  of  Duchy 
Livings — Old  Books  referring  to  the  County — Note  on  the 
"  Black  Hole  "-—Pasi  Master  Mariners  of  the  Pori   oi    Lancaster. 

CHRONOLOGY. 

LIST    OF    SUBSCRIBERS. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Time- Honoured     Lancaster. 


CHAPTER     I. 


Lancaster — Origin  of  the  Name — Roman  Remains  Discovered. 


PROPOSE  to  allude  first  of  all  to  the  place- 
name  ;  secondly,  to  the  spacious  Priory 
Church  ;  thirdly,  to  its  ominously  towering 
pile,  the  Castle  ;  and  afterwards  to  deal  with 
the  various  events  that  have  occurred  in  the 
Borough  from  the  earliest  periods,  dealing 
also  with  many  of  the  old  characters  to  whom 
the  place  has  given  birth,  and  with  the 
quaint  building's  in  the  neighbourhood  which 
still  remain. 


Lancaster,  the  Aluna  or  Ad  Alauna  of  the  Romans,  is  a  name 
the  origin  of  which  takes  us  far  back  into  the  night  of  ages  ;  but 
with  the  lamp  of  enquiry  and  careful  analysis  we  may  illume  the 
same,  and  probably  bring  out  a  few  important  items  likely  to  make 
an  old  story  new,  and  so  clothe  each  figure  with  a  suit  that  shall 
neither  shame  nor  belie  its  natural  features.  Let  us  analyse  the 
terms,  Aluna,  Ad  Alauna,  or  Alaunum.  Whittaker,  in  his  "History 
of  Richmondshire,"  traces  this  name  to  the  early  British  deity, 
Elaunae,  the  goddess  of  rivers,  and  make  the  uneuphonius  Celto- 
British  name  Longovicum,  deduceable  from  the  same  source.  But 
more  critical  indagation  leads  us  to  what  may  probably  be  the  root- 
source  of  both  Alauna  and  Elaunae.  In  Celtic  we  have  all  white, 
and  aon  river,  aon  and  avon  being  synonymous.      From  this  derivation 


B 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


the  question  naturally  arises,  Why  should  the  Lune  be  called  white  ? 
The  answer  is  not  difficult.  The  ancient  British  were  a  poetical  race  ; 
what  they  lacked  in  science  they  made  up  for  in  poetry,  associat- 
ing their  descriptions  with  their  fancies.  As  the  broad  river,  famed 
in  many  parts  of  its  course  for  its  white  rocky  cliffs,  reflected 
the  vapours  of  the  neighbouring-  hills  and  the  sunny  bright- 
ness of  the  fleecy  clouds,  they  would  reasonably,  when  viewing 
it  from  some  distance,  call  it  the  white  river,  owing  to  the  peculiar 
or  ideal  brightness  that  pervaded  it.  We  next  meet  with  the 
transformations  Lugaun,  and  Lug-avon,  ancient  British  for  "  stream 
of  water."  As  for  the  term  Longovicum,  it  bespeaks  a  trans- 
ition period,  and  is  more  strictly  Roman,  for  wic  or  vie  is  the 
same  as  the  Latin  virus ;  thus  /auu,  Ion,  and  lug,  meaning  water  in 
Celtic,  bring  us  to  "  City  by  the  water."  As  time  rolled  on  and 
races  became  mixed  the  pronunciation  of  place-names,  and,  as  a 
result,  their  orthography,  became  less  pure,  and  so  in  Saxon  times  we 
arrived  at  Loyn-castre,  Loncastre  Lune-castre,  and  finally  Lancaster. 
In  Lancashire  oa  and  on  are  frequently  pronounced  as  if  oi,  hence 
in  many  parts  to  this  day,  we  have  coals  constantly  called  roils. 
Loyn-castre  and  Lune-castre  are  therefore  Saxon  renderings  of  the 
Celtic  British.  Concerning  the  term  Caer  Weridd,  from  which 
Green  Ayre  and  Green  Area  are  said  to  be  deduced,  I  shall  note  this 
in  due  course  at  a  more  appropriate  point. 

The  History  of  Lancaster  may  rightly  enough  be  said  to  re- 
present not  just  the  History  of  a  province  or  part  of  the  old  kingdom 
of  Deira,  but  the  History  of  England.  However  far-fetched  may  be 
the  declaration  made  in  the  "  Cambria  Triumphans  ''  of  one  Percy 
Enderbie,  published  in  the  year  1661,  that  Lancaster  was  first  founded 
by  Gurguintus,  or  Guintrius  Brabtree,  the  son  of  Bellinus,  in  the 
year  of  creation  4,834,  who  is  credited  with  also  founding  Warwick 
and  Porchester,  we  may  rest  assured  that  the  old  city,  for  city  it 
truly  is  and  ought  to  be  called,  has  traditions  and  elements  connected 
with  it  and  its  people  which  only  few  boroughs  can  reveal  or  boast  of. 
There  can  be  little  doubt  that  Lancaster  represents  the  Longovicum 
of  the  "  Notitia  "  and  the  Setantiorum  Portus  of  Ptolemy  ;  and  there 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


is  no  doubt  that  the  stern-looking  fortress  of  this  place  is  the  repre- 
sentative of  a  camp  or  fort  dating-  from   the  days  of  Aelius,  Hadri- 
anus,  and  Augustus  Caesar.     The  town  was  a  Roman  station  of  the 
first  order,  as  has  been  long  ago  proved  by  the  altars,  statues,  urns, 
and  coins  found  from  time  to  time  in  its  leading  thorougfares.     The 
altar  to  the  memory  of  Flavius  Ammausius,  the  prefect  of  an  ala   of 
the  Gallic  horse  ;  the  altar  to  the  deity  of  the  Lune,  inscribed  "  Deo 
Ialono  ;  "  and  the   beautiful   memorial    erected  to   Cocidius,    which 
latter  was  discovered  in  the  old  wall  of  the  castle,  between  Hadrian's 
round  tower  and  the  great  square  tower  of  Saxon  character,  in  1797, 
all  testify  to  the  sublime  antiquity  of  Lancaster.      Milliary  stones   of 
Hadrian  and  Philip's   period,    sculptured   heads   and   sea   lions,  and 
various  other  relics  have    been   unearthed,    including    Roman   Disci 
and  Sympuvia  ;  and  cups  used  in  sacrifire,  together  with  half-burnt 
fragments  of  wood,  bones,  and  ashes,  and   broken    patera;,    Roman 
bricks,  horns  of  animals,    earthen    lamps   and  jars   have   also   been 
turned  up  and  might  have  formed  the  basis   of   a  good   museum,  in 
which  one  department  could  have  been  called  the  Roman  and  Saxon 
store-room  of  Lancaster  Antiquities.      Remnants   of  the  hypocaust, 
or  Roman  pottery,  of  the  tile  with   elevated   edges,    inscribed    "Ala 
Sebusia  "  designating  a  wing  of  Roman  cavalry  of  the  time  of  the 
Emperor  Severus,  a.d.  207,  ought   never  to    have   been    distributed 
amongst  private  individuals,  but  should  have   been   held  as  the  pro- 
perty of  the  borough    in   trust    for  the   people   thereof.      I    have   no 
doubt  that  more  remains  will  yet  be  found,  and  I  can  only  wish  that 
Sir   Thomas   Storey,  Mr.   James   Williamson,    M.P.,    or   some   other 
magnanimous  patron  of  the  town,  will  yet  lead  the  way   to  the  erec- 
tion of  an  appropriate  structure  wherein  the  native  and  the  stranger 
alike  may  "  see  the  past.' and  learn  something  of  the  original  schools 
of  art  which  produced  works  capable  of  comparing   most   favourably 
from  an  artistic  point  of  view  with  anything  wrought  out  in  modern 
times. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


CHAPTER     II. 

St.   Mary's  Church — Mural  inscriptions  within  the  Church — Transcrip- 
tions  OF   BRASSES   ANCIENT   AND  MODERN— STAINED  WINDOWS  — THE  OLD 

Register  Books — Extracts  from  the  same  -Lists  of  Priors  and  Vicars 
-The  Tower— Churchwardens  in  1671— Old  Parish  Clerks— Memo- 
rials in  the  Churchyard— Privilege  of  Sanctuary  at  St.  Mary's 
Church — Extent  of  Parish  in  former  times — Religious  Houses  in 
Lancaster — The  Gardyner Chantry— Penny's  and  Gillison's  Chari- 
ties—Names of  those  residing  in  tde  Almshouses  early  in  1890. 

HE  Church  of  St  Mary's,  Lancaster,  was 
formerly  a  priory,  for  we  find  that  Earl 
g  Roger,  of  Poictiers,  gave,  a.d.  1094,  the 
Church  of  St.  Mary  with  other  lands  here,  to 
the  Abbey  of  St  Mary  de  Sagio,  or  Sees,  in 
Normandy,  whereupon  a  Prior  and  five  Bene- 
dictine monks  were  placed  here,  who,  with 
three  priests,  two  clerks,  and  servants  made 
up  a  small  monastery,  subordinate  to  the 
foreign  house,  which  was  endowed  with  the 
yearly  revenue  of  about  ^80.  After  the  disso- 
lution of  the  alien  priories,  this,  with  the  land  thereunto  belonging, 
was  annexed  by  King  Henry  V.,  or  his  feoffees,  to  the  Abbey  of  Syon 
in  Middlesex. 


tWM^hlU.jl/.Hl'.  Jlt,"  4£.«tl^ttf/ltj 


The  Church,  as  at  present,  stands  on  the  site  of  an  earlier 
Saxon  church,  erected,  probably,  on  some  of  the  Roman  earthwork. 
The  interior  is  very  beautiful,  some  of  the  stained  windows  being 
remarkably  artistic  in  many  instances.  There  are  a  nave  and 
two  side  aisles,  a  long  and  commanding  chancel,  in  which  are 
fourteen  excellently-carved  stalls,  said  to  have  been  brought  from  the 
Abbey  of  Cockersand  in  the  year  1543.  These  stalls  date  probably 
from  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century.  There  is  no  proof  of  their 
having  been  brought  from  France,  as  some  have  supposed,  nor  yet 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


of  their  having  been  appurtenances  of  Cockersand  Abbey.      Much 
of  the  ornamentation  is  decidedly  English.       The  seats  arc  move- 
able   and    have    figures    of   animals    beneath    them.       A    technical 
description  of  the  Church  may  be  quoted  : — "  One  half  of  the  entire 
length  is  appropriated  to  the   chancel,  and   the  other  to   the   nave, 
the  division  being   marked   by   three  transverse   arches  across  the 
central  portion  and  the  two  side  aisles,  of  which  mediaeval  churches 
usually    consist.      Nave     and     chancel     are     again     longitudinally 
separated  from  the  aisles,  which  run  the  entire  length  of  the  Church, 
by    an    arcade    of  eight  finely   proportioned  arches   on   each   side, 
carrying  the  clerestory  walls,  the   four   arches  on    each   side  in   the 
chancel   being   distinguished    by    greater   richness   of  detail.     The 
roofs  are   flat,  partly   ancient,  of  oak,  and    partly   modern,  and  all 
covered  with  lead.     The  windows  lighting  the  aisles  and  clerestory 
are   all   of  three   lights,    and   four  centred,    with   tracery  of  simple 
design."     The  registry  for  the  Lancaster  division  of  Richmond  and 
the   Commissary's   Court   were   for   years   held   within   this  Church. 
They  were  screened  off  by  ten  of  the  ancient  stalls  alluded  to,  while 
six  others  of  these   richly  ornamented  specimens  of  antiquity   were 
ranged  on  each  side  of  the  organ.     The  restoration  (removal  of  the 
pews,  galleries,  &c.)  was  accomplished,  says  Mr.  Paley  (1888),  about 
thirty  years   ago,   and  the   re-seating  of  the  chancel,   which  is  half 
the  measure  of  the  church,  was  finished  about   twenty  years  back. 
The  organ  was  removed  to  the  chancel  in  the  year  1873.      The  same 
gentleman  also  states  that  during  the  excavations  for  the  purpose  of 
erecting  the  new  vestry  two  stone  coffins  were  found  in  very  good 
condition.      One  was  proved  to  be  that  of  a  crusader,  and  on  its  lid 
are  a  sword  and  shield.       The  other  coffin  is  that  of  a  child,  judging 
from  its  small  size.      Both  have  been  inserted  in  the  vestry  wall  in  a 
very  commendable  manner. 

The  present  Tower  was  erected  in  1759.  On  the  north-side 
of  the  Church  there  are  seen  several  old  stones  believed  to  have  formed 
part  of  the  Saxon  Church  that  existed  about  the  sixth  century  on  this 
spot.  According  to  Whitaker's  "  Richmondshire "  the  Prior}-  of 
Lancaster    had  a  claim  of  two  shillings  and  a  pound  of  wax  from 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


twelve  acres  of  land  held  by  Adam,  son  of  Orm  de  Kellet,  in  the  25th 
year  of  Edward  I.  Adam  and  Ralf  de  Kellet  were  witnesses  to  the 
foundation  deed  of  Cockersand  Abbey,  which  is  about  six  miles  from 
Lancaster,  and  their  family  was  also  identified  with  the  Abbey  of 
Furness.  The  visitor  will  be  interested  in  the  chaste  and  comely 
chair  for  the  use  of  the  bishop  of  the  diocese  when  attending  this 
church  ;  it  is  a  neat  piece  of  furniture,  so,  too,  is  that  ornamental 
and  most  essential  adjunct,  the  pulpit,  which  bears  the  date  1619  in 
front.  Within  this  shrine  of  penitence  and  prayer  there  is  no 
lack  of  mural  literature  of  the  classical  order.  Amongst  the  interior 
mementos  to  departed  worth  are  a  marble  tablet  and  bust  to  the 
memory  of  Sir  Samuel  Eyre,  a  judge  of  the  King's  Bench,  in  the 
reign  of  William  III.,  whose  remains  were  originally  interred  here, 
but  afterwards  removed  to  Salisbury,  on  the  12th  of  September, 
1698  ;   the  text  of  the  epitaph  is  as  follows  : — 

.    MEMORISE    SACRUM 
SAMUELIS    EYRE    EQUUS    ALRATI 

REGNANTE    WILHELMO 

LEGUM    ET    LIBERTATEM    VINDICE 

UNIUS    JUSTICIARIORUM     DE    BANCO    REGIS    VIRI 

QUI    IN    OMNI    OFEICIORUM    GENERE 

QU^E    VEL    UTILEM    SOLENT    VEL    AMABILEM    CONSTITUERE 

FELICITER    EMICUIT 

IN    COLLOQUIJS    COMIS    ET    URBANUS 

IN    AURICITIJS    STRENUUS    ET    FIDELIS 

IN    CAUSIS    DECERNENDIS 

GRAVIS    PERSPICAX    INTERGERRIMUS 

HINC    OPERI    INTENTUS 

ITER    BOREALE    SUSCEPIT 

QUO    MUNERE    DEO    FAVENTE 

SUMMA    CUM    JUSTITIA    PERACTO 

DIEM    CLAUSIT    EXTREMUM 

XII"     SEPTEMBRIS    A.D.     MDCLXXXXVIII 

CORPUS    EJUS    IN    HAC    ECCLESIA    PAULUBUM 

TEMPORIS    DEPOSITUM    POSTEA    AD    CIVTTATEM 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


NOVA    SARUM    TRANSLATUM    FLIT    HAC    IBIDEM 

IN    ECCLESIA    ST    THOM.-K    MARTYRIS    INHUMATUM 

INTER    ANTECESSORES 

REQUIESCAT. 

There  is  next  to  be  seen  an  ulto  relievo  in   white    marble,    by 
Roubiliac,  to  the  memory  of  William  Stratford,  L.L.D.,  commissary 
of  the  Archdeaconry  of  Richmond,  who  died  in  1752,  at  the   age   of 
75.      In  this  monument,  as  in  the  character  of  the  deceased,  charity 
is  the  prominent  figure,  and  she  is  seen  displaying  her  bounty  to  an 
aged  woman  and  two  children.       This  public  benefactor   bequeathed 
^3,000  to  particular  charities  enumerated  in  his  will,  and  the  residue 
of  his  personal  property,  amounting  to  ,£9,390,    he  directed  to   be 
applied  to  charitable  purposes  by  his  executors   by  means   of  which 
58  small  livings  in  the  counties  of  Lancaster,  York,  and  Chester,  as 
well  as  in  Westmoreland  and  Cumberland,  were  augmented,  most  of 
them    with    the   sum   of  ^100,    on    condition   that  the   inhabitants, 
incumbent  or  others  would  contribute  ^100  in   order  to  obtain   the 
augmentation    of   Queen    Anne's    Bounty,    by   which   accumulative 
operation  each  ,£100  was  quadrupled. 

NEAR    THIS    PLACE    ARE    DEPOSITED 
THE    REMAINS    OF 

WILLIAM     STRATFORD 

COMMISSARY       OF       THE       ARCHDEACONRY       OF 

RICHMOND, 

WHO    DEPARTED    THIS    LIFE    SEPTEMBER    7TH     1 752 

IN     THE    75TH    YEAR    OF    HIS    AGE 

HE    WAS    EMINENT 

FOR    KNOWLEDGE    IN    HIS    PROFESSION 

INTEGRITY    IN    HIS    OFFICE 

AND    FOR    THOSE    OTHER    VIRTUES    WHICH    ADORN 

THE    MAN,    THE    CITIZEN,    AND    THE    CHRISTIAN. 

IN    HIS    CONDUCT    HE    WAS    INFLUENCED 

BY    THE    DICTATES    OF    HIS    CONSCIENCE  ; 

A    RATIONAL    FAITH    IN    HIS    REDEEMER 


8  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


AND    UNAFFECTED     DEVOTION    TO    GOD  J 

HENCE    IT    BECAME    HIS    DELIGHT 

TO      DO      GOOD      AND      TO      DISTRIBUTE. 

THE    MONUMENTS    OF    HIS    CHARITY 

ARE    VISIBLE    TO    THE    PRESENT 

AND     THE    EFFECTS    OF    IT    WILL    REMAIN 

TO    FUTURE    AGES. 

Another  marble  is  erected  "  to  tne  memory  of  Leonard  Red- 
mayne,  lieutenant  H.M  :  14th  Light  Dragoons,  eldest  son  of  the  late 
William  Treasure  Redmayne,  Esq.,  of  Burrow  and  Hazelrigge,  who 
was  killed  in  action  with  the  rebels  at  Mundezore,  East  Indies,  on 
the  23rd  of  November,  1857,  aged  23.  He  fell  gallantly  charging 
with  the  squadron,  under  the  command  of  Lieutenant  Leith,  a  large 
body  of  the  enemy,  who  were  threatening  the  rear  of  the  force,  under 
Brigadier  Stuart's  command,  which  was  engaged  hotly  to  the  front. 
Is  it  well  with  thee?  Is  it  well  with  thy  husband  ?  Is  it  well  with 
thy  child?  It  is  well!  II  Kings,  chapter  iv.,  and  verse  26." 
Beneath  the  foregoing  is  an  antique  little  tablet  with  this  engraving 
thereon  : — Here  rests  in  hope  of  a  glorious  resurrection  the  body  of 
Richard  Adams,  Esq.,  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Adams,  of  London,  knight 
and  baronet,  who  departed  this  life  June  13th,  1661."  To  the 
memory  01  Dr.  Whewell,  a  Lancaster  worthy,  is  this  at  the  foot  of 
a  beautiful  window,  "William  Whewell,  D.D.,  XXIY.  years,  fellow 
and  tutor  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  born  at  Lancaster,  May 
XXIV.,  MDCCXCIV.,  died  at  the  Lodge  of  Trinity  College,  March 
6th,  MDCCCLXVL,  and  was  buried  in  the  ante  chapel  of  the  college. 
This  window  was  erected  by  his  only  surviving  sister  as  a  tribute  of 
affection  to  the  memory  of  a  much-loved  brother.  Thy  brother  shall 
rise  again. "  At  the  head  of  the  tablet  may  be  seen  the  arms  and 
motto  : — "  Lampada  Tradam."  He  was  born  in  a  court,  off  Brock 
Street,  Lancaster.  Elsewhere  an  epitaph  is  to  be  seen  informing  the 
visitor  that  "  near  this  place  are  deposited  the  remains  of  Ralph 
Butler,  the  youngest  son  of  Edmund  Butler,  of  the  Ridding,  in  the 
West  of  Riding  oi  the  County  of  York.  He  died  on  the  5th  of 
September,  1806,  in  the  30th  year  of  his  age.      Honourable  age  is 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


not  that  which  standeth  in  length  of  time  nor  that  is  measured  by 
number  of  years.  But  wisdom  is  the  grey  hair  unto  man,  and  un- 
spotted life  is  old  age  "  Wisdom  C.  IV.  V.  8  and  9."  Very  quaint 
is  the  next  one  we  shall  select  from  this  Church.  It  begins  "P. S. 
Exuvias  eu  !  Hie  deposuit  Seth  Bushell,  S.  S.,  J.  P.  Dei  et  Ecclesia 
Anglicana  Reformat.  Usquam  de  votissimus,  utrique  carola  augus- 
tissimus  temporibus  pie  fidelissimus  ;  post  quam  hanc  ecclesia  vita 
inculpabili  et  assiduis  concionibus  per  triennium  feliciter  rexisset. 
Ino  tempore  (inter  alia  pietatis  speeiminia )  parochi  domum  modo 
cornituram  et  instauravit  auxit.  Resurrectionis  Immortalitate  vero 
natus  calof  maturus  spe  ferris  valedixit. 


Anno 


I    Aetatis  IXIII.    ^    is  o 
\    Salutis  1684.      /   IX.  VI 


At    the    head    of   the   South   Aisle  is   a  tablet  giving  a  brief 
genealogy  of  the  Higgin  family.      Here  is  a  transcription  :— 

SACRED 

TO  THE  MEMORY  OF 

JOHN  HIGGIN  OF  WOOD  HEY,  NEAR  BURY,  GENTLEMAN, 

ONLY  SON  OF  JAMES  HIGGIN  OF  TOTTINGTON 

AND  GREAT  GRANDSON  OF  JOHN  HIGGIN 

LAST  OF  THAT  NAME  OF  ETHERSALL  HOUSE,  MARSDEN,  LANCASHIRE 

4  YEARS  GOVERNOR  OF  LANCASTER  CASTLE, 

WHO  DIED  DECEMBER  24TH  1 783, 

AGED  48  YEARS 

AND    OF    MARY    HIS    WIFE    DAUGHTER    OF    THE    REV.     SAMUEL    HORNE 

WHO    DIED    AUGUST    IOTH     1 786, 

AGED    51     YEARS 

ALSO  OF  JOHN  HIGGIN  OF  GREENFIELD,  GENTLEMAN,  ONLY  SON  OF 

THE  ABOVE 

50    YEARS    GOVERNOR    OF    LANCASTER    CASTLE 

CAPTAIN  AND  ADJUTANT  OF  THE  LANCASTER  VOLUNTEER  MILITIA  IN  I  798 

WHO     DIED    JANUARY    1 2TH     1 847 

AGED    85    YEARS 


io  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


AND    OF    MARY    HIS    WIFE 

DAUGHTER    OF    ROBERT    HOUSMAN    OF    LUNE    BANK    SKERTON, 

WHO    DIED    NOVEMBER    6    1 823 

AGED    66    YEARS. 

ALSO    OF    THOMAS    HOUSMAN    HIGGIN,     2ND    SON    OF    THE    ABOVE 

30    YEARS    DEPUTY    GOVERNOR     AND    KEEPER    OF    LANCASTER    CASTLE 

CAPTAIN    IN    THE    ROYAL    LANCASHIRE    LOCAL    MILITIA 

AND    MAYOR    OF    THIS    TOWN     1 836-7 

WHO  DIED  MARCH  27TH  l86l  (AND  WAS  INTERRED  IN  THIS  CHURCHYARD) 

AGED    72    YEARS. 

AND    OF    SARAH    HIS    WIFE,    THIRD    DAUGHTER    OF    THE 

REV   JAMES    WINFIELD,     M.A.     OF    CHESTER 

WHO    DIED    ON    THE     14TH    APRIL     1870 

AGED    78    YEARS    AND    WAS    INTERRED    IN    THIS    CHURCHYARD. 

Above  are  the  Higgin  arms. 


On  a  brass  in  raised  letters  with  red  background  is   a   mem- 
orial to  this  effect  : — 


THIS    TABLET    IS    ERECTED 

TO    THE    MEMORY    OF 

MAJOR    HENRY    BUCKTON    LAURENCE 

2ND    BATTN.    THE    KING'S    OWN    ( ROYAL    LANC.    REGT. ) 

BY    HIS    BROTHER    OFFICERS 

DIED    3RD    MARCH,     1886,    AGED    43    YEARS. 

On  the  head  of  the  brass  at  each  corner  is  a  lion,  while  in 
the  centre  are  the  Royal  Arms. 

A  marble  commemorates  Frances  Atkinson,  relict  of  Anthony 
Atkinson,  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  and  the  said  Anthony,  who  died  July 
6th,  1796,  aged  65  years.  Underneath  are  the  arms  of  the  family. 
I  noticed  on  the  north  wall  a  neat  marble  memorial  to  Charles 
Gibson,  Esq.,  of  Quernmore  Park,  who  departed  this  life  on  the  29th 
of  June,  1832,  at  Thorpe  Arch,  aged  42.  The  memorial  is  erected 
in  remembrance  "  of  his  many  rare  and  christian  virtues,  and  as  a 
humble  tribute  of  honest  affection  and  gratitude  by  his   affectionate 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  u 


widow  and  nine  surviving  children.  '  Not  my  will  but  thine  be 
done.'  Above  the  memorial  is  an  eagle  with  partially  stretched 
wings. 

One  in  memory  of  Sibyll  Elizabeth  Wilson,  daughter  of 
George  Wilson,  Esq.,  late  Lieut-Colonel  in  the  First  Regiment  of 
Foot  Guards  ;  and  of  Anne  Sibyll,  his  wife,  sole  heiress  of  the  late 
Allan  Harrison,  of  Lancaster,  Esq.,  is  also  to  be  seen.  The  reader 
is  informed  that  this  monument,  the  last  testimony  of  affection  for 
a  lovely  and  an  only  child,  was  erected  by  her  disconsolate  parents. 
She  was  born  on  the  4th  of  May,  1766,  and  died  on  the  17th  of 
February,  1773.  George  Wilson,  Esq.,  died  in  1776,  aged  53  years. 
Next  is  a  marble  in  memory  of  "  Edward,  eldest  son  of  Edward  and 
Elizabeth  Suart,  of  this  town,  who  died  on  the  10th  of  May,  1S01, 
aged  23,  and  is  interred  with  the  rest  of  the  family  in  the  aisle 
below."  Then  we  have  the  memorial  to  Ralph  Butler,  the  youngest 
son  of  Edmund  Butler,  who  died  September  5th,  1806,  in  the  30th 
year  of  his  age.  There  is  a  lengthy  tablet  to  the  members  of  the 
Salisbury  family  near  to.  On  another  brass  "Richard  Johnes, 
otherwise  Jones,  of  Caton,"  is  commemorated,  "son  of  Thomas 
Johnes,  of  Caton,  born  in  1684,  and  died  in  1730.  He  married 
Mary,  eldest  daughter  [by  Mary  Carr  his  wife]  and  co-heiress 
of  Michael  Johnson,  of  Twysell  Hall,  County  Durham,  and  widow 
of  John  Brockholes,  of  Claughton  Hall,  County  Lancaster,  she 
died  in  1730,  and  was  buried  also  in  this  church.  They  had 
issue  an  only  son,  Michael  Jones,  born  1729,  died  1801,  and 
was  buried  in  the  chancel  of  this  church.  He  married  Mary, 
daughter  of  Matthew  Smith,  of  Askrigge,  County  of  York,  and 
widow  of  Weston  Coyney,  County  Stafford.  They  had  issue  four 
sons,  Charles,  Michael,  Edward,  and  James  ;  and  three  daughters, 
Mary,  Constantia,  and  Catherine.  Mrs.  Jones  died  in  1814  and 
was  buried  in  the  chancel  of  this  church."  The  dates  on  this  brass 
are  in  Roman.  An  earnest  preacher  is  honoured  with  this  modest 
tribute  : — "  Within  the  adjoining  rails  where  his  fervent  piety  has 
been  so  often  witnessed,  rest  in  hope  the  remains  of  the  Rev.  James 
Thomas,  who  died  on  the    12th   of  January,    1824,    aged   84   years. 


i2  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


Likewise  those  of  Sarah,  his  affectionate  and  beloved  wife,  who 
died  the  30th  March,  1826,  aged  80  years."  At  the  base  of  the 
marble  is  the  text,  "  When  Christ  who  is  our  life  shall  appear,  then 
shall  we  also  appear  with  him  in  glory."  The  Rev.  James  Thomas 
was  chaplain  to  the  Lancaster  Volunteer  Infantry  for  some  years, 
his  appointment  dating  from  1803. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  chancel  also  repose  the  remains  of 
"  Hannah  Rawlinson,  widow  of  Thomas  Hutton  Rawlinson,  of 
Lancaster,  born  14th  August,  1755,  died  nth  February,  1842." 
Adjacent  we  learn  that  "  William  Treasure  Redmayne,  of  Burrow 
and  Hazelrigge,  a  Deputy  Lieutenant  of  this  County,  died  on  the 
30th  November,  1849,  aged  42  years."  There  is  a  tablet  to  the 
memory  of  Samuel  Gregson,  who  was  mayor  of  Lancaster  in  1817, 
1818,  1825,  and  1826,  and  who  was  born  on  the  13th  March,  1763, 
and  died  the  27th  of  October,  1846,  in  his  83rd  year.  Another  is  to 
"Jane,  wife  of  James  Lonsdale,  of  Berners  Street,  London,  who 
died  April  28th,  1827,  aged  50  years.  Also  James,  who  died  on  the 
17th  January,  1839,  aged  61,"  and  one  to  the  memory  of  Edmund 
Buckley,  who  died  October  20th,  181 7,  aged  62,  and  his  wife 
Elizabeth,  who  died  on  the  4th  January,  1832,  aged  79  years  ; 
Elizabeth,  their  daughter,  died  29th  August,  1854,  aged  73. 

Gwalter  Borranskill,  Alderman  of  Lancaster,  is  perpetuated 
by  a  memorial  on  the  wall  of  the  south  aisle,  which  states  that  he 
departed  this  life  October  30th,  1761,  aged  59  years,  and  that 
Margaret,  his  wife,  died  April  22nd,  1789,  aged  78  years. 

The  Fauconberg  epitaphs  are  in  small  lettering,  almost 
beyond  discernment.     They  read  thus  : — 

"Near  this  stone  lie  the  remains  of  Roland,  Viscount 
Fauconberg  of  Henknowle,  Baron  Fauconberg,  of  Yarum,  eldest 
son  of  Anthony  Belasyse,  who  died  October  9th,  1754,  and  of  his 
wife  Susanna  Clervet,  who  died  August  26th,  1783,  whose  other 
children  were  Francis  and  Raymond,  who  died  infants.      Mary,  who 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  13 


died  April  15th,  1780;  Thomas,  who  died  August  24th,  1810, 
(leaving  a  widow  Louisa  Juliana  de  Manneville  and  five  daughters), 
Charles,  Francis,  and  Barbara." 

The  said  Roland  succeeded  to  the  above  honours  by  the  death 
of  Henry  Belasyse,  Earl  Fauconberg,  of  Newburgh,  Lord  Lieutenant 
and  Custos  Rotulorum  of  the  North  Riding,  County  of  York,  March 
25th,  1802  ;  and  he  died  November  30th  1810,  aged  66. 

In  all  the  relations  of  life  he  lived  unblamed,  and  by  those 
who  knew  him  best  will  be  longest  mourned,      r.  i.  p. 

And  in  the  same  grave  lie  the  remains  of  the  said  Charles, 
D.D.,  Lord  Viscount  Fauconberg,  who  died  June  21st,  1815,  aged 
65  years." 

On  a  tablet  beneath  we  read,  "Also  of  Francis,  who  died 
January  25th,  1825,  aged  72.  Louisa  Juliana,  widow  of  the  above 
named  Thomas,  died  October  27th,  1814,  The  above  named 
Barbara,  died  June  20th,  1823."  The  upper  marble  is  adorned  with 
the  Belasyse  arms.  The  motto  is  Bonne  et  Belle  Asses.  The 
coronets  of  an  Earl  and  a  Viscount  also  appear,  and  on  the  lower 
tablet  is  a  cross. 

Among  other  memorials  are  these  ; — 

"  In  memory  of  John  Webster,  attorney,  who  died  December 
1 8th,  1780,  aged  35  years,  of  Joseph  his  son,  who  died  March  30th, 
1780,  aged  9  years,  and  of  Mary  who  died  January  nth,  1801,  aged 
27  years,  Jennet  Webster,  his  widow,  died  on  the  21st  February, 
1812,  aged  63  years.  In  the  churchyard  their  son  John  Webster, 
attorney,  is  buried  He  departed  this  life  on  the  15th  of  February, 
1852,  aged  75  years." 

"To  the  memory  of  Robert  Foxcroft,  collector  of  Customs 
at  the  port  of  Lancaster,  who  died  on  the  10th  of  October,  1791, 
aged  83  years." 


i4  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


"  In  memory  of  Stephen  Postlethwaite,  died  on  the  31st 
March,  1789,  aged  77  years.  " 

Thomas  Bowes,  a  well  known  name  in  the  annals  of  Lancas- 
ter, died  on  the  28th  September,  1833,  ag-ed  56  ;  Agnes  his  wife, 
died  on  the  18th  of  January,  1810,  aged  24,  also  John,  their  only 
son,  died  on  the  11th  June,  1816,  aged  7  years." 

The  Penny  memorial  at  the  west  end  of  the  church  is  as 
follows  : — 

"William  Penny,  late  an  Alderman  of  Lancaster,  who  de- 
parted this  life  29th  June,  17 16.  He  left  money,  lands,  and 
tenements  to  the  Mayor  and  Aldermen  of  this  town,  in  trust,  to 
build  an  almshouse,  and  granted  annuities  to  twelve  ancient  indi- 
gent men.  To  perpetuate  the  name  and  generosity  of  so  liberal  a 
founder,  this  tablet  was  erected  by  order  of  the  trustees  a. d.  1818." 

Near  it  is  the  Heysham  tablet  : — 

"  Sacred  to  the  memory  of  William  Heysham,  Esq.,  formerly 
M.P.  for  the  Borough,  obit  14th  April,  1727.  He  gave  an  estate 
near  this  towrn  called  The  Greaves  to  the  Mayor,  Recorder,  and  the 
Senior  Aldermen,  in  trust,  to  divide  the  rent  annually  among  eight 
poor  ancient  men  of  this  Borough.  To  commemorate  the  name 
and  munificence  of  the  donor,  this  monument  is  erected  by  the 
trustee^."  Another  monument,  near  the  above,  commemorates 
Giles  Heysham,  of  Lancaster,  who  died  1787,  aged  68  years,  and 
also  his  son,  John  Heysham,  M.D.,  of  Carlisle,  who  died  1834, 
aged  81  years,  members  of  the  same  eminent  Lancaster  family. 

The  font  cover  bears  the  date,  1631. 

There  are  about  twenty  old  brass  memorials  in  St.  Mary's 
Church.  Some  have  been  inserted  in  stones  while  others  appear  to 
have  been  attached  to  the  church  walls.      It  is  much  to   be   regretted 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  15 


that  these  plates  should  have  been  subjected  not  only  to  removal  but 
to  relegation,  being  in  places  where  the  majority  of  people  can  never 
behold  them.  I  give  transcriptions  of  most  of  the  ancient  brasses. 
The  first  one  reads  thus  :— "  Here  lieth  the  body  of  John  Thornton, 
of  Oxclif,  who  died  February  the  1 8th,  1671,  aged  38  years.  Also 
Robert,  son  of  John  Thornton,  died  June  ye  6th,  1672,  aged  11  years  ; 
also  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Edmond  Thornton,  of  Oxclif,  who  died  May 
ye  3rd,  1709,  in  the  40th  year  of  her  age." 

A  death's  head  is  on  the  next  : — "  Resurgam  Thomas  Atkin- 
son, obiit  July  12th  1684  Posuit  Eis."  The  rest  is  unreadable  until 
the  last  line  is  reached,  which  consists  of  the  name  "  Nicholas 
Atkinson." 

This  is  succeeded  by  one  to  Thomas  Medcalfe  and  his  wife  :— 
"  Here  lie  the  bodies  of  Thomas  Medcalf  of  Lancaster  and  Alice  his 
wife  the  daughter  of  William  Rippon  of  Hare  .  .  .  pe.  She  died 
1609  June  1 7th aged  37.  Hee  171  2  February  19th,  aged  64.  Leaving 
surviving  children — Judith,  Thomas,  Elizabeth,  William,  Margaret, 
George,  and  Dorothy." 

The    rest    are   as  follow: — "Here   lyeth  ye   body    of  Willia 
Backhouse  who  dyed  April  ye  23rd  1697.     Aetatis  suae  37."-—"  Here 
lies  the  body  of  Christopher  Fell  son  of  George    Fell   of  Pennington 
in  Furness,  who  died  the  9th  of  September  1700."     A  coat   of  arms 
is  beneath.  — "  Here  lieth    interred   the   body   of  Esther   Whitehead 
who  departed  this  life  the  8th  day  of  May   1712." — "  Thomas  Gard- 
ner, Alderman  of  Lancaster  died  July  the  J9th  Anno   Domini    17 12, 
in  the  59th  year  of  his  age." — "  Thomas  Foster  de  Beaumont  Armiger 
Obiit  22  die  August  Anno  Domini  1713,  Aetatis   suae   61."  —"Here 
lieth  the  body  of  Matthew  Richardson  of  Sowerby  Lodge  in  Furness 
who  died  ye  28th   February    1714  in   the    36th   year  of  his   age." — 
"  Ellen  relict  of  Thomas  Gardner  of  Lancaster,    died    May  ye    26th, 
3715  in  ye  73rd  year  of  her  age." — "Jane,  wife  of  Thomas   Goodier, 
collector  of  this  port,  buried  30th  of  May  1721."  — "  Mary   daughter 
of  James   and   H  .  Grimshaw    1721." — "Thomas    son    of 


16  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Edmund  Bainbridge  died  August  the  9th  in   the  year  of  our   Lord 
1722  aged  9  months  and  '  whon '  daye." 

"  Here  lies  the  remains  of  Edward  Machell  who  died  the  7th 
of  April  1  734  in  the  61st  year  of  his  age,  also  five  of  his  children  here 
departed,  namely  Elizabeth,  daughter,  died  July  1735  in  the  fourth 
year  of  her  age.  Sarah  who  died  the  3rd  of  November  1736  aged  2 
years.  Barbara  the  3rd  of  November  1742  aged  5  years.  Ann 
laboured  under  a  grievous  asthmatic  complaint  upwards  of  three  years 
which  she  bore  with  uncommon  Christian  fortitude  hoping  and 
earnestly  wishing  for  thro'  the  mediation  of  her  Saviour  a  transition 
to  joys  more  substantial  than  the  disultory  ones  of  this  life,  and  on 
the  5th  of  July  1780  she  approached  her  dissolution  meeting  at  last 
the  King  of  Terrors  with  a  smile  in  the  32nd  year  of  her  age.  Also 
here  repose  the  ashes  of  Ann  relict  of  Edward  and  mother  of  the  above 
recited  children  who  died  January  nth  1788  in  her  81  sty  ear  as  much 
respected  for  the  amiable  qualities  of  her  mind  as  respectable  for  her 
age." 

"  Margaret  ye  daughter  of  Ja.  and  Dorothy  Smethurst. 
Born  1705  January  21.  Died  1766  December  1 8th."  (The  rest  is 
gone,  the  corner  having  been  broken  off). — "H.  I.  C.  William 
Preston,  died  February,  1780,  Elizabeth  his  wife  died  May,  1769. 
Elizabeth  their  daughter  died  May  1780."— "Here  lie  the  remains 
of  Hannah  Goad  the  daughter  of  William  and  Darling  Goad  of 
London.  Obt.^.nth  November  1782  aetat  7  months.  '  On  thee  the 
tender  thought  shall  dwell.'  " — "  Here  lies  the  body  of  Thomas  son 
of  Thomas  and  Frances  Willock  of  Lancaster  who  Died  the  21st  of 
August,  1/84.  Aged  nine  weeks." — "Under  this  stone  are  the 
remains  of  William  Butterfield  and  Alice  his  beloved  wife  who  died 
March  29th  1795  aged  63  years.  He  died  January  8th  1787  aged  80 
years.  Sint  Felices."  — "  John  Addison  of  Lancaster  merchant  who 
died  February  9th  1788  aged  48.  Mary  his  wife  died  January  22nd 
1 79 1  aged  47." ■— "  Gerrard  Rawes  died  May  21st  1767  aged  42  years. 
Sarah  Rawes  died  March  the  30th  1792  aged  67  years."  -"  Inscribed 
to  the  memory  of  Elizabeth  sister  of  Edward  Mather   Mundy,    Esq., 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  17 


Knight  of  the  shire  For  the  County  of  Derby  And  relict  of  Thomas 
Foster  Buckley,  Esq.,  of  Beaumont  Hall  in  the  County  of  Lancaster 
Who  departed  this  life  on  the  14th  day  of  April  1811." 

"  Here  lieth  the  remains  of  Rachel  wife  of  Edward  Styth  of 
Lancaster,  who  departed  this  life  the  21st  day  of  February  a. d.  1752, 
aged  18  years,  four  months  and  eight  days.  Here  lieth  also  the 
remains  of  Edward  Styth  of  Lancaster,  who  departed  this  life  the 
6th  day  of  April,  a.d.  1769,  aged  68  years."  In  the  path  leading  to 
the  north  aisle  there  is  a  large  stone  to  the  memory  of  members  oi' 
the  Barrow  family  and  near  to  one  in  memory  of  John  Croft  M.I), 
who  died  6th  April,  1746  aged  42. 

Particulars  of  the  Covell  epitaph  appear  in  the  chapter  dealing 
with  the  ancient  corporation.  A  beautiful  brass  commemorates 
John  Stout,  magistrate  for  the  county,  Born  27th  July  1763,  Died 
11th  April  1846.      This  brass  is  immediately  above  the  font. 

There  are  three  excellently  engraved  brasses  on  the  north  wall 
of  this  church  which  were  erected  early  on  in  the  year  1890.  Two 
commemorate  those  officers  and  privates  who  died  in  India  between 
1880  and  1888,  and  who  belonged  to  the  King's  Own  Royal  Lan- 
caster Regiment.      Here  is  the  transcription  of  the  first  : — 

IN      AFFECTIONATE      REMEMBRANCE      OF 

Lieutenant  F.  W.   HEARD 

THE    KING'S    OWN    ROYAL    LANCASTER    REGIMENT 

WHO    DIED    AT    DUBLIN 

2 1  ST   DECEMBER    1 889,    AGED    23. 

THIS    TABLET    IS    PLACED    BY    HIS    BROTHER    OFFICERS. 

'  WITH    GOOD    WILL    DOING    SERVICE.' 

The  second  or  centre  brass  is  surmounted  by  a  medallion 
representing  the  insignia  of  the  Regiment,  the  words  "The  King's 
Own  Royal  Lancaster  Regiment  "  appearing  round  the  edge  of  it. 
This  memorial  reads  thus  : — 


18  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


IN    AFFECTIONATE    REMEMBRANCE    OF 

Lieutenant    E.  -W.    T.    OSBORNE 

2ND    BAT.    THE    KING'S    OWN    ROYAL    LANCASTER    REGIMENT 

WHO    DIED    AT    POONA,     EAST    INDIES 

1ST    NOVEMBER     l888,    AGED    23. 

THIS    TABLET    IS    PLACED    BY    HIS    BROTHER    OFFICERS. 

'  NOW    TO    THEM    THAT    WORKETH    IS    THE    REWARD.' 

At  the  head  of  the  third  or  lowermost  brass  are  two  flags,  a 
helmet,  and  two  swords  crossed,  under  the  helmet.  On  the  right 
of  these  devices  are  engraved  "  quetta,  Karachi,  1888."  On  the 
left  "  poonah,  Bombay,  1880."  The  left  flag  bears  on  its  left  half 
the  names  "  corunna,  salamanca,  Sebastian,  peninsula,  Sevasto- 
pol." On  the  right  half  are  seen  "  badajos,  vitoria,  nive, 
bladenburn,  inkerman,  abyssinia.  africa."  The  text  of  the 
memorial  is  as  follows  : — 

IN    MEMORIAM 

THIS    TABLET    IS    ERECTED    BY    THE 

NON-COMMISSIONED    OFFICERS    AND    MEN 

OF    THE    2ND    BATTALION 

1HE    KING'S    OWN    ROYAL    LANCASTER    REGT. 

IN     AFFECTIONATE     REMEMBRANCE     OF     THEIR 

COMRADES    WHO    DIED    IN    INDIA 

1880    TO    1888. 

SERGEANT  MAJOR  T.  RODDIS, SERGEANT  MASTER  TAILORS  T.  PHELAN 

AND  H.  L.  PYYES 

SERGEANTS    H.     FARMER    AND    R.    TODD. 

CORPORALS    J.    BINNS,     W.    COLVIN,    W.     MITCHELL    AND    J.    WILSON. 

LANCE    CORPORALS   J.    FURNESS,     H.    J.    KING    AND    J.     PARKINSON. 

DRUMMERS    C.    WALSH    AND    W    WHITTAKER. 

PRIVATES  J.  ASHBROOK,  C.  BENNETT,  J.  BIRKETT,  D.  BIRRELL, 
J.  BLESSINGTON,  W.  BROPHIL,  J.  H.  BROWN,  J.  CALLIGAN, 
R.  A  CARRUTHERS,  J.  CHAMBERS,  R.  COCKERIN,  T.  COLEMAN, 
D.    COLLINS,    J.    COONEY,    D.    DELANEY,   E.    L.    DWYER,    J.   EDWARDS, 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  19 


PRIVATES  J.  EDWARDS.  W.  ENGLISH,  G.  ETTRIDGE,  C.  EVAN'S,  W.  EVANS, 
O.  GALLAGHER,  M.  MARGHETY,  J.  E.  GRIMMER,  C.  HAMILTON, 
R.  HASLEM,  J.  HAWORTH,  J.  HODGSON,  A.  HOGAN,  J.  HOLGATES, 
J.  HOPKINSON,  A.  HUGHES,  J.  KELLY,  O.  KELLY,  T.  MALEY, 
J.  MAHER,  J.  MALONE,  T.  MARTIN,  J.  MCCARTHY,  H.  MOONEY, 
J.  MORRIS,  J.  MOSS,  W.  OXFORD,  F.  PLACKETT,  F.  PRATT, 
C.  PRATT,  W.  PRICE,  J.  PURCELL,  J.  REILLY,  J.  RIORDAN, 
A.  SIMPSON,  F.  SMITH,  W.  SMITH,  J.  SOUTHWELL,  J.  STANSFIELD, 
J.  SULLIVAN,  J.  SWALES,  W.  THOMPSON,  J.  TRYTHALL,  J.  UPTON 
J.  WARD,  J.  WEIR,  E.  WILLIAMS,  J.  WILSON,  R.  WOOF,  J.  WOOTON, 
J.    YARDSLEY.    * 

There  is  another  brass  beneath  the  Dockray  memorial 
window  :— 

to  the  memory  of 

Captain     Edgar     Dolphin, 

2nd  battalion 

the  king's  own  royal  lancaster   regt. 

who  was  drowned  on  wroxham  broad 

on  the  2  i  st  sept.,    1 889, 

AGED    32, 
THIS    MEMORIAL    IS    ERECTED    BY    HIS    BROTHER    OFFICERS. 

On  the  east  side  of  the  vestry  door  is  a  very  graceful  brass 
in  memory  of  John  Piers  Chamberlain  Starkie,  who  died  on  the  12th 
of  June,  1888.  The  lettering'  sets  forth  that  the  deceased  gentleman 
was  the  second  son  of  Nicholas  Le  Gendre  Starkie,  Esq.  ;  that  he 
was  born  on  the  28th  June,  1830;  married  in  1861,  Ann  Charlotte 
Amelia,  daughter  of  Harrington  Hodson,  Esq.,  of  Bressington, 
county  York,  and  that  by  her  he  left  a  son  and  two  daughters.  The 
reader  is  also  informed  that  he  represented  the  north  east  division 
of  the  county  of  Lancaster  in  parliament  from  1868  to  1880.  and  that 

*  (Hart,    Son,    Pcard   &*   Co.,   0/  London  were  the  engravers  of  the 
above  brasses. ) 


2o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


in  all  thing's  he  was  "  genial,  hospitable  and  unselfish."  Lastly  it 
is  stated  that  two  clerestory  windows  in  the  east  end  of  the  north 
wall  of  the  chancel  were  filled  in  with  stained  glass  by  some  of  de- 
ceased's friends  in  perpetuation  of  his  name  and  virtues.  The  arms 
of  the  Starkie  family  appear  on  the  left  of  the  brass  on  the  upper 
portion,  with  the  motto  below  "  Patrie  amicisque  fidelis." 

In  the  east  of  the  north  side  of  the  chancel  is  another  brass 
on  which  is  a  large  symbolically  ornamented  cross.  Below  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  pillar  are  these  words  :— 

IN    LOVING    MEMORY    OF 

JANE         MICHAEL  SON 

BORN      MARCH      _j.TH,       1 82  I, 
DIED    JULY    3IST,     1887. 

There  are  tablets  and  brasses  in  this  noble  old  edifice,  dedi- 
cated to  divine  worship  age^  ago,  which  if  copied  out  would  fill  a 
small  book  independently  of  other  items.  Amongst  them  are 
inscriptions  in  memory  of  members  of  the  Gibson,  Wilson,  Campbell 
and  Park  Families.  The  stained  windows  next  call  for  a  brief  notice. 
The  large  east  window  is  fine  and  striking  ;  its  subjects  are  the 
Crucifixion  and  the  Ascension.  When  close  to  there  is  a  slight 
detractiveness  to  the  work  owing  to  the  preponderance  of  green  and 
blue,  but  at  a  distance  the  green  does  not  look  out  of  proportion, 
while  the  blue,  which  is  too  dark,  is  softened  down,  so  to  speak. 
This  east  window  was  erected  by  public  subscription. 

The  window  placed  in  memory  of  the  Right  Reverend 
William,  Lord  Bishop  of  Derry  and  Raphoe,  is  one  of  the  best  in 
the  whole  fabric.  Its  subject  is  "  The  miraculous  draught  of  fishes." 
The  brass  at  the  foot  contains  these  words  : — "  in  memory  of  the 

RIGHT     REVEREND      WILLIAM    HIGGIN,    DEAN    OF     LIMERICK,      1 844,     AND 
BISHOP    OF    LIMERICK    1849,      TRANSLATED     TO     DERRY     AND     RAPHOE, 

1853,   died  july   12TH,    1867,   in   his  74TH    year."     The  memorial 
was  erected  by  his  widow  and  children.      Mr.  W.    H.    Higgin,    Q.C., 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  2. 


has  placed  two  very  neat  windows  in  the  clerestory.  The  east  win- 
dow was  designed  by  the  eminent  firm  of  Paley,  of  Lancaster  ;  and 
the  glass  work  was  supplied  by  Messrs.  Wailes,  of  Newcastle- 
under-Lyne. 

Among  the  south  aisle  windows  are  "  Feed  My  lambs," 
erected  by  the  Church — 

"To  the  honour  and  glory  of  God,  and  in  memory  of  the 
Rev.  John  Manby,  37  years  Vicar  of  Lancaster,  born  November 
10th,  1763,  died  February  13th,  1844." 

"M,oses  striking  the  rock,"  by  Richard  Newsham,  late  of 
Preston,  gentleman,  is  also  a  well  delineated  work.  "  Christ  bles- 
sing little  children,"  erected — 

"  To  the  glory  of  God,  in  gratitude  for  many  blessings 
during  twenty  years  residence  in  Lancaster.      E.  G.  Hornby,  1857." 

"The  Creation,"  in  memory  of  William  Whewell,  D.D.. 
inserted  by  his  sister  in  1866  is  a  window  by  Messrs.  Clayton  &  Bell, 
London  ;  "The  Resurrection,"  by  Edward  Chippendall,  in  memory 
of  his  mother,  1858  ;  and  "  Six  subjects  from  the  Old  Testament," 
in  memory  of  Charlotte  Augusta  Gladstone,  1859,  are  all  worth 
the  visitor's  inspection.  "  :  Peter's  escape  from  Prison,"  in  memory 
of  George  Hornby,  of  Dalton  Hall,  1855;  "The  Annunciation, 
Temptation,  and  the  Interment  of  Christ,"  in  memory  of  the  Rev. 
Joseph  Turner,  26  years  vicar  of  this  parish,  viz.,  from  1844  to 
1870.  *  In  the  north  aisle  are  the  following  specimens  of  paintings 
on  glass  : — -"  The  Doubting  of  Thomas,"  in  memory  of  Mrs.  Henri- 
etta Harrison,  erected  by  her  daughter;  "The  Adoration  of  the 
Magi,"  in  memory  of  George  Richard  Marton,  of  Capernwray 
Hall,  is  thus  labelled  : — 

*  (  This  -window  is  by  Burkhardt  and  is  a  copy  of  Raphael's  painting 
in  the  Vatican  at  Rome. 


22  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


"Erected  to  the  memory  of  George  Richard  Marton,  of 
Capernwray,  late  Lieutenant  Colonel  6th  or  Inniskilling  Dragoons, 
who  died  a.d.  1834,  and  of  Anne  Pocklington,  of  Chelsworth,  his 
wife,  who  also  died  a.d.  1834,  by  their  only  son,  a.d.  1857. 

"  Scenes  from  the  life  of  St.  John  the  Baptist,"  in  memory  of 
Joseph  Dockray,  who  died  in  1855  ;  "The  Transfiguration,"  in 
memory  of  George  Marton  and  Sarah,  his  wife,  placed  here  by 
their  son  and  daughter.  A  very  good  window  is  "The  Good 
Samaritan,"  in  memory  of  William  Storey,  who  died  in  1880. 

There  was  until  1825  a  pew  immediately  below  the  pulpit 
styled  Noah's  Ark.  This  pew  belonged  in  the  year  named  to  John  Fell 
and  William  Maychell,  Esqrs.,  with  some  eight  other  persons. 
They  requested  that  the  pew  which  had  been  removed  to  the  vestry 
door,  should  be  replaced  in  its  original  position  or  that  each  owner 
should  receive  compensation.  The  sum  of  thirty  shillings  was  paid 
to  each  one  instead  of  restoring  the  pew  to  its  first  site.  I  may  add 
that  there  used  to  be  in  a  little  gable  at  the  east  end  of  the  north 
aisle  a  "  Sanctus  "  bell,  but  it  was  taken  down  about  seventy  years 
ago,  and  now  does  duty  of  a  more  secular  nature  at  one  of  the  Lan- 
caster factories.  —  O  temporal  O  mores! 

The  old  altar-piece  of  Cedar  wood  and  of  Italian  design  is  now 
at  Capernwray  Hall. 

The  remains  of  the  Dukes  of  Hamilton  have  all  been  removed 
to  the  mausoleum,  near  Hamilton  Palace,  in  Scotland.  The  family 
vault  used  to  be  on  the  east  side  of  the  pulpit. 


Parish  Registers. 

The  Registers  of  St.  Mary's  Church  are  full  of  interesting 
entries,  and  my  best  thanks  are  due  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Allen  for  his 
great  kindness  in  permitting  me  to  see  the  same  and  extract  various 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  2 


.•> 


items  from  them.  The  first  few  pages  are  of  parchment,  and  above 
the  heading  of  one  is  this  date — "September  26th,  1659,"  then, 
after  the  word  "  Emanuell,"  comes  the  following  notification  :— 
"This  Register  Bookee  was  begun  for  ye  p'she  of  Lancaster  in  this 
year  of  the  raigne  of  our  gracious  souveraigne  Ladye  Queen  Eliza- 
beth ffortie  one  and  in  the  veare  ot  our  salvation  one  thousand  and 
five  hundred  and  nynetie  nyne  Gefferson  Braithyett  beinge  the  maior 
of  this  corporation  the  same  year,  Thomas  Porter  the  vicar  of  the 
church  and  Richard  Townson  his  minister. 


Churchwardens. 

William     Burton,    Rich.    Gotson,    Thomas    Carter,    Thomas 
Saule,  William  Crosfeld,  and  William  Balderstone. 

Bailiffs  of  the  Towne. 

William    Partington    of    the     Highe     Croffte     and    Thomas 
Medcalfe." 

The  Burials  appear  first,  viz:  from  January  10th,  1627  to 
January  21st,  1690;  then  come  Baptisms  from  April  8th  1599  to 
August,  1648;  and  Marriages  from  April  14th,  1599  to  April  19th, 
1653  ;  Marriages  by  the  Justices  from  September,  1653  to  May  9th, 
1655.  Then  Baptisms  from  September  3rd,  1648  to  August  2Sth, 
1675,  Marriages  from  May  23rd,  1661  to  February  5th,  1675,  from 
February  3rd,  1679  to  April  21st,  1686,  and  from  February  15th, 
1689  to  December  20th,  1690;  Baptisms  again  occur  from  August 
1st,  1675  to  January  18th,  1690;  Burials  from  April  10th,  1599  to 
November  20th,  1627  (the  year  commences  on  March  25th)  ;  Burials 
from  December,  1677  to  December,  1679  are  missing  ;  Marriages 
from  May  7th,  to  May  23rd,  1661,  from  February  5th,  1675  to 
February  3rd,  1679,  an<i  from  April  21st,  1686  to  February  15th, 
1689  are  missing.  There  are  two  Marriages  written  in  after  Febru- 
ary, 1687  ;  Baptisms  dated  December  29th,  1660,  and  January  i0th, 
1 66 1. 


24 


TIME-HONOURED   LANCASTER 


Note  by  the  Clearke,  Baptisms,  April,  1669.  — "  If  any  bee 
omitted  that  have  been  baptised  att  home  and  not  knowne  to  the 
Clearke."     (This  sentence  is  incomplete). 

It  appears  that  in  March,  1608,  the  Chapel  Wardens  for 
"  Poulton,  Torrisholne  and  Bare,  Alcliffe,  Eshton,  and  Wiresdale  " 
were  respectively  Thomas  Robinsonne,  John  Harrison,  Edward 
Smith  and  William  Lambe.  The  Churchwardens  for  Lancaster  in 
1 64 1  were  George  Harrisonne,  Walter  Banks,  Robert  Harrisone, 
Thomas  Gotson  or  Jackson,  Thomas  Smith  and  I.  Cuthson  or  Hoth- 
ersal.  On  another  page  the  registers  of  Burial  commence  with  this 
paragraph  : — "  Here  beginnethe  the  names  of  all  those  p'sons  as  have 
beene  buryed  in  this  Church  or  Churchyard  since  the  Vth  day  of 
ffebruarie  1627."  From  the  burials  I  extract  the  following  names. 
The  figures  representing  day  or  date  of  month  are  in  many  cases  too 
indistinct  to  enable  me  to  give  them  with  a  feeling  of  certainty  as  to 
their  correctness. 


Among  the  earlier  entries  I 
wait  and  John  Heysham. 

March,  1627.  — 

William    Singleton     hi    Thomae. 

sepult. 
May,   1628. — 

J.  Chambers  sepult. 
August,  1628. — 

John  Birkett  filiusjohannis,  sepult 

Elizab.  Caton,  relicta  Willus  sepult 
February,  1629. — 

Isabel!  Kellet  filia  Ilugonis  Kellet 
December,  1630. — 

Mary  Chippendale  111  Thomae  .      . 
November,  1632. — 

Randall  Kellet  Alius  Hugonis  Kel- 
let. 
July,  1633.— 

Geoffrey  Heysham. 
August,  163.3. — 

Richard    Cornfurth,    hi.    Thomae 

sepult. 
September,  1634. — 

Edmund  Covell,  gentleman. 
Octoba,  1634. — 

Willus  Townley  filius  Ricardus 


notice  the  names  of  John  Braith- 


February,  1634  (Sic) 

VV  Richard  Troughton. 
March,  1634. — 

Agness  Christoferson  sone  of  Ed- 
mund. 
September,  1635. — 

Eliz.     Hathornthwait    filia   Jacobi 

sepult  Margaret  Bond. 
December,  1635. — 

Mary  Lodge  filia  Thomae. 
January,  1635. — 

Roger  Higham. 
September,  1638. — 

John  Lambe  fil.  Thomae 
May,  1639.-- 

Robert  filius  John  Bentham. 
July,  1641.— 

Isabell  ux  Robti  Stout. 
April,  1644. — 

Thomas  Iliggins. 
February,  1644. — 

Eliz.  Kinge  ux  Thomae   Kinge  de 

Lane,  sepult 
December,  1647. — 

Rog.  Croft  of  Skotforth. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


25 


The  regesteringe  of  burialls  according  to  the  Act  in  force 
after  the  29th  of  September.  George  Eskrigg  of  Lancaster  being 
chosen  Register  by  the  consent  of  the  parrishe  and  sworn  for  that 
purpose  by  George  Toulenson  Esq  Justice  of  the  peace  the  19th  day 
l653- 


May,  1653.— 

Jeffery  Mashiter  of  Orton  the  28th. 
May,  1656. — 

Richard    sonne  of  John    West    of 

Overton. 
September,  1656. — 

John  Beckitt  of  Bailrigg,  buried  on 

the  first. 
October,  1656.  — 

George  Eskrigge  of  Lancaster  on 

the    5th    (Registrar)  succeeded   by 

William  Newton  of  Lancaster  who 

was  sworn  by  William  West,  Esq. 

18th  October  1656. 
May,  1657. — 

Ann,  daughter  of  John  Bracken  of 

Eshton. 
November,  1657. — 

Margaret    Bracken    of    Oureton, 

widow. 
January,  1657.— 

Robert  sonne  of  William   Lambe 

of  Lancaster. 
March,  1658. — 

John  Hathornthwaite  of  Tarnbeck. 
June,  1661. — 

Tenet   Sands  til.    George  de  Scot- 

forth. 
July,  1663.— 

Thomas  Townley  sepult  vvvij. 
February,  1663. — 

Richard  Kellet. 
March,  1663. — 

William  Housman. 
March,  1665. — 

John     Hathornthwaite    of     Ling- 

moore,     ....    10th. 
April,  1665. — 

Richard  Hathornthwaite  of  Wires- 
dale,     ....    5th. 
November,  1666. — 

Maria  Sands  fil.    George  of  Lan- 
caster. 


April,  1668.— 

Margaret  Higgin   tilia  George  of 

Bulke,     ...-   23rd. 
January,  1668. — 

Isabel    Hewetson    ux    Gawen    of 

Lancaster  on  the  23rd. 
March,  1669. — 

John  Baldwin  fil.    Henry  of  Lan- 
caster, on  the  nth. 
January,  1673. — 

Jenat,  filia  John  Bond   of  Skerton 
.     .     .   31st. 
April,  1674. — 

Thomas  Lodge  of  Skerton  on   the 

29th. 
May,  1676.— 

Thomas  Hathornthwaite,  de  Wires- 
dale.     .     .     .    1 2th. 
September,  1679. — 

William  Allanson  de  Scotforth. 
August,  1682. — 

Margaret  Bracken  of  Bailrigge. 

•     ,    15th. 
September,  1683. — 

Ruth  Eskrigge  of  Lancaster 
December,  1683. — 

Dorothy  Troughton  de  Lancaster 

....   3rd. 
December,  1683. — 

James  Fell  of  Burrow  on  the  28th. 
February,  1684.— 

Adam  Rawlinson  a  prisoner. 
June,  1687. — 

William    Boardley  of  Skerton  on 

the  4th. 
November,  1688. — 

Wife  of  John  Bond  of  Skerton  on 

the  first. 
August,  1688.— 

Edward  Covell  of  Heaton    on  the 

20th. 


The  Baptisms  are  headed  thus  : — 

"1599.  Emanuell  J599- 

The  true  register  ol  all   the  names   of  those   p'sons  baptised   in  the 


26 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


parishe  of  Lancaster  from  the  18th  daye  of  Aprill  last  beinge  Easter 
Daye  Anno  Dom.  1599  in  ye  ffortie  first  yeare  of  ye  raigne  of  our 
most  gracious  souveraigne  Lady  Queene  Elizabeth." 


August,  1620. — 

Eliz.  fflemminge  filiaEdwardi  bapt. 

cci. 
July,  1633.— 

William  Sandes  filius  Randal. 


June,  1639. — 

William  Sandes  filius  Randal. 

March,  1646. — 

Hugh    Kellet    fil  ^Hugh    of  Lan- 
caster baptized  on  the  21st 


Marriages  are  headed  in  like  manner- 
1599.  Emanuell 


!599- 


The  true  register  of  all  the  names  of  those  p'sons  who  have  been 
married  in  the  Parish  Church  of  Lancaster  between  the  8th  daye  of 
April  last  beinge  Easter  Day,  Anno  Dom.  1599  in  and  in  the  ffortie 
first  yeare  of  the  raigne  of  our  most  gracious  souveraigne  Lady  Queen 
Elizabeth." 


November,  1639. — 

Alexander  Bagot  to  Jane  Holme. 

Februarie  ye  3rd,  1648, — 

ffrancis  Bindlose,  Esq. ,  married 
Elizabeth  West,  eldest  daughter  to 
ye  Right  Honourable  Henry,  Lord 
Delamere. 


Februarie  ye  3rd,  1648. — 

Christopher  Townson  son  of  Clem- 
ent Townson  to  Isabel  daughter  of 
Michael  Pooley  of  Addington. 

John  Higgin  of  Lancaster  to  Jennett 
Flyne  or  Slyne  on  the  27th  of 
March,  1654. 


There  are  various  entries  regarding  particular  events,  collec- 
tions, &c.      One  of  these  is  as  follows  : — 

"  Collected  towards  the  releefe  of  Heddon,  in  Yorkshire, 
within  ye  p'she  church  of  Lancaster,  the  6th  day  of  March,  1658,  the 
sum  of  one  pound  ffive  shillinges  and  one  penny  by  us  whose  names 
are  subscribed. 

George  Tompkin. 

Thomas  Diconson. 

Edward  Marshall. 

William  Marshall. 

and  Others." 


There  are  many  Garnets,  Rawlinsons,  Jacksons,Cornthwaites, 
Woodroughs,  Capsticks,  Parkinsons,  and  Masheters.  Most  of  these 
old  names  are  to  be  met  with  to-day  in    Lancaster   and   vicinity.      It 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


-7 


is  obvious,  however,  that  the  utility  of  many  of  the  pages  of  the 
register  will  be  destroyed  if  they  are  not  promptly  transcribed,  for 
time  is  rendering  them  almost  undecipherable.  Here  are  a  few 
more  baptisms  : — 


Jnne  2nd,  1694. — 

Margaret,     daughter     of     George 

Washington. 
June  15th. — 

fane,  daughter  of  Charles  Rigby. 
March  8th,  1795. — 

Catherine,     daughter     of     Henry 

Bracken,  of  Lancaster. 
October  31st,  1697. — 

Henry,  son  of  Henry   Bracken,   of 

Lancaster. 

In  the  Church  V'ard,  on  the  west   side   of  the  Vestry,   is  this 
stone  inscribed  thus  : — 


June  22nd,  1794. — 

William,  son  of  fohn  and  Betty 
Whewell.    (Dr.   Whewell). 

May  26th,  1799.— 

Martha,  daughter  of  John  and 
Betty  Whewell,  of  Lancaster;  (she 
married  John  Statter,  of  Bolton- 
le-Sands. ) 


A.D.  1828 
THIS  DEPOSITORY 

FOR 

Wills,   Registers,  <St°c.,  was  erected  at  the.  expense  of  this   parish  in 
lieu  of  one  relinquished  in  the  Church. 


The  Right  Reverend  JOHN   BIRD   SUMNER,    D.D.,  Lord 
Bishop  of  this  Diocese. 
BENJAMIN   KEENE,  Esq.,  Registrar 
The  Rev.  JOHN  HEADLAM,  A.M.,  Archdeacon. 
The  Rev.  JAMES  THOMAS  LAW,  A.M.,  Commissary. 
WILLIAM   SHARP,  Esq.,  Deputy  Registrar. 

Mr.  JOHN   HARGREAVES,  Churchwarden. 
DAVID  LOWTHER,  Builder. 


of  the 

Arch 

deaconry 

of 
Richmond. 


The  ancient  Church  of  Lancaster  looks  very  much  like  a 
grand  cathedral.  Its  length  is  145  feet,  its  width  58*^  feet,  and  its 
form  that  of  a  parallelogram.  Situated,  as  it  is,  so  adjacent  to  the 
Castle,  it  naturally  receives  numerous  visits  from  the  parties  of 
tourists  who  flock  to  Lancaster,  Morecambe,  and  Ingleton  during 
the  summer  months.     The  sacred  building  stands   on    a   great   emi- 


28  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


nence,  and  its  burial  ground  joins  the  Castle  Parade  and  forms  a 
most  attractive  rendezvous  for  those  who  love  a  broad  view  of  the 
country.  To  the  north-west  is  the  main  line  of  the  Lancaster  and 
Carlisle  Railway,  from  which  passengers  may  catch  a  glimpse  of  the 
fine  tower  facing  the  line  and  rising  to  an  altitude  of  140  feet.  The 
Churchyard  slopes  down  to  the  railway  and  is  very  spacious,  having 
been  enlarged  many  years  back.  It  is  almost  in  the  form  of  a 
mitre.  The  ancient  boundary  would,  doubtless,  be  near  to  the  point 
where  the  Roman  or  Saxon  road  crossed  from  the  meadow  on  the  right. 
The  old  shrine  of  death  is  full  of  interest.  Within  its  keeping  lie  the 
remains  of  the  mother  of  Leigh  Richmond,  author  of  "  The  Dairy- 
man's Daughter "  and  other  religious  works.  The  epitaph  to  her 
memory  is  as  follows  : — "  Sacred  to  the  memory  of  Catherine  Rich- 
mond, widow  of  Henry  Richmond,  M.D.,  formerly  of  Liverpool,  and 
late  of  the  city  of  Bath,  and  daughter  of  John  Atherton,  Esqre.,  of 
Walton  Hall,  in  this  county,  who  departed  this  life  January  30th, 
1819,  in  her  84th  year."  Very  feelingly  did  the  gifted  and  pious  son 
allude  in  one  of  his  books  to  the  last  resting-place  of  his  mother 
under  the  shades  of  a  broad  sycamore  tree.  On  the  main  flag-way  is  a 
tombstone  worn  and  almost  undecipherable  covering  the  mortal  relics 
of  one  Matthew  Washington,  who  died  in  the  year  1729,  and  who  was 
probably  a  relative  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Washington,  of  Warton,  the 
last  of  the  Washingtons  of  Warton,  and  among  whose  forefathers  or 
ancestral  kin  were  John  and  Lawrence  Washington,  the  former  of 
whom  was  the  progenitor  of  the  first  President  of  the  United  States, 
There  is  on  a  stone  in  Warton  Churchyard  the  name  of  "  Mrs.  Eliza- 
beth Washington,"  with  the  date  June  15th,  1757.  (A  Rev. 
Thomas  Washington  died  on  the  7th  of  February,  1823,  and  was 
interred  at  Warton).  Passing  along,  we  come  to  a  stone  bearing 
the  name  Sanderson,  beneath  that  of  Heysham,  and  the  William 
Sanderson,  engraved  thereon,  who  died  January  20th,  1848,  aged 
44,  was  a  local  poet,  whose  works,  strange  to  say,  irrespective 
of  their  merits,  are  very  difficult  to  obtain. 

To  Ann,  wife  of  William  Talbot  Rothwell,  of  Foxholes,    is   a 
rather  prominent  memorial,  consisting  of  an  altar  tomb,  upon   which 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  29 


is  a  recumbent  figure  of  a  female.  Unfortunately,  the  nose  and 
feet  of  the  effigy  had  been  damaged,  apparently  by  sacrilegious  per- 
sons previous  to  the  enclosure  of  the  tomb  and  figure  by  means  of 
iron  railings  ;  but  these  features  have  been  restored.  The  monument 
had  quite  a  spoiled  appearance  in  consequence  of  the  chipping  its 
parts  have  undergone.  The  Society  for  the  Preservation  of  Ancient 
Tombs  must  have  much  work  in  store  for  it  since  modern  tombs  not 
being  allowed  to  depreciate  in  regard  to  art  by  the  hand  of  time  are 
rudely  tampered  with  by  malice  or  idiocy  in  many  of  our  old  "  God's- 
acres."  To  the  memory  of  one  Sarah  Whittaker,  who  died  Septem- 
ber 20th,  1837,  aged  77,  is  this  inscription  : — 

She  liveth  in  holiness, 
She  died  without  pain, 
She  will  rise  in  glory. 

A  small  old  flag  with   the   name  of Rauthmell  thereon 

reminded  one  of  the  author  of  "The  History  of  Overborough,"  (now 
called  Burrow,  the  ancient  Bremetonacas  of  the  Romans),  the  Rev. 
Richard  Rauthmell,  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  whose  work  is  quoted  in 
Simpson's  Lancaster,  p.  60,  and  who  may  have  been  allied  to  the 
remains  interred  in  this  place.  There  is  also  another  Rauthmell 
grave  commemorating  three  infants,  viz.,  Robert,  Charles,  and  Sarah 
Rauthmell,  the  earliest  death  record  thereon  being  November  22nd 
1793.     The  name  of  Whewell  also  figures  on  the  same  stone. 

Two  beautiful  poetical  tributes  to  the  dead  I  must  be  pardoned 
for  re-producing.  The  first  is  to  a  Jane  Ryding  who  died  October 
6th,  1845,  aged  85  :— 

Farewell  lov'd  guardian  of  my  youthful  breast 
Now  past  the  reach  of  sorrow  to  molest, 
Who  can  forget  thy  tenderness  so  kind, 
I  still  have  much  to  bring  it  to  my  mind  ; 
Farewell ;  enter  the  joys  of  bliss  divine, 
And  wear  a  crown  of  glory  ever  thine. 

The  second  is  equally  pathetic,  and  refers  to  a  person  named 
Annie  Clough,  who  died  on  the  30th  March,    1840,   aged  22  years 
(the  first  quatrain  refers  to  some  other  relative). 


3©  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


The  conflict  past,  the  spirit  now  is  fled, 

And  Isabella's  numbered  with  the  dead, 

Bnt  hark  !  though  dead,  methinks  I  hear  her  voice, 

"  Weep  not  for  me,  my  friends,  rejoice,  rejoice  !  " 

0  lov'd  lost  Annie,  thou  no  more 
Behold'st  the  burning  tears  I  shed, 

How  vain  the  grief  that  lingers  o'er 

The  coffin  of  the  dreamless  dead. 
Vet  I  must  weep,  no  fate  can  stay 

The  waves  of  woe  that  o'er  me  roll  ; 
No  hand  can  pluck  the  veil  away 

Which  hides  the  light  that  bless'd  my  soul. 

Still,  Annie,  since  I  know  thee  blest, 
For  thee  I  must  not  dare  to  weep, 

1  only  long  to  share  thy  rest, 

Thy  graceful  couch,  thy  endless  sleep, 
Though  my  soul's  hope  hung  on  thy  breath 

Thou  to  so  bright  a  world  art  gone, 
I  would  not  wake  thee,  sweet,  from  death, 

Though  lov'd  in  life  sleep  on,  sleep  on  ! 

The  foregoing-  stanzas  seem  to  have  been  composed   specially 
by  some  true  lover  of  the  departed  one.      A  few  other  epitaphic  notes 
demand  attention.      One  on  the  south  side  of  the   Church    is  to   this 
effect  : — "  Sacred  to  the  memory  of  Alexander   Stevens,    Architect, 
In   private   life   much   respected  and  lamented.     The   many    public 
works  executed  by  him,  especially  the  Aqueduct  over  the  River  Lune, 
are  the  best  encomium  of  his  professional  merit.      He  died  January 
29th,  1796,  aged  66."     Inserted  in  the  wall  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Churchyard  is   the   following  tablet: — "Sacred  to  the   memory   of 
Elizabeth  Margaret,  the  dearly  beloved  wife  of  John  Manby,  Vicar  of 
Lancaster,    who   died   March   21st,    1821,   aged   39.     Also    of  John 
Manby,  instituted  vicar  of  this  parish  1807,  who  died  February   13th, 
1844."     A  very  large  vault  contains  the  remains  of  a  former  member 
of  Parliament  for  the  borough  of  Kidderminster.      On  the  stone  slab 
or  rather  slate  let  into  the  pyramid  are  these  words  : — "  Sacred  to  the 
memory    of   Richard    Godson,    of   Grosvenor   Place,    London,    and 
Springfield  Hall,  Lancaster,  Member  of  Parliament  for  the   Borough 
of  Kidderminster,  Queen's  Counsel  and   Bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn, 
died  August  1st,  1849,  aged  52.     Also  Mary,  his  wife,  only  sister  of 
Henry  Hargreaves,  Esq.,  of  Springfield  Hall,  who  died  in   London, 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  31 


December  14th,  1873,  ag"ed  69."  Another  slab  commemorates 
"  Henry  Hargreaves,  Esq.,  of  Springfield  Hall,  Deputy  Lieutenant 
and  Magistrate  for  this  county,  died  November  23rd,  aged  37  years," 
and  another  large  memorial  appears  near  to  the  tomb  of  one  of 
Lancaster's  greatest  friends.  It  is  the  tomb  of  the  Ripleys.  Its 
inscription  reads  thus  :  — "  In  memory  of  Thomas  Ripley,  who  was 
born  in  Lancaster  on  the  nth  October,  1790,  and  who  died  in  Liver- 
pool, August  20th,  1852  ;  also  of  Julia  Ripley,  widow  of  the  above 
Thomas  Ripley,  who  died  February  2nd,  1881,  aged  76  years."  This 
Julia  Ripley  was  the  foundress  of  the  Hospital  for  Orphans  on  the 
southern  side  of  the  town,  which  bears  her  name,  and  is  a  noble 
building  not  far  from  the  Royal  Albert  Asylum.  Another  stone  is  to 
be  seen  to  the  memory  of  a  very  promising  artist  who  died  in  the 
month  of  November,  1852,  the  stone  being  erected  by  his  pupils  as  a 
mark  of  their  esteem  for  his  worth.  Interments  in  the  Churchyard 
ceased  about  the  year  1862.  A  very  old  stone  is  an  upright 
one  at  the  west  end  of  the  Church  and  near  to  the  Tower  ;  it  is 
scarcely  readable,  but  the  name,  Pennington,  is  very  easily  traced  ; 
the  Christian  appellation  is,  however,  all  but  gone.  It  seems  to  be,  or 
rather  to  have  been,  "  Susanna."  This  stone  dates  from  the  18th 
century.  Not  far  from  this  spot  is  the  old  pedestal  of  the  sun-dial, 
but  the  dial  plate  has  entirely  gone  and  a  new  one  is  the  desidera- 
tum of  the  hour.  The  antiquity  of  St.  Mary's  Church  and 
Churchyard  is  established  by  the  fact  that  the  Lancaster  Runes  have 
evoked  the  interest  of  some  of  the  most  eminent  men  in  England 
and  Denmark.  The  Runic  names  discovered  on  an  ancient  Danish 
cross  found  in  1807,  and  said  by  Dr.  Whitaker  to  stand  for  five 
chiefs,  "  Ubbo,  Aikfreth,  Reafan,  Siffred,  and  Druimond,"  go  far 
towards  strengthening  the  conjecture  that  a  Church  stood  here 
during  the  time  of  Knut  or  Canute.  When  the  cross  was  first  discov- 
ered it  was  placed,  by  order  of  the  then  vicar,  near  the  entrance  to  the 
vicarage.  Sometime  afterwards  it  found  its  way  to  Todhunter's 
Museum,  Kendal,  afterwards  it  went  to  Manchester  (1835),  was 
removed  thence  to  University  College,  London,  and  lastly  we  find 
that  it  was  generously  given  by  the  council  of  the  said  college  to  the 
Natural  History   Society's    Museum,    Manchester,    where  it   is   now 


32 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


carefully  preserved  in  a  glass  case.  There  is  a  plaster  cast  of  the 
cross  in  the  Lancaster  Museum.  Since  Dr.  Whitaker's  time  the 
letters  have  been  defined  as  representing-  the  following  intimation  : — 
"  Gibih^th  Far/e  Cynibalth  Cuthb^nac,"  "  Gibi  hath  died,  a 
kinsman  of  Balth  (or  of  a  bold  race),  known  to  camps,  (or  experts 
in  the  field)."  Professor  Finn  Magnusen  made  out  the  characters 
as  "  Gibidon  Faro  Cunibald  Cuss  Burmn."  In  Latin  thus  ren- 
dered— "  Oremns  nancisci  (obtincre)  quietem  Cunibaldum  (bene) 
notum  castri  ( civ  i tat  is)  incolam  civem  out  4>rcefectu?n  "  "  Let  us 
pray  that  Cunibald,  a  renowned  inhabitant  of  the  Castle,  may 
obtain  rest."  The  above  readings  were  all  given  on  the  supposition 
that  the  names  were  Danish.  John  Mitchell  Kemble,  Esq.,  the 
well-known  Anglo-Saxon  scholar,  intimated  that  the  characters 
were  "  Gibid^eth  For^e  Cynibalth  Cuthberht,  (Ing^:)."  "Pray 
for  Cynibald  and  Cuthbert,"  or  "  Pray  for  Cynibald  the  son  of 
Cuthberht."  But  the  conclusions  arrived  at  by  Mr.  John  Just,  of 
Bury  Grammar  School,  after  careful  examination  of  this  rare  Anglo- 
Saxon  Runic  inscription  is  now  held  to  be  the  most  correct,  allowing, 
of  course,  for  the  mutilation  of  the  last  two  letters  on  the  cross — 
"  Gibiddeth  Fore  Cynibalth  Cuthburuc."  "  Pray  ye  for  Cynibald 
Cuthburuc."  (See  Baines,  vol.  ii,  p.  553.)  Dr.  Whitaker  believed 
Aikfreth  was  the  lord  of  Dent  and  Sedbergh.  But  the  doctor  is  said 
to  have  been  misled  by  the  errors  of  a  draughtsman  in  his  explana- 
tion of  the  characters  on  this  cross. 

Against  the  north  wall  of  the  Chancel  and  near  the  approach 
to  the  vicarage,  are  several  old  headstones  to  the  memory  of  a 
family  named  Foster.  The  letters  are  raised  as  per  specimens 
given  : — 

HERE   .    LYETH 


HERE  .  LYES 
INTERRED 
THE .  BODY 
OF  .  THOMAS 
FOSTER  .  FR 
EE  .  BURGS 
SE  .  OF  .  LANC 
ASTER  .  WHO 
DEPARTED 
THIS  .  LIFE 
THE  .  22  .  DAY 
OF  .  JUNE 
1675. 


THE. BODY .  OF 
ELIZABETH 
FOSTER  .  W 
IFE  .  OF  .  THO 
MAS  .  FOSTE 
R  .  OF  .  LANCA 
STER  .  WHO  .  D 
IED  .  THE  .  27 
OF  ,  SEPTEM 
BER  1676 


HERE  .  LYES  .  THE 
BODY  .  OF  .  THOM 
AS  .  FOSTER  .  AND 
THE. BODY. OF.  NA 
THAN  .  FOSTER  . 
OF  .  LANCASTER 
WHO.  DIED.  DECEM 
BER  .  23  .  1671  . 
D  .  APRIL  .  THE 
H     .      1672 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


0.5 


Full  date  of  the  third  inscription  cannot  be  given  owing  to 
the  stone  being  broken  at  the  left  corner  of  the  base.  Another 
stone  bears  upon  it  a  full  length  cross.  Inserted  in  the  Vestry  Wall 
are  portions  of  two  stone  coffins,  the  one  of  adult  size  having 
evidently  been  occupied  by  a  Crusader. 

Among  other  graves  are  those   of  the   Bagots,    Brockbanks, 

Baldwins,    Charnleys,    Capsticks,    Croudsons   (from    1759)    Crofts, 

Eidsforths     of    Aldcliffe,    Hadwens,    Jepsons,    Kendalls,    Loxams, 

Minshulls,    Robinsons,    Shepherds,    Walmsleys,    Wakefields,    and 

Wadesons.      One  Jepson  tomb  bears  the  following  inscription  :— 

"  Here  lyeth  interred 
Capt.  Lieut.  Edward  Jepson, 
of  Lancaster,  who  dyed 
the  17th  day  of  April,  1671." 

Another  well-known  grave  tells  us  that  "  Richard  Owen  died  at  the 
Island  of  Bartholomew,  in  the  West  Indies,  October  14th,  1809, 
aged  53  ;  his  wife  Catherine  dying  November  24th  1838,  aged  78. 
There  is  also  a  James  Hawkins  Owen  commemorated,  who  died  at 
Demerara,  April  18th,  1827,  at  the  early  age  of  29.  I  need  not  say 
whose  parents  and  brother  repose  here,  parents  and  brother  of  an 
illustrious  man  who  still  survives  at  the  time  of  writing.  Vet  an- 
other stone  I  call  attention  to  : — 

"  Vivi  ut  morituus, 
Johannes  Shepherd, 
Natus,  Decern.  19th,  1769. 
Denatus,  Aug.  26th,  1792. 

Eripere  Vitam  nemo  non  Homini  potest.      Ad  nemo    Mortem   nulle, 

ad  hanc  aditus  patent." 

There  is  a  rather  telling  epitaph  to  the  memory  of  "John 
Howarth,  Surgeon,  of  Bolton-le-Moors,  who  died  in  the  Castle,  on 
the  28th  August,  1827,  aged  28. 

"  No  sorrow  now  hangs  clouding  on  his  brow, 
No  loss,  no  grief  his  deathly  looks  do  show, 
111  fortune  press'd  upon  his  generous  mind 
Till  Nature's  strength  left  all  his  grief  behind." 

This  young:  sureeon  was  evidently  confined  in  the  Castle  tor  debt. 


34  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


A  curious  memorial  appears  at  the  west  end  of  the  yard  to 
Eleanor  Harrison,  late  of  Fairfield,  Manchester,  —  "A  single  sister 
in  the  Church  of  the  United  Brethren,  who  fell  asleep  in  Jesus  on 
the  igth  of  January,  1827,  ag'ed  30  years."  The  Churchyard  was 
enlarged  about  1818  by  the  enclosing-  of  garden  lands  on  the  west, 
belonging  to  the  heirs  of  Mr.  Butterfield. 

Priors  ok  St.  Mary's,  Lancaster: — John,  circa  a.  d,  1230;  Galfridus, 
1241  ;  Gernerus,  1249;  Willielmus  Ree,  1252;  Ralph  de  Truno,  1266;  John  Ray, 
1270;  Nigellus,  1315  ;  Fulcherius,  1318  (named  in  an  Inquisition,  15th,  Edward  II., 
1521-2.  predecessor  of  the  prior  of  that  year);  Galfridus,  1322;  William  de  Bohun, 
1327  ;  Adam  Conratts,  1330  ;  Ralph  de  Truno,  1331  ;  Emerie  de  Argentelles,  1337  ; 
Peter  — ,  1367  (succeeded  by  William  Raymbant  same  year.  Peter  translated  to 
Leeds)  ;  John  Innocent,  1391  ;  John  Loget,  died  1399. 

Giles  Lovell.  the  last  prior,  died  in  1428,  and  Whitaker  could  not  trace 
the  succession  t<>  a  later  date  than  that  ol  this  Lovell.  But  it  is  not  impossible  for 
the  Randal  Elcock  or  Christopher  Leye,  mentioned  in  John  Gardyner's  will,  made 
in  1472.  and  proved  in  1483,  to  have  been  successor  to  Lovell  and  predecessor  of 
William  Paynes,  mentioned  in  the  Lancashire  Records. 

Vicars  of  Lancaster: — 1575,  Hugh  Conway:  1582,  Henry  Porter; 
ante  1602,  Richard  Townson  ;  1608,  Geffrey  Kynge  ;  1616,  James  Gregson  ;  1630 
William  Brudenell  ;  1630,  Augustine  YVildbore  ;  1630,  Richard  Routh  ;  1631, 
Augustine  Wildbore,  Edward  Garforth  ;  1682,  Seth  Bushell  ;  1684,  James  Fenton  ; 
1714.  William  Lindsay;  1714,  James  Fenton  ;  1767,  Oliver  Marton  ;  1794,  William 
White;   1806,  John  Man  by  ;    1844,  Joseph    Turner;     1870,   John    Allen. 

When  the  Act  of  Uniformity  was  passed  Dr.  William  Marshall  was  Vicar. 
Calamy  states  that  he  was  ejected  in  1662.  He  did  not  remain  long  in  Lancaster, 
but  travelled  abroad. 

In  the  Record  Society's  publication  of  "First  Fruits  Compositions"  are 
these  additional  names  : — 

Waynhouse  John,  V,  1 8th  Oct.,  8th  Elizabeth, 
Conway  Hugh,  R.  cl.,  9th  February,  18th  Elizabeth." 

"  Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Records." — Part  II.,  p.  410 
In  the  Cantar  Elemos'  ville  Lancastr*,"  a  Bayne?  is  mentioned  as  Incumbent  about 
the  5th  of  Mary,  or  1st  Elizabeth. 

Augustine  Wildbore,   D.D 

A  few  remarks  concerning  Dr.  Wildbore  may  not  be  out  of 

place  at  this  point. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


35 


Augustine  Wildbore  became  Vicar  of  Garstang  on  the  17th  February,  1620, 
The  Wildbores  belonged  to  Northants  and  are  recorded  in  a  pedigree  of  the  Visitation 
of  1618,  Harl  MSS.  John  Wildbore  had  a  son,  Robert,  who  died  icth  September, 
1600.     He  belonged  to   Glintow  and  married  Alice  Godfrey, of  Stranground,   Hunts, 

daughter  of  William  Godfrey.  I  le  had  issue  four  sons  and  several  daughters.  The 
eldest  son,  Thomas,  died  unmarried.  A  Godfred  was  living  at  Glintow  in  16 [8. 
He  married  Petronella,  daughter  of  Augustine  Earle,  of  the  County  of  Leicester  ;  and 
secondly,  Mary,  daughter  of  Patrick  Lowe,  of  Denbigh.  By  the  latter  wife  he  had 
no  issue,  but  had  two  sons  and  three  (laughters  by  the  former.  Augustine,  born  1590, 
educated  at  the  Grammar  School,  Peterborough,  matriculated  pensioner  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1607,  then  went  to  Sydney  Sussex  College:  took  his  1;.  A.  in 
1610,  and  his  M.A.  in  1614;  B.D.  in  1623,  and  D.D.  in  1633.  His  sister  Elinor 
married  Edward  Cowell,  of  Hunts,  and  Frances,  another  sister,  married  Thomas 
Foote.  Elizabeth  becoming  the  wife  of  Samuel  Barker,  of  Duffield,  Derbyshire.  Dr. 
Wildbore  was  buried  on  the  19th  April,  1654,  at  Duftield,  according  to  the  Registers 
.»f  the  Parish.'' — See  p.  i^g,  Fishwick's  "  Gnrsfang." 

The  late  Rev.  William  Stratton,  B.A.,  of  Gressingham,  in- 
formed me  that  there  was  once  a  Chapel  dedicated  to  St.  Thomas 
A'  Beckett  in  St.  Mary's  Church.  (See  Raines's  "  History  of  Chan- 
tries" (j noted  at  t/ie  end  of  this  work. ) 


Churchwardens,  1671 

Lancaster  : — John  Mashiter. 

Bulk  and  Aldcliffe  : — William  Shierson. 

Scotforth  : — John   Walton. 

Skerton  : — Thomas  Bond. 

Poulton,  Bare,  and  Torrisholme  : — Thomas  Cooper 

Middleton  and  Overton  : — Thomas  Gardner. 

Wyresdale  and  Quernmore  : — William  Chapman. 

Sidesman  : — Nicholas  ffbx. 


Parish  Clerks 

Acting  in    1656 — George  Eskrigg 
18th  Oct.    1656 — William  Newton. 
Acting  in    1658 — James  Hardman. 


36  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Acting-  in    1679 — Thomas  Townson  (and  Sexton). 
1 69 1 — John  Horsfall,  began  1691. 
1723 — John  Brown. 
1760 — Thomas  Cartmel. 
1784 — Thomas  Batty. 
1790 — Thomas  Slater. 
181 5 — Thomas  Bibhy,  died  September 
29th,  182 1. 
,,  1825 — John  Beckett,  appointed  by  the  Rev.  John 

Manby,  April  8th,  1822;  died  December  9th,  1883,  in  his  92nd year. 
1  have  been  permitted  to  refer   to   the   Church    Books   for   the   lists 


given. 


John  Beckett  was  the  last  Clerk.  The  office  has  since  been 
held  by  the  junior  curate.  The  dates  must  not  be  taken  as  dates  of 
appointments.  1  find  that  Jas.  Hurtley  succeeded  Edmund  Parkin- 
son as  sexton  on  the  4th  of  December,  1824.  Edmund  Parkinson 
died  1 8th  September,   1824,  aged  66. 


The  Tower  and  Bells. 

At  a  Vestry  Meeting  held  on  the  28th  June,  1743,  it  was 
decided  to  raise  the  Steeple  ten  yards  higher,  in  order  that  the  Bells 
might  be  heard  to  better  advantage.  In  the  same  year  the  Bells 
were  to  be  re-cast,  and  it  transpires  that  one  Abel  Rundall,  of 
Gloucester,  was  directed  to  undertake  the  work.  The  Big  Bell  at 
this  period  is  stated  to  have  weighed  20  cwts. 

The  Old  Tower  of  St.  Mary's  has  long  been  famous  for  its 
good  bell-music.  On  the  2nd  of  October,  1880,  the  Ringers  of 
Lancaster  rang  5,040  changes  of  grandsire  triples  Holt's  ten  part 
peal,  in  three  hours  and  thirty-two  minutes.  Affixed  to  the  wall  is 
the  following  verse  : — 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  37 


If  to  ring  you  do  come  here, 
You  must  ring  with  hand  and  ear, 
And  when  your  bell  you  overthrow 
Your  shilling  pay  before  you  go  ; 
Your  fourpence  pay,  besides  all  that, 
Whoe'er  appear  in  spur  or  hat : 
And  if  above  you  wish  to  go 
Your  twopence  pay  or  stay  below. 

The  eight  new  bells  in  the  Tower  are  the  gift  of  James  Williamson, 
Esq.,  M.P.,  in  the  year  of  his  shrievalty,  1885.  There  are  no  in- 
scriptions on  the  same  save  the  name  of  the  donor  and  the  date  of 
the  gift,  with  the  name  of  the  Vicar  of  Lancaster  and  those  of  the 
Churchwardens,  and  they  appear  on  the  tenor  bell  Mr.  Williamson 
at  the  same  time,  presented  the  ancient  edifice  with  a  beautiful  new 
clock  with  chimes.  The  following  items  will  at  once  show  what  a 
genuine  presentation  the  clock  really  is,  and  likewise  the  degree  of 
perfection  at  which  public  clock-makers  have  arrived.  "  This  new 
horologic  instrument  is  the  work  of  Messrs.  Lund  and  Blockley,  a 
distinguished  firm,  of  Pall  Mall,  London  and  Bombay,  (makers  of 
the  Bombay  University  great  clock  and  carillons).  The  clock  shows 
the  time  on  four  dials,  each  eight  feet  two  inches  in  diameter,  chimes 
the  full  quarters  on  eight  bells,  a  most  unusual  circumstance,  the 
tenor  bell  weighing  $2  cwts.  It  strikes  the  hour  on  the  tenor  bell 
with  a  hammer  weighing  62  lbs.  All  the  works  are  of  the  finest 
manufacture,  and  the  latest  improvements  have  been  introduced. 
The  solid  cast  iron  bed  on  which  the  clock  is  built,  and  which  is 
eight  feet  six  inches  long  by  two  feet  three  inches  broad,  is  bolted 
on  to  two  strong  iron  girders  built  into  the  walls  of  the  Tower,  so 
that  the  clock  may  be  perfectly  steady  and  an  equal  vibration  of  the 
pendulum  constantly  assured.  All  the  wheels,  bosses,  &c,  except 
the  winding  work  are  made  of  the  best  gun  metal,  no  brass  being 
used  in  the  construction  of  the  clock,  so  that  the  wear  is  reduced  to 
a  minimum.  The  pinions  are  solid  and  made  of  hard  steel.  The 
three  main  wheels  of  the  going,  striking,  and  quarter  trains 
are  respectively  i6in.,  i6in.,  and  22m.  in  diameter;  the  going 
main  wheel  being  unusually  large  for  the  size  of  the  dials  on  account 
of  their  exposed  position  to  the  weather.  The  escapement,  which 
is  of  gun  metal  steel  faced,    is   that    known    as   the    '  double   three- 


38  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


legged  gravity  escapement,'  generally  deemed  the  best  for  large 
public  clocks,  especially  where  the  dials  are  much  exposed  as  in  this 
instance.  The  two  seconds  compensated  pendulum,  which  is  15ft. 
6in.  long,  is  built  up  with  iron  and  zinc  tubes,  so  adjusted  as  to 
maintain  a  steady  rate  in  all  degrees  of  temperature.  The  bob  of 
the  pendulum  weighs  about  5  cwts.,  and  the  pendulum  complete 
7  cwts.  There  is  the  usual  inside  dial  in  the  clock  to  enable  the  ex- 
ternal hands  to  be  set  from  the  inside  of  the  Tower.  One  of  the 
neatest  contrivances  of  this  clock  is  the  maintaining  power,  which  is 
so  arranged  by  means  oi'  a  double  click  and  racket  wheel,  that  the 
same  amount  of  power  which  is  taken  off  the  going  train  when 
being  wound  is  automatically  put  on  to  it  again  without  the  man, 
winding  the  clock,  putting  any  extra  work  into  gear,  thereby  ensur- 
ing no  stopping  of  the  immense  timepiece  while  being  wound.  The 
quarter  train  which  is  very  large,  on  account  of  the  weight  of  work 
it  has  to  perform,  chimes  the  full  quarters  on  eight  bells  by  means 
of  eighty  steel  cams,  bolted  to  an  independent  chime  barrei,  so 
arranged  as  to  lift  their  respective  hammers  at  the  proper  time.  The 
chime 'barrel  is  arranged  so  that  the  changes  can  be  altered  at  any 
time,  without  interfering  with  or  altering  the  clock  in  any  way. 
The  total  weight  of  the  bells  is  iibcwt.  jqrs.  261bs.  The  tenor  bell 
is  Db.  The  bells  were  cast  by  Taylor,  of  Lougborough,  and  were 
first  used  on  the  12th  of  July,  1886. 

The  following  are  the  chimes  :— 

1st    quarter    1      2 

2nd  quarter     1      3 

"  1      6 

3rd  quarter    2      1 

>>  3      5 

»>  4     3 

4th   quarter    5     3 

,,  6     5 

>>  7      5 

>>  8     7 


6 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

2 

4 

5 

7 

6 

8 

5 

7 

2 

4 

6 

8 

n 
^t 

4 

6 

5 

7 

8 

7 

2 

1 

4 

6 

8 

2 

I 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2 

4 

7 

6 

8 

7 

6 

2 

1 

4 

8 

6 

8 

*> 
j 

2 

4 

1 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

j 

TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  39 

The  clock  was  erected  under  the  personal  supervision  of  Mr.  Block- 
ley,  junr.  A  brass  plate  is  screwed  on  to  the  clock,  bearing'  this 
inscription  : — '  Presented  to  the  Parish  Church  oi'  St.  Mary,  Lan- 
caster, by  James  Williamson,  Esq.,  J. P.,  D.L.,  High  Sheriff  of  the 
County,  1885,  John  Allen,  D.D.,  Vicar,  William  Thomas  Sharp, 
B.A.,  John  Hatch,  Churchwardens.'  One  thing  1  should  like  to 
see  introduced  more  freely  into  church  campanology,  that  is  the 
tune-playing  arrangement  so  common  in  other  counties,  so  rare  in 
this  one.  Of  Mr.  Williamson's  further  gifts  to  Lancaster  mention 
will  be  made  at  a  more  fitting  period.  The  patron  of  Lancaster 
Church  is  Col.  Marton,  of  Capernwray  Hall,  and  the  living  is  valued 
at  about  ^1,800  per  annum. 


Privilege  of  Sanctuary. 

The  privilege  ot  sanctuary  existed  in  the  Church  of  Lancaster 
almost  from  the  period  of  the  erection  of  the   Church.      The  words 
of  William  the  Conqueror  in  the  charter  given  to  Battle  Abbey  were 
to  this  effect  : — "  If  any  thief  or  murderer  or   person    guilt}-   of  any 
other  crime,  fly  for  fear  of  death,  and  come  to  this  Church,  let  him 
have  no  harm  but  be  freely  dismissed." -—Camden.      History  tells  us 
that  this  was  also  the  extent  of  the  ancient  privilege  in  other  places. 
After  the  Reformation,  persons  who   had   committed   murder,  rape, 
arson,  or  robbery,  either  in  a  dwelling-house   or   on   the   high-way, 
were  not  allowed  to  become  refugees,  and  the  asyla  in   this   county 
were  confined  to    Lancaster   and   Manchester,    by    the    statute    ^2, 
Henry  VIIL,  cap.  xii.      In  the  38th  year   of  the   same   reign    Man- 
chester was  permitted  to  transport  all  its  sanctuary  men  to  Chester, 
and  from  that  period  it  ceased  to  form  a   "centre   of  sinners,"  says 
Fuller  ;  but  Lancaster  continued  to  afford   sanctuary  to  delinquents 
till  the  first  of  James  I.,  when  the  privilege  was  finally  abolished  in 
every  part  of  the  kingdom  by  the  authority  of  Parliament.      The  only 
excuse  that  could  with  reason  be  raised  in  favour  of  the   sanctuary 
privilege  was  that  it  forned  a  sort  of  haphazard  set-off  against  those 
unjust    convictions    and  punishments   which    many  persons  suffered 


40  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


from  time  to  time.      It  was  the  old  judaic  streak  of  mercy,    audibly 
preaching-  the  doctrine  of  "  love  mere}-  rather  than  judgment." 

On  Tuesday,  the  2nd  of  March,  1824,  one  Hannah  dough, 
did  penance  in  St.  Mary's  Church.  She  was  confined  in  the  gaol 
for  debt,  from  the  Ecclesiastical  Court  of  Chester.  In  consequence 
of  her  recantation  she  was  set  free,  otherwise  she  would  have  been 
confined  for  life. 


Tithes  of  the   Parish. 

It  appears  that  in  the  year  1650  the  tithes  of  the  Parish 
Church  of  St.  Mary  were  farmed  at  ^'510  per  annum,  and  that  not 
unly  Fulwood,  16  miles  distant,  but  Toxteth  also,  50  miles  distant, 
were  then  returned  "  as  in  the  Parish  of  Lancaster."  There  were 
in  the  Lancaster  Parish  the  following  chapelries  : — Wyresdale, 
Admarsh,  Overton,  Toxteth,  Stalmine,  Gressingham,  and  Caton, 
at  which  latter  place  is  a  Chapel  at  Littledale.  Bleasdale  and  Poul- 
ton  were  chapelries  of  Lancaster,  but  Toxteth  Park,  being  extra- 
parochial,  has  long  ceased  to  be  of  the  number. 

Amongst  the  Chapels  added  to  the  town  of  Lancaster  may 
be  mentioned  St.  John's,  which  some  say  was  erected  on  the 
site  of  John  Gardyner's  corn  mill.  But  I  always  understood  that 
John  Gardyner's  corn  mill  stood  out  in  Briery  Field,  Newton,  other- 
wise Bulk.  This  Chapel  was  consecrated  in  1755,  and  decorated 
with  a  steeple  designed  by  Mr.  Harrison,  of  Lancaster,  in  1784,  and 
erected  by  the  munificence  of  Thomas  Bowes,  of  Lancaster,  gentle- 
man ;  and  next  is  St.  Anne's,  Moor-lane,  erected  by  the  Rev.  Robert 
Housman,  in  1796.  At  the  early  part  of  the  present  century  Lan- 
caster was  much  disturbed  owing  to  a  succession  of  law  suits  be- 
tween the  Incumbent  and  his  Parishioners,  but  arrangements  were 
made  for  commuting  the  tithes  for  an  annual  rent,  varying  with  the 
price  of  corn,  on  the  principle  oi~  the  Act  obtained  by  the  neighbour- 
ing   Parish    o(   St.   Michael's  in  the  year  181  ^. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  41 


The  Gardyxer  Chantry  and  Lancaster  Charities. 

A  chantry  was  founded  in  connection  with  Lancaster  in  the 
year  1485,  by  John  Gardyner,  of  Bailrig,  one  of  the  benefactors  of 
the  town,  for  the  reception  of  four  poor  men  as  well  as  for  the 
stated  celebration  of  divine  offices  in  the  Parish  Church.  This 
chantry  escaped  the  fate  of  the  monastry.  It  was  rebuilt  in  1792. 
on  the  ancient  site  to  the  east  of  the  Vicarage  Court,  affording  a 
dwelling  with  an  allowance  of  seven  pence  per  week,  and  two  pence 
for  a  serving  maid  weekly  to  each  of  the  poor  inmates.  The  inscrip- 
tion to  be  seen  over  the  centre  of  the  cottages  forming  the  charity 
is  as  follows  : — 

"  Gardyner's  Charity 

founded,  1485, 

re-built,  1782. 

EDWARD  SUART,  Mayor. 

JOHN  WARBRICK,  ] 

RICHARD  ATKINSON,  J  Damns< 

The  re-erection  of  the  charity  was  undertaken  by  Mr  Richard 
Postlethwaite,  the  owner  of  the  adjoining  dwelling,  who  was  re- 
building his  own  house  ;  Nicholas  Grene  was  the  first  Chantry  Priest. 
A  John  Hinde  and  a  Robert    Mackerel   are   also   named   by   Willis, 

A.D.    1553. 

The  charities  of  Lancaster,  if  not  numerous,  are  very  sub- 
stantial. The  first  is  Gardyner's,  already  noticed,  then  Penny's 
Charity,  founded  by  William  Penny,  Esq.,  alderman  of  Lancaster, 
in  1720,  comprising  twelve  small  dwellings,  situated  in  Back  Lane, 
affording  to  as  many  poor  men  a  residence  each,  with  an  allowance 
of  ^3  6s.  8d.  a  quarter,  and  a  new  suit  of  clothes  yearly.  The 
translation  of  the  Latin  inscription  over  the  Entrance  of  the  Hospital 
is  as  follows  : — "  By  the  liberality  of  William  Penny,  gentleman, 
formerly  one  of  the  aldermen  of  Lancaster,  these  aim-houses  were 
founded  and  endowed.      Persons  of  profane   or  immoral   character, 


42  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


by  his  express  orders,  are  not  to  be  elected  or  permitted  to  continue 
as  inmates  of  this  Hospital."  Penny's  Hospital  stipends  have  been 
increased  owing  to  the  improved  value  of  the  property.  Mr. 
Heyshams  estate,  which  used  to  yield  a  total  rent  of  ^50  a  year, 
now  allows  a  payment  of  ^31  4s.  to  ten  pensioners,  two  of  whom 
may  be  women.  The  benefit  of  this  charity  is  reserved  for  those 
who  have  once  known  better  circumstances.  Gillison's  Hospital, 
founded  in  1790,  by  Miss  Anne  Gillison,  consists  of  eight  houses, 
for  the  reception  of  eight  unmarried  women,  each  of  whom  had  an 
allowance  of  foui  pounds  per  annum,  and  a  new  gown,  value 
one  pound.  This  Charity  was  augmented  in  i8i8by  Mrs.  Margaret 
France  who  gave  to  it  by  deed  the  sum  of  ^100  Navy  five  per  cent 
annuities.     The  same  benevolent  lady  left  ^200  to  the  Dispensary. 

The  following  is  taken  from  the  Report  of  the  Trustees  of 
the  Lancaster  Charities.  It  is  the  first  one  issued.  The  meeting 
was  held  on  the  2nd  of  April  1890.  The  names  of  these  gentlemen 
are  as  follow  : — C.  Johnson,  Chairman,  G.  Jackson,  H.  Welch, 
T.  Preston,  Sir  T.  Storey,  C.  Blades,  W.  Pickard,  J.  Williamson, 
M.P.,  E.  G.  Paley,  E.  Storey,  A.  Greg,  E.  Clark,  J.  Fenton, 
W.  G.  Welch,  A  Seward.  The  Clerk  to  the  Trustees  is  Mr.  M. 
M.  Harrison,   of  73,  Church  Street,  Lancaster. 

Additional  particulars  of  each  Charity  are  given  in  this 
Report,   and  re-produced  in  this  work. 

Gardyner's  Charity. 

This  Charitv  has  been  augmented  by  the  following  Legacies  : 

Miss  Dorothy  Addison      (less  duty)     £  50  o  o 

Miss  Tatham      (less  duty)         200  o  o 

Miss  Mary  Warbrick        112  10  o 

Miss  Susan  Crompton      200  o  o 

The  scheme  of  the  Charity  Commissioners  dated  27th  May, 
1870,  provides  that  the  four  inmates  of  these  Almhouses  shall  be 
widows.      Pension — Five  shillings  per  week.      No  changes  in  1889. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  43 


Penny's  Charity. 

William  Penny,  by  Will  dated  2nd  March,  17 15,  provided 
for  the  building-  and  endowment  of  Almshouses  for  poor  ancient 
indigent  men  and  women  within  the  town  of  Lancaster.  The 
Charity  was  augmented  by  a  Legacy  from  Miss  Tatham  of  ^200 
(less  duty).  By  the  scheme  of  the  Charity  Commissioners  dated 
27th  May,  1870,  it  was  provided  that  there  shall  be  fourteen  Alms- 
people  inmates  of  Penny's  Almshouses,  twelve  of  whom  shall  be 
men,  either  married  or  single,  and  two  of  whom  maybe  either  men, 
married  or  single,  or  widows.  Pension — Men  :  Six  shillings  per 
week  ;   Women  :   Five  shillings  per  week. 

Changes  since  1st  January,  1889. 
Deaths.  Appointments.       Age. 

J.  Dickinson.  John  Airey.  75 

Richard  Monks.  Henry  Atkinson.    73 

J.  Ritson.  Robert  Lee.  71 

John  Airey.  Richard  Pye.  73 

Hevsham's  Charity. 

William  Heysham,  by  Will  dated  22nd  April,  1725,  left  his 
estate  called  the  Greaves  upon  trust  that  the  rents  should  be  appli- 
ed for  the  benefit  of  eight  poor  men  residing  in  Lancaster.  By  the 
scheme  of  the  Charity  Commissioners  dated  27th  May,  1870,  it  was 
provided  that  there  shall  be  ten  Pensioners,  eight  of  whom  shall  be 
men,  and  two  of  whom  may  be  either  men  or  women.  Persons 
who  shall  have  been  reduced  by  misfortune  from  better  circum- 
stances shall  (caiteris  paribus)  be  entitled  to  a  preference  at  every 
Election.  Pension — Men  :  Twelve  shillings  per  week  ;  Women  : 
Ten  shillings  per  week. 

Changes  since  1st  January,   1889. 
Deaths.  Appointments.       Age. 

Miss  Mary  Beckett.  Mrs.  Jane  Jackson.  67 

P.  Raby.  James  Atkinson  75 

Mrs.  A.  Battersbv.  Miss  Anne  Battersby  56 

Joseph  Ellison.  T.  B.  Hill.  66 

John  Morland.  J.  Chamberlain  80 


44 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Gillison's  Charity. 

Ann  Gillison,  by  Will  dated  19th  January,  1781,  provided 
for  the  building-  of  Almshouses  for  eight  destitute  unmarried  women 
belonging  to  the  town  of  Lancaster.  She  also  left  a  sum  of  ^"iooo 
as  an  endowment,  and  this  Founder's  Bequest  has  been  augmented 
by  the  following  Legacies  received  from  time  to  time. 


Arthur  Armitstead,  Esq. 
Benjamin  Satterthwaite,  Esq. 
Miss  Margaret  Satterthwaite 

Mrs.  France's  Gift 

Miss  Dorothy  Addison 

Miss  Barbara  Shaw        

Miss  Alicia  Salisbury      

William  Satterthwaite,  Esq. 
Miss  Margaret  Ferguson 

Miss  Tatham 

Miss  Mary  Warbrick      

Miss  Alice  Giles       

Pension — Five  shillings  per  week. 
Changes  since  1st  January,  1889. 
Death.  Appointment. 

Miss  M.  Standen.  Miss  Ellen  Bradley 


(less  duty)     ^400     o     o 
(less  duty)        400     o     o 


(less  duty) 

100 

0 

0 

100 

0 

0 

(less  duty) 

50 

0 

0 

50 

0 

0 

(less  duty) 

5 

0 

0 



200 

0 

0 

500 

0 

0 

(less  duty) 

400 

0 

0 

225 

0 

0 

19 

19 

0 

Age. 
69 


From  the  Trustees'  Report  1  venture  to  reproduce  the 
following  paragraphs  : — 

"  Due  provision  for  the  continued  performance  of  the  duties 
of  the  Trust  is  secured  by  the  Scheme  of  the  Charity  Commissioners. 
The  number  of  the  Trustees  is  maintained  at  fifteen,  vacancies  as 
they  occur  being  filled  by  the  appointment  of  suitable  persons.  In 
the  administration  of  the  Trust,  great  care  is  exercised  by  the 
Trustees  in  admitting  to  the  list  of  candidates  only  those  who  are 
needing  help  and  deserving  oi'  it.  All  candidates  appear  before  a 
Special  Committee,  and  full  enquiries  are  made  into  their  circum- 
stances. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  45 


After  providing"  for  the  Heysham  Pensioners,  and  for  the 
pensions  to  the  inmates  of  the  Almshouses,  the  remainder  of  the 
income  of  the  Charities  is  bestowed  in  outdoor  pensions.  Owing' 
to  reductions  in  Farm  rents  and  to  some  heavy  repairs  to  house 
property,  the  net  income  has  been  declining  for  some  years  past. 
The  Trustees  have  therefore  been  compelled  to  reduce  the  number 
of  outdoor  Pensions  by  making  no  new  appointments  when  vacan- 
cies have  occurred  by  death.  Yet  notwithstanding  these  reductions 
the  Charities  were  in  debt  at  the  close  of  1889  to  the  amount  of 
£156." 

Let  us  hope  some  good  friends  will  come  forward  and  make 
up  the  deficit. 

"  At  the  beginning  of  this  year  a  kind  friend  gave  a  donation 
of  ;£ioo  to  enable  the  Trustees  to  make  some  grants  of  outdoor 
pensions,  and  on  the  strength  of  this  donation,  and  in  the  belief 
that  before  the  end  of  1891,  the  debit  balance  would  be  wiped  out, 
the  Trustees  resolved  to  grant  five  out-pensions  of  six  shillings  per 
week.  For  these  pensions  forty-two  eligible  applicants  presented 
themselves.  More  than  half  of  the  applicants  were  upwards  of  70 
years  of  age.  Thirty  of  the  applicants  were  widows.  So  many  of 
the  cases  seemed  thoroughly  deserving  that  it  was  most  difficult  to 
make  the  selection  of  the  most  necessitous  five,  and  the  Trustees 
felt  deep  regret  that  their  funds  would  not  admit  of  an  increased 
number  of  pensions." 

It  may  be  apposite  to  mention  that  a  donation  of  ^500  is 
sufficient  to  establish  a  pension  of  six  shillings  a  week  for  ever  ; 
such  annuity  could  bear  the  Founder's  name,  and  the  patronage,  if 
he  wished  it,  be  reserved  to  him  for  life. 

On  the  25th  February,  1890,  those  persons  living  in  the 
Gardyner  cottages  were  Elizabeth  Benn,  Ann  Edmondson,  Esther 
Walmsley  and  Jane  Bird.  I  found  the  following  persons  residing  in 
the    almshouses     established    by     Mrs.     Gillison  ; — Mary     Slinger, 


46  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Hannah  Mc. Grady,  Mary   Butcher,  Mary   Handby,  Jemima  Oliver, 
Ann  Alston,  Ellen  Bradley,  Ann  Townley. 

Miss  Gillison  died  on  New  Year's  Day,  1790,  in  her  72nd 
year.  Her  father  was  Ambrose  Gillison,  Esq.,  merchant,  of 
Lancaster. 

On  the  25th  of  February,  1890,  I  found  the  cottages  of 
Penny's  Charity  in  the  occupation  of  the  following  persons  : — John 
Hinde,  John  Haythorn,  William  Markland,  Henry  Atkinson, 
Henry  Carr,  Elizabeth  Magee,  Robert  Lee,  John  Starnforth,  Ralph 
Parkinson,  William  Cumpstey,  William  Wough,  Mrs.  Beckwith 
and  Richard  Pye  wholives  in  the  tenement  belonging  the  Charity 
near  Windy  Hill. 

Prayers  are  still  said  on  Wednesdays  in  the  Chapel,  which 
has  of  late  years  been  much  improved  and  modernised  in  its  interior. 

Prayers  were  formerly  said  every  Wednesday  and  Friday 
from  Easter  to  Michaelmas.  At  one  time  the  Chapel  was  turned 
into  a  school-house  for  the  use  of  the  boys  of  the  Charity  school 
established  in  1770.  The  bible  in  the  Chapel  was  "  presented  by 
the  Misses  Threlfall  to  Penny's  Hospital,  Lancaster,  February  23rd, 
1 881." 

Clarke  states  as  follows  : — William  Penny's  Charity  of  twelve 
small  houses  for  the  same  number  of  men,  included  also  an  allow- 
ance of  1 6s.  8d.  per  quarter  for  each  inmate,  and  a  new  coat,  value 
13s.  4d.,  every  year.  In  Penny's  Hospital  there  died  in  April,  1836, 
Joseph  Liver,  aged  87,  the  oldest  freeman  of  Lancaster.  Four 
generations  of  the  family  could  be  traced  at  this  period,  and  there  is 
the  name  Liver  still  found  between  St.  Leonard's  Gate  and  North 
Road.  In  the  preceding  February  of  the  same  year,  Thomas  Rat- 
cliffe,  the  oldest  freeman  of  Preston,  died. 

Religious  Houses. 

Of  Religious  Houses  in  Catholic  Times  besides  the  Priory  of 
St.  Mary  there  was  a  hospital  for  a  Master  Chaplain  and  nine  poor 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  47 


persons,  whereof  three  were  to  be  lepers,  founded  by  King-  John 
when  Earl  of  Morton,  and  which  was  afterwards  annexed  to  the 
Nunnery  of  Seaton,  in  Cumberland,  by  Henry,  Duke  of  Lancaster, 
about  the  30th,  Edward  III.  This  Hospital  was  dedicated  to  St. 
Leonard.  Then  there  was  a  Priory  for  Blackfriars,  a  Dominican 
House  founded  about  44th  Henry  III.  by  Sir  Hugh  Harrington, 
Knight,  which  was  granted  32nd  Henry  VIII.  to  Thomas  Holcroft. 
Lastly,  a  Friary  for  Grey  Friars,  "  a  Franciscan  Convent  near  the 
bridge."  Though  the  more  elevated  members  of  the  monastic 
institutions  might  fare  sumptuously  the  position  of  others  was 
humble  in  the  extreme,  for  we  learn  that  the  allowance  of  food  per 
diem  in  the  Hospital  for  Lepers,  as  it  is  termed  in  the  "  Notitia 
Monastica,"  to  each  of  the  brethren  was  a  loaf  weighing  1  lb.  120Z. 
and  pottage  on  Sundays,  Mondays,  and  Fridays.  Worse,  indeed, 
was  this  than  the  fare  granted  to  paupers  in  the  great  "  prisons  of 
the  guiltless,"  as  a  distinguished  author  once  called  Unions.  As  to 
the  exact  situation  of  St.  Leonard's  Hospital  there  has  been  much 
uncertainty,  but  the  discovery,  in  181 1,  of  a  crossed  tombstone  and 
human  remains  seems  to  fix  it  at  the  eastern  end  of  St.  Leonard's- 
gate.  According  to  some  of  the  statutes  passed  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  a  great  and  flourishing  number  of  "  the 
faithful  "  existed  in  Lancaster,  and  from  one  of  these  statutes,  of 
the  date  1544,  it  appears  that  "  there  had  in  time  past  been  many 
beautiful  houses  in  Lancaster."  Camden  confirms  this  account,  for, 
writing  in  the  time  of  the  Virgin  Queen  he  says  :  "  Lancaster  is  at 
present  but  thinly  peopled,  and  all  the  inhabitants  are  farmers,  all 
the  country  about  being  cultivated,  open,  flourishing,  and  bare  of 
wood.'; 


An  Ancient  Gild  In  Lancaster 

In  the  Antiquarian  Magazine  and  Bibliographer  for  1884 
there  is  the  following  account  of  the  ancient  Gild  of  the  Holy  Trin- 
ity and  St.  Leonard,  Lancaster,  by  Mr.  Walford,  F.S.S.,  who  con- 
tributed a  series  of  articles  under  the  title  of  "  The  Historv  of  Gilds." 


48  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


"  Lancaster. — There  was  an  early  Gild  which  differed  in  its 
constitution  but  little  from  the  type  of  burial  societies  which  prevail 
so  largely,  and  almost  exclusively  in  this  country,  at  the  present  day  ; 
and  it  still  more  remarkably  embodies  the  "collecting"  "feature, 
being  the  only  Gild  of  this  period  known  to  have  a  regulation  for 
collecting  the  dues  by  the  aid  of  special  officers.  We  give  the 
ordinances  in  their  entirety,  with  the  exception  of  one  slight  devi- 
ation. Gild  of  the  Holy  Trinity  and  St.  Leonard,  founded  1377. — 
These  Ordinances  were  made  on  the  Feast  of  St.  Leonard,  A.D. 
1377.  Whoever  is  admitted  to  the  Gild  shall  make  an  oath  to  keep 
these  Ordinances.  No  one  of  the  Gild  shall  do  anything  to  the  loss 
or  hurt  of  another,  nor  shall  allow  it  to  be  done  so  far  as  he  can 
hinder  it — the  laws  and  customs  of  the  town  of  Lancaster  being 
always  saved.  No  one  of  the  Gild  shall  wrong  the  wife  or  daughter 
or  sister  of  another,  nor  shall  allow  her  to  be  wronged  so  far  as  he 
can  hinder  it.  No  one  of  the  Gild  shall  take  into  his  house  anyone 
known  to  be  an  adulterer,  nor  shall  himself  live  in  adultery  :  and  if 
it  be  shewn  that  he  has  done  either,  and  after  two  warnings  he  will 
not  amend,  he  shall  be  altogether  put  out  of  the  Gild.  If  any  one 
of  the  Gild  die  within  Lancaster,  all  the  brethren  then  in  the  town 
shall  come  to  placebo  and  dirige,  if  summoned  by  the  "  belman," 
or  pay  ijd.  All  shall  go  or  send  to  the  mass  held  for  a  dead  brother 
or  sister,  and  offer  ob.  under  the  same  penalty.  Every  one  of  the 
brethren  shall  say,  for  the  soul  of  the  dead,  as  quickly  as  he  can,  lx 
Paternosters,  with  as  many  Hail-Marys.  And  the  anniversary  of 
every  brother  shall  be  duly  kept.  If  any  of  the  Gild  dies  outside 
the  town  of  Lancaster,  within  a  space  of  xx  miles,  xij  brethren 
shall  wend  and  seek  the  body,  at  the  cost  of  the  Gild.  And  if  the 
brother  or  sister  so  dying  wished  to  be  buried  where  he  died,  the 
said  shall  see  that  he  has  fitting  burial  there,  at  the  cost  of  the  Gild. 
Each  brother  and  sister  so  dying  shall  have,  at  the  mass  on  the  day 
of  burial,  six  torches  and  xviij  wax  lights  ;  and  at  other  services 
two  torches  and  iiij  wax  lights.  All  the  brethren  and  unmarried 
sisteren  of  the  Gild  shall  meet  four  times  a  year,  on  four  Sundays 
(which  are  named).  Each  shall  then  pay  xiijd.  towards  finding  two 
chaplains  to  celebrate  divine  service  in  the  town  for  the   welfare  of 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  49 


the  King-  and  Queen  and  the  Lord  Duke  of  Lancaster,  and  the 
whole  realm,  and  all  the  dead  brethren  and  sisteren  of  the  Gild. 
Whoever  does  not  come  to  these  meeting's,  and  does  not  pay  the 
money  within  three  weeks  afterwards  shall  pay  half-a-pound  of  wax 
which  shall  be  doubled  if  there  be  a  further  arrear  of  three  weeks. 
It  is  ordained  that  xij  good  and  discreet  men  of  the  gild  shall  be 
chosen,  who  shall  have  power  of  admitting  fresh  brethren  and 
sisteren  ;  shall  arrange  with  each  of  these  what  shall  be  paid  on 
entry  ;  shall  deal  with  what  other  matters  touch  the  good  name, 
profit,  and  well-being  of  the  Gild  ;  and  shall  appoint  the  places  and 
times  of  meetings  : — and  these  xij  shall  be  chosen  afresh  every  year 
if  it  be  thought  fit.  Collectors  shall  be  chosen,  to  gather  in  all  dues. 
They  shall  render  an  account  to  the  aforesaid  xij,  or  the  greater 
part  of  them,  so  that  xij  may  every  quarter  let  the  Gild  know  how 
its  affairs  stand. 

Holy  Trinity  Church  was  a  Church  of  the  Black  Friars, 
situated  where  tne  Wesley  Chapel  now  stands.  St.  Leonard's  was 
a  hospital  for  lepers." 

In  the  summer  of  1889  excavations  were  carried  on  near  the 
site  of  this  ancient  Hospital,  which  existed  prior  to  the  year  1198 
when  Pope  Celestine  filled  the  papal  chair,  a  Hospital  mentioned  in 
the  Valor  of  Pope  Nicholas  IV.,  a.d.  1291.  A  little  more  of  the 
history  of  the  place  may  as  well  be  given  before  alluding  to  the 
remains  discovered. 

This  Hospital,  "  founded  for  a  Master,  Chaplain,  and  nine- 
persons,  of  whom  three  were  to  be  lepers,"  as  appears  by  an  in- 
quisition of  the  17th  Edward  II.,  1324,  was  probably  founded  by 
King  John  when  Earl  of  Moreton  and  Bologne,  or  by  the  earlier 
Earls  of  Lancaster,  and  it  was  subject  to  the  Prior  of  Lancaster. 
In  1357,  Henry,  Duke  of  Lancaster,  annexed  this  Hospital  to  the 
Nunnery  of  Seton  alias  Lekelay,  one  mile  from  Workington,  in 
Cumberland,  and  the  ancient  home  of  Orme,  son  of  Ketel  alias 
Kelet,  grandson  of  Ivo  de  Taillebois,    and  afterwards   of  the   well- 


3 


o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


known  family  of  Curwen.  Henry,  Duke  of  Lancaster,  had  heard  that 
the  Nunnery  was  too  poor  to  support  the  Prioress  and  Nuns,  and 
therefore  granted  them  this  Hospital  in  honour  of  God  and  Saint 
Leonard,  as  appears  by  the  charter  dated  at  Preston,  in  the  sixth 
year  of  his  dukedom.  A  Chantry  was,  of  course,  attached  to  the 
Hospital,  and  included  in  the  grant,  subject  to  the  concurrence  of 
the  burgesses  of  Lancaster  in  regard  to  the  bestowal  of  their  alms 
and  ancient  incumbencies  on  the  Hospital.  The  "  History  of  the 
Priory  of  Lancaster  "  and  the  "Register  of  St.  Mary's,"  contain 
several  allusions  to  this  old  shrine  of  St.  Leonard.  In  the  4th. 
loth,  nth,  and  13th  Henry  III.,  the  lepers  were  allowed  pasture 
for  their  cattle,  wood  for  their  fires,  and  timber  for  their  buildings. 
[n  1291  the  value  of  the  institution  was  put  down  at  viis.  iiijd.  In 
1232,  it  possessed  six  acres  in  alms  given  by  William  de  Scertune, 
In  1324  the  lands  attached  to  the  Hospital  in  Lancaster,  Skerton, 
and  Wyresdale,  were  valued  at  vjl.  viijd.  The  allowance  to  the 
brethren  was  one  loaf  daily  which  weighed  the  eighth  of  a  stone, 
(lib.  120ZS.),  with  pottage  three  days  per  week,  Sunday,  Monday, 
and  Friday. 

In  1556,  five  burgages  (land  held  of  the  king  or  some  other 
lord  at  a  certain  yearly  rent),  and  sixteen  acres  of  land  called  the 
"Nuns'"  fields,  of  the  annual  value  of  ^3  5s.,  were,  says  the 
Notitia  Cestricnsis,  sold  to  one,  John  Duddinge.  No  doubt  the 
Hospital  in  Skerton  and  the  Grange  (Beaumont  Grange)  were  both 
founded  at  about  the  same  time.  Several  human  remains  in  an  ex- 
ceedingly fine  state  of  preservation  have  been  turned  up  by  the 
workmen  engaged  in  levelling  that  part  of  the  Bulk  or  Newton 
Estate  at  the  end  of  St.  Leonard  Gate  and  on  the  left  side  of  the 
ruined  Chapel  or  Mortuary.  Portions  of  a  skull  submitted  indicated 
an  extremely  large  head  ;  the  occiput  was  very  fine.  A  couple  of 
shin  bones  at  hand  are  fourteen  inches  in  length,  and  other  crural 
appendages  are  correspondingly  large.  One  medical  gentleman 
secured  an  almost  perfect  skull,  and  another  gentleman  soon  after- 
wards met  with  a  good  specimen.  The  bodies  seem  to  have  been 
buried  at  a  depth  of  only  two  feet  and  in    circles,    so   the    workmen 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  51 


say.      It  is  to  be  regretted   that   this  grand  old  site  should  ever  be 
disturbed  or  profaned  by  the  workmen's  spades.      To  unearth  these 
bones  in  order  to  build  on  the  ground  consecrated  as  their  resting- 
place  augurs  badly  for  the  sanctity  that  may  exist   in    two  or   three 
centuries'  time  concerning  any  of  our  present  most  cherished  God's- 
acres.      No    one   knows  what  will  become  of  the  remains  unearthed 
and   how  they   may  be  scattered  ;  but  the  relic  collector  is  as  likely 
to  hold  them  sacred  as  anybody,  indeed  more  so  than  the   majority 
of  people   might   who   ridicule   such   or   irreverently   destroy  them. 
A   cremationist   who  visits  the  surroundings  of  the  old  silk  mill  has 
certainly   a   grand  argument  in  favour  of  the  crematorium.      But  of 
course,    urn-burial  might  be  liable  to  sacrilege  just  as  earth-burial  is 
liable  to  disturbance  ages  after  interment  when  lapse  of  time  seems 
to  license  posterity  to  do  far  worse  than  moralize  over  each  departed 
Yorick. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  owner  of  the  old  Mortuarv  Chapel 
of  the  Hospital  of  St  Leonard  will  not  suffer  what  few  fragments 
remain  to  be  razed  to  the  ground.  There  are  surely  many  amongst 
us  who  would  contribute  their  mite  towards  a  careful  restoration  of 
the  edifice  which  might  be  converted  into  a  small  museum  of  re- 
ligious antiquities — antiquities  many  a  visitor  would  not  fail  to 
appreciate  when  out  on  tour.  A  brief  history  of  the  place  and  its 
original  form  including  its  original  possessions  could  easily  be  en- 
graved on  tablets  fixed  in  the  interior.  Unfortunately  this  age 
deems  nothing  practical  which  is  unallied  to  successful  cash-turning-. 
With  such  a  sordid  misinterpretation  of  the  word  practical  true  men 
have  little  sympathy. 


52 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


CHAPTER  III. 

Lancaster    Castle  —  A    tour    through    it- 
Discoveries. 


Recent   Improvements   and 


ROM  whatever  point  the  towering  masonry 
of  "  Gaunt's  embattled  pile"  is  viewed,  the 
effect  is  solemnly  picturesque.  Whether  you 
approach  Lancaster  from  the  field  route  by 
the  broad  river  coming  from  Halton,  from 
Wyresdale  on  the  south,  ortheneighbourhood 
of  Carnforth  on  the  north,  you  are  struck  with 
the  sublimity  of  the  situation,  and  cannot  but 
meditate  on  the  ability  displayed  by  men  of 
far-fled  ages  concerning  the  choice  of  sites 
for  their  strongholds  and  impregnable  resi- 
dences. But  if  "distance  lend  enchantment  to  the  view,"  con- 
tiguity imparts  feelings  not  altogether  allied  to  poetry,  romance  and 
chivalry,  for  he  who  knows  something  of  the  castle's  history 
experiences  sensations  which  well  may  hold  him  spell-bound  He 
feels  that  he  is  standing  before  a  monument  of  time,  a  mighty  relic 
of  Roman,  Saxon,  and  Norman  greatness,  a  stupendous  memento 
that,  sermon  like,  silently  proclaims  the  fickle  nature  of  human 
glory,  and  how  races  and  dynasties  have  come  and  gone,  playing 
their  parts  upon  life's  stage,  and  that  now  the  stage  alone  remains, 
never  to  be  peopled  as  in  days  of  yore.  As  the  thoughtful  wanderer 
ascends  the  stony  slope  that  leads  to  the  sombre  doorway  surmounted 
high  above,  in  1822,  by  the  figure  of  John  of  Gaunt,  or  Ghent,  Duke 
of  Lancaster,  he  will  find  in  the  massive  work  before  him  fit  emblems 
of  the  natural  savagery  of  man  and  the  hardness  of  his  heart.  Not 
of  Roger  de  Poictou  or  John  o'  Gaunt  will  lie  be  thinking,  poet- 
like, but  of  the  great  fact  that  the  building  he  is  about  to  enter  is 
nothing  so  much  as  a  memorial — a  frowning  memorial — of  many  a 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  53 


miscarriage  of  justice  as  regards  a  past,  not  stretching  to  days  oi 
martial  conquest  and  invasion,  not  even  to  mediaeval  times,  but  to 
a  past  dating  only  from  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

A  stranger  entering  Lancaster  with  the  view  of  visiting  the 
Castle  as  the  first  object  of  interest,  will  soon  find  from  the  small 
printed  bills  pasted  here  and  there  on  the  Castle  walls  or  doors  that 
his  first  duty  is  to  observe  upon  what  days  the  grim  structure  is 
open  for  inspection.  He  can  gain  admittance  to  the  courts  and 
keep  any  day  of  the  week  by  first  obtaining  a  ticket  at  the  large 
residence  in  Church  Street  known  as  the  "  Judges'  Lodgings  The 
hours  of  admission  are  from  9  to  11-30  in  the  morning,  and  from 
1  to  6  in  the  afternoon.  The  courts  and  keep  are  available  any  day 
of  the  week  as  stated  ;  but  there  can  only  be  access  to  the  dungeon 
or  well-tower  on  Mondays,  Wednesdays,  and  Fridays.  In  summer 
time,  he  will  notice  as  he  ascends  the  steps  of  the  house  at  which 
he  will  receive  his  passport,  that  the  door  of  the  entrance  hall  is 
open.  A  lady  is  waiting  in  the  hall  who  will,  for  the  modest  sum 
of  sixpence,  issue  him  a  ticket  with  the  words  "  Lancaster  Castle  " 
thereon,  and  also  in  prominent  type,  "  Admit  the  bearer  to  the  courts 
and  keep,  6d.,"  the  terms  "  courts  and  keep  "  being  most  prominent. 
In  smaller  lettering  follow  the  directions  as  to  ingress,  viz.  :— 
"  Entrance  only  from  the  Parade,  opposite  the  Church  Gale."  The 
Church  Gate  here  mentioned  is  the  southern  entrance  to  the  old 
Priory  Church.  The  ticket  is  for  all  the  world  like  a  railway  ticket, 
numbered  as  is  such  passport,  and  dated  by  an  "  Edmonson  "  dater 
on  the  back,  when  issued.  The  numbers  serve  as  a  check  or  proof 
just  as  does  the  machine  whose  asterisk-projections  you  push  forward 
when  paying  to  go  on  the  pier  at  a  sea-side  place  of  enjoyment.  It 
must  not  be  forgotten  that  admission  to  the  Castle  cannot  be  had 
for  purposes  of  inspection  when  the  assizes,  or  sessions,  are  being 
held. 

Tour  through  the  Castle. 
The  court-keeper,  Mr.  Bingham,  a   smart,    amber-whiskered 
officer,    whose   countenance   itself  is   as   the   glass   front  of  a  book- 


54  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


case,  in  that  it  is  the  reflector  of  a  history  from  within,  kindly  greets 
th?  waiting  band,  and,  without  loss  of  time,  bids  them  follow. 
Through  a  gateway  and  kind  of  corridor  the  sightseers  are  led  up  a 
few  steps,  and  through  an  open  doorway,  when  a  halt  is  made. 
The  lecturer  informs  the  tourists  that  the  strangely  shaped  chamber 
the}"  are  now  standing  within  is  the  "  Drop-room,"  so  called  because 
from  this  room  all  criminals  sentenced  to  death  have  had  to  pass 
after  being  pinioned  therein  to  the  scaffold,  since  the  year  1800,  and 
until  the  passing  of  the  bill  for  private  executions.  Prior  to  the  year 
named,  prisoners  for  execution  were  taken  in  a  cart  (the  seats  there- 
in being  their  coffins)  to  a  place  just  above  Christ  Church,  called 
Gallows  Hill,  and  the  fringe  of  what  was  once  Lancaster  Moor. 
But  we  are  dealing  with  a  matter  only  mentioned  because  we  antici- 
pate strangers  to  the  Castle  asking  how  it  happens  that  executions 
have  but  dated  from  1800  in  this  Castle.  The  morbid  reader,  if  any 
such  there  be,  will  presently  have  enough  literary  carrion  to  feed 
upon  in  regard  to  punishments,  capital  or  otherwise,  extending 
ages   past,    in    the  vicinity  of  the  old  fortress. 

In  the  "  Drop-room  "  some  very  harrowing  stories  aie  heard, 
and  as  the  stories  are  illustrated  with  the  mechanical  appliances 
murderers  have  used  in  their  deadly  work,  and  those,  too,  by  which 
they  have  suffered,  the  listener  feels  an  icy  coldness  rush  over  him, 
notwithstanding  the  warmth  of  the  day  or  the  crowd  of  visitors  he 
is  amongst.  He  seems  to  realize  faintly  the  feelings  of  the  culprit 
whom  the  executioner  has  here  pinioned  securely  with  his  straps  ; 
and  as  the  describer  alludes  to  a  certain  window  almost  opposite  to 
him,  and  behind  the  auditor,  he  seems  to  conjure  up  the  ghosts  of 
the  coffins  of  the  condemned  before  his  eye  as  he  learns  that  upon 
that  massive  window  ledge,  more  like  a  cornice  or  huge  square 
table  than  an  inside  window-sill,  those  dark-stained  chests  of  death 
were  laid.  Next  he  perceives  a  high  chair  of  very  peculiar  shape  by 
the  speaker's  right  hand.  Presently  the  same  is  moved,  and  the 
audience  learns  that  it  was  made  for  one  Jane  Scott,  who  was 
wheeled  out  on  to  the  scaffold  on  the  22nd  of  March,  1828.  This 
miserable  girl,  for  she  was  only  eighteen  years    old    when    executed 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


55 


for  the  murder  of  her  mother  at  Preston,  had  become  so   weak    and 
emaciated  that  walk  to  the  drop   she   could    not,    and   so    an    office 
stool  was  fitted  with  castors,  and  the  seat  with  back  and  arms.      It 
is  a  dreadful  chair,  or  stool-chair,  to  look  upon.       The  body  o\'  this 
young  woman  was  given  to  the   doctors   for   dissection,    and    some 
years  ago  her  skeleton  was  "  on  view  "  at  a  house  in  Walker  Street, 
Preston.     The  visitor  is  next   favoured   with    a   sig'ht    of  the   drop- 
board,  on  which  for  the  last  time  the  criminal  has  stood,  and  which 
has  resounded  his  last  footfall.      Then  the  narrator  takes  up  a  short 
chain  with  a  piece  of  rope  attached  and  dilates  upon  the  old  method 
of  hanging,    or  rather   strangling,    contrasting  the   same   with    the 
present  long  drop  instituted  by  Marwood.       The  sight  of  the  ropes, 
the  real  hemp  of  execution,  since  each  one  had   drawn    out    the   life 
of  some  poor  wretch,  ropes  noosed  by  the  holder  of  them  as  he  ex- 
plains the  awful  arrangement,  makes  you  anxious  to  quit  this  verit- 
able criminals'  hearse  room  and  breathe  freely. 

But  the  by  no  means  hurrying  curator  has  not  quite  finished. 
He  tells  you  that  in  the  mad  years  gone  by,  a  conviction,  rightly  or 
wrongly,  meant  execution,  and  how  offences  now  punishable  bv  a 
term  of  six  months'  imprisonment  were  punished  by  death.  It  is 
said  that  in  the  year  1800  eleven  poor  creatures  were  strung  up  to- 
gether and  tantalized  into  eternity  ;  but  this  story  is  scarcely 
credible,  as  it  is  not  believed  that  eleven  persons  could  be  executed 
all  at  one  time  without  some  contretemps  being  likely  to  happen,  and 
such  under  the  old  and  unskilful  method  of  execution  could  readily 
have  been  foreseen.  However,  in  1817,  as  many  as  nine  were 
executed  at  once,  and  so  badly  were  the  arrangements  conducted 
that  the  suspended  men  struggled  fearfully,  and  were  almost  on  the 
top  of  each  other.  The  guide  winds  up  by  stating  a  painful  circum- 
stance consisting  of  the  hanging  of  persons  proved  to  be  innocent,  the 
evidence  against  them  having  been  the  outcome  of  spite  ;  but  a 
conviction  meant  death,  and  respite  was  impossible.  There  are 
few  who  doubt  the  miscarriage  of  justice  in  the  case  of  those 
legallv  murdered  men  who  faced  their  death  bravely  singing  a  hymn 
as  they  were  turned  off.      The   bodies   of  the   nine    men    previously 


56  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


alluded  to  are  interred  under  the  two  cannons  taken  at  Sebastopol, 
and  to  be  seen  on  the  Castle  lawn  in  front  of  the  courts.  It  is 
harrowing  to  find  that,  despite  the  bungling-  of  the  executioner, 
( here  was  a  magistrate  in  existence  who  could  congratulate  him  upon 
his  ability  and  skill.  Surely  that  magistrate  must  have  had  strange 
notions  as  to  how  capital  punishment  should  be  carried  out.  Had  he 
been  a  King  or  a  Czar,  perhaps  "Jack  Ketch  "  would  have  received 
a  knighthood 

The  narrator  next  unlocks  a  drawer  and  reveals,  as  a  final 
display,  the  axe,  sheeting,  and  razor,  with  which  Bligh,  the  Kirkham 
policeman,  performed  his  lurid  work  on  his  little  children.  All 
appear  bloodstained.  The  razor  with  which  the  murderer  intended 
to  practise  upon  himself  is  tied — the  knife  or  blade — to  the  handle 
In  such  a  manner  as  to  prevent  a  slip,  an  evidence,  remarked  the 
exhibitor,  of  a  mind  the  reverse  of  insane.  With  a  knowing  look 
the  speaker  says  that  the  proprietors  of  a  show  at  Blackpool  profess- 
ed to  give  their  patrons  a  sight  of  the  articles  just  displayed.  It  may 
here  be  mentioned  that  another  *chair  is  pointed  out  to  you  before 
leaving  this  apartment.  It  is  a  very  cumbrous  chair — a  kind  of 
dropbox  into  which  lunatics  were  placed.  It  is  a  very  formidable 
piece  of  furniture,  almost  like  a  Yankeedoodle  shanty  or  cabin  fitted 
with  bolts  and  rings,  so  that  a  mad  man  would  have  to  be  stronger 
than  iron  to  free  himself  from  its  grasp.  It  is  totally  different  from 
the  chair  previously  noticed. 

About  a  mile  from  the  town  going  along  the  south  high  road 
you  come  to  a  spot  which  used  to  bear  the  name  of  "  Weeping  Hill  " 
or  "Tear  Hill."  The  spot  was  so  named  because  from  this  poin-1 
the  great  prison  of  the  county  could  be  seen  in  all  its  terrible 
majesty,  and  the  sight  excited  no  small  emotion  in  the  breasts  of  the 
prisoners  who  were  travelling  to  its  gates  and  often  to  their  certain 
place  of  doom. 

*  This  chair  is  now  in  the  Hadrian's  Tower. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  57 


At  last  you   quit   this   hideous   chamber,   and  Mr.    Bingham 
speedily  leads  you  to  Hadrian's  Tower. 

Respectfully  the  conductor  waits  until  everyone  has  landed 
on  the  circular  balcony  in  Hadrian's  Tower,  and  is  looking  down  at 
the  flooring  below  and  at  the  recesses  formerly  occupied  by  cup- 
boards. Then  he  steps  forward  and  explains  that  the  quaint  tower 
you  are  within  is  believed  to  have  been  erected  in  the  reign  of  the 
Roman  Emperor  Hadrian.  He  calls  your  attention  to  the  fact  that, 
notwithstanding  the  alterations  from  time  to  time,  and  the  addi- 
tional masonry  consequent  upon  renovation,  there  is  yet  a  large 
quantity  of  the  old  masonry  in  the  ancient  pile.  As  you  pass  out  of 
this  tower,  long  used  as  a  store  depot,  your  attention  is  called  to  a 
number  of  large  brass  candlesticks,  all  dated  1743,  which  were  used 
in  the  courts  of  justice  before  the  introduction  of  gas.  They  are 
apparently  as  good  and  substantial  as  when  new. 

Recent  Improvements. 

During  the  winter  of  1889-90,  much  has  been  effected  by 
way  of  amelioration,  adornment,  and  careful  search  at  this  great 
fortress  which  as  of  old  still  stands  guardian-like  over  this  time- 
honoured  borough.  Masons  have  been  very  busy  in  the  older  por- 
tions of  the  immense  fabric,  particularly  in  this  tower  which  was 
erected  in-  the  year  124,  and  visitors  who  in  future  go  over  the 
royal  fort  representing  Roman,  Saxon,  Danish,  and  Norman  epochs, 
will  be  greatly  surprised  to  observe  what  has  been  accomplished. 
The  Hadrian's  Tower  is  now  transformed  into  a  veritable  museum. 
The  basement  has  been  thoroughly  explored,  and  the  wall  also,  the 
results  being  highly  satisfactory.  One  cannot  fail  to  be  struck  with 
the  improved  appearance,  the  walls  having  been  restored  to  their 
original  form  and  one  or  two  new  features  of  interest  opened  out. 
First  of  all  is  the  half  of  the  ancient  mill-stone  used  by  the  Romans 
for  grinding  their  corn  Underneath  this  stone,  which  was  found 
in  a  bed  of  marl,  eight  feet  six  inches  below  the  present  floor, 
an  old  rat's  nest  was  discovered  together  with  some  small 
bones     probably     brought     by     the     rat     in     order     to     feed     its 


;8  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


young-.  Other  bones,  some  supposed  to  be  human,  were  also  turn- 
ed up  at  the  time.  While  clearing-  the  wall  and  preparing  for  the 
insertion  of  a  new  fire-place  the  masons  came  across  an  aperture 
behind  the  old  range  which  proved  to  be  an  ancient  watch-chamber 
exactly  in  shape  of  a  smoothing  iron.  This  apartment  has  evident- 
ly been  hidden  from  view  for  centuries.  In  it  the  watchman  could 
stand  and  survey  all  along  one  side  of  the  Castle  walls,  could 
readily  observe  any  attempt  to  scale  the  same,  and  could  note  the 
approach  of  friend  or  foe  from  across  Lancaster  moor.  Wisely 
enough  it  was  decided  to  keep  this  newly  discovered  chamber  with 
its  fine  archway,  open,  and  to  have  the  fireplace  a  little  farther  to 
the  right.  Another  quaint  opening  was  found  at  another  point 
whence  arrows  could  be  fired  upon  the  enemy  without  any  danger 
of  the  like  deadly  darts  being  returned  owing  to  the  curiously  de- 
vised form  of  the  louvre.  Next  is  seen  on  the  right  of  the  entrance 
to  the  basement  another  indentation  believed  to  indicate  the  old 
way  to  the  millstone  underneath.  Then  is  observed  the  Roman 
altar  found  in  1797  at  a  little  distance  outside  the  old  wall  between 
Hadrian's  Tower  and  the  great  square  tower  of  Saxon  date.  This 
altar  formerly  stood  in  the  apartment  first  entered  by  visitors  to 
the  Castle,  and  on  the  right  of  the  doorway. 

The  full  text  of  the  inscription  is  "  Deo  Sancti  Marti  Cocidio, 
Vibinius  Lucius  Beneficiarius  Consulis  Votum  Solvit  Lubens 
Merito."  The  translation  of  the  inscription,  which  appears  on  the 
altar  alluded  to  in  the  earlier  portion  of  our  description  of  the  castle, 
is  to  this  effect  :  "  To  the  holy  God  Mars  Cocidius,  Vibinius  Lucius, 
a  Pensioner  of  the  Consul  willingly  fulfils  his  vow  to  a  deserving 
object."  This  is  the  rendering  given  to  the  ancient  stone  engraving 
by  Dr.  Whitaker.  The  pillar  is  mounted  on  a  suitable  table  of 
stonework  and  is  certainly  in  its  right  place  and  well  worthy  of  in- 
spection. Then  opposite  the  door  are  seen  three  pikes — pikes 
taken  from  the  Scottish  Rebels  on  the  15th  November,  171 5,  at 
Preston,  by  the  Lancashire  Regiment  of  Militia  under  Sir  Henry 
Hoghton,  Bart.  This  of  course  was  in  the  days  of  the  first  Pre- 
tender.     The   pikes  were    presented    as    the   appropriately   framed 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  59 


inscription  sets  forth,  by  Colonel  Marion,  Colonel  Whalley,  and  the 
officers  of  the  3rd  and  4th  Battalions  of  the  King's  Own  Royal 
Lancashire  Militia  in  April,  1890. 

The  ground  floor  apartment  was  formerly  surrounded  b) 
cupboards,  and  when  these  were  removed  there  was  found  at  the 
back  of  one  the  following-  manuscript  : — 

"  This  is  to  inform  the  generations  to  come  that  this  Record 
Room  was  finished  the  14th  day  of  May,  1810,  49  year  of  George  3. 
The  Local  melita  was  assembled  at  this  time  at  Lancaster  for  20 
days.  Sir  Francis  Burdett  was  a  prisoner  in  the  tower  at  this  time 
put  in  by  the  House  of  Commons  for  standing  up  for  the  rights  of 
the  people.  Provisions  of  all  sorts  high  and  working  people  very 
poor.  Napolian  Emperor  of  the  french  had  all  the  nations  of  Europ 
Either  in  subjection  or  alliance  against  England — divorsed  his  first 
wife  which  was  the  widow  of  a  french  general  and  now  he  has 
married  the  daughter  of  francis  the  2  Emperor  of  Austra  which  had 
been  16  years  at  war  with  the  french." 

Then  follow  these  signatures. 


H.  Alexander 
J.  Hill. 
S.  Fawcett 
W.  Alexander 
J.  Rothery 


Joiners 


The    reverse  displays  an  old  Constable's  return   which  reads 


thus 


"  Clayton-le-Woods  in  the  Parish  of  Leyland  and  County  of 
Lancaster,  August  3rd,  1807.  This  is  to  Certify  the  Honourable 
Bench  at  the  General  Assizes  holden  at  the  Castle  in  Lancaster, 
August  8th,  1807,  that  as  our  Highways  are  in  good  repair,  our 
poor  well  provided  for,  have  nothing  at  this  time  to  present  by  me. 

Richard  Brighouse,  Constable. 


6o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


The  curator,  Mr.  Bingham,  has  made  a  very  neat  oak  frame, 
in  looking-glass  form,  for  the  paper  quoted  above.  It  is  evident 
that  the  scrap  upon  which  the  joiners  wrote  was  found  by  one  of 
their  number  or  and  used  for  the  purpose  of  notifying  the  end 
of  their  work,  for  the  Constable's  report  on  the  reverse  is  crossed 
over  by  the  pen  as  of  no  moment.  Ascending  the  upper  part  of  the 
Roman  Tower  you  are  pleased  to  notice  that  the  odd  looking 
cupboards  or  range  of  wall-boxes  have  vanished,  and  cases  with  glass 
fronts  have  been  substituted.  In  one  of  these  are  two  pipes,  one  an 
old  fairy  pipe,  the  consolation  of  some  disciple  of  Raleigh  at  least 
one  century  ago.  There  are  a  few  other  relics  and  a  huge  piece  of 
grout,  in  which  are  to  be  seen  impressions  of  twigs,  and  stones, 
and  even  an  ear  of  corn.  This  grout  is  certainly  something  like 
eighty-eight  scores  of  years  old.  Another  item  must  not  be  for- 
gotten, namely,  the  pen  and  ink  statement  of  the  court  crier  of 
nearly  fifty-four  years  back,  which  was  found  on  the  under  portion 
of  his  seat  : — "  Tatham  v.  Wright.  September  9th,  1836,  4  o'clock 
p.m.,  Tatham  v.  Wright.  The  jury  are  at  this  time  '  locked  up.'  " 
The  case  was  tried  in  the  Crown  Court,  the  seat  having  been  taken 
from  the  usher's  box  in  that  court.  It  now  simply  remains  for  us 
to  add  that  another  old  dungeon  has  been  opened  up.  This  is  near 
to  the  Roman  Tower  and  is  probably  one  of  a  series  of  dark  dungeons 
in  which  prisoners  were  confined.  This  one  would  be  under  what 
was  formerly  the  old  Crown  Court,  now  the  barristers'  room.  In 
this  cave  are  the  pieces  of  iron  to  which  the  rings  would  be  attached 
for  the  fastening  of  felons,  and  at  the  end  a  door  with  planks  crossed, 
studded  with  ir.on.  Alas,  what  tales  this  chamber  might  reveal  had 
it  only  a  tongue.  The  thickness  of  the  curtain  wall  cut  through 
for  the  new  passage  is  nine  feet  five  inches  at  the  basement,  and  here 
is  seen  the  original  Roman  handy-work.  This  new  passage  will 
prevent  visitors  having  to  retrace  their  steps  when  visiting  the 
more  ancient  parts  of  the  Castle. 

The  dimensions  of  the  watch  chamber  are  as  follow  : — The 
entrance,  2  feet  6  inches  wide  ;  length  8  feet  6  inches  ;  width  of 
parallel  of  this  apartment,  4  feet  ;   Look-out,  18  inches  by  13. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  61 


You  now  ascend  the  staircase  of  Hadrian's  Tower,  a  quaint, 
dark,  spiral  passage,  which  leads  you  to  a  kind  of  trellis-work  path- 
way of  wood  and  stone,  and  as  you  walk  along  you  feel  much 
refreshed,  and,  if  the  day  is  clear,  delighted  with  the  charming 
views  you  obtain  on  the  western  and  southern  sides  of  Lancaster. 
Shortly,  another  doorway,  at  the  south-western  corner,  is  entered, 
and  you  are  on  the  great  keep,  a  large  square  pile,  called  the  Lun- 
gess  tower,  seventy-eight  feet  high,  and  the  base  of  which  is  Saxon. 
This  door  was  cut  in  the  side  of  the  tower  in  1851,  in  order  to  allow 
Her  Majesty  to  ascend  to  John  o'Gaunt's  chair  without  entering 
the  prison,  and  so  avoid  the  risk  of  unintentionally  setting  any 
prisoner  free,  in  pursuance  af  the  doctrine  of  English  jurisprudence 
that  such  benignity  pervades  the  countenance  of  the  Sovereign 
that  the  very  sight  of  her  frees  a  prisoner.  In  accordance  with 
this  it  is  recorded  that  a  criminal  on  his  way  to  execution  at  Tyburn 
meeting  King  James  I,    was  immediately  released. 

This  keep  is  at  least  eight  hundred  years  of  age.  Its  higher 
masonry  is  in  the  Norman  style.  You  will  observe  the  apertures 
used  by  the  bowmen  of  old,  the  holes  through  which  boiling  lead 
would  be  poured  down  upon  the  enemy  seeking  to  scale  the  castle 
walls,  and  last,  but  not  least,  the  elevation  at  the  south-west  corner 
styled  "John  O'Gaunt's  Chair."  This  "chair"  is  ten  feet  higher 
than  the  keep  proper,  and  in  former  days  it  was  used  as  a  watch- 
tower,  and  a  blaze  was  kindled  in  it  so  as  to  signal  the  north— 

Till  Skiddaw  saw  the  fire  that  burned  on  Gaunt's  embattled  pile, 
And  the  red  glare  on  Skiddaw  roused  the  burghers  of  Carlisle. 

Well    may    we    recall    the    soul-thrilling    language   of    Macaulay's 

"  Armada,"  and  again  say — 

Look  how  the  lion  of  the  sea  lifts  up  his  ancient  crown, 

And  underneath  his  deadly  paw  treads  the  gay  lilies  down  ! 

So  stalk'd  he  when  he  turned  to  flight,  on  that  famed  Pickard  field, 

Bohemia's  plume,  Genoa's  bow,  and  Caesar's  eagle  shield ; 

So  glar'd  he  when  at  Agincourt  in  wrath  he  turn'd  to  bay, 

And,  crush'd  and  torn,  beneath  his  claws,  the  princely  hunters  lay ; 

Ho  !  strike  the  flagstaff  deep,  Sir  Knight  ;  ho  !  scatter  flowers,  fair  maids, 

Ho  !  gunners,  fire  a  loud  salute  ;  ho  !  gallants,  draw  your  blades  ; 

Thou,  sun,  shine  on  her  joyously,  ye  breezes  waft  her  wide, 

Our  glorious  semper  cadem,  the  banner  of  our  pride. 


62  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


In  the  fifteenth  century,  this  great  tower  had  fallen  into  a  state  of 
decay,  or  been  subject  to  heavy  military  attacks,  and  so  it  under- 
went complete  restoration.  The  work  of  restoration  was  effected  in 
the  year  1585,  during-  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  and  the  shrievalty  of 
Richard  Assheton.  There  is  in  the  northern  wall,  near  the  summit, 
a  stone  containing  these  letters  and  the  date  above,  "  E.R.  1585. 
R.A."  The  first  two  letters  refer  to  the  Queen,  and  the  second 
couple  to  the  High  Sheriff  for  that  year. 

The  walls  of  the  Keep  are  ten  feet  in  thickness.  On  its 
east  side  is  a  pathway  leading  to  some  vaults  ;  first  used  as  dun- 
geons, then  as  stables  for  the  war  steeds  of  John  of  Gaunt. 

The  Restoration  of  the  Keep  was  doubtless  decided  upon, 
when  preparations  were  made  for  resisting  the  Spanish  Armada. 
The  Queen's  order  for  restoration  was  as  follows: — "That  this 
Castle  be  mayntayned  and  kepte,  because  it  is  a  great  strength  to 
the  countrie  and  succour  to  the  Queen's  Justices." 

In  the  Tower  is  the  Chapel,  and  within  the  precincts  of  the 
Courtyard  adjoining,  executions  have  taken  place  since  the  passing 
of  the  Private  Executions  Act. 

The  scenery  this  spacious  keep  presents  to  the  eye  is  excellent 
on  all  sides.  To  the  north  we  have  Carnforth,  Silverdale,  Warton, 
and  Farleton,  and  beyond  glorious  mountains  and  rich  dales. 
Westward  flows  the  Lune  on  its  seaward  course,  and  farther  we 
behold  Morecambe  Bay,  like  a  vast  mirror  for  the  verdure  of  the 
hills  to  reflect  their  brilliance  therein.  On  the  south  are  the  Royal 
Albert  Asylum  and  the  Ripley  Hospital,  with  the  Wyresdale  Fells  be- 
yond. To  the  right  is  Fleetwood  with  its  conspicuous  grain  elevator. 
Then,  looking  in  the  direction  of  Clitheroe,  we  have  Clougha,  or 
Cloughfa,  a  name  springing  from  the  British  word  "  Glawog," 
meaning  "rainy,  or  abundant  in  showers,"  say  some  Monsignor 
Gradwell  derives  Cloughfa  from  the  Irish  Cloglier,  a  great  rock  ; 
Goidelic,    Cloglioi.       Another  slight  turn   and   we   have  a  view  of 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  63 

Ingleborough  and  the  West  Riding-  valleys,  all  seemingly  asleep  in 
the  mellow  sunlight  of  a  May  morning.  Lancaster  lies  below  like 
a  lamb  at  the  feet  of  a  lion,  the  roofs  of  her  cottages  and  halls  rising 
like  so  many  pages  upon  which  a  chequered  history  is  written. 

We  prepare  to  descend,  and  soon  we  are  again  in  the  dark 
spiral  staircase,  and,  taken  by  the  guide  a  few  paces,  we  arrive  at 
the  Nisi  Prius  Court,  an  imposing  place  with  a  Gothic  stone  canopy 
This  hall  will  hold  about  2,000  people.  Within  its  area  Madame 
Goldschmidt's  musical  voice  has  rung  forth  in  all  its  rich  cadence, 
and,  as  this  shrine  of  justice  has  no  echo,  its  acoustic  properties 
may  well  be  highly  commended  by  those  capable  of  judging.  In 
this  court  are  two  handsome  pictures,  one  on  each  side  of  the  seat  of 
justice.  The  picture  on  the  left  is  more  striking,  since  from  whatever 
point  you  look  at  it  the  eyes  seem  to  be  fixed  upon  you.  It  is  a 
portrait  of  Mr.  Blackburne,  painted  by  Allen,  and  presented  by 
Sir  Robert  Peel,  Bart,  in  1802. 

The  tablets  recently  placed  below  each  portrait  in  the  Shire 
Hall  read  as  follow: — "Thomas  Stanley,  of  Cross  Hall,  Esq., 
Colonel  of  the  First  Royal  Lancashire  Militia,  M.P.  for  the  County 
Palatine  of  Lancaster,  1780-1812."  "  John  Blackburne,  of  Orford 
and  Hale,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  High  Sheriff,  1781.  M.P.  for  the  County 
Palatine  of  Lancaster,  1784- 1830." 

On  the  13th  October,  1890,  a  full  length  portrait  of  Lord 
Winmarleigh  was  unveiled  in  the  presence  of  a  distinguished  com- 
pany, including  the  Hon.  Miss  Wilson  Patten,  Major  Bird,  the  High 
Sheriff  (who  accepted  the  gift  on  behalf  of  the  County),  the  Rev.  C. 
T.  Royds,  and  others.  The  portrait  is  now  suspended  between  the 
two  just  named.  The  inscription  reads  thus  : — "The  Right  Hon. 
John  Wilson  Patten,  M.P.  for  the  County  Palatine  of  Lancaster, 
1830,  M.P.  for  the  Northern  Division  of  the  County,  1832-74,  Lord 
Winmarleigh,  1874,  Colonel  of  the  3rd  Royal  Lancashire  Militia, 
Vice-Lieutenant  of  the  County  Palatine,  1856,  Chancellor  of  the 
Duchy  of  Lancaster,   1867,    Constable   of.  Lancaster  Castle,    1879." 


64  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Nor  would  we  forget  the  excellent  arrangement  in  the  Shire 
Hall  of  the  Coats  of  Arms  of  past  High  Sheriffs  of  the  Count}'. 
These  shields  are  all  emblazoned  on  baywood  and  at  present 
extend  to  the  commencement  of  the  reign  of  George  I.  Below 
each  escutcheon  is  the  name  of  the  sheriff  and  date,  and  at 
the  beginning  of  a  new  sovereign's  reign  the  shield  of  the 
sovereign  is  much  larger.  There  are  no  less  than  fifty-three 
shields  of  sheriffs  representing  the  Victorian  reign.  The  armorial 
work  has  been  executed  by  Mr.  Gilchrist,  and  the  skilfulness  of  the 
execution  is  of  the  first  order.  Opposite  these  and  on  each  side  of 
the  Judge's  chair  are  ten  javelins  of  past  sheriffs — five  on  each  side. 
Many  more  are  promised  and  expected  and  as  the  architectural 
features  of  the  building  are  favourable  to  the  insertion  of  these 
insignia  of  office  the  county  hall  will  shortly  prove  a  most  attractive 
chamber.  The  interest  taken  in  the  heraldic  and  antiquarian  elements 
by  Mr.  E.  B.  Dawson,  of  Aldcliffe,  will  merit  public  commendation, 
for  this  Justice  has  been  foremost  in  the  work  of  exploration  and 
restoration,  unremitting  in  his  attention  to  it,  and  its  presiding 
genius. 

Passing  out  of  the  Shire  Hall,  a  court  considered  one  of  the 
best  in  the  country,  we  arrive  at  the  Crown  Court.  The  design  is 
similar  to  that  we  have  just  emerged  from,  but  perhaps  one  effect 
more  beautiful  than  words  can  convey  is  the  formation  of  the  arches 
which  adorn  the  passages  to  other  portions  of  the  building.  Stand- 
ing by  the  seat  the  judge  occupies,  you  have  a  fine  view  of  them 
and  their  gently-receding  character.  Truly  they  become  beautifully 
less.  The  Crown  Court  is  a  gloomy  place  ;  despite  its  ornamenta- 
tion and  light,  it  is  gloomy,  very  gloomy.  The  agony  unheard, 
the  tremor,  the  perspiration  of  suspense,  and  the  evidences  of  black 
nature  tendered  against  the  occupants  of  the  dock  might  all  have 
had  a  weird  aerial  influence  living  permanently  in  this  enclosure. 
In  the  dock,  wherein  more  prisoners  have  been  sentenced  to  death 
than  in  any  other  court  in  the  kingdom,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
Assizes  at  Lancaster  were  the  Assizes  for  all  the  county,  there  being 
no  commission  at    Manchester  and    Liverpool   until  of  late    years, 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


there  is  a  curious  relic  in  the  shape  of  a  branding-iron.  This  iron 
is  attached  to  the  back  part  of  the  dock  ;  it  consists  of  a  long  kind 
of  bolt,  with  a  wooden  handle  at  one  end  and  the  letter  M  at  the 
other.  In  close  proximity  are  two  iron  loops  designed  for  holding 
firmly  the  hands  of  prisoners  whilst  the  long-  piece  of  iron  was 
heated  red  hot  so  that  the  letter,  meaning-  "  Malefactor,"  could  be 
impressed.  The  guide  will  inform  visitors  that  after  the  process 
the  brander  would  examine  the  impression,  and  if  satisfactory, 
would  say  to  the  judge,  "  Fair  mark,  my  lord."  Years  ago  it 
was  quite  the  rule  to  command  prisoners  to  hold  up  their  hands  in 
court  in  order  to  observe  if  they  had  ever  had  a  previous  conviction 
against  them.  Over  the  bench  is  a  fine  picture  of  George  111.  on 
horseback,  presented  by  Jas.  Ackers,  Esq.,  who  was  High  Sheriff 
in  1800. 

An  adieu  is  bidden  to  the  stately  Crown  Court,  and  we  are 
ushered  into  the  barristers'  apartments  where  the  counsellors  'robe,' 
and  consult  the  hosts  of  legal  books,  dry  and  musty-looking, 
which  help  to  make  the  twelve-feet-thiek  walls  a  few  inches 
thicker.  Readers  will  be  surprised  to  hear  that  some  portions 
of  the  Castle  walls  are  as  much  as  fifteen  feet  in  thickness  ; 
and  further,  that  no  intrepid  Jackson  could  escape  from  the 
ramparts,  since  the  coping  stones  are  so  arranged  as  to  give 
not  only  a  signal  as  to  the  game  contemplated,  but  probably  a 
mortal  injury  to  the  would-be  fugitive.  Once  a  prisoner  escaped 
from  Lancaster  Castle,  notwithstanding  all  this  precaution,  hut  he 
did  the  thing  in  a  very  quiet,  and,  we  might  almost  add,  genteel 
manner.  He  was,  it  appears,  busy  with  some  work  in  one  of  the 
apartments  adjoining  the  governor's  house,  and,  finding  himself 
alone  for  a  few  minutes,  he  espied  the  passage  in  that  officer's 
house  and  a  coat  and  hat  hanging  therein.  Coolly  enough  he  went 
and  relieved  the  hooks  of  these  articles,  placed  them  over  his  own 
body,  and  with  the  air  of  a  gentleman — a  magisterial  air,  perchance 
—passed  out  of  the  castle  precincts  without  the  slightest   difficulty. 

A  few  moments  more  and  we  catch  a  glimpse  of  what    was 


66  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


formerly  the  old  Crown  Court,  which  is  only  one  eighth  of  the  size 
of  the  new  or  present  court,  which  has  been  built  over  one  hundred 
years.  In  this  old  court  wherein  we  stand,  George  Fox  was  tried. 
We  glance  upward  and  notice  the  record  room  of  the  Palatinate, 
with  its  numerous  pigeon-holes  and  parchments  of  all  shapes  and 
sizes,  and  of  almost  all  ages,  legible  and  illegible,  written  in  Latin, 
Norman,  and  French.  Many  were  removed  to  London  in  1874, 
weighing  no  less  than  ten  tons  !  We  may  remark  that  Lancaster 
Castle  has  been  the  seat  of  the  administration  of  justice  and  injzis- 
ticc  600  years.  For  many  years  it  was  a  debtors'  gaol,  and  many 
strange  privileges  the  impecunious  ones  who  happened  to  be  lodged 
therein  had  allowed  them  in  order  to  amuse  themselves,  or  pass  the 
time  on  less  monotonously.  Preaching,  stump  addresses,  and 
musical  entertainments  were  permissible  at  certain  times  of  the  day. 
You  pass  out  from  the  spacious  Grand  Jury  Room,  soon  reach  the 
door  on  the  Castle  terrace,  and  are  on  your  way  to  the  Gate-way 
Tower,  erected  by  John  of  Gaunt,  in  order  to  visit  the  Dungeon,  the 
Well  tower,  the  room  in  which  Henry  IV.  once  held  his  court,  the 
old  chapel,  and  to  see  the  two  keys  of  the  Castle — one  made  temp. 
Edward  III.,  and  the  other  for  Queen  Elizabeth — neither  of  which 
is  now  used. 

The  Gate-way  is  believed  to  have  been  erected  at  three 
distinct  periods.  It  is  said  "  The  Inner  Archway  filled  by  the 
massive  oak  door,  and  immediately  behind  the  portcullis-groove  and 
vaulted  entrance-passage,  belong  to  the  thirteenth  century  ;  the 
outer  archway,  with  the  niche  above,  and  the  wall  and  octagonal 
towers  up  to  the  niche,  are  of  the  fourteenth,  probably  the  part 
erected  by  John  O'Gaunt  himself;  while  the  upper  portion,  with 
the  corbelled  or  machicolated  battlements  and  turrets,  were  very 
likely  added  late  in  the  fifteenth  century.  In  John  O'Gaunt's  time, 
the  battlements  were  probably  plain  and  without  the  projecting 
corbeling  and  turrets  that  now  give  such  a  majestic  appearance  to 
the  gate-way.  The  walls  of  this  gate-way  are  about  six  feet  thick, 
and  the  roof  and  floor  of  the  various  apartments  are  of  the  most 
massive  construction." 


TIME  HONOURED    LANCASTER.  67 


On  the  one  side  of  the  gate-way  entrance  are  the  lilies  of 
France,  semi-quartered  with  the  lions  of  England,  cut  in  a  shield  ; 
a  label  of  three  points  ermine,  the  distinction  of  John  O'Gaunt,  being 
visible  on  the  other.  On  each  side  of  the  gate  is  an  octagonal 
tower,  66  feet  high.  The  walls  of  the  towers  are  pierced  at  intervals 
for  windows  and  also  for  defence. 

The  Castle  at  various  times  has  been  inhabited  and  visited 
by  Rovaltv.  In  1206  King  John  held  his  Court  in  the  Castle,  receiv- 
ing there  the  French  Ambassadors  ;  and  receiving  also  the  homage 
of  King  Alexander  of  Scotland  for  a  portion  ol'  his  territories  held 
under  the  Crown  of  England.  Henry  IV.  for  a  time  held  his  Court 
at  Lancaster  ;  and  Edward  IV.  after  his  defeat  by  the  Earl  of  War- 
wick, fled  to  York,  and  thence  to  Lancaster,  "where  he  found  the 
Lord  High  Chamberlaine  well  accompanied  for  his  conuoye."  In 
August,  1617,  James  I.,  on  his  return  from  Scotland  to  London, 
passed  through  Lancaster,  staying  one  night  at  the  Castle.  Charles 
II.  visited  Lancaster  Castle  on  the  12th  August,  1651,  when  on  his 
way  from  Worcester,  where  he  had  been  defeated.  He  was  march- 
ing with  the  intention  of  meeting  Cromwell,  and  while  in  Lancaster 
Castle  he  released  all  the  prisoners  therein  confined. 

The  dungeon  is  a  dungeon  indeed  a  veritable  inferno  of 
gloom,  that  sort  almost  capable  of  being  cut  with  a  knife. 
There  is  not  a  ray  of  light.  Death  in  her  angrier  form  has  reigned 
here.  Many  feet  below  ground  you  descend,  and  note  the  iron  rings 
to  which  the  sufferers  were  fastened — fastened  to  the  floor;  note  also 
the  two  heavy  iron  doors  with  their  double  locks.  We  have  the 
angular  roof  pointed  out  to  us,  and  learn  that  the  angle  appears  to 
have  been  first  supported  by  a  heap  of  clay  on  the  the  top  of  which 
wattles  of  hazel  were  placed.  Then  a  bed  of  Roman  concrete  was 
poured  upon  the  wattles  and  embedded  them.  Many  were  visible 
in  the  cement  within  recent  years,  but  few  now  remain.  The  clay 
being  dug  out  the  chamber  was  found  with  an  impervious  roof.  On 
the  right,  as  we  ascend  the  steps  of  the  dungeon,  we  see  a  deep  open- 
ing, and  ascertain  that  it  leads  down  to  a  well,  and  so   gives    name 


68  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


to  the  Tower.  Another  Roman  altar,  chipped  much  on  one  side,  is 
shown,  and  we  are  informed  that  it  was  found  amongst  the  rubbish 
removed  from  the  south  side  of  the  Castle  when  the  present  female 
penitentiary  was  erected.  The  Well  Tower  is  ascribed  to  Constan- 
tius  Chlorus,  a.d.  305.      (The  Romans  left  Britain  in  the  5th  cenury.) 

The  upper  rooms  over  the  gateway  are  then  visited.  The 
first  was  formerly  the  apartment  set  apart  for  the  use  of  the  Constable 
of  the  Castle.  It  was  in  this  chamber  that  Henry  IV.  once  held  his 
court.  The  next  room  to  this  was  used  as  a  chapel.  At  the  far  end 
of  it  there  is  the  mark  where  once  was  fixed  a  large  cross.  Its 
removal  made  the  wall  appear  as  if  burned.  Some  visitors  to  the 
Castle  have  been  shown  the  inscription  on  the  right  of  the  corridor 
leading  from  the  chapel,  so  neatly  carved  by  means  of  a  nail  or 
knife.  It  is  as  follows  :  "John  Bailey,  committed  April  ye  15th, 
1 74 1,    by    Brindle,    for   kissing  Then   followed   the  figure  of  a 

fiddle  well  executed.  There  are,  of  course,  many  objects  of  interest 
never  shown  to  the  great  hulk  of  visitors,  but  what  is  shown  is  well 
worth  the  charge  made. 

When  Her  Majesty  the  Queen  and  the  Prince  Consort  visited 
the  Castle  in  1851,  the  then  Constable,  William  Hulton,  Esq., 
presented  to  his  Sovereign  the  keys  of  the  Castle,  the  larger  key 
being  that  of  the  ancient  gate  of  the  gate-house  of  the  Castle,  erect- 
ed by  Edward  III.,  the  smaller  key  was  that  of  a  lock  which  was 
affixed  to  the  same  gate  when  the  fabric  was  repaired  in  1585. 

During  the  visit  of  the  Queen  and  Prince  Consort,  with 
several  of  the  Princes  and  Princesses,  the  Mayor  at  that  time,    Mr. 

H.  Gregson,  planted  an  oak  tree  in  commemoration  of  the  event, 
and  a  brass  plate  on  a  pillar  of  the  terrace  records  the  circumstance. 

The  tree  is  now  a  very  fine  one. 

As  you  walk  round  the  exalted  terrace  of  the  castle  you  per- 
ceive at  the  south  side  remains  of  the  old  moat,  and  you  picture  to 
yourself  the  time   when,    as   Stukelev   says,    "  the   castle   was  sur- 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  69 


rounded  by  an  indestructible  mass  called  the  '  wery  wall,'  made  by 
the  Romans  ;"  and  as  wery  seems  to  be  a  perversion  of  nveridd 
[Caer  Werid,  the  green  city  of  the  Britons),  il  is  probable  that  this 
wall  was  covered  with  green,  and  so  styled  the  wery  wall, 
or  Castle  green  wall.  We  have  the  name  of  Wirrall  or  Werrall, 
which  gives  name  to  a  hill  near  to  Glastonbury  Abbey,  and  this 
name  is  said  by  some  to  be  a  contraction  of  "Weary-all."  But 
one  term  is  British  or  Cymric,  and  the  other  Saxon,  and  the  simi- 
larity in  the  first  syllable  of  each  word  is  not  much  to  go  by  unless 
supported  bv  similar  dates  of  origin.  In  the  neighbourhood  o\ 
Bridge  Lane  there  are  still  remains  of  this  ancient  Roman  wall.  If 
you  have  an  antiquarian  eye  you  will  perceive  on  the  Castle  Knoll 
that  is,  the  land  slope  rising"  in  front  of  the  Gate-way  Tower- 
that  there  are  mounds  and  defined  marks  still  traceable  which 
silently  proclaim  the  fact  that  many  things  lie  underneath  awaiting 
excavation,  and  that  ancient  relics  are  probably  buried  in  this 
locality.  "  The  form  of  the  Castle  as  built  by  the  Romans  would 
be  a  polygon,  and  the  two  round  towers  corresponding  in  shape 
with  the  foundation  of  other  Roman  towers  since  discovered,  lead 
to  the  belief  that  the  Castle  once  consisted  of  seven  of  these  towers, 
distant  from  each  other  about  twenty-six  paces,  and  joined  by  a 
wall  and  open  gallery." 

Roman    Remains. 

In  1772,  while  digging  a  cellar  on  the  site  of  an  old  house  in 
Cheapside,  there  was  found  in  a  bed  of  sand  a  square  stone,  four 
feet  by  two  and  a  half  in  dimensions,  and  the  inscription  thereon 
was  as  follows  : 

D  I  S     .     M  A  N  1 

BVS 

L  I  V  L     A     P  o  L 

L  I  N  A  R  I  S 

REVteR  A  N 

XXX     .      EQ     A  1 

A  E     A  I 

I  V  . 


-o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


The  stone,  broken  on  the  lower  corner  of  the  right  hand  side,  is 
said  to  have  represented  the  time  of  the  Emperor  Gordian.  Similar 
inscriptions  have  been  found  at  Olenacum  (Old  Carlisle). 

In  1794,  when  Lancaster  Canal  was  being"  formed,  while 
workmen  were  digging-  near  Ashton  in  a  field  then  belonging  to  the 
Duke  of  Hamilton,  several  figures  cut  in  freestone  were  found  ;  one 
represented  Ceres,  and  was  about  two  feet  in  height  ;  there  were 
several  with  sculptured  heads  of  men,  and  two  figures  of  lions. 
Clark  says,  page  78,  that  they  were  to  be  seen  "  in  the  carpenter's 
yard,  near  the  canal  basin." 

A  Roman  pottery  was  discovered  at  Quernmore,  by  the  Hon. 
Edward  Clifford.  A  great  variety  of  bricks,  tiles,  and  vessels  were 
found.  One  tile  with  turned  edges  bore  impressed  on  each  end  the 
words  "Ala  Sebusia,"  which  indicates  a  Roman  wing  of  Cavalry. 
The  like  inscription  was  observed  on  some  of  the  bricks,  on  smaller 
labels.  These  relics  were  supposed  to  have  been  cut  in  the  time  of 
the  Emperor  Severus,  a.d.  207.  On  the  bricks  the  letters  were 
square,  from  which  it  was  inferred  that  the  wing  had  long  been 
stationed  at  Lancaster. 

In  1802  a  Roman  Altar  was  found  on  the  *  Foley  estate,  bear- 
ing this  inscription  : — 

D  E  O 

I  A  L  O  N  O 

C  O  N  T  R  E 

S  A  N  C  I  S  S  I 

M  O  I  Y  L  I  V  S 

I  A  N  V  A  R  I  V  S 

E  M  E  X  D  E  C  V 

A  Roman  milliarium  or  milestone  was  turned  up  in  the 
Spring  of  181 1 ,  while  ploughing  a  field  adjoining  the  canal  in  the 
township  of  Ashton.      It  bore  upon  it  these  letters  :— 

*  Clark,  page  80. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  71 


IMP     C     M     J  V  L  I  O 
P  H  I  L  I  P  P  O 

P  1  O     FEL     A  Y  G 

They  signify  "  Imperatori  Caesari  Marco  Julio  Philippo,  Pio,  Felici, 
Augusto."  Clark  says  "consequently  this  stone  was  erected  in 
the  reign  of  and  dedicated  to  the  Emperor  and  Caesar,  Marcus 
Julius  Philippus  ;  Pious,  Fortunate  and  August, — which  pious, 
fortunate  and  august  personage  was  originally  an  obscure  Arabian 
soldier,  who  bv  his  merits  obtained  the  first  military  appointments  ; 
assassinated  the  Emperor  Gordian  the  Younger  in  244  ;  and  was 
himself  proclaimed.  Emperor  and  afterwards  murdered  at  Verona  in 
the  year  249.  This  fixes  the  age  of  the  stone."  The  Roman  Road 
from  Lancaster  to  Manchester  was  near  to  the  place  where  this 
stone  was  found.  The  stone  was  about  six  feet  high  but  unfortun- 
ately it  was  accidently  broken  in  two.  It  was  preserved  by  Dr. 
Lawson  Whalley,  of  Stodday  Lodge. 

A  stone  hammer  was  found  near  Lancaster  gy2  inches  long, 
and  4)2  inches  broad  at  the  broadest  part.  The  diameter  of  the 
eye  for  the  shaft  was  \)/2  inches  and  the  weight  ylbs.  This  ham- 
mer was  a  relic  of  the  Ancient  Britons. 

A  Roman  Antique  was  discovered  in  the  Spring  of  the  year 
181 2,  several  feet  below  the  surface  in  the  garden  of  Mr.  Richard 
Willis,  Church  Street,  along  with  various  Roman  Tiles  and  Tile 
fragments.      It  was  found  in  a  bed  of  fine  sand. 

Here  is  an  explanation  of  the  inscription  on  the  stone  found 
in  the  garden  of  Mr.  Richard  Willis,  at  the  higher  end  of  Church 
Street,  February,  1812,  (by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Rigby.)  "  The  inscription 
is  believed  to  have  been  put  up  by  the  cavalry  of  the  Sebusian  troop, 
under  their  officer  Flavius  Ammausio,  under  Octavius  Sabinus, 
governor,  probably,  of  Lancaster,  or  the  district,  on  account  of  the 
reparation  of  a  Bath,  and  the  re-building  of  a  hall  or  Basilica  which 


72  TIME-HONOURED   LANCASTER 


time   had    reduced  to  a  ruinous   state,    dated    August   22nd,    in   the 
2nd  Consulate  of  Censor  and  Lepidus. 

OB  Balneum  refectum  et  ob  Basilicam  vetustate  conlab- 
sam  (for  collapsam)  A  S  Corestitutam,  Equites  Alae  Sebussiana 
Sub  Octavio  Sabino. 

The  *V.  C.  I  can  make  nothing  of.  Is  it  Vici  Corvicario  ? 
Praeside  N  Curante  Flavio  Ammausio  Praefecto  Equitum  Dedicav- 
erunt  undecimo  Kal  Sept.     Censore  II  et  Lepido  II  Coss  (consulibus). 

The  N  is  left  unexplained  as  well  as  the  V.  C.  Is  it  numi'ne, 
as  Camden  has  sometimes  so  explained  the  single  N,  meaning  either 
the  Divinity  or  more  probably  the  numen  oi  the  reigning  Emperor 
whose  name,  perhaps,  was  in  the  first  line,  as  something  has  been 
considerably  erased.      Can  it  be  negotiant  curante,  eve.  ?  " 

Simpson  gives  the  following  explanation:  -"  Imperatore 
Marco  Aurelio,  Antonino  Augusta,  Balineum  refectum  et  Basilicam 
vetustate  conlabsum  a  solo  restitutam  Equites  Alae  Sebussianae 
Antonincanae  nib  Octavio  Sabino,  viro  consulari,  praeside  nostro, 
curante  Flavio  Ammausio,  praefecto  Equitum  dictorum  undecimo 
Kalendas  Septembres  secundum  et  Lipido  secundum  eonsute." 

The  same  historian  also  states  that  "we  have  no  other 
authority  for  an  Ala  Sebussiana  in  Britain  but  from  this  stone,  which 
is  itself  a  competent  witness.  Sabis  is  the  river  Sambre  ;  ami  I 
have  little  doubt  that  it  is  this  word  corruptly  and  vulgarly  pro- 
nounced out  of  which  the  word  Sebussiana  was  formed.  The  garrison 
of  Lancaster,  therefore,  at  the  date  of  the  inscription,  was  an  ala  of 
Gallic  horse  from  the  banks  ol  the  Sombre,  their  prefect  being 
Flavius  Ammausius,  to  whom  had  been  committed  the  charge  of 
restoring  the  dilapidated  bath  and  court-house  of  the  station. 


V.  C,  "  vii  consularis  clarus  vel  clarissimus  usucapio  urbis  conditae.  See 
Littleton's  Latin  Dictionary,  410.  '' Ahbreviaturae  quas  vocant  sine  compendia 
scriptionis  in  veterum  monumemis  usitata." 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  73 


The  two  dolphins  probably  allude  to  the  maritime  character   of  the 

place." 

Here  is  the  inscription  found  on  a  stone  at  Stoddayj  on  the 
property  o\'  Dr.  Whalley,  May,   1831. 

IMP     .     C     .     D  N 

C  A  I  O     .      M  E  S  S  I  O 

Q  U  I  N  T  O     .     D  E  C  I  O 

T  R  A  I  A  N  O     .     PI     .     F  E  L 

I  C  I         INVICTO         AVG. 

I m  pern  tore  Caesare  Domino  nostro  Caio  Messio  Quinto  Decio  Trajano 

pio  felice  invicto  Augusto. 

Roman  Altar  Discovered  at  Hai.tox. 

This  altar  was  found  early  on  in  the  present  century  in  Hal- 
ton  Churchyard.  The  stone  is  broken  on  the  right  side,  therefore 
the  full  text  of  the  letters  is  missing.  Another  altar  without  any 
inscription  was  discovered  at  the  same  time. 

Such  altars  and  other  fragments,  including  Disci  and  Syni- 
puvia,  or  cups  used  in  sacrifice,  abundantly  testily  to  the  fact  that 
Lancaster  was  an  eminent  Roman  station. 


74 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


CHAPTER     IV. 


The    Royal  Grammar   School— Some   Past  Masters  and  Ushers  of   the 
School — Educational  Charities. 


HE  Grammar  School,  built  in  1485,  by  the 
feoffees  of  John  Gardyner  now  demands  at- 
tention. This  institution  is  very  ancient. 
It  is  mentioned  as  belonging  to  the  Corpora- 
tion as  earl}-  as  the  year  1495.  But  in  1682, 
it  had  sunk  into  decay,  and  was  eventually 
rebuilt  by  the  Corporation  and  a  number  of 
individual  inhabitants  and  made  capable  of 
accommodating  120  scholars.  It  was  said 
that  Dr.  Pilkington,  Bishop  of  Durham,  sub- 
scribed liberally  to  this  new  erection,  but,  as 
Harland  remarks,  the  story  is  incorrect,  since  Bishop  Pilkington 
founded  and  endowed  Rivington  School  in  1566,  and  though  the 
prelates  of  Durham  are  usually  long-lived,  they  have  none  of  them 
yet  attained  the  patriarchic  age  of  180 years.  Bishop  Pilkington  died 
on  the  23rd  of  January,  1 575-  A  piece  of  land  anciently  called  'the 
deep  carr,'  but  now  '  the  usher's  meadow,'  probably  granted  origin- 
ally by  one  of  the  Dukes  of  Lancaster,  is  appropriated  to  the  increase 
of  the  usher's  salary.  Till  the  month  of  July,  1824,  the  freemen  of 
Lancaster  were  educated  free  of  charge,  except  that  a  gratuity  was 
expected  to  be  given  at  Shrove-tide,  while  the  sons  of  non-freemen 
paid  7s.  6d.  per  quarter  when  under  the  second  master,  and  10s.  6d. 
when  under  the  headmaster.  But  i^reat  reforms  have  occurred 
since  this  rule  obtained,  for,  about  1825,  the  school  underwent  an 
important  change,  and  the  Corporation,  as  trustees  of  the  school,  in 
council  assembled,  ordered  "  that  the  annual  gratuity,  called  cock- 
pennies,  to  the  master  and  ushers,  should  be  discontinued  ;  and  that 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


in  lieu  thereof  all  boys  under  the  care  of  the  usher  should  pay  jos 
per  quarter  ;  that  boys  on  the  two  lowest  benches  under  the  head- 
master should  pay  15s.  per  quarter  ;  and  boys  on  the  upper  benches 
20s.  per  quarter.  That  the  salary  of  the  principal  should  be  increas- 
ed from  ^70  to  £110  per  annum,  that  the  usher  should  have 
guaranteed  to  him  by  the  headmaster  the  sum  of  ,£60  per  annum, 
including  the  rent  of  the  usher's  meadow  and  Randal  Carter's  legacy 
of  ^,10  per  annum,  and  that  the  headmaster  should  have  the  appoint- 
ment of  both  the  usher  and  the  writing-master,  subject  to  the 
approbation  of  the  Corporation  in  council  assembled.  The  head- 
master, in  these  days  of  change,  was  the  Rev.  John  Beetham,  A.M., 
and  the  usher,  the  Rev.  George  Morland.  The  Grammar  School 
formerly  occupied  a  portion  of  the  western  side  of  the  churchyard. 
The  present  or  new  School  is  very  different,  both  as  a  fabric  and 
as  a  school,  from  its  predecessor.  It  was  erected  in  the  East-road, 
in  1851,  at  a  cost  of  ^"6,000,  and  is  built  in  the  Tudor  style.  Queen 
Victoria  contributed  ^100  towards  its  erection.  The  Corporation 
have  still  an  interest  in  the  institution  which,  under  its  present 
erudite  master,  the  Rev.  W.  E.  Pryke,  assisted  by  T.  T.  Knowles, 
Esq.,  M.A.,  and  an  able  staff,  is  second  to  none  in  England,  and 
this,  though  saying  a  great  deal,  is  strictly  true.  Two  eminently 
scientific  men  received  their  education  at  this  academy,  namely, 
Professor  Owen  and  Dr.  Whewell.  To  the  memorial  tablet  of  the 
latter  we  alluded  when  treating  upon  the  Church.  Dr.  Higgin  and 
the  late  J.  C.  M.  Bellew,  the  eminent  elocutionist,  were  also  trained 
within  this  school.  The  tuition  fee  for  boys  is  eight  guineas  a  year, 
tor  board  and  tuition  sixty  guineas.  Several  valuable  scholar- 
ships are  attached  to  the  school.  The  year  1887  being  the  jubilee  a 
beautiful  sanatorium  was  attached  in  architectural  keeping  with  the 
rest  ot  the  structure,  and  the  motto  over  the  doorway  is  pre- 
eminently classic  and  refers  to  the  lustrations  of  old  performed  every 
live  years  by  the  Romans.  The  motto  is  Vict.  Reg.  lustris  decern 
clausis.  Truly  a  grand  lustration  at  the  close  of  a  reign  counting 
of  years,  ten  fives  or  ten  half  decades.  The  school  certainly  needed 
a  hospital  of  this  kind,  since  when  sickness  occurred  a  house  had  to 
be  hired  for   the   purpc>se,    not    only   of  isolating   complaints   which 


76  TIME-HONOURED    EANCASTER. 


might  prove  infectious,  but  in  order  to  ensure  quietude,  and  such 
attention  as  is  necessary.  Now  all  that  is  requisite,  attention  and 
isolation,  can  be  had  on  the  spot,  as  it  were.  Scholars  attend 
this  school  from  all  parts  oi'  Europe,  and  are  prepared  for 
any  university  their  parents  may  choose  to  send  them  to.  As  for 
languages,  native  teachers  are  employed  in  many  cases,  and  there  is 
a  high  character  pervading"  this  institution,  and  it  stands  well  as  a 
school  wherein  special  attention  is  paid  to  mathematics.  Near  to 
is  a  good  field  for  athletic  and  other  amusements,  and  altogether 
the  academy  is  a  model  of  kindness,  discipline  and  root  principles,  as 
far  as  education  is  concerned. 

The  sum  of  ^227  is  given  away  annually,  in  November, 
to  pupils  of  the  Grammar  School  in  the  manner  following  : — Three 
Victoria  scholarships  of  ^30  per  annum,  tenable  for  three  years  at 
Oxford  or  Cambridge,  founded  1859  ;  one  Storey  scholarship  oi 
,£.50  per  annum,  tenable  for  three  years  at  Oxford  or  Cambridge, 
1873;  one  Blades  scholarship  of  ^.40  per  annum  for  three  years, 
tenable  at  Oxford  or  Cambridge,  1887  ;  one  Booker  scholarship  of 
about  ^32  per  annum,  tenable  for  one  year  at  Oxford  or  Cambridge, 
1870  ;  the  Moon  and  Wane  scholarships  of  about  £(3  were  founded 
in  1882  ;  one  Queen's  prize,  of  the  value  of  ,£.15,  to  a  pupil  not 
proceeding  to  the  university,  1859.  In  addition  to  the  usual  form 
and  class  prizes,  the  following  are  awarded  annually  :  The  Greg 
Gold  Medal  for  mathematics,  1882  ;  Bishop  Prince  Lee's  Greek 
Testament  prize,  value  ^5,  1856  ;  the  Whewell  divinity  prize,  value 
_£.  1,  1872  ;  the  Sanderson  prize  for  botany  and  geology,  value  ^,5  ; 
the  Vicar  of  Lancaster's  chemistry  prizes  ;  classical  composition 
prizes  ;  Alderman  Sir  T.  Storey's  reading  and  writing  prizes  ; 
essay  prizes  ;  swimming  prizes  ;  gymnasium  prizes,  value  ^.5. 
The  school  vear  is  divided  into  three  terms.  The  vacations  are  : 
Four  weeks  at  Christmas,  three  weeks  at  Easter,  and  seven  weeks 
in  the  Summer.  The  Summer  vacation  generally  begins  about  July 
30th.  At  the  end  of  the  summer  term  an  examination  is  held  by 
graduates  of  Oxford  or  Cambridge  in  all  the  subjects  oi  the  school 
course.      The   prizes   and    scholarships   are   awarded   in    accordance 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  77 


with  the  results  of  this  examination.  Examinations  at  other  times 
are  conducted  by  the  masters  of  the  school.  The  annual  charge  for 
board  and  tuition  is  ^60.  This  includes  tuition  in  every  subject  of 
the  school  course  except  instrumental  music,  which  is  charged  for 
at  the  rate  of  two  guineas  a  term.  The  annual  charge  for  two 
brothers  is  reduced  to  ^57  each,  and  for  three  brothers  to  ,£.54  each. 
A  special  reduction  is  also  made  in  the  case  of  very  young  boys. 
Extra  charges  are  as  follow  (per  term)  :  Obligatory  extras — Laund- 
ress, 20s;  gymnasium,  3s.  6d ;  seat  in  Church,  7s  ;  school  games 
subscriptions,  7s.  Optional  extras — Instruction  in  carpentry,  10s.  6d  ; 
rent  of  study,   14s      21s;   swimming  bath,   ros  6d. 

Some  Past  Masters  op  the  School. 

I  have  endeavoured  to  secure  a  list  of  past  masters  of  our 
ancient  Grammar  School.  But  very  far  from  satisfactory  is  the  re- 
sult of  the  efforts  put  forward  in  this  direction.  I  have  referred  to 
seyeral  gentlemen  in  town  likely  to  haye  information,  but  all  to  no 
purpose.  I  have  examined  yarious  documents  and  gone  over  the 
Church  Books,  perused  many  mediaeval  publications,  and  the  only 
outcome  of  all  is  the  following  list  : 

1  st  William   Baxterden,  priest,   1485. 
Thomas   Foster,  acting  in  1622-3. 
Thomas   Lodge,  appointed  about  1679. 
William   Boardlev,  acting  in    1690-7. 
Thomas   Holmes. 

William  Baxterden  would  probably  be  the  first  principal 
judging  from  the  will  of  the  Founder,  viz.  :  "  Item,  I  will  have  a 
certain  Grammar  School  within  the  \  ille  of  Lancaster,  upheld  and 
maintained  at  my  own  proper  expenses,  and  that  the  grammarian 
keeping  the  said  school  have  yearly  six  marks  (80s.)  to  be  paid  out 
of  the  said  mill  [Newton  mill]  by  the  hands  of  my  executors,  and 
that  William  Baxterden  shall  keep  the  said  school  during  his  life, 
to  wit,  so  long  as  he  the  said  William  can  teach  and  instinct  boys." 
That  the  master  was  to  be  a  priest  is  evidenced    by   the   next    item, 


78  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


in  which  arrangements  are  made  for  the  furnishing"  of  the  salary  to 
be  paid  "yearly  to  the  said  priest  and  grammarian.  The  will  of 
John  Gardyner  is  dated  1472,  and  the  old  school  is  said  to  ha\'e  been 
erected  in  1485.  Query,  Was  this  William  Baxterden  acting  as 
school  teacher  as  well  as  priest  in  some  house  or  in  the  Church 
vestry  at  this  date,  that  is  prior  to  the  building  of  the  school  ? 
The  conjecture  that  he  was  is  not  un-natural.  If  officiating  in  a 
house,  that  house  might  be  the  house  of  John  Gardyner,  who 
appears  to  have  been  a  "  Man  of  Ross  "  to  our  old  borough.  I 
have  never  come  across  the  name  Baxterden  in  any  directory  of 
modern  times,  to  my  recollection,  and  it  may  be  pardonable  to 
analyse  this  name  for  once,  which  evidently  comes  from  the  old 
word  beakster,  a  forest  hunter,  who  carried  a  pike  called  a  peak, 
and  from  the  Celtic  dan  ,  British  dyn,  slope  oi~  a  hill,  or  a  sunken 
and  wooded  vale,  Icelandic  equivalent  dune.  Thomas  Foster 
appears  to  have  been  the  father  of  Thomas  Foster  one  of  the  seven 
gentlemen  appointed  to  report  on  the  site  of  the  new  Town  Hall  in 
the  19th  of  Charles  II.  1667.  It  has  been  suggested  that  this 
Thomas  Foster  is  one  of  the  Fosters  (both  are  named  Thomas), 
interred  on  the  North  side  of  the  chancel,  oue  of  whom  died 
December  23rd,  1671,  and  the  other  June  22nd,  1675.  I  cannot 
fully  accept  the  suggestion  because  neither  of  these  Fosters  is 
marked  on  the  stones  as  having  been  a  priest  or  clerk.  The  name 
ffoster,  is  frequently  met  with  in  the  older  register. 

According  to  "William  Stout's  Autobiography"  a  Mr. 
Thomas  Lodge,  a  relation  of  the  Stolt  family  and  of  the  Lodges 
of  Lancaster  who  had  been  Master  of  the  Bolton  Grammar  School, 
became  Master  of  the  Lancaster  Free  School  in  the  year  1679. 
Now  as  to  William  Boardley.  This  gentleman  may  have  been 
the  son  of  Thomas  Boardley  or  Bordleye,  of  Skerton,  buried, 
according  to  the  Register  Book  of  St.  Mary's  on  the  13th  of  Febru- 
ary, 1687.  The  Boardleys  were  an  old  Skerton  family.  A  Mr. 
Boardley   and   the   Rev.    Thomas   Holmes*  are  mentioned  as  the 

*  Curate  of  Stalmine,  26th  October,  1725;   Rector  of  Claughton  from  1711  to  1740. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  79 


local  instructors  of  Dr.  Bracken.  According  to  the  European 
Magazine,  for  1804,  both  gentlemen  were  masters  o\'  the  Grammar 
School,  during  the  doctor's  youth.  Up  to  October,  1794  we 
have  the  Rev.  J.  Watson,  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  J.  Widditt, 
who  was  followed  after  his  resignation  by  the  Rev.  Joseph  Rowley, 
appointed  January  22nd,  1802,  and  who  held  the  office  until  1825 
when  the  Rev  John  Beetham  became  Master,  and  remained  master 
until  1850.  Then  the  Rev.  T.  Falkner  Lee  appeared  on  the  scene 
retaining  the  position  until  1872  when  he  was  succeeded  by  the 
present  worthy  principal,  the  Rev.  W.  E.  Prvke.  The  Rev.  Jas. 
Watson  died  in  June  1799  ;  the  Rev.  John  Widditt  died  at 
Cockerham,  December  20th,  1820,  aged  61.  The  Rev.  Joseph 
Rowley,  sixty-five  years  incumbent  of  Stalmine,  and  the  oldest 
Freemason  in  England  at  the  time  of  his  death,  was  born  at  Kirk- 
burton  on  the  20th  of  March,  1773.  He  died  January  3rd,  1864, 
aged  90.  The  Rev.  John  Beetham  died  March  13th  1855,  aged 
65,  and  lies  interred  at  Melling.  Dr.  Lee  died  September  12th, 
1875,  aged  58.  Of  ushers  or  under-masters  the  following  names 
occur  : — Francis  Ashton,  who  was  appointed  about  the  year  1717, 
and  who  retired  owing  to  his  age  in  1757.  An  advertisement  for 
a  successor  appeared  in  the  Newcastle  Journal,  and  in  the  same  the 
salary  is  put  down  at  ^23  16s.  yearly  besides  perquisites.  With 
perquisites  the  amount  reached  ^30.  James  Winfied  followed, 
appointed  January  2nd,  1758.  Then  in  1765  Richard  Taylor,  who 
was  unfortunately  drowned.  On  February  17th,  1802,  a  Mr. 
Waterworth  was  elected  usher,  and  in  1808,  a  Mr.  Kidd  became 
writing  master.  The  Rev.  George  Morland  was  appointed  usher 
in  1814,  holding  this  post  until  1824.  This  gentleman  died  October 
5th,   1862,  aged  71 . 

In  April,  1790,  the  Rev.  James  Watson  became  perpetual 
curate  of  Wyresdale.  He  held  a  prebendal  stall  in  Lincoln  Cathedral 
prior  to  1786.  He  married  on  the  5th  of  July,  in  the  year  last  named, 
a  Mrs.  Lawson,  of  Lancaster. 

The  Rev.  George  Morland  was  a  native  of  Ravenstonedale 


So  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


He  was  rich  only  in  a  certain  amount  of  learning'  and  in  energy 
when  he  "came  to  Lancaster,  and  upon  that  true  searcher  after 
talent  the  Rev.  Joseph  Rowley — finding  that  he  was  a  young- 
man  of  mettle  and  an  able  writer,  he  was  not  long  ere  he  became 
usher  at  the  Grammar  School,  and  in  July,  1817,  we  find  him  made 
assistant  chaplain  of  Lancaster  Castle,  he  having  been  librarian  to 
the  Christian  Knowledge  Society's  Lancaster  branch  from  October 
16th,   1815. 

Of  the  old  masters  it  may  be  remarked  that  the  Rev.  J. 
Widditt  seems  to  have  been  a  great  favourite,  for  he  was  unani- 
mously voted  a  freeman  of  the  borough,  and  upon  resigning  his 
preceptorial  duties  became  Vicar  of  Cockerham.  To  Dr.  Lee's 
exertions  are  due  the  foundation  of  the  present  school's  success, 
whatever  may  be  said  to  the  contrary.  When  the  rev.  gentleman 
came  in  1850,  he  found  the  ancient  seminary  "a  cheerless,  damp 
building  behind  St.  Mary's  Churchyard,"  and  less  than  a  dozen 
pupils  on  the  books.  By  his  zeal,  tact,  and  energy  he  wrought  such 
a  change  that  the  numbers  rapidly  increased,  and  at  onetime  during 
his  mastership  there  were  200  pupils.  It  was  in  his  time  that  the  state- 
Iv  edifice  in  East  Road  was  erected,  and  but  for  his  untiring  interest 
we  doubt  if  the  Royal  Patronage  and  Victoria  Scholarships  would 
have  been  secured.  At  any  rate  what  has  been  so  well  done  in  the 
past  bv  this  excellent  man  would  perhaps  have  been  even  more 
difficult  to  accomplish  in  later  times.  Several  of  the  valuable  prizes 
and  scholarships  of  a  local  character  were  first  identified  with  the 
Lancaster  Grammar  School  during  Dr.  Lee's  rule.  We  may  con- 
clude bv  stating  that  this  past  principal  graduated  at  Queen's 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1848,  and  was  for  two  years  second  master 
of  the  Grammar  School  at  St.  Alban's,  leaving  there  for  Lancaster 
in  1850.  He  held  the  living  of  Christ  Church  from  1857  until  1872, 
when  he  was  offered  the  rectory  of  Thorndon,  Suffolk.  His  death 
was  the  result  of  an  apoplectic  lit,  while  on  his  way  from  a  neigh- 
bouring rectory  and  just  as  he  entered  his  own  parish.  The  Rev. 
Canon  Knox- Little  was  an  assistant  at  the  Grammar  School  in 
Dr.  Lee's  time.      (  Sec  Biographical  Xolice). 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  Si 

The  Rev.   W.   E.    Pryke,    M.A.,   of   St.  John's 
College,    Cambridge. 

The  present  headmaster,  the  Rev.  W.  E.  Pryke,  M.A.,  four- 
teenth wrangler,  1866;  and  late  Naden  Divinity  Student,  was  a 
Foundation  Scholar  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  and  select 
preacher  at  Cambridge,  in  1873  and  1887.  There  are  six  resident 
and  four  non-resident  Masters.  G.  A.  Stocks,  M.A..  late 
second  master,  has  been  appointed  principal  of  the  High  School, 
Barrow-in-PTirness.  The  present  second  Master  is  T.  T.  Knowles, 
Esq.,  M.A. 

I  may  add  that  the  will  oi'  Randall  Carter,  who  left  the  sum 
of  ^"io  per  annum  in  order  to  pay  for  an  usher  at  the  Grammar 
School,  is  dated  18th  April,  1615.  This  annual  allowance  was  made 
chargeable  on  tenements,  situated  in  White  Cross  Street,  London. 

In  the  Lancaster  Gazette,  of  January  16th,  1813,  this  adver- 
tisement appears  : — 

Lancaster  Free  Grammar  School.  Gentlemen  educated 
at  the  Lancaster  Free  Grammar  School,  under  the  Rev  J.  Widditt, 
will  dine  at  the  Eagle  and  Child,  in  Cockerham,  on  Wednesday, 
the  13th  January,  1813.  Dinner  at  3  o'clock.  Tickets,  10s.  6d 
each,  to  be  had  at  W.  Minshull's.  It  is  requested  that  those 
gentlemen  who  wish  to  attend  will  send  in  their  names  to  the 
Gazette  office,  and  take  tickets  as  early  as  possible. 

T.  W.  Sallsbikv,  Esq., 
Lancaster,  A.  Eidsforth,  Esq., 

Dec.  24th,  1812.  Stewards. 

On  the  19th  January,  181  3,  the  Rev.  John  Widditt  married  a 
Miss  Cragg,  of  Cockerham. 

An  "Old  Free  School  Boy"  writing  to  the  Lancaster 
Observer  of  February  20th,   1891,  says  :  — 


82  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


"  I  was  seven  years  old  when  I  went  to  the  Free  School  in  1821.  We  had 
to  be  there  from  6  to  8  in  the  morning  in  summer,  ami  at  8  in  winter,  from  9  to  12 
o'clock,  and  from  2  to  5,  and  we  used  to  take  our  own  dip  candles  to  finish  the 
afternoon  lessons  in  winter. 

When  the  judges  were  sitting,  half-a-dozen  Free  School  hoys  would  stand — 
three  on  each  side — at  the  entrance  to  the  judge's  lodgings,  and  when  Judge  Bailey 
came  we  took  off  our  hats,  and  our  spokesman  said,  'Will  your  lordship  please  to 
grant  the  Free  School  hoys  a  holiday  to  go  into  court  to-morrow?"  and  he  always 
answered,  '  I  will  send  a  note  to  your  master.'  Accordingly  a  man  in  livery  brought 
a  note  to  the  head  master,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Beetham,  who  then  said  '  The  judge  has  kindly 
requested  a  holiday  for  you.'  and  '  ( io,'  was  thundered  forth,  and  no  repetition  required. 
<  In  Shrove  Tuesday  it  was  usual  for  the  boys  each  to  bring  a  coin  to  the  master, 
called  'cock-pennies.'  Gentlemen's  sons  each  brought  a  guinea,  and  other  boys 
half-a-crown  or  a  shilling.  We  thought  this  custom  a  remnant  of  the  old  cock-fight- 
ing days.  Also,  on  this  day  the  master  gave  two  or  three  book  prizes,  which  were 
placed  on  a  low  desk  called  '  the  old  woman."  from  the  supposition  that  boys  used 
to  lie  birched  upon  it.  Three  of  the  head  boys  of  the  school  threw  dice  for  these 
prizes.  Six  of  the  head  boys  were  called  '  wedding  boys.'  and  they  always  received 
information  from  the  sexton  when  a  wedding  was  going  to  take  place,  and  the}-  took 
it  in  turns  for  one  to  meet  the  bridal  couple  at  the  church,  and  say,  '  Please  remember 
the  Free  School  hoys."  and  they  always  received  a  gratuity  varying  from  a  shilling  to 
iwo  or  three  guineas  (according  to  the  position  in  life  of  the  parties),  which  was  di- 
vided among  the  privileged  boys.  On  the  '  Mayor-choosing  days  "  all  the  boys,  taking 
their  school  bags,  went  to  the  house  of  the  Mayor,  and  were  admitted  —  possibly 
into  the  yard— and  twelve  at  a  time  were  taken  into  the  dining-room  and  stood  in  a 
row.  when  a  young  lady,  accompanied  by  a  servant  with  a  basket  of  apples,  would 
put  two  into  each  bag  as  she  walked  up  the  row  ;  another  couple  followed,  wdto  gave 
two  pears  in  the  same  way  :  and  another  couple  two  cakes  ;  and  another  a  gill  of 
nuts,  to  each  bag.  Then  came  a  servant  with  a  tray  of  cups  of  strong  port  wine,  and 
a  young  lady  handed  a  cup  to  each  boy.  •  This  wine  was  similar  to  that  used  by  the 
Corporation.  Thus  each  boy  had  two  apples,  two  pears,  two  cakes,  a  gill  of  nuts. 
and  a  cup  of  wine.  Then  the  twelve  boys  went  out  at  the  front  door,  as  a  fresh 
dozen  were  brought  into  the  dining-room.  This  custom  was  repeated  at  the  houses 
of  the  High  and  Low  Bailiffs,  who  were  supplied  with  these  refreshments  by  the 
Mayor.  As  the  boys  came  out  of  each  house,  the)'  had  to  fight  their  way  through  a 
crowd  of  National  School  boys,  who  tried  to  get  from  the  Free  School  hoys  a  share 
of  their  good  things,  but  by  using  their  bags  with  their  contents,  as  their  only  means 
of  defence,  swinging  them  into  the  faces  of  slhe  boys,  the  apples,  pears,  and  cakes 
were  beaten  into  a  mush." 

As  this  writer  refers  to  the    "cock-pennies,'-   perhaps  a  few 
remarks  on  the  origin  of  cock-pence  will  not  be  out  o(  place  at   ibis 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  8:> 


point.      Mr.  W.    Nixon,   of  Warrington,    writing  to  the   Newcastle 

Weekly  Chronicle  states  that 

••  In  old  times  schoolboys  brought  their  cock-pennies  to  school  and  the 
master  provided  the  cocks,  as  in  fighting,  and  presided  over  the  game.  The  pool 
bird  was  tied  to  a  stake  with  a  short  cord  and  the  boys  or  men  who  were  to  throw 
at  it — for  like  cock  lighting  from  being  a  boyish  it  soon  began  to  be  considered  a 
manly  game,  on  the  most  festive  occasions — took  their  stand  about  twenty  yards 
distant  with  short  oaken  cudgels  in  their  hands  which  they  threw  at  the  pour  helpless 
creature  until  they  had  battered  the  life  out  of  it.  According  to  a  writer  in  the 
Gentleman's  Magazine  it  was  dangerous  to  be  near  the  place  where  the  sport  was 
practised.  Hens  were  frequently  substituted  for  cocks.  There  is  a  humorous  picture 
in  Hone's  '  Every  Day  Book  '  which  represents  a  hen  tied  to  a  stake  and  her  owner 
just  about  to  take  a  shy  at  her,  when  she  turns  round  upon  him  and  his  companions. 
from  whom  she  had  already  received  a  severe  maiding,  and  rales  him  at  considerable 
length  for  his  barbarous  treatment  ol  one  that  had  been  useful  to  him  and  hisfamily. 
The  owner  and  his  friends,  with  their  sticks  in  their  hands,  stand  gaping  in  amaze- 
ment to  hear  the  poor  bird  reproving-  them  in  their  own  language  for  their  shameful 
conduct.  The  incident  is  said  to  have  occurred  at  some  unnamed  place  in  Stafford- 
shire." 

From  the  Literary  Antiquarian  1  take  the  following   account 
of  the  origin  of  the  cock-penny  at  Grammar  Schools  : 

"  After  the  Reformation  had  excited  a  spirit  of  inquiry  in  the  nation,  the 
people  of  Cumberland,  Westmorland,  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Yorkshire,  soon  pei 
ceived  classical  literature  to  be  the  cause  which  had  conferred  such  high  importance 
on  the  clergy  in  preceding  ages  ;  and  this  discover)1  was  followed  by  a  laudable  and 
general  desire  to  impart  the  same  kind  of  knowledge  to  the  laity  of  succeeding  gener- 
ations. Every  plan  of  public  improvement  that  meets  with  universal  patronage  b 
sure  to  prosper  ;  and  this  was  the  case  with  the  system  of  education  projected  by 
our  ancestors,  for  Free  Schools  were  established  in  process  of  time  in  every  township 
or  hamlet,  besides  a  common  parochial  school  in  the  vicinity  of  each  parish  church. 
Every  seminar}-  of  this  description  was  endowed  with  a  stipend  for  the  maintenance 
of  a  master,  who  instructed  the  children  of  all  conditions  within  his  district .  in  English, 
Latin,  and  Greek,  free  of  expense.  The  nature  of  this  establishment  entitled  the 
preceptor  to  nothing-  more  than  his  salary,  but  the  parents  of  his  pupils  thought 
proper  to  reward  his  diligence  by  an  annual  gratuity  at  Shrovetide  called  a  cock- 
penny.  A  stranger  to  the  customs  of  the  country  will  suspect  something  whimsical 
in  this  name,  but  it  has  its  foundation  in  reason  ;  for  the  boys  of  every  school  were 
■divided  into  two  parties  every  Shrovetide,  headed  by  their  respective  captains,  whom 


84  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


the  master  chose  from  amongst  his  pupils  ;    this  was  probably  done  in  imitation  of  the 
Romans  who  appointed  the  principes  juvenum  on  certain  occasions." 

'  Threshing  the  hen  '  was  another  Shrovetide  brutality.  A  live  hen  was 
tied  to  the  back  of  some  man,  who  was  also  hung  round  with  horse-bells,  which 
jingled  at  every  movement  he  made  ;  the  threshers  were  blindfolded  and,  following 
the  sound  of  the  bells,  threshed  away  at  the  man  and  the  hen  and  at  each  other.  At 
the  finish  the  hen  was  boiled  with  bacon  and  eaten  with  pancakes  and  fritters  by  the 
company. 

William  Fitzstephen,  who  lived  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II,  and  died  in  HQI, 
mentions  cock-fighting  and  football  as  being  among  the  amusements  of  Londoners  in 
his  time.  Cock-fighting  was  probably  practised  by  the  Chinese  and  other  Asiatic 
nations  before  its  introduction  into  Europe.  Themistocles  is  believed  to  have  first 
familiarised  the  Athenians  with  the  game  and  in  due  course  annual  cock-fighting 
games  were  instituted. 

Brady  tells  us  that  "  Among  the  ancient  customs  of  this  country  which  have 
sunk  into  disuse,  was  a  singularly  absurd  one,  continued  even  to  so  late  a  period  as  the 
reign  of  George  I.  During  the  Lenten  season,  an  officer,  denominated  the  King's 
Cock  Crower,  crowed  the  hour  each  night,  within  the  precincts  of  the  Palace,  instead 
of  proclaiming  it  in  the  ordinary  manner  of  watchman." 

Educational  Charities. 

Let  us  now  advert  to  one  or  two  educational  charities,  to 
the  Marsh  Freehold  Inheritance,  and  the  Boys' National  School,  in  the 
Green  Area.  This  building,  85ft.  by  45ft.  was  erected  in  1817-18,  at  a 
cost  of  jQi  1,000,  the  stone  being-  laid  by  the  Vicar  (the  Rev.  John 
Manby)  of  St.  Mary's,  on  the  5th  of  June,  1817,  the  land  being- given 
for  the  purpose  by  the  Corporation.  On  the  21st  of  November, 
1817,  Mr.  Matthew  Pyper,  of  Whitehaven,  one  of  the  Society  of 
Friends,  endowed  the  school  most  liberally  with  the  sum  of  ^2,000, 
navy  five  per  cent,  annuities.  Previous  to  the  establishment  of  the 
school  for  the  gratuitous  education  of  the  children  of  the  poor  of  all 
denominations,  there  existed  a  separate  "charity,"  or  blue  coat 
school,  established  in  the  year  1770,  for  educating  and  clothing  50 
bovs,  who  were  allowed  £6  as  an  apprentice  fee,  out  of  funds 
raised  by  voluntarv  subscriptions.      This  charity  was  united  with  the 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  85 


National  School  on  the  4th  December,  1816.  A  Girls'  National 
School  was  built  in  Fenton  Street,  on  land  given  by  John  Fenton 
Cawthorne,  Esq.,  M.P.  for  Lancaster  in  1820;  the  Girls'  Charity 
School,  or  Blue  Coat  School,  in  High  Street,  was  established  in 
1772,  for  about  60  poor  girls  to  be  instructed  in  reading,  writing, 
knitting,  spinning,  and  sewing,  out  of  funds  raised  by  voluntary 
subscriptions  and  the  proceeds  of  their  own  industry.  Each  girl 
was  to  have  the  fourth  part  of  her  earnings,  payable  to  her  at 
Christmas.  The  Catholic  Charity  School  was  established  in  1820, 
in  Friars'  Passage,  for  the  benefit  of  the  children  of  the  Catholic 
poor. 

The  Pyper  Indenture  is  between  Samuel  Gregson,  Mayor, 
Thomas  Mason  and  Richard  Willock,  gentlemen  bailiffs,  and  the 
commonalty  of  the  vill  or  town  of  Lancaster.  The  witnesses  to  the 
signature  of  Matthew  Pyper's  Indenture,  which  is  dated  21st 
November,  1817,  are  Samuel  Gregson,  Mayor,  and  Thomas  Mason 
and  Richard  Willock,  bailiffs.  The  witnesses  to  the  affixing  of  the 
seals  are  William  Sharp  and  Thomas  Hodson.  It  is  signed,  sealed, 
and  delivered  by  the  within  named  Matthew  Pyper  in  the  presence 
of  William  Lewthaite  and  Thomas  Hudson,  and  the  date  of  enrol- 
ment in  His  Majesty's  High  Court  of  Chancery  is  February  5th, 
1818.      Signature  to  enrolment  J.  Mitford. 

The  date  of  the  Deed  of  Enrolment  in  regard  to  the  National 
School  for  Girls  is  1st  June,  1819.  It  is  between  John  Fenton 
Cawthorne,  John  Dowbiggin,  and  William  Sharpe  of  the  one  part, 
and  Thomas  Walling  Salisbury,  Mayor,  and  Edward  Burrow  and 
John  Charnley,  gentlemen  bailiffs. 


86 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


CH  AFTER     V. 

Celebrities  of   ihk.  pas'j   connected  with    Lancaster — The   Great    Dike 
ok  Lancaster— Odd  Bequests— Traditions  as<  ribed  ro  ihk  Duke. 


ND  now  for  the  greater  history,  the  history 
of  persons  who  have  made  themselves  some- 
thing more  than  "a  local  habitation  and  a 
name. " 

When  the  Normans  came  to  Lancaster 
they  found  it  in  a  state  of  decay,  the  ancient 
city  was  reduced  to  a  village,  and  the  im- 
press of  desolation  was  everywhere  visible. 
Hut  a  new  era  of  stirring  events  was  in  store 
for  "  Loncastre,"  Chercaloncaster  or  Kirkby 
Lancaster.  The  successful  conqueror,  o\\ 
more  properly  speaking,  thief,  conferred  upon  one  of  his  knights 
and  companions  in  arms,  Sir  Roger  de  Poictou,  son  of  Sir  Roger 
de  Montgomery,  no  less  than  three  hundred  and  ninety-eight 
manors.  The  enriched  Norman  was  not  slow  to  perceive  the  ad- 
vantages to  be  trained  bv  restoring1  the  Castle  of  Lancaster  and 
making  it  his  chief  baronial  dwelling.  So  the  old  Roman  and 
Saxon  structure  was  repaired  and  enlarged,  and  once  more  a 
flourishing  city  gathered  round  its  walls.  And  it  may  not  be  im- 
proper to  state  at  this  juncture  that  the  real  old  Lancaster  stood 
mostly  on  the  north  side  of  the  Castle  and  the  Church.  If  you  visit 
the  Churchyard  from  an  antiquarian  point  of  view  you  will  perceive 
in  the  field  over  the  north  boundarv  of  the  burial  ground  many 
indications  of  edifices  and  thoroughfares  in  the  lumpy  mounds 
l  hat  exist  all  about  the  close  or  pasture.  You  can  trace  the  ancient 
road,  the  pavement  of  which  has  been  seen  and  particles  found  a 
lew   years  ago,  when  some  workmen  were  engaged  in  laying    down 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  $j 


1411s  or  water  pipes.  The  road  curves  round,  and  is  plainly  discern- 
ible where  it  crossed  the  Churchyard  and  ran  by  the  Castle  hill.  It 
It  is  a  thousand  pities  excavations  are  not  made  in  this  locality, 
but,  if  it  is  true  that  prophets  have  no  honour  in  their  own 
country,  equally  true  it  is  that  antiquaries  as  well  as  prophets 
receive  but  small  regard  on  the  part  of  the  people  whom  they  live 
amongst.  The  County  of  Lancaster,  we  learn,  had  almost  lost  its 
identity  at  the  time  of  the  Norman  invasion.  Under  the  Saxons 
and  the  Danes  it  had  been  included  partly  in  Yorkshire  and  partly 
in  Cheshire.  But  the  great  Poictou  soon  restored  Lancastrian 
individuality  and  identity,  and  declared  Lancaster  the  capital  of  all 
his  dominions.  It  is  evident  that  people  inav  be  turned  into 
enemies  by  treating"  them  too  kindly  or  too  well,  and  we  find  an 
exemplification  of  this  in  the  case  of  the  Norman  baron.  So  power- 
ful had  he  become  that  he  lost  respect  for  his  benefactor,  imagined 
himself  a  king,  and  thus  grew  so  ambitious  that  it  was  essential 
not  just  to  take  him  down  a  peg  or  two,  but  to  put  him  down 
altogether  and  show  him  that  he  had  forfeited  his  possesions  since 
the  same  were  the  king's  to  withdraw  as  well  as  to  give. 

After  the  battle  of  Tewkesburv,  in  1  106,  the  honour  ot'  Lan- 
caster devolved,  by  royal  grant,  upon  Ethelred  or  Eldred,  son  of 
Ivo  de  Taillebois,  and  second  Lord  of  Kendal.  So  Lancaster  and 
Furness  fell  to  Eldred,  while  the  possessions  held  by  Poictou 
between  the  Mersey  and  the  Ribble  were  given  bv  the  king  tc 
Ranulph  de  Briscasard,  the  third  Earl  of  Chester.  As  Lancaster 
has  figured  so  prominentlv  in  the  wedding'  of  thrones  and  domina- 
tions, we  may  be  allowed  to  trace  the  succession  of  the  latter  for 
the  sake  of  those  who  may  not  remember  or  have  known  the  origin 
of  the  House  of  Lancaster  and  how  it  obtained  the  crown. 

Etheldred  or  Eldred  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Chetil  or 
Ketel,  a  name  which  Mark  Antony  Lower  considers  synonymous 
with  Chellet  or  Kellet,  in  his  "  Patronymica  Britannica,"  i860 
edition.  Chetel  was  the  father  of  Gilbert,  the  fourth  baron,  suc- 
ceeded   by    William    the   fifth.      By    permission    oi'    Henry    II.    this 


88  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


William  assumed  the  surname  of  Lancaster,  and  was  summoned  to 
Parliament  by  that  name.  In  the  eighteenth  of  Stephen,  he  married 
Gundred,  widow  of  Roger,  Earl  of  Warwick,  and  his  son  and  heir 
was  generally  named  William  the  second  of  Lancaster,  and  was 
summoned  to  Parliament  by  that  style.  This  second  William  de 
Lancaster  married  Helewise,  daughter  of  Stuteville,  Lord  of  Knares- 
boro',  the  only  issue  of  the  union  being  a  daughter,  named  after 
her  mother,  who  ultimately  married  Gilbert  Fitz  Reinfrede  (a  name 
of  Teutonic  origin,  meaning  son  of  judgment  and  peace),  a  favourite 
of  Ring  John.  This  Gilbert  obtained  from  John  the  possession  of 
the  honour  of  Lancaster,  executing  the  office  of  High  Sheriff  of  the 
County  in  the  jth  and  the  17th  years  of  the  reign  of  John.  To  his 
credit  be  it  said,  that  the  favours  granted  bv  the  king  did  not  pre- 
vent him  from  uniting  with  the  other  barons  of  the  realm  and 
discharging  his  duty  to  his  country,  for,  bv  contributing' to  gain  the 
Magna  Charta  for  the  people,  he  lost  the  custody  of  the  Honour  and 
Castle  of  Lancaster.  His  successor  in  the  fourth  year  of  Henry  III. 
was  his  son  William,  who,  in  the  eighteenth  year  of  that  reign,  was 
High  Sheriff,  holding  the  office  without  intermission  till  the  thirtieth 
year  inclusive.  This  William  died  without  issue  in  1246,  and 
Peter  le  Brus,  the  son  of  Peter,  by  Helewise  de  Lancaster,  obtained 
the  Castle  and  Manor  of  Kendal  ;  but  the  Castle  and  Honour  of 
Lancaster  were,  in  the  year  1266,  conferred  upon  Edmund  Crouch- 
back,  who  obtained  also  the  vast  estates  between  the  Ribble  and 
the  Mersey.  The  history  is  easily  reproduced.  Ranulph,  the 
fourth  Earl  of  Chester,  succeeded  to  the  honours  and  possessions  of 
his  father,  but  not  until  the}-  had  been  presented  by  King  Stephen 
to  his  son  William  de  Blois.  From  the  fourth  Earl  of  Chester,  the 
inheritance  descended  in  1 156  to  Hugh  de  Kevelioc,  and  to  Ranulph, 
surnamed  de  Blundeville,  son  and  grandson  of  the  former.  Ranulph 
died  in  1232,  and  leaving  no  issue  his  inheritance  was  shared  by  his 
four  sisters  and  co-heiresses.  Agnes,  the  third  sister,  married 
William,  Earl  of  Ferrers,  the  sixth  in  lineal  descent  from  Robert  de 
Verrers,  raised  by  King  Stephen  to  the  Earldom  of  Derby  (from 
the  County  town  of  that  name)  for  his  prowess  at  the  battle 
of    the    Standard,    fought    on    the   23rd    of    August,    1  138.      In    the 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  89 


distribution  of  the  property  of  Earl  Ranulph,  all  the  lands  be- 
tween Mersey  and  Ribhle  were  apportioned  to  Agnes,  and  became 
in  right  of  this  marriage  the  possession  of  Earl  Ferrers,  who  in  the 
year  1223,  was  constituted  governor  and  made  custos  of  the  Castle 
and  honour  of  Lancaster.  On  the  20th  September,  1247,  the  earl 
died,  and  his  countess  died  in  the  following"  month  having  lived 
together  as  husband  and  wife  for  seventy-five  years.  William, 
Earl  of  Ferrers,  his  son  and  heir  did  homage  to  Henry  III.  and  had 
a  mandate  to  the  Sheriff  of  Lancaster,  for  the  enjoyment  of  all  the 
lands  between  the  Ribble  and  the  Mersey,  owned  by  his  uncle 
Ranulph,  Earl  of  Chester,  in  Lancashire  and  elsewhere.  At  his 
death  he  was  succeeded  by  Robert  de  Ferrers,  in  the  Earldom  of 
Derby,  but  Robert,  having  taken  part  with  Simon  de  Montfort,  was 
deprived  of  his  earldom  and  his  estates  in  1265,  amongst  which 
were , confiscated,  all  his  possessions  between  the  Ribble  and  the 
Mersey,  which  Henry  III  united  with  the  honour  of  Lancaster,  and 
in  1266,  gave  to  Edmund  Crouchback  his  youngest  son,  who  was 
created  Earl  of  Lancaster.  This  was  the  first  earl  of  the  name. 
The  honours  of  Hinckley,  Derby  and  Leicester,  with  the  castles  of 
the  two  latter  towns,  the  last  one  the  seat  of  Simon  de  Montfort, 
fell  to  Edmund's  share,  together  with  the  forests  of  Wyresdale  and 
Lonsdale,  and  the  honour  and  castle  of  Monmouth  to  hold  of  him- 
self and  the  heirs  of  his  body.  In  this  first  earl  was  laid  therefore 
the  ground  work  of  the  future  glory  of  the  House  of  Lancaster. 
Thomas,  Earl  of  Lancaster,  Edmund's  eldest  son,  then  a  minor, 
succeeded  his  father  about  the  Feast  of  Pentecost,  in  the  vear  1296. 
This  Thomas  marched  with  Edward  I.  in  the  26th  year  of  the  king's 
reign  into  Scotland,  the  Earl  of  Lancaster  being  then  Sheriff  of 
Lancaster  by  inheritance  as  the  Earls  of  Thanet  were  hereditarv 
sheriffs  of  Westmoreland.  In  the  5th  Edward  II,  Thomas,  Earl  of 
Lancaster,  was  the  chief  of  the  nobles  who  entered  into  a  combin- 
ation for  the  purpose  of  removing  Piers  Gaveston,  Earl  of  Cornwall, 
the  weak  Edward's  greatest  favourite.  This  terminating  into 
actual  rebellion,  a  battle  was  fought  at  Boroughbridge,  Thomas  of 
Lancaster  was  brought  to  Pontefract  and  there  executed  for  high 
treason  15th  Edward    II.      History   states   that    the   munificence   of 


go  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 

the  earl  was  unbounded.  When  land  let  for  from  3d.  to  6d.  an 
acre,  and  a  fat  ox  sold  for  sixteen  shilling's,  his  annual  expenditure 
amounted  to  ,£7,597  13-  4 'id,  which  at  a  very  moderate  computa- 
tion could  not  be  less  in  value  than  ^100,000  of  our  present  money. 
Baines,  drawing"  largely  from  the  old  chroniclers  and  from  Dugdale 
tells  how  Henry,  Earl  of  Lancaster,  brother  and  heir  of  Thomas, 
obtained  an  act  dated  March  7th,  in  the  first  of  Edward  III.  for 
reversing"  the  attainder  of  his  unfortunate  brother,  on  the  ground 
that  he  had  not  been  tried  by  his  peers,  and  thereupon  he  came  into 
possession  of  all  his  brother's  honours,  lands  and  lordships  includ- 
ing the  Earldoms  of  Lancaster  and  Leicester,  and  the  lands  thereto 
appertaining.  The  earl  died  in  1345,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
Henry,  created  Earl  of  Derby,  in  the  2nd  year  of  Edward  III.,  for 
his  services  in  the  Scotch  wars.  This  earl  subjected  no  fewer  than 
56  cities  in  France  ;  and  his  name  was  a  terror  far  and  wide,  for  at 
the  cry  of  "  A  Derby,"  the  gates  of  their  chief  cities  flew  open  from 
sheer  trepidation.  This  earl  is  said  to  have  been  the  Marlborough 
or  Wellington  of  his  age,  and  his  mode  of  living  was  princely,  for 
he  spent  ^100  a  day  while  engaged  in  foreign  campaigns,  which 
sum  was  equivalent  to  ,£1,000  of  present  day  cash.  In  his  dav 
the  Order  of  the  Garter  was  created  and  Prince  Edward  was  the 
first  knighted  champion,  and  Henry,  Earl  of  Lancaster,  the  second. 
Having  established  his  reputation  and  judgment,  and  being  so 
successful  on  the  field  we  find  him  advanced  by  special  charter 
bearing  date  March  6th,  1351,  to  the  title  and  dignity  of  Duke  of 
Lancaster,  with  powers  to  have  a  chancery  in  the  County  of  Lan- 
caster and  to  issue  out  writs  therein  under  his  own  seal,  as  well  as 
touching  pleas  to  the  Crown  as  any  other  relating  to  the  common 
law  of  the  nation  ;  and  likewise  to  enjoy  all  other  liberties  and 
regalities  belonging  to  a  county  palatine  in  as  ample  manner  as  the 
Earl  of  Chester  was  known  to  enjoy  them  within  his  county.  This 
first  Duke  of  Lancaster  built  the  Savoy  Palace  at  a  cost  of  52,000 
marks,  and  the  captive  monarch  of  France  was  entertained  here. 
For  this  great  Duke's  liberality  and  piety  he  was  called  "  the  good 
Duke  of  Lancaster,"  and  when  the  French  King  presented  him 
with   valuable   gifts   he  declined    them    all    save  a  thorn   out  of  the 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  gi 


crown  of  our  Saviour,  which  he  brought  to  England  and   left  as  a 

relic  to  the  Collegiate  Church  of  Our  Lady  at  Leicester.  To  the 
monks  of  Whalley  he  gave  183  acres  of  pasture  and  200  acres  ol~ 
wood,  with  two  cottages  and  seven  acres  of  meadow  land,  all  lying 
in  the  chase  of  Blackburne.  He  also  gave  126  acres  of  land,  26 
acres  of  meadow  and  13  of  pasturage  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Pen- 
hulton  and  Clitheroe  in  order  to  maintain  two  recluses  to  pray  for 
the  souls  of  himself,  his  ancestors  and  heirs  in  the  churchyard  of 
Whalley.  The  deed  concerning  this  munificence  is  dated  January 
2nd,  1360.  As  the  same  year  wore  on  the  life  of  this  great  peer, 
who  had  no  equal,  was  terminated  by  the  plague  on  the  24th  of 
March.  He  left  issue,  two  daughters,  his  heiresses — Maud,  wife  of 
Ralph  Lord  Strafford,  and  Blanche,  married  to  John  of  Gaunt,  Earl 
Of  Richmond,  fourth  son  of  Edward  III.  By  virtue  of  his  marriage 
this  prince  inherited  a  "  number  of  castles  and  manors  in  Yorkshire, 
Leicestershire,  Warwickshire,  Cheshire,  Essex,  and  Northumber- 
land ;  and  in  the  County  of  Lancaster  the  Wapentakes  of  Lonsdale, 
Amounderriess,  and  Leyland,  and  the  manors  of  Oves  Walton, 
Preston,  Shingleton,  Riggeby-cum-Wray,  Overton,  Skerton,  and 
Lancaster,  and  Slyne  ;  the  Royal  Bailiwick  of  Blackbournshire  and 
the  Park  of  Ightenhill."  He  was  Master  Forester  beyond  the 
Ribble  and  held  the  "  vaccary  of  Wyresdale  with  its  members, 
likewise  the  manors  of  Penwortham,  Totyngton,  and  Rochdale,  the 
Wapentake  of  Cliderhowe  (Clitheroe)  with  the  demesne  lands  there, 
and  Parliament  with  all  the  liberties  and  regalities  of  an  Earl  pala- 
tine, as  also  Earl  of  Leicester  and  Derby,  with  the  office  of  High 
Steward  of  England.  He  next  obtained  the  grant  of  a  chancery  in 
his  Duchy  of  Lancaster.  These  grants  are  dated  1340,  and  were 
accompanied  by  this  obligation  only  "that  the  Duke  should  send 
two  knights  to  Parliament  as  representatives  of  the  commonality  of 
the  Count}-  of  Lancaster  and  two  burgesses  for  every  borough 
within  the  said  Count)."  Rymer  Facd  VII.  138.  The  royal  de- 
claration in  favour  of  the  Duke  was  as  follows: — "We  have 
granted  for  ourselves  and  our  heir  to  our  son  (John),  that  he  shall 
have  during  life,  within  the  County  of  Lancaster,  his  Court  of 
Chancery,  and  writs  to  be  issued  out    under    his    seal   belonging    to 


92  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


the  office  of  Chancellor  ;  his  justices  both  for  holding  the  pleas  of 
the  Crown,  and  for  all  other  pleas  relating-  to  common  law,  and  the 
cognizance  thereof ;  and  all  executions  by  his  writs  and  officers 
within  the  same,  and  all  other  liberties  and  royalties  relating  to  the 
county  Palatine  as  freely  and  fully  as  the  Earl  of  Chester  is. known 
to  enjoy  them  within  the  County  of  Chester." 

By  a  second  marriage  with  Constance,  daughter  of  Peter, 
King  of  Castile,  John  of  Gaunt,  for  some  time  enjoyed  the  title  of 
King  of  Leon  and  Castile,  but  he  renounced  that  title  and  bore 
the  following"  : — "John,  son  of  the  King  of  England,  Duke  of 
Aquitaine  and  Lancaster,  Earl  of  Derby,  Lincoln,  and  Leicester, 
Seneschal  of  England."  John  of  Gaunt  had  his  council  in  Lanca- 
shire before  the  grant  to  him  of  jura  regalia,  and  in  the  grants  and 
leases  from  the  Duke  that  body  is  styled  "The  thrice  noble  council 
of  the  thrice  noble  Duke  of  Lancaster."  The  honour  of  Lancaster 
has,  therefore,  been  closely  identified  with  the  throne,  for  since  the 
time  of  Roger  de  Poictou  (or  Pictavensis),  who  held  prior  to  his 
first  rebellion  398  manors  enabling  him  to  erect  the  castles  of  Lan- 
caster and  Liverpool,  it  was  held  by  William  de  Blois,  Earl  of 
Montaigne  and  Boulogne,  upon  whose  demises  Richard  I.  g'ave  it 
to  his  brother  John  of  Magna  Charta  notoriety.  Then  Henry  III. 
gave  the  castle  and  honour  to  his  youngest  son,  Edmund  Crouch- 
back,  first  Earl  of  Lancaster,  as  we  have  seen,  and  ultimately 
Thomas,  Edmund's  eldest  son,  who  married  the  heiress  of  the  house 
of  Lacy,  succeeded,  but  lived  to  find  himself  a  prisoner  for  revolting 
against  his  sovereign  and  Piers  de  Gaveston,  and  to  be  put  to  death 
at  Pontefract.  Even  his  corpse  was  treated  with  great  indignity, 
though  his  effigy  is  held  to  have  been  adored  at  St.  Paul's,  where  it 
was  said  to  have  worked  miracles.  The  place  of  his  interment  has 
never  been  fully  ascertained  ;  but  a  skeleton  in  a  stone  coffin,  with 
the  decapitated  head  placed  between  the  thighs,  was  dug  up  at 
Water  Fryston,  near  Pontefract,  on  the  25th  of  March,  1822  ;  and 
many  believe  that  the  remains  were  those  of  Thomas,  Earl  of  Lan- 
caster, thus  disinterred  after  a  repose  of  500  years.  Having  now 
arrived  at  the   interesting   part    of  our    notes    concerning    John    of 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  93 


Gaunt,  we  find  that  he  lived  a  life  quite  in  keeping  with  his  royal 
alliances,  that  he  was  a  friend  of  Wycliffe,  was  wealthy  and  ambi- 
tious, hecame  a  titular  king  allied  to  the  regal  house  oi'  Spain,  and 
that  when  he  returned  home  with  his  wife's  dowry  in  1389,  in  the 
month  of  November,  he  had,  according  to  Knyghton,  no  less  than 
47  mules  laden  with  chests  of  gold.  For  his  times  he  was  a  public 
man  of  some  ability,  an  able  soldier,  and  undoubtedly  a  re-huilder 
of  the  town  of  Lancaster,  reviving  all  its  former  magnificence. 
From  the  age  of  the  conquest  until  1322  there  can  be  little  doubt 
that  no  important  change  was  made  in  the  castle,  hut  when  the 
Scotch  invaded  England  in  that  year,  razing  Lancaster  to  its 
foundations,  it  is  only  probable  that  the  old  fortress  would  become 
the  object  of  special  vengeance.  Up  to  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 
the  town  and  fort  would  hardly  have  recovered  from  the  blows  ad- 
ministered by  these  invaders,  but  John  of  Gaunt's  munificent  hand 
restored  the  stately  edifice  and  town,  endowing  it  in  the  words  oi 
an  historian,  "  with  more  than  its  original  strength  and  splendour." 
He  it  was  who  surrounded  the  castle  with  a  moat,  erected  a  draw- 
bridge in  front  and  port-cullis  at  the  entrance  made  of  thick  wrought 
iron.  He  also  added  the  Gateway  Tower,  flanked  by  the  two 
large  octagonal  turrets,  surrounded  by  watch  towers,  and  added  for 
its  future  defence  a  triple  row  of  machiolations.  The  arms  of 
¥  ranee,  semi-quartered  with  those  of  England,  cut  in  a  shield,  were 
placed  on  one  side  of  the  entrance  with  a  label  ermine,  of  three 
points,  the  distinction  of  John  of  Gaunt,  on  the  other.  In  different 
alterations  up  to  the  commencement  of  the  present  century  one 
hundred  and  forty  thousand  pounds  had  been  expended  on  the  Castle 
of  Lancaster,  a  sum  which,  in  the  days  of  its  first  Norman  owner, 
would  have  built  twenty  such  edifices  as  the  present  Castle.  The 
great  Coucher  Book  of  the  County,  the  Harleian  MSS.,  Dugdale, 
Rymer,  and  Leland,  with  Whitaker  and  Nichols,  are  excellent  works 
to  consult  in  regard  to  the  ancient  history  of  Lancaster  and  its 
Castle  and  Honour.  It  is  over  one  century  ago  since  the  Castle 
was  enlarged  under  the  act  for  improving  prisons,  for  it  has  been 
identified  with  justice  and  punishment  for  six  centuries,  in  fact, 
since  the  days  of  John  of  Gaunt.      The  prison  parts  are  constructed 


94  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


as  far  as  possible  on  the  fire-proof  plan,  with  hewn  stone  without 
timber,  the  stone  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Lancaster  being  a  free 
stone  capable  of  a  high  finish  or  polish.  From  about  1760  to 
1869  it  was  a  debtor's  prison,  with  a  penitentiary  for  female  de- 
linquents, but  it  ceased  to  be  used  as  such  in  the  manner  it  had  been 
used,  and  in  or  about  1878  it  became  a  military  prison  in  part,  and 
now,  owing  to  the  increase  of  population  and  the  want  of  room,  it 
has  once  more  experienced  a  change  and  has  become  a  civil  prison 
entirely.  The  present  constable  is  Lord  Winmarleigh,  the  office  is 
honorary,  certain  rights  and  privileges  accompanying  it.  For  many 
years  the  father  of  Mr.  \V.  H.  Higgin,  Q.C,  was  resident  governor. 

There  is  a  portrait  in  the  Cotton  MS.,  Nero  D.  VI,  of  John 
of  Gaunt,  Gand,  or  Ghent,  so  called  on  account  of  his  having  been 
born  at  Ghent,  in  Belgium  (pronounced  Gand)  representing  him  in 
the  habit  of  High  Steward  of  England,  and  granting  the  commissions 
of  the  officers  claimed  by  the  nobility  at  the  coronation  of  Richard 
11.  The  person  kneeling  at  his  feet  is  believed  to  be  Thomas 
Woodcock,  High  Constable  of  England.  This  Thomas  was  seventh 
and  youngest  son  of  Edward  III.,  and  brother  of  the  great  duke. 
John  of  Gaunt  is  dressed  in  dark  blue  and  white,  and  the  figure 
kneeling,  in  dark  blue  and  red.  The  seat  is  a  kind  of  pink  and  the 
back  ground  red,  says  Strutt's  "  Regal  and  Ecclesiastical  An- 
tiquities." The  shield,  cap,  and  lance  of  John  of  Gaunt  are  from 
a  sketch  by  Hollar.  Bolton,  in  his  "  Elements  of  Armories,"  states 
that  the  first  named  article  "is  very  convex  towards  the  bearer, 
whether  by  warping  through  age  or  as  so  made.  It  hath  in  dimen- 
sion more  than  three  quarters  of  a  yard  in  length,  and  above  half  a 
yard  of  breadth.  Next  to  the  body  is  a  canvas  glued  to  a  board  ; 
upon  that  board  are  broad  thin  axicles,  slices  or  plates  of  horn 
nailed  fast,  and  again  over  them  twenty  and  six  pieces  of  the  like, 
all  meeting'  or  centreing  about  a  round  plate  of  the  same  in  the 
navel  of  the  shield,  and  over  all  is  a  leather  closed  fast  to  them  with 
glue,  or  other  holding  stuff,  upon  which  his  armories  were  painted; 
but  now  they,  with  the  leather  itself,  have  very  lately  and  very 
lewdly  been  utterly  spoiled."     John  of  Gaunt  was  originally  Earl  of 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  95 

Richmond,  as  we  have  seen.  He  was  father  of  Henry  of  Boling- 
broke,  who  was  created  Earl  of  Derby,  in  1385,  while  the  King's 
uncles,  and  John  of  Gaunt's  brothers,  the  Earls  of  Cambridge  and 
Buckingham,  were  created  Dukes  of  York  and  Gloucester.  In  1384 
the  Duke  of  Lancaster  had  done  some  good  service  in  Scotland, 
but  ran  a  great  risk  of  losing  his  head  owing  to  the  repeated  stories 
which  were  afloat  to  the  effect  that  he  was  aiming  after  the  crown 
of  his  nephew.  An  Irish  monk,  John  Latimer,  gave  Richard,  the 
King,  a  parchment  containing  the  particulars  of  a  conspiracy  against 
him,  in  which  Lancaster  figured  prominently.  During  this  period 
Lancaster,  hearing  what  the  Carmelite  monk  had  done,  was  in  hid- 
lance,  and  would  not  return  to  England  until  the  King  proclaimed 
his  conviction  of  his  uncle's  innocence.  The  monk  was  committed 
to  the  care  of  Sir  John  Holland,  half  brother  of  the  King,  and  it  is 
said  that  during  the  night  Sir  John  strangled  the  monk  with  his 
own  hands.  Lord  Zouch,  whom  the  friar  had  named  as  the  author 
of  the  conspiracy,  declared  upon  oath  that  he  knew  nothing  about 
it,  and  the  matter  dropped.  The  honours  which  the  Duke  of  Lan- 
caster's family  received  were  all  directly  traceable  to  another  murder 
committed  by  this  same  Sir  John  Holland,  probably  son  of  Sir 
Robert  de  Holland,  some  time  Serjeant  of  Cartmel,  and  of  the  same 
family  as  Sir  Thurstan  de  Holland,  who  appears  to  have  succeeded 
the  de  Relets  in  the  serjeantry  of  the  wapentake  of  Lonsdale. 
During  the  French  and  Scotch  intrigues,  under  Admiral  John  de 
Vienne,  Lord  Admiral  of  France,  against  England,  which  caused 
terrible  disaster  in  both  Scotland  and  England,  Sir  John  de  Holland 
assassinated  one  of  the  King's  favourites  at  York,  and  the  grief, 
shame,  and  anxiety  caused  by  this  event  broke  the  heart  of  his 
mother,  the  Princess  of  Wales,  and  she  died  a  few  days  afterwards. 
After  the  campaign  the  king  made  great  promotions  to  quiet  the 
jealousy  of  his  relations  ;  honours  fell  upon  them,  but  they  were 
nothing  compared  to  the  honours  and  grants  conferred  upon  his 
minions,  hence  the  dukedoms  bestowed  in  1385,  upon  Henry  of 
Bolingbroke  and  the  Earls  of  Arundel  and  Salisbury.  That  the 
Duke  of  Lancaster  really  was  ambitious  goes  without  saying,  for 
we  find  him  after  all  these  favours   pressing   forward    his   claims    to 


96  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


the  throne  of  the  Castile  ;  and  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  if  the 
throne  of  England  could  have  been  secured  Gaunt's  ambition  would 
have  prompted  him  to  subdue  every  obstacle  in  his  path,  but  circum- 
stances both  at  home  and  abroad  were  not  in  his  favour  ;  there  were 
too  many  against  him  and  the  gaunt  Prince,  gaunt  by  nature  as  well 
as  name,  was  not  popular  with  the  people  who  had  learned  to  detest 
the  name  of  John  owing  to  the  perfidious  actions  of  the  King  John. 

A  disputed  succession  in  Portugal  and  a  war  between  that 
country  and  Spain  seemed  to  open  a  road  for  the  Duke,  and  Richard 
was  evidently  glad  to  have  him  out  of  England.  Parliament  voted 
supplies,  and  in  the  month  of  July  the  Duke  set  sail  with  an  army 
of  10,000  men,  and  landed  at  Corunna.  From  this  city  he  opened  a 
road  through  Gallicia  into  Portugal  and  formed  a  junction  with  the 
King  of  that  country,  who  had  married  the  Duke's  eldest  daughter 
Phillipa,  by  his  first  wife.  At  first  Lancaster  was  everywhere  vic- 
torious ;  but  in  the  second  campaign  his  armv  was  almost  annihil- 
ated by  disease  and  famine,  and  his  own  declining  health  forced  him 
to  retire  to  Guienne.  In  the  end,  however,  he  concluded  an  advan- 
tageous treaty.  His  daughter  Catherine,  the  grand-daughter  of 
Pedro  the  Cruel,  was  married  to  Henry,  the  heir  of  the  reigning 
King  of  Castile.  Two  hundred  thousand  crowns  were  paid  to  the 
Duke  for  the  expenses  he  had  incurred  ;  and  the  King  of  Castile 
agreed  to  pay  40,000  florins  by  way  of  annuity  to  the  Duke  and 
Duchess  of  Lancaster.  The  issue  of  John  of  Gaunt  reigned  in  Spain 
for  many  generations.  Encouraged  by  the  Duke's  absence,  say 
Mc. Farfane  and  Thompson  in  their  most  reliable  historv  vol.  I, 
p.  489,  the  French  determined  to  invade  England  and  an  army  ol 
100,000  men,  including  the  choicest  of  French  chivalrv  were  en- 
camped in  Flanders,  while  the  immense  fleet  lay  in  the  port  of  Sluis 
to  carry  them  over.  Charles  VI,  though  young,  like  Richard  of 
England,  determined  to  take  part  in  the  expedition,  but  as  he  was 
almost  entirely  under  the  power  of  his  turbulent  uncles  who  seemed 
to  have  decided  against  the  projected  invasion,  the  army  was 
disbanded,  and  the  fleet  dispersed  by  a  tempest,  the  English  taking 
many    of  the    ships.      Richard    gained    no   increase  bv    the   absence 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  97 


of  Lancaster  since  he  found  the  Duke's  younger  brother  far 
harsher  than  Lancaster  had  ever  been.  Gloucester  endeavoured  to 
drive  De  la  Pole  and  De  Vere,  the  King's  favourites  from  office, 
and  Gloucester  argued  in  favour  of  a  permanent  council  chosen  bv 
Parliament.  Richard  declined  to  agree  to  a  council  similar  to  those 
which  had  been  appointed  in  the  reigns  of  John,  Henry  III.,  and 
Edward  II.  The  commons  then  coolly  produced  the  statute  by 
which  the  second  Edward  had  been  deposed,  and  he  was  reminded 
that  if  he  held  out  his  life  would  be  in  danger,  and  so  he  had  to 
consent  though  most  unwilling.  So  the  government  was  vested  for 
a  year  in  the  hands  of  eleven  commissioners,  bishops  and  peers,  to 
whom  were  added  three  threat  officers  of  the  Crown,  and  at  the 
head  of  all  was  Gloucester.  Rot.  Pari.  About  1393,  Lancaster 
returned  from  the  continent  after  an  absence  of  three  years  and 
upwards,  and  from  the  circumstances  which  the  historians  are  not 
sufficiently  acquainted  with,  he  became  quite  moderate  and  popular. 
He  was  re-admitted  into  the  council,  and  created  Duke  of  Aquitaine, 
for  life,  a  grant  which  was  subsequently  recalled.  He  negotiated  a 
peace  with  France,  and  Richard,  in  October,  1396,  passed  over  to 
the  continent  in  order  to  marry  Isabella,  daughter  of  the  French  king, 
who  was  little  more  than  seven  years  old.  The  Duke  of  Gloucester 
strongly  opposed  the  union,  but  Richard  was  determined  to  have 
the  Princess  whom  Froissart  described  as  a  miracle  of  wit  and 
beauty,  despite  her  tender  years.  Richard  had  his  schemes  of 
revenge  in  his  minds's  eye  constantly.  Gloucester,  doubtless  know- 
ing this,  feared  what  would  happen  to  himself  should  France  and 
England  become  united.  The  latter  was  not  wrong,  for  Richard, 
in  due  course,  struck  his  blow  treacherously.  One  of  his  foes  he 
trapped  under  pretence  of  entertaining  him  at  dinner  ;  this  was 
Lord  Warwick.  Another  he  blandly  invited  through  his  brother, 
the  primate,  to  a  supposed  friendly  conference  ;  this  was  Lord 
Arundel  ;  and  the  last  enemy  he  seized  at  Pleshy  Castle,  Essex, 
whither  he  had  gone  to  reside  with  his  family.  This  was  the  Duke 
of  Gloucester,  who,  it  is  believed,  after  having  been  seized  and  sent 
by  the  Karl  Marshal  to  Calais,  was  secretly  murdered,  the  very  m  n 
who  had  strongly  supported  him  in  former  times  being  parties  to  his 


11 


98  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 

downfall.  Henry  of  Bolingbroke  was  a  double-faced  scoundrel,  if 
all  that  history  records  of  him  be  true,  and  no  more  fitted  to  sit  upon 
the  throne  than  was  his  deceitful  cousin,  Richard  the  Second,  who 
had  doubtless  been  made  a  dissembler  by  the  dissemblement  for  ever 
about  his  court.  The  Duke  of  Lancaster's  death  was  hastened,  no 
doubt,  by  the  banishment  of  the  perfidious  Hereford,  who  had 
abused  the  confidence  of  Mowbray,  Duke  of  Norfolk,  concerning 
the  conversation  the  two  had  between  Windsor  and  London  as  to 
the  designs  of  the  king-.  John  of  Gaunt  died  about  three  months 
after  the  exile  of  his  son.  Hut  the  Nemesis  of  revenge  rests  with 
the  people,  and  Richard's  turn  at  last  arrived,  and  he  was,  as  we 
all  know,  forced  to  relinquish  the  crown  and  favour  the  claims  of 
the  returned  Duke  of  Hereford,  Henry  of  Boling'broke.  A  deposition 
was  ingeniously  added  to  an  Act  of  Abdication.  The  oath  of  Henn 
of  Bolingbroke,  on  assuming  the  crown,  is  as  follows  :  "  In  the 
name  of  God  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Ghost,  I,  Henry  of  Lan- 
caster, challenge  this  realm  of  England,  because  I  am  descended  by 
the  right  line  of  blood  from  the  good  lord  King  Henry  III.,  and 
through  that  right  God  of  his  grace  hath  sent  me,  with  help  of  my 
kin  and  of  my  friends,  to  recover  it  ;  the  which  realm  was  in  point 
to  be  undone  for  default  of  government  and  the  undoing  of  the  good 
laws."  Henrv  knelt  for  a  few  minutes  in  prayer  on  the  steps,  and 
then  was  seated  on  the  throne  by  the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury  and 
York.  The  declaration  of  the  new  King  as  regards  the  unhappy 
state  of  the  realm  was  certainly  true,  for  Richard  had  coerced  judges 
in  order  to  obtain  hues,  and  actually  outlawed  seven  counties  by  one 
stroke  of  the  pen.  Had  the  people,  the  masses,  only  had  power  and 
intelligence  as  now,  instead  of  a  few  monopolisers,  such  kings 
would  long  ago  have  been  abolished  as  beings  unfit  to  exist. 
Henrv  of  Bolingbroke  was  the  first  to  sign  his  hand  to  a  statute  in 
favour  of  the  burning  of  heretics,  as  the  Wycliffites  were  called,  a 
sect  of  reformers  whom  his  father  had  supported,  and  so  the  first  to 
light  penal  fires  in  England.  According  to  State  papers,  he  refused 
to  qualify  his  statute  when  petitioned  to  do  so,  and  replied,  "  The 
punishment  shall  be  made  more  rigorous  and  sharp."  So  much  for 
the  line  of  Lancaster. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


99 


"I  have  a  glove  into  which  !  can  put  your  whole  city  of 
Paris,"  so  remarked  Charles  V.  of  Germany  to  the  French  King 
Francis  I.  The  French  name  i\>r  Ghent  is  Gand,  aglove.  John  of 
Gaunt  was  born  at  Ghent  in  [340,  he  died  at  Ely  House,  Holborn, 
in  1399^  His  last  will  and.  testament  was  made  at  Leicester  Castle 
It  is  not  a  little  singular  that  the  associations  of  Lancaster  and 
Leicester  have  largely  been  made  up  by  the  connexion  of  both  with 
the  Houses  of  York  and  Lancaster.  The  great  duke  was  worn  out 
with  the  affairs  of  state,  and  the  troubles  that  had  befallen  Henry, 
his  son,  had  undoubtedly  told  upon  his  line  physique  and  strong 
nerves. 

!n  order  to  show  the  Duke  of  Lancaster's  disposition  more 
clearly  it  is  necessary  to  treat  somewhat  further  of  his  actions.  In 
so  doing  we  shall  see  how  selfishness  and  wealth  generally  go  to- 
gether* The  Earl  of  Buckingham,  John  of  Gaunt's  brother,  com- 
manded the  fleet  against  the  French  but  his  success  being  small,  the 
Duke  obtained  command  himself,  and  detailing  a  squadron  under 
the  Earls  of  Arundel  and  Salisbury  gave  them  their  directions  :  they 
succeeded  in  capturing  the  town  and  port  of  Cherbourg,  but  not 
before  having  suffered  great  loss  on  account  of  their  falling 
in  with  a  Spanish  fleet.  The  Norman  port  was  readily  ceded  to  the 
English  by  the  King  of  Navarre  who  was  glad  to  purchase  the 
assistance  of  England  at  any  price  since  he  was  engaged  in  a  war 
with  the  French  King.  Lancaster  afterwards  sailed  with  a  great 
fleet  into  Brittany,  the  Duke  o\~  which  province,  son  of  the  heroic 
Countess  of  Montfort,  ceded  to  the  English  the  important  city  and 
harbour  of  Brest.  The  Duke  next  invested  St.  Malo,  but  the  Con- 
stable Dugueschin  marched  with  very  superior  forces  to  the  relief  of 
that  place,  and  compelled  the  Duke  to  return  to  his  ships.  The  great 
fleet  then  came  home.  A  striking  circumstance  which  had  occurred 
did  not  tend  to  brighten  the  Duke's  laurels.  The  Scots,  receiving 
their  impulse  from  France,  renewed  the  war,  surprised  the  castle  of 
Berwick,  made  incursions  into  the  northern  counties,  and  equipped 
a  number  of  ships  to  cruise  against  the  Lnglish.  Berwick  was  re- 
covered soon  afterwards  hv  the   Earl  of  Northumberland  :  but  one 


ioo  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


John  Mercer,  who  had  got  together  certain  sail  of  Scots,  French, 
and  Spaniards,  came  to  Scarborough  and  made  prize  of  every  ship 
in  that  port.  Upon  learning-  the  injuries  done,  and  the  still  greater 
damage  apprehended  from  these  sea  rovers,  John  Philpot — "  that 
worshipful  citizen  of  London,"  lamenting  the  negligence  of  the 
Government,  equipped  a  small  fleet  at  his  own  expense,  and  without 
waiting  for  any  commission,  went  in  pursuit  of  Mercer.  After  a 
fierce  battle,  the  doughty  alderman  took  the  Scot  prisoner,  captured 
fifteen  Spanish  ships,  and  recovered  all  the  vessels  which  had  been 
taken  at  Scarborough.  On  his  return  Philpot  was  received  in 
triumph  by  his  fellow  citizens,  but  harshly  handled  by  the  Council 
oi~  Government  for  the  unlawfulness  of  acting  as  he  had  done  without 
authority,  he  being  but  a  private  man.  This  is  from  "  Trussells' 
Continuance  of  Daniell's  History."  Southey's  "  Naval  History"  and 
Walsingham  agree  with  the  same.  Here  then  was  jealousv,  the 
man  had  been  successful,  was  a  patriot,  but  only  received  snubbing 
because  of  his  success  at  a  time  when  the  Government  was  evidently 
asleep  if  not  dead. 

Three  quaint    rhymes    may    here    be    reproduced.       The  first 
is  supposed  to  be  in  regard  to  the  Marsh  ami  is  to  this  effect  : — 

"  I.  John  of  Gaunt, 

Do  give  and  grant 

To  four-score  freemen  of  the  town  of  Lancaster 

My  row  pastur." 

The  second  is  from    the   Newcastle  Journal  of   1762,    and   is 
much  more  humorous  : 

•'  I,  John  of  daunt, 
Do  give  and  d<>  grant 
To  Roger  Burgoyne 
And  the  heir  of  his  loyne 
All  Sutton  and  Potten 
Until  the  world's  rotten." 

The  gift  is  supposed  to  have  been  made  in  favour  o[~  an  ancestor  of 
the  Bvjrgoynes  of  Sutton  and  Potten,  Bedfordshire. 


TLME-HOXOl'REI)    LANCASTER.  101 


The  third  rhyme  is  one  concerning-  the  family  ol~  Hippisley, 
possessed  of  large  landed  property  in  Saveringfiam,  in  the  days  oi' 
Edward  111. 

■'  I.  fohn  of  Gaunt,  d<>  give  and  do  graunt  unto  Richard  Hippisley, 

All  the  manners  herein  named,  as  I  think  in  number  seven, 

To  be  as  firm  to  he  thine  as  ever  they  were  mine,  from  heaven  to  hell  below  . 

And  In  confirm  the  truth  I  seal  it  with  my  great  tooth,  the  wax  in  doe.' 


The  silver  armour  oi  the  great  Duke  is  said  to   be  preserved 
in  the  Tower  of  London. 


It  may  be  added  that  in  the  Harleian  MS.,  1,319,  there  is  a 
history  of  the  deposition  of  Richard  II.,  in  French  verse,  said  to 
have  been  composed  by  a  French  gentleman  of  mark,  who  was  in 
the  suit  of  the  said  king,  by  permission  of  the  King  of  France.  The 
whole  of  the  poem  appears  in  the  Archceologia,  with  an  English 
translation,  and  ample  explanatory  notes  by  the  Rev.  John  Webb. 
M.A.,  rector  of  Tretire,  Herefordshire. 

The  Castle  Moat. 

The  Lancaster  Guardian  oi  October  28th,  1882,  states  that 
"  Before  the  alterations  made  in  the  Castle,  the  moat  or  ditch  reach- 
ed from  opposite  Mr.  C.  Johnson's  house,  round  by  Adrian's  Tower 
and  extended  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the  present  Shire  Hall.  Part 
of  the  foundations  of  the  Shire  Hall  were  laid  in  the  '  ditch  ;  '  and 
trees  were  planted  on  the  north  and  west  sides  ;  between  the  'ditch' 
and  Castle  were  mounds  oi  rubbish  oxm  which  was  a  walk  reached 
by  a  flight  of  steps  close  to  the  Gateway  Tower  ;  a  pump  stood  near 
to  the  foot  of  the  steps.  The  walk  was  carried  round  to  the  Gate- 
way Tower  again.  Some  of  the  walls  between  the  towers  were  so 
low,  that  prisoners  occasionally  escaped,  as  the)'  had  not  far  to  tall 
on  to  the  mounds  of  rubbish.  Offers  of  rewards  were  frequenth  to 
be  seen  for  the  capture  of  escaped  prisoners.  On  clearing  away  this 
rubbish,  and  the  old  Crown  Court,  which  stood  between  the  south- 
west   corner    oi'  the    Lungess   Tower   and    the    round    tower   on    the 


io2  TIMH-HOXCH'RED    LANCASTER. 


terrace  called  Adrian's  Tower,  a  well  or  pit  whs  found  just  under 
the  new  Crown  Court,  built  of  carefully  wrought  Ashlar.  It  was 
cleared  of  rubbish  to  the  depth  of  about  20  ft.,  and  two  doorways 
were  then  found  ;  om  was  opened  and  led  by  a  passage  of  smooth 
stone  towards  the  Church,  the  other,  loosely  walled  up  without  mor- 
tar, was  not  opened  ;  but  it  seemed  to  lead  into  an  opposite  direction. 
The  well  was  filled  up  again,  and  built  upon.  On  the  other  side  of 
the  'ditch'  and  beyond  the  road  leading  to  the  Church  there  were 
some  gardens  which  sloped  down  to  some  houses,  a  barn  and  a  stable 
wh'ch  stood  to  the  east  of  Hillside,  where  the  castle  parade  walk  now 
is.  These  houses  and  gardens  were  bought  by  the  Justices  oi'  the 
County  from  Anthony  Cartmel.  They  pulled  down  the  houses,  built 
ti-ie  parade  wall,  and  formed  the  line  promenade  on  the  parade." 

Counties  Palatine,  and  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster. 

We  now  pass  on  to  more  distinctly  local  matters.  Henry  IV. 
when  securely  seated  upon  the  throne  took  care  to  vest  the  Duchy 
oi  Lancaster  in  his  son,  afterwards  Henry  Y.  lie  secured  this  dig- 
nity to  his  family  by  authority  of  Parliament,  for  as  Plowden  and  Sir 
Edward  Coke  observe,  he  knew  that  he  held  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster 
by  sure  and  indefeasible  right  and  title,  but  that  his  title  to  the  Crown 
was  not  so  assured.  He  therefore  procured  an  Act  of  Parliament 
ordaining  that  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster  and  ail  other  his  hereditary 
estates,  \\jth  all  the  royalties  and  franchises,  should  remain  to  him 
and  h:s  heirs  for  ever,  and  descend  and  be  administered  in  like  man- 
ner as  if  he  had  never  attained  the  royal  dignity.  Of  the  counties 
Palatine,'1   Blackstone  observes,   that   they  are  so-called  because  the 


!'n  Mons  Palatinus  the  term  Palatine  carries  us.  This  mons  or  mount,  oi: 
the  slope  of  which  sheep  were  Meeting  day  by  day.  was  the  place  where  the  Roman 
Palatine  stood.  Hence  the  term  palace.  Now  the  Roman  Emperor  had  his  chief 
officer,  an  earl  or  Count  Palatine,  who  conducted  the  affairs  of  the  royal  household. 
In  France  the  Count  Palatine  was  foremost  of  the  12  peers  of  the  empire,  and  his 
palatinate  land  was  the  rich  Rhine  valley  above  Frankfort.  Canan  Taylor  remarks 
"that  it  is  one  of  lh<'  curiosities  of  language  that  a  pretty  little  hill-slope  in  Italy 
iukl  have  thus  transferred  its  name  t>>  a  hero  "I  romance,  to  a  Cernian  state,  to 
three  English  counties,  to  a  glass  house  at  Sydenham,  and  to  all  the  royal  resid< 
in  Europe."  Legally  read  the  words  County  Palatine  signify  "delegated  royalty/' 
or  royally  by  deputy.  We  haw  our  chancellor,  and  so  has  Durham  :  but  all  vestiges 
ol  Chester's  privileges  and  it-  Court  of(  hancery  appear  to  be  extinct. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  103 


owners  thereof  (the  Earl  of  Chester,  the  Bishop  of  Durham,  and  the 
Duke  of  Lancaster)  had  in  those  counties  jura  regalia  as  fully  as  the 
King;  had  in  his  palace.  They  might  pardon  traitors,  murderers, 
and  felonies,  could  appoint  all  judges  and  justices  oi  the  peace,  and 
all  writs  and  indictments  ran  in  their  name,  as  in  other  counties  in 
the  Kind's  name  ;  and  all  offences  were  said  to  he  done  against 
their  peace  and  not  against  the  peace  of  the  King.  The  privileges 
of  the  Counties  Palatine  were  abridged  by  Henry  VIII.  in  which 
reign  it  was  enacted  that  all  writs  and  processes  be  issued  in  the 
King's  name,  but  should  be  tested  or  witnessed  in  the  name  oi'  the 
owner  oi'  the  franchise.  All  writs,  therefore,  whereon  actions  were 
founded  and  which  had  current  authority  in  the  counties  palatine, 
must  be  under  the  seal  of  the  respective  franchises.  And  the  judges 
of  assize,  who  sat  in  those  counties,  had  a  special  commission  from 
the  Duchy  of  Lancaster,  and  not  the  usual  commission  under  the 
great  seal  oi'  England.  The  Duchy  oi'  Lancaster  is  very  differenl 
from  the  palatine  and  comprises  much  territory  at  a  distance,  viz. 
in  Middlesex,  Yorkshire,  Staffordshire,  Derbyshire,  Leicestershire, 
Lincoln,  Norfolk  and  Northampton.  By  the  Duchy  Hook  of  1588, 
the  annual  revenues  transmitted  to  the  Treasury  by  "the  receivers  of 
Childerhow,  Pomfrett,  and  Knaresborough,  Tiekhull,  Pi<  keringleigh, 
Dunstanborough,  Tutbury,  Longberington,  Leicester,  Furness, 
Bullingbrooke,  Lancaster,  Stafford,  Derby,  Higham  Ferrars,  Nor- 
folk and  Suffolk,  Sussex,  the  south  Partess,  Essex  and  Hartford, 
Wales,  and  Monmouth  and  Kilwaldid,  amounted  to  ^"12,250." 
In  the  same  book  are  mentioned  all  the  forests,  chases  and  parks 
belonging  to  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster,  out  of  which  the  Chancellor, 
Attorney-General,  Receiver-General  and  the  two  auditors  were  en- 
titled to  deer,  summer  and  winter.  The  Lancashire  forests  were 
Rowland,  Wyersdale,  Bleasdale,  and  Fulwood  ;  the  parks  of  Log- 
ramme,  Myerscough,  Toxteth  and  Ouernmore.  They  had  also  a  like 
privilege  in  a  number  of  forests  and  parks  in  Cheshire,  Derbyshire, 
Staffordshire,  Lancashire.  Wiltshire,  Berkshire,  Southamptonshire, 
Lincolnshire,  Northamptonshire,  Buckinghamshire,  Yorkshire,  Suf- 
folk, Sussex,  Essex,  and  Hertfordshire  in  all  68  forests  and  parks. 
The   Duchy  still  enjoys  a  large  share  oi'  Church  patronage,  widely 


io4  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


extended  in  about  twelve  counties.  Of  late  years  considerable 
changes  have  taken  place,  and  the  livings  of  Millom  in  Cum- 
berland, Dalton,  Pennington,  and  Hawkshead  in  Lancashire, 
and  Bethain,  in  Westmoreland,  have  been  exchanged  for  the 
living  of  *Rothbury  in  Northumberland.  L* n til  John  of  Gaunt's 
time  the  Duchy  was  called  the  Honour  oi'  Lancaster.  Henry  VI 11. 
greatly  extended  the  royal  inheritance  by  such  Acts  as  brought  about 
the  dissolution  of  the  monasteries  and  the  erection  of  courts  of  aug- 
mentation. The  Act  of  Edward  VI.  for  the  dissolution  of  Colleges  and 
chantries  tended  to  the  same  end.  By  a  charter  oi'  Philip  and  Mary 
in  pursuance  of  an  Act  of  Parliament,  very  large  estates  in  several 
oi  the  counties  named  were  added  to  the  Duchy.  So  great  a  regard, 
we  are  told  was  paid  by  this  Queen  to  the  future  preservation  of 
her  patrimonial  inheritance  that  she  gol  a  clause  introduced  into 
the  Act,  declaring  that  all  such  estates  as  had  been  in  the  time  of 
Edward  VI.,  or  should  be  at  any  time  after,  granted  from  the  Duchy 
oi  Lancaster,  or  had  reverted  or  should  revert,  or  be  forfeited  to  the 
Crown,  should  return  to  the  survey  of  the  Duchy  Court.  The  con- 
sequence was  that,  when  James  1.  came  to. the  throne,  he  found  this 
favourite  succession  so  formed  and  augmented,  and  in  such  condition 
as  to  raise,  in  the  beginning  ol  his  reign,  a  large  annual  revenue, 
and  so  constituting  a  considerable  portion  oi  the  civil  establishment 
oi  the  country.  His  subsequent  wants  caused  him  to  raise  money 
from  the  Duchy  estates  by  letting  60  years' leases.  His  son  Charles 
I.,  made  grants  in  fee  of  the  Duchy  lands  in  order  to  supply  ways 
and  means  for  lighting  Parliament,  and  little  was  preserved  besides 
the  forests  and  parks,  except  thai  in  all  these  grants  there  was  re- 
served io  the  crown  lee  farm  rents  which  were  in  the  aggregate,  a 
large  amount.  In  the  first  year  of  the  (  ommonwealth  a  commission 
was  appointed  for  the  sale  oi  the  Crown  and  Duchy  lands,  but  the 
restoration  cancelled  these  transactions.  Charles  II.  and  James  II. 
seem  to  have  used  the  Duchy  as  a  sort  of  dernier ressort  or  fall-back  for 
capital,  the  latter  monarch  so  diminishing  the  wealth  of  the  Duchy 
that    the  officers  oi'  the  Duchy,  in  1686,  agreed  to  reduce  their  own 


*Letler  from  the  Chancellor  ol  tin    Duchy,  9th    April.    1X91.     About  foriy- 
ihree  livings  were  formerly  in  the  Duchy  patronage. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  105 


salaries  in  order  that  they  might  not  appear  so  disproportionate  to 
the  receipts  drawn  from  the  Duchy.  The  principal  officers  of  the 
Duchy  Court  were  the  Chancellor,  entitled  to  a  seat  in  the  cabinet, 
the  Vice-Chancellor,  the  Registrar,  Examiner,  and  First  Clerk,  and 
the  five  Cursitors,  and  Clerks  in  Court. 


io6 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


CHAPTER     VI. 


EcCLESIASTK      CHARAC'1 ERISTICS  —  LaNi  ASI'ER    CHANCERY    COURT — TlIE    WAPEN- 

rAKE  of  Lonsdale  —  Charters  granted  to  Lancaster  —  Thomas 
Covell— The  Town  Council  of  Lancaster — The  Aqueduct— Source 
of  the  Lune — Lancaster  and  Kendal  ("anal— Travelling  on  the 
(anal  in  the  old  days— custom  house  of  the  i'ort  of  lancaster 
-Employers  of  Labour  -The  Old  Qi  vy— Lancaster  Wagon  Works 
-The  London  and  North  Western  and  Midland  Railways. 


ND  now  a  few  remarks  on  the  old  Archi- 
diaconal  Court  of  Lancaster.  In  ecclesiastical 
arrangements  we  find  that  under  the  old 
system  probate  of  wills  and  letters  of  adminis- 
tration of  persons  dying  within  the  Arch- 
deaconry of  Richmond  were  usually  granted 
in  the  Ecclesiastical  Court  of  Richmond, 
and  the  original  wills  with  the  registers  of 
other  proceedings  were  deposited  at  Lan- 
caster, where  the  court  for  the  Lancashire 
portion     of    that     archdeaconry     was     held. 

There  is  still  a  probate  court  in  Lancaster,  but  since  the  See  of 
Manchester  was  established,  and  an  Archdeaconry  ot'  Lancaster 
formed  out  of  the  district  formerly  included  in  the  Archdeaconry  of 
Richmond,  man}-  important  changes  have  transpired.  In  times  past 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  Archdeaconry  of  Richmond  ceased  during  the 
\ear  of  triennial  visitation,  and  the  proceedings  throughout  the 
whole  counts-  of  Lancaster  were  then  registered  at  Chester.  This 
was  a  matter  of  great  inconvenience  to  many  persons  obliged  to 
seek  for  facts  in  any  legal  matter  years  after  the  deposition  of  wiils 
and  registers,  for  the  first  thing  to  be  ascertained  would  be  whether 
a  will  was  proved  during  such  triennial  visitation  in  order  to  know 
where   to  apply  to  when  any' question  of  law  arose.      Then  agrain.  in 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  107 


the  old  days,  widows  of  intestates  dying  within  the  Archdeaconry 
of  Richmond  obtained,  by  the  custom  o(  the  province  of  York  and 
sanction  of  t lie  statute  of  distributions,  a  greater  share  oi  their 
husbands'  personal  estates  than  that  to  which  those  were  entitled 
by  statute  whose  husbands  died  within  the  Archdeaconry  of  Chester, 
where  no  such  privilege  or  custom  prevailed,  Chester  being  governed 
by  statute  law  alone. 

Concerning  the  Chancery  of  the  County  Palatine  of  Lancaster. 
the  original  court  for  long,  indeed  from  the  50th  year  of  Edward  111.. 
enjoyed  independent  functions  and  rights,  and  the  Chancery  of  Lan- 
cashire had  concurrent  jurisdiction  with  the  High  Court  of  Chancery 
in  almost  everything  except  in  despatch  and  expense.  Strange  to 
state,  the  Diocesan  Registry  at  Chester  has  within  its  archives  to 
I  his  day  most  o\  the  Lancashire  baptismal,  marriage,  and  death 
registers,  yet  those  for  the  hundred  of  Lonsdale,  and  as  far  south 
as  Garstang  (Churchtown)  are  deposited  in  (he  offices  ot  the  regis 
trar  of  the  archdeaconry  of  Lancaster,  and  the)  do  not,  in  many 
instances,  y;o  back  as  far  as  the  church  registers,  from  which  thev 
are  supposed  to  be  copied.  How  this  is  I  cannot  tell.  but  to  return, 
the  Lancashire  Chancery  Court  used  to  exercise  jurisdiction  in  all 
matters  ot  equity  within  the  county  palatine.  Though  many  reforms 
have  ot  late  years  been  introduced  I  his  Lancashire  Chancery  Court 
maintains  vestiges  of  its  old  rights  and  privileges.  A  perusal  of  a 
modern  history  of  the  legal  elements  of  the  count}-,  will  give  fuller 
particulars  than  it  is  essential  to  give  in  these  notes,  fov  if  given, 
tew   would  be  interested  in  them. 

I  he  chief  seat  ot  law,  so  far  as  local  officers  are  concerned,  is 
at  Preston.  Lancaster,  however;  possesses  its  sessional,  hundred, 
and  coroner's  courts,  and  the  assizes  are  still  held  four  times  a  year 
in  Lancaster.  The  old  Wapentake  oi'  Lonsdale,  the  serjeantry  of 
which  was  held  at  the  lime  of  the  Conquest  and  up  to  the  reign  of 
Edward  I.  by  the  de  Chetets  oi'  Relict,  was  formerly  held  within  the 
precincts  ot  the  church.  The  hundred  comprises  the  following 
parishes  :      North  Lonsdale  :    Aldingham.  Cartmel,  Coulton,  Dalton, 


10S  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Hawkshead,  Kirkby  Ireleth,  Pennington,  Ulverston,  and  Urswick, 
forty-four  townships.  South  Lonsdale  :  Bolton-le-Sands,  Claughton, 
Cockerham,  Halton.  Heysham,  Lancaster,  Melling,  Tatham,  Tun- 
stall,  Warton,  Thornton-in-Lonsdale,  and  part  of  Burton-in- 
Kendal.  The  word  wapentake  is  synonymous  with  hundred,  a 
Saxon  distribution  oi'  a  shire  divided  into  ten  boroughs  of  ten 
families  each.  Wapentake  is  from  "  weapon-tac,"  or  take,  a  court 
wherein  a  hundred  men  met  under  their  ealdorman  (elder  or  more 
experienced  man,  literally)  and  touched  his  or  each  other's  weapons 
in  token  of  fidelity  and  allegiance.  The  Lonsdale  Hundred  repre- 
sents 22  parishes  or  parts  of  parishes,  and  49  townships. 

And  now  as  regards  the  charters  granted  to  Lancaster, 
we  find  that  the  first  was  issued  by  John,  Earl  of  Morton, 
afterwards  the  shifty,  shallowy  king  oi'  that  name.  This  first 
grant  was  made  in  the  4th  of  Richard  1.  when  Ranulph  de 
Blundeville  was  the  Lord  Paramount.  The  charter,  however, 
conferred  all  the  liberties  such  as  were  enjoyed  by  the  city  of  Bristol. 
In  the  2 yd  Edward  1.  Lancaster  first  sent  members  to  Parliament, 
A.o.  i2c)_j.  Prom  this  time  Lancaster  made  ten  distinct  and  separ- 
ate returns.  In  the  37th  Edward  III.  the  king  granted  his  charter 
to  the  mayor  and  bailiffs  to  the  effect  that  all  pleas  and  session  of 
whatsoever  justices  in  the  county  should  be  holden  there  and  not 
elsewhere.  In  the  reign  of  Queen  Mary  two  of  the  original  quarter 
sessions  of  the  peace,  formerly  held  in  Lancaster,  had  been  with- 
drawn from  the  said  town  to  Clitheroe,  by  an  order  of  the  Duchy 
Court,  but  upon  the  mayor,  bailiffs,  and  commonalty  oi'  Lancaster 
producing  the  original  charter  of  Edward  III.  and  the  various  con- 
firmations thereof,  it  was  ordered  and  decreed  "  that  all  general 
sessions  of  assizes  and  gaol  deliveries,  to  be  appointed,  shall  be 
yearly  from  henceforth  and  for  ever  holden  in  and  at  the  said  town 
oi'  Lancaster  in  the  accustomed  manner,  and  not  elsewhere  in  the 
said  county,  and  that  the  four  other  quarter  sessions  of  the  peace 
shall  be  held  here  and  not  elsewhere.''  Prom  the  year  1359,  until 
the  first  Edward  VI.,  no  return  was  made,  but  in  1547  the  privilege 
oi'  the  elective   franchise  was    resumed,  and    it    has    been    continued 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  109 


ever  since  until  Lancaster  was  disfranchised  for  bribery  and  cor- 
ruption  some  twenty-five  years  ago.  Under  the  extended  franchise 
of  Mr.  Gladstone's  Government  and  redistribution  of  seats,  Lancaster 
gives  name  to  a  division,  and  is  at  present  represented  by  James 
Williamson,  Esq. 

The  charters  granted  to  Lancaster  by  King  John,  when  Karl 
of  Morton,  were  confirmed  by  Richard  II.,  Henry  IV.,  Henry  \\, 
Henny  VII.,  Elizabeth,  and  James  I.,  and  the  second  Charles  ex- 
tended the  liberties  or  privileges  of  this  charter,  which  were  still 
further  enlarged  in  59th  George  111.  The  right  of  election  was 
originally  vested  in  the  freemen  of  the  borough.  The  Corporation 
anciently  consisted  of  a  mayor,  recorder  and  seven  aldermen,  two 
bailiffs,  twelve  capital  burgesses,  twelve  common  council  men,  and 
a  town  clerk  and  clerk  of  the  peace,  whose  officers  and  attendants 
were  a' mace-bearer  and  two  sergeants  with  inferior  officers.  The 
mayor  has  been  elected  annually  for  the  time  being  on  the  first 
Thursday  after  the  feast  of  St.  Luke,  the  Evangelist  ;  he  was 
coroner  for  the  vear.  In  the  Parish  Church  is  a  brass  recording  the 
"  talents  and  excellences"  of  an 'ancient  mayor,  one  Thomas  Covell, 
"  whose  principal  talent,  by  the  way  seems,"  says  a  local  writer, 
"  to  have  consisted  in  tenacity  of  place  for  he  was  '  6  tymes  mayor 
of  this  towne  (mayors  were  then  paid),  48  years  ve  keeper  of  ye 
Castle,  and  46  yeares  one  of  ye  coroners  of  ye  County  Palatine  of 
Lancaster.  He  dyed  on  August  1st,  1639,  aetatis  suse  78.'"  Former- 
ly the  inscription  was  surmounted  by  a  figure  of  the  alderman  in  his 
robes,  with  his  coat  of  arms  ;  and  beneath  it  a  local  versifier  or 
poetaster,  who  appears  to  have  had  small  mercy  upon  the  engraver, 
amplifies  the  virtues  of  the  defunct  placeman  in  these  lines  : — 

"  Cease,  cea^e  to  mourn,  all  tears  are  vain  and  voide, 
I  lee's  flecld,  not  dead  ;  dissolved,  not  destroy'd  ; 
In  heaven  his  soule  doth  rest  ;  his  body  here 
Sleepes  in  this  dust,  and  his  fame  everie  where 
Triumphs  :   the  town,  the  country,  farther  forth 
The  land  throughout,  proclaims  his  noble  worth. 
Speak  of  a  man  so  kinde,  so  courteous. 
So  free,  and  everie  way  magnanimous 
Thai  storie  told  at  large,  here  do  ye  see 
Epitomiz'd  in  briefe — Covell  was  lie  !  " 


no  T I M E- H GNOU R E D    L AN C AST E R 


The  Common  Council  of  Lancaster  now  consists  of  a  mayor, 
six  aldermen,  and  eighteen  councillors,  a  treasurer,  town  clerk  and 
registrar  of  the  Borough  Court,  deputy  town  clerk,  borough  surveyor, 
and  Corporation  accountant.  It  retains  its  beadle  and  mace-bearer, 
and  mavor's  and  town  clerk's  sergeants,  and  town  crier  also.  It 
has,  likewise,  a  school  attendance  officer,  market  inspector,  and 
that  sine  qim  nou  to  all  Corporations,  viz.,  a  nuisance  inspector. 
The  extension  of  the  borough  boundaries,  according  to  the  census 
taken  by  order  of  the  Corporation,  makes  the  population  o\ 
Lancaster  29,308.  In  1S01  the  inhabitants  ot  the  county  town 
numbered  only  9,000,  rising  in  1821  to  10,144,  anc'  U1  '841  to 
14,075.  To-day  the  town  shows  an  increase  on  these  last  figures 
of  10,574.  and  Skerton  and  Scotforth,  the  newly  added  districts, 
representing  respectively,  3,248  and  1,411  persons,  bring  up  the 
whole  to  29,308. 

It  is  singular  that  Lancaster  was  never  created  the  seat  of  an 
episcopal  see.  Indeed,  why  Manchester  was  chosen  in  preference 
to  Lancaster  is  only  to  be  accounted  for  hv  the  fact  that  Manchester 
is  a  much  more  central  city. 

Thk  Old  Loyne  Bridge. 

The  ancient  bridge  which  formed  the  only  road  in  the  north  except  bj  river 
fords,  access  from  the  south  being  by  way  of  Bridge  lane  and  China  lane  is  mentioned 
so  far  hack  as  '.he  reign  of  King  John  in  a  document  of  the  17th  year  of  that  sovereign's 
reign.  It  is  directed  therein  that  the  Abbot  of  Furness  should  have  timber  from  his 
forest  of  Lancaster  for  such  part  of  the  repairs  oi  Lancaster  Bridge  as  he  was  liable 
to  for  bis  fisheries  in  the  river  there.  The  bridge  would  seem  to  have  been  at  this 
time  a  wooden  construction. 

Many  a  stormy  scene  this  old  bridge  doubtless  witnessed,  and  as  a  writer 
says  respecting  it.  "  From  the  overhanging  hill,  our  townsmen  must  have  witnessed 
the  approach  of  the  1'ictish  marauders,  who  on  more  than  one  occasion  ravaged  the 
town.  Still  later  it  was  used  by  two  other  Scottish  aggressions  under  the  banner  o\ 
the  Pretender.  " 

In  the  1  Oth  of  Edward  111.  (1345)  letters  patent  were  issued  for  the  frontage 
of  the  bridge  of  Loyncaster  and  other  patentsfor  the  same  purpose  were  subsequently 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  i  ,  i 


issued.  In  1715  when  the  rebels  advanced  on  Lancaster  via  Kendal  and  Kirkby 
Lonsdale,  Colonel  Charteris,  the  governor,  and  another  officer  then  in  the  town, 
would  have  blown  jp  the  bridge  which  led  into  Lancaster,  to  hinder  the  rebels  from 
entering  ;  but  the  people  of  the  town  wen-  unwilling,  alleging,  that  it  would  not  pre- 
vent an  entrance  being  effected,  because  the  Lune  at  low  water  was  passable  by  fool 
and  horse,  and  it  would  be  a  great  expense  to  rebuild  the  bridge,  without  any 
advantage  having  arisen  from  its  destruction.  Portions  of  the  battlements  at  the  north 
end  of  the  bridge  were  knocked  down  and  left  unrepaired,  and  caused  many  accidents 
afterwards.  In  1 73 1 .  William  Stout  says  that  ''the  Loyne  was  so  low  andsosanded 
that  I  went  round  the  pillars  (piers)  dry  at  each  end  oi  the  bridge  !  "  The  rebels  of 
1745  do  not  appear  to  have  injured  the  structure  in  any  way.  <  >n  the  22nd  of  Janu- 
ary. 17S2  we  learn  that  "  On  Tuesday  last,  at  the  <  ieneral  Quarter  Sessions  of  the 
peace  held  at  Lancaster  the  old  bridge'  over  the  River  Lune  was  indicted  by  the 
grand  jury  ;  and  an  application  is  now  making  to  parliament  for  building  a  new  one 
at  a  more  convenient  part  of  the  river."  Again  we  read  :  — -"  29th  January:  (  >n 
Thursday  last  the  River  Loyne  was  suddenly  raised  by  heavy  rains  and  the  old 
bridge  was  much  undermined  by  the  rapidity  of  the  flood  ;  a  great  quantity  of  stones 
were  washed  from  the  foundation  of  the  piers  and  an  immense  quantity  of  wood  was 
forced  down  the  river  by  the  inundation."  An  entry  of  February  19th,  17S2  says  : 
"  The  petition  from  the  town  of  Lancaster  concerning  the  taking  down  of  the  old 
bridge  and  the  building  of  a  new  one  in  a  different  situation,  was  presented  to  the 
House  of  Commons  last  week  and  ordered  to  lie  on  the  table."  On  the  3rd  of  June 
the  bill  for  building  a  new  bridge  from  Lancaster  to  Skerton  Cross  was  passed. 

It  was  high  time  that  the  old  bridge  should  be  replaced  for  it  had.  get  into  a 
very  dangerous  condition,  and  numerous  accidents  resulted.  Thus  we  read  that  in 
the  year  1795011  the  31st  da}-  of  .March,  a  woman  who  was  leading  a  horse  and  cart 
of  coals  over  this  viaduct  came  to  grief  owing  to  the  (inch  pin  of  one  the  wheels  coming 
out.  The  horse,  cart,  and  woman  fell  over  the  side  of  the  bridge,  the  battlements 
having  long  before  been  broken.  The  horse  fel!  upon  one  of  the  piers  and  was  killed 
and  the  cart  was  smashed  to  pieces.  The  woman  was  not  killed  but  severely  injured. 
At  the  latter  end  of  May  during  the  same  year  one  of  the  waterside  carters  with  his 
cart  and  two  horses,  fell  off  the  old  bridge  owing  to  the  battlements  being  down,  but 
falling  into  the  water  he  escaped  without  much  harm.  On  the  9th  of  February,  1798, 
one  John  Gregory,  a  seaman,  was  killed  by  falling  from  the  old  bridge,  and  on  Jul}' 
13th,  1801,  a  boy  named  Chadwick,  six  years  of  age,  fell  off  this  ruinous  ford  and  only 
escaped  being  killed  by  alighting  upon  his  back  on  one  of  the  piers,  where  il  was 
sanded,  within  a  few  inches  of  a  large  stone. 

At  a  special  general  session  of  the  peace,  held  at  Preston,  on  the  20th  of 
February,  1800,  Mr.  John  Brdckbank,  shipbuilder,  offered  to  purchase  the  bridge, 
with   the  rights  and   interests  of  the  count}'  of  Lancaster,  for  a  sum  of  ,£250    to  di~- 


ii2  TIME-HOXOl'RKn    LANCASTER. 


charge  the  sum  sued  for  by  Jackson  Mason,  executor  of  William  Mason,  for  damage 
(lime  to  his  property  on  the  Quay  near  to  the  old  bridge,  by  building'  the  new  bridge 
On  the  7th  of  August,  1S02,  the  following  intimation  appeared  : — '  Notice 
is  hereby  given  that  the  passage  over  the  old  bridge  will  he  stopped  on  Monday  the 
9th  inst.,  tor  the  purpose  of  taking  down  one  of  the  arches  :  any  person  inclinable  to 
purchase  the  remaining  part  of  the  said  bridge,  may  apply  to  Mr.  Edward  Batty, 
Architect,  who  will  treat  for  the  same.'  On  th  iothof  August  the  passage  was  stopped, 
and  the  workmen  began  demolishing  the  arch  on  the  Skerton  side.  It  was  soon 
cleared  away,  for  we  find  that  a  laden  vessel  passed  through  in  about  a  month  after- 
wards. '  September  13th,  the  Denierara,  Captain  Inglis,  launched  from  Mr.  Brock- 
bank's  yaid,  a  ship  409  tons:  being  the  largest  vessel  built  above  the  old  bridge,  one 
of  the  arches  was  obliged  to  lie  taken  down,  to  allow  her  to  pass,  and  the  next  day 
the  Dove,  Stephenson,  sailed  through  the  aperture  and  discharged  her  cargo  of  timber 
at  the  green  area."  The  next  arch  on  the  Skerton  side  is  stated  to  have  fallen  in  on 
the  22nd  of  September,  1807,  owing  to  the  heavy  floods,  and  the  remaining  arch  was 
much  damaged.  The  report  goes  on  to  stale  that  one  of  the  arches  was  previously 
taken  down,  to  allow  the  hull  of  a  large  \essel  built  at  Mr.  Brockbank's  yard,  to  go 
down  the  river,  but  we  cannot  trace  the  date,  although  it  only  occurred  i'tw  years  before. 

On  the  6th  of  February,  1814.  in  consequence  of  a  high  spring  tide,  the  ice 
on  llalton  Water  broke  up  with  a  loud  noise  and  pieces  16  inches  thick  came  Boating 
down  the  river,  the  southern  arch  of  the  old  bridge  gave  way.  and  fears  were  enter- 
tained that  it  would  carry  part  of  the  road  with  it.  In  consequence  of  the  above,  the 
south  arch,  that  is  the  one  next  to  the  quay  side,  was  taken  down  and  a  wall  built  up 
to  support  the  remaining  arches.  <)n  the  20th  of  September,  1S20,  it  is  stated  that  on 
the  top  of  the  pier  of  the  old  bridge  now  standing,  in  a  recess,  supported  by  corbels. 
our  Saxon  ancestors  met  to  decide  on  civil  cases,  and  on  commercial  disputes,  and  to 
dminister  justice.  The  pier  remained  twenty  five  years,  and  then  on  Sunday  Decem- 
ber 29th,  1845,  at  5  a.m.,  fell  down.  Usually  man)'  children  were  to  be  seen  playing 
on  it,  but  being  early  in  the  morning  no  one  was  on  it,  and  only  one  man  saw  it  fall. 
It  had  stood  one  hundred  and  thirty  years  after  Colonel  Charteris  contemplated  its 
destruction.  In  1846  it  was  agreed  by  Mr.  John  Brockbank  with  Messrs.  |ohn 
Fearenside,  Samuel  Preston,  and  William  Robinson,  on  behalf  of  the  Port  Commis- 
sioners, that  Mr.  J.  Brockbank  would  give  them  £30  with  all  the  rights,  interests  and 
ruins  of  the  old  bridge. 

The  chronology  of  the  demolition  of  this  old  viaduct  is  as  follows  :  — 

The  Skerton  arch  taken  down  in  1802.  the  second  arch,  Skerton  side,  fell 
down  in  1807,  the  first  arch,  Lancaster  side,  taken  clown  in  1S14,  and  the  last  or  second 
arch  from  the  Lancaster  side  fell  down  in  1845.  Abridged  from  Gleanings  in  Local 
History. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  113 


Thou  hast  stood  old  Neptune's  billows 

In  the  ages  gone, 
Lash'd  by  Time's  relentless  willows 

Till  at  length  undone. 

Manx  an  eye  hath  watch'd  in  sorrow 

Foemen  thou  hast  led, 
Many  a  warrior  e're  the  morrow 

Fallen  l>v  thee  dead. 

Native  feet  and  feet  of  strangers 

Thou  o'er  Loyne  hast  bona-. 
Pictish  Clansmen,  Danish  Rangers, 

Heedless  of  their  scorn. 

Many  a  Knight  in  robe  escallop'd, 

Arm'd  for  the  affray, 
1  m  his  steed  has  proudly  gallop'd 

( )'er  thy  lofty  way. 

Storni  and  sunshine,  peace  and  battle 

Thou  of  old  hast  known, 
While  the  children's  merry  prattle 

I  )id  for  strife  atone. 

Oft  the  Sun  in  splendour  shining', 

Hath  thy  corbels  charm'd, 
Sylvan  warblers  thus  inclining, 

To  a  song  thrice  warmd. 

Cere's  sons  around  have  labour'd, 

As  those  wood  nymphs  sang  ; 
And  the  little  ones  have  tabour'd 

While  the  joy  bells  rang. 

Counting  beads  in  deep  contrition 
Saints  have  o'er  thee  pass'd, 

Thinking  of  the  great  transition- 
Bridge  of  Death  at  last. 

Thou  art  vanish'd— of  thy  glory 

Hards  alone  may  tell. 
Hut.  old  bridge,  in  ancient  story 
Thou  shall  ever  dwell. 

Skkktox   Bridge. 

A  very  fine  viaduct,  consisting  of  five  elliptical  arches,  con- 
nects Lancaster  with  the  newly  incorporated  village  or  parish  of 
Skerton.  The  hist  stone  of  this  bridge  was  laid  in  June,  1785,  by 
the  Recorder  of  Lancaster,  in  the  presence  of  the  mayor,  aldermen, 
capital  burgesses  and  common  council  men  oi'  the  borough,  who 
proceeded  to  Skerton  Cross  surrounded  by  a  vast  concourse  of  spec- 
tators. The  architect  was  Mr.  Harrison,  and  the  builders  Messrs. 
Mesham.      In  old  journals   the    bridge,    completed   in    1 788   bv   the 


ii4  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 

county  at  a  cost  of  £14,000,  is  described  as  consisting;  of  five  ellipti 
cal  arches,  of  sixty-eight  feet  each,  and  of  the  width  of  thirty-three 
feet,  with  piers  ornamented  with  columns  and  pediments,  there 
being-  also  a  handsome  cornice  and  battlements  with  balustrades. 
The  estimated  cost,  says  an  old  Newcastle  newspaper,  was  ,£10,400. 
Another  description  taken  from  the  Cumberland  Parquet  is  as 
follows  : — -October  31st,  1787.  "The  new  bridge  at  Lancaster  is 
completed  and  exhibits  a  piece  of  architecture  worthy  of  the  obser- 
vation of  travellers.  This  bridge  is  21b  yards  in  length  and  35  feet 
4  inches  in  breadth.  The  footpath  on  each  side  is  five  feet  wide,  and 
neatly  flagged.  It  consists  of  five  elliptic  arches,  each  of  sixty-eight 
feet  span  and  the  rise  nineteen  and  a  half  feet;  in  building  it  the 
centre  bore  the  whole  length  without  any  support  and  only  shrunk 
\]/z  of  an  inch.  The  piers  up  to  the  spring  of  the  arches  are 
rusticated,  and  all  above  are  plain  Ashleys.  Round  the  arches  are 
architraves,  above  which  runs  a  Doric  cornice,  the  whole  length  of 
the  bridge  being  ornamented  with  mutles,  &c.  Above  this  are 
banisters,  four  hundred  and  twenty  in  number,  and  in  each  pier  is  a 
relieving  arch  in  the  form  of  a  niche  and  on  each  side  of  which  is  a 
column  and  Doric  pediment  over  them.  The  difficulties  the  artists 
have  met  with  in  the  execution  of  this  work  have  been  greater  than 
could  possibly  have  been  foreseen  ;  but  happily  not  so  great  as  to 
prevent  their  completing  in  the  end  a  structure  which  besides  its 
utility  must  be  considered  as  the  chief  ornament  of  the  place,  and 
which  we  hope  will  long  remain  a  monument  of  their  ingenuity  and 
perseverance.  The  principals  engaged  in  the  work  of  building  are 
Mr.  Harrison,  architect,  Mr.  Benjamin  Mesham,  mason,  and  Mr. 
Edward  Exley,  carpenter." 

It  ought  to  be  mentioned  that  prizes  of  20  guineas,  ten 
guineas,  and  five  guineas  were  offered  for  the  best  designs  of  this 
bridge.  Mr.  Harrison,  of  Chester,  won  the  first  prize,  Mr.  West, 
of  Richmond,  the  second,  and  Mr.  Gott,  evidently  a  local  man,  the 
third. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  n 


Railway  Bridges. 

The  railway  bridge  over  the  Lune  (Lancaster  and  Carlisle  line)  was  opened 
for  traffic  on  Monday,  the  21st  of  September,  1846.  The  two  principal  arches  are  of 
Baltic  timber, 'and  are  formed  of  fine  ribs  or  arches,  each  with  a  proper  framework 
laid  upon  them  to  produce  the  level  railway  ;  each  rib  is  formed  of  16  thicknesses  ol 
3-inch  plank  :  the  4  ribs  on  which  the  rails  are  laid  are  15  inches  wide  each,  and  the 
other  rib  on  which  the  footpath  runs  is  12  inches  wide.  The  footpath  is  open  to  the 
public,  and  is  reached  by  a  staircase  on  each  side  of  the  riser.  The  bridge  spanning 
the  branch  line  of  the  North-Western  Railway  to  Morecambe  is  620  feet  in  length. 
It  spans  the  river  diagonally  in  the  form  of  a  segment,  is  a  combination  of  curve  and 
skew,  the  curve  being  590  feet  radius,  the  skew  at  an  angle  of  40  degrees.  On  the 
summit  of  fhe  pile-piers  are  iron  shoes  from  which  spring  laminated  arches  of  3-inch 
plank.  The  railway  is  a  little  above  the  spring  of  the  arches,  and  is  suspended  from 
them  by  iron  rods  or  bolts  of  20  tons  power  each,  which  pass  through  the  upright 
timbers.  Ninety-eight  tons  were  placed  on  one  arch  to  test  its  strength  when 
finished,  and  the  deflection  was  five-eighths  of  an  inch.  The  railway  from  Lancaster 
to  1'pulton  was  opened  June  12th,   184S. 

Source  of  the  River  Lune.     The  Lancaster  Canal. 

It  may  be  apposite  to  remark  at  this  point  that  the  Loyn, 
Lon,  or  Lune,  rises  at  a  place  called  Lune  Head,  near  Ronald's 
Kirk,  in  the  fells  of  Westmorland,  and  passing-  Kirkby  Lonsdale 
enters  Lancashire  near  the  ancient  Roman  station  of  Overborough, 
known  as  Bremetonacae.  (Some  hold  that  Lancaster  was  the 
Roman  Bremetonacae.)  The  river  then  sweeps  nearly  across  the 
Hundred  of  Lonsdale,  in  a  north-western  direction  through  a  valley 
bearing  its  own  name,  passes  Hornby  and  Lancaster  and  falls  into 
the  Bay  of  Morecambe,  the  Mwr  Cwm  of  British  days,  or  "great 
hollow  by  the  mountain  crest."  It  falls  into  this  ha\  at  Sunderland 
Point.  In  its  course  this  broad  river,  famed  for  its  salmon, 
receives  the  Leek,  the  Greta,  and  the  Wenning,  and  is  navigable 
for  small  vessels  up  to  Lancaster.  At  Glasson  there  is  a  spacious 
dock  into  which  vessels  of  greater  burthen  can  be  moored.  From 
Dillkirk  Park  to  Killing-ton  the  Lune  forms  the  boundary  of  York- 
shire and  Westmorland.  Its  first  source  is  composed  of  two 
rivulets  which  flow  from  Ravenstonedale  and  Shap  Fells  and  unite 
at  Tebay.      A  glance  at  the  Aqueduct  and   the  Custom  House  may 


n6  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


fitly  end  our  notes  in  connection  with  the  river.  The  Aqueduct 
conveys  the  canal  over  the  river  Lune.  This  structure  is  formed  of 
five  semi-circular  arches,  each  70  feet  in  span,  springing'  from  piers 
of  a  rustic  character  fixed  upon  piles  driven  to  a  depth  of  30  feet. 
The  height  from  the  surface  of  the  river  to  the  canal  is  51  feet,  and 
the  total  height  from  the  pier  foundations  to  the  summit  of  the 
battlement  is  nearly  90  feet.  In  length  it  is  664  feet.  The  bridge  is 
surmounted  by  balustrades  of  turned  freestone,  below  which  is  a 
projecting  cornice  of  great  elegance. 

On    the    north-east     side    of    the    aqueduct    is    inscribed    in 
large  letters 

"TO   PUBLIC   PROSPERITY." 

On  the  south-west  side  is  the  following  inscription  : 

"Ql\T:     DEERAN  I       ADEUNT :      SOCIANTUR     DISSITA  : 

MERCES  FLUMINA  CONVENIUNT  ARTE  DATURA  NOBIS. 

A.D.   MDCCXCVII.    INC.   1.   RENNIE    EXTRUX  A. 

STEVENS.    P.    ET.   F." 

Translation. 

"  Things  that  loere  wanting  are  brought  together;  things  remote  are 
connected ;  rivers  themselves  meet  by  the  assistance  of  art,  to  afford 

new  objects  of  commerce." 

This  aqueduct  was  erected  at  the  close  of  the  last  century 
from  designs  by  that  eminent  engineer,  John  Rennie,  and  its  cost 
was  close  on  ^,'50,000.  There  is  a  charming  view  from  this  bridge 
on  a  clear  day.  The  canal  which  this  series  of  arches  carries  over 
the  Lune  was  the  result  of  an  Act  obtained  in  the  32nd  of  George 
111.,  and  gave  the  company  a  power  of  raising  ^414,000  in  shares. 
A  second  Act,  passed  in  33rd  of  George  III.,  enabled  the 
company  to  make  another  branch  from  the  village  of  Galgate  to 
Glasson  Dock.  A  fourth  Act,  passed  in  the  47th  of  George  III., 
empowered  the  company  to  make  railways  ;  and  a  fifth,  in  the  59th 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  u 


of  that  sovereign,  to  amend  and  alter  the  former  Acts.  The 
aqueduct  bridge  previously  alluded  to  was  said  to  have  one  defect, 
viz.,  that  of  being'  too  shallow  to  admit  of  deeply-laden  vessels. 
The  canal,  commenced  about  1792,  begins  at  Kendal,  being  fed  bv 
a  rivulet  about  a  mile  beyond  that  town.  It  proceeds  southwards, 
entering  Lancashire  near  Burton,  having  passed  underground  for 
about  378  yards  at  this  point.  At  Borwick,  a  little  south  of 
Burton,  it  falls  to  its  mid-level,  which  it  retains  for  nearly  42  miles, 
making  for  this  purpose  a  most  devious  course.  It  crosses  the 
Lune  a  little  above  Lancaster,  as  we  have  seen,  and  at  Garstang 
crosses  the  Wyre,  having  here  a  westward  tendency  ;  it  comes 
within  two  miles  of  Kirkham,  then  winds  on  to  Preston,  crossing 
the  Ribble,  and  ascending  then  through  a  series  of  locks,  it  joins 
the  Leeds  and  Liverpool  Canal,  and  reaches  its  highest  level,  on 
which  it  binds  eastward  of  Chorley,  across  the  Douglas,  through 
Haigh,  noted  for  its  eannel  pits,  and  bending  to  the  east  of  Wigan 
arrives  at  its  termination  at  Westhoughton.  The  whole  of  this 
length  is  75  miles.  The  fall  from  Kendal  to  the  mid-level  is  65  feet, 
and  the  rise  from  thence  on  the  southern  side  222  feet.  A  collateral 
cut  near  Chorley  is  about  three  miles  in  length,  another  near 
Borwick  nearly  two  and  a  half;  and  a  third  from  the  dock  at 
Glasson  to  the  mouth  of  the  Lune  is  about  four  miles  long.  The 
canal  passes  through  a  great  coal  and  lime  stone  country,  and  its 
object  was  to  form  a  communication  between  the  port  of  Lancaster 
and  the  interior  parts  north  and  south.  All  the  country  north  of 
Chorley  is  destitute  of  coal,  and  prior  to  the  canal  scheme  the 
north  portion  was  supplied  by  a  heavy  land  carriage,  or  by  coast- 
wise navigation  by  means  of  the  Douglas  canal  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Ribble.  But  the  north  countrv  fov  16  miles  to  the  south  of 
Kendal  is  full  of  lime  stone,  the  southern  part  of  Lancashire  being 
entirely  devoid  of  such.  For  20  years  the  canal  went  no  further 
than  Tewit  Field,  and  when  it  was  ultimately  extended  to  Kendal 
the  work  was  by  no  means  easy. 

The  Lancaster  and  Kendal  extension  was  opened  on  the  18th 
of  June,  1 8 1 9,  and  the  occasion  was  marked  by  considerable  display 
and  rejoicings. 


ii,S  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


The  first  vessel  to  sail  on  the  extended  canal  was  a  packet 
called  "  The  Lune,"  with  the  Mayor  of  Lancaster  onboard  and  John 
Bond,  Esq.  Then  followed  a  packet  full  of  ladies,  and  another 
containing  the  Canal  Committee,  the  Corporation  barge  also,  and  a 
long  train  of  boats.  Several  bands  of  music  were  included  in  the 
procession,  which  moved  towards  Kendal.  There  were  three  packets 
and  five  vessels  belonging  to  "  Widow  "  Welch  and  Son,  Hargreaves, 
and  others,  the  latter  being  laden  with  coal  and  timber.  Altogether 
there  were  sixteen  boats.  At  the  King's  Arms  a  Ball  was  given, 
and  at  a  Banquet  held  before,  the  heartiest  toast  seems  to  have  been 
that  proposed  by  the  Rev.  H.  Sill,  in  honour  o(  John  Wakefield, 
Esq.,  who  had  done  so  much  to  forward  the  making  of  the  water- 
way between  the  two  towns. 

From  Lancaster  to  Preston  by  canal  is  thirty  miles,  by  rail 
twenty-one  ;  from  Lancaster  to  Kendal  twenty-seven,  by  rail  twenty- 
two.  Formerlv  packets  used  to  sail  from  Preston  to  Lancaster,  and 
jolly  doings  were  the  rule  when  pleasure  parties  decided  to  see  the 
country  by  means  of  this  circuitous  route  of  water.  Solicitors 
travelled  to  Lancaster  Assizes  in  this  manner  very  often,  and  nine 
hours  were  consumed  in  the  journey.  The  custom  was  to  drive  to 
the  Roe  Buck  Inn,  Salwick,  seven  miles  from  Preston,  and  then  by 
the  time  a  previously  ordered  dinner  was  consumed,  the  packet  which 
had  started  from  Preston  an  hour  before  them  would  give  the  signal 
bv  means  of  bell  or  horn,  and  the  gentlemen  of  law  would  at  once 
"go  on  board."  Travelling  on  the  canal  in  this  fashion  commenced 
on  May  ist,  1820,  and  the  fore  cabin  fare  to  Kendal  was  6s.,  the 
after  cabin  fare  qs.  The  voyageur  would  begin  his  journey  about 
6  a.m.,  and  arrive  at  his  destination,  Kendal,  about  9  in  the  evening. 
Some  of  the  faster  boats  would  accomplish  the  journey  in  eight 
hours. 

Two  of  the  old  canal  packets  are  still  in  existence,  and  are 
kept  in  a  shed  abutting  on  that  part  o\  the  canal  near  to  AldclifFe 
Lane.  They  were  named  the  "  Waterwitch  "  and  the  "  Swiftsure." 
The  first  commenced  running  on  the  2nd  July,   1833,  leaving  Kendal 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  tig 


at  6  a.m.  and  reaching'  Preston  at  i   p.m.  ;   returning  from  Preston  at 
1-30  and  arriving  at  Kendal  at  8-45  p.m. 

Mr.  Anthony  Hewitson  says  in  "  Places  and  Faces  "  that  the 
chief  stopping  places  between  Preston  and  Kendal  were  "  Salwick, 
Garstang,  Potter  Brook,  Galgate,  Lancaster,  Hest  Rank,  Bolton-le- 
Sands,  Carhforth,  Borwick,  Tewit  Eield,  Burton  and  Holme,  Tail- 
ton,  Crooklands,  Hincaster,  and  Sedgwick."  The  water  for  the 
canal  when  it  ended  at  Tewit  Field,  was  gathered  from  the  Keer, 
near  Borwick,  and  when  extended  to  Kendal,  it  was  obained  from  a 
large  reservoir  between  Burton  and  Sedgwick.  As  a  method  for 
study  or  contemplation  ci'  nature  nothing  could  surpass  the  whole- 
someness  of  travelling  by  canal  boat  ;  the  stillness  that  prevailed 
unless  you  had  boisterous  company,  being  its  strongest  recom- 
mendation. To  those  fond  of  such  a  mode  of  travel,  and  with  whom 
time  is  not  of  the  greatest  importance  the  system  is  yet,  one  of  poetic 
attraction.  In  1840,  travelling  by  canal  ceased,  practically  speakiny, 
owing  to  the  iron-highway  being  opened  between  Preston  and  Lan- 
caster, and  when  in  1846,  the  line  was  extended  to  Kendal,  the 
carriage  of  human  freightage  by  water  to  or  from  Preston,  Lancaster, 
and  Kendal,  was  knocked  in  the  head  for  ever.  Between  Preston 
and  Kendal  there  are  1 14  road  and  occupation  bridges,  and  two  road 
aqueducts.      The  Glasson  dock  was  erected  in  1787. 

The  old  pinfold  which  occupied  the  site  of  the  present  canal 
warehouse  at  the  east  end  oi'  Aldcliffe  Street,  was  subsequentlv 
placed  at  the  south  end  of  the  borough  boundary,  and  then  enclosed 
in  the  Greaves  House  Garden,  behind  the  watering  trough.  Next 
it  was  removed  to  the  bottom  end  of  Dog  Kennel  Wood  (the  play- 
ground of  the  Royal  Grammar  School),  and  eventually  was  sold  to 
Mr.  Williamson.  There  is  no  pinfold  now  in  existence  within  the 
borough. 


The  term  Dry  Dock,  taken  from  the   Canal    Dock,  applies  to 
a  large  area  of  land  now  covered  with  streets  and  houses. 


i2o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


On  the  Lancaster  Quay,  St.  George's  Quay,  as  it  is  termed, 
which  is  easilv  reached  by  passing-  out  of  the  old  churchyard  down 
Vicarage-lane,  we  see  vestiges  of  Lancaster's  former  glory  com- 
mercially. In  front  of  shipping-houses,  warerooms,  dwelling's  and 
public-houses,  all  standing  shoulder  to  shoulder,  are  the  now  lifeless 
quays,  and  about  the  centre  of  this  line  is  a  smart  looking  edifice, 
containing  a  portico,  consisting  of  a  rustic  basement  and  four  Ionic 
columns,  15  feet  high  (each  formed  of  a  single  stone),  supporting  a 
plain  pediment.  This  is  the  Lancaster  Custom  House,  built  in  the 
year  1  764  from  the  design  of  Richard  Gillow,  Esq.  The  entrance  to 
the  Custom  House  is  by  a  double  flight  of  steps,  wisely  constructed 
to  prevent  the  crushing  from  the  crowd  of  merchants  and  others 
whom  we  should  be  happy  once  more  to  behold  assembled  round  the 
door  of  the  Custom  House. 

The  old  port  of  Lancaster  formerly  stood  on  the  Skerton 
side  of  the  river  in  a  held  known  by  the  name  of  Acrelands,  and 
according  to  an  old  commissioner's  report,  a  most  important  guide 
or  beacon  to  the  weary  mariner  was  a  somewhat  conspicuous 
ashpit.      Where  this  ashpit  stood  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain. 

Formerly  Lancaster  did  much  trade  of  a  foreign  shipping 
nature  with  America  and  the  West  Indies,  but  nothing  in  com- 
parison to  what  it  does  now  directly  by  rail  via  Liverpool  and 
thence  abroad.  The  town  was  famed  for  its  sail  cloth  manu- 
facture, in  which  several  large  factories  were  employed,  and  it 
likewise  had  a  great  reputation  for  cordage  for  shipping,  while  in 
the  production  of  cabinet  ware  Lancaster  stood,  and  still  stands, 
unrivalled.  The  immense  structure  in  the  North  Road,  more  like 
a  college  than  a  place  of  business,  indicates  the  distinction 
Lancaster  has  achieved  in  this  branch  of  industry.  The  place 
alluded  to  is  that  of  Messrs.  Gillow  &  Co. 

The  name  of  Gillow  is  a  name  known  in  every  part  of  the 
civilised  world.  It  is  not  distinguished  exclusively  for  its  con- 
nexion with   chairs   and   tables,  sotas   and    settees,  pier  glasses  and 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  121 


chimney  pieces,  hut  for  its  alliance  to  divinity  and  literature. 
From  a  ri^id  study  of  art,  Richard  and  Robert  Gillow  have  been 
enabled  to  hand  down  to  the  dawn  of  the  twentieth  century  a  house 
whose  principals  to-day  worthily  maintain  the  reputation  of  old 
secured  for  elegant  and  genuine  work,  and  not  only  for  such  work 
speciality  work  but  for  strict,  conscientious  dealing.  In  ;i 
word,  the  firm  has  maintained  the  reputation  of  Lancaster,  a  city 
now  so  vastly  changed  from  what  it  was  a  century  ago,  and  which 
is  still  changing  and  revealing  new  blood  from  all  quarters  of  the 
empire.  But  the  old  spirit  of  originality  lives,  and  it  is  only  plain 
unvarnished  truth — truth  undressed  if  you  like  —to  assert  that  the 
like  spirit  taken  in  detail  will  not  be  found  in  any  other  part  of  the 
countx .  I  had  almost  inserted  an  r  between  the  last  two  letters  of 
the  word,  county. 

~  Although  the  study  of  place-names  and  surnames  has 
been  my  forte  many  years,  I  am  bound  to  own  that  until  1  met  with 
Joseph  Gillow,  Esq.,  of  the  Woodlands,  Bowdon,  Cheshire,  I  was 
under  the  impression  that  the  place-name  as  well  as  the  surname 
was  derived  from  the  Norse  term,  gill,  a  running  stream,  and  ow, 
diminutive  form  of  haw,  Saxon  for  a  hollow  or  depression,  whence 
a  small  hill  rises.  But  that  able  author  informed  me  that  the 
patronymic  is  derived  from  Gillo-Michael,  signifying  literally 
"gild  oi'  Michael."  It  is  commonly  believed  that  the  Gillows, 
Gillos,  or  Gilloes  (1  have  met  with  all  forms),  sprang  from  Single- 
ton in  the  Fylde,  or  FfylL  The  probable  fact  is  that  the  Gillow 
family  really  hail  from  Slyne  in  the  parish  of  Bolton-le-Sands,  for 
we  find  that  "Adam,  the  son  of  Gill-mighel,  of  Scline,  held  half  a 
carueate  oi'  land  by  service  oi'  being  the  King's  carpenter  in 
Lancaster  Castle."  In  Bolton  churchyard  1  met  with  an  old 
"  Gilloe  "  tomb.  It  would  appear  that  the  name,  Michael,  was  in 
course  of  time  dropped  and  Gillow  substituted,  or  Gilloe,  as  a 
sufficient  appellation. 

In   St.    Mary's  churchyard   is   the    tomb   oi'    Richard    Gillow, 
who  died  August  nth,   181  1,  aged  77. 


i22  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


The  firm  was  established  by  two  brothers  in  the  reign  of 
Queen  Anne?  Among  honoured  names  found  in  the  books  of 
the  firm  are  those  of  Warren  Hastings,  Lord  Olive.  Bishop  Heber, 
John  Lingard,  the  Cavendish  family,  and  the  Lovvthers.  Em- 
perors and  kings  have  patronised  the  house  and  still  patronise  it. 
Of  late  years  the  Emperor  of  Russia  had  his  imperial  yacht  the 
"  Livadia  "  fitted  and  furnished  by  this  firm  in  olivewood  and  satin- 
wood. 

The  North  Road  Establishment  was  erected  in  1881.  Every 
Lancastrian  knows  the  white  stone  building  in  ornamental  style,  and 
every  one  is  proud  to  see  such  a  building  so  different  from  the  old 
place  on  the  Green  Ayre,  and  the  premises  on  Castle  Hill.  The 
immense  show  rooms,  four  in  number,  are  well  appointed.  Each 
room  is  100ft.  long  and  40ft.  wide. 

The  number  of  hands  employed  is  about  250.  Messrs.  Gillow 
&  Co.  made  the  first  Davenport  Writing  Desk  over  a  century  ago, 
for  a  gentleman  named  Captain  Davenport. 

The  largest  works  extant  are  those  of  Messrs  James  William- 
son and  Sons,  and  Storey,  Bros.,  and  Co.,  who  have  about  fourteen 
places  of  business  between  them  in  Lancaster.  The  number  of 
hands  the  first  named  firm  employs  is  about  2,000,  the  second  about 
1,400.  At  these  works  window  blinds,  curtains,  and  toilet  covers  of 
the  most  exquisite  designs  are  manufactured  ;  they  resemble  the 
finest  linen  and  yet  are  oilcloth  entirely,  far  more  durable  than  linen, 
and  not  necessitating  so  much  attention  as  linen  on  the  washing  day. 
Messrs.  Williamson  and  Sons  have  recently  extended  their  works 
on  the  marsh. 


A  new  trade  has  been  introduced  into  Lancaster  by  Messrs. 
Storey,  Bros.,  &  Co.  This  consists  of  the  manufacture  of  Ana- 
glypta  wall  paper.  The  manufactory  is  in  Queen  Street,  at  the 
old  Queen  Street  Mill. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  123 


The  Lancaster  Wagon  Works  Company,  Limited,  was  estab- 
lished, or  formed,  in  1863.  These  works  are  in  close  proximity  to 
the  Midland  Railway,  and  cover  an  area  of  fifteen  acres.  A  large 
number  o\'  hands  are  employed  here.  At  these  works  railway  cars 
and  wagons  for  all  parts  of  the  world  are  erected.  A  speciality  in 
bogie  carriages  is  a  marked  feature  of  the  company's  productions. 
Some  beautiful  specimens  of  these  carriages  have  been  sent  out 
from  time  to  time  during  the  last  fifteen  years  to  the  Argentine 
Republic,  to  Venezuela,  and  Mexico.  The  artistic  work  in  these 
coaches,  which  are  fitted  with  every  latest  improvement,  is  admir- 
able proof  of  the  ability  the  company  commands  from  forge  to 
studio.  There  are  certain  mechanical  appliances  used  in  the  process 
of  car  construction  invented  by  the  official  talent  the  company  is 
able  to  command.  Then  there  are  two  fine  hydraulic  presses  oi 
marvellous  power.  The  sheds,  with  their  appurtenances,  have  cost 
upwards  of  ^100,000.  The  electric  light  has  been  introduced  into 
the  works.  The  chairman  of  the  board  of  directors  is  Charles 
Blades,  Esq.,  J. P.;  secretary  of  the  company,  B.  Gregson,  Esq.  ; 
manager,  W.  C.  Shackleford,  Esq.  Portions  of  a  MS  entitled 
"A  Descriptive  Visit  to  the  Lancaster  Wagon  Works,"  were 
intended  for  inclusion  in  this  section,  but  unfortunately  they  are 
not  at  hand  to  utilise. 

The  manufacture  of  mats  is  carried  on  in  Lancaster  and 
district,  the  principal  firm  in  town  being  that  of  Air.  W.  J.  Sly, 
dating  from  1875. 

The  London  and  North-Western  and  Midland  Railways. 

It  is  next  to  impossible  in  a  work  like  this  one  to  give  a  lull 
historic  account  of  the  advent  of  the  railway  system  into  Lancaster. 
I  find  that  the  first  general  meeting  ot~  the  shareholders  oi'  the 
Lancaster  and  Preston  Railway  appears  to  have  been  held  in  the 
Lancaster  Town  Hall  on  Monday,  the  19th  of  June,  1837.  The 
report  submitted  is  very  interesting.  George  Burrow,  Esq.,  was 
in    the    chair,    and    the    secretary    was    Mr.    S.    E.    Bolden.      The 


i24  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


directors  appointed  were  Messrs.  George  Burrow,  John  Black- 
burne,  Gabriel  Coulston,  John  Dunn,  Robert  Garnett,  John  Greg', 
John  Jackson,  Richard  Rossall,  and  William  Satterthwaite.  The 
engineer  of  the  line  was  Mr.  Joseph  Locke,  and  his  estimate  of 
the  cost  of  making  the  line  was  ^250,000.  The  line  was  proposed 
publicly  by  "An  Inhabitant,"  who  wrote  a  letter  to  the  editor  of 
the  Lancaster  Gazette,  in  September,  1832.  He  proposed  a  railway 
to  Preston  and  thence  a  connection  with  Wigan.  Mr.  S.  E.  Bolden 
was  appointed  secretary  to  the  Lancaster  and  Preston  Railway  on 
the  7th  of  Jnnuary,   1837. 

In  October,  1839,  a  riot  took  place  between  the  English  and 
Irish  labourers  employed  on  the  Lancaster  and  Preston  line,  when 
the  Irish  were  driven  out  of  the  town.  The  Lancaster  Gazette 
gives  an  account  of  the  opening"  of  the  railway  in  June,  1840.  On 
the  occasion  300  ladies  and  gentlemen  sat  down  to  a  dinner  given 
in  a  large  covered  area  at  the  back  of  the  station  by  the  directors. 
In  December,  1844,  at  a  special  general  meeting  of  the  share- 
holders in  the  Lancaster  and  Preston  Junction  Railway,  it  was 
agreed  to  lease  the  line  in  perpetuity  to  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle 
Company,  from  the  1st  September,  1846,  the  Canal  Company 
agreeing  to  give  up  their  lease,  and  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle 
Company  guaranteeing  5  per  cent,  upon  the  paid  up  capital,  being 
1  per  cent,  more  than  what  was  paid  by  the  Canal  Company.  The 
first  permanent  rail  in  this  district  of  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle 
line  was  laid  at  Carnforth  by  Mr.  S.  B.  Worthington,  the  resident 
engineer,  in  December,  1844.  The  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  Bill 
having  passed  the  House  of  Lords  in  the  May  of  the  said  year,  and 
the  cutting  of  the  line  commenced  at  Bolton-le-Sands  in  the  month 
of  September,  the  line  was  formerly  opened  in  September,  1846, 
when  a  large  party  proceeded  to  Oxenholme,  and  thence  down  the 
Kendal  and  Windermere  line  to  Kendal,  when  about  200  sat  down 
a  dejeuner  in  the  Assembly  Room,  Whitehall  Buildings,  in  that 
town. 

On     the     31st     of     December,      1^40,    the     first    sod    of    the 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  12: 


Little  North-Western  Railway  was  cut  at  Cleatop,  near  Set  lie, 
by  Lord  Morpeth,  and  at  the  dinner  held  at  the  Red  (alias) 
Golden  Lion,  Settle,  Pudsey  Dawson,  Esq.,  of  Hornby  Castle, 
presided.  At  a  special  general  meeting  of  the  shareholders  of 
the  Lancaster  and  Preston  Railway,  held  at  the  station  for  the 
purpose  of  electing'  eight  persons  as  directors  in  the  place  of 
those  who  had  resigned  and  ceased  to  hold  office,  and  for  the 
election  of  a  clerk  to  the  said  company,  after  a  rather  stormy 
discussion,  Messrs.  Bushell,  Willan,  William  Satterthwaite,  J. 
Kay,  Nicholson,  R.  Dugdale,  Kynaston,  and  J.  C.  Satterthwaite 
were  appointed  directors.  Mr.  Rawlinson  was  appointed  clerk  to 
the  company,  and  Mr.  Thomas  Proctor  toll-collector.  The  More- 
cambe  branch  of  the  North-Western  system  was  opened  about  the 
12th  of  June,  1848.  Three  hundred  workpeople  were  entertained 
to  a  dinner  on  the  premises  at  the  Green  Area.  The  line  from 
Skipton  to  Ingleton  was  opened  in  July,  1849.  The  Wennington 
branch  was  first  opened  in  the  following  October,  when  the  Mayor 
of  Lancaster  entertained  a  party  of  eighty  at  the  Town  Hall,  which 
was  lit  with  gas  for  the  first  time  on  this  occasion.  The  extension 
from  Wennington  to  Bentham  dates  from  May,  1850.  In  the 
August  of  the  previous  year  the  Lancaster  and  Preston  line  passed 
into  the  hands  of  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  Company. 

A  terrible  accident  occurred  in  August,  1848,  at  Ray  Horse 
station,  owing  to  the  north  express  running  into  one  of  the 
Lancaster  and  Preston  Company's  trains  which  was  standing  at 
the  station.  Several  persons,  says  the  Gazette,  principally  butchers 
going  from  Preston  to  Hornby,  were  injured,  and  a  woman  named 
Ann  Airey,  wife  of  a  labourer  named  James  Airey,  of  Poulton-le- 
Sands,  so  dreadfully  that  she  died  about  half-an-hour  after  the 
accident.  A  Mr.  Beckett,  tea  dealer,  of  Lancaster,  had  a  very 
miraculous  escape.  He  fell  through  the  bottom  of  a  carriage,  and 
although  the  train  passed  over  him  he  escaped  without  a  scratch. 

It    may    interest    a   few   readers    to    know    that    the   trials  of 
locomotive  engines  on   the    Liverpool   and    Manchester   Railway  for 


i2o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


the  premium  of  ^S°°  commenced  in  October,  1829.  There  were 
five  entries,  viz.:  -Messrs.  Braithwaite  and  Erickson's  "Novelty," 
weighing  2  tons  15  cwts.  ;  Mr.  Ackworth's  "Sans  Pareil,"  weigh- 
ing 4  tons  8  cwts.  2  quarters;  Mr.  Robert  Stephenson's  "Rocket," 
weighing  4  tons  3  cwts.;  Mr.  Brandreth's  "Cyclops,"  weighing 
3  tons,  worked  by  a  horse;  and  Mr.  Burstall's  "Perseverance," 
weighing  2  tons  17  cwts.  The  premium  was  awarded  to  Robert 
Stephenson.  Mr.  R.  Stephenson's  engine,  the  "  Planet,"  travelled 
between  Liverpool  and  Manchester  in  one  hour  on  the  22nd  of 
November,  1830.  The  number  of  the  railway  passengers  who 
traversed  the  Manchester  and  Liverpool  line  during  the  first  three 
months  of  the  year  1837  was  greater  by  10,000  than  in  the 
corresponding  period  of  the  previous  year. 

1  am  indebted  to  Mr.  William  King  for  the  following 
information  concerning  the  terminus  of  the  Lancaster  and  Preston 
Junction  Railway  in  Lancaster.  "  The  house  looking  towards  the 
town  now  occupied  by  Mrs.  Welch  was  the  first  booking  office, 
and  the  space  in  front  of  it  was  then  open  to  the  roads  on  each 
side,  and  the  mail  coaches,  carriages,  &c,  going  south  drove  up 
to  the  front  to  discharge  passengers,  mail  bags,  &c.  Subsequentlv 
new  booking  offices  and  waiting  rooms  were  erected  in  what  is 
now  called  South  Road.  The  old  booking  office  was  converted 
into  a  dining  room  for  passengers.  The  booking  offices  and 
waiting  rooms  which  superseded  the  original  booking  office  on  the 
site  of  the  house  occupied  by  Mrs.  Welch,  were  converted  into 
dwelling-houses.  Passeng'ers  going  north  came  out  of  the  station 
shed  by  side  doors  into  Ashton  Road,  mail  coaches  and  carriages 
being  in  waiting  for  them  in  the  open  road.  The  house  now 
occupied  by  Mrs.  Roper  in  South  Road  was  formerly  the  place  for 
repairing  the  passenger  carriages.  The  wooden  goods  shed  and 
offices  were  a  little  higher  up  than  Mrs.  Roper's  dwelling.  The 
old  engine  shed  is  still  standing." 

The  Midland  Railway  Company's  appearance  in  Lancaster 
dates    from    October  31st,    1849.      Their  station  is  the    Green  Area 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  .27 


Station,  and  from  it  passengers  may  book  to  Leeds  or  Carlisle  and 
Scotland.  The  Hornby  line  has  during  1888-9  been  doubled.  The 
scenery  through  which  the  route  passes  between  Lancaster  and 
Skipton  is  extremely  attractive  ;  and  the  rich  valleys  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Halton,  Caton,  Claughton,  Hornby  and  Wennington 
are  sure  to  evoke  admiration.  LIntil  lately  the  most  direct  line  to 
Morecambe  was  that  of  the  Midland,  but  now  the  London  and 
North-Western  have  completed  a  branch  which  will  enable 
passengers  from  north  or  south  to  go  to  that  seaport  without 
changing  at  the  Hest  Bank  Station.  This  latter  company  has  a 
beautiful,  indeed  model,  station  recently  completed  at  Morecambe. 
Returning  for  a  moment  to  the  question  of  commerce  in  Lancaster, 
and  especially  the  shipping  element,  I  cannot  help  believing  that  if 
the  people  of  Lancaster  had  gone  in  for  modern  dock  making  20 
years  ago  they  would  have  reaped  untold  advantage,  since  the 
Lune  offers  facilities  the  Ribble  at  Preston  never  possessed  and 
never  will  possess.  It  has  been  pointed  out  incidentally,  at  an 
earlier  stage,  that  the  boroug-h  of  Lancaster  did  not  anciently 
occupy  the  site  of  the  present  labyrinth  of  streets  and  houses. 


128 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

Lancaster  Thoroughfares  Origins  ov  Names  <>i  Several— Ancient 
Structures— The  Consecrated  Well  -Lambert  Simnel  -Lancaster 
and  the  Knights  Hospitali  ers     Wars  of  the   Roses. 


AINES  remarks  that  "Many  of  the  streets 
and  places  in  Lancaster  discover  their 
antiquity  in  their  present  appellations.  At 
the  time  of  the  Domesday  Survey  Lancaster 
consisted  of  two  hamlets  or  villages  :  l.oii- 
castre,  which  seems  to  have  been  the  site  of 
^  the  lower  part  of  the  present  town  ;  and 
Ckercalovcastre,  the  upper  part,  comprising 
the  castle  and  church  of  St.  Mary.  This 
distinction  appears  to  have  existed  some 
time  afterwards.  By  a  deed  without  date  a 
plot  of  land  given  to  the  priory  is  described  as  situated  in  the 
territorv  of  Old  Lancaster,  lying  on  the  north  part  of  the  fort, 
spring,  or  well  of  Old  Lancaster,  following  the  brook  of  the  same 
spring  towards  the  north  of  the  common  pasture  of  Lancaster,  and 
ascending  towards  Swartemore  until  two  acres  be  completed. 
Register  S.  Murine,  MS  fol.  45.  These  boundaries  seem  to  he 
those  of  the  land  now  called  Green  Area,  which  is  in  fact  north  of 
the  Stone  Well.  By  a  deed  dated  1215,  some  burgages  with  three 
acres  of  land  are  given  to  the  priory  in  Hefeld,  in  Lancaster,  which, 
perhaps,  may  be  the  High  Field.  By  another  deed,  which  is 
without  date,  Adam  FitzHarold  gives  to  Roger  the  Chaplain,  son 
of  Cassand  of  Lancaster,  an  acre  and  a  half  of  land  in  the  territory 
of  Lancaster,  lying  in  the  cultura  (probably  enclosure)  called  the 
Milnefeld,  between  Gerard  the  Chaplain's  land  and  the  royal  high- 
way leading  to  Gargotra. — Register,  S.  Marine,  fol.  47.  The 
milne  stood  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  at  no  great  distance  from  the 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  129 


bank.  Gargotra  is  probably  the  Garth  Gutter,  the  Wear  Stream, 
and  the  highway  may  be  Damside  Street.  By  a  .singular  deed, 
William,  son  of  Roger  de  Crofter,  gives  to  the  priory  a  portion  of 
his  land  in  the  territory  of  the  town  of  Lancaster,  from  one 
extremity  of  which  runs  the  road  leading  to  Penny-Ston,  while  the 
other  extremity  lies  towards  the   Depecar,  which  was  probably  the 

present  Usher's  Meadow William    Fitz   Roger  de 

Lancaster  gives  to  the  priory,  by  a  deed  also  without  date,  a 
portion  of  his  land  in  the  territory  of  Lancaster,  lying  upon  Kare- 
furlong,  and  one  acre  of  land  lying  between  Mabbeswalesicke  and 
the  land  of  John  Abbot,  which  abuts  on  the  Castle  Marsh.  The 
Deepcar  and  Karfurlong  being  in  the  territory  of  Lancaster,  it 
would  seem  to  have  been  absorbed  in  some  of  the  streets  erected 
there.  The  term,  Mabbe's  Wall  Sike,  points  clearly  to  the  Werry 
Wall,  which  at  this  part  had  a  ditch,  and  by  its  proximity  to  the 
Castle  Marsh,  of  which  traces  are  preserved  in  the  name  of  Marsh 
Lane,  must  have  been  near  the  Castle  Hill,  where  the  sike  partly 
existed  a  few  vears  ago,  and  where  it  seems  the  ancient  wall  of 
the  town  bore  a  different  name  from  that  in  the  vicarage  fields. 
By  another  undated  deed,  Robert  Fitz  Ine  gives  to  the  priory  a 
burgage  in  the  street  called  St.  Leonard's  rendering  one  penny  to 
the  chief  lord.  In  the  28th  Edward  1,  Simon  de  Lancaster, 
chaplain,  gives  a  burgage  (a  tenure  proper  to  cities  and  borough 
towns  wherebv  lands  are  held  of  the  king  or  some  lord  at  a  certain 
yearly    rent)    with   a   garden    in   St.    Mary's   Street.      The   latter  is 

probably  the  modern  Church  Street A  house  standing 

before  the  castle  '  Domum  ante  Castrum,  is  mentioned  in  a  royal 
writ  to  John  Travers,  keeper  of  the  castle,  directing  him  to  seize 
the  rent,  two  shillings  and  other  moneys,  of  Thomas,  Earl  of 
Lancaster,  and  other  rebels  in  the  15th  Edward  II.,  1322. — Register 
S.  Marine,  fol.   jy." 

In  the  old  name  of  Cassand  I  observe  the  origin  of  the  well- 
known  Lancaster  name  of  Casson  still  met  with. 

The  marsh   rangfer  is  said  to  have  lived  on  Castle  Hill,  on 


K 


i3o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 

the  site  of  Mr.  Swainson's  garden,  where  an   old  lintel   was  to   he 
seen  on  which  was  the  date  1687. 

By  the  kind  permission  of  Mr.  Stork,  collector  of  rates  for 
the  Lancaster  Union  I  have  been  able  to  ascertain  a  few  particulars 
concerning'  our  grandsires  or  great  grandsires  of  eighty-six  years 
ago.  I  learn  that  including  the  Quay  and  Golgotha  there  were  about 
thirty-eight  streets,  lanes,  roads  and  thoroughfares  in  Lancaster  and 
suburbs.  In  the  rate  book  for  1804-5,  tne  same  are  classified  thus  : 
"Church  Street,  Little  John  Street,  Chapel  Row,  Rosemary  Lane, 
Anchor  Street,  Market  Street,  Fenton  Street,  Castle  Hill,  China 
Lane,  Sun  Street,  New  Street,  Pudding  Lane,  Nicholas  Street 
Penny  Street,  Back  Lane,  Queen  Square,  Queen  Street,  White  Cross 
Street,  Henry  Street,  Spring  Garden  Street,  Common  Garden  Street, 
James  Street,  Great  John  Street,  Fryerage,  Brock  Street,  Moor  Lane, 
Golgotha,  St.  Leonardgate,  Damside,  Union  Square,  Wood  Street, 
Dyehouse  Lane,  Chapel  Street,  Cable  Street,  Bridge  Lane,  Lune 
Street,  and  the  Quay."  Many  people  do  not  know — do  not  want  to 
know  the  origin  of  some  of  our  street  names,  but  1  will  give  the  origin 
of  a  few.  The  list  will  include  Rosemary  Lane.  Anchor  Street, 
Pudding  Lane,  St.  Nicholas  Street,  White  Cross  Street,  Common 
Garden  Street,  Brock  Street,  Dyehouse  Lane,  King  Street,  Penny 
Street,  Golgotha,  and  Scotforth.  First  let  me  remark  that  every 
town  has  its  Market  Street.  Well,  what  is  the  derivation  of  market  ? 
It  is  an  Anglican  representation  of  the  Saxon  mearc,  Teutonic  markt 
German  mark.  Markt  denotes  the  same  as  market,  et  signifying 
literallv  head  as  in  place-names  generally.  Rosemary  Lane  may 
date  from  the  growth  oi  the  herb  Rosemary  in  its  vicinity  ;  and  the 
virtues  of  this  aromatic  herb  may  have  been  known  to  the  inmates 
o\  the  hospital  of  St.  Leonard.  This  Lane  was  once  called  Stinking 
Lane.  Anchor  really  means  an  angle,  or  that  which  has  an  angle. 
But  Anchor  Lane  probably  took  its  name  from  the  Blue  Anchor  Inn. 
Pudding  Lane,  alias  Butchers'  Row  puts  me  in  mind  of  Pudding 
Chare  in  the  City  of  Newcastle-on- Tyne.  In  that  city  the  name 
Pudding  or  Puddynge  Chare,  can  be  traced  back  as  far  as  1463.  1 
do  not   for  a  moment  think  that  our  quondam  Pudding  Lane,  has 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  131 


anything  to  do  with  the  French  Poiuhn,  a  surname,  nor  yet  with  the 
edible   made  of  flour,  milk,  and  eggs.      In  the  time  of  Henry  III.  a 
lady  lived  whose  name  was  certainly  Pudding  —Matilda  Puddinge, 
and  a   Walter    Pudding  appears  later  on.      As  a  street   it  is  a  term 
equal  to  yenetto,  a  narrow  path.    But  our  old  Pudding  Lane  received  its 
name  owing  to  the  garbage  continually  lying  in  it.    In  the  old  name 
of  Calkeld  we  have  Celtic  Cat  for  crooked,  and  Norse  Keld for  water, 
place  of  crooked  water.     Cat  also  signifies  cold.      Common  Garden 
Street  perpetuates  the  common  gardens  of  the  town,  often  let  to  the 
burgesses   as   are    modern    allotments   to-day.      Brock  Street,  after 
the    Brockholes   family   who   had  a   house  there.      Brock   in   Brock- 
well,  a  surname,  signifies  strong.      A  dictionary  of  surnames  tells  us 
that   it  is  a  Celtic  term.      But  Monsignor  Gradwell  and  others  give 
us  brock,    Saxon  Brae,   for  badger.      As  for   Dyehouse   Lane,  I  can 
only  remark   that  it  seems  to  have  been  so  called  owing  to  its  close 
proximity  to  Mr.  David  Wane's  Dyehouse.      Only  the  title  deeds  of 
this  dyehouse  or  an  old  predecessor  could  set  this  matter  at  rest,  if 
such   deed  or  person  exist.      The  lane  certainly  appears  ancient  but 
I  do  not  think  it  is  really  so.      As  for  King  Street,  most  towns  boast 
a  thoroughfare  of  this  appellation  and  King  Street  comes  unquestion- 
ablv  from    King's  Strata  the    King's   high  road.      Nip  Hill  probably 
received  its  odd  appellation  owing  to  the  "  near  cut  "  the  path  afforded 
to  persons  going  from   Church   Street  towards  the  Castle.      It  has 
been  said  that  Nip  Hill  originated  from  the  fact  of  Mr.  Joseph  Bryer 
purchasing  it  from  Mr.  Smith  and  adding  to  it  by  "  nips  "  from  the 
adjoining  waste  land. 

A  word  or  two  concerning  the  origin  of  Penny  Street,  at  the 
south  end  of  which  the  White  Cross  once  stood.  Many  people 
think  that  this  thoroughfare  is  named  Penny  Street  in  honour 
of  Alderman  Penny  and  his  charitable  bequest  to  the  town.  It  is 
nothing  of  the  kind.  There  was  a  street  bearing  this  name  long 
before  William  Penny's  time.  Speed  mentions  it  in  his  map.  temp. 
Elizabeth  ;  and  it  is  just  possible  that  there  was  a  penny-stone  in 
the  neighbourhood,  such  as  existed  near  Blackpool,  and,  like  a 
sort  of  obelisk,  marked  the  spot  where  in  former  days    "a  tankard 


132  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


of  strong  beer  sold  for  one  penny."  I  associate  the  term  penny 
stone  with  the  Anglo-Saxon  pening,  or  Icelandic  peningr  cattle,  and 
consider  that  a  penny-stone  was  the  rendezvous  where  cattle 
dealers  met  and  paid  for  their  cattle. 

The  property  in  Dalton  Square  belonged  to  the  Dalton 
family  of  Thurnham.  In  1784  an  Act  was  obtained  "  to  explain 
and  amend  a  power  vested  in  John  Dalton,  Esq.,  to  grant  leases  so 
far  as  concern  certain  lands  and  hereditaments  within  the  town 
and  precincts  of  Lancaster,  called  the  Eryerage,  and  for  other 
purposes  mentioned."  The  Eryerage  land  was  stated  to  be 
15a.  2r.  jp.  statute  measure.  Mr.  Dalton  purchased  an  old  house 
and  garden  fronting  Penny  Street,  from  the  representatives  of 
James  Brockholes,  Esq.,  and  this  was  removed  in  order  to  make 
an  opening  from  Penny  Street  into  the  Fryerage.  Brock  Street 
derives  its  name  from  this  circumstance.  He  also  purchased  the 
estate  and  interest  of  Mary  Bryer,  of  Preston,  in  the  Eryerage,  for 
an  annual  payment  of  ^77  per  year,  and  also  a  small  house  front- 
ing Moor  Lane,  belonging  to  the  same  Mary  Bryer,  this  transaction 
being  perpetuated  in  Bryer  Street.  Mary  Bryer,  it  appears,  was  a 
descendant  of  Joshua  Bryer,  of  Lancaster,  merchant,  living  in  1753, 
and  who  was  twice  Mayor  of  Lancaster.  William,  another  member 
of  the  same  house,  was  likewise  mayor  of  the  borough  on  two 
different  occasions.  He  married  Elizabeth  Johnson,  of  Caton, 
second  daughter  and  co-heiress  of  Michael  Johnson,  of  Twyzell 
Hall,  County  Durham.  Joshua  Bryer  died  in  1764,  his  widow 
Rebecca  surviving  him  some  time.  His  eldest  son  John  was  a 
mercer. 

Mr.  Dalton  seems  to  have  remembered  his  own  family  in 
naming  the  streets.  John  Street  and  Dalton  Square  are  after 
himself;  Mary  Street  and  Gage  Street  after  his  wife,  one  of  the 
daughters  of  Sir  Thomas  Gage  ;  Lucy  Street,  Bridget  Street,  and 
Charlotte  Street  after  his  daughters;  Robert  Street  after  his  father; 
Sulyard  Street  after  his  brother-in-law  ;  while  Thurnham  Street 
and  Bulk  Street  represent  the  two  estates  of  the  family. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  133 


The  word  Sulyard  means  furrowed,  grooved,  or  sulcated  yard 
from  sulcus,  a  furrow.  The  term  yard,  would  imply  garden,  Ice- 
landic gardr,  Welsh  gardd,  Norse  garth.  Another  street  called 
Nelson  Street  was  formerly  known  as  Allan  Penny's  Lane.  There 
was  a  Mr.  Allan  Penny,  who  died  in  January,  1795,  and  the  lane  would 
probably  receive  its  name  from  him.  I  have  heard  one  or  two  strange 
stories  as  to  the  origin  of  "  Bashful  alley,"  but  having  no  faith  in 
them  think  it  best  to  believe  what  "  the  oldest  inhabitant"  tells  me 
viz.  :  that  it  was  formerly  a  place  where  sailors  courted  their  girls. 
The  most  likely  derivation  of  Bashful  Alley  is  to  this  effect.  When 
the  Post  Office  used  to  be  near  the  site  of  Mr.  Seward's  shop  in 
Market  Street,  young  females  coming  to  post  letters  from  King 
Street  neighbourhood  were  often  subjected  to  some  unnecesary 
attentions  on  the  part  of  young  men  who  were  in  the  habit  of  con- 
gregating at  the  corner  of  King  Street  and  Market  Street.  They 
therefore  began  to  patronise  the  Alley  in  order  to  escape  their 
banter.  It  has  been  said  that  the  Merchants  who  often  stood  about 
the  "  Blue  Posts "  as  the  Coffee  House  was  called,  used  to  pass 
remarks  about  them.  Ffrances  Passage  took  its  name  from  the 
Ffrances  Family  of  Rawcliffe. 

In  Speed's  map  there  is  no  communication  between  Market 
Street  and  Church  Street  from  China  Lane  (then  Kelne  Lane)  and 
Cheapside  (then  known  as  Butcher's  Street,  Pudding  Lane,  and 
Shambles).  The  first  break  was  made  by  the  formation  of  New- 
Street  in  1748.  We  find  that  prior  to  that  date  there  was  in  Market 
Street  an  ancient  messuage  or  tenement  with  gardens  to  the  same, 
in  the  occupation  of  Mr.  Joshua  Whalley,  grocer,  and  John  Bryer, 
gentleman,  both  of  Lancaster.  Behind  this  to  the  north  was  other 
ground,  called  Tomlinson's  gardens.  The  whole  of  this  property 
belonged  to  Mr.  Lytton,  of  Knebworth,  now  represented  by  Lord 
Lvtton,  and  was  doubtless  obtained  by  marriage  into  the  well- 
known  Lancaster  family  of  the  Heyshams.  This  fact  corroborates 
the  tradition  that  the  ancient  tenement  upon  which  the  present 
Town  Hall  Offices  were  built,  and  which  was  approached  by  a 
courtway  from    New   Street,  was   the   residence  of  the    Heyshams. 


134  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


It  continued  in  the  Whalley  family  until  the  property  was  con- 
demned as  unsafe  some  twenty  years  ago.  Mr.  Thomas  Kendall, 
of  Lancaster,  flaxdresser,  in  1747,  contracted  to  buy  Mr.  Lytton's 
property  for  ,£. 200,  a  new  street  having  been  planned  through  it 
from  Market  Street  to  Church  Street,  to  be  called  Charles  Street. 
Tomlinson's  Garden  did  not  run  through,  but  was  fronted  on  the 
Church  Street  side  by  land  belonging  to  the  Daltons  and  to  Mr. 
William  Batty.  This  must  have  been  secured  to  complete  the 
street.  A  corporation  minute,  dated  30th  June,  1748,  reads  to  this 
effect  :  — "  Agreed  that  the  new  street  betwixt  Market  Street  and 
Church  Street  be  paved  at  the  Corporation  expense,  and  be  called 
for  the  future  Duke  Street  or  New  Street  and  not  Charles  Street.'' 
Probably  the  reason  for  not  calling  the  street  Charles  Street  was 
attributable  to  the  fear  oi'  being  considered  disloyal,  since  the 
second  rebellion  had  only  taken  place  three  years  previous.  In 
1752  it  was  decided  to  give  better  access  to  the  Green  Area,  and  a 
minute  of  the  2nd  October,  1752,  states  that  it  is  "agreed  that 
;£  180  be  given  to  Mr.  Bowes  for  an  old  house  and  garden  for  a 
new  street  betwixt  Church  Street  and  the  road  at  the  foot  oi'  the 
gardens  leading  alongside  the  mill  race."  Notes  from  the  late  Mr. 
T.    Cleminson's  papers. 

North  Road  might  very  easily  have  been  called  Lower  Cheap- 
side,  as  the  choice  lay  between  this  name  and  the  one  the  thorough- 
fare now  bears.  This  new  street  cost  ^.2,368  2s.  4d.,  of  which 
sum  ,£,2,160  had  been  expended  in  purchase  and  removal  of 
premises. 

Chancery  Lane  is  probably  named  after  the  old  Court  of 
Chancery,  which  is  believed  to  have  stood  at  the  lower  end  oi  this 
street.  The  Duke  of  Lancaster  obtained  a  charter  from  the  king 
in  reward  for  his  military  exploits,  empowering  him  to  have  a 
chancery  in  the  county  of  Lancaster,  and  to  issue  out  the  writs 
under  his  own  seal.      The  charter  is  dated  bth  March,   1351. 

But    in    the    earl}-    childhood    of    Lancaster,    what    was    the 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  135 


character  of  the  thoroughfares  then  ?  If  the  stranger  ask  for 
Bridge  Lane  and  China  Lane  lie  will  soon  obtain  an  idea.  In  a 
lecture  delivered  by  Dr.  Harker  on  the  "Consecrated  Well,''  before 
the  Lancaster  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society,  Bridge  Lane  is 
shown  to  have  been  the  most  important  highway  of  ancient  times  in 
the  county  town,  and  was  styled  Brigg  Lane,  on  account  o\~  the  old 
and  picturesque  bridge,  first  erected  near  this  lane  by  King-  Knut  or 
Canute,  as  the  finding  of  a  pot  of  coins  of  that  monarch's  reign  some 
years  ago  abundantly  testified.  In  this  same  narrow  thoroughfare, 
adjacent  to  a  close  of  land,  termed  in  ancient  deeds  "  Blackey 
Garth,"'  is  a  dwelling  situate  at  the  left  hand  side  going  towards  the 
Lune.  There  is  a  beautifully  carved  lintel  over  the  door  of  this 
house  bearing  the  words  "  Keep  thyself  pure,"  a  motto  which  is 
somewhat  misleading  in  that  many  would  imagine  that  it  is  an 
ancient  inscription,  whereas  it  is  perfectly  modern  dating  only  a  few 
years  back.  It  was  erected  on  account  of  the  historic  interest  at- 
taching to  the  hinder  aspect  of  the  house,  as,  we  may  presume,  a 
sort  of  yaiide  to  the  remnants  still  extant  of  Roman  Lancaster.  At 
the  back  of  the  house  "  the  rocky  eastern  face  of  the  lofty  knoll  of 
Lone-castre  is  very  well  seen,  and  likewise  a  portion,  the  only  por- 
tion of  an  ancient  wall  of  the  camp  of  surprising  thickness  and 
density,  to  which  the  curious  name  of  Wery  Wall  is  attached,  a 
wall  made  by  the  Romans.  There  is  also  here  issuing  in  trickling 
streams  and  drops  from  the  lines  of  stratification  and  surface  of  the 
millstone  grit  rock  (which  here  forms  the  basis  of  the  hill  of  drift 
constituting  the  Castle  Hill),  the  little  well  called  by  the  old  inhabi- 
tants of  Lancaster,  'The  Consecrated  Well'."  Dr.  Marker  has 
entered  into  the  nature  of  the  hill.  After  remarking  "that  it  has 
hitherto  been  regarded  as  a  mere  mammelon,  an  undulation  or 
upward  swelling  breast  in  the  plain,  a  hill,  although  no  more  notice- 
able in  character  than  scores  of  other  green  hills  of  drift  that  is  of 
water  worn  boulders,  gravel,  sand,  and  clay  of  the  character  of  the 
neighbouring  rocks  deposited  by  water  "  —he  expresses  his  belief 
that  it  is  something  more  than  this,  "that  it  is  a  rocky  eminence  of 
millstone  grit  bedded  in  layers,  as  in  the  case  of  the  rock  on  Lan 
caster  Moor.      The  face  of  the  rock  as  seen  on  these  premises,  shows 


n6  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


thai  it  has  been  upheaved  from  the  continuous  bed  to  which  it  has 
belonged,  and  now  is  deeply  buried  at  a  lower  level  beneath  it.  The 
rocky  escarpment  rises  finely  west  of  the  old  Bridge  Lane  house,  for 
this  ancient  thoroughfare  has  been  built  at  its  base,  and  hides  it 
from  view  ;  accumulations  of  rubbish  at  the  base  of  the  rock,  and 
this  densely  built  street  of  Saxon  times  so  hiding  it  that  it  has  been 
overlooked.  From  the  surface  of  the  rock  slopes  upward  the  drift- 
deposit,  with  a  rapid  gradient  to  form  the  Castle  Hill.  In  ancient 
times,  the  whole  surroundings  would  be  of  the  highest  importance 
during  warfare.  The  wall,  a  vestige  of  which  is  only  to  be  seen  at 
this  spot,  ran  west  of  the  Castle  and  Church  towards  Bridge  Lane, 
pointing  directly  to  the  river.  The  water  of  the  well  is  hard  and 
clear."  It  appears  that  "  a  well  sunk  through  the  drift  deposit  at  the 
east  of  the  well-tower  of  the  Castle  part  of  the  camp  to  the  deep 
water  supply,  continuous  with  this  part  of  the  well,  was  found  to 
yield  a  water  bright  and  delicious  looking,  but  highly  impure  as 
shown  by  analysis.  The  contamination  was  evidently  due  to  the 
close  proximity  of  the  Church-yard  of  St.  Mary,  which  was  at  that 
time  in  use  ;  it  is  also  adjacent  to  the  Castle  and  on  a  higher  level 
than  the  water  of  the  Castle  wells,  and,  therefore,  the  water  was 
strongly  tainted.  Now  that  the  burial  ground  is  quite  disused,  the 
conditions  are  different,  and  the  water  is  probably  as  sweet  as  in  the 
time  of  the  Romans.  The  dungeon  well  of  the  Castle  reaches  the 
same  deep  water  supply  as  the  consecrated  well.  The  cool  water  of 
the  latter  well  has  a  considerable  reputation,  and  is  reputable  as  an  eye 
water,  and  it  is  possible  that  it  may  on  account  of  its  alkaline  pro- 
perties have  some  slightly  beneficial  eilect  when  applied  to  sore 
eyes."  The  doctor's  paper  was  a  very  able  one,  in  every  way  worthy 
of  one  of  the  most  accomplished  of  the  Lancaster  medical  fraternity. 
I  may  be  pardoned  for  saying  that  to  my  mind  the  best  antiquarian 
students  are  those  well  grounded  in  chemistry,  geology,  and  architec- 
ture. A  knowledge  of  this  trinity  of  sciences  is  indispensable  to 
success.  And  now  as  to  China  Lane,  which  runs  south  from  Bridge 
lane  after  crossing"  Church  Street,  we  learn  that  it  is  a  corruption  of 
Channel  Lane,  the  channel  being  evidently  from  the  Danish  word 
keln,  allied  to  Saxon  keldiox  water,  (there  is  still  a    Kiln,    or   Keln. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  137 


Lane  in  Skerton).  Both  Bridge  Lane  and  China  Lane  are  so  narrow 
that  a  couple  of  two-wheeled-vehicles  of  modern  description  could 
not  possibly  pass  each  other  if  meeting'  in  them.  I  noticed  one 
very  old  house  in  Bridge  Lane  bearing  the  date  1624,  and  on  it  the 
remains  of  the  words  "  Best  London  Porter."  This  house  has 
evidently  been  an  ancient  hostelry,  though  the  words  like  the  drink 
mentioned,  are  of  more  recent  date. 

China  Lane  has  long  been  a  notorious  neighbourhood.  In 
casually  looking  up  the  past  of  this  locality  1  found  that  on  the  12th 
of  April,  1828,  at  the  house  of  one  Robert  Simpson,  Sarah  Parker 
cut  her  throat  and  that  of  her  daughter,  aged  12.  In  the  July  of 
the  same  year  a  man,  named  William  Casson,  hanged  himself  in 
the  Lord  Nelson  public  house.  Some  strange  rows  are  not  un- 
common in  this  shady  lane  even  in  this  year  of  grace,  i8gj.  But, 
listen'China  Lane  has  been  the  scene  of  an  inventive  genius,  for 
in  1818  Charles  Kirby,  of  Ovenhouse  Gates,  in  the  said  lane, 
invented  the  chimney  sweeping  machine. 

Pot-houses,  on  the  Quay,  indicates  a  potter)  or  pot  manu- 
facturing house.  Pitt  Street  is  so  named  from  the  tan  pits  sunk 
in  the  localitv.  There  are  some  tine  old  houses  about  the  Green 
Ayre  and  in  Parliament  Street,  all  the  way  up  to  the  pathway 
known  as  "The  Ladies'  Walk."  It  can  only  be  a  probability  that 
when  Henry  IV.  held  his  court  at  Lancaster,  that  that  court  would 
be  somewhat  of  the  nature  o\'  a  parliament,  as  Parliaments  went  in 
those  times,  hence  the  name  of  Parliament  Street.  But  I  can  find 
no  record  of  such  Parliaments  being  held  here  as  were  held  in  York 
and  elsewhere. 

The  old  city  suffered  immensely  at  the  period  of  the  Scottish 
invasion  ;  it  was  burnt  down  in  13 14,  1322,  and  again  in  1389,  by 
the  same  race  of  invaders.  The  first  time  after  the  defeat  of 
Edward  II.  at  Bannockburn,  and  the  second  time  after  the  battle 
of  Otterburn,  in  which  young  Percy,  surnamed  Hotspur,  was  taken 
prisoner  and  Douglas  slain.      The  War    of  the    Roses    deluged   the 


n8  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


country  with  blood,  but  strange  to  state,  the  actual  ravages  of  war 
did  not  extend  in  any  one  instance  to  Lancaster,  though  the  fictitious 
Yorkist,  Lambert  Simnel,  landed  at  the  Pile  of  Fouldrey  in  the  Bay 
of  Morecambe,  and  on  his  march  from  Furness  passed  through  the 
even  then  "Time-Honoured  Lancaster." 

1  have  been  very  anxious  to  ascertain  how  Germany  Street 
and  Germany  Bridge  obtained  their  foreign  appellation,  but  no  one 
can  enlighten  me.  1  am,  therefore,  led  to  venture  on  a  conjecture  of 
my  own  to  the  effect  that  when  Lambert  Simnel  landed  in  Lancaster 
he  had  with  him  several  Germans,  one  of  whom  was  a  commander, 
named  Martin  Swartz,  from  whom  we  have  the  term  Swartzmoor.  It 
is  just  possible  that  this  German  chief  with  others  of  Simnel's  mongrel 
army  would  bivouac  in  this  neighbourhood. 

Their  passage  through  Lancaster  took  place  in  the  year  1487. 
Lambert  Simnel  was  the  son  of  a  baker,  and  was  marching  on  this 
occasion  to  Coventry.  He  was  simply  the  tool  of  a  priest  anxious 
to  make  himself  popular  at  someone  else's  expense. 

Concerning  the  Horse  Shoe  Corner  there  is  a  tradition  to 
this  effect  : — When  the  Duke  of  Lancaster  entered  the  town  upon 
his  noble  steed  it  is  said  that  his  horse  cast  a  shoe  at  this  place  and 
that  the  people  who  had  welcomed  the  prince  vociferously  seized  it 
and  had  it  fixed  upon  the  spot  where  it  fell  off  the  hoof  as  near  as 
possible.  "In  1834  a  large  assembly  congregated  for  the  purpose 
o(  witnessing  the  renewal  o\'  the  old  shoe  "  says  the  Preston  Pilot  of 
that  vear,  it  being  the  custom  to  renew  it  every  seven  years. 
"  Those  assembled  to  witness  the  ceremony  were  entertained  with 
nut  brown  ale,  had  a  merry  chairing  and  then  retired.  In  the 
evening  they  were  again  entertained  to  supper."  Journal  No.  xxiv 
p.  414  of  the  British  Archaeological  Association  gives  the  same 
origin  as  the  above.  Mr.  Bond  in  his  "Reminiscences"  tells  oi' 
men  taking  their  wives  to  the  Horse  Shoe  Corner  with  a  halter 
round  their  necks,  disposing  of  them  to  the  highest  bidder.  Mr. 
Bond  has  seen  three  women  coming  away  from   such    a    ceremony, 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  139 


but  they  had  no  halters  on  ;    they  were  sold  for  a  shilling  each  ;    he 
heard  of  another  woman  being  sold  for  eight-pence. 

As  Golgotha  denotes  a  place  o\'  skulls,  it  is,  or  was,  quite  an 
appropriate  appellation  since  there  would  be  little  besides  skull  and 
bone  left  of  the  culprit  whose  body,  after  having  been  executed  was 
left  a  prey  to  the  elements  and  the  fowls  of  the  air.  This  neighbour- 
hood was  the  Calvary  of  Lancaster.  Turning  to  Lindow  we  find 
that  there  was  a  Mr.  William  Lindow,  a  merchant  who  lived  in 
Lancaster,  and  who  died  in  May,  1786.  This  district  man}- persons 
believe  perpetuates  his  name  owing  to  his  residence  having  been  in 
the  neighbourhood.  There  is  on  the  south  side  of  the  town  a  suburb 
called  the  Greaves,  and  this  name  takes  the  mind  back  to  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  grof  or  graef,  probably  from  grafan  to  dig.  There  was  very 
likely  a  long  furrow  in  this  locality  which  1  associate  with  the  ancient 
groves  o(  the  Druids.  Farther  on  is  Bowerham  "dwelling  by  the 
enclosure,"  from  the  Cymric  bwr  and  Saxon  ka?n,  a  home. 

Haverbreck  Hill  doubtless  represents  the  old  Norse  haver. 
for  oats,  hence  we  have   the  oat   fields  on   the  breckan,  or  slightly 

elevated  ground. 

Lancaster  has  still  some  memento  of  the  early  religious  sym- 
bols worn  by  the  Knights  Hospitallers  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  and 
of  the  Knights  Templar.  It  may  seem  like  a  piece  of  bathos  to 
mention  the  fact  that  even  public-houses,  anciently  very  different 
in  their  organisation  and  regulation  from  what  is  the  case  to-dav, 
were  so  far  as  the  origin  of  their  titles  are  concerned,  much  more 
appropriately  named  than  we  are  disposed  to  fancy  ;  and  the 
White  Cross  Inn,  in  Penny  Street,  and  the  Red  Cross  Inn,  Skerton 
bespeak  a  desire  to  show  that  Lancaster  was  not  supine  in  regard 
to  the  Crusades.  Again  the  White  Cross  Works,  is  a  name  perhaps 
conferred  in  ignorance  oi'  the  sacred  zeal  which  onci:  posessed  the 
ancient  Christians  of  England,  in  common  with  France  and  Germany. 
The  White  Cross  was  the  sign  oi'  the  Knights  Hospitallers,  and  the 
Red   Cross   that   o(  the  Knights  Templars,  whose  far  famed  banner 


i4o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


bore  the  word  Banseant,  in  consequence  of  the  black  and  white 
stripes  which  distinguished  it,  and  the  beautiful  text  Non  nobis, 
Domine,  non  nobis,  sed  nomini  tuo,  da  gloriani.  (Not  unto  us,  O 
Lord,  not  unto  us,  but  unto  thy  name  be  given  the  glory. )  The 
first  named  order  of  knights  established  themselves  at  St.  John's 
Hospital,  Clerkenwell,  that  of  the  latter  took  up  their  abode  at  the 
Temple.  The  Hospitallers  originated  in  the  eleventh  century,  exact 
date  say  some  authorities,  1048,  their  object  being  to  shelter  each 
hospes  or  guest  on  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem.  The  military  order  was 
founded  about  1099,  and  confirmed  by  the  Pope  in  11 13.  The  order 
of  the  Templars  originated  in  1  1  19,  in  the  reign  of  Baldwin  II.,  King 
of  Jerusalem.  The  White  Cross  history  takes  us  back  to  the  year 
1 188,  when  Henry  II.  reigned  in  England  and  Phillip  II.  in  France. 
The  two  monarchs  swore  to  be  "  brothers  in  arms  for  the  cause  of 
God,"  and  ceased  their  strife  accepting  the  cross  from  the  hands  of 
the  Archbishop  of  Tyre,  in  the  month  of  January,  in  the  year  named, 
near  an  old  elm  tree,  between  Trie  and  Gisors.  Roger  of  Hoveden 
and  the  Script.  Rcr.  Franc,  state  that  many  of  the  great  vassals  of 
each  nation  followed  their  masters'  example,  and  took  the  same 
oaths  to  be  good  soldiers  of  the  cross,  and  to  fight  on  Christ's  behal* 
"  on  land  or  sea,  in  town  or  field."  The  crosses  given  to  the  King 
of  France  and  his  people  were  red  ;  those  given  to  the  King  ot 
England  and  his  people  were  white.  An  order  of  the  White  Cross 
was  established  in  Tuscany  in  181 4.  There  can  be  little  doubt  that 
the  Hospitallers  of  St.  Leonard  would  wear  a  cross,  and  as  they  had 
for  their  founder  the  Earl  of  Morton,  afterwards  King  John,  it  is  just 
likely  that  their  sacred  badge  would  he  red.  The  hospital  had  lands 
both  in  Lancaster  and  Skerton. 

Wars  of  the   Roses. 

In  the  Wars  of  the  Roses,  Lancaster's  Rose  was  red,  that  of 
York  white  ;  and  while  they  raged  the  blood  of  from  80,000  to 
90,000  Englishmen  was  shed,  and  there  fell  in  the  contest  three 
kings,  several  princes  of  the  blood  Royal,  sixty-two  nobles,  one 
hundred  and  thirty-nine  knights,  four  hundred  and  forty-one  squires, 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  141 


and  six  hundred  and  thirty-eight  of  the  flower  of  the  English  gentry. 

And  yet  the  seat  of  the  line  of  Lancaster  escaped  a  shot  or  flourish 
of  the  sword  at  this  period.  The  war,  or  series  of  wars,  was  a 
great  blessing".  It  put  an  end  to  feudalism,  showed  the  people, 
the  masses,  that  they  were  the  real  bone  and  sinew  of  the  country, 
and  not  the  pampered  lords  and  knights,  who  neither  toiled  nor 
spun  ;  so  their  eyes  were  opened,  and  when  the  chiefs  of  the  aris- 
tocracy were  bound  to  espouse  the  cause  of  one  side  or  the  other, 
the  scales  fell  from  their  organs  ot  vision,  they  saw  clearly  their 
chiefs  dependent  upon  them  for  their  very  existence,  and  so  feudal- 
ism received  a  divine  blow  from  which  it  never  recovered  -never 
will — never  ought.  Before  the  vassals  could  be  allowed  to  fight  it 
was  necessary  to  emancipate  them,  a  circumstance  that  would  never 
have  taken  place  perhaps  for  ages  had  not    this   war   occurred. 

"In  those  times,"  writes  a  literary  friend,  "  gentlemen  who 
wavered  in  their  opinions  used  to  have  the  white  rose  emblazoned 
over  one  entrance  to  their  houses  and  the  red  rose  on  the  other, 
and  to  introduce  the  visitors  which  ever  side  they  happened  to 
represent  at  the  gateway  accordingly."  Other  historians,  however, 
write  to  the  effect  that  there  was  no  neutrality  permitted.  Nobles 
and  gentlemen  were  obliged  to  take  up  arms  on  behalf  of  one  side 
or  the  other.  Still,  the  subterfuge  might  be  resorted  to  in  some 
instances. 

The  Civil  Wars. 

From  "Tracts  relating  to  Military  Proceedings  in  Lancashire  during  the 
Civil  War,  edited  and  illustrated  by  George  Ormerod,  D.  C.  L. ,  F.  R.  S. ,  F.  S.  A. ,  F.  G.  S. , 
printed  for  the  Chetham  Society,  MDCCCXLIV.**'  and  from  other  sources,  the  following 
particulars  relative  to  the  Royalists  and  Parliamentarians  in  Lancaster  are  taken  :— 

In  1636,  King  Charles  I.  sent  his  writs  to  many  boroughs  for  Ship  Money 
in  order  to  fit  out  the  Royal  Navy,  and  the  County  of  Lancaster  was  to  build  and 
equip  one  ship  of  400  tons,  and  to  man  it  with  160  men.  The  estimated  expense  was 
about  ;£i,ooo,  and  the  proportion  which  Lancaster  was  to  contribute  was  £30  ; 
Liverpool  being  only  required  to  pay  ^25  and  Preston  ^25. 


1 42  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


From  the  town  of  Lancaster  a  petition  was  presented  expressing  the  "heart 
breaking  sense  and  sorrow,''  of  the  petitioners  "  f<>r  the  unhappy  rents  and  distrac- 
tions in  his  Majesty's  dominions,  especially  in  the  time  of  the  session  of  so  grave  and 
godly  an  assembly  most  graciously  convened  by  his  Majesty  ;  they  therefore  supplicate 
and  beseech  his  Majesty  to  return  to  his  great  council,  in  whom  this  nation  has  con- 
tided,  that  thereby  his  throne  may  be  established  in  righteousness."  To  this  the 
king  replied  that  he  "  had  not  gone  but  had  been  driven  from  his  parliament  ;  and 
his  Majesty  recommended  as  the  best  way  to  put  an  end  to  the  rents  and  divisions 
which  subsisted,  that  they,  the  petitioners,  should  petition  parliament  to  comply  with 
his  Majesty's  desires  and  gemrous  offers,  which  was  the  only  way  safely  and  speedily 
to  cure  the  present  distractions  of  the  kingdom." 

In  the  1642.  as  we  have  already  seen,  the  Marl  of  Derby  distinguished  himselt 
in  the  cause  of  his  Sovereign.  The  partisans  ol  the  Parliament  had  occupied 
most  nf  tin-  towns  in  Lancashire  with  garrisons  and  erected  fortifications  for  their 
defence.  Lord  Derby,  who  had  collected  a  body  of  troops  at  Lathom  House,  was 
joined  by  Lord  Molyneux  with  his  regiment,  and  on  the  13th  March  in  the  year  above- 
named,  the\  marched  to  Lancaster  to  besiege  it.  The  royal  army  after  marching  all 
night  appeared  before  the  town  early  on  the  morning  of  the  18th  when  their  com- 
mander, the  Earl  of  Derby,  called  upon  the  garrison  to  surrender.  This  was  refused 
by  the  commanding  officer  so  the  works  thrown  up  by  the  parliamentary  forces  were 
immediately  attacked,  but  in  the  first  instance  the  troops  of  the  king  were  repulsed 
and  Lord  Derby  then  bravely  led  the  storming  party  to  a  second  assault,  armed  with 
a  pike.  "  Follow  me,"  he  cried,  and  a  number  of  gentlemen  chivalrously  obeyed 
the  injunction  and  entered  the  town  followed  by  soldiers,  and  very  ^0011  Lancaster 
was  captured  with  a  loss  of  twenty  men.  The  Earl  of  Derby  then  ordered  the  fortifi- 
cations to  be  destroyed.  On  the  night  of  the  20th  March  the  victorious  royalists 
marched  to  Preston  and  next  clay  attacked  the  town  which  was  carried  by  storm  with 
a  los^  to  the  garrison  of  600  killed  and  wounded  besides  a  large  number  of  prisoners. 
The  royal  army  likewise  suffered  severe  losses. 

On  the  south-west  side  of  Lancaster,  in  a  held  adjoining  the  road  from 
Lancaster  to  Aldcliffe,  is  an  artificial  hill  ol  a  circular  form  which  bears  some 
resemblance  to  a  tumulus  or  barrow,  but  which  tradition  attributes  to  Cromwell,  for 
this  hill  it  was  said  was  thrown  up  by  him,  and  on  tile  brow  of  it  he  planted  cannon 
against  the  castle,  which  is  about  half  a  mile  off.  The  circumference  of  the  base  is 
about  150  yards,  and  the  height  nearly  5  yards.  The  name  of  the  field  is  Hill 
Meadow.      It  was  land  subsequently  included  in  Penny's  charity. 

What  mean  these  stones?  The  question  has  been  asked  respecting  the 
round  boulder  stones  on  the  top  of  the  towers  of  the  gateway  of  the  castle.  Well, 
they  are  the  remains  of  the  missiles  taken  up  there  for  the  purpose  of  hurling  them  at 
the  enemy  in  the  year  1642. 


TIMK-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


'43 


The  Royalists  numbered  600  men,  whereof  300  wen-  musketeers.  "The} 
summoned  the  to wne "  says  an  old  writer,  "being  well  fortified  and  manned  with 
600  musketeer-,  under  the  command  of  Lieut. -Colonel  Holcroft,  Sergeant- Major 
Sparrow  and  Serjeant-Major  Ileywood;  which  being  refused,  after  two  hours  hoi 
service,  they  forced  the  mote  and  drave  the  rebels  into  the  castle.  Captain  Shuttle- 
worth  (a  member  of  the  House  of  Commons).  Captain  \Y.  Rigby,  and  many  of  the 
townesmen  were  killed  at  the  Castle  gate,  the  Major  and  divers  of  the  townesmen, 
such  as  were  most  seditious  being  taken  prisoners.  On  this  occasion  Mr.  Blundell, 
of  Crosby,  had  his  thigh  shattered  by  a  musket  ball.'" 

In  1643  Major  Birch  with  a  detachment  of  the  parliamentary  army  under  ihr 
command  of  Sir  |ohn  Seaton,  then  lying  at  Preston,  took  Lancaster  by  a  coup  tie 
main. 


Tin'.  Sack  of  Lancaster,  a.d.    1645. 

In  the  Royalist  Composition  Papers  is  the  following  entry  concerning'  Lan- 
caster : — June  7th,  ordered  by  the  House  of  Commons,  that  when  this  unnatural  war 
is  ended,  the  Town  of  Lancaster  shall  receive  ,£8,000  from  the  estates  of  Pa| lists  and 
delinquents  of  the  County  who  were  at  the  burning  of  the  town,  to  lie  equally  divided 
amongst  the  inhabitants,  being  no  delinquents.  Among  those  present  at  the  burning 
were  : — 


James,  Earl  of  Derby. 

Richard,  Lord  Molineux. 

Sir  John  Cansfield. 

Sir  John  Girlington. 

Sir  Ceo.  Middleton. 

Rich.  Kirby. 

Thos.  Kitsson. 

Thos.  Carus. 

John  Bradshaw. 

John  Calvert. 

Thos.  Dalton. 

Sir  Gilbert  Houghton. 

Sir  Thomas  Tildesley. 

John  Westby. 


Mr.  Hesketh,  of  Mains. 

Thos.  Singleton. 

Rich.  Corral, 

Rob.  White. 

Mr.  Butler,  of  Kirkland. 

Edw.  Chisnall. 

Mr.  Standish,  of  Standish. 

Mr.  Anderton,  of  Euxton. 

Wm.  Houghton,  of  Parkhall. 

Rich.  Latham,  of  Parbold. 

Two  sons  of  Mr.  Anderton,  oi  Clayton. 

Sir  Wm.  Gerrard. 

Mr.   Blundell,  of  Crosby. 


In  a  letter  sent  from  "a  gentleman  resident  in  Yorke  to  his  friend  living  in 
Lumbard  Street,"  and  dated  June,  1642,  is  this  "  lamentable  and  sad  news  from  the 
north,  viz.    Yorke,  Lancaster,  Darby  and  Newcastle.''' 

"Sir, — According  to  my  engagements  when  I    was   at    London,  I  can  do  no 

lesse    than    advertise    )OU   of   our  newest    newes  at    Yorke The  whole 

county  of  Yorke  is  frustrate  of  that  happiness  and  fruition  which  we  might  by  the 
providence  of  God,  enjoy.  But  now  to  the  terror  and  amazement  .>t  all  true-hearted 
protestants,  other  neighbouring  counties  are  like  (without  the  aboundant  mercy  of 
God)   to   be   sharers  of  this  doleful    tragedy   now  acting  in  the  north,  tor   they   have 


i44  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


already  begun  their  desperate  intentions  in  Lancaster,  as  may  appeare  by  the  Lord 
Strange,  his  carriadge  there,  where,  with  a  company  of  about  seven  hundred  men, 
hath  by  virtue  of  the  Commission  of  Arms,  disposed  of  some  part  of  the  magazine 
there,  and  hath  opposed  the  Deputy-Lieutenant,  appointed  by  the  Ordinance  for  the 
militia,  for  putting  the  same  in  execution,  and  likewise  it  plainly  appears  by  his 
Majesty's  letter  to  Sir  John  Girlington,  the  High  Sheriffe  of  that  county,  to  sum  up 
all  protestant  subjects  with  all  speed  at  Preston,  to  heare  his  Majestie's  two  declara- 
tions,and  the  Lancashire  petition  to  the  king  and  his  Majestie's  answer  thereunto.  Some 
of  the  Committee  for  Lancaster  desired  the  forbearance  of  them  to  be  received,  but 
hee,  in  contempt  of  their  order  from  the  Parliament,  departed  with  some  of  his  friends 
and  cryed  out,  "  All  that  are  for  the  king,  go  with  us,  crying  out,  '  for  the  king  ;  for 
the  king,'  and  so  about  four  hundred  persons,  whereof  the  most  part  of  them  were 
popish  Romanists,  went  with  him,  and  ridde  up  and  down  the  moore  and  cryed  '  for 
the  king  ;  for  the  king,' but  far  more  in  number,  stayed  with  the  Committee,  and 
prayed  for  the  uniting  of  the  King  and  Parliament,  with  a  general  acclamation  ;  so 
that  'tis  thought,  since  the  Committee's  going  there,  it  hath  wonderfully  wrought  upon 
the  hearts  of  the  people  :  but  upon  contempt  of  the  Committee,  Sir  John  (Arlington, 
Sir  George  Middleton,  and  Sir  Edward  Filton,  are  sent  for  to  the  house  as  delin- 
quents    ....      Your  assured,  loving  friend, 

Will.  Jenkinson." 

"  From  Preston  there  was  sent  Serjeant-Major  Birch  to  Lancaster,  to  view 
whether  the  tow  ties  were  fortified  strongly  against  him  or  no,  who  finding  no  great 
opposition,  with  his  owne  company  entered  the  towne,  and  after  the  towne  joined 
with  him,  and  they  went  against  the  castle,  wherein  was  Master  Kirby,  one  of  the 
knights  of  the  shire,  and  Sir  John  Girlington,  with  some  other  forces,  who  perceiving 
that  they  were  not  able  to  resist,  stole  away  out  of  the  castle,  and  so  Captain  Birch 
took  possession  of  it. 

The  Earl  of  Darby  marched  out  of  Wigan  with  600  foot  and  400  horse, 
and  quartered  on  Tuesday  night  at  Kirkham,  where  the  countrie  people,  to  the 
number  of  3,000,  being  wearied  with  the  insolence  and  tyrannie  of  the  rebells,  canit 
with  great  cheerfulnesse  unto  him  :  that  upon  that  da}'  he  came  within  foure  miles 
of  Lancaster,  intending  to  take  from  the  rebells  those  piece-,  of  ordnance  which  they 
before  had  seized  on  from  a  Spantsh  ship,  and  the  next  day  was  met  by  Sir  John 
Girlington  and  Colonel  Tildesley  with  600  men,  whereof  300  were  musketeers,  and 
so  went  to  Lancaster. 

A  copie  of  a  letter  from  a  gentleman  of  great  worth,  in  Lancashire. 
to  his  friend  in  London,  who  the  Stationer  can  name:--"  I  have  not  time  to 
write  any  large  discourse,  the  news  is  not  so  good,  but  you  may  have  enough 
of  it  ;    yet    rather    than    let    you     be    abused     with     falacies,    I    will    give    you    the 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  ,45 


Milium-  n|  .-ill  briefly.  After  taking  the  ordnance  from  the  Spanish  ship,  wc 
carried  them  all  safe  t"  the  castle  at  Lancaster,  within  a  few  days  after,  the 
Earl  of  Darby  advanced  towards  us.  all  the  papists  rising  wholly  with  him. 
Our  Major  having  notice  of  i(  sen)  to  Boulton  ami  Manchester  for  relief  for  us.  Mi. 
Ashton  took  the  charge,  and  advanced  as  far  as  Garston,  and  hearing  that  tin-  eneim 
fled  upon  his  coming,  he  returned  to  Preston.  Whereupon  the  Earl  re-advanced 
towards  us,  and  after  some  two  houres  hard  fight,  with  the  great  slaughter  of  our  en 
emie  (for  we  could  at  several  times  sec  two  or  three  of  their  colours  fall  at  once,  and 
bodyes  lie  on  heaps),  the)'  dispersed  themselves  among  the  hedges  and  at  the  backe 
of  the  houses,  and  set  the  towne  on  lire.  This  enforced  our  men  to  retire  to  the  Castle ; 
whereupon  the  enemie  entered  the  towne  ami  killed  men,  women  and  children,  with 
all  barbarous  crueltie,  dragging  poor  people  from  their  houses  and  cutting  their  throats 
with  butchers'  knives;  they  set  hie  round  the  towne  and  departed.  We  had  no  vituals 
in  the  castle,  and  the  welle  there  was  presently  drunk  drie,  but  we  issued  out  again 
into  the  burned  towne  took  diverse  of  the  enemie  there  remaining  prisoners,  and  out 
of  the  store  yet  unhurried  we  victualled  ourselves  for  a  good  time.  Thus  we  lay  two 
or  three  homes,  the  enemy  encompassing  us  on  all  sides,  but  (we  were  without  anie 
feare  of  danger)  at  last  the  Major  (leneral  and  Master  Ashton  came  to  relieve  us  : 
they  drewe  all  the  strength  of  Preston  and  adjacent  parts  with  them.  The  Earle, 
lying  at  EUwell,  they  drew  to  Cockerham,  and  passed  by  him  to  us.  The  Earle, 
who  was  no  way  able  to  have  fought  with  them,  took  this  opportunity  of  the  towne  of 
Preston's  weaknesse.  and  fell  back  upon  it,  and  took  it  that  night.  Master  Hopwood 
and  Peter  Shaw  were  those  taken,  and  yet  escaped  again.  I  know  not  the  loss  that 
they  there  received  :  I  am  sure  it  was  overmuch.  At  my  going  past  I  left  my  ar- 
moure,  clothes,  and  a  hundred  muskets  there;  these  are  lost,  I  have  nothing  left. 
Upon  notice,  the  Earle  was  marched  towards  Preston  ;  Sergeant  Major  Spanow  and 
Master  Ashton  followed  him  ;  he  had  the  town  before  we  came,  and,  as  we  are 
certainelie  informed,  all  this  crueltie  arises  from  the  Earl  of  Darby,  who  hath  taken 
all  the  great  papists  into  his  counsell,  who  before  were  not  admitted,  who  nave  put 
him  upon  this  cruel  massacre,  and  all  rise  with  him  as  one  man  ;  and  if  it  be  in  their 
power,  will  not  leave  a  true  protestant  in  these  partes.  [f  God  and  good  people  do 
not  look  upon  us,  which  God  grant  they  may,  this  countrie  will  be  open  for  the 
Queen  to  passe  with  her  forces,  who  hath  already  sent  i.too  to  Skipton  toward 
Blagbourne.      Being  in  haste  1  cannot  enlarge,  but  rest 

Your  faithful!  friend.  T.  II. 
Lancaster,  the  25th   March.   164;. 

"  The  report  of  our  taking  in  of  Preston  dew  to  Lancaster,  ami  prepared 
the  towne  and  castle  for  our  entrance.  Thither  was  sent  a  company  of  loot  and  a 
troupe  of  horse  to  take  possession.  This  new  and  enlarged  possession  was  inriched, 
honoured  and  secured  by  the  gods  of  the  sea.  who  had  provided  for  our  welcome  and 
warlike    entertainment   a   Dunkirkc  ship,    a   man-of-war,   that    came  from    S/xu'/ie-, 


i46  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


furnished  with  twenty-one  pieces  of  big  brasse  and  iron  ordnance,  lit  to  supply  the 
castle  and  fortitie  other  garrisons.  Desire  to  see  this  foreigner,  and  care  to  secure 
this  captivitie,  led  some  of  note  and  worth  into  a  tedious  and  removing  captivitie, 
yet  could  not  the  enemie  be  thus  satined,  for  the  misse  of  such  a  prize  they  labour  to 
destroy  that  by  fire  which  God  hath  sent  by  water.  But  God  that  sent  the  pieces 
saved  them  ;  the  most  came  whole  and  safe  to  the  castle,  before  and  after  their 
lodging  was  fired.      But  malice  and  envie  followed  them. 

The  Earle.  attended  with  great  strength,  beset  Lancaster,  and  sends  this 
summons  : — 

"'  To  //;<■  Major  and  Burgesses  of  the  towne  of  Lancaster. 

Gentlemen, --I  am  come  into  these  parts  by  his  Majestie's  special!  com- 
mand, to  free  you  from  the  bondage  of  those  declared  traitors  that  now  oppress  you 
and  endeavour  your  destruction,  by  bringing  you  into  their  own  condition.  I  will  not 
now  mention  your  former  neglect  of  the  king's  service,  nor,  [  hope,  I  need  not  let  I 
von  what  forces  I  have  or  might  have  on  occasion,  nor  how  joyfully  all  the  couhtrey 
in  my  march  havejoyned  themselves  unto  me.  If  you  will  submit  the  towne  and 
your  amies  unto  mo,  and  likewise  endeavour  with  me  to  re-obtaine  the  castle,  you  shall 
have  all  fair  usage  from  me  :  if  not  expect  from  me  what  the  law  of  the  lande  and  of 
wane  will  inflict  upon  you.  Thus,  expecting  your  answer  by  ten  of  the  clock  this 
day,  1  rest, 

March  the  l8th,  eight  o'clock. 

Your  friend,    DERBY." 

This  summons  came  first  to  the  hands  of  our  commanders  of  the  castle,  who 
gave  [lie  towne  leave  to  returne  llii>  answer  :  — 

"Right  Honourable.  -We  received  yours  of  this  instant,  and  do  returne 
this  answer  :  that  all  our  arms  are  under  the  command  of  officers  now  within  our 
towne,  for  the  King  and  Parliament,  so  that  we  have  not  the  disposal  of  them  ;  and. 
at  their  coming  they  took  and  fortified  the  castle,  which  was  never  in  our  command  : 
and  by  reason  thereof  have  our  towne  likewise  at  their  pleasure;  so  that  both  the 
towne  and  castle  are  now  at  their  disposal,  and  will  be  (by  <lod's  blessing)  kept  for 
his  Majestic.      And  thus  we  humbly  take  our  leave,  and  rest 

Your  honours,  in  all  due  respects. 

"This  answer  pleaseth  not  :  they  must  expect  the  punishments  of  war,  which 
they  found.  They  fiercely  assault  for  an  hour  in  vaine  :  they  turne  their  rage  upon 
houses,  and  by  commission  on  the  sudden  become  ready  firemen  all  of  them.  They 
fire  houses  and  barnes  without  the  sentinell,  in  which  they  sacrificed  their  dead 
bodies.  Thus  they  heated  and  smoked  our  valiant  soldiers  from  their  sentinell  ;  and 
when  they  were  entered  the  towne.  Papish  like,  thev  continue  to  burne  and  butchei 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  147 


denying  quarter  to  our  men,  but  rather  cursedly  quartering  them;  from  which  cruelty 
(raging  mad)  the  most  "I  our  forces  retired  into  the  castle.'"  The  account  of  this 
cowardly  conquest  is  thus  given  in  from  Lancaster  :  the  dwelling-houses  that  were 
burned  were  in  number  four  score  and  ten,  containing  three  hundred  haves  of 
building.  The  barnes,  stables,  cow  houses,  replenished  with  come,  hay,  and  cattell, 
that  were  burned  were  eighty-six,  containing  two  hundred  and  forty  bayes  of  build- 
ings, and  one  maltkiln  of  foure  bayes  of  building,  with  three  hundred  windles  <>1 
malt  therein.  By  all  which  it  evidently  appears  that  they  displayed  the  banner  of 
the  scarlet  coloured  beast. 

A  miracle  of  mercy  was  wrought  in  the  midst  of  this  undoing  and  heart- 
breaking misery.  They  purposely  and  industriously  gave  fire  to  two  houses  of 
persons  well  affected  to  King  and  Parliament,  but  they  would  not  take  tire:  no,  by 
no  means,  though  they  renewed  their  endeavours  severall  times  in  several!  places. 
though  the  next  houses  were  burnt  downe  to  the  grounde.  God  restrained  the 
remnant  of  their  rage  ;  he  remembered  his  promise,  Esay  xliij  2.  "-  the  flame  shall 
not  kindle  upon  thee."  Faith  quenched  ihe  violence  <>f  the  fire;  this  shield  quenched 
the  fierce  darts  of  the  devil/. 

March  iqth,  2,000  of  our  forces  marched  out  for  the  timely  relief  of 
Lancaster,  but  how  they  were  divided  and  diverted,  walked  and  breathed  to  and  fro, 
whilst  the  F.arle  fires  Lancaster,  recovered  Preston,  and  rifled  Blackbitrne,  I  have 
noe  mind  to  inquire,  but  do  sadly  remember,  and  cannot  forget  how  these  tydings 
affrighted  our  commanders  out  of  Lancaster  Castle,  and  exposed  the  castle,  so  well 
appointed,  to  the  will  of  the  enemy,  had  not  the  mighty  God  by  the  assistance  of  a 
minister,  doubled  the  spirit  of  the  heartie  (though  headlesse  soldiers),  to  maintaine 
with  utmost  hazard  so  great  a  trust.  Thus  God  set  our  sunne  backe  many  degrees, 
but  not  in  manifest  favour  as  to  Hesekiah  ;  yet  he  brought  us  to  himself  in  fasting 
and  prayer,  the  seven  and  twentyeth  day  of  March,  thai  we  repenting  he  might 
repent. 

This  very  night  came  a  messenger  from  Lancaster  Castle  reporting  the 
safety  of  the  castle,  the  heartinesse  of  the  soldiers,  and  their  comfortable  provision. 
Lancashire's  Valley  of  Achor. 

Lancaster  Voyage. 

Our  desire  to  secure  our  garrison--,  to  relieve  Warrington,  which  we  had 
occasionally  oppressed,  and  to  improve  those  new  talents  lent  to  us  by^God,  sent  us 
by  sea,  made  us  think  upon  a  voyage  to  Lancaster,  the  fairnesse  of  the  weather  and 
the  drinesse  of  the  way,  were  strong  encouragements.  We  began  our  march  the  eight 
and  twentieth  day  of  April  :  the  presence  of  God  was  sought  for  safe  convoy  ;  and 
so  terrible  was  the  presence  that  accompanied  our  march,  (what  else  can  it  be  imputed 


r48  time-honoured  Lancaster. 


to?)  thai  our  forces  passed  safely  through  Wiggan  (though  the  enemy  found  his  former 

nest  after  v\  e  had  taken  it),  Fresco/,  Ormeskirke  (where  we  marred  an  intended  muster), 
and  Preston  (that  recovered  Preston).  Whence  (hearing  that  our  friends  in  Lan- 
cashire were  in  some  danger,  though  ii  was  nothing  but  the  Earle's  hasting  into 
Yorkshire  and  the  resl  of  the  forces  speeding  to  Hornby  Castle)  we  stretched  our 
inarch  to  LANCASTER.  In  all  this  way,  as  we  moved,  the  enemy  removed  ;  we  saw 
nothing  remarkable  in  them  but  cruelty  and  cowardice;  for  some  troops  of  horse 
meeting  a  poor  boy  unharmed,  which  outwent  his  company,  clave  his  head  and  bar- 
barously mangled  him  :  also  thereabouts  the  enemy,  after  a  slight  skirmish,  overcame 
by  flight. 

(  >ur  arrive  at  LANCASTER  was  welcomed  with  the  safety  of  the  Castle,  the 
food  posture  of  the  garrison,  their  comfortable  provision  and  the  well-nigh  prepared- 
nesse  of  the  carriage;  and  after  vve  had  refreshed  our  armie  a  few  days,  with  the  sight 
of  Tkurland  Castle,  and  the  report  ol  our  forraigners  against  Hornby  Castle,  we 
advanced  homeward,  the  ninth  daye  of  Maye,  and  under  the  former  gracious  conduct, 
came  safe  home,  though  laden  with  the  weight  ol  twelve  whole  pieces  and  two  broken 
ones  (the  rest  fortifying  the  castle),  all  which  we  acknowledged  in  solemne  thanksgiving 
in   Manchester,  I  he  sixteenth  of  May.       Lancashire's   Valley  of  Achor. 

From  a  sermon  preached  by  Nehemiah  Barnet,  minister  at  Lancaster.  18th 
December.  1645.  are  the  following  extracts,  from  the  illustration  which  they  afford  as 
to  the  cannon  taken  at  Lancaster  mentioned  above  and  of  the  temporary  abandonment 
of  Lancaster  Castle,  by  Bird),  which  is.  however,  slated  to  have  been  shortly 
repossessed  by  the  Parliament.  Several  passages  of  this  discourse  are  borrowed 
verbatim  from   that   tract,  as   noticed  in  the  introduction  to  ii  ; 

'"  Isaiah  wvi.  2.  'Lord,  when  thy  hand   .      .      .    shall  devoure  them     . 
I  shall  not  now  leade  you  abroad  to  behold  a  sight  of  the  lift  up  hand  of  God  protect- 
ing and  prospering  our  armies  by    sea    and    land  :    but    I    shall    keep    me    within    the 
confines  of  ihis  county. 

[,00k  upon  their  many  meanes  and  advantages  :  they  had  man)-  roaring, 
thundering,  terrifying  cannons,  we  but  on>:  small  piece  ;  one  (Mr.  Angier)  saide  well 
of  them,  their's  did  but  playe,  but  did  no  worke  :  whilst  the  lift  up  hand  of  the  God 
of  the  seas  was  working  with  the  windes  to  bring  a  Dunkirke  ship,  a  man-of-war, 
that  came  from  Spaine.    furnished    with    one   and    twentie    pieces   of  brasse   and    iron 

•  "Cod's  Hand  lift  up  for  Lancashire,  presented  in  a  Sermon  preached  before 
the  Honourable  Committee  of  the  Count)  at  Lancaster  (constituted  under  an  ordinance 
of  26  August,  1645),  UP°"  the  1 8th  daye  of  December,  1645.  Beinge  a  solemne  day 
of  thanksgiving  to  Cod.  for  clearing  of  the  county,  in  subduing  the  enemies  thereof; 
by  Nehemiah  Barnet,  Minister  at  Lancaster.  London  :  printed  by  W.  Wilson,  for 
[ohn  Williams  ;    and  are  to  be  sold  at  the  Crown,  in  St.  Paul's  Church  Yard.  1646. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  ,4g 


ordinance,  tit  to  supply  our  present  wants  and  to  carry  them  so  neare  our  strongest 
Castle,  which  had  no  cannon  at  all.  And  shall  we  not  remember  the  hand  of  (;(,d  in 
preserving  the  Castle  at  Lancaster,  after  the  cannons  were  hastily  conveyed  thither: 
the  en  vie  of  our  enemies  was  presentlie  encreased,  and  therefore  with  much  fury  and 
all  their  forces,  came  against  the  Towne  and  Castle,  and  were  so  hot  thai  thev 
quickly  fired  the  towne  and  thought  thereby  to  have  fired  or  frighted  u>  out  of  the 
castle,  and  so  have  gained  that  which  God's  hande  had  lately  given  unto  us.  Yet 
unwilling  to  light  with  our  forces  that  came  to  relieve  us,  fearing  thereby  that  the) 
should  lose  their  plunder,  wherewith  they  were  loaden,  retreated  and  took  the 
opportunity  to  prevaile  against  Preston,  which  successes  surprised  the  spirites  and 
discouraged  the  heartes  of  the  chief  commanders  in  the  Castle,  that  the)-  thought 
the  safest  waye  for  themselves  was  to  march  towards  Manchester,  and  quit  the 
Castle." 

In  the  year  164S  the  Scotch  army,  under  the  command  of  the  Duke  of 
Hamilton  and  a  body  of  English,  both  horse  and  toot,  under  Sir  Marmaduke  Lang- 
dale,  marched  through  Lancaster  in  order  to  release  Charles  from  his  imprisonment. 
The  English  troops  formed  the  advance  division  of  the  army,  which  in  the  locality  of 
Preston  was  confronted  by  Cromwell's  horsemen,  who  forced  it  to  make  a  disorderly 
march  to  Uttoxeter,  where  the  Scottish  army  was  totally  defeated,  and  the  Duke  and 
his  chief  officers  taken  prisoners.  Sir  Thomas  Tyldesley,  a  gentleman  representing 
the  ancient  family  of  Tyldesley,  of  Tyldesley.  a  staunch  supporter  of  the  king,  was  at 
this  time  blockading  Lancaster  Castle,  which  had  been  previously  seized  upon  by 
Cromwell  and  garrisoned  by  the  Parliamentary  army.  The  garrison  was  reduced  to 
great  straits  when  the  news  arrived  from  Preston  that  Cromwell's  horse  had  defeated 
the  Scots.  It  was  then  decided  to  abandon  the  design  of  subjecting  Lancaster 
Castle,  and  learning  that  Major  General  Munroe,  with  reinforcements  for  the  Duke's 
army  from  Scotland,  had  arrived  in  Lancashire,  Sir  Thomas  Tyldesley  joined  him, 
after  having  collected  many  of  Sir  Marmaduke  Langdale's  men  who  had  been  dis- 
persed at  Preston.  Being  joined  by  others  newly  brought  into  service,  Sir  Thomas 
Tyldesley  proposed  to  Ceneral  Munroe  that  their  joint  forces,  together  with  more 
regiments  of  the  Scotch,  who  were  at  the  period  quartered  in  Kendal,  should  march 
towards  Preston  and  follow  Cromwell  in  the  rear  as  he  pursued  the  Scots;  but 
Munroe  declined  and  marched  through  Westmorland  and  Cumberland  to  Scotland. 
Sir  Thomas  Tyldesley  therefore  proceeded  to  Durham  to  join  the  levies  being  raised 
there  for  the  king. 

March  ol  Charles  II.  through  Lancashire  towards  Worcester  August,  1651. 
Advance  of  King  Charles  from  Lancaster  to  Warrington. 

Mercurius   Politicus  No.   63.   August    21.    1651.       The  following  lettei 
given  having  neither  address  nor  signature  : 


no  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


'•Sir,—  This  day  sen'night  (9th)  Renegade  Wogan  came  into  Kendal  with  some 
troops,  and  charged  the  town  to  provide  for  1,000  horse.  Upon  Monday  (nth) 
treacherous  Boynton  came  into  Lancaster  with  six  troops,  to  make  provision  for  1,000 
Van-curriers,  commanded  by  the  Duke  of  Buckingham.  Upon  Tuesday  (12th)  the 
Scots  King  came  hither,  and  set  all  the  prisoners  in  the  castle  at  liberty.  He  was  pro- 
claimed at  the  Crosse,  and  a  general  pardon  to  all  persons,  except  some  few.  That 
night  he  lodged  at  Ashton  Hall,  three  miles  from  Lancaster,  being  Colonel  Wainman's 
house,  where  Hamilton  lodged  two  dayes  before  the  baltail  of  Preston,  whose  fate,  we 
hope,  attends  this  young  man  that  traces  him  in  the  same  steps  of  invasion.  Upon 
Wedneday  (13th)  he  lodged  at  Myerscoe,  Sir  Thomas  Tildesley's  house,  and  from 
thence  he  marched  through  Preston.  Upon  Thursday  (14th)  his  foot  having  the  van, 
over  Ribble  Bridge,  that  night  he  lodged  at  Kuston-burgh  six  miles  on  this  side  of 
Preston,  being  Mr.  Anderton's  house,  who  was  prisoner  at  Lancaster,  but  set  at  liberty 
by  the  Scots.  This  Anderton  is  a  bloody  papist,  and  one  that,  when  Price  Rupert 
was  at  Bolton,  boasted  much  of  being  in  blood  to  the  elbows  at  that  cruell  massacre. 
The  last  night  (15th)  the  King  lodged  at  Brine,  six  miles  from  Warrington  being  Sir 
William  Gerard's  house,  who  is  ;i  subtle  Jesuited  Papist.  This  dissembling  Scot  trusts 
none  so  well  in  Lancashire  for  his  hosts  as  the  Papists,  which  discovers  his  grosse 
hypocrisy  in  taking  the  covenant,  and  may  lei  our  English,  as  well  as  our  Scotch 
Presbyters  see  how  they  were  deceived  with  vaine  conceits  of  this  man's  religion.  Most 
people  of  all  sorts  in  Cumberland,  Westmoreland,  and  Lancashire  fled  as  fast  from  the 
Scots,  as  their  King  and  themselves  did  from  their  beggarly  kingdom.  'Tis  reported 
their  King  blames  Major  Ashurst  for  bringing  him  into  Lancashire,  since  he  finds  no 
more  accesse  of  forces.  I  do  not  hear  that  any  considerable  person  doth  openly  own 
him  since  his  march  into  England.  Wherefore  we  doubt  not  but  God  hath  ordered 
his  coming  hither  for  the  more  speed}-  antl  total!  mine  of  him  and  his  adherents. 
Stockden  Heath,  16  August." 

When  looking  over  the  muniments  and  autograph  letters  belonging  to  Mr. 
I  enwick  Pearson,  of  Storrs  Hall,  and  so  excellently  arranged  by  that  gentleman,  1  nut 
with  the  following  letter,  which  along  with  other  matter,  I  was  permitted  to  transcribe. 

"  My  Lord,  —  I  writt  the  last  Fryday  to  yr  lord])  as  I  understand  the  drumer 
by  whom  I  sent  my  lettre  never  went  to  your  lordp  neither  can  we  hear  what  is  be- 
come of  him.  In  this  respect  my  desire  is  to  communicate  the  occasione  of  mv  then 
writinge  to  you  by  myselfe  personally  to  the  affectinge  of  this  I  must  crave  your  lordp\ 
assurance  for  my  safe  carriage  to  you  and  my  secure  rcturninge  back.  I  shall  expect 
your  lordp's  answer  by  this  drumer  and  shall  alwayes  be  ready  to  continue  your 
lordpp's  friend  and  servante,  Morley  and  MONTEAGLE. 

November  21st,  1644. 

I  will  bringe  along  with  me  only  my  boy. 
To  the  Hon.  Ferdinando,  Lorh  Fairfax, 

General  of  the  Northern  Forces,  for  the  King  and  Parliament." 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  151 


The  writer  of  the  above  letter  was  evidently  the  "papist  and  delinquent"  Morley  whose 
estates  were  sequestered  and  whose  sun  in  1651  petitioned  for  maintenance  out  of  the 
same.  See  Challoner's  "Missionary  Priests"  [Sequestrations).  At  the  period  the 
letter  was  written  in.  this  son  (alluded  to  in  the  postcript)  would  be  about  seven  years  old. 

The  Rebellion  of  1715. 

In  1715  about  one  thousand  four  hundred  rebels  entered  Kendal,  and  pro- 
ceeded next  day  to  Kirkby  Lonsdale  ;  they  entered  Lancaster  on  the  7th,  in  the 
'ollowing  order,  viz  : — 200  English  horse,  I  lighlanders  on  foot  and  200  Lowland  Scotch 
with  Scotch  horse  in  the  rear.  They  came  directly  to  the  market  place  and  drew  up 
their  foot  around  it,  with  bagpipes  playing.  When  they  were  drawn  up  at  this  point 
a  man  mounted  the  cross  and  after  the  trumpet  had  sounded  thrice,  he  proclaimed  the 
Pretender  by  the  title  of  James  III.,  alleging  that  Iris  just  right  had  been  until  then 
detained  from  him  by  foreigners  and  usurpers,  at  the  close  of  which  they  gave  a  loud 
shout  of  '  God  save  the  King!'  Very  few  of  the  inhabitants  of  Lancaster  or  the  neigh. 
bourhood  joined  them  in  uncovering  or  shouting  ;  most  of  the  rebels  had  ribands  in 
their  hats,  the  English  red  and  white  :\\h\  the  Scotch  blue  and  white.  After  the 
proclamation  was  read,  they  repaired  to  their  quarters  as  billeted  ;  they  all  behaved 
themselves  civilly  whilst  here:  the  shops  were  opened,  and  whatever  they  wanted  they 
paid  for ;  they  also  paid  oft'  their  quarters  well,  except  the  Highlanders,  who  paid  only 
a  part.  "\Ye  learn  that  the  rebels  next  searched  the  town  for  arms  and  ammunition,  but 
only  got  a  few  pounds  of  gunpowder,  the  inhabitants  having  two  days  before,  publicly 
thrown  all  the  powder  they  could  collect  (about  two  barrels),  into  the  well  in  the  mar- 
ket place.  Mr.  Christopher  Hopkins,  bookseller,  is  credited  with  having  thrown  a 
large  quantity  of  gunpowder  into  the  well  which  once  stood  in  the  market  place.  He 
did  this  in  order  to  prevent  the  rebels  seizing  it  and  doing  injur)-  with  it  to  the 
townspeople.  Possibly  the  suggestion  to  take  the  course  indicated  originated  with 
him.  They  got  some  militia  muskets  and  fowling  pieces  ;  also  five  pieces  of  cannon, 
from  aboard  the  ship  "  Robert,"  lying  at  Sunderland,  from  which  ship  they  also  took 
a  few  muskets  and  some  swords.  Before  leaving  Lancaster  they  were  joined  by  some 
of  the  neighbouring  Catholic  gentry  and  their  dependents,  in  numberabout  onehundred 
men.  They  also  secured  what  public  money  they  could  from  the  Excise  Office  ;  and 
from  John  Powel,  the  Postmaster,  they  obtained  £42.  They  likewise  seized  and  took 
away  with  them  all  the  horses  they  could  find.  They  marched  from  the  town  on 
Wednesday  morning,  the  9th  inst,  the  horse  proceeded  that  day  to  Preston,  and  the 
toot  to  Garstang.  The  latter  joined  the  horse  next  day  in  the  evening  at  Preston, 
where  they  remained  till  the  I2lh,  in  order  to  fix  carriages  to  the  guns  which  they 
had  seized  at  Lancaster. 

After  the  surrender  of  the  rebels  to  the  King's  forces  at  Preston,  about  two 
hundred-',  and  thirty  of  the  common  men  guarded  by  Dormer's  regiment  of  Dragoons 
were  sent  to  Lancaster  castle.     Clarke  states  that  the  account  of  the  proceedings.- of 


152  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


the  rebels  in  our  town  in  1715.  was  taken  from  the  manuscript  of  a  tradesman  of  Lan' 
raster,  who  was  an  eye-witness  of  what  he  described. 

From  anothei  authority  we  learn  that  ; 

"  The  protection  of  Lancaster  had  been  confided  to  Colonel  Hoghton  who 
was  at  the  head  of  a  body  of  militia,  but  his  force  was  in  no  degree  calculated  to  with- 
stand the  invading  army,  and  the  Colonel  and  his  men  retreated  before  the  rebels 
arrived.  Two  days  after  their  arrival  they  completely  evacuated  the  town,  taking  the 
route  of  Garstang  to  Preston,  where  they  weie  compelled  to  capitulate  to  General 
Wills  and  Ceneral  Carpenter." 

At  Preston  this  erratic  body  prepared  to  march  to  Manchester,  but  the 
county  was  getting  alive  to  the  serious  results  their  freaks  might  bring  about,  and  they 
were  met  by  an  unexpected  opposition  in  the  person  of  the  Rev.  James  Woods,  a 
dissenting  minister,  who  had  been  ejected,  and  his  congregation.  This  little  army  who 
were  armed  with  the  implements  of  husbandry  reversing  the  ancient  prediction  by 
turning  their  plough-shares  into  swords  and  their  pruning  forks  into  spears,  marched 
to  Walton-de-Dale,  where  they  were  drawn  up  in  battle  array  to  dispute  the  right  o( 
passage  with  the  insurgents,  but  the  King's  forces  were  advancing  under  General 
Willis  and  the)  were  all  speedily  defeated  and  the  ringleaders  impeached  and  found 
guilty,  the  Earl  of  Derwentwater  and  Viscount  Keiimure  being  beheaded  on  Tower 
Hill,  on  the  24th  of  February  1716.  Lords  Nairn  and  Carmvath  escaped  such  a  fate, 
receiving  a  reprieve,  and  Earls  Wintown  and  Nithesdale  e\aded  the  axeman's  blow 
by  getting  out  of  the  town  in  some  stealthy  manner.  Nine  of  the  rebel  parly  were 
hanged  at  Lancaster,  sixteen  at  Preston,  five  at  Manchester,  five  at  Wigan,  four  at 
Liverpool,  ami  four  at  Garstang.  Mr.  Gascoigne,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Paul  and  John 
Hall,  Esq..  were  hanged  at  Tyburn.     General  Foster  escaped  to  the  continent. 

Of  rebels   executed   at    Lancaster    1    give   the  following  list  from  .in  old  MS. 

18th    February.    1 716. 

Oeorge  Mackintosh. 
1  lercules  Derham. 
Donald  Robertson. 
Robert  Crow  e. 

3rd  October.  1 7 16. 

Captain  Thomas  Bruce. 
Thomas  Shuttleworth. 
John  Winckley. 
William  Charnley. 
Richard  Hodgson. 

The   number   who  died    in    gaol    at     Lancaster    was   forty-three.       Sen:      0 
Liverpool  for  transportation,  one  hundred  ;  executed  at  Liverpool,  four. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  153 


Executed  at  Preston. 

1  By  sentence  of  Court   Martial). 

Major  John  Nairne. 
Captain  Phil.  Lockhart. 
Captain  John  Shafthoe. 
Ensign  Erskine. 
12  common  men  (privates). 

At  Garstang,    tour   were  executed,  .it  Wigan,  liv«.'.  and  at  Manchester,  five. 

The  Second  or   1745  Rebellion. 

The  arguments  as  to  the  cashiering  of  a  King  dej'ure,  and   the  establishing 

of  a  King  de  facto  were  carried  on  between  the  Protestants,  Catholics,  and  non- 
jurors with  great  heat,  and  at  last  the  war  dog's  were  again  let  loose  in  1745,  when 
the  young  Pretender  and  Chevalier.  Prince  Charles  Edward,  animated  with  the  hope 
of  regaining  the  English  Throne,  quitted  his  exile  in  France  on  the  second  of  August 
in  the  year  named. 

On  the  22nd  of  November  the  rebels  constituting  the  Second  Rebellion 
advanced  to  Kendal.  Their  van  marched  to  Burton  the  day  after  and  entered  Lan- 
caster on  the  24th.  the  Pretender,  who  was  in  the  highland  dress  marched  on  foot  to 
encourage  his  men,  and  was  proclaimed  the  same  day  at  Lancaster  amidst  the  accla- 
mations of  his  follow ers,  who  then  seized  the  public  money.  On  the  25th  the  main 
body  entered  into  the  town,  and  on  the  26th  the  last  division  arrived  in  such  haste  that 
they  only  Stopped  to  take  some  refreshment  standing  in  the  streets.  They  plundered  the 
husbandmen  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Lancaster  of  all  the  horses  they  could  find, 
and  they  took  the  shoes  from  the  passengers  in  the  high-roads.  A  young  man  named 
Battersby,  of  Langthwaite,  near  Lancaster,  was  shot  by  one  oi  the  rebels  for  refusing 
to  give  up  a  fowling-piece  which  he  had  in  his  hand  and  which  the  Scot  had  demanded. 
On  the  27th  November  they  reached  Preston  :  several  stragglers,  however,  who  had 
loitered  behind  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Lancaster,  anil  between  that  Town  and 
Preston,  were  seized  and  conducted  to  Lancaster  Castle. 

The  Scot>  on  their  retreat  towards  Scotland  were  apprehensive  of  being 
surrounded  in  Lancashire,  as  was  the  case  with  their  countrymen  in  1648  and  1 7 1 5. 
made  forced  marches  and  arrived  at  Preston  on  the  12th  December;  the  next  day 
they  reached  Lancaster  and  immediately  set  open  the  gates  of  the  castle,  and  released 
the  rel>el  prisoners  confined  there.  The)  behaved  in  a  rude  and  brutal  manner  to 
many  of  the  most  respectable  inhabitants  of  the  town,  who  had  been  most  active 
against  them,  plundering  from  some,  extorting  money  from  others.  Prom  Mr.  ( riHison 
they  obtained  about  20  guineas.  A  party  of  them  was  sent  to  1  )r.  Kenton's  (the  vicarage). 
where  they  committed  great  outrages.  The  Doctor  had  fortunately  fled  from  his 
house,  but  thev  presented  several  pistols  and  drawn  swords  to  the  servants,  and  caused 


154  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


them  to  open  every  room,  chest,  box,  and  drawer  in  the  house,  out  of  which, 
the  Scots  took  what  they  pleased  ;  and  then  they  threatened  to  burn  the  house 
unless  ^20  was  instantly  given  to  them.  These  threats  so  greatly  alarmed  the  old  lady 
in  the  house  that  she  obtained  for  them  that  amount  of  money.  On  the  14th  o( 
December  these  rebellious  persons  left  Lancaster  and  arrived  at  Kendal  the  same  day 
In  the  evening  of  the  14th  some  troops  of  the  King's  horse  arrived  in  the  neighbourhood. 
Many  of  the  marauders  were  still  in  the  town,  and  the  officer  commanding  the  light 
horse,  not'  knowing  their  number,  deemed  it  imprudent  to  enter  in  the  night.  He 
therefore  halted  with  his  men  on  Ellel  Moor,  where  the  troops  rested  on  their  arms  al] 
night,  and  early  the  next  morning  they  entered  Lancaster  to  the  great  joy  of  the  inhabi- 
tants. General  Oglethorp  and  a  strong'  body  of  dragoons  arrived  soon  after  ;  and  on 
the  16th  His  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  also  arrived  in  the  town. 
Great  numbers  of  the  rebels  were  taken  in  Lancaster  and  the  neighbourhood  and 
lodged  within  the  castle,  and  many  in  their  haste  to  retreat  were  obliged  to  leave  their 
plunder  behind  them. 

What  we  know  as  the  Battle  of  Culloden  might  very  easily  have  been  called 
the  Battle  of  Scotforth,  for  page  603  of  the  "  History  of  the  Scottish  Highlands, 
I  [ighland  Clans,  and  1  [ighland  Regiments,"'  by  Thomas  Maclaughlan,  L.  L.D.,  F.S.A. 
Scot.,  and  Professor  John  Wilson,  edited  by  John  S.  Keltic,  F.S.A.  Scot.,  Vol.  I. 
states  thai  "  Prince  Charles  arrived  at  Lancaster  late  in  the  evening  of  the  13th  Dec- 
ember. On  reaching  his  quarters  (the  Conservative  Club,  Church  Street),  Lord 
George  Murray  found  that  orders  had  been  given  out  that  the  army  was  to  halt  there 
all  the  next  day.  On  visiting  Charles's  quarters  next  morning,  Lord  George  was  told 
by  the  Prince  that  he  had  resolved  to  fight  the  enemy,  and  desired  him  to  go  along 
with  (  ^Sullivan,  and  reconnoitre  the  ground  in  the  neighbourhood  for  the  purpose  Of 
choosing  a  field  of  battle.  His  Lordship  contrary  to  the  expectations  of  those  who 
hail  advised  Charles  to  fight,  and  who  supposed  that  Lord  George  would  have  opposed 
that  measure,  offered  no  advice  on  the  subject.  He  merely  proposed  that  as  the 
ground  suitable  for  regular  troops  might  not  answer  the  Highlanders,  some  Highland- 
officers  should  also  inspect  the  ground,  and  as  Lochiel  was  present,  he  requested  that 
he  would  go  along  with  him,  a  request  with  which  he  at  once  complied.  With  an 
escort  of  horse  and  foot,  and  accompanied  by  Lochiel  and  Sullivan,  Lord  George 
returned  about  two  miles,  where  he  found  a  very  fine  field  upon  a  rising  ground 
sufficiently  large  for  the  whole  army,  and  which  was  so  situated  that  from  whatever 
quarter  the  enemy  could  come,  the  army  would  be  completely  covered  till  the  enemy 
were  close  upon  them.  After  surveying  these  grounds  very  narrowly,  and  taking  three 
nf  the  enemy's  rangers  prisoners,  the  reconnoitring  party  returned  to  Lancaster.  From 
the  prisoners  Lord  George  received  information  that  the  corps  called  the  rangers  was 
at  (jarstang,  and  that  a  great  body  of  Wade's  Dragoons  had  entered  Preston  a  few 
hours  after  he  had  left  it  His  Lordship  reported  to  the  Prince  the  result  of  the  survey, 
and  told  him  that  if  the  number  of  his  men  was  sufficient  to  meet  the  enemy  he  could 
not   wish  a  better  field  of  battle  for  the  Highlanders  ;   but  Charles  informed  him  that 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


33 


he  had   altered    his   mind,    and    that   he   meant    to  proceed   on   his  march  next  day. 
Jacobite  Memoirs,  p  60,  and  Kirkonnel  MS. 

I  n  the  revolution  of  1688,  Lancaster  took  no  distinguished 
part,  nor  is  there  any  prominent  event,  during-  the  reign  of 
William  III.,  111  the  history  of  this  town,  except  that  in  the  year 
1698  a  casual  lire  broke  out  in  one  of  the  principal  streets,  and 
spread  with  such  destructive  fury  as  to  almost  reduce  the  town 
once  more  to  ashes. 


C0 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


CHAPTER   VIII 


St.  Peter's  Church— The  Architectural  Features  of  the  Church— The 
Stained  Windows- -List  of  Past  Priests-  The  Organ— The  Bells— 
The  Old  Mason  Street  Chapel  -Catholics  Martyred  in  Lancaster. 


1 1  E    Catholics  of  Lancaster  have  a  very  hierh 
reputation    both    in    regard    to    the  character 
of  their   relationships    with    their    Protestant 
neighbours,  and  their  co-operation  in  matters 
affecting  the  well-being  of  the   town.      They 
have  a  stately  edifice,  occupying  a  large  area 
of  land,  on   the   right-hand   side    of   the    East 
Road.      It  is  a  veritable   cathedral  in   appear- 
ance,   within    especially,    and    lately    several 
embellishments  have  been  added  in  the  shape 
of  stained   lights   in   commemoration    of  pro- 
minent   martyrs    for    the   faith.        The    Church    is    dedicated   to   St. 
Peter.       It  was  erected  in  1859,  at  a  cost  of  ^.15,000,  from  designs 
of  Mr.  E.  G.   Paley.      The   spire    rises    to  a  height  of  240  feet,  and 
I  he  tower  portion  of  it   contains  eight    exceedingly   sonorous   bells. 
The    Church    will    accommodate    1,000,  and   so    well    is   it   attended 
that  there  has  been  some  talk  of  enlarging  it.      On    the   south   side 
is  a  small  convent,  and  on  the  east   side   are   day    schools   for   bovs 
and   girls,    and    a    small    burial    ground.      The    Very    Rev.    Provost 
Walker    is   the    rector.       Until    the    new    Church    of  St.    Peter    was 
erected,  the  building  now  known   as   the    Palatine    Hall,  situated  in 
Dalton  Square,  was  the  temple  wherein  the  Catholics  of  Lancaster 
assembled  for   worship.       This   quondam    chapel  dates   from    1797, 
and  for  a  long  time  its  minister   was  the  Rev.  Dr.  Rigby,  who  was 
succeeded  by  the  Rev.   Richard    Brown,  the   immediate  predecessor 
of  Canon  Walker. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


.->/ 


The  Rev.  Dr.  John  Rigby,  33  years  pastor  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  Lancaster,  died  on  the  toth  June,  r8i8,  at  his 
house,  Dalton  Square,  in  his  64th  year. 

The  new    Catholic   Church    is    indeed    a    contrast    to  the  tirst 

place  of  worship  in    Mason   Street.      The   following    particulars   are 

quoted    from    the    Tablet   and    the    Catholic    News:      "St.     Peter's 

Church  was  erected  during   the  ministry  of  the  Rev.  Dean    Brown. 

The  length  of  the  nave  is  1  14  feet,  width  between  the  pillars  36  feet. 

The    side    aisles   are    90    feet    in    length,    and    12    in    breadth  ;    the 

length  of  the  transept  is  80  feel,  breadth    23    feet.      The   chancel   is 

of  the  same  width  as  the  nave  and  is  41   feet   long,  and  its  breadth, 

including   nave  and   side   aisles,   60  feet.      The    chancel    terminates 

with  a  semi-circular  octagonal   arrangement,  and   has  a  three-light 

window  on  each  face.     The  subject  of  the  centre  east  window  is  the 

Ascension.        In  the    upper    part    is    a   grand    figure    of   our    Lord 

ascending"  in   glory,  and  below,  gathered  on   the   mount   on    which 

His  blessed  footprints  may  be   seen,  and   looking    up   towards    Him 

is   the   adoring  group   of   the    Apostles,    with    the    Holy    Virgin    in 

the  midst.      The  dexter  or  right-hand   window   is  dedicated   to   the 

patron    saint   of  the    Church,    St.    Peter,    who   stands   in    pontifical 

robes,  tiara  on  the  head,  keys  in  hand,  at  the  gate  of  Heaven.     The 

sinister  or  left  window  is  dedicated   to  St.   Paul.      At  the  base  he  is 

represented  as  being  struck  blind  at  his  conversion,  and   above    he 

is  kneeling  as  if  translated  to  the   third    Heaven,  with   our   Blessed 

Saviour  seated  in  majesty   on    His   throne,  surrounded  by  the  seven 

spirits.      The  Chapel  of  Our  Lady  is   26   feet  by    12   feet,  is   on    the 

north    side    of    the    chancel    and    north    transept,    and    filled    in    b\ 

ornamental    metal    screens.      The   altar   and    reredos   in    the    Lady 

Chapel  are  of  elaborately  carved  marble  and  alabaster.       This  chapel 

contains   three  stained  windows.      A   marble   tablet  attached  to  the 

wall  of  this  Chapel   contains  the   following   inscription  :     '  Pray   for 

the  five  sisters  of  the  family    of  Dalton,  of  Thurnham,    Charlotte, 

Bridget,  Mary,   Lucy,  and  Elizabeth.'      The   Convent   Chapel  opens 

into    the    south    side    of  the   chancel    bv   a    broad    arch    filled    with 

ornamental  iron  work,  bv  which    contrivance  the   Sisters  of  Mercy 


i58  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


are  enabled  to  be  present  at  all  the  services  of  the  Church  without 
leaving  their  own  beautiful  little  oratory.  On  the  left  of  the 
chancel  and  opening"  into  the  south  transept  is  a  small  Chapel, 
dedicated  to  St.  Charles  Borromeo,  the  founder  of  Sunday  Schools ; 
the  altar,  with  its  life-like  group  of  figures  cut  in  Caen  stone, 
is  very  greatly  admired.  The  high  altar  is  a  magnificent  specimen 
of  sculptured  veined  marble  and  alabaster,  and  was  presented  to 
the  Church  by  the  late  Mrs.  Gabriel  Coulston.  The  altar  in  the 
Whiteside  chantry  is  of  Caen  stone,  supported  by  marble  pillars, 
the  reredos  consisting  of  an  arched  panel  enclosing  an  admirable 
life-like  and  nearly  life-size  group,  being  perfect  images  from  life. 
On  a  tablet,  inlaid  with  a  polished  brass,  in  the  Coulston  chantry  it  is 
recorded  that  Thomas  Coulston,  of  Well  House,  the  founder  of  this 
chantry,  died  in  185b,  in  his  46th  year,  was  a  benefactor  to  the 
Church,  Convent,  and  poor  schools,  in  which  for  28  years  he 
constantly  taught  on  Sundays.  Each  chancel  is  lighted  by  two 
beautiful  stained  glass  windows.  The  pulpit*  is  a  semi-octagonal, 
and  displays  on  its  fine  veined  marble  sides  four  scenes  from  the 
life  of  St.  Peter  in  white  alabaster  relief.  The  north  wall  is  pierced 
bv  four  three-light  windows,  each  of  a  different  design.  The  west 
wall  is  pierced  by  a  large  window  and  two  smaller  ones.  The  nave 
is  lighted  by  five  clerestory  windows  of  pretty  design.  The 
presbytery  is  placed  on  the  south-west  side  of  the  Church.  It 
forms  with  the  sacristy  and  south  walls  of  the  chantry  chapels  a 
fine  square  block  of  buildings,  having  easy  communications  with 
the  Church,  sacristy  and  confessionals.  The  material  mostly  used 
in  erecting  the  Church  and  presbytery  was  local  stone,  supple- 
mented by  stone  procured  from  the  site.  At  first  the  seating- 
capacity  of  the  Church  consisted  of  goo  benches.  Mr.  James 
Duckett,  of  Preston,  contracted  for  the  masons'  work  ;  Mr.  Robert 
Wilson,  Lancaster,  for  the  wood  work;  and  Mr.  Thos.  Dickinson, 
Lancaster,  executed  the  plumbing  and  glazing.  The  Church  was 
consecrated  by  the  Right  Reverend  Dr.  Goss,  October  4th,  1859, 
and  opened  on  the  following  Thursday  by  the  same  prelate,  assisted 

*The  pulpit  was  presented  to  the  Church  by  William  Leeming,  Esq. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  159 


by  the  Right  Rev.  Bishop  Turner,  the  Right  Rev.  Dr.  Briggs,  the 
Right  Rev.  Bishop  Roskell,  two  vicars-general,  fifteen  canons  from 
the  dioceses  of  Liverpool,  Salford,  Beverley,  and  Nottingham,  and 
fortv-six  other  priests. 

On  the  31st  December,  1868,  the  Very  Rev.  Dean  Brown 
died  and  was  succeeded  afterwards  by  the  Rev.  Canon  Walker, 
then  known  as  the  Rev.  William  Walker,  of  St.  Austin's,  Preston. 
Canon  Walker  set  about  making  improvements,  and  in  due  course 
filled  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  east  chancel  wall  with  a  number 
of  artistic  arcades  cut  in  stone,  and  had  the  interior  painted  and 
decorated.  The  arcades — eight  altogether — were  afterwards  filled 
In  with  life-size  paintings  in  gold  and  colours,  by  Messrs.  Eaton  & 
Bulfield,  of  Lancaster.  The  figures  represent  the  Virgin  Mary,  St. 
Peter,  St.  Paul,  St.  Joseph,  St.  William,  St.  Charles,  St.  Wilfrid, 
and  St.  Cuthbert.  Most  of  them  were  given  to  the  Church  by  the 
late  Mrs.  Parkinson,  of  Bare.  New  seating  accommodation  was  sup- 
plied, and  now  there  are  29  polished  pitch-pine  benches  on  the  newest 
principle  in  each  aisle,  capable  of  seating  290  adults.  In  January, 
1880,  a  peal  of  bells,  the  gift  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Gardner,  added 
to  the  dignity  of  the  sacred  edifice.  The  eight  bells  are  suspended 
at  a  height  of  105  feet  from  the  base  of  the  spire.  In  June,  1881, 
the  figure  of  St.  Peter  seated  in  the  Papal  chair  was  placed  within 
the  Church,  facing  the  north  door.  The  representation  of  the  saint 
rests  on  the  summit  of  an  ornamental  pedestal  4  feet  9  inches  high 
The  figure-proper  is  6  feet  high,  and  is  composed  of  incorruptible 
wood  bronzed  so  as  to  render  it  a  fac  simile  of  the  statue  in  bronze 
in  the  Vatican  Basilica  in  Rome.  St.  Peter  holds  two  massive 
keys  in  his  left  hand,  the  right  hand  being  raised  as  if  in  the  act  of 
pronouncing  the  Papal  Benediction.  In  January,  1885,  the  Confra- 
ternity of  Our  Lady  of  Perpetual  Succour  was  established  in  this 
Church,  prior  to  which  a  highly  decorated  picture  of  Our  Lad}-  of 
Perpetual  Succour  in  enamelled  oil  colours,  set  in  a  Gothic  moulded 
gilt  frame,  enclosed  within  a  richly  carved  frame  and  canopy  of 
fumigated  oak,  surmounted  by  a  papal  cross,  was  affixed  to  the 
north  wall  of  the  Lady  Chapel.     On  a  small  table  before  the  picture 


ibo  TIMK-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


is  a  lamp  kept  constantly  burning",  and  sockets  are  provided  round 
its  surface  for  votive  offering's  of  lighted  wax  candles,  which  are 
constantly  provided  by  pious  Catholics  who  are  devoted  to  Our 
Lady  of  Perpetual  Succour  and  St.  Alphonsus,  her  premier  devoted 
servant.  This  picture  is  a  fac  simile  of  the  miraculous  picture  in 
the  Church  of  St.  Alphonsus,  Rome."  The  most  recent  presenta- 
tion to  the  Church  at  the  time  of  writing  is  a  superb  sacred  heart 
altar  of  sculptured  Caen  stone,  with  finely  wrought  alabaster 
statues,  fully  described  in  the  Catholic  News.  The  Church 
is  now,  1891,  capable  of  seating  1,027  people.  The  devotion  of 
the  Catholics  of  Lancaster  to  their  Church  and  its  teachings  has 
been  abundantly  exemplified  by  their  deeds -deeds  firstly  attribut- 
able to  a  correct  estimate  of  the  worth  of  the  sanctuary  of  God, 
and,  secondly,  to  the  humble  walk  and  generous  self-denying 
labours  of  Dean  Brown  and  Canon  Walker,  the  latter  of  whom 
has  a  kindly  grip  for  everybody,  and  is  unquestionably  a  broad- 
hearted  gentleman  whose  deportment  is  no  less  admired  by  anti- 
catholics  than  his  friendship  is  esteemed  by  all  who  are  fortunate 
enough  to  secure  it  be  they  Protestants  or  Catholics.  The  erection 
of  the  Church  commenced  in  April,  1857,  and  it  was  completed 
in   September,    1859. 

Another  writer  says  : — 

"  The  principal  entrances  are  on  the  west  and  north  west, 
and  over  the  entrance  at  the  basement  of  the  tower  you  observe  a 
fine  statue  of  the  Apostle  to  whom  the  Church  is  dedicated.  The 
windows  are  objects  of  contemplation  to  all  lovers  of  the  staining 
art.  '  On  the  west  at  the  summit  of  the  five-light  window  is  a 
circular  device  over  the  centre  light,  two  smaller  circles  appearing 
between  the  apices  of  the  arches  symmetrical!}  disposed  on  each 
side.  This  central  figure  work  comprises  six  quatrefoliated  circles 
enclosing  a  single  sexfoliated  circle,  to  which  the  two  outer  circles 
correspond,  the  latter  being  sexfoliated.  On  the  north  are  four 
three-light  windows  one  of  which  contains  intersecting  arches, 
having  the  intervening  spaces  in  a  manner  uncusped,  while  another 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  161 


presents    an    interesting  instance  of  a   centrepiece   formed   by   the 
alternate  arrangement  of  three  pointed,  and  three  circular  trefoils." 
The  window  at  the  end  of  the  northern  transept  '  is  of  the  two-light 
form  doubled  in  accordance   with  a   well-known   architectural   prin- 
ciple and  one  principal  circlet  in  the  centre  set  off  with  two  subsidiary 
circlets.      In  the  upper  circle  are  inscribed  two  equilateral  triangles, 
standing  vertically,  one  on  the  base,  and  the  other  on   the   apex,  so 
as  to  form  six  smaller   equilateral   triangles   and   a  hexagon   in   the 
middle    including    another    example    of    circular    foliation.  '       The 
window   at    the   end   of  the   south   transept   is  of  the  order  of  St. 
Catherine's   Wheel    and  exhibits    ten   circular   devices   enclosing   a 
stellate    figure   in  the   centre.      A  semi-octagonal   arrangement   ter- 
minates the  chancel  and   is   relieved   bv   stained   glass   windows   in 
three  lights.     The  representations  of  St.    Peter   receiving  the   Keys 
and  the  Conversion  of  St.  Paul,  with  the  Ascension  distributed  over 
the   three   lights   of   the   central   window  are   admirably   executed. 
The  Saviour  is  seen  ascending  to  Heaven  and  the  Apostles    gazing 
earnestly  as  he  soars  to  His  throne  attended  by  a  host  of  angels  and 
archangels.      On  each   side   of  the   chancel  stands   an    image,   life- 
like, facing  the  centre  of  the  Church.     There  is  the  B.V.M.  arrayed 
in    gorgeous    apparel   of  gold    and    blue    embroidery    on    the   left, 
crowned  and  holding  a  sceptre   as   she   fondles   the   .Sacred    Infant, 
upon   Whose  knee   rests  as   a   plaything  the   ball    which    indicates 
imperial   dignity.      On  the   right  is  seen  St.  Joseph    hailing  from   a 
pedestal  of  wax  candles  and  flowery  odours.      His  dark  hair  and  the 
green  lining  of  the  rich  mantle  that  is  folded  around  him  stand  out 
prominently.      He  holds  in  his  hand  a  staff,  from  the    top   of  which 
white  lilies  seem  to  be  springing."     Another  image   appears   at   the 
eastern    end  of  the   south    transept    set    above    an    altar*   of   pure- 
white  marble,  under  a  crimson  canopy  faced  with  gold.      This  altar 
is  consecrated  to  the  Sacred  Heart.      There  are  the   Whiteside  and 
Coulston  Chantries  on  the  south,  an  exquisite  font  standing   south- 
west on  a  granite  base  and  bearing  a  Latin  inscription.      There  arc 
six  altars  of  marble  or  stone  and  a  Lady  Chapel  on   the   north   east 
containing  a  tablet  in  memory  of  the  Daltons'   of  Thurnham.      The 
Chapel  of  St.  Charles  is  on  the  south  of  the  chancel.     The  pulpit  is 

*  This  Altar  has  been  replaced. 


162  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


on  the  right  of  the  centre  aisle  by  the  transept  and  is  a  marvel  of 
beauty  in  every  way.  From  its  columns  four  figure-heads  project 
while  on  its  sides  are  depicted  four  scenes  from  the  life  of  St.  Peter. 
The  fourteen  Stations  of  the  Cross  are  also  well  worth  attention. 
The  Monstrance  is  adorned  with  a  base  of  gilt,  and  during  that 
most  solemn  ceremony,  namely,  the  Benediction  of  the  Blessed 
Sacrament,  the  light  glistens  from  numerous  precious  stones,  which 
were  given  by  ladies  of  the  congregation.  There  may  be  seen  the 
blue  flash  of  the  emerald,  emblem  of  love,  the  red  light  of  the  ruby, 
unity's  sign,  and  the  pure  effulgence  ot  the  crystal  gem  all 
emblazoning  the   circle    of  the    Host." 

The  Very  Rev.  Provost  Walker,  in  18S8,  printed  a.  guide 
concerning  the  new  stained  glass  windows.  The  following  informa- 
tion is,  therefore,  extracted  from  the  same:--"  Messrs.  Hardman 
and  Co.,  London  and  Birmingham,  have  been  engaged  inserting 
stained  glass  windows  in  St.  Peter's  Church,  and  two  of  them — in 
the  north  and  south  transepts  are  now  completed.  The  window  in 
the  north  transept  was  presented  by  Mrs.  Matthew  Hardman, 
Mr.  Robert  Preston,  and  his  wife,  Mary,  in  memory  of  the  late 
Matthew  Hardman.  The  design  of  the  window  is  in  keeping  with 
the  other  stained  glass  lights  in  the  Church,  and  along  with 
the  other  new  windows  will  add  to  the  beauty  of  the  Sacred 
Edifice,  already  rich  in  the  specimens  of  decorative  art.  In 
view  of  the  recent  beatification  by  the  Hoi}-  See  of  fifty-four  of  the 
English  Martyrs  who  suffered  death  for  their  religion  in  the  Tudor 
period — an  event  which  the  Catholics  of  this  country  have  long  and 
earnestly  prayed  for — the  happy  thought  suggested  itself  of  blending 
with  the  more  personal  object  which  the  new  window  subserves,  a 
commemoration  of  this  important  occurrence  in  the  history  of  the 
Catholic  Church  in  England.  This  double  object  will  explain  the 
raison  d'etre  of  the  different  figures,  subjects,  &c,  represented  in 
the  windows,  the  general  features  of  which  may  first  be  noted,  and 
then  a  more  detailed  description  given  of  the  different  parts  : — The 
window  entitled  "The  English  Martyrs'  Window,"  is  in  the 
north  transept.      The    first    panel    represents    Blessed  John    Fisher, 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  t6 


.■> 


Bishop  of  Rochester,  widely  known  and    esteemed    for  his  wisdom, 
piety,  and  godly  life;  second,  Blessed  Thomas  Morethe  distinguished 
and  learned  layman,  of  unstained  honour   and    inflexible  integrity  ; 
third,  Blessed  John  Houghton,  the  cloistered  contemplative,  ofpure 
life  and  fervent   piety;    the   fourth,    Blessed    Cuthbert    Maine,    the 
zealous  and  holy  priest.      Suitable  inscriptions  (in  Latin)  are  placed 
under  each  figure,  and  below  these  are  four   medallions,  containing 
illustrative  subjects  from  the  lives  of  the  Beati  above-named.     The 
inscription  along  the  bottom  of  the  window,  which  is  also  in  Latin, 
runs  :    '  Pray  for  the  good  estate  of  the  Church  in  England.'      In  the 
heads  of  the  four  lights,  over  the  cumfries,  are  demi  figures   of  the 
patron  saints  of  the  donors  family.      In  the   tracery,  surmounted  by 
adoring  angels,  is  pictured,  on  a   deap    ruby  ground,    Our    Blessed 
Lord,  the  King  of  Martyrs,  His  sacred  head  crowned   with    thorns, 
His  pierced  hand  being  raised  in  benediction.      This  may  be  regarded 
as  the  key-note  of  the  whole  composition — Victory  through  suffering, 
the  Cross  and  the  Crown.      The  four  lights  may  now  be  described  in 
rather   fuller   detail.      First    light,   Blessed  John    Fisher,    Bishop  ot 
Rochester,  in  mitre  and  richly    flowered   cope ;    the   orphrey   of  the 
latter  being  ornamented  with  the  escallop  shell  on  the  saltire,  from 
the  Arms  of  that  See.      The  short-lived  dignity  of  Cardinal,  conferred 
upon  him  while  in  prison  by  Pope  Paul  III.,  is  indicated  by  the  red 
hat  and  title  of  St.  Sabina  lying  at   his   feet.      King    Henry   VIIL's 
brutal  jest  on    this   subject    will   be   remembered.      In   one  hand   he 
bears  the   martyr's   palm,    and   in    the   other  a  book,   as  a  man   of 
learning  and  distinguished    author,    while    his    arm    encircles    the 
pastoral     staff,    with    vexillum    attached.     The  face  is  taken   from 
Holbein's  portrait    of  the   Bishop  in   the  Queen's  collection.      The 
subject  below,  in  medallion,  represents  Fisher  kneeling  at   the   feet 
of  the  king,  and  entreating  him  not  to  prosecute  the  divorce  of  the 
Queen,  Catherine  of  Arragon.      An  inscription  at  the  bottom  of  this, 
as   well   as   the  other  medallions,    explains  the    incident.      Second 
light,  Blessed  Thomas  More,  sometime  Lord  Chancellor  of  England, 
in  the  robes  of  that  high  office,  with  golden  collar  of  S.S.  round  his 
neck.      In  his  right  hand  he  holds  a  rich  beg,  embroidered  with  the 
royal  monogram  and  crown,  containing  the  great  seal   of  the   kino-- 


1 64  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


clom.  In  his  other  hand  is  a  book,  indicative  of  his  fame  as  a  man 
of  letters,  and  a  martyr's  palm.  The  pensive  face,  and  head  crowned 
with  quaint  cap,  is  from  the  portrait  made  so  familiar  to  us  by  the 
pencil  of  his  friend  Holbein.  The  subject  below  depicts  the  meeting 
of  Sir  Thomas  More  with  Bishop  Fisher  at  the  portal  of  Lambeth 
Palace,  to  which  both  of  them  had  been  summoned  in  order  to  have 
the  oath  of  the  Royal  Supremacy  tendered  to  them.  More  salutes 
the  Bishop  with  the  words,  '  Well  met,  my  lord  :  I  hope  we  shall 
soon  meet  in  heaven.'  Third  light,  Blessed  John  Houghton,  Prior 
of  the  London  Charterhouse.  He  wears  the  simple  and  picturesque 
white  habit  of  the  Carthusian  order,  the  severe  rule  of  which  forbids 
the  wearing  of  any  special  marks  of  distinction.  He  carries  a  palm, 
and  presses  a  book  of  the  Sacred  Scriptures  or  other  Holy  Writings, 
to  his  breast.  The  subject  underneath  represents  the  martyr,  with 
two  other  priors  of  his  order,  and  Richard  Reynolds,  for  the  order  of 
St.  Bridget,  on  their  way  to  execution,  passing  beneath  a  window 
of  the  dungeon  of  the  Tower  in  which  Sir  Thomas  More  was  confined, 
through  the  bars  of  which  he  and  his  daughter,  Margaret  Roper, 
who  was  with  him  at  the  time,  observe  them  attentively.  Fourth 
light,  Blessed  Cuthbert  Mayne,  the  first  missionary  priest  put  to 
death  in  England,  and  proto-martyr  of  Douav  College.  He  is  the 
first  in  order  of  the  long  and  glorious  line  of  more  than  150  Mission- 
ary Priests,  trained  in  that  celebrated  college,  who,  from  the  year 
1577,  the  date  of  his  death,  until  the  end  of  the  reign  of  terror, 
cheerfully  risked  their  lives  and  poured  out  their  blood  for  the 
conversion  of  England. 

Lancaster  cannot  boast  of  a  very  long  martyr  roll  ;  but  the 
catholics  of  the  county  town  will  cherish  with  gratitude  and 
affection  the  names  of  the  four  laymen  and  the  eleven  priests 
who  suffered  the  most  atrocious  tortures  for  the  Faith,  and  sealed 
their  doctrine  with  their  blood.  Of  these  priests,  one  was  a  Fran- 
ciscan, seven  received  their  education  at  Douav,  two  at  Yalladolid, 
one  at  Seville,  both  places  more  or  less  connected  with  the  parent 
college — all  were  animated  with  the  spirit  that  animated  Cuthbert 
Mayne       He  wears   the   full   vestments   of  his    priestly    office,    for 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  if. 


3 


exercising"  which  he  was  cruelly  put  to  death.  On  his  heart  forming 
part  of  the  orphrey  of  the  chasuble,  is  the  holy  name  'Jesus'  so 
constantly  on  the  lips  of  those  holy  men  in  their  sufferings.  He 
holds  his  palm  in  one  hand,  and  in  the  other  it  may  be,  his  missal  or 
other  liturgical  or  devotional  book,,  and  looks  up  with  a  joyful  and 
serene  expression.  Below  is  pictured  the  seizure  of  the  martyr  by 
the  sheriff  of  Cornwall  in  the  house  ol~  Mr.  Francis  Tregian,  at 
Volveden,  who  looks  sorrowfully  on  in  the  background  while  an 
attendant  of  the  sheriff  rifles  a  chest  in  search  of  books,  papers,  or 
'  Church  Stuff,'  as  it  was  called.  The  donors'  patron  saints,  at  the 
top  of  the  four  lights  are  :  St.  Matthew,  the  Apostle,  St.  Helen,  the 
first  Christian  Empress,  St.  Mary  Magdalen,  and  St.  Richard, 
Bishop  of  Chichester,  each  having  some  distinctive  emblem,  and 
scroll  with  name.  A  legend  placed  below  them,  and  crossing  the 
window  runs  thus  :  '  Orate  pro  anima  Matthaei  Hardman  et  domo 
ejus.'  A  rich  golden  brocaded  curtain  figured  with  roses,  hangs 
behind  the  four  large  figures,  and  the  grisaille  groundwork  of  the 
entire  window  is  likewise  decorated  with  roses,  which  should  be 
regarded  here  both  as  the  rose  of  England  and  the  flos  martyrum, 
its  thorny  stems  typifying  the  crosses  and  sufferings  through  which 
Heaven  is  to  be  reached,  and  which  were  so  bravely  borne  by  those 
saintly  English  martyrs  of  the  olden  time  here  commemorated.  In 
the  south  transept  is  'The  Rose  Window.'  In  the  description  of 
the  north  transept  window,  allusion  was  made  to  the  prominent 
introduction  of  the  rose  amongst  the  ornamental  details  ;  in  the 
present  window  we  again  meet  with  the  same  significant  flower  ;  in 
this  case,  however,  it  is  no  longer  used  as  a  simple  accessory,  but 
forms  the  principal  feature  in  the  design  ;  its  flowering  branches 
spreading  from  opening  to  opening,  over  the  greater  part  of  its 
surface.  The  conception  of  this  window  is  due  in  the  first  instance 
to  Dante's  immortal  poem.  In  the  Xllth  Canto  of  the  Paradiso  the 
poet  describes  a  mystic  wheel  of  vast  circumference  encompassing 
another,  equally  mystic,  two  garlands  of  sempiternal  roses,  respon- 
sive each  to  each, and  each  the  abode  of  glorified  souls  ;  in  the 
XXXth  Canto  he  shadows  forth  a  vision  of  a  luminous  rose,  within 
the  spreading  convolutions  of  which,  he   beheld    angels   and    saints 


1 66  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


without  number,  placed  in  stately  order  in  the  effulgent  light  of 
Heaven.  This  idea  may,  perhaps,  have  been  a  reminiscence  of  the 
great  rose  windows  of  France,  some  of  which  he  most  likely  saw 
during"  his  travels  in  that  country  and  in  the  radiating  circles  of 
which,  it  was  usual  to  represent  the  whole  hierarchy  of  Heaven, 
disposed  rank  after  rank,  in  solemn  order,  and  in  great  splendour 
and  beauty  of  colouring.  In  the  present  instance,  the  limited  space 
at  command,  and  also  the  representation  ot  a  kindred  subject  in  the 
west  window  of  the  Church,  forbade  any  attempt  at  this  kind  of 
treatment  ;  the  rose-like  form  of  the  window  itself,  however, 
together  with  its  suggestive  name,  sufficiently  account  for  the 
choice  of  the  treatment  adopted.  These  roses,  too,  may  well 
symbolise  the  graces  and  virtues  of  the  saintly  throng"  seen  by  the 
poet  in  his  mystical  rose  of  Paradise  ;  the  white  betokening  purity, 
innocence,  and  cleanliness  of  heart  :  the  red,  faith,  fervour  of  love, 
suffering,  &c.  ;  while  in  the  centre  of  the  window  is  appropriately 
placed  the  emblem  of  St.  Peter— 

Into  whose  keeping  Christ  'lid  give  the  keys 
Of  this  sweet  flower. 

The  red  and  white  rose,  also,  thus  prominently  introduced  into  a 
Lancaster  window,  instinctively  carry  back  the  thoughts  to  the  days 
when  they  were  the  l  strife-stirring  and  direful  badges  '  of  contend- 
ing factions  ;  here,  however,  blossoming  peacefully  side  by  side, 
they  happily  may  suggest  also  thoughts  of  charity  and  brotherly 
love,  and  so  let  us  trust  that  the  kindly  shelter  of  the  sanctuary 
will  cause  'This  flower  to  germin  in  eternal  peace.'  This  window- 
is  the  gift  of  the  Bishop  of  Leeds  and  about  twenty  priests  who  were 
either  born  in  Lancaster  or  brought  up  from  earliest  infancy  in  the 
town,  and  who  have  adopted  this  admirable  method  of  perpetuating 
their  regard  for  the  Church.  Their  names  are  suitably  honoured  in 
the  brass  below  the  window  '  The  great  west  window,'  with  its  five 
lights  and  corresponding  tracer}'  is  the  gift  of  Mr.  Joseph  Smith. 
It  is  a  more  intricate  and  elaborate  work  ;  and  in  the  grouping  and 
grace  and  expression  of  the  figures,  in  the  combination  of  colours 
and  in  the  clearness  and  distinctness  of  all  the  details,  it  exhibits  :t 
rare  example  of  perfection  in  stained  glass.      '  Te   Deum    laudamus, 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  167 


Te  Dominum  confitemur.'  Such  are  the  words  inscribed  on  the 
banderole  held  by  the  two  kneeling-  bishops  in  the  base  oi'  the 
window,  representing  St.  Ambrose  and  St.  Augustine,  the  joint 
authors,  according"  to  a  beautiful  legend,  of  this  magnificent  hymn 
of  praise,  and  such  is  the  theme  it  has  here  been  attempted  in  part 
to  illustrate.  In  the  midst  of  the  window,  within  a  large  circle 
emblem  of  eternity — formed  of  clouds,  angels  playing  on  sackbut, 
psaltry,  timbrel  and  harp,  etc.,  our  Blessed  Lord  is  seated  on  a 
canopied  throne,  His  right  hand  raised  in  Benediction,  and  His  lett 
holding  an  orb,  in  sign  oi  His  dominion  over  all  things.  He  is 
clothed  in  a  richly  diapered  golden  mantle,  with  jewelled  border, 
and  wears  the  breast-plate  with  its  twelve  mystical  stones,  with 
which  of  old  were  associated  in  some  mysterious  way,  the  Urim  and 
Thummim—  Light  and  Perfection.  About  the  throne  in  solemn 
attitude,  clothed  in  white  garments,  adorned  with  borders,  orphreys, 
etc.,  are  the  seven  archangels  '  who  stand  in  the  presence  of  God.' 
St.  Michael  in  front  on  one  side,  with  the  cross-marked  banner  and 
sword,  as  leader  of  the  hosts  of  Heaven  ;  in  the  corresponding 
place  on  the  other  side  of  the  throne,  St.  Gabriel,  the  great 
messenger,  with  lily  branch  in  his  hand  ;  the  remaining  arch- 
angels follow  in  due  order.  Beneath  the  archangels  are  placed  the 
four  apocalyptic  creatures,  assigned  as  emblems  to  the  Evangelists, 
and  between  these,  underneath  the  feet  of  our  Lord,  a  cherub  and 
seraph  with  arms  outspread,  the  former  with  wings  of  blue,  indica- 
tive of  knowledge  ;  the  latter,  red,  of  love  ;  these  'continually  do 
cry'  '  Sanctus,  Sanctus,  Sanctus,  Dorriinus  Deus  Sabaoth,'  the 
words  being:  inscribed  on  the  long  carved  scroll  running  across  this 
part  oi'  the  window.  Midway  in  the  dexter  light  (left  hand  o\ 
spectator),  are  ranged  the  Apostles  under  the  scroll  bearing  the 
words  '  Te  gloriosus,  Apostolorum  chorus.'  St.  Peter,  Prince  ol 
the  Apostles,  the  Patron  of  this  Church,  sits  prominently  in  front, 
holding  his  keys  oi'  Power;  then  St.  Paul  and  St.  Andrew  with 
their  respective  emblems  ;  above  them  St.  James  major,  St.  John 
the  Evangelist,  and  St.  Thomas.  Opposite  this  group,  in  the 
sinister  light,  with  the  verse  '  Te  Prophetarum  laudabilis  numerus,' 
are  placed  the  royal  prophet  David  with  his  harp  in  the    front,  next 


1 68  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


to  him  Isaiah  with  saw,  and  Daniel  ;  behind  these,  Jacob  and 
Ezekiel.  In  the  lower  part  of  both  dexter  and  sinister  lights,  under 
the  scrolls  inscribed  '  Te  martyrum  candidatus,'  and  '  Lauclat 
exercitus,'  are  seen  St.  Stephen,  the  first  martyr,  St  Alban,  proto- 
martyr  of  England,  and  St.  George,  our  English  martyr  patron,  on 
one  side,  and  on  the  other,  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury,  St.  Edmund, 
and  St.  Oswald.  In  the  lower  part  of  centre  light  and  the  one  on 
each  side  of  it,  and  represented  (besides  St.  Ambrose  and  St. 
Augustine  already  alluded  to)  in  the  very  centre,  Our  Blessed  Lad)  ; 
she  kneels  in  front,  in  mantle  of  blue,  with  arms  extended,  leading 
as  it  were,  the  solemn  chorus  of  praise  ;  behind  her  is  St.  John  the 
Baptist,  pointing  upwards  to  the  Lamb  of  God,  '  Ecce  Agnus  Dei  ' 
being  inscribed  on  the  ribbon  attached  to  his  cross  ;  at  his  side 
resting  on  her  staff,  his  aged  mother  St.  Elizabeth.  In  the  dexter 
light  kneels  St  Joseph,  spouse  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  bearing  alily, 
behind  him  St.  Edward  the  Confessor,  holding  ring  and  sceptre,  St. 
Richard,  King  of  the  West  Saxons,  with  pilgrim's  staff,  St.  Charles 
Borromeo,  and  St.  William  of  York.  In  the  sinister  light  are 
placed  St.  Ann,  Mother  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  with  book  in  hand; 
behind  her  St.  Mary  Magdalene,  St.  Gertrude,  St.  Helen,  the  first 
Christian  Empress,  supporting  the  newly-found  Cross,  and  St. 
Catherine  of  Alexandria,  holding  her  well-known  wheel.  Then 
three  groups  of  figures,  represent  the  patron  saints  of  the  donors' 
family,  for  whose  good  estate  a  legend  at  the  foot  or  the  window 
beys  you  to  pray,  and  is  as  follows  :  '  Orate  pro  felice  statu 
losephi  Smith,  et  domo  ejus.'  It  only  remains  to  add,  that,  in  the 
tracery  at  the  top  of  the  window,  is  represented,  in  the  centre,  the 
Holy  Spirit,  and  in  the  surrounding  space  a  cordon  of  rejoicing 
angels  joining  in  the  general  chorus  of  praise  and  thanksgiving. 
It  may  be  added  that  the  three  subsidiary  windows  in  the  west  front 
and  in  the  north  and  south  transepts  respectively  have  also  been 
filled  with  stained  glass  ;  but  they  need  not  be  mentioned  further." 
Had  the  foregoing  been  published  broadly,  the  author  would  not 
have  given  such  lengthy  extracts  which  evince  the  literary  calibre  of 
the  very  reverend  writer  from  whom  the  publication  emantes. 


TIME  HONOURED    LANCASTER.  169 


It  ought  to  be  stated  that  the  cost  of  the  building  of  St. 
Peter's  Church,  viz.,  ^15,000  is  exclusive  of  the  cost  of  the  spire  ; 
and  also  that  the  chancel  is  separated  from  the  nave  by  an  arch  54 
feet  high,  and  the  columns  and  arches  of  the  same  are  34  feet  in 
height.  Before  1700  the  wants  of  the  faithful  in  Lancaster  were 
supplied  by  priests  who  from  time  to  time  found  a  home  at 
Aldcliffe  Hall,  Dolphin  Lea,  or  elsewhere.  The  first  Chapel, 
"  The  Barn,"  still  standing,  was  in  Mason  Street,  with  an 
opening  into  St.  Leonard's  Gate.  The  Chapel  and  Schools 
In  Dalton  Square  were  erected  in  1797-8.  The  succession  of 
priests  is  as  follows  : — Thomas  Hayes,  obiit  December  30th,  1692  ; 
Peter  Gooden,  obiit  1694  (see  registers  of  St.  Mary's)  ;  Edward 
Hawarden,  D.D.,  left  1714;  Nicholas  Skelton,  1715-66;  James 
Tyrer,  obiit  1784;  John  Rigby,  D.D.,  obiit  1818  ;  George  Brown, 
D.D.,  afterwards  first  Bishop  of  Liverpool,  1819-40;  Richard 
Brown,  1840-68  ;  William  Provost  Walker,  present  dean  and 
rector.  Prior  to  the  establishment  of  a  permanent  Church  in 
Lancaster,  the  solemn  office  of  mass  was  performed  in  the  houses 
of  the  principal  supporters  of  the  faith.  Dr.  Rigby  was  the  real 
promoter  of  a  fixed  place  of  worship  for  the  Catholic  body  (see 
biography).  The  Rev.  George  Brown,  who  succeeded  Dr.  Rigby, 
had  been  vice-president  of  Ushaw,  and  having  served  the  mission 
twenty  years  he  was  raised  to  the  episcopal  dignity  as  Vicar 
Apostolic  of  the  Lancashire  district,  and  he  became  in  1850,  on  the 
restoration  of  the  Hierarchy,  the  first  Bishop  of  Liverpool.  The 
Rev.  Richard  Brown,  who  followed  him  (educated  at  Ushaw  and 
Rome),  was  his  nephew,  and  he  became  Canon  of  Liverpool.  It 
was  during  Dr.  Rigby's  ministry  that  the  usual  registers  began  to 
be  kept,  and  they  date  from  1785. 

The  late  Mr.  Richard  Leeming,  J.  P.,  who  died  on  the  22ml 
of  September,  1888,  presented  St.  Peter's  Church  with  a  beautiful 
new  organ,  built  by  Mr.  Henry  Ainscough,  of  Preston.  The 
organ  arrived  a  few  days  after  the  donor's  decease,  and  occupies  a 
prominent  position  at  the  west  end  of  the  Church  in  a  loft  erected 
for  its  reception.      The  late    Mr.    Leeming   was  a  generous-hearted 


ivo  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


gentleman,  whose  devotion  to  his  Church   was  such   as   makes   his 
Lancaster 


demise    a    loss    that    will     long    be    felt    by    his     co-religionists    in 


St.    Peter's  Bells. 

The  first  peal  was   rung  on   these  bells  January   20th,   1880. 
The  following  is  a  full  description  of  the  bells. 


Diameter 
Ni  1.  at  mouth.  Note 


I 


3°M      E 


2      30%      Ds 


o       oa 


Cs 

B 

5     38         A 

6     41  Gs 


/ 


•••■     45         Fs 

50         E 


\\ 

eight. 

cwt. 

qr.   1!;. 

6 

3  2° 

7 

1     3 

8 

0  14 

8 

2     8 

10 

2    2X 

12 

2     21 

LS 

2        5 

20 

2     4 

Weis 

jht  with 

u  1 11  id  and 

iron. 

cwt. 

qr. 

lb. 

10 

2 

0 

12 

O 

O 

M 

2 

O 

16 

O 

O 

18 

O 

0 

20 

O 

O 

22 

2 

0 

2  5 

O 

O 

Each  bell  contains  one  of  the  beatitudes,  as  well  as  the  name 
o\  the  saint  to  whom  it  is  dedicated  in  Latin,  the  several  inscrip- 
tions on  the  bells  being  as  follows  :  — 

No.  1.  The  largest  bell. — Beati  pauperes  spiritu  Quoniam 
ipsorurn  est  regnum  Ccelorum.  Sancte  Petre,  apostolorum  princeps. 
Ota  pro  nobis.  Sancte  Bernarde.  Ora  pro  nobis.  Has  Octo 
Campanas,  S.  Petro  Lancastrensi.  I).  D.  Joannes  Gardner 
Lancastrensis  v.d.  1879.  T.  Dickinson,  contractor,  Lancaster. 
Diameter  across  the  bottom,  50  inches  ;   weight,  25  cwt. 

Xo.  2.  Beati  Mites  Quoniam  ipsi  Possidebunt  terrain.  Sancte 
Maria  sine  labe  eoncepta.  Ora  pro  nobis.  Sancte  Gulielme.  Ora 
pro  nobis.      Diameter,  45  inches  ;  weight,  22j4  cwt. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


i/] 


No.  3.  — Beati  Qui  lugfent  Quoniam  ipsi  Consolabuntur. 
Sancte  Joannis.     Ora   pro  nobis.      Diameter,   41    inches;   weight, 

20  cwt. 

No  4-  -Beati  Qui  Esuriunt  et  Sitiunt  Justitiam  Quoniam  ipsi 
Saturabuntur.  Sancte  Jacobe.  Ora  pro  nobis.  Diameter,  38 
inches  ;  weight  18  cwts. 

No.  5. — Beati  Misericorcles  Quoniam  ipsi  Misericordiam 
consequentur.  Sancte  Thoma.  Ora  pro  nobis.  Diameter,  35 
inches  ;  weight  16  cwt. 

No  6. — Beati  mundo  corde  Quoniam  ipsi  Deum  Videbunt. 
Sancta  Helena.  Ora  pro  nobis.  Diameter,  33  inches  ;  weight, 
14)4  cwt. 

No.  7. — Beati  Pacifici  Quoniam  Filii  Dei  Vocabuntur. 
Sancta  Teresia.  Ora  pro  nobis.  Diameter,  32  inches  ;  weight, 
12^5  cwt. 

No.  8.  Beati  Qui  Persecutionem  Patiuntur  propter  justitiam; 
Quoniam  ipsorum  est  Regnum  Coelorum.  Sancta  Maria  Magdalene 
Ora  pro  nobis.      Diameter,  30  inches  ;   weight,   10)3  cwt. 

The  names  of  the  Parish  Church  ringers  who  had  the  honour 
of  first  sounding  a  peal  on  the  new  bells  were  :— Messrs.  R.  S. 
Hirst  (conductor),  James  Beatie,  Thomas  Parker,  Wm.  H.  Hirst, 
James  Atkinson,  Peter  A.  Walker,  Robert  Johnson,  George  W inn, 
and  James  Sawyer.  The  names  of  the  new  ringers  were  :  Messrs. 
Michael,  John,  and  William  Lennon,  John  Bailie,  John  Richardson, 
John  Helm,  John  Hartley,  Richard  Whiteside,  William  Lancaster, 
Patrick  Mulligan,  Patrick  Finrt,  and  James  Hartley.  Holt's  ten- 
part  peal  of  Grandsire's  Triples,  containing  504  changes,  was  rung 
on  the  bells  by  St.  Mary's  Church  ringers. 

There  are  still  traces  oi'  the  original  character  of  the  old 
Chapel  in  Mason  Street.      A  built-up  doorway  has  lorn;   shown  the 


172  TIME-HONOURED   LANCASTER 


level  of  the  Chapel  floor.  The  long-  Chapel  windows  were  partially 
built  up,  except  one  on  each  side  of  the  house,  which  still  retain 
their  full  size.  In  a  room  in  one  of  the  lower  houses  there  is  an 
arch  and  other  evidences  of  dedication  to  other  uses  than  the  one 
to  which  it  is  now  applied.  The  two  houses  in  St.  Leonardgate 
were  occupied  by  the  priest  as  his  residence.  These  houses  and 
the  Chapel  were  thatched.  Subsequently  the  house  was  converted 
into  the  George  Inn,  and  was  kept  by  Mr.  Joseph  Redmayne, 
father  of  the  late  Mr.  Leonard  Redmayne,  who  became  the  prin- 
cipal of  of  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Gillow  &  Co.  It  was  next  altered 
into  two  dwelling-houses,  and  so  remains  to  this  day.  The  Chapel 
was  formerly  used  by  Messrs.  Gillow  as  a  warehouse  for  furniture, 
and,  owing  to  its  original  character,  was  known  amongst  the  work- 
people as  "  The  Temple."  It  was  afterwards  used  with  the  yard 
now  forming  Mason  Street  for  storing  timber,  by  the  late  Mr. 
James  Monks.  In  1837  the  property  passed  from  Messrs.  Gillow 
and  Co.  to  the  late  Mr.  Richard  Dunn,  who  transformed  the 
Chapel  into  houses,  and  built  the  remainder  of  the  dwellings  in 
Mason  Street. 

Catholic  Martyrs. 

Lancaster  is  to  our  Catholic  friends  a  very  sacred  place  in 
common  with  Tyburn,  York,  Gloucester,  Durham,  and  a  few  other 
towns  and  cities  which  might  be  named,  owing  to  the  number  of 
martyrs  who  have  sacrificed  their  lives  in  order  to  demonstrate  the 
honesty  of  their  faith.  From  "Memoirs  of  Missionary  Priests," 
published  in  1741-42,  a  work  written  by  the  Right  Reverend  Dr. 
Challoner,  V.A.L.  I  take  the  following  extracts  concerning  the 
martyrdoms  at  Lancaster  of  James  Bell,  John  Fynch,  Robert 
Nutter,  Edward  Thwing,  John  Thulis,  Roger  Wrenno,  Edmund 
Arrowsmith,  Richard  Herst,  Edward  Barlow,  Edward  Bamber, 
alias  Reding,  John  Woodcock,  alias  Harington,  Thomas  Whit- 
laker,  and  Laurence  Bailey  : — "James  Bell,  born  at  Warrington  in 
Lancashire,  brought  up  in  Oxford,  and  made  priest  in  Queen 
Marx's    days.       When     the    religion    of   the    nation    was    changed 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  173 


upon  Queen  Elizabeth's  accession  to  the  crown,  he  suffered  himself  to 
be  carried  away  with  the  stream  against  his  conscience,  and  for 
many  years  officiated  as  a  minister  in  divers  parts  of  the  kingdom. 
He  was  at  length  reclaimed  in  1 58 1  by  the  remonstrances  of  a 
Catholic  matron,  joined  to  a  severe  fit  of  sickness  with  which  God 
was  pleased  to  visit  him,  in  which  he  was  reconciled  to  God  and 
his  Church."  After  resuming  his  priestly  functions  for  about  two 
years,  we  learn  that  he  was  apprehended  by  a  pursuivant  ami 
carried  before  a  Justice  of  the  Peace.  This  was  in  January,  1583-4. 
He  acknowledged  himself  a  priest  and  his  genuine  reconciliation, 
and  in  due  course  was  committed  to  Manchester  Jail,  and  ultimately 
sent  for  trial  at  the  Lent  Assizes,  Lancaster.  On  his  way  to  the 
latter  city,  "his  arms  wrere  tied  behind  him  and  his  legs  under  the 
horse's  belly."  He  was  arraigned  with  three  others,  a  Mr.  Thomas 
Williamson  and  Mr.  Richard  Hutton,  two  priests,  and  Mr.  John 
Finch,  a  layman.  He  evidenced  great  courage,  and  when  sentence 
of  death  was  passed  upon  him  he  said  : — I  beg  your  lordship's 
would  add  to  the  sentence  that  my  lips  and  the  tops  of  my  fingers 
may  be  cut  off,  for  having  sworn  and  subscribed  to  the  articles  ol' 
heretics,  contrary  both  to  my  conscience  and  God's  truth."  We 
are  told  that  he  suffered  on  the  20th  of  April,  1584,  with  great 
constancy  and  joy.  He  was  sixty  years  old.  "John  Finch  was 
born  at  Eccleston,  near  Chorley,  and  when  he  was  come  to  man's 
estate  he  became  disgusted  with  the  new  religion  and  after  serious 
examination  embraced  the  Catholic  faith  and  laboured  hard  to 
make  converts.  Owing  to  the  treachery  of  a  false  brother,  he  and 
a  Mr.  George  Ostcliffe,  a  priest  of  Douay  College,  were  arrested 
by  the  Earl  of  Derby.  When  it  was  found  impossible  to  shake  his 
faith  and  make  him  agree  to  go  to  the  Protestant  Church,  4  he  was 
dragged  thither  by  downright  violence  through  the  streets,  his  head 
beating  all  the  way  upon  the  stones,  and  being  thereby  grievously 
broken  and  wounded  ;  then  they  thrust  him  into  a  dark  stinking 
dungeon,  where  he  had  no  other  bed  than  the  bare  wet  floor  ;  no 
other  food  but  oxen's  liver,  and  that  very  sparingly.'  He  was 
kept  in  Manchester  for  weeks,  and  then  transferred  to  Lancaster 
to  take  his  trial  at  the   Lent   Assizes  for  affirming  that    'the   Pope 


i74  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


hath  power  or  jurisdiction  in  the  kingdom  of  England,  and  that  he 
is  the  head  of  the  Catholic  Church,  of  which  Church  some  part  is 
in  this  kingdom.'  He  was  sentenced  to  death  as  a  traitor,  and 
suffered  on  the  day  after  his  trial  with  James  Bell  at  Lancaster,  on 
the  20th  of  April,  in  the  year  1584.'  'His  quarters  were  disposed 
of  to  be  set  upon  poles  in  four  of  the  chief  towns  of  the  county.'  " 

Robert  Nutter,  who  was  born  in    Lancashire,  and  suffered  in 
1584,  was  brother  of  Mr.  John  Nutter,    who   became  a  B.A.  on  the 
13th   of  June,    1575.      Both    belonged   to  Burnley.     John  suffered  a 
violent  death   at   Tyburn,  on   the    12th   of   February,   1583-4,  being 
hanged,  cut  down  alive,  disembowelled,  and  quartered;  and  Robert 
was  executed  at  Lancaster,  on  the  26th  July,  1600.      Robert  Nutter 
"performed  his  higher  duties  in  Douay  College,  during  its  residence 
at  Rheimes,  where  he  was  ordained    priest,  December   21st,    1581, 
with    Mr.    George    Haydock   and   others."       In    1582   he   was   sent 
to   labour    in    the    English    mission.       Dr.    Worthington    and    Dr. 
Champneys  both  allude  to  this   martyr,  the  former  intimating-  that 
he  "was  a  prisoner   in   the  Tower  in    February,    1583-4,  where   he 
was  put  down  into  a  dungeon  for  seven  and  forty  days,  loaded  with 
chains  for  the  greatest  part  of  the  time,  and  twice  tortured  ;  and  in 
the  November  following  was   lodged  again   in   the   same   hole,  and 
remained  there  for  two  months  and  fourteen   days."     (Sec  Jon  nut! 
of  the  Tower  from  ij8o  to  1585,  published  with  Dr.    Saunders  and 
Mr.  RishtoJi's  History  of  the  Schism. )      "In  1585  he  was    sent   into 
banishment  with  many  other  priests  '  who  being  brought   by   their 
keepers  from  their   several    prisons  to   the    tower   wharf   says   Dr. 
Worthington,  (who  was  himself  one   of  the   number,)   p.   91,   were 
commanded  to  enter  into  a  ship  ready  provided  to  carry  them    into 
banishment."     They  declined  to  accept  banishment  as  any  grace  or 
mercy  at  all,  declared  they  had   committed  no  evil,    and   demanded 
to  be  tried  at  Westminster,  affirming  that  if  banished   they   should 
in  God's  providence,  assuredly  return  to  their  sacred  duties.      "  Mr. 
Nutter  was   as  good  as  his   word,  and   after  having  visited  his  old 
mother  college   at    Rheimes,  and   made  some   short  stay  there,  he 
returned  upon  the  mission.      He  fell  again,  not  long  after,  into  the 


TIME-HOXOURED    LANCASTER.  [75 


hands  of  the  persecutors  and  was  committed  to  Wisbeach  Castle, 
where  he  was  kept  a  prisoner  from  about  1587  until  the  beginning 
of  1600  ;  when  with  a  Mr.  Hunt  and  four  others,  he  found  means 
to  escape.  Then  going  into  Lancashire,  he  was  a  third  time  appre- 
hended, and,  at  the  summer  assizes,  1000,  brought  to  trial,  con- 
demned (barely  upon  account  of  his  priestly  character),  and  executed 
at  Lancaster,  July  26th. 

The  next  martyr  "  Edward  Tfrwing,  was  born  of  an  ancient 
family  at  Hurst,  near  York.  He  was  first  an  alumnus  of  the  college 
of  Rheimes,  whence  he  was  sent  to  Rome  in  1587."  He  became  a 
priest  December  20th,  1590,  while  at  Laon  and  was  "  master  of  the 
Hebrew  and  Greek  tongues  and  professor  of  Rhetoric  in  the  college." 
He  appears  to  have  been  sent  to  this  country  in  1597,  and  Dr. 
Champneys  speaks  of  him  as  a  man  of  admirable  meekness,  and  of 
no  less  piety,  religion,  patience  and  mortification  ;  that  his  patience 
(amongst  the  rest  of  his  virtues,  which  rendered  him  amiable  to  all) 
was  very  remarkable  in  suffering  with  wonderful  tranquillity  from 
an  ulcer  in  the  knee,  which  he  had  to  struggle  with  for  a  long  time, 
whilst  he  was  at  Rheimes  and  Douay.  He  is  found  writing  of  him- 
self from  Lancaster  Castle  thus  : — "  Myself  am  now  a  prisoner  for 
Christ  in  Lancaster  Castle, expecting  nothing  but  execution  at  the 
next  assizes.  I  desire  you  to  commend  me  to  the  devout  prayers 
of  my  friends  with  you,  that,  by  their  help,  I  may  consummate  my 
course  to  God's  glory,  and  the  good  of  my  country.  I  pray  God 
prosper  you  and  all  yours  for  ever.  From  my  prison  and  paradise, 
this  last  of  May,  1600.  E.  Thwing."  In  a  second  letter  he  states 
"  This  day  the  judges  come  to  Lancaster,  where  I  am,  in  expec- 
tation of  a  happy  death,  if  it  so  please  God  Almighty.  I  pray  you 
commend  me  most  dearly  to  all  your  good  priests  and  scholars, 
whose  good  endeavours  God  always  prosper,  to  His  own  more 
glory.  Ego  autem  jam  delibor  et  tempiis  resolutionis  mece  instat. 
Before  this  comes  unto  you,  I  shall,  if  God  makes  me  worthy,  con- 
clude an  unhappy  life  with  a  most  happy   death.      Omnia  possmn  in 

Thomas  Thwing,   born  at    Heworth,   near   York,    in    1635,    and    martyred 

October  23rd,  1680,  must  have  been  a  near  relation  of  Edward  Thwing. 


i76  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


eo  qui  me  comforfat.  From  Lancaster  Castle,  the  21st  of  July,  this 
holy  year,  1600.  All  yours  in  Christ.  Edward  Thwing."  He 
suffered  on  the  26th  of  July  in  the  said  year  1600  with  Mr.  Nutter. 

Another  priest  who  was  put  to  death  at  Lancaster  was  John 
Thulis,  horn  at  Up-Holland.  near  Wigan,  where  formerly  was  a 
priory  estahlished  on  the  petition  of  Mr.  Rohert  de  Holland  by 
Walter,  Bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry,  on  the  2nd  of  February, 
131S.  Up  to  this  date  a  chantry  had  existed  founded  by  Maud  de 
Holland,  in  the  third  year  of  Edward  II.  and  consisted  of  a  dean 
and  twelve  secular  priests.  The  priory  comprised  twelve  Benedictine 
monks,  and  at  the  sequestration  of  Church  possessions  in  the  days 
of  Henry  VII I.  there  were  according  to  Dugdale  five  ecclesiastics, 
and  twenty-six  servants,  and  the  valuation  was  ^64  3s.  4d.  per 
annum.  The  priory  was  sold  in  1546  to  John  Holcroft,  Esq.,  for 
^344  12s.  od.  It  afterwards  passed  to  Thomas  Owen,  Esq., 
whose  younger  daughter,  Mary,  and  co-heiress  married  Holt  Leigh, 
Esq., in  whose  family  the  property  remained  thereafter  for  genera- 
tions. The  ancient  chapel  was  dedicated  to  St.  Thomas  the  Martyr, 
and  Maud  de  Holland  was  the  daughter  and  heiress  of  Allen 
Colembiers,  owner  of  the  manor  of  Hale,  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I. 
Tohn  Thulis  came,  therefore,  from  a  very  ancient  seat  of  Catholic 
learning  and  piety,  for  the  chantry  was  equivalent  to  a  college 
almost  from  its  earliest  days.  A  Latin  Life  of  John  Thules  was 
printed  at  Douay  in  1617.  He  appears  to  have  been  a  very  devout, 
meekly  disposed  man  whose  life  was  fraught  with  many  sorrows 
and  crosses.  It  is  stated  that  when  once  sick  and  nigh  unto  death 
he  was  "  divinely  admonished  to  look  for  a  more  glorious  death  by 
martyrdom."  He  was  arrested  for  being  a  priest  and  long  kept  a 
close  prisoner  in  Wisbeach  Castle.  He  escaped  from  this  fortress, 
but  how,  is  not  known.  He  was  again  apprehended  by  the  Earl  of 
Derby  and  committed  to  Lancaster  Castle.  Among  the  prisoners 
here  was  a  catholic  named  Roger  Wrenno  or  Roger  Worren  or 
Warren,  a  weaver  by  trade,  and  a  little  while  prior  to  the  Lent 
Assizes  of  1616,  the  two  prisoners  found  a  means  of  escaping  about 
five  in  the  evening.     The  story  goes  that  the  two  made  the   best  of 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  i77 


their  way  walking  until  five  the  next  day  at  "a  good  round  pace," 
but  strange  to  say,  "when  they  thought  themselves  about  thirty 
miles  from  Lancaster,  they  found  themselves  very  near  that  town, 
God's  holy  will  designing  them  for  the  crown  of  of  martyrdom." 
At  sunrise  they  were  discovered  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Lancaster, 
and  were  apprehended  and  brought  back  to  "  their  lodgings  in  the 
Castle,  where  they  were  sure  to  be  better  looked  to  in  the  future." 
Thulis  was  sentenced  at  the  Assizes  to  die  as  in  cases  of  high  treason 
"for  being  a  priest  and  exercising  his  priestly  functions  in  this 
realm,"  and  the  weaver  was  also  sentenced  to  death,  "  as  in  cases 
of  felony  for  relieving  and  assisting  priests."  They  were  offered 
their  lives  on  condition  of  taking  the  "new  oath  of  allegiance,"  but 
both  refused.  Mr.  Thulis  was  brought  out  of  the  Castle  and  laid 
upon  a  hurdle,  in  order  to  be  drawn  to  the  gallows.  As  he  took  his 
last  leave  of  his  fellow  priests,  who  remained  there  in  prison,  he 
commended  to  them  mutual  love  and  charity,  the  proper  character- 
istics of  the  true  disciples  of  Christ.  Wrenno  was  conducted  at  the 
same  time  to  execution,  in  the  company  of  divers  malefactors  who 
were  to  suffer  the  same  day,  four  of  whom  had  been  lately  reconciled 
in  prison  by  Mr.  Thulis  to  God  and  his  church.  At  the  gallows 
when  Mr.  Thulis  was  going  up  the  ladder,  he  was  again  called  upon 
to  save  his  life  by  taking  the  oath.  "That,"  said  he,  "I  cannot  in 
conscience  take,  for  it  contains  many  things  contrary  to  the 
Catholic  faith  "  so  he  was  turned  off  the  ladder,  and  afterwards  cut 
down  and  quartered.  His  four  quarters  were  hung  up  at  four  of 
the  chief  towns  of  the  county,  viz.,  Lancaster,  Preston,  Wigan,  and 
Warrington  ;  that  at  Preston  was  fixed  to  the  church  steeple,  and 
his  head  was  set  up  on  the  Castle  walls.  As  for  Wrenno,  the  weaver, 
after  he  was  turned  off  the  ladder  the  rope  broke  with  the  weight  of 
his  body  and  he  fell  to  the  ground.  After  a  short  space  he  came 
perfectly  to  himself,  and  going  on  his  knees  began  to  prav  very 
devoutly,  with  his  eyes  and  hands  lifted  up  to  Heaven.  He  was 
asked  to  take  the  oath  and  save  his  life,  when  he  rose  and  replied  to 
the  tauntings  of  the  ministers  present,  for  their  remarks  and  adjura- 
tions could  only  be  termed  taunts  under  the  circumstances.  "  I  am 
the  same  man  I  was,  and  in  the  same  mind,  use  your  pleasure   with 


x 


178  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


me,'  and  with  that  he  ran  to  the  ladder  and  went  up  it  as  fast  as  he 
could.  "  How  now?  "  said  the  sheriff,  "  what  does  the  man  mean, 
that  he  is  in  such  haste?"  "Oh,"  said  the  good  man,  "if  you  had  seen 
that  which  I  have  just  now  seen  you  would  be  as  much  in  haste  to 
die  as  I  now  am  ;  "  and  so  the  executioner,  putting  a  stronger  rope 
about  his  neck,  turned  the  ladder,  and  quickly  sent  him  to  see  the 
good  things  of  the  Lord  in  the  land  of  the  living,  of  which  before  he 
had  had  a  glimpse.  Mr.  Ashton,  of  Lever,  godson  of  Mr.  Thulis, 
offered  to  settle  ^20  per  annum  on  the  latter  if  he  would  recant. 

"  Acts  of  English  Martyrs,"  by  John  Hungerford  Pollen, 
S.J.,  1891,  contains  a  poem  called  "The  song  of  the  death  of  the 
venerable  John  Thulis,"  also  a  song  "  which  Mr  Thulis  writ  for 
himself."  The  latter  is  taken  from  a  MS  in  the  British  Museum 
(add  15,225,  p.  49  and  44).  The  following  stanza  will  show  the 
style  of  the  martyr's  composition  :  — 

No  hurdle  hard  nor  hempen  rope 

Can  make  me  once  afraid. 
No  tyrant's  knife  against  my  life 

Shall  make  me  dismayed. 
Though  flesh  and  bones  be  broken  and  torn, 

My  soul  I  trust  will  sing, 
Amongst  the  glorious  company 

With  Christ  our  Heavenly  King. 

Edmund  Arrowsmith  is  said  to  have  been  born  at  Had- 
dock in  the  parish  of  Winwick,  a  place  five  miles  from  Warrington, 
and  seven  from  Wigan,  about  1585.  His  father,  Robert  Arrowsmith, 
was  a  farmer,  and  his  mother  Margery,  nee  Gerard,  one  of  the 
ancient  catholic  family  of  Gerard,  of  Bryn.  Both  parents  were 
catholics  and  Edmund's  grandfather,  Thurston  Arrowsmith,  had 
suffered  much  on  account  of  his  religion  "  and  died  in  bonds  a 
confessor  of  Christ."  Mr.  Nicholas  Gerard,  his  maternal  grand- 
father, "was  by  order  of  Sir  Thomas  Gerard,  his  own  brother, 
forcibly  carried  to  the  protestant  church,  (at  a  time  when  he  was 
labouring  under  a  violent  fit  of  the  gout,  so  that  he  could  not  stir,) 
and  there  placed  over  against  the  minister.  But  instead  of  joining 
with  the  minister  or  congregation  in  their  service,    he   sang   psalms 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  179 


in  Latin,  with  so  loud  a  voice  that  the  minister  could  not  be  heard 
which  obliged  them  to  carry  him  away  out  of  church.  The  parents 
of  Edmund  Arrovvsmith  with  their  children  were  tied  two  and  two 
together  and  driven  to  Lancaster  Castle.  Four  little  children  were 
left  at  home,  one  of  whom  was  Edmund,  whom  the  pursuivants  had 
taken  out  of  bed  in  their  shifts,  and  left  standing  in  the  cold,  not 
suffering  any  of  the  family  to  dress  them,  till  some  neighbours 
compassionating  their  case,  came  in  and  did  this  charitable  office 
for  the  helpless  infants."  At  length  Edmund's  father  redeemed 
himself  by  money  and  went  abroad  with  his  brother  Peter,  and  both 
served  for  a  time  in  the  wars  in  Holland.  Peter  died  at  Brussels  of 
a  wound  received  in  the  war,  and  was  there  interred.  Robert, 
Edmund's  father,  went  to  Rheims  or  Douay  to  visit  his  other  brother 
the  learned  Professor  Edmund  Arrowsmith,  D.D.,  and  after  a  time 
returned  to  England,  dying  peacefully,  having  long  before  foretold 
his  own  death.  Edmund's  mother  was  greatly  reduced  in  circum- 
stances, and  as  a  kindness  "  a  venerable  priest  took  the  boy 
Edmund  (then  called  Brian  from  the  name  by  which  he  was 
christened)  into  his  service  to  bring  him  up  to  learning.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  such  a  pious  child  that  even  his  protestant  school- 
masters were  very  fond  of  him,  He  became  very  devout,  and 
entered  Douay  College  in  December,  1605.  Here,  he  took  the 
name  of  Edmund,  the  name  of  his  uncle,  Dr.  Arrowsmith,  studied 
so  greatly  that  his  health  was  completely  undone  and  he  had  to 
return  home.  On  coming  back  to  his  college  he  was  constituted 
one  of  the  Pope's  alumni,  and  he  seems  to  have  been  admitted  to 
holy  orders  about  December  9th,  161 2,  and  before  the  end  of  the 
year  was  advanced  to  the  greater  orders  at  Arras.  On  June  17th, 
1613,  he  was  sent  to  England  to  join  the  mission,  by  Dr.  Kellison, 
lately  appointed  president  of  the  college.  He  was  first  arrested  about 
August,  1622.  His  last  apprehension  was  about  June  or  July,  1628. 
The  charge  against  him  was  "  that  he  was  a  priest  and  believed  in 
the  Papal  supremacy."  His  judges,  Sir  Henry  Yelverton  and  Sir 
James  Whitlock  must  have  been  ripe  for  eternal  perdition,  if  all 
that  is  recorded  of  them  be  correct.  The  judge  Yelverton  declined 
to  allow  him   a   fair   trial,    and   in    sentencing   him,    informed  him 


i8o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


"that  he  should  die  and  see  his  bowels  burn  before  his  face," 
to  which  Edmund  Arrowsmith  answered  "and  you,  my  lord,  must 
die  too,"  a  rejoinder  which  greatly  enraged  the  man  ;  the  judge  next 
commanded  the  martyr  to  explain  himself,  which  he  did  most  care- 
fully, reverently  and  ably.  One  of  his  chief  enemies  appears 
to  have  been  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  known  as  Captain  Rawstorne, 
and  he  it  was  who  had  the  good  priest  arrested.  On  pages 
71,  72  and  73,  of  "Memoirs  of  Missionary  Priests,"  much 
information  is  given  concerning  the  trial.  After  he  was  sentenced 
by  the  infuriated  judge  Velverton,  he  was  manacled  with  heavy 
irons,  and  while  on  his  way  to  his  dungeon  he  recited  the  Miserere 
in  so  audible  a  voice  that  many  heard  him.  So  dark  was  the  cell 
or  hole  in  which  he  was  confined  that  he  could  see  nothing,  and  so 
small  was  it  that  he  could  not  properly  lie  down,  but  was  compelled 
to  sit,  leaning  on  a  bolster  which  was  flung  to  him  ;  and  so  he  con- 
tinued in  his  clothes,  with  heavy  bolts  on  his  legs  from  about  one 
or  two-o'clock  on  the  Tuesday  until  twelve  on  Thursday,  when  he 
was  led  to  his  doom.  No  man  was  suffered  to  speak  to  him  under 
a  penalty  of  ^100,  and  the  Judge  further  commanded  that  after 
sentence,  he  should  be  watched  by  three  or  four  of  the  sheriffs  men. 
After  the  poor  Priest  was  disembowelled  it  was  averred  that  there 
was  nothing  found  in  his  intestines,  which  were  distended  with 
wind,  and  also  that  there  was  not  one  drop  of  liquid  in  his  bladder. 
He  appears  to  have  been  indicted  under  the  name  of  Rigby,  but 
how  this  occurred  I  cannot  ascertain.  On  his  way  to  execution  he 
beheld  his  friend  and  fellow  prisoner  Mr.  Southworth,  who  showed 
himself  out  of  a  great  window,  they  affectionately  saluted  each  other, 
and  about  the  same  period  a  catholic  gentleman  embraced  the 
martvr  tenderly,  and  kissed  him  as  he  came  forth  from  the  Castle 
Gateway.  The  good  man  was  bound  upon  a  hurdle,  placed  on  a 
horse,  with  head  towards  the  animal's  tail  "for  greater  ignominy." 
He  was  dragged  through  the  streets  to  the  gallows,  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  awav  from  the  prison,  no  friend  being  able  to  get  near  him, 
owinsf  to  the  sheriff's  halberds  and  servants.  The  executioner  went 
close  in  front  of  the  martyr  bearing  a  club,  as  if  in  "barbarous 
triumph,"   says   the    author   quoted;    while   the  martyr  "held  two 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  181 


papers  between  his  hands  which  were  called  duae  claves  cadi,  the 
one  containing  an  act  of  the  love  of  God,  and  the  other  of  contrition, 
which  he  used  for  the  increase  of  his  devotion."  Even  the  Pro- 
testant minister,  a  limping-  old  man,  is  said  to  have  pointed  to  the 
huge  fire  and  said  "  Look  you,  Mr.  Rigby,  what  is  provided  for 
your  death,  will  you  conform  yourself  yet,  and  enjoy  the  mercy  of 
the  King?"  to  which  the  martyr  replied,  "Good  sir,  tempt  me  no 
more  ;  the  mercy  I  look  for  is  in  heaven  through  the  death  and  passion 
of  my  Saviour  Jesus,  and  1  most  humbly  beseech  him  to  make  me 
worthy  of  this  death."  He  was  then  dragged  to  the  foot  of  the 
ladder,  and  the  old  parson,  evidently  the  chaplain,  taunted  him 
anew.  After  being  urged  to  conform  by  Mr.  Lee  or  Leigh,  J. P., 
this  good  soul  firmly  refused,  was  directly  cast  off  the  ladder  and 
permitted  to  hang  until  dead.  The  last  words  which  were  heard 
emanating  from  his  lips  were  Bone  Jesu.  "  His  head  was  set  upon 
a  stake  or  pole  amongst  the  pinnacles  of  the  Castle,  and  his  quai  ters 
were  hanged  on  four  several  places  thereof."  People  of  all  beliefs 
wished  they  had  never  witnessed  such  an  execution,  and  denounced 
the  barbarity  that  would  destroy  men  because  of  their  religious 
principles.  This  dreadful  cold-blooded  murder  took  place  at  noon 
on  the  28th  of  August,  1628.  A  Latin  MS.  of  Father  Arrowsmith's 
life  is  still  preserved  in  the  Douay  College,  dated  1629.  A  life  of 
the  martyr,  published  in  1737,  adds  "that  the  judge  who  con- 
demned the  priest  sitting  at  supper  on  the  23rd  January,  1729-30, 
felt  a  blow  as  if  some  one  had  struck  him  on  the  head  and  fell  into 
rage  with  his  servant  about  it,  the  servant  protesting  that  he  had 
never  struck  at  him  at  all,  nor  seen  any  one  strike  him.  A  little 
after  he  experienced  another  similar  blow,  and  in  great  terror  was 
carried  to  bed  and  died  the  next  morning." 

The  Nonconformist  historian  of  the  count}-,  Dr.  Halley,  an 
excellent  broad-hearted  man  describes  him  as  a  "meek  and  godly 
priest,  whose  holy  life  and  labours  are  well  worthy  of  comparison 
with  the  lives  of  Oliver  Hey  wood  and  Isaac  Ambrose,  and  whose 
death  for  his  religion  may  be  compared  with  the  martyrdom  of  John 
Bradford  or  of  George  Marsh."      It   is   said  that    "between    two    of 


i82  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


the  battlements  of  the  Castle  there  still  remains  the  base  of  a  spike 
which  is  reputed  to  be  the  one  on  which  this  order  was  fulfilled." 
It  is  likewise  stated  that  "  the  hand  of  Arrowsmith,  after  being  cut 
off  by  a  friend,  was  conveyed  to  Bryn  Hall,  one  of  the  seats  of  the 
Gerards,  of  which  family  his  mother  was  a  member,  and  became 
widely  known  and  venerated  as  'the  dead  man's  hand,'  or  the  'holy 
hand.'  The  relic  was  removed  from  Bryn  to  Garswood — another 
residence  of  the  Gerards,  and  subsequently  to  the  priest's  house  at 
Ashton-in-Makerfield,  and  many  instances  are  related  of  cures  said 
to  have  been  effected  by  its  efficacy.  It  was  the  custom  for 
applicants  to  provide  themselves  with  a  piece  of  flannel  or  calico, 
which  the  priest  placed  in  contact  with  'the  dead  hand,'  and  the 
cloth  was  then  applied  to  the  parts  affected."  The  hand  of  Edmund 
Arrowsmith  is  still  preserved,  and  many  miracles  are  said  to  have 
been  performed  with  it,  the  custom  being-  to  rub  a  cloth  over  it 
and  then  to  rub  that  part  of  the  body  of  the  sick  person  which  is 
most  disordered  with  such   cloth. 

Richard  Herst,  a  lay  Catholic,  was  put  to  death  the  day  after 

Eather  Arrowsmith  at  the  same  place.      Herst  was  seized  in  a  field 

while  busy  ploughing  as  a  recusant  convict,  and  was   most   roughly 

handled  by  the  pursuivant  and  two  of  his  assistants.       Christopher 

Norcross,    the    Bishop   oi'   Chester's    messenger,    had   obtained   the 

services  of  one  Wilkinson   and  one   Oewhurst,  the    latter  of  whom 

was  so  vile  a  character  that  the  officer  of  the  parish   had  a  warrant 

in  his  hands  at  the  time  for  his  removal  to  the  House  of  Correction 

as  a  punishment  for  his  lewdness.      The   wretch   got  a  blow  on  the 

head   administered   by   Mr.  Herst's  servant-maid,    and    as    he   was 

running  to  Wilkinson's  aid  he  fell  down  and  broke  his  leg,  and  his 

body  being  in  an  unhealthy  condition,  the  leg  took   bad  ways,  and 

the  man  died  in  about  thirteen  days  after  the  event,  regretting  that 

he  had  ever  attended  in   such   a  sinful   work.      On   his   pathway   of 

death  Mr.  Herst  met  the   Rev.   Geoffrey   King,  vicar  of  Lancaster. 

Mr.  King  questioned  him  about  his  faith,  and  the  martyr  answered 

him  "  I  believe  according  to  the  faith  of  the  Holy  Catholic  Church." 

The   vicar  demanded   further  of  him   how  he   hoped    to  be   saved. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  183 


"Not  by  your  religion,  Mr.  King-,"  was  his  reply.  On  asking  the 
question,  "Whether  he  meant  to  be  saved  by  the  merits  of  Jesus 
Christ?"  Mr.  Herst  answered  "  Will  you  be  accounted  a  divine  and 
ask  me  such  a  question  ?"  Richard  Herst  was  tried  and  condemned 
at  the  Lancaster  Assizes,  March,  1618,  the  judges  being  Sir  Edward 
Bromley  and  Sir  John  Denham,  and  on  the  day  of  his  execution, 
the  day  after  Eather  Arrowsmith  had  suffered,  he  exclaimed  at  the 
first  sight  of  the  gallows  : — "  Gallows,  thou  dost  not  affright  me," 
and  upon  reaching  it  he  kissed  one  of  the  posts.  The  executioner 
was  rather  clumsy  at  fastening  the  rope  to  the  beam,  and  Herst, 
looking  up  at  him,  "merrily  called  him  by  his  name,  and  said, 
'Tom,  I  think  I  must  come  and  help  thee.''  Then  ascending  the 
ladder  after  divers  short  speeches  of  devotion  he  was  "turned  off." 
Bishop  Challoner  says  "  Under  colour  of  wilful  murder,  but  in  truth 
and  in  the  sight  of  God  for  the  profession  of  the  Catholic  faith  was 
he  condemned." 

Edward  Barlow,  known  religiously  as  Eather  Ambrose,  was 
one  of  the  ancient  family  of  Barlow,  of  Barlow  Hall,  Lancashire 
He  was  born  in  1585,  of  pious  Catholic  parents.  His  father  was 
Alexander  Barlow,  Esq.  He  was  a  very  holy  man  in  his  life  and 
preaching,  and  always  abstained  from  wine,  remarking  when  once 
asked  his  reason  for  so  doing,  "  Wine  and  women  make  the  wise 
apostatise."  He  was  apprehended  on  Easter  Day,  1641,  by  a 
neighbouring  minister,  who  thought  fit  to  forego  his  own  services 
and  attended  by  four  hundred  members  oi'  his  congregation,  armed 
with  clubs  and  swords,  set  off  and  surrounded  Mr.  Barlow's  house 
where  mass  had  just  been  finished  and  while  the  priest  was 
delivering  an  exhortation  to  his  hearers,  numbering  about  one 
hundred,  he  was  seized  taken  by  the  Protestant  parson  and  his 
congregation,  who  had  not  been  provided  with  any  warrant  so  to 
act,  before  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  who  sent  him  guarded  by  sixty 
armed  men  to  Lancaster  Castle.  Some  of  his  flock  would  have 
attempted  to  rescue  him,  but  he  entreated  them  nut  to  think  of  such 
a  thing.  He  was  so  weak  that  another  person  besides  himself  had 
to    sit    on    the   horse    behind    him   in    order    to    support   him.       He 


1 84  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


remained  in  gaol  from  Easter  until  summer,  when  the  assizes  were 
due.  He  was  tried  before  Sir  Robert  Heath,  on  the  7th  of 
September,  1641,  and  he  displayed  equal  constancy  and  fortitude, 
for  when  drawn  on  a  hurdle  to  the  place  of  execution  he  walked 
three  times  round  the  gallows  carrying  the  cross  before  his  breast 
and  recited  the  Miserere  Psalm.  Edward  Barlow,  otherwise  Father 
Ambrose,  is  said  to  have  been  "sometimes  applied  to,  to  exorcise 
persons  possessed  by  the  devil,  which  he  did  with  good  success." 
During  his  imprisonment  he  was  quite  resigned,  and  seemed  to 
know  what  his  fate  would  be,  for  it  appears  that  twelve  years 
before  his  death  he  had  a  vision  of  Father  Arrowsmith,  who, 
coming  to  his  bedside,  said  : — "  I  have  already  suffered  ;  you  shall 
also  suffer.  Speak  but  little  for  they  will  be  upon  the  watch  to 
catch  you  in  your  words."  Some  ministers  attempted  to  dispute 
with  him  about  religion,  but  he  told  them  that  it  was  "an  unfair 
and  unseasonable  challenge,  and  that  he  had  something  else  to  do 
at  present  than  to  hearken  to  their  fooleries.  He  suffered  bravely, 
and  entered  into  peace  in  the  55th  year  of  his  age  and  the  25th  of 
his  religious  profession  and  the  24th  of  his  priesthood  and  mission. 

Edward  Bamber,  born  at  a  place  called  The  Moor,  near 
Poulton-le-Fylde,  son  of  Mr.  Richard  Bamber,  was  another  valiant 
priest,  who,  in  his  last  moments,  showed  what  true  Christianity  is 
capable  of  in  either  Catholic  or  Protestant.  In  his  last  hour  he  was 
instrumental  in  saving  the  deathless  element  of  a  man  named  Croft, 
who  was  taken  to  the  place  of  execution  along  with  him  and  several 
others.  Croft  was  condemned  to  death  for  felony,  and  "declared 
his  resolution  of  dying  in  the  Catholic  faith,  and  was  publicly 
absolved  by  Mr.  Bamber  in  the  sight  and  hearing  of  the  crowd." 
When  Father  Bamber  mounted  the  steps  of  the  ladder  he  threw  a 
handful  of  money  to  the  people,  saying,  with  a  smiling  countenance, 
that  "  God  loveth  a  cheerful  giver."  He  was  speaking  to  his  fellow, 
confessors  "when  the  sheriff  called  out  hastily  to  the  executioner  to 
despatch  him  ;  and  so  he  was  at  that  moment  turned  off  the  ladder, 
and  permitted  to  hang  a  very  short  time,  when  the  rope  was  cut  the 
confessor    being    yet    alive,    and    thus    he    was    butchered."     This 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  18; 


3 


reminds  us  of  the  horrible  martyrdom  of  John  Rig-bye,  tutor  to  Sir 
Edward  Huddleston's  family,  martyred  at  St.  Thomas's  Watering-, 
London,  21st  June,  1600,  a  member  of  the  ancient  house  of 
Harrock,  near  Parbold  which  house  was  the  seat  of  the  Rigbyes, 
from  about  1522,  and  the  original  fount  whence  sprang  the  Rigbyes 
of  Middleton  in  Goosnargh,  Burgh,  near  Chorley,  Layton  in  the 
Eylde,  and  the  Lancaster  branch.  This  John  Rigbye  was  executed 
in  his  30th  year,  and  when  only  half  hanged,  as  it  were,  was  cut 
down  and  disembowelled,  his  entrails  being  burnt  before  him,  and 
while  this  horrid  work  was  in  process  he  rose  from  the  ground 
raising  his  arms  in  the  greatest  physical  agony  yet  unable  to  speak. 
His  holy  life  is  alluded  to  by  Dr.  Worthington,  and  a  full  and 
touching  account  of  his  suffering-s  appears  on  page  199  of  Bishop 
Challoner's  Memoirs,  Part  I.  Edward  Bamber,  (known  in  the 
mission  as  Reding),  suffered  at  Lancaster,  on  the  7th  of  August, 
1646.  In  the  supplement,  p.  252,  of  the  work  of  the  biographer  it 
is  said  that  when  Bamber  was  on  his  way  to  Lancaster  Castle  while 
being  lodged  at  a  place  beyond  Preston,  he  escaped  in  the  dead  of 
the  night  (his  keepers  being  in  drink),  out  of  a  window,  in  his  shirt. 
He  was  met  by  the  master  of  Broughton  Tower,  admonished  that 
night  in  a  dream  that  he  should  find  Bamber  in  such  a  field.  He 
got  up  fully  possessed  with  the  truth  of  the  vision  and  met  the  poor 
priest  in  the  very  field  he  had  dreamed  of,  and  conducted  him  to  his 
house,  where  he  took  proper  care  of  him.  But  Bamber  was  re- 
arrested, and  safely  conveyed  to  Lancaster  Castle.  "  It  is  true," 
writes  an  old  Lancashire  priest,  "  he  found  an  opportunity  here  also 
to  make  his  escape,  but  to  little  purpose  ;  for  having  travelled  all 
the  night,  to  his  great  surprise,  he  found  like  Thulis  and  Wrenno, 
when  morning  had  dawned  that  he  was  very  near  the  town,  and  so 
he  concluded  that  it  was  God's  will  that  he  should  suffer  there,  and 
then  surrendered  himself  to  those  that  sought  after  him." 

John  Woodcock  known  as  Father  Martin,  was  born  in  Clayton 
near  Preston,  in  1603.  His  father  was  a  Protestant  and  his  mother 
a  Catholic.  He  was  kept  a  prisoner  for  two  years  after  being 
apprehended.    His  trial  began  in  the  early  part  of  August,  1646,  and 


i86  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


his  fellow-prisoners  were  Mr.  Reding  and  Mr.  Whitaker.  Mr. 
Woodcock  confessed  himself  a  priest  and  a  Friar  of  the  Order  of  St. 
Francis.  He  was  sentenced  to  death  in  the  44th  year  of  his  age. 
Some  say  that  when  he  was  turned  off  the  rope  broke.  He  was 
ordered  up  the  ladder  a  second  time,  being  perfectly  sensible  and 
scarcely  half-hanged,  then  barbarously  cut  down  and  butchered  alive. 

"Thomas  Whitaker,  of  Burnley,  was,"  says  Bishop  Chal- 
loner,  "probably  a  member  of  either  the  family  of  Whitaker,  of 
Holme,  near  Burnley,  or  of  Whitaker,  of  Healy,  by  the  same  town, 
but  of  a  branch  that  adhered  to  the  Roman  Catholic  faith.  He 
was  born  in  the  year  1614,  and  was  the  son  of  Thomas  and  Helen 
Whitaker.  His  father  was  the  master  of  a  noted  free  school,  viz., 
Burnley  Grammar  School,  and  his  son  Thomas  was  taught  in  that 
school,  after  which  he  was  sent  to  complete  his  studies  to  the 
English  college  in  Valladolid,  at  the  expense  of  the  Townley  family. 
He  was  there  ordained  priest,  and  began  his  mission  in  England  in 
1638.  He  was  watched  by  the  authorities  in  Lancashire,  and  on 
his  first  arrest  he  escaped  from  his  guard  while  on  the  road  to 
Lancaster.  The  guard  having  locked  him  in  a  chamber  at  night 
proceeded  to  carouse  below,  which  the  prisoner  hearing  contrived 
to  let  himself  down  out  of  the  window  of  his  room  ;  but  forgot  first 
to  throw  out  his  clothes,  and  so  after  his  escape  was  forced  to  walk 
some  miles  in  an  almost  naked  condition,  until  he  fortunately  fell 
in  with  a  friendly  Catholic  who  found  him  a  place  of  hiding  and 
apparel  and  enabled  him  to  make  good  his  escape.  He  was  seized 
a  second  time  in  the  year  1643  at  Mr.  Midgeall's,  of  Place  Hall,  in 
Goosnargh,  and  then  he  was  effectually  conducted  to  Lancaster, 
and  committed  to  the  county  gaol  in  the  Castle  on  August  7th.  It 
is  written  that  "  he  was  apprehended  by  a  gang  of  priest-catchers, 
armed  with  clubs  and  swords,  who  beat  and  abused  him  until  he 
confessed  that  he  was  a  priest."  He  was  treated  with  great 
severity  in  prison,  and  placed  in  a  "  nasty  dungeon  "  for  six  weeks. 
An  old  priest  and  fellow  prisoner  describes  Whitaker  as  a  man  of 
most  saintly  life,  who  in  prison  was  continuallv  at  praver,  or 
employed    in    charitable    offices    about    his    fellow     captives.        He 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  187 


remained  in  gaol  three  years  before  his  trial  was  ordered.  At  the 
assizes  at  which  he  was  tried,  his  hearing  before  the  judges  was 
quickly  over,  for  having  owned  himself  a  priest  to  the  pursuivants 
and  soldiers,  who  with  threats  of  death  extorted  this  confession 
from  him,  and  these  appearing  witnesses  against  him  he  could  not 
and  would  not  deny  the  truth  ;  and  so  committing  his  cause  to  God 
and  his  condition  to  the  favour  and  compassion  of  the  court,  he 
with  a  meek  deportment  waited  in  silence  the  verdict  of  the  jury. 
He  was  brought  in  guilty  with  two  other  priests  and  sentenced  to 
death.  On  the  7th  of  August  Mr.  Whitaker  was  drawn  to  the 
place  of  execution  with  the  other  two,  and  was  the  last  to  suffer. 
We  are  told  that  he  was  naturally  of  a  faint-hearted  and  fearful 
disposition,  and  it  would  seem  that  his  murderers  sought  to  take 
advantage  of  this  by  leaving  him  until  the  last.  He  "shewed 
evident  marks  of  the  dread  and  anguish  that  assaulted  his  soul," 
and  his  companions  exhorted  him  and  encouraged  him.  He  was 
offered  his  life  if  he  would  conform,  but  despite  his  natural  terrors 
he  remained  constant,  and  when  it  came  to  the  upshot  he  told  the 
sheriff  his  resolution  was  fixed  to  die  in  the  profession  of  the 
Catholic  faith.  "  Use  your  pleasure  with  me,"  said  he.  "  A 
reprieve  or  even  a  pardon  upon  your  conditions  I  utterly  refuse." 
When  he  was  upon  the  ladder  he  prayed  devoutly  and  earnestlv, 
and  when  the  rope  was  about  his  neck  he  prayed  for  his  enemies. 
Then  resuming  his  former  ejaculatory  prayers,  while  he  was  calling 
for  mercy  and  recommending  his  departing  soul  into  the  hands  of 
his  Saviour  Jesus  Christ,  he  was  suddenly  flung  off  the  ladder  and 
executed.      He  was  in  his  33rd  year. 

In  the  beautiful  little  cemetery  at  Claughton-on-Brock  is  a 
life-size  statute  of  the  venerable  martyr,*  the  first  priest  doing  duty 
in    Claughton    and  district   after   the   reformation.      The   figure    is 


*In  a  line  with  this  photograph  in  stone  of  a  Saintly  missioner  is  the  statue 
of  St.  Kentigern,  the  only  canonized  saint  recorded  as  having  preached  in  Lancashire. 
On  the  tablets  of  the  pedestal  are  these  inscriptions: — "St.  Kentigern,  fust  Bishop 
of  Glasgow,  518,603.  Founder  of  the  Monastery  and  See  of  St.  Asaph,  in  the  vale 
of  Clwyd,  passed  through  Claughton.  Apostle  of  Strathclyde,  friend  of  St.  David 
and  St.  Colombia.    The  one  canonized  saint  recorded  to  have  preached  in  Lancashire." 


1 88  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


taken  from  a  portrait  of  the  martyr  preserved  in  the  English 
College  of  Valladolid,  and  it  was  unveiled  on  the  3rd  September, 
1882.  Among  many  interesting  relics  in  the  possession  of  Mon- 
signor  Gradwell  (Claughton)  is  the  sacramental  box  used  by  Mr. 
Whitaker. 

On  the  16th  of  September,  1604,  Lawrence  Bailey,  or  Baily, 
was  apprehended  for  aiding  and  assisting  a  priest  who  had  fallen 
into  the  hands  of  the  pursuivants  and  had  made  his  escape  from 
them.  Molanus  states,  says  Bishop  Challoner,  (p.  77)  that  he 
suffered  with  great  constancy,  at  Lancaster.  Dr.  Worthington  gives 
the  date  of  his  death  as  16th  August  and  not  September.  Thurstan 
Hunt,  of  Carleton  Hall,  Leeds,  and  Robert  Middleton,  gentleman, 
were  executed  in  March,  1601.  In  1583  James  Layborne,  a  Catholic 
gentleman,  was  executed  at  Lancaster  for  declaring  that  the  Queen 
(Elizabeth)  was  not  his  lawful  sovereign,  that  she  was  unlawfully 
begotten  and  lawfully  deposed  from  her  pretended  right  to  the 
crown  by  Pope  Pius  Quintus. 

Two  Lancashire  men  suffered  in  the  time  of  Charles  II.,  the 
one  Father  Wall,  at  Worcester,  born  in  1620  (Father  Joachim,  of 
St.  Ann),  and  the  other  William  Pleasington,  of  Pleasington,  born 
at  Dimples,  near  Garstang.  He  was  a  younger  son  of  Robert 
Pleasington,  or  Plessington,  governor  of  Greenow  Castle.  Mr. 
Pleasington,  after  nine  weeks  imprisonment,  was  executed  on  the 
19th  of  July,  1679,  at  West  Chester,  and  Father  Wall  at  Worcester 
on  the  22nd  of  August,  1679.  John  Wall  was  condemned  under  the 
name  of  Marsh  or  Marshall.  His  head  is  kept  in  the  cloister  of  the 
English  friars  at  Douav.  He  suffered  on  the  octave  of  the 
Assumption    of  the   B.V.M. 

Bishop  Challoner's  "Memoirs"  I  have  always  considered 
extremely  well  arranged,  and  of  the  authenticity  of  them  there  need 
be  little  doubt.  It  transpires  that  the  author  excludes  James 
Laybourne  from  the  biographical  sketches  owing  to  "  his  case  being 
different  from  that  of  all  other  Catholics  "  who  suffered  in  the  times 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  189 


included  in  the  work.  The  denial  of  Elizabeth's  right  of  succession 
is  the  reason  for  his  exclusion.  The  "Memoirs"  furnish  particulars 
of  124  priests  and  63  laymen  and  women,  total  187.  He  commences 
with  Cuthbert  Maine  and  ends  with  Dr.  Oliver  Plunkett,  and 
supplies  an  appendix  and  supplement  ;  periods  1577  to  1603,  1603- 
168 1.  In  1577  Elizabeth  would  be  44.  Persecutions  occurred 
during"  the  reigns  of  James  I.,  Charles  I.,  and  Charles  II. 

Among'  those  tried  and  condemned  at  Lancaster  but  who 
escaped  death,  outliving  the  perilous  times,  were  Richard  Fletcher 
or  Barton  and  John  Penketh.  One  Richard  Birket  died  in  gaol  in 
1679  or  1680.  Readers  familiar  with  this  sort  of  history  will 
remember  the  institution  of  the  Captain  Cobler  body  under  Dr 
Mackerel,  who,  disguised  as  a  shoemaker,  and  hence  dubbed  with 
the  military  nickname  mentioned,  sought  to  revive  the  Catholic 
religion 'and  to  set  up  again  the  suppressed  monasteries.  This 
Lincolnshire  movement  was  vigorously  imitated  by  a  Mr.  Robert 
Aske,  a  gentleman  living  at  Aughton,  in  the  East  Riding  of  York- 
shire. Under  this  latter  gentleman  40,000  men  assembled  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  Kingdom  and  determined  to  carry  out  the  plan 
of  the  Lincolnshire  doctor.  These  men,  or  at  any  rate  their  leaders 
were  called  the  Pilgrims  of  Grace,  and  among  them  were  John 
Paslew,  Abbot  of  Whalley,  and  William  Trafford,  Abbot  of  Sawley. 
The  first  of  these  luckless  wights  was,  according  to  Thoresbv's 
"  History  of  Leeds,"  one  of  the  Paslews  of  Riddlesden  Hall, 
Keighley.  In  this  work,  a  pedigree  of  the  family  from  the  third 
year  of  Henry  VI.  appears,  and  in  the  Church  at  Keighley  their  arms 
were  to  be  seen  at  the  east  end  of  the  north  aisle,  "  being  both  in 
the  main  and  in  the  stone  in  divers  places."  The  arms  were  argent, 
a  fess  between  three  mullets,  azure,  pierced  of  the  field.  The  last 
of  the  Paslews  of  Riddlesden  was  "  Walter  Paslew  who  appears 
first  to  have  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Richard  Clapham,  and 
afterwards  Ellen,  daughter  of  John  Lacey,  Esq.,  left  a  son  Francis, 
baptized  at  Keighley,  1568,  who  died  without  issue  about  the  first 
of  James  I.,  leaving  two  sisters,  Rosamond,  who  married  John 
Rishworth,    Esq.,    and — — ,    who   married   Mr.    Henry    Miller. 


i9o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


John  Rishworth,  who  succeeded  his  brother-in-law  at  Riddlesden, 
and  who  appears  to  have  sold  the  estate  to  the  Murgatroyds,  was 
buried  at  Keighley,  in  1655.  The  Murgatroyds  had  come  into 
possession  of  this  place  previous  to  the  year  1640,  as  is  shewn  by  a 
stone  over  the  door  of  an  outbuilding,  bearing  the  above  date,  with 
the  initials  J.M.M.,  S.S.M.  John  Paslew,  with  William  Trafford, 
second  son  of  Sir  John  Trafford,  of  Trafford,  were  arraigned  on  a 
charge  of  high  treason  at  Lancaster  Assizes,  in  the  spring  of  1537. 
Paslew  was  sentenced  to  death,  sent  to  his  own  parish,  and  hanged 
on  the  12th  of  March,  on  a  gallows  erected  in  a  field  called  the 
Holehouses,  "  immediately  in  front  of  the  house  in  which  he  was 
born,"  says  Speed  whom  Baines  and  others  quote.  The  Abbot  of 
Sawley  was  executed  two  days  before  his  friend  Paslew,  at  Lan- 
caster with  numbers  of  men,  sufferers  in  the  same  cause. 

Whitaker's  "History  of  Whalley  "  vol.  I,  page  114,  repro- 
duces a  short  note  in  Latin  found  in  the  Cottonian  MSS,,  which 
contains  a  remarkable  statement  of  the  appearance  of  the  ghost  of 
a  deceased  monk  to  Abbot  Paslew,  announcing  to  the  Abbot  the 
date  of  his  death.  The  monk  was  Edward  Howarth  (Haward  or 
Howard),  who  had  filled  the  office  of  Sub-cellarer  to  the  fraternity. 
The  translation  of  this  curious  note  is  as  follows:  "a.d.  1520,  May 
9th,  died  Edmund  Howard,  Monk  of  Whalley  ;  the  same  after  his 
death  appeared  a  certain  night  to  Master  John  Paslew,  Abbot  of  the 
Monastery,  and  foretold  to  him  that  he  had  16  years  and  not  more 
to  live."  The  supernatural  forewarning  was  verified  sixteen  years 
after.  On  March  12th,  1537,  Abbot  Paslew  was  hanged  at  Whalley 
for  high  treason. 

To  punish  people  whose  only  fault  was  their  belief,  which,  if 
worth  the  name,  could  not  be  identified  with  the  coercion  of  the 
consciences  of  their  fellow-creatures,  proves  two  facts  ;  first,  that 
the  punishers  were  fools  for  their  pains,  and  that  force  on  the  part 
of  man  is  opposed  to  God's  law.  The  manner  in  which  many  of 
these  Catholic  martyrs  deported  themselves  must  evoke  the  highest 
praise. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  191 


List  of  Catholic  Martyrs,  Seminary    Priests,   and  others  who 
Suffered  at  Lancaster. 

1537  William  Trafford,  Abbot  of  Sawley. 

April  20th,  1584  James  Bell,  of  Warrington. 

April  20th,  1584  John  Finch,  of  Eccleston. 

1584  James  Laybourne. 

|uly  26th,    1600  Robert  Nutter,  of  Burnley. 

luly  26th,    1600  Edward  Thwing,  of  Herst. 

March,         1601  Thurston  Hunt,  of  Carleton,  Leeds. 

Aug.  16th,  or 

Sept.  16th,  1604  Lawrence  Bailey. 

Spring,         1616  Roger  Wrenno,  alias  Warren. 

Spring,  1616  John  Thulis,  of  Upholland. 

Aug.  28th     1628  Edmund  Arrowsmith,  of  Haydock, 

Warrington. 

Aug.  29th     1628  Richard  Herst. 

Sept.  10th,  1641  Edward  Barlow,  of  Barlow  Hall. 

Aug.  7th     ,1646  John  Woodcock,  of  Clayton, 

and  Woodcock  Hall  Preston. 

Aug.  7th       1646  Thomas  Whitaker,  of  Burnley. 

Aug.  7th       1646  Edward  Bamber,  alias  Leading,  of  Moor, 

Poulton-le-Fylde. 

Some  Lancashire  Catholics  no']    Executed  at  Lam  aster. 

1 537  John  Paslew,  Abbot  of  Whalley,  At  Whalley. 

May  30th,  1582  Thomas  Cottarn,  of  Cottam  Hall,  Preston,  Tyburn. 

May  30th,  1582  Lawrence  Richardson,  Tyburn. 

Feb.  1 2th,  1584  George   Haydock,  Tyburn. 

April  25th,  1586  Robert  Anderton,  of  Euxton,  Isle  of  Wight. 

April  25th,  1586  William  Marsden,  of  Goosenargh,  Isle  of  Wight. 

Spring    of  1588  Richard  Symson,  Derby. 

April  30th,  1590  Miles  Gerard,  Rochester. 

June  23rd,  1592  Robert  Ashton,  of  Croston,  Tyburn. 

Nov.   16th,  1594  Edward  Osbakleston,  York. 

June  21st,  1600  John  Rigbye,  of  Harrock  (30th  year),  St.  Thomas' Watering 

July  13th,  1616  Thomas  Tunstall,  alias  Helmes,  Norwich. 

Dec.  12th,  1642  Thomas  Holland  (aged  42).  Tyburn. 

June,  1654         John  Southworth,  of  Samlesbury  Hall, 

(born  1592),  Tyburn. 

June  13th,    1679  William  Barrow  (known  by  the  names  of 

Waring  and   Harcourt),  Rector  of 
London  when  apprehended,  Tyburn. 

July  19th,     1679         John  Wall,  alias  Webb,  Worcester. 


i92  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


So  far  as  can  be  ascertained  it  is  338  years  since  the  mace 
was  last  borne  before  a  Catholic  Mayor  to  a  Catholic  Church.  The 
Mavor  on  that  occasion  would  be  Richard  Gardyner,  and  the  Church 
St.  Mary's  Church.  When  Alderman  Thomas  Preston  was  Mayor 
of  Lancaster  for  the  first  time,  namely  in  1875,  an  illiberal  demon- 
stration was  manifested,  when  it  was  proposed  by  His  Worship 
that  he  should  pay  a  state  visit  to  his  own  Church,  indeed,  so  strong- 
was  the  feeling  that  His  Worship  felt  for  the  sake  of  preventing  a 
breach  of  the  peace,  the  idea  had  better  be  abandoned.  Happily  in 
1890  no  such  ebullition  of  ill-feeling  prevailed,  and  the  same 
gentleman,  Mayor  of  the  Borough  for  the  second  time,,  visited  St. 
Peter's  Church  accompanied  by  members  of  the  Town  Council  and 
others,  even  persons  of  puritanical  tendencies.  The  mace  was  no 
worse  for  being  carried  along  East  Road,  the  coronation  oath  was 
not  endangered,  the  Union  Jack  was  not  split  up,  and  neither  one 
religion  nor  another  was  disparaged  or  ruined  by  the  event.  Let 
the  same  liberality  mark  Catholics  and  Protestants  whenever  the 
occasion  demands  it. 

There  are  some  beautiful  carved  memorial  stones  in  the 
cemetery  attached  to  St.  Peter's  Church.  The  tomb  of  the  late 
Dean  Brown,  those  of  the  Smith  and  Coulston  families,  and  last 
but  not  least,  the  Irish  cross  erected  to  the  Leemings,  may  fittingly 
be  mentioned  as  artistic  specimens  of  sepulchral  work.  The  cross 
alluded  to  consists  of  Carrara  marble.  Round  the  head  of  it  are 
the  words  "  De  profundis  clamavi,"  and  below  "  Ad  Te  Domine." 
The  plait  of  thorns,  the  nails  and  the  passion  flowers  are  exquisitely 
chiselled.  The  sculptors  were  Messrs.  Gaffin  &  Co.,  of  63,  Regent 
Street,  London,  W.  The  cemetery  represents  about  an  acre  of 
land,  and  its  consecration  dates  from  1850.  It  may  be  added  that 
there  is  a  convent  adjoining  the  Church,  with  usually  nine  Sisters 
of  Mercy  in  residence,  whose  labours  among  the  young  connected 
with  the  school  and  also  among  the  poor  are  carried  on  with  an 
unobtrusiveness  no  less  marked  by  observers  than  their  untiring- 
energy. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


i9: 


CHAPTER    IX." 

The  Town  Hall— The  Mayor's  Parlour— Paintings  Therein  and  in  the 
Corridor — The  Mack  of  the  Borough —Municipal  Area— The  Old 
Market  Cross — The  Stocks — Ancient  Wine  and  Beer  Measures- 
List  oe  Past  Mayors  of  Lancaster — Recorders  of  Lancaster- 
Past  Town  Clerks  and  Chief  Constables— Freemanshif  of  the 
Borough — An  old  Certificate  and  Oath  oe  a  Free  Burgess  oi 
Lancaster  Corporation — Abstract  of  Charters  granted  to  Lan- 
caster— Extracts  from  the  old  "Constitutions  and  Orders" 
The  Market  Hall — Williamson  Park — Introduction  of  ('.as  into 
Lancaster. 

HE  exterior  of  the  Town  Hall,  which  stands 
on  the  site  of  the  old  one,  is  not  very  imposing, 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  we  shall  in  due  course 
behold  a  new  hall  erected  worthy  alike  of  the 
traditions  of  the  borough  and  of  an  architec- 
tural design  in  keeping  with  that  oi'  most 
other  Lancashire  Town  Halls.  The  present 
structure  was  commenced  in  1781,  the  founda- 
tion stone  having'  been  laid  in  the  March  oi 
that  year.  Several  coins  placed  in  a  copper 
box  were  deposited  under  the  foundation 
stone  at  the  south-east  corner.  The  Hall  was  comp'eted  in  May, 
1783,  during  the  mayoralty  of  Robert  Foxcroft,  at  a  cost  of  £^1,300. 
It  was  built  by  Mr.  Robert  Dickinson,  of  Lancaster,  from  a  design 
of  Major  Jarrett,  and  the  Corporation  presented  the  latter  gentle- 
man with  the  freedom  of  the  borough  in  a  silver  box.  The  Hall 
has  a  portico  supported  by  four  Tuscan  columns  ;  the  entablature 
is  Doric,  with  a  plain  pediment  and  a  cupola.  The  additions  made 
within  recent  years,  consisting  of  offices  and  cells,  have  cost  the 
town  more  than  double  the  sum  spent  upon  the  original  building. 

In  the  Mayor's  Parlour  are  some  well  executed  oil  paintings 
of  local    public    men.      First    I    observe    one   oi'  the   late    Alderman 


o 


i94  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Greg  thus  inscribed  :-—"  Alderman  Greg-,  for  forty  years  and 
still  a  member  of  the  Corporation  ;  presented  to  the  town  of 
Lancaster  by  members  and  ex-members  of  the  Council,  6th  Jul)-, 
1881."  Next  is  seen  that  of  Colonel  Thomas  Greene,  in  Court 
dress,  "thirty  years  M.P.,  for  Lancaster."  Then  there  are  the 
portraits  of  "Samuel  Gregson,  Esq.,  fourteen  years  M.P.  for 
Lancaster  ;  presented  to  the  town  of  Lancaster  by  his  daughter, 
November  3rd,  1882."  "  Thomas  Swainson,  Esq.,  town  clerk,  pre- 
sented to  the  town  of  Lancaster  by  his  many  friends,  May  28th, 
1884."  "Alderman  Williamson,  J. P.,  Mayor  1864-5  ;  presented  to 
the  town  of  Lancaster  by  his  fellow  townsmen,  November  8th,  1882  ; 
William  Storey,  Esq.,  J. P.,  Mayor  1872-3;  presented  to  the  town  of 
Lancaster  by  his  brothers." 

There  was  a  representation  of  the  Town  Hall  of  Lancaster  as  it 
appeared  in  the  year  1700,  and  there  are  likewise  two  portraits  of 
Sir  Richard  Owen,  one  in  oil  and  the  other  a  photograph. 

On  a  stone  shield  carved  about  1667-8  the  arms  of  Lancaster 
appear.  The  arms  are  azure  and  gules,  in  chief  a  fleur  de  lys  ;  and 
in  the  base  a  lion  passant,  guardant,  or,  the  azure  is  elevated  in 
relief  above  the  level  of  the  gules. 

In  the  corridor  are  two  tine  portraits  of  George  IV.  and 
H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  York,  one,  if  not  both  being  the  work  of 
Cornelius  Henderson,  a  local  painter.  Near  to  is  a  portrait  of  the 
King  of  Siam,  presented  by  Captain  Sir  Alfred  Loftus,  F.R.G.S., 
M.T.G.S.,  &c,  Hydrographer  to  the  King  of  Siam.  In  a  wall  on 
the  ground  floor  facing  the  west  is  a  board  on  which  are  the  Royal 
Arms.  Above  the  arms  you  read  "  Win,  Bryer,  Esq.,  Mayor, 
1736;"  below  are  the  names  of  the  bailiffs  thus — "  Jno.  Gunson, 
Wm.  Stout,  bailiffs."  In  the  Court  are  the  County  and  Borough 
Arms,  and  on  the  right  as  you  descend  the  public  staircase  is  a 
model  of  Nelson's  ship  the  "  Victory."  In  the  entrance  on  the  west 
or  New  Street  side  and  on  the  left  is  this  Latin  adage  : — 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  195 


E  X  E  C  V  T  I  O 

I  V  R  I  S     .     X  V  L  L  I 
F  A  C  I  T    .     INI  V 

R  I  A  M     .      1669. 
"  The  execution  of  tlie  law  doeth  injury  to  none." 

Here    we   are  in  the  neighbourhood  of  what  was  once  known  as  the 
"  Black  Hole,"  to  which  reference  will  be  made  in  due  course. 

The  Mace  of  the  Borough  of  Lancaster  is  one  of  the  neatest 
specimens  of  Corporation  insignia  extant.  It  is  chastely  engraved 
the  shield  being  divided  fesse,  and  in  chief  a  Castle  with  four  towers, 
base,  a  lion  passant,  guardant.  It  dates  from  the  reign  of  Queen 
Anne,  and  bears  the  letters  "A.R.,"  the  inscription  is  as  follows  : — 
"  The  gift  of  Robert  Heysham,  Esq.,  to  ye  Corporation  of  Lancaster, 
December,  1702."  Mr.  Llewellyn  Jewett  speaks  very  highly  of  this 
Lancaster  emblem  of  authority.  In  the  Council  Chamber  are 
paintings  of  William  Pitt  and  Lord  Nelson,  by  Lonsdale,  a  Lan- 
caster artist.* 

The  municipal  area  consists  of  1,680  acres  of  land  and  the 
rateable  value  is  ^,119,417    10s. 

The  old  Market  Cross  stood  between  the  east  end  of  the 
Town  Hall  portico  and  the  old  Fish  Stones  and  was  ascended  by 
several  steps.      What  became  of  it  1  have  not  been  able  to  find  out. 

The  Arcade  and  portico  of  the  Town  Hall  were  formerly  used 
as  a  grain  market,  but  on  the  enlargement  of  the  market  house,  the 
farmers  having  better  accommodation  provided  for  them,  ceased  to 
meet  here. 


The  stocks  which  formerly  stood  in  the  Market  Place  are  still 
preserved  in  the  Town  Hall  in  an   upper  chamber  ;   they   are   in   an 

*  Some    authorities    state    that    Lonsdale    was    born   at   Garstang.       Local 
works  call  him  "  a  Lancaster  artist.''     I  think  the  elder  Lonsdale  would  be   born   at 

Garstang. 


196  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


excellent  state  of  preservation.  They  used  to  stand  near  to  the  old 
Corn  Market.  I  must  not  forget  the  ancient  wine  and  beer 
measures,  said  to  have  been  made  of  gun-metal  from  the  guns 
captured  at  the  battle  of  the  Spanish  Armada.  A  large  bowl  is 
inscribed  "  Elizabeth  Dei  Gracia  Angliae  Franciae  et  Hiberniae, 
Regina."  The  letters  "  E.R."  and  the  crown  also  appear.  A  "  Corn 
Gallon"  is  lettered  "Elizabeth  Regina,  E.R.,  1601."  An  "Ale 
Quart,"  1601,  and  an  "Ale  Pint,"  1709,  are  likewise  to  be  seen  in  a 
room  below.  On  another  vessel  is  engraved  "Corporation  of 
Lancaster,  W.G. " 

Past  Mayors  of  Lancaster. 

1416,  Richard  de  Elslake  (first  mayor  on  record);  1504, 
Robert  Herdman  ;  1512,  Richard  Nelson;  Temp.  Henry  VIII., 
Lawrence  Starkey  (Ducat  Lane,  vol.  1,  p.  192);  1552,  Richard 
Gardner  ;  1553,  William  Colteman,  ;  1570,  Nicholas  Olivers;  1574, 
John  Hewetson  ;  1377,  James  Brown;  1595,  Thomas  Southworthe ; 
1628,  Thomas  Covelle  ;  1629,  Galfridus  de  Heesham  ;  1630,  George 
Toulnson  ;  1631,  Edmund  Covelle;  1632,  William  Sands;  1633, 
William  Shaw  ;  1638,  Richard  Sands  ;  1639,  W'illiam  Shaw  ;  1645, 
William  Shaw  ;  1650,  George  Toulnson  ;  1652,  Major  Riparn  (see 
George  Fox's  Journal,  p.  90)  ;  1653,  Thomas  Riparn  (parish 
reg'ister);  1654,  Thomas  Riparn;  1655,  John  Bateman ;  1661,  Henrv 
Porter  ;  1663,  Thomas  Southworthe  ;  1664,  Thomas  Johnes  ;  1665, 
Sir  Robert  Bindloss,  Bart.  ;  1666,  William  Parkinson  ;  1667, 
Francis  Hunter  ;  1668,  William  West  ;  1669,  Thomas  Southworth; 
1670,  William  Waller;  1671,  John  Greenwood;  1672,  Sir  Robert 
Bindloss,  Bart.;  1673,  William  Parkinson;  1673,  Edward  Newton; 
1674, Thomas  Corles  ;  1675,  Christopher  Procter  ;  1676,  William 
Toulnson  ;  1077,  William  Waller;  1678.  John  Greenwood;  1679, 
Francis  Hunter;  1680,  Francis  Metcalfe;  1681,  Henry  Johnes; 
1682,  Joshua  Partington;  1683,  Randolph  Hunter;  1684,  John 
Hodgson;  1685,  Robert  Stirzaker  ;  1686,  John  Foster;  1687  and 
1688,  Thomas  Sherson  and  John  Greenwood  ;  1688  and  1689,  John 
Hodgson    and    Christopher   Sherson  ;     1689,   John    Foster  ;     1690, 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  [97 


Thomas  Baines  ;  i6yi,  Henry  Johnes ;  1692,  Joshua  Partington; 
1693,  John  Hodgson  ;  1694,  William  Penny  (founder  of  Penny's 
Hospital)  ;  1695,  Thomas  Metcalfe  ;  1696,  George  Foxcroft  ;  1697, 
Thomas  Walker  ;  1698,  Robert  Parkinson  ;  1699,  Robert  Carter  ; 
1700,  Thomas  Sherson  ;  1701,  John  Hodgson  ;  1702,  William 
Penny  ;  1703,  Thomas  Simpson  ;  1704,  Thomas  Medcalfe  ;  1705, 
Thomas  Waller;  1706,  Robert  Parkinson;  1707,  Robert  Carter; 
1708,  Thomas  Westmore  ;  1709,  Thomas  Sherson  ;  17 10,  Thomas 
Gardner;  1 7 1 1 ,  William  Penny;  1712,  Richard  Simpson;  1713, 
John  Bryer  ;  1714,  Thomas  Waller  ;  17 15,  Robert  Parkinson  ;  1716, 
Edward  Cole  ;  1717,  Robert  Carter  ;  17 18,  Thomas  Westmore  ; 
1719,  Richard  Simpson  ;  1720,  John  Bryer  ;  1721,  Thomas  Waller; 
1722,  Christopher  Butterfield  ;  1723,  Thomas  Croft  ;  1724,  James 
Tomlinson  ;  1725,  Edmund  Cole;  1726,  Robert  Winder;  1727, 
Thomas  Westmore;  1728,  John  Coward;  1729,  Thomas  Postle- 
thwaite  ;  1730,  John  Casson  ;  1 73 1 ,  Christopher  Butterfield  ;  1732, 
James  Smethurst  ;  1733,  Jsunes  Tomlinson  ;  1734,  John  Bowes  ; 
1735,  Wfilliam  Bryer  ;  1736,  Edmund  Cole  ;  1737  Robert  Winder  ; 
1738,  Thomas  Postlethwaite  ;  1739,  Thomas  Sinoult  ;  1740,  John 
Gunson;  1 741 ,  John  Casson;  1742,  John  Bowes;  1743,  William 
Bryer;  1744,  Robert  Winder;  1745,  Thomas  Gibson  ;  1746,  James 
Holmes;  1747,  Henry  Bracken;  1748,  James  Rigmaiden  :  1749, 
Miles  Barber  ;  1750,  Thomas  Postlethwaite;  175 1,  John  Gunson; 
1752,  Joshua  Bryer  ;  1753,  Gwalter  Borranskill  ;  1754,  Robert 
Winder;  1755,  John  McMillan;  1756,  William  Butterfield;  1757, 
Henry  Bracken;  1758,  Miles  Barker;  1759,  Joshua  Bryer;  1760, 
Robert  Foxcroft;  1762,  Gwalter  Borranskill:  1762,  Robert  Winder, 
1763,  John  Stout  ;  1764,  Roger  Walshman ;  1765,  Edward  Snarl; 
1766,  James  Hinde;  1767,  John  Bowes  ;  1768,  James  Barrow;  1769, 
Thomas  Hinde  ;  1770,  William  Butterfield;  1 77 1 ,  Robert  Foxcroft; 
1772,  John  Stout  ;  1773,  Edward  Suart  ;  1774,  James  Hinde  ;  1775, 
John  Bowes  ;  1776,  Henry  Hargreaves  ;  1777,  James  Harrow  ; 
1778,  Thomas  Hinde;  1779,  William  Butterfield;  1780,  Robert 
Foxcroft;  1781,  Edward  Suart;  1782,  James  Hinde;  1783,  John 
Bowes  ;  1784,  Henry  Hargreaves  ;  1785,  Miles  Mason  ;  1786, 
William  Watson  ;    1787,  John   Housman  ;    1788,  Samuel   Simpson  ; 


1 98  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


1789,    John    Watson;     1790,    Anthony    Atkinson;     1791,     Edward 

Suart  ;     1792,    James    Hinde  ;    1793,    John    Tallon  ;     1794,    Robert 

Addison;    1795,    Richard  Johnson;    1796,    David    Campbell;    1797, 

Thomas  Harris  ;  1798,  James  Moore  ;  1799,  Richard  Postlethwaite, 

1800,    Richard   Atkinson  ;    1801,   James   Parkinson  ;    1802,   Thomas 

Shepherd  ;    1803,    Robert    Addison  ;    1804,    Jackson    Mason  ;     1805, 

Richard    Johnson  ;     1806,    Thomas    Burrow  ;     1807,    John     Taylor 

Wilson  ;     1808,    Thomas    Moore   (James    Moore   resigned)  ;     1809, 

Richard   Atkinson;    1810,    Thomas    Moore;    181 1,    John    Baldwin; 

181 2,  Thomas  Giles  ;    1813,    Richard    Johnson  ;    1814,    John    Park  ; 

1815,  Thomas  Burrow  ;    1816,  John   Taylor   Wilson  ;    1817,  Samuel 

Gregson;    1818,    Thomas    Walling   Salisbury;     1819,   John    Bond; 

1820,  James  Atkinson  ;  1821,  Thomas  Bowes  ;    1822,  James  Barton 

Nottage  ;   1823,    Thomas   Giles  ;    1824,    Leonard    Redmayne  ;    1825, 

Samuel     Gregson  ;     1826,    John    Taylor    Wilson  ;     1827,    Thomas 

Walling  Salisbury  ;  1828,  George  Burrow;  1829,  John  Bond  ;  1830, 

James  Atkinson  ;    1831,  Thomas  Giles  ;    1832,  Christopher  Johnson  ; 

1833,  George  Burrow  ;    1834,  Jonn   Brockbank.      Since  the  passing 

of   the    Municipal   Reform    Act  : — 1835,    G.    Burrow  ;    1836,   T.    H. 

Higgin  ;    1S37,  John  Greg  ;  1838,  J.  Armstrong  ;    1839,  J.  Dockray  ; 

1840,  W.  Robinson  ;    1841,  J.  Dunn;    1842,  J.     Dunn;    1843,  E.  D. 

de  Vitre  ;    1844,  E.  D.  Salisbury  ;  1845,  J-  Giles  ;  1846,  John  Sharp; 

1847,    T.    Howitt  ;    1848,     E.    Sharpe ;    1849,   J.    Sow  ray  ;    1850,  H. 

Gregson;    185 1 ,    J.     H.    Sherson  ;    1852,    John    Hall;    1853,    J.    S. 

Burrell;     1854,    J.    Brockbank;     1855,    E.    D.    DeVitre ;   1856,    R. 

Hindle  ;     1857,    C.    Johnson,   jun.;    1858,    W.    Jackson  ;    1859,    W. 

Whelon  ;    i860,  J.  Greg;    1861,  H.  Gregson;    1862,  J.  Greg;   1863, 

G.  Jackson  ;    1864,  J.  Williamson  ;    1865,  R.  Eawcett  ;    1866,  W.  J. 

Wane;     1867,    T.    Storey;     1868,    R.    Coupland  ;     1869,    William 

Roper;     1870,    William    Bradshaw  ;    1871,    C.    Blades;     1872,    W. 

Storey;  1873,  T.  Storey  ;    1874,  T.  Storey;  1875,  T.  Preston  ;  1876, 

H.  Welch  ;    1877,  A.  Seward  ;  1878,  W.  Hall  ;  1879,  G-  Cleminson; 

1880,  E.  Clark  ;    1881,  S.   J.    Harris;    1882,   J.    Fenton  ;    1883,  S.  J. 

Harris:   1884,  E.   Clark;    1885,  J.    Hatch;   1886,    T.    Storey;    1887, 

Charles  Blades  ;    1888,  Charles  Blades:    1889-90,  Thomas   Preston; 

1890-91,  Charles  Blades. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  199 


Sir  Thomas  Storey  is  the  first  of  Mayors  of  Lancaster  who 
lias  been  honoured  with  a  knighthood,  for  the  Sir  Robert  Bindloss, 
mentioned  in  1665  and  1672,  was  a  baronet.  Sir  Thomas  has  been 
named  rather  humourously,  "The  Knight  of  the  White  Cross." 
owing"  to  the  principal  works  of  the  firm,  of  which  he  is  chief  repre- 
sentative, being  known  as  the  White  Cross  Works. 

The  last  time  the  ancient  Corporation  of  Lancaster  visited 
the  Parish  Church  was  on  the  20th  December,  1835.  It  may  be 
somewhat  amusing  to  inform  readers  that  the  officials  in  the  old 
Corporation  were  numerous  and  comprised  besides  the  mayor, 
recorder,  town  clerk,  and  treasurer,  a  bailiff"  of  the  brethren,  a 
bailiff  of  the  commons,  mayor's  sergeant,  town's  sergeant,  beadle 
and  bellman,  two  chamberlains,  four  pecksealers,  two  street  super- 
visors, three  waits  or  musicians,  two  hedge  lookers,  and  two  ale 
tasters. 

Some  Recorders  of  Lancaster. 

Robert  Gibson,  Esq.,  Recorder  25  years.    Tyldesley  Diary,  Page  18. 
James  Fenton,  Esq.,  died  in  December,  1797,  aged  79.   The  Fentons 
and  the  Rawlinsons  of  Cark  Hall  were  near  relations. 
Hubberstey  Esq. 
Thomas  Hudson  Bateman,  Esq. 

Mr.  Gibson  of  the  firm  of  Maxsted  and  Gibson,  Solicitors, 
kindly  forwards  the  following  information  concerning  Mr.  Recorder 
Gibson,  one  of  his  ancestors: — "Edmund  Gibson,  of  Stank-in- 
Furness  and  Moore  Coate  in  the  Parish  of  Dalton,  Statesman,  is 
the  first  traceable  ancestor  of  the  family  of  Gibson.  Edmund  had 
by  his  second  marriage  two  sons  Robert  and  Charles.  The  former 
was  Recorder  of  Lancaster,  the  latter  Deputy  Prothonotary  of  the 
Common  Pleas  in  the  County  of  Lancaster.  Robert,  the  Recorder, 
was  born  1676,  and  died  1 73 1 .  He  is  mentioned  in  William  Stout's 
Diary  as  dying  very  suddenly  at  Appleby,  when  on  a  commission 
there.    Stout  savs  : — 'He  was  Recorder  of  Lancaster  25  years,  and 


2oo  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


was  a  lawyer  of  the  most  repute  in  Lancashire,  Westmoreland,  or 
Cumberland,  and  had  great  business,  and  was  faithful  to  his  clients 
of  all  religious  persuasions  or  parties."  The  Recorder  married 
Sarah  daughter  of  Dr.  Cox,  Prebendary  of  Durham. 

Lancaster,  being  a  Borough  from  the  time  of  Richard  L,  had 
a  Court  of  Pleas  of  debts  contracted  within  it  ;  and  by  the  Charters 
of  Charles  II.  (1665  and  1689,)  a  recorder  could  be  appointed,  with 
the  approbation  of  the  crown.  The  Charter  of  1 S19,  which  con- 
tinued in  force  till  it  was  snuffed  out  by  the  Municipal  Corporation's 
Act,  made  it  competent  to  the  Borough  to  have  a  recorder.  After 
the  passing  of  the  last  mentioned  Act,  Lancaster  not  being  (any 
longer)  a  Quarter  Sessions  Borough,  lost  the  right  to  appoint, 
unless  the  Court  of  Pleas  survived.  The  Preston  recordership  exists 
by  virtue  of  its  Court  for  the  recovery  of  small  debts.  The  recorder- 
ship  of  Lancaster  is  of  very  old  date.  In  1389  part  of  the  town  was 
burned  down  and  the  records  consumed,  not  for  the  first  time." 

Of  past  town  clerks  I  am  able  to  give  only  a  few  names. 
The  first  is  that  of  Thomas  Shepherd,  who  resigned  October  8th, 
1793,  an(-l  was  succeeded  by  Thomas  Edelston,  who  died  on  the  27th 
of  August,  1802,  aged  41.  His  successor  was  John  Lewthwaite, 
September  23rd,  1802,  followed  by  John  Higgin,  who  was  asked  to 
resign  because  "  the  Council  could  not  get  along  comfortably  with 
him,"  and  accordingly  did  as  requested  on  the  25th  of  April,  1837. 
1  next  meet  with  the  name  of  Henry  Gregson,  who  resigned  on 
account  of  professional  duties  on  the  26th  September,  1840.  He 
was  succeeded  by  William  Dunn,  on  the  19th  October,  of  the  same 
year.  William  Dunn  was  followed  by  Thomas  Swainson,  the 
present  holder  of  the  office. 

The  police  arrangements  are  good,  and  the  force  is  char- 
acterized by  courtesy  and  smartness.  It  consists  at  present  of 
one  chief  constable,  one  inspector,  three  street  sergeants,  one 
detective  sergeant,  and  21  constables.      Total  27. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  201 


Of  past  chief  constables  I  can  only  gather  the  names  of  those 
who  have  filled  the  post  during-  the  present  century.  They  are 
Richard  Hoggarth,  resigned  1835,  Malcolm  Wright,  appointed  21st 
February,  1835  >  Jorm  Allanson,  Thomas  Pye,  resigned  1866,  and 
Mr.  Webb  ;  after  whom  came  the  present  chief  constable,  Mr.  F 
Ward,  a  gentleman  much  esteemed  in  the  borough  for  his  genial 
nature  and  disposition  to  clemency.  On  the  19th  April,  1843,  Mr. 
Wright  was  presented  with  a  piece  of  plate,  value  ^61,  by  several 
of  the  inhabitants  of  Lancaster  and  neighbourhood,  as  a  token  of 
their  regard. 

The  Black    Hole. 

Before  the  erection  of  cells  in  connection  with  the  police  office,  the  place  ot 
detention  in  Lancaster  was  known  as  the  "  Black  Hole,"  and  it  well  deserved  the 
appellation.  In  '  Neild's  State  of  the  prisons  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Wales  *  the 
'  Town  Gaol  "  is  thus  described  : — "  This  temporary  place  of  confinement  is  a  room 
under  the  staircase  of  the  Town  Hall,  in  size  15ft.  Sin. ,  by  1  ift.  5m. ,  and  Sft.  ioin.  high. 
It  has  a  tire  place  with  a  window  about  3ft.  square,  and  contains  two  barrack  bed- 
steads. The  door  has  an  aperture  12m.  square,  and  over  it  on  a  stone  tablet  is 
inscribed  Executio  Juris  uiilli  facit  injuriam,  i66g.  Prisoners  are  sent  here 
before  examination.  The  keeper  is  the  Town  Sergeant.  When  a  debtor  is  taken  into 
custody  on  a  borough  process,  the  officer  is  under  the  necessity  of  keeping  his  prisoner 
in  the  Town  Sergeant's  house  until  the  business  is  settled.  Light  was  only  admitted 
into  this  dungeon  from  the  window  which  looked  into  a  narrow  yard  abutting  upon 
the  business  premises,  which  formerly  occupied  the  site  of  the  Town  Hall  Offices.  In 
this  dismal  hole  several  prisoners  were  frequently  confined  at  the  same  time." 

The  old  Town  Hall  is  said  to  have  once  been  at  the  corner 
of  China  Lane,  a  building  or  site  subsequently  occupied  by  Messrs. 
Shrigley,  a  firm  known  at  one  time  as  Shrigley  and  Williamson, 
then  Shrigley  and  Hodgson,  and  afterwards  as  Shrigley  and  Hunt. 
Mr.  Thomas  Shrigley,  founder  of  the  firm,  died  April  9th,  1821, 
aged  67. 

The  lamp  in  the  centre  of  the  Town  Hall  Square  bears  this 
inscription: — "Presented  by  the  Shareholders  of  the  Lancaster  Gas 
Company,  1880,  in  memory  of  Edward  Denis  de  Vitro,  M.D.,  40 
years  chairman  of  the  Company  " 


202  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


The  question  has  been  asked  "  Is  Lancaster  a  city  ?"  Is  it 
improper  to  style  it  a  city  ?  From  competent  authorities  as  to 
what  constitutes  a  city  readers  may  judge  for  themselves.  "The 
term  '  City  '  was  introduced  in  the  time  of  the  Norman  Conquest. 
The  derivation  is  from  the  Latin  Civ/tas,  and  it  is  not  restricted  to 
episcopal  towns.  It  applies  to  those  subject  to  municipal  government. 
The  term  is  synonymous  with  burgh.  At  the  great  council 
assembled  in  1072,  to  settle  the  claims  of  two  Archbishops,  it  was 
decreed  that  Bishops'  sees  should  be  transferred  from  towns  to 
cities  ;  these  latter  existing  before  the  sees  were  transferred  to  them. 
Incorporated  towns  governed  by  a  Mayor  and  Aldermen,  are  cities  ; 
and  these  are  sufficiently  important,  as  a  rule,  to  possess  a  cathedral 
or  abbey  church."  Lancaster  possesses  a  priory  church  and  the 
remains  of  an  abbey  only  a  few  miles  out  in  the  country.  It  is 
certainly  never  spoken  of  as  a  city  in  ancient  documents,  though  from 
the  above  statement  it  would  be  a  challengeable  remark  to  say  that 
it  was  not  entitled  to  the  term. 

Freedom  of  the  Borough. 

The  freedom  of  the  borough  is  acquired  by  birth,  apprentice- 
ship or  gift.  In  1604,  James  I.  gave  Lancaster  a  new  charter,  and 
in  1621  issued  a  proclamation,  "That  not  only  the  burgesses,  but 
all  the  inhabitants  of  Lancaster  should  be  toll  free  throughout  all 
England ;"  and  he  ordered  the  proclamation  to  be  made  in  all 
fairs  and  markets,  and  a  penalty  of  ^100  to  be  paid  by  any  that 
should  exact  aught  from  them  ;  but  it  does  not  appear  that  the 
inhabitants  and  freemen  availed  themselves  of  the  privilege  con- 
ferred by  this  proclamation. 

Ancient  Freeman's  Certificate. 

By  the  courtesy  of  Colonel  Whalley  I  have  been  permiited 
to  transcribe  the  following  Certificate  of  Freemanship  which  may 
be  interesting  to  the  freemen  of  to-dav. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


To  ALL  and  singular  justices  and  keepers  of  the  peace  Sheriffs  Mayors 
Aldermen  Bailiffs  Constables  and  other  officers  ministers  and  faithful  liege  subjects  of 
our  Lord  the  King  to  whom  this  present  writing  shall  come  ROBERT  WINDER  esquire 
Mayor  of  this  Burrough  or  town  of  Lancaster  in  the  county  of  Lancaster  greeting  in 
our  Lord  God  everlasting  Know  Yk  that  the  sd  Burrough  of  Lancaster  is  an  ancient 
Burrough  and  that  all  the  Burgesses  thereof  have  and  enjoy  for  time  immemorial 
have  had  and  enjoyed  the  liberties  privileges  &  immunities  to  be  exonerated  <S: 
acquitted  of  all  toll  as  Passage  &  Bridge  Toll  Stallage  Poundage  Tunage  Lastage  & 
also  of  all  other  exaction  &  demand  whatsoever  for  all  their  wares  merchandizes 
bought  or  sold  throughout  ye  whole  kingdom  of  England  as  also  through  every  sea- 
port ye  islands  other  ports  &  towns  of  Ireland  Wales  and  Mann  which  our  Lord 
James  ye  First  late  King  of  England  Scotland  Ffrance  &  Ireland  by  his  letters 
patents  under  ye  great  seal  of  England  granted  &  confirmed  to  his  Burgesses  of 
his  sd  Burrough  and  their  successors  for  ever  ye  liberties  privileges  &  immunities 
aforesd  according  to  ye  tenour  of  divers  Charters  of  ye  ancestors  &  predecessors  of 
our  sd  Ld  ye  King  to  ye  same  Burgesses  and  their  successors  granted  from  ye  time 
of  ye  reign  of  ye  late  King  John  by  our  Lord  Charles  ye  Second  late  King  of  England 
Scotland  ffrance  &  Ireland  to  ye  same  burgesses  by  his  Letters  Patents  and 
Charters  lately  confirmed  as  by  ye  sd  Lettrs  Patents  &  Charters  in  ye  power  of  and 
remaining  with  ye  sd  Burgesses  will  more  fully  &  at  large  appear  which  said  promises 
I  not  only  testify  to  you  by  the  tenour  of  these  presents  but  also  that  Roger  Ilinde 
the  younger  ftlaxman  is  a  burgess  admitted  and  sworn  to  ye  liberties  of  ye  same 
Burrough  or  vill  of  Lancaster  aforesaid  WHEREFORE  I  the  aforesaid  Mayor  specially 
require  whenever  the  said  Roger  Hinde  or  his  servants  shall  come  to  the  cities  ports 
towns  or  other  places  within  the  Kingdom  of  England  or  to  the  ports  of  1 1 eland 
Wales  or  Mann  with  Lis  goods  wares  or  merchandizes  that  he  and  they  shall  be  free 
and  acquitted  of  all  Passage  Toll  Bridge  Toll  Stallage  Poundage  Tunage  Lastage  and 
all  other  exactions  according  to  the  grants  aforesaid  In  WITNESS  whereof  to  these 
presents  I  the  aforesaid  Mayor  have  put  the  seal  of  my  office  the  Twenty-eighth  day 
of  August  in  the  Twelfth  year  of  ye  reign  ol  our  most  gracious  sovereign  Lord 
George  the  Second  by  the  grace  of  God  of  Great  Brittain  Ffrance  ix  Ireland  Defender 
of  ye  ffaithe  &c  and  in  ye  year  of  our  Lord  One  Thousand  Seven  Hundred  and  thirty 
eight 

Robert  Winder  Mayor  L.S. 

This  Mayor  dwelt  in  Market  Street  on  the  site  of  Messrs. 
Whimpray  and  Cardwell's  premises.  Another  freeman's  certificate, 
kindly  lent  me,  is  that  of  John  Rawlinson  of  Skerton,  butcher.  It 
is  dated  April  2nd,  1780,  and  signed  William  Butterfield,  Mayor, 
accompanying  it  is  "  The  Oath  of  a  Free  Burgess  of  the  Corpora- 
tion   of  Lancaster."      Both    documents   go    together   in  a  tin  case 


2o4  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


made  for  the  pocket,  so  that  the  owner  could  carry  proofs  of  his 
f  reemanship  with  him  without  danger  of  their  being  damaged  or 
soiled.     The  oath  reads  as  follows  :  — 

The  Oath  of  a  Free  Burgess  of  the  Corporation  of  Lancaster. 

You  shall  S\vuar  that  you  will  bear  Faith  and  true  Allegiance  to  our 
Sovereign  Lord  KING  GEORGE,  and  to  his  Heirs  and  Successors  Kings  and 
Queens  of  this  Realm.  That  you  will  pay  due  Obedience  to  the  Mayor  and  Ministers 
of  this  Borough,  and  maintain  and  support  as  much  as  in  you  lies,  the  Franchises, 
Privileges,  Rights  and  Customs  thereof.  You  shall  well  and  duly  when  required,  be 
contributaiy  to  all  Duties,  Scot,  Lot,  and  other  Charges  within  this  Town,  bearing 
your  part,  as  other  Freemen  do,  during  the  Time  you  inhabit  within  the  said  Town, 
or  Franchises  thereof.  You  shall  not  colour  any  Foreign  Goods  whereby  the  Tolls  or 
Customs  may  be  lost.  You  shall  not  sue  any  Freeman  out  of  this  town,  whilst  you 
may  have  Law  and  Right  within  it.  You  shall  not  take  any  Apprentice  within  this 
Town  for  less  Term  than  seven  Years  ;  in  the  first  year  you  shall  cause  him  to.  be 
Inrolled,  and  at  the  End  of  the  Term  you  shall  use  your  best  Endeavours  to  make  him 
Free  of  this  Town  (if  he  hath  well  and  truly  served  you.)  You  shall  keep  the  King's 
1'eace  in  your  own  Person.  You  shall  know  of  no  unlawful  Assemblies,  Meetings,  or 
Conspiracies  against  the  King's  Peace  within  the  Jurisdiction  of  this  Town,  but  you 
shall  inform  Mr.  Mayor  thereof,  and  oppose  them  to  the  utmost  of  your  Power.  You 
^hall  on  all  proper  Occasions,  promote  as  much  as  in  you  lies,  the  Good  and  Interest 
'  >f  this  Corporation. 

All  these  articles  and  things  you  shall   well  and   truly   keep   to   the    best   of 

your  Power. 

So  help  you  God. 

The  Roger  Hinde  mentioned  in  Colonel  Whalley  s  certificate 
had  a  sister  Rachel,  who  married  Mr.  Jonathan  Whalley.  This 
Jonathan  Whalley,  born  on  the  23rd  February,  173,3,  had  a  silver 
cup  presented  to  him,  when  he  was  two  years  old,  by  his  uncle. 
Colonel  Whalley  has  the  cup  which  is  thus  inscribed 

Jonathan  Whaley, 

!735- 

Colonel  Whalley  also  possesses  an  old  Punch  Bowl  inscribed 
"  Success  to  the  Bridgetown  "  (the  chief  town  in  Barbadoes).  It 
is  believed  that  this  bowl  was  used  for   christening  the   ship   when 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  20: 


it  was  first  launched  and  bound  for  the  West  Indies.  In  the 
same  gentleman's  garden  is  the  old  stone  which  stood  over  the 
doorway  of  Alderman  Heysham's  house.  It  bears  letters  and  date- 
as  under — 

H 

G.  E. 

1680. 

And  now  we  turn  to  a  more  engrossing  topic  without  the 
inclusion  of  which  this  chapter  would  prove  thin  and  incomplete  in 
the  extreme.  We  have  seen  that  the  first  Charter  to  Lancaster  was 
granted  about  the  year  1193,  by  King-  John  when  Earl  of  Morton, 
in  the  fourth  year  of  Richard  I.  that  the  liberties  granted  to 
Lancaster  were  very  similar  to  those  granted  a  little  before  to 
Bristol,  and  also  that  the  third  Edward  in  the  37th  year  of  his  reign 
granted  his  Charter  to  the  Mayor  and  Bailiffs  in  order  to  secure  the 
holding  of  all  pleas  and  sessions  of  Justices  in  Lancaster.  These 
ancient  Charters  were  confirmed  by  Richard  II.,  Henry  IV. ,  Henry 
V.,  Henry  VII.,  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  James  I.  The  latter 
monarch  gave  a  new  Charter  in  the  year  1604  ;  and  in  1665,  came 
the  first  Charter  of  Charles  II.,  and  the  second  in  1684,  and  this 
latter  was  called  "the  old  Charter,"  when  reference  was  made  to  it 
for  in  1819  George  III.,  in  the  59th  year  of  his  reign,  conferred 
upon  Lancaster  a  new  Charter  altogether. 

Ancient  Charters. 

The  first  Charter  granted  to  the  burgesses  of  Lancaster  is  that  of  King- John 
granted  while  Earl  of  Moreton  and  Bologne  about  the  year  1 188,      It  conferred  upon 
Lancaster   the    liberties  and   immunities   granted   to   the  city   of  Bristol.      In  Cory's 
"  Bristol  "'  we  find  that  its  provisions  were  as  follow  : — 

That   no  burgess  shall  plead  or  be  impleaded  out  of  the  walls  of  the  town 

in  any  plea,  except  pleas  relating  to  foreign  tenures,  which  do  not  belong  to  the 
hundred  of  the  town,  and  that  they  shall  be  quit  of  murder  within  the  bounds  of  the 
town.  And  that  no  burgess  shall  wage  duel  unless  he  shall  have  been  appealed,  for 
the  death  of  any  stranger,  who  was  killed  in  the  town  and  did  not  belong  to  the  town. 


2o6  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


And  that  no  one  shall  take  an  Inn*  within  the  walls  by  assignment  or  by  livery  of  the 
Marshall  against  the  will  of  the  burgesses.  And  that  they  shall  be  quit  of  toll  and 
Jlastage  and  §pontage  and  of  all  other  customs,  throughout  my  whole  land  and  power. 
And  that  no  one  shall  be  condemned  in  a  matter  of  money,  unless  according  to  the 
law  of  the  hundred,  \iz,  by  forfeiture  of  40s.  And  that  the  said  hundred  Court  shall 
lie  held  only  once  a  week.  And  that  no  one,  in  any  plea,  shall  be  able  to  argue  his 
cause  in  miskenning.  And  that  they  may  lawfully  have  their  lands  and  tenures  and 
mortgages  and  debts  throughout  my  whole  land,  whoever  owes  them  anything.  And 
that  with  respect  to  lands  and  tenures  which  are  within  the  town,  they  shall  be  held 
by  them  duly  according  to  the  custom  of  the  town.  And  that  with  regard  to  debts 
which  have  been  lent  in  Bristol,  and  mortgages  there  made,  pleas  shall  be  held  in 
the  town,  according  to  the  custom  of  the  town.  And  that  if  any  one  in  any  other 
place  in  my  land  shall  take  toll  of  the  men  of  Bristol,  if  he  shall  not  restore 
it  after  he  shall  be  required,  the  Prepositor  of  Bristol  shall  take  from  him  a 
distress  at  Bristol,  and  force  him  to  restore  it.  And  that  no  stranger  trades- 
man shall  buy,  within  the  town,  of  a  man  who  is  a  stranger,  leather  corn 
or  wool,  but  only  of  the  burgesses.  And  that  no  stranger  shall  have  a  wine 
shop,  unless  in  a  ship,  nor  sell  cloth  for  cutting,  except  at  the  fair.  And  that 
no  stranger  shall  remain  in  the  town  with  his  goods  for  the  purpose  of  selling,  but 
for  forty  days.  And  that  no  burgess  shall  be  confined  anywhere  else  within  my  land 
or  power  for  any  debt  unless  he  be  debtor  or  surety.  And  that  they  shall  be  able  to 
marry  themselves,  their  sons,  their  daughters  and  their  widows,  without  the  license 
of  their  lords.  And  that  no  one  of  their  lords  shall  have  the  ward-ship  or  the  disposal 
of  their  sons  or  daughters  on  account  of  the  lands  out  of  the  town,  but  only  the  ward- 
ship of  their  tenements  which  belong  to  their  own  fee,  until  they  shall  be  of  age. 
And  that  there  shall  be  no  recognition  in  the  town.  And  that  no  one  shall  take  tyne 
in  the  town,  unless  for  the  use  of  the  lord  earl,  and  that  according  to  the  custom  of 
the  town.  And  that  they  may  grind  their  corn  wherever  they  shall  choose.  And 
that  they  may  have  all  their  reasonable  guilds  as  well,  or  better  than  they  had  them 
in  the  time  of  Robert  and  his  son  William,  Earls  of  Gloucester.  And  that  no  burgess 
shall  be  compelled  to  bail  any  man,  unless  he  himself  chooses  it,  although  he  be 
dwelling  on  his  land.  We  also  have  granted  to  them  all  their  tenures  within  the  walls 
and  without  as  is  aforesaid,  in  messuages,  in  copses,  in  buildings,  on  the  water,  and 
elsewhere,  wherever  they  shall  be  in  the  town,  to  be  held  in  free  burgage,  namely  by 
landgable  service,  which  they  shall  pay  within  the  walls.  We  have  granted  also  that 
any  of  them  may  make  improvements  as  much  as  they  can  in  erecting  buildings 
anywhere   on   the  bank  and   elsewhere,  so  it    is    without  damage  of  the  borough  and 


*In  the  Statutum  Wallire,  12  Edward  I.  (1284)  Sheriffs  are  directed  amongst 
other  official  duties  to  inquire  "  de  hospitantibus  ignotis  ultra  duas  noctes." 

jLastage  comes  from  the  Saxon  word  last,  a  burden.  The  term  signified 
porterage,  or  /tallage,  a  right  claimed  by  servants  of  the  lord  of  the  fee  of  carrying 
«e)ods  purchased  at  fair  or  market,  and  the  money  obtained  for  that  service. 

jjPontage  was  a  duty  paid  for  repairing  bridges. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  207 


town.  And  that  they  shall  have  and  possess  all  void  grounds  and  places  which  are 
contained  within  the  aforesaid  boundaries,  to  be  built  on  at  their  pleasure,  wherefore,  I 
will,  and  firmly  enjoin,  that  my  burgesses  aforesaid,  and  their  heirs,  shall  have  and 
hold  all  their  aforesaid  liberties  and  free  customs  as  is  written  above,  of  me  and  my 
heirs  as  well  and  as  completely,  (or  more  so)  as  ever  they  had  them,  in  good  times 
well  and  peaceably  and  honourably,  without  any  hindrance  or  molestation  which  any 
one  may  offer  them  on  that  account.      Witness,  &c." 

The  Charter  of  King  John  was  confirmed  by  Henry  III.  in  the  36th  year 
of  his  reign  (1252).  In  1 199  King  John,  it  should  be  observed,  abrogated  his  former 
Charter  so  far  as  the  liberties  of  Bristol  were  concerned,  and  conferred  upon  that 
Borough  the  liberties  which  the  late  king,  his  lather,  had  granted  to  Xor/liainpton, 
and  confirmed  the  other  grants  contained  in  the  Charter.  The  most  important  of 
the  liberties  claimed  under  the  Charter  of  King  John  were  an  exemption  from  toll 
throughout  all  England  and  the  ports  of  the  sea,  a  Court  of  Pleas  of  all  debts 
contracted  at  Lancaster,  with  power  to  choose  a  mayor  annually,  and  all  other 
liberties  and  free  customs  of  the  citizens  of  London.  It  appears  that  the  liberties  of 
Northampton,  according  to  the  grant  of  Richard  I.,  were  allowed  and  enrolled  in 
the  Guild  Hall  of  the  city  of  London  in  1361.  An  exemplification  of  King  John's 
Charter  was  sent  by  the  Corporation  of  Northampton  to  Lancaster,  and  it  was 
received  as  comprising  the  liberties  conferred  on  the  burgesses  of  Lancaster  only.  By 
this  Charter  the  burgesses  claimed  an  annual  fair,  and  a  market  every  Saturday. 
This  Charter  was  confirmed  by  Henry  III.  in  1226.  The  style  of  the  Corporation 
of  Lancaster  is  first  mentioned  in  the  "  Placita  de  Quo  Warranto,"  as  "  Ballivus  et 
Communitas  Burgi  de  Lancaslra. "  A  mayor,  two  bailiffs,  and  twelve  capital 
burgesses  are  named  in  the  bye-laws  of  the  Corporation,  which  were  examined  and 
ratified  in  the  36th  Edward  III.  ;  they  were  again  ratified  in  the  14th  Elizabeth. 
The  ratification  of  them  by  Edward  III.  appears  only  in  the  recital    of  Elizabeth. 

I  will  now  proceed  to  give  an  abstract  of  the  Charters  granted 
to  Lancaster. 

Abstract  of  Charters  granted  to  the  Corporation  of 
Lancaster  and  a  decree  thereon  whereby  the  Assizes  and  original 
Quarter  Sessions  are  held  at  Lancaster  and  nowhere  else  in  the 
County. 

A  Copy  of  the  Chapter  of  Kim;  Edward  III. 

Eowakd,  by  the  grace  of  Cod,  King  of  England,  Lord  of  Ireland  and 
Aquitaine.  To  the  Archbishops,  Bishops,  Abbots,  Priors,  Earls,  Barons,  Justiciaries, 
Sheriffs,    Officers,    Ministers,  and   all    Bailiffs  and  faithful  subjects   greeting — Know 


2o8  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Ve  that  we  of  our  special  grace  and  at  the  request  of  our  beloved  son,  John,  Duke  of 
Lancaster,  have  granted  and  by  this  our  Charter  have  for  ourself  and  our  heirs 
confirmed  to  our  beloved  the  Mayor,  Bailiffs  and  Commonalty  of  the  Town  of 
Lancaster,  their  heirs  and  successors,  that  all  pleas  and  sessions  of  whatsoever 
[ustices  in  the  county  of  Lancaster  assigned  shall  be  held  in  the  said  Town  of 
Lancaster  as  in  the  head  town  of  the  said  county  and  not  elsewhere  in  the  said 
county  for  ever.  Wherefore  we  will  and  strictly  command  for  ourself  and  our  heirs 
that  the  aforesaid  pleas  and  sessions  of  whatever  Justices  in  the  aforesaid  county 
assigned  shall  be  held  in  the  aforesaid  town  and  not  elsewhere  as  aforesaid. 
Witnesses  hereto,  the  venerable  Fathers  Simon,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  Primate 
of  all  England:  William  of  Winchester,  our  Chancellor;  and  Simon  of  Ely,  our 
Treasurer,  Bishops;  Richard,  Karl  of  Arundel,  Robert  of  Suffolk,  Thomas  de  Veer 
of  Oxford,  our  Chamberlain,  Earls:  Edward  le  de  Spencer,  Ralph  de  Nevill,  John 
de  Nevill,  John  Atte  Lee,  Steward  of  our  household  and  others.  Given  by  our  own 
hand  at  Westminster,  on  the  thirteenth  day  of  November,  in  the  thirty-sixth  year  of 
our  reign. 

By  Writ  of  the  Priory  Seal,  inrolled  and  allowed  at  Preston  on 
Wednesday,  in  the  first  week  of  Lent,  in  the  thirty-seventh  year  of  King  Edward 
the  III.,  after  the  Conquest. 

Inrolled  and  allowed  at  Lancaster  before  Thomas  de  Lathom  and  his 
Associates,  lustices  of  our  Lord  the  King,  on  Monday,  in  the  fifth  week  of  Lent,  in 
the  thirty-seventy  year  of  the  reign  of  King  Edward  III.,  after  the  Conquest.' 

KING  RICHARD  II.,  grandson  of  Edward  III.,  by  his  Letters  Patent  dated 
at  Westminster,  in  the  seventh  year  of  his  reign,  recites  and  confirms  the  said  grant  of 
Edward  III.,  and  by  his  Letters  Patent,  dated  the  sixth  of  February,  in  the  twelfth 
year  of  his  reign,  confirmed  again  the  said  grant  of  Edward  III. 

King  HENRY  IV.,  by  his  Letters  Patent,  bearing  date  at  Westminster  the 
first  day  of  March,  in  the  first  year  of  his  reign,  reciting  (infer  alia)  the  said  grant  of 
Edward  III.,  at  large  confirmed  the  same  in  the  following  words  : — We  ratifying  and 
confirming  all  and  singular,  the  grants  and  confirmations  aforesaid,  and  the  Charter 
aforesaid,  and  all  and  singular  the  things  in  there  contained,  do  for  ourself  and  heirs  as 
much  as  in  us  lies  by  the  tenor  of  these  presents,  grant  and  confirm  to  our  beloved 
the  present  burgesses  of  the  said  town  of  Lancaster  and  their  heirs  and  successors  for 
ever  as  the  aforesaid  Charters  reasonably  testify." 

King  Henry  V.,  by  Letters  Patent  bearing  date  at  Westminster  the  fifth  of 
February,  in  the  eighth  year  of  his  reign,  reciting  the  said  Charter  of  Edward  III.,  and 
the  several  confirmations  confirms  them  thus:— "And  we  do  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  Lords  spiritual  and  temporal  in  our   Parliament    held   at    Westminster 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  209 


in  the  lirst  year  of  our  reign  assembled,  accept,  approve  and  confirm  to  our  beloved 
the  present  burgesses  of  the  town  aforesaid  and  their  heirs  and  successors  theChartei 
aforesaid,  concerning  such  manner  oi  Liberties,  Franchises  and  Acquittances  in  no 
wise  revoked,  as  the  aforesaid  Charters  do  reasonably  testify.  And  as  the  said 
burgesses  ought  to  use  and  enjoy  the  Liberties,  Franchises  and  Acquittances  aforesaid  ; 
and  they  and  their  predecessors  have  always  hitherto,  from  the  time  of  the  making 
of  the  Charters  aforesaid,  accustomed  reasonably  to  use  and  enjoy  their  Liberties, 
Franchises  and  Acquittances."  Under  which  Charter  of  Confirmation  is  subscribed 
by  the  King  himself  and  his  Council  in  Parliament. 

Kinc;  Henry  VII.,  by  his  Letters  Patent  dated  the  twenty-eighth  day  of 
May,  in  the  third  year  of  his  reign,  reciting  the  said  Charter  of  Edward  111., 
confirmed  the  grant  thereby  made  to  the  Mayor.  Bailiffs,  and  Burgesses  of  the  vill  of 
Lancaster. 

Queen  Elizabeth  by  her  Letters  Patent,  dated  at  Westminster  the  twelfth 
of  February,  in  the  fifth  year  of  her  reign,  reciting  [niter  alia)  the  said  Charter  of 
Edward"  III.,  confirmed  the  same  thus:  "We  having  ratified  and  confirmed  the 
aforesaid  letters  and  all  and  singular  the  things  in  them  contained,  do  for  ourself 
and  our  heirs  and  successors  as  much  as  in  us  lies,  admit,  approve,  and  l>y  the  tenor 
of  these  presents  do  ratify  and  confirm  to  our  beloved  the  present  Burgesses  of  the 
town  of  Lancaster  aforesaid,  and  their  successors  according  as  the  letters  aforesaid 
reasonably  testify." 

King  JAMES  I.  by  his  letters  patent,  dated  the  Sixth  of  December,  in  the 
second  year  of  his  reign,  ratified  and  confirmed  all  the  Charters  that  had  heretofore 
been  granted  by  any  of  his  predecessors  to  the  Corporation  of  Lancaster. 

KING  CHARLES  II.  by  his  Letters  Patent,  as  well  under  the  great  seal  of 
England  as  under  the  Duchy  seal,  dated  the  twenty-second  day  of  December,  in  the 
twenty-sixth  year  of  his  reign,  granted  to  the  Mayor,  Bailiffs,  and  Conimonalt)  of 
Lancaster  (inter  alia)  in  these  words  : — "  And  further  we  have  confirmed  by  these 
presents  for  ourself,  our  heirs  and  successors,  and  to  grant  and  confirm  to  the  afore- 
said Mayor,  Bailiffs,  and  Commonalty  of  the  said  town  and  their  successors,  that  all 
pleas  and  sessions  of  whatsoever  Justices  in  the  County  of  Lancaster  assigned,  to  be 
for  ever  holden  in  the  said  town  of  Lancaster  as  in  our  head  town  of  the  same  County 
and  net  elsewhere  in  the  same  County.  Wherefore  we  will  and  firmly  command  for 
us  and  our  heirs,  that  the  said  pleas  and  sessions  of  whatever  our  Justices  in  our 
County  aforesaid  assigned,  be  holden  in  the  town  aforesaid  and  not  elsewhere  as  afore- 
said." And  likewise  confirmed  all  former  grants  made  to  the  Mayor,  Bailiffs  and 
Commonalty  or  Burgesses  or  inhabitants  of  the  said  vill  or  town  of  Lancaster. 


2io  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


The  original  Charters  are  in  Latin,  but  the  above  are  faithful  translations. 

Substance  of  a  Decree  of  the  Chancellor  and  Council  of  the  Duchy  of 
Lancaster  under  the  Duchy  Seal  exemplified  for  and  touching  the  Assizes  and  four 
Quarter  Sessions,  to  be  holden  at  Lancaster  in  the  reign  of  Philip  and  Mar}'.  It 
appears  that  two  of  the  original  Quarter  Sessions  of  the  Peace  formerly  held  at  Lancaster 
were  withdrawn  by  an  order  of  the  Duchy  Court  from  the  said  town  and  transferred 
to  Clitheroe,  and  upon  a  hearing  on  behalf  of  the  Mayor,  Bailiffs  and  Commonalty  of 
the  town  of  Lancaster  before  the  Chancellor  of  the  Duchy  and  producing  the  original 
Charter  of  Edward  III.  and  the  various  confirmations  thereof,  a  decree  was  obtained 
for  restoring  to  the  town  of  Lancaster  the  two  original  Sessions  which  had  been 
transferred  to  Clitheroe  in  which  is  added  the  following  reason  : — "  And  for  that  also 
that  the  said  Court  did  make  the  said  several  orders  without  having  any  intelligence, 
notice  or  knowledge  of  the  said  Letters  Patent  or  of  any  such  liberty  granted  to  the 
said  town  of  Lancaster  as  by  the  same  Letters  Patent  it  doth  now  evidently  and 
plainly  appear.  It  is  therefore,  thus  ordered  and  decreed  by  the  said  Chancellor  and 
Council  that  all  general  Sessions  of  Assizes  and  gaol  delivery  to  be  appointed,  shall 
be  yearly  from  henceforth  for  ever  holden  and  kept  in  and  at  the  said  town  of 
Lancaster  in  the  accustomed  manner  and  not  elsewhere  in  the  said  County.  And 
also  that  four  other  Sessions  of  the  Peace  commonly  called  Quarter  Sessions  to  be 
appointed,  shall  also  yearly,  from  henceforth  for  ever  be  holden  and  kept  at  such 
days  as  before  the  making  of  the  order  for  holding  two  of  the  said  Quarter  Sessions 
at  Clitheroe,  were  prefixed,  used  and  accustomed,  in  and  at  the  said  town  of  Lan- 
caster, and  not  elsewhere  in  the  said  County  of  Lancaster,  the  several  orders  or  any 
clause  or  article  in  the  same  comprised  to  the  contrary,  in  anywise  notwithstanding." 

Among-  these  papers  is  one  referring  to  the  Penitentiary. 

On  the  31st  July,  1818,  was  laid  the  foundation  of  the  new-  tower  in  Lan- 
caster Castle,  called  the  Penitentiary,  intended  for  female  prisoners.  It  was  reared  on 
Saturday,  26th  May,  1821.  Its  form  is  that  of  a  semi-polygon  of  eleven  sides,  six 
storeys  high.  The  basement  consisting  of  an  ample  kitchen,  wash-house,  dry-house, 
and  store-room.  Four  of  the  storeys  severally  consist  of  nine  lofty  apartments,  each 
sixteen  feet  by  eight  feet,  and  each  capable  of  affording  accommodation  for  three 
persons,  all  converging  to  central  rooms  occupied  by  the  matron,  for  the  inspection 
of  the  prisoners.  Each  storey  is  intended  for  a  class  of  twenty-seven  females.  In  the 
attic  storey  there  are  five  work-rooms,  surmounted  by  a  hospital  over  the  central  part, 
or  matron's  rooms.  In  this  edifice  every  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  means  of 
classification,  inspection,  ventilation,  and  other  conveniences,  which  are  likely  to 
render  it  one  of  the  best  constructed  buildings  of  this  kind  in  the  kingdom.  The 
north  front,  designed  by  Mr.  Gandy,  in  which  is  placed  a  full  length  figure  of  justice, 
does  great  credit  to  that  eminent  artist.      Mr.  W.    Coultherst,  the   master   mason,  ha- 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  211 


executed  the  work  in  a  very  substantia]   manner.     In  many   parts  he  has  displayed 
considerable  ability,  particularly  in  the  construction  of  the  stone  roof  and  the  twisted 

curvature  of  some  of  the  stair  cases. 

"The  Constitutions  and  Orders"  used  in  the  town  of  Lan- 
caster, ratified  after  being  examined  in  the  36th  year  of  Edward  III., 
are  very  interesting-,  and  for  the  pleasure  of  the  curious  we  will 
reproduce  a  limited  number  of  their  clauses,  amounting  in  all 
to    142. 

8.  The  mayor  and  bailiffs  to  prove  bread  and  ale  once  in  the  month  at  least. 

9.  No  person  to  be  mayor,  bailiff,  auditor,  fearer,  or  pricker  two  years 
jointly  together.  No  mayor  or  bailiff  shall  be  pricker  or  auditor  the  year  next  after 
they  have  served  the  said  office  of  mayorship  or  bailiff. 

10.  Also  that  the  mayor  shall  keep  /its  comptroll  weekly  in  the  toll  booth. 

16.  Neither  the  mayor  nor  any  of  the  bailiffs  to  give  any  reward  from  the 
town  to  any  bear- wardens  or  ministrels,  without  the  consent  of  four  of  the  head 
burgesses,  and  four  ot  the  commons — forfeit  6s,  8d. 

17.  That  the  bailiffs  keep  their  banquets  at  Shrovetide  and  Easter,  and 
the  bailiffs'  feasfs  to  be  landaway,  and  the  town  to  be  charged  with  such  matters  at 
the  audit. 

19.  bailiff's  to  stallenge  artificers,  merchants  and  victuallers  only  one  penny 
on  the  Saturday. 

20.  Mayor  and  bailiffs  to  cause  these  constitutions  to  be  read  once  every 
quarter  in  the  presence  of  the  freemen. 

21.  No  person  that  hath  been  imprisoned  in  the  gaol  for  any  felony  or 
suspicion  of  felony  to  remain  in  the  town  above  three  days  after  his  discharge. 

22.  Mayor's  sergeant  to  have  no  more  wages  at  the  town's  cost,  but  only 
by  the  year — to  be  paid  quarterly--6s.  8d. 

23.  The  mayor,  bailiff,  and  brethren  to  have  gowns. 

24.  The  bailiffs'  sergeant  and  bellman  shall  give  attendance  upon  the 
mayor  every  Saturday  and  principal  feast  days,  and  when  strangers  lie  in  the  town. 

27.  The  sergeants  and  bellman  to  be  attorneys  in  all  foreign  pleas. 

28.  Grass  brought  into  the  town  for  sale  to  be  forfeited.  The  mayoi 
always  to  appoint  a  convenient  place  for  grass  to  be  sold  in. 

29.  Bellman  not  to  carry  away  any  hedging  from  the  finder parrock,  noi 
take  away  the  three  yeats  belonging  to  the  town. 

30.  Sergeants  of  the  commons  or  bellman  to  obey  their  masters  or  forfeit 
6d.  for  every  default. 

31.  Also  that  one  cobbler  shall  lie  chosen  every  year,  within  three  hours 
after  the  election  of  the  officers  to  the  [corroysors]  to  amend  old   shoes   within   this 


2i2  TIME-HOXOURED    LANCASTER. 


town,  and  if  any  member  so  chosen  by  the  [corroysors]  and  afterwards  al  any  time  do 
refuse  to  serve  in  that  office,  he  shall  forfeit  for  every  default  6d. 

32.  Also  that  one  swyne  herd  shall  be  yearly  appointed  to  keep  all  the 
swyne  vesyan  within  this  town,  as  well  in  winter  as  in  summer,  upon  the  moor  called 
JVhernmoore,  above  the  moor  yeat.  and  the  said  swyne  herd  to  have  wages  and  fees 
as  followeth,  viz.,  the  mayor  to  pay  Xod.,  every  one  of  the  twelve  head  burgesses  and 
the  bailiff  4d.,  every  freeman  having  swine  4<1.  yearly,  every  stallenger  having  swine 
to  pav  according  as  they  are  assessed  by  four  men  appointed  yearly. 

}}.  Mayor,  bailiff  sergeant,  or  under  bailiff  to  be  a  freeman,  and  to  lie 
sworn. 

34.  Abo  that  none  shall  be  made  burgesses  within  the  said  town  except  he 
have  dwelled  here  the  space  of  one  whole  year  at  leas!,  within  which  lime  his  neigh- 
bours may  know  his  conversation,  manner,  ami  behaviour,  and  that  none  shall  receive 
the  liberty  to  have  .  .  .  nor  be  sworn  to  be  burgesses  but  at  a  head  court.  Ever) 
freeman's  son  to  pay  XXs.,  every  apprentice  to  XXVJs.  VIII.,  and  every  stranger 
and  foreign  burgess  to  pay  not  less  than  ...  to  be  admitted  to  the  freedom, 
and  that  none  be  admitted  without  a  whole  consent. 

35.  Freemen  refusing  to  pay  scot  and  lot  to  lose  their  freedom. 

41.  [f  any  person  give  his  goods  to  another  man,  for  fraud  or  deceit,  he 
shall  lose  his  liberties. 

42.  If  any  freeman  make  any  complaint  called  wrangling  he  shall  lose  his 
liberties. 

49.  Also,  that  if  any  person  do  rayle,  chide,  or  flyte,  and  thereof  be  convicted 
they  shall  be  amerced,  the  first  time  in  Xljd.,  the  second  time  in  IJs.,  the  third  time 
to  be  set  upon  the  pillorie  or  cooke  stoole,  or  else  shall  make  fvne  and  redemption  at 
the  will  of  Mr.   Mayor  and  XIJ.  head  burgesses. 

50.  Also,  that  if  any  person  do  make  a  brawl  or  hubbleshaw,  he  shall 
make  no  less  fyne  than  js.    4d.,  whether  it  be  upon  officer  or  other. 

58.  No  inhabitor  to  take  house  or  land  within  the  liberty  of  the  town, 
except  they  have  the  good-will  of  the  tenant. 

59.  That  every  freeman  that  shall  occupy  any  of  the  town's  lands  or  Deep 
Cans,  shall  have  and  occupy  the  same  lands  dining  their  lives,  and  after  their  several 
deceases,  if  any  of  their  children  be  made  freemen,  then  they  to  have  the  same  if  they 
will  pay  so  much  for  the  same  as  shall  be  assessed  by  six  burgesses  and  six  freemen. 
or  else  they  that  will  give  the  most  for  it  to  have  it. 

04.  Also,  that  no  stallenger  shall  mowe  or  sheare  any  brackens  or  bushes 
upon  the  common  pasture  till  the  freeman  be  supplied  under  pain  of  3s  4d. 

65.  Also  that  no  stranger  shall  be  suffered  to  come  into  the  town  to  dwell 
till  they  be  allowed  by  Mr.  Mayor,  brethren,  and  XIJ.  of  the  commons  to  what  science 
or  craft  they  will  take  to. 

66.  Every  inhabitant  to  keep  watch  and  ward,  and  to  find  themselves 
barneys  acci  irdingly. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  21 


j 


67.  No  foreigner  to  bake  or  brew  to  sell     .     .     .     without  a  license. 

68.  No  stallenger  shall  buy  any  victuals  or  wares  coming-  <>r  come  to  the 
towne  to  be  sold  before  the  market  bell  be  rung,  until  the  burgesses  of  the  same 
towne  have  bought  what  they  will. 

70.  All  the  inhabitants  to  pay  scot  and  lot. 

71.  None  shall  be  punished  or  imprisoned  in  the  Tolboolh  but  only  free- 
men, and  all  drunkards  and  disorderly  persons  to  be  imprisoned  in  the  stock -house. 

74.  No  inn-holder  shall  refuse  to  lodge  any  stranger  that  seemeth  to  be 
honest  and  able  to  pay. 

75.  Also,  thai  no  bridal  dinner  shall  be  made  within  this  towne  of 
Lancaster  above  the  price  of  41k  the  piece,  under  pain  of  forfeit  under  every  default. 

76.  Also,  that  none  shall  make  any  new  ales  or  rintoracks  within  the 
towne,  either  bidd  to  any  within  the  towne  or  cause  to  be  bidd  to  any  in  fare  or 
house-tything 6s.  8d. ,  and  if  any  officers  do  license  them  6s.  8d. 

77.  Also,  if  any  having  ale  to  sell,  refuse  to  sell  forth  to  anybody  a  penny- 
worth or  a  half-pennyworth,  or  what  as  they  need.     .      .     .      shall  forfeit  6d. 

78.  No  alehouse  to  be  kept  open  on  the  Sabbath  day  in  the  time  of  divine 

service.  - 

85.  No  butcher  shall  sell  any  quarter  of  any  beast  mingled  with  any 
quarter  of  any  other  beast. 

87.  No  butcher  to  sell  any  flesh  against  the  Assizes  or  fairs,  until  the  flesh- 
lookers  have  had  a  sight  of  the  flesh  and  skin. 

88.  Vagabonds  or  idle  young  persons  to  be  carted  or  scourged    forth  of  the 

towne. 

89.  If  any  man  be  found,  by  request,  a  common  vagabond,  or  a  common 
eaves-dropper,  standing   under  any   man's  eaves,  walls,  or  windows.     .      .      .      fined 

3s.  4d. 

90.  All  the  detected  to  be  carted  about  the  towne  and  then  expulsed   forth 

of  the  towne. 

92.  Also,  that  all  unlawful  games  be  laid  away,  and  young  men  com- 
manded to  buy  bows  and  arrows. 

97.      Every  man  to  repair  his  own   hedge. 

113.      None  to  keep  sacks  of  corn,  meal,    malt,   or  salt,    from    Saturday  to 

Saturday. 

117.  No   shoemaker   to   >ell    shoes   unless  they  be   sufficiently   tann'd  and 

curried. 

118.  None  shall  drive  horses  or  beasts  loose  through  the  fields. 

122.  None  shall  leave  meat-arks  or  forms  in  the  street  from  Saturday  to 
Saturday. 

124.      None  shall  winnow  any;  corn  upon  the  pavement  or  in  the  streets. 

130.  No  butcher  shall  cart  bowells,  blood,  or  such  like  corruption  into  the 
street. 


2i4  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


132.  No  man  to  cart  manure  or  turn  water  near  his  neighbour's  wall  or 
upon  his  neighbour's  house  or  garden. 

136.  That  none  brew,  wash  clothes,  or  any  vile  thing,  either  beasts, 
inmates,  or  do  any  other  unwholesome  or  filthy  thing  in  or  about  the  stone  we//,  the 
ware,  or  any  other  common  well  about  this  towne. 

137.  No  person  to  get  clay  before  the  Castle  gates. 

139.  That  sheep  shall  be  kept  forth  of  the  fields  from  the  feast  of  Si. 
Andrew  yearly  until  the  corn  be  inned 

140.  That  geese  shall  be  kept  forth  of  the  fields  from  Easter  Day,  yearly 
until  the  corn  be  gotten  in. 

141.  That  calves  be  kept  forth  of  the  field  from  Hallow  Thursday  to  corn 
begotten. 

142.  Thai  swine  be  kept  yearly  of  the  fields  from  the  beginning  of  seed 
lime  until  corn  be     ....      upon  pain  of  forfeit,  for  every  default  4d. 

We  at  once  perceive  that  in  many  instances  our  ancestors 
were  not  without  a  large  amount  of  common  sense,  which  in  the 
public  interest  is  the  best  sense  of  all,  and  ever  a  great  desideratum 
where  youth  or  inexperience  is  put  into  power.  The  bye-laws  of 
the  Corporation,  introduced  in  the  7th  year  of  Queen  Ann,  together 
with  those  of  the  59th  of  George  III.,  and  4th  George  IV.,  1823, 
are  simply  extensions  and  reforms  with  modifications  of  amerce- 
ments  or   lines. 


The  Market  Hall  and  Public  Baths, 

Across  and  along  a  covered  passage  is  the  spacious  market 
house.  From  all  sides  o(  the  town  proper,  this  house  is  easily 
approached.  It  was  erected  in  1846,  and  enlarged  in  1880  by  the 
addition  of  what  is  called  the  "back  market."  In  1890  a  balcony 
with  a  row  of  shops  beneath  was  erected.  The  hall  is  said  to  be 
one  of  the  best  in  the  north  of  England. 

The  Baths  and  Wash-houses  and  the  Williamson  Park 
must  now  claim  a  few  words.  The  first  of  these  places  was 
presented  to  the  town  by  the  late  Samuel  Gregson,  Esq.,  formerly 
member  for  Lancaster.  The  swimming  bath  in  the  same  is  60 
feet  by   32   feet,   and  numerous  first  and  second  class  private  baths 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  21, 


are  neatly  fitted  up.  A  ramble  round  by  Ladies'  Walk,  and  we  are 
at  the  lower  end  of  St.  Leonardgate,  wherein  stands  the  Centenary 
Chapel  ^School,  and  as  we  proceed  towards  the  centre  of  the 
town  a  large  building,  namely  the  Athenaeum,  erected  in  178 1-2. 

Williamson  Park 

'For  real  beauty  of  situation  and  elegance  of  arrangement 
is  the  finest  in  the  north  of  England.  Eight  years  ago  the  site  of 
this  park  was  a  bleak,  gorsey  moor.  Many  years  ago  it  was  seen 
by  the  Lancaster  people  that  in  this  moor  lay  the  material  for  a 
beautiful  recreation  ground  and  public  arboretum  ;  and  as  far  back 
as  the  time  of  the  great  cotton  famine  the  ground  was  partly  laid 
out  with  the  object  named  in  view  when  the  town  was  anxious  to 
find  a  means  of  subsistence  for  the  unemployed.  At  length  it  was 
resolved  to  make  a  sort  of  fashionable  drive,  and  some  walks  upon 
the  broad  moor,  and  so  the  work  was  commenced  and  the  drive 
was  named  Shakespeare  Road,  and  ramifying  from  it  were  good 
gravelled  walks  and  a  plateau  upon  the  most  exalted  portion  known 
yet  as  the  "  Top  of  Hard  Times."  "  Thus  the  moor  remained  rough 
and  dangerous  in  some  parts,  but  pleasant  in  others,"  to  quote 
Johnson,  for  nearly  twenty  years,  when  the  late  Mr.  Alderman 
AVilliamson,  the  largest  employer  of  labour  in  the  town,  who,  about 
the  year  1844,  commenced  the  manufacture  of  table  baize  and 
American  leather  cloth,  and  in  less  than  thirty  years  amassed  a 
princely  fortune,  conceived  the  idea  of  converting  the  whole  piece 
of  land  into  a  park  at  his  own  expense,  and  providing  for  its 
maintenance,  so  that  it  might  never  cost  the  town  a  single  penny. 
Accordingly  ;£  10,000  was  fixed  upon  as  the  sum  necessary  to  carry 
out  the  scheme  in  addition  to  ;£  1,000  for  quarry  rights.  The 
worthy  Alderman  died  shortly  after  making  this  intention  known, 
and  the  realisation  of  the  plan  devolved  upon  his  two  sons.  The 
original  sum  was  found  insufficient,  so  the  sons  set  aside  another 
^5, 000  out  of  the  estate  for  the  purpose.  ^13,530  10s  4c!.  had 
been  spent  on  this  noble  scheme,  leaving  a  balance  of  ^1,769  9s.  8d. 

*  Newly  fronted  in  188S. 


2i6  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


for  maintenance  fund.  Seeing  that  this  was  quite  inadequate,  Mr. 
James  Williamson,  the  present  member  for  the  Lancaster  Division, 
came  forward  and  contributed  on  his  own  account  ,£,8,230  10s.  4d., 
so  as  to  make  the  maintenance  fund  _£,  10,000.  The  offer  was 
accepted,  and  the  Corporation,  in  the  name  of  the  public  of 
Lancaster,  passed  a  hearty  vote  of  thanks  to  the  generous  donor. 
The  scenery  which  the  eminences  of  the  park  command  of  land  and 
sea  is  such  as  cannot  well  be  surpassed  anywhere.  The  <hills  of 
Westmorland  and  Cumberland  form  a  delightful  boundary  to  the 
view  as  obtained  from  the  summit  long'  ago  christened  "  The 
Sixpence."  The  vessels  in  Barrow  and  Fleetwood  are  discernible 
to  the  left  ;  and  when  the  day  is  bright  and  clear  Grange  and 
Ulverston  are  very  plainly  seen  across  the  broad  bay  of  Morecambe. 
The  park  has  every  possible  convenience,  even  to  smoke-shelter 
and  drinking  fountains  ;  and  between  some  of  the  natural  rocks, 
which  form  an  oval,  the  visitor  finds  a  grand  surprise  in  the  flowery 
season  after  descending  the  rock-hewn  rustic  steps,  since  what  may 
be  termed  a  miniature  Eden  breaks  suddenly  upon  his  sight.  There 
are  two  entrances,  and  at  each  a  lodge  built  of  ashlar  stone,  hand- 
some and  commodious.  On  the  gates  are  the  Williamson  arms 
and  the  arms  of  the  Borough  of  Lancaster.  Nature  has  not  been 
trespassed  upon  or  disfigured  by  what  is  often  mistakenly  enough 
called  art  ;  the  latter  has  only  been  allowed  to  make  rough  places 
smooth  and  more  capable  of  affording  enjoyment.  The  shrubs  are 
very  extensive,  and  altogether  the  park  covers  about  forty  acres. 
The  old  hills  and  mounds  have  been  smoothed,  and  faced  with 
green  sods  at  their  bases,  while  the  shrubs  above  help  to  retain  the 
weird  appearance  that  reminds  one  of  the  past,  and  makes  the 
contrast  more  enjoyable.  Nor  must  the  rustic  bridge  and  charming 
lake  be  forgotten,  the  latter  forming  a  good  skating  rink  in  the 
winter,  and  more  likely  to  please  the  visitor  because  of  the  enormous 
cliffs  which  tower  above  it  on  the  south-western  side.  There  is  a 
waterfall  artifically  constructed  to  fall  over  a  cliff  eighty  feet  high 
into  a  smaller  and  separate  lake  below.  Mr.  Williamson,  M.P., 
has  been  a  veritable  benefactor  to  his  native  town.  Acknowledging 
the  Providence  that  has  enriched  him  and  his  family,  he  has   deter- 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  21' 


mined  that  in  all  his  philanthropic  deeds   the    rule   should   be    "the 
greatest  benefits  for  the  greatest  number." 

Gas  Works. 

It  may  here  be  remarked  that  up  to  1819  the  Lancaster 
Corporation  lit  up  the  thoroughfares  of  the  town  with  lamps,  but 
in  that  year  at  a  meeting  it  was  resolved  that  each  street  should 
light  its  own  lamps.  In  1820  the  resolution  was  acted  upon,  and 
in  182 1,  but  in  this  latter  year  many  of  the  inhabitants  refused  to 
subscribe.  On  September  28th,  1825,  a  meeting  was  held  in  the 
Town  Hall,  the  Mayor,  Leonard  Redmayne,  Esq.,  being  chairman, 
when  it  was  resolved  to  form  a  company  to  supply  the  town  with 
gas.  The  capital,  ,£,2,000,  was  proposed  to  be  raised  in  400  shares 
of  ^20  each.  In  a  very  short  time  the  shares  were  taken  up.  It 
was  on  February  24th,  1827,  that  the  streets  of  Lancaster  were 
first  illuminated  by  gas.  Mr.  C.  Armitage,  A.M.I.C.E.,  is  the 
present  engineer  at  the  gas  yard,  and  he  has  introduced  every  latest 
improvement  in  the  science  of  gas  making.  When  the  Gas  Works 
were  purchased  by  the  Corporation  in  1879,  the  manufacture  of  gas 
was  53  million  cubic  feet  ;  and  the  price  at  that  time  was  4s.  6d. 
per  1,000,  an  allowance  being  made  of  i2'j  per  cent,  to  consumers 
when  the  consumption  reached  150,000  cubic  feet  per  annum,  and 
8  per  cent,  rebate  was  allowed  to  consumers  who  consumed  under 
that  quantity.  The  company  had  ^30,000  of  10  per  cent,  stock- 
fully  paid  up,  and  ,£7,000  of  loan  capital.  The  Lancaster  Corpora- 
tion paid  ^80,000  for  the  ^30,000  ten  per  cent,  fully  paid  up  shares, 
and  took  over  one  mortgage  of  .£7,000,  so  that  altogether  they 
paid  £87,000.  The  amount  of  capital  expended  on  capital  account 
at  the  commencement  of  1891  was  ^101,124;  the  increase  being 
due  principally  to  a  new  gas-holder  and  tank  erected  in  the  year 
1881.  Since  1883  nothing  whatever  has  been  added  to  capital 
account.  The  quantity  of  coal  and  cannel  carbonised  in  1890 
represents  12,000  tons,  and  the  quantitv  of  gas  made  has  reached 
120  million  cubic  feet.  The  price  of  gas  in  the  borough  of  Lancaster 
is  now  2s.  3d.  per  1,000  cubic  feet  net.     No  meter  rents  are  charged, 


2i8  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


these  having  been  abolished  in  1889.  The  meter  rents  were  equal 
to  about  i^d.  per  1,000  cubic  feet  on  average.  The  price  of  gas 
is,  therefore,  only  one  half  of  what  it  was  when  the  Gas  Company 
had  the  works. 

The  Gas  Department  has  kindly  forwarded  the  names 
of  the  past  managers  of  the  Gas  Works  since  their  origin  in  1827. 
They  are  as  follow  : — Thomas  Dewhurst,  William  Malley,  T.  R. 
Mellor,  William  Fleming,  and  Charles  Armitage,  A.M.I.C.E. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


219 


CHAPTER  X. 


Lancashire  Witches — Trials  ok  some  of  them — Debtors  in  Lancaster 
Castle — How  they  Fared  and  Passed  their  Time— Presentations 
made  by  Debtors  in  1837 — The  Amicable  Library — Assembly  Room 
-The  Storey  Art  Institute— The  Theatre  — Persons  ok  Eminence 
who  have  appeared  therein — Lancaster  Banks. 

ANCASHIRE  has  been  famous  for  its  so- 
called  witches,  and  the  county  town  was,  in 
August,  161 2,  the  scene  of  a  remarkable 
trial,  in  which  the  following-  persons  played 
the  part — the  unwilling  part — of  prisoners:- 
Elizabeth  Southerne,  alias  old  Demdike,  aged 
over  80  ;  Elizabeth  DeYice,  young  Demdike 
(Southerne's  daughter),  James  Device,  Alizon 
Device  (son  and  daughter  of  Elizabeth), 
Annie  Whittle,  alias  Chattox,  a  widow  of  80 
years  of  age  ;  Annie  Redfern,  her  daughter; 
Alice  Nutter,  Katherine  Hewytt,  alias  "  Mouldheels  ;"  James 
Bulcock,  of  the  Moss  End  ;  John  (her  son),  Isabel  Robey,  and 
Margaret  Pearson,  of  Padiham.  Eight  other  persons  from  Samles- 
bury,  namely,  Jennet  Bierley,  Ellen  Bierley,  Jane  South  worth,  John 
Ramsden,  Elizabeth  Astley,  Alice  Gray,  Isabel  Sidgreaves,  and 
Lawrence  Hayes.  The  four  last  were  discharged.  The  judge  who 
tried  the  offenders  was  Sir  Edward  Bromley.  Mother  Demdike 
professed  to  have  met  the  devil,  who  called  himself  "Tib."  She 
admitted  that  she  had  promised  to  give  herself  to  him  in  considera- 
tion of  his  securing  to  her  all  that  she  desired.  This  same  old 
creature  is  said  to  have  "made  her  daughter  sell  herself  to  the 
devil."  Old  Anne  Whittle  was  first  put  upon  her  trial,  alias  Ann 
Chattox,  or  Chatterbox,  as  she  was  literally,  for  we  are  informed 
that  as  she  walked  to  the  dock  she  was  constantly  seen  to  be 
moving  her  lips.      She  confessed  that  she  had    "placed  a  bad  wish 


2zo  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


upon  one  Robert  Nutter,  who  had  insulted  her  daughter,  and  who 
died  ;"  that  .she  had  also  "  bewitched  a  man's  drink  "  (the  drink  of 
one  John  Morris)  ;  and  that  she  had  "  made  a  quantity  of  butter 
from  a  dish  of  skimmed  milk."  Eight  others  were  acquitted,  but 
one,  Margaret  Pearson,  was  sentenced  "  to  stand  in  the  pillory 
with  a  paper  on  her  head  declaring  her  offence,  at  Clitheroe, 
Padiham,  Whalley,  and  Lancaster,  and  to  be  imprisoned  for  one 
year.'*  Although  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  these  so-called 
"  witches  "  were  "  a  bad  lot,"  yet,  allowing  for  the  darkness  of  the 
times — the  light  of  civilisation  and  education  scarcely  being  above 
a  mere  streak — we  are  inclined  to  consider  that  the  judge  who 
sentenced  these  erring  creatures,  many  of  them  to  execution,  must 
have  been  as  ignorant  of  the  gospel  of  mercy  as  the  delinquents  in 
front  of  him.  Fancy  a  judge  telling  the  prisoners  that  it  was 
"impossible  that  they  should  expect  either  to  prosper  or  continue 
in  this  world  or  receive  reward  in  the  next,"  and  at  the  same  time 
urging  them  "to  repentance  for  their  'devilish  and  hellish' 
practices."  The  Pendle  Forest  must  have  been  a  most  infatuated 
and  infatuating  neighbourhood,  for  in  1612  the  gallows  was  prettv 
freely  used,  ten  being  executed  at  once.  It  appears  that  "  witch- 
craft "  was  bad  to  extinguish,  notwithstanding  the  cruel  punish- 
ments ;  for  there  was  held  at  Malkin  Tower  a  great  convocation  of 
seventeen  witches  on  the  succeeding  Good  Friday,  when  it  was 
decided  to  kill  Mr.  Covell,  the  governor  o\  the  Castle,  and  to 
bewitch  and  murder  a  Mr.  Lester,  a  gentleman  residing  at  Westby- 
with-Craven,  Yorkshire.  Then,  again,  a  Mr.  Roger  Nowell,  J. P., 
who  had,  it  was  stated,  out  oi  spite  committed  the  witches  to 
Lancaster  Assizes  also  came  under  the  anathemas  of  the  senseless 
sorceresses,  and  it  was  decided  to  relieve  him  of  his  breath  for  the 
part  he  had  taken.  A  '  Witches  '  Sabbath  was  held,  when  the 
devil,  or  whoever  and  whatever  he  may  be,  was  evoked  and  revenge 
indulged   in. 

In  1633,  another  set  of  witches  from  Pendle  Forest  were 
tried  and  condemned  at  Lancaster,  but  imprisoned  and  afterwards 
cleared  from  aspersion  by  Edward  Robinson,  a  boy  who  was  sub- 
orned to  give  evidence  against  them. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  221 


"Gone  to  Lancaster"  and  "Hansbrow's  Hotel"  were  popular 
saying's  in  the  good  old  days  when  Lancaster  Castle  was  a  debtors' 
prison.  Letters  were  often  addressed  to  "  Hansbrow's  Hotel," 
the  governor  of  the  Castle  then  being  a  gentleman  of  that  name.  In 
1837,  there  were  between  300  and  400  debtors  in  this  "  Hotel, ': 
wherein  beer,  wine,  tobacco,  but  no  spirits,  were  allowed,  and 
where  those  who  could  afford  might  have  any  kind  of  food  or  clothing 
they  wished  and  any  quantity,  with  the  right  of  receiving  friends 
from  8  a.m.  up  to  8  p.m.  In  this  strange  hostelrv  there  were 
apartments  to  be  had,  whose  comforts  and  privileges  were  regulated 
in  accordance  with  the  debtor's  purse  or  the  liberality  of  his  friends. 
These  apartments  were  humorously  styled  "The  Tap,"  "The  Snug,  " 
"The  Pigeons,"  "  The  Chancery,"  "  The  Constables,"  "  The  Pin 
Box,"  "The  Smugglers,"  "  The  Albion,"  "  The  Belle  Vue,"  "  The 
Song  Room,"  and  "  The  Quakers."  It  must  be  stated  that  arrests 
were  often  "  friendly  "  arrangements  to  enable  an  insolvent  to  rid 
himself  of  his  liabilities.  The  bailiff  and  his  supposed  victim  would 
travel  amicablv  to  Lancaster,  and  at  the  station  be  met  bv  some 
tout  of  a  "scheduling  lawyer,"  as  he  was  termed,  between  whom 
and  the  bailiff  there  was  a  decent  understanding,  and  a  carousal  at 
the  nearest  hotel  or  inn  if  the  debtor's  purse  permitted,  as  a  last 
"spree."  In  the  Castle  many  games  were  allowed,  and  various 
political  "larks'"  indulged  in,  including  stump  orations  and  sham 
elections,  in  which,  strange  to  state,  the  Tories  were  mostly 
victorious  by  160  of  a  majority.  Between  1752  and  1794  there  was 
even  a  bowling  green  at  the  service  of  the  "  wealthier  debtors." 
But  the  poor,  hard  up  insolvent,  however  much  he  had  been  the 
creature  or  circumstances,  did  not  find  Lancaster  Castle  a  bed  of 
roses.  If  he  could  not  pay  for  the  various  creature  blessings  like 
his  luckier  neighbour  he  must  suffer,  and  his  dailv  quantum  of 
refreshment  was  not  very  likely  to  make  the  surroundings  less 
monotonous.  Two  ounces  of  bread  daily,  4^4oz.  of  oatmeal  daily, 
and  4}4oz.  of  salt  weekly,  with  lolbs.  of  potatoes  weekly,  formed 
hut  a  miserable  fare,  while  others  with  willing"  friends  could  be 
provided  for  and  enjoy  comfortable  rooms,  tire  and  lighting,  and 
even   musical  entertainment    in   the    shape   of  a   brass   band.      The 


222  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


"advantages"  of  the  imprisonment  depended  upon   the  pay,  which 
ranged  from  five  shillings  to  one  pound  fifteen  shillings  weekly. 

On  the  8th  of  February,  1837,  Richard  Bulfield,  Esq.,  was 
presented  with  a  handsome  silver  snuff  box  by  the  debtors  in 
Lancaster  Castle,  as  a  "testimony  of  respect  for  his  integritv  and 
humanity." 

On  the  nth  of  March,  1837,  an  interesting  presentation  was 
made  to  the  Rev.  William  Preston  Blair,  of  Manchester,  by  some 
of  the  debtors  confined  in  the  Casile.  It  appears  that  Mr. 
Blair  was  sent  to  Lancaster  Castle  "in  consequence  of  having,  in 
order  to  save  a  relation,  lent  him  a  considerable  sum  of  money,  and 
also  unfortunately  accepted  bills  for  him  which  were  returned  upon 
the  acceptor."  During  his  incarceration  Mr.  Blair  was  indefatigable 
in  working  for  the  well  being  of  the  souls  around  him,  he  was  found 
by  the  pallet  of  the  sick  and  dying,  was  ever  ready  to  perform  divine 
service,  and  to  deliver  week-night  lectures,  and  thus  rendered  his 
incarceration  a  g'od-send  to  those  with  whom  he  was  placed.  Mr. 
Nicholls,  a  Manchester  attorney,  being  deputed  to  make  the 
presentation  to  Mr.  Blair,  made  it  in  a  manner  which  for  neatness  of 
phraseology  cannot  be  surpassed.  The  gift  consisted  of  an  elegant 
Bible. 

In  literary  and  philosophical  matters  there  is  a  society  in 
Lancaster  dating  from  181 5,  and  its  papers  are  often  of  a  moderately 
good  order.  The  Amicable  Library,  formed  in  1768,  still  flourishes, 
and  Mr.W.  O.  Roper,  the  Deputy  Town  Clerk,  and  author  of 
"Churches,  Castles,  and  Ancient  Halls  of  North  Lancashire,"  is 
the  secretary.  This  Library  was  originally  located  at  a  house  and 
shop  in  Church  Street.  There  is,  I  hear,  no  record  of  the  older 
librarians  ;  but  in  1824  I  learn  that  at  a  general  meeting  held  on 
the  15th  December,  at  the  Town  Hall,  it  was  decided  by  the  com- 
mittee to  secure  more  convenient  premises.  The  Rev.  W.  Lamport 
was  chairman.  It  appears  that  the  committee  obtained  the 
building  now  used  as  the  post  office,  and  the  first  librarian,  so  Sir 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  223 


Richard  Owen  states,  was  his  aunt,  Miss  Parren.  After  her  came 
Mrs.  Cawson,  a  widow  lady,  who  was  followed  by  her  sister-in- 
law,  Miss  Jane  Cawson  ;  then  we  find  Miss  Jackson,  daughter  of 
Captain  Jackson  ;  Miss  Sarah  Jackson,  her  niece,  succeeding,  and 
after  this  lady  Mr.  J.  Dowbiggin,  who  has  held  the  post  since  1885. 
In  the  early  part  of  1891  he  was  appointed  curator  of  the  Storey 
Art  Institute.  His  successor  at  the  Amicable  Library  is  Mr.  W. 
Blanchard,  who  entered  upon  his  duties  in  April,  1891.  Mr. 
Blanchard  is  the  grandson  of  the  distinguished  commedian  of  that 
name. 

The  Co-operative  Library,  in  Lancaster,  is  a  very  good  one, 
and  may  well  be  so,  for  Lancaster  goes  in  for  co-operation  principles 
to  a  verv  largfe  extent.      The  librarian  is  Mr.  Henrv  Motton. 


1  &>' 


The  Assembly  Room. 

The  Assembly  Room  was  erected  in  17 14  by  the  Corporation. 
Many  entertainments  of  the  highest  social  character  have  been  held 
within  it.  There  have  been  past  Lord  Mayors  of  London  banquetted 
here,  and  on  Thursday,  September  15th,  1842,  a  complimentary 
dinner  was  given  to  Dr.  Whewell  and  Sir  Richard  Owen.  A 
beautiful  monogram  appears  over  the  back  door  at  the  north  end 
of  the  building  between  the  figures  which  indicate  the  date.  The 
letters  seem  to  signify  : — "  George,  King  of  England  ;  Corporation 
Assembly  Room."  The  date  is  thus — J714.  The  premises  are  now 
part  of  the  property  of  the  King's  Arms  Estate  Company. 

The  Storey  Art  Institute. 

The  last  piece  of  munificence  which  Sir  Thomas  Storey  has 
honoured  the  town  with  has  assumed  the  form  of  a  School  of  Art, 
erected  on  the  site  of  the  Mechanics'  Institute,  which  latter  was 
established  on  the  4th  of  March,  1824,  and  formally  opened  on  the 
5th  of  June  in  the  same  year.  This  new  edifice  is  erected  in  com- 
memoration of  the  attainment  of  the  50th  year  of  rule  of  Queen 


224  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Victoria,  and  the  happy  form  chosen  by  the  generous  donor,  who 
in  the  following  inscription  modestly  sets  forth  that  he  gives, 
declares,  and  dedicates  the  edifice  to  the  advancement  of  local 
talent,  is  in  every  way  worthy  of  a  public  spirited  man. 

"  In  Honorem 

VlCTORIAE    REGINAE    NoSTRAE 

Annis  L.   Regixae. 

Feliciter  Actis. 

Tho.    Storey,    Eques, 

D.  D.  D. 

(Dat.   dicat.   dedicat) 

M  DCCCLXXXVI  I." 

The  Lancaster  School  of  Art  was  established  in  1S56.  It 
was  one  of  the  first  of  those  schools  founded  all  over  the  country 
bv  the  Science  and  Art  Department  after  the  exhibition  of  1851,  a 
department  then  known  as  the  Department  of  practical  Art.  There 
was  a  Lancaster  Society  of  Arts  existing  early  in  the  present  century, 
but  it  was  dissolved  on  Thursday,  November  28th.  1844. 

A  preliminary  description  of  the  new  Art  Institute  is  all  that 
can  be  given  at  present.  Architecturally  it  is  an  attractive  building 
of  superior  finish.  The  corridor  is  a  long  and  ornate  passage  lit 
by  a  very  elegant  stained  window  in  which  are  six  medallion  figures 
symbolical  of  Painting,  Sculpture,  Architecture,  Music,  Literature 
and  Science.  Beneath  these  respective  symbols  are  the  names  oi' 
distinguished  men  whose  lives  were  devoted  to  Apollo,  Minerva, 
Clio,  Urania,  &c.  Reading  from  left  to  right  are  these  distinguished 
names  : — Reynolds,  Turner,  Flaxman,  Alfred  Stevens,  William 
the  Englishman  (William  of  Wykeham),  Wren,  Handel,  Bennett, 
Chaucer,  Shakespeare,  Roger  Bacon,  Newton.  The  stained  work 
was  designed  by  Mr.  Jowett.  of  the  firm  of  Shriglev  and  Hunt, 
Lancaster.  The  recesses  on  the  opposite  side  are  to  be  filled  in 
with  pictures  and  the  effect  will  then  be  admirable.  The  Art  Gallery 
is  a  noble  chamber  lighted  from  above.      At  the  north  end  of  it  is  a 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  225 


gracefully  adorned  apsis  in  which  will  be  placed  a  group  o\  statuary 
representing  the  Queen  and  the  Prince  Consort  sculptured  by  Mr. 
Wood,  of  Chelsea.  On  the  east  side  their  will  be  a  lift  for  the 
bringing  up  of  large  paintings.  This  fine  room  is  twenty-six  yards 
long  and  over  ten  wide.  Just  beyond  it  on  the  north  is  a  very 
pleasant  committee-room.  The  general  meeting  room  in  suite  with 
the  gallery  will  be  used  for  drawings  and  local  exhibits.  This 
apartment  is  fifty-one  feet  in  length  and  twenty-seven  in  width. 
These  rooms  are  on  the  first  floor.  On  the  second  floor  is  the 
elementary  room,  furnished  with  black  boards  and  desks  and  flat 
tables  for  geometrical  drawings.  The  wainscoting  round  the 
whole  of  this  floor  is  of  pitch-pine,  stained  a  beautiful  dark  green. 
Near  to  is  the  Art  Master's  room,  in  which  is  a  wardrobe  and  every 
appurtenance  essential  to  such  master's  requirements.  On  the  same 
floor  is,the  second  elementary  room,  capable  of  accommodating  fifty 
scholars.  Already  there  are  to  be  seen  on  the  walls  some  exceedingly 
attractive  plaster  casts,  including  one  from  Notre  Dame  and  one 
from  the  Ghiberti  Gates,  Florence  ;  a  cast  from  Stonechurch  in 
Kent,  and  the  Frieze  of  the  Trajan  Forum  showing  the  libation  of 
fire.  The  Antique  and  Life  Chamber  is  near  to.  It  will  be  used 
for  drawing  and  painting  from  living  models.  There  are  now  over 
one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds'  worth  of  casts  and  models  including 
Michael  Angelo's  slave  ;  the  Athlete  with  the  Strigel,  Hercules  with 
the  Golden  Apples  (taken  from  the  one  in  the  British  Museum] 
anatomised  ;  casts  from  the  tomb  of  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  and  a 
full-sized  head  of  Michael  Angelo,  a  David,  &c.  There  are  likewise 
excellent  specimens  of  pilaster  work  and  panels.  Donetello's  figures 
of  children,  and  Goujon's  Rivers  of  France.  There  are  vases  and 
casks  of  fruit  and  flowers  to  be  used  as  models  for  painting  from, 
and  a  very  perfect  lay  figure  of  a  human  being,  the  only  one  ever 
introduced  into  Lancaster.  In  the  wall  are  Greek  Parthenon  friezes, 
a  study  in  themselves.  In  this  room  is  to  be  seen  a  geometrical 
demonstration  board  to  be  utilised  chiefly  in  illustrating  relative 
planes  of  projections,  &c.  Adjacent  is  the  Designing  Room  and  Art 
Library  and  a  Modelling  Room  for  the  modelling  of  wax  and  clay 
figures.       There    are    some    old    models  which  have  been   recently 


226  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


cleaned,  amongst  them  were  Discobulus  of  Miron,  Discobulus  of 
Naucides,  a  Fighting  Gladiator  and  a  Venus  'de  Medici.  On  the 
ground  floor  is  a  reading-room  and  hard  by  an  apartment  which  is  to 
form  the  library,  a  science  department,  a  chemical-room  or  labora- 
tory, and  a  technical  education  apartment  in  which  eventually  there 
will  be  a  carpenter's  bench,  lathe  and  other  appliances  belonging 
to  artisan  capacities.  Altogether  there  are  sixteen  rooms  with 
anti-rooms  and  lavatories  besides,  the  latter  conveniences  being 
plentifully  distributed  all  over  the  edifice.  The  heating  apparatus 
is  on  the  most  approved  principle  and  the  cellars  are  large  and 
well  finished.  There  is  an  excellent  culinary  department  and  lifts 
communicating  with  the  general  meeting  room  so  that  it  will  be 
quite  easy  to  prepare  a  collation  or  banquet  on  the  premises.  The 
lighting  has  been  well  considered,  the  "  meteor  gas  lamps  "  being 
adopted. 

The  distribution  of  prizes  to  the  successful  Art  Students  took 
place  probably  (or  the  last  time  in  the  Mayor's  apartment  at  the 
Town  Hall,  on  the  17th  of  December,    1890. 

The  Theatre. 

Old  play  goers  of  Lancaster  will  take  an  interest  in  this 
fragment  of  the  past.  "Theatre,  Lancaster,  June  24th,  1777. 
Mes>rs.  Austen  and  Whitlock  having  opened  a  commodious  theatre, 
in  the  town  of  Lancaster,  there  will  be  performed  on  Wednesday, 
the  2nd  of  July,  a  tragedy  called  'The  Orphan  of  China.'  The 
characters  are  to  be  dressed  in  proper  habits,  to  which  will  be  added 
a  farce  called  'The  Miller  of  Mansfield.'  Boxes;  2s.  6d.  pit,  2s  ; 
gallery,  is.  To  begin  at  7  o'clock.  N.B.  The  company  will 
perform  every  Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Friday,  during  their  short 
stay  in  town."  The  theatre  was  erected  in  1781.  in  part  by  a 
subscription  of  8  shares  of  £$0  each  for  which  an  interest  of  ^5  per 
cent  was  paid  from  the  rent  of  the  theatre,  each  proprietor,  continues 
Clark  (p.  45.,  1807),  had  also  a  free  ticket  of  admission  during  the 
season.  Simpson's,  "  Lancaster,"  ( 1852),  describes  the  theatre  as 
a  "Music  Hall  and   Museum." 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


In  1782,  during  the  race  week,  special  performances  were 
given  at  the  theatre,  and  the  local  chronicler  remarks  that  the  Earl 
of  Surrey  attended  each  night.  In  September,  1789,  by  special 
desire  of  the  Earl  oi'  Lonsdale,  "School  for  Scandal,"  and  "The 
Midnight  Hour"  were  performed  to  crowded  houses.  In  a  critique 
dated  August  18th,  1802,  the  oldest  local  journal,  alluding  to  the 
company  present  at  the  play,  describes  the  same  in  the  following 
lavish  manner  :— "  Such  a  blaze  of  beauty  and  elegance  could  not 
be  excelled  in  any  theatre  in  the  kingdom."  On  the  8th  oi 
September,  Mr.  Munden  and  Mrs.  H.  Siddons  appeared  on  the 
boards  in  the  comedy  of  "The  Poor  Gentleman."  The  management 
was  then  in  the  'hands  of  Messrs.  Welch  and  Thornhill.  On  August 
nth,  1804,  the  theatre  was  opened  for  the  season  under  the 
management  of  Mr.  Stanton  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  Siddons,  while 
Miss  Mellon  (afterwards  Duchess  of  St.  Albans)  occupied  the  stage. 
On  August  13th,  1805,  Master  Betty,  the  young  Roscius,  appeared 
as  young  Norval  in  the  play  of  "  Douglas."  Mr.  Betterton  assumed 
the  part  of  old  Norval,  and  Mrs.  Glover  that  of  Lady  Randolph. 
The  receipts  amounted  to  ^"126.  In  1843,  "  The  Infant  Sappho  " 
was  performed,  Miss  Vining  taking  the  leading  lady's  part.  On 
November  6th,  1845,  a  big  night  of  a  musical  character  was  scored, 
Mr.  Ellwood,  the  noted  cornet  player,  performing  before  the  Mayor 
and  a  fashionable  gathering.  In  1846,  Miss  Maria  Hawes  appeared 
in  a  series  of  oratorios.  This  lady  was  a  professional  artiste  popular 
in  concert  music.  In  1843,  tne  °'d  theatre  underwent  a  complete 
transformation  at  the  instance  oi'  Edmund  Sharpe,  Esquire,  and  was 
opened  as  a  Music  Hall,  with  the  oratorio  of  the  "Messiah"  in 
which  the  solo  performers  were  Mr.  Seymour,  Miss  Robinson, 
Mr.  Armstrong,  Mr.  Scarisbrick,  and  Mr.  Constantine;  and  on  the 
evening  of  the  day  following  this  oratorio,  a  concert  of  a  miscel- 
laneous nature  was  given.  On  December  5th,  1843,  Mr.  Harrison 
gave  a  concert  consisting  of  vocal  and  instrumental  music,  the 
artistes  being  Messrs.  Lindley,  Blagrove,  and  the  Misses  Williams. 
In   June,     1866,   General  Tom  Thumb,*  and   Minnie   Warren   with 

*  General    Tom    Thumb    first    visited    Lancaster  on  the   21st   and  22nd   of 
February,  1845.      He  was  then  reported  as  being  only  25  inches  in  heighl   and  1 5lbs. 
in  weight  ;  age,  13. 


228  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Commodore  Nutt  visited  the  Music  Hall,  and  "  Blind  Tom"  also 
performed  twice  during-  the  same  year.  About  two  and  twenty 
years  ago  Sir  Richard  Owen  lectured  here  on  "  Cavern  Exploration 
in  the  North  of  France."  The  concert  given  on  the  27th  March, 
1848,  for  the  benefit  of  the  widow  of  Mr.  John  Harrison,  makes  it 
appear  that  the  deceased  was  a  local  musician  identical  with  the 
Mr.  Harrison  who  appeared  as  the  artiste  special  of  December  15th, 

1843,  above  referred  to.  I  ought  to  add  that  Mr.  Stephen  Kemble 
has  performed  in  this  hall,  but  on  what  dates  I  have  been  unable  to 
learn. 

From  about  i860  until  18S2  the  Athenaeum  was  the  property 
of  a  company  termed  "The  Lancaster  Athenaeum  Company,  Limited," 
and  in  1865  the  name  Edward  Graham  Paley,  Esq.,  appears  as 
secretary  thereto.  In  May,  1884,  the  hall  again  became  a  private 
property,  and  since  that  year  has  belonged  to  Mr.  Henry  Wilkinson. 

Paganini,  the  celebrated  violin  player,  who  was  in  Lancaster 
for  several  days  in  September,  1833,  appeared  on  the  Athenaeum 
stage.      Professor  Greenbank  lectured  in  the  hall  on  the  24th  April, 

1844,  and  the  British  Archaeological  Association,  under  the  pre- 
sidency of  Mr.  James  Heywood,  M.P.,  F.R.S.,F.S. A.,  held  a 
meeting  in  the  hall  on  the  20th  August,  1850.  Mr.  Sims  Reeves 
has  been  here  several  times,  and  Mr.  Bellew,  whose  last  appear- 
ance on  the  stage  was  on  the  28th  November,  187 1.  Mr.  George 
Dawson  lectured  on  Richard  Cobden  from  the  same  platform  in 
1866.  Owing  to  the  courtesy  of  \Y.  G.  Welch,  Esq.,  of  Dalton 
Square,  I  am  enabled  to  transcribe  the  autographs  of  the  foremost 
litterateurs,  scientists,  artistes,  and  vocalists  who  have  entertained 
the  public  of  Lancaster  between  i860  and  1884.  This  gentleman 
(Mr.  Welch)  was  secretary  of  the  Athenaeum  Company.  The 
signatures  are  a  study,  and  the  book  will  one  day  be  worth  no  small 
sum  of  money  from  the  virtuoso's  point  of  view.  The  names  are 
graphological  curiosities,  indicating  the  character  of  their  owners 
in  many  instances.  There  are  specimens  of  the  horizontal,  the 
vertical,    cvlindrical,    rectilineal,   rhomboid    and   obtuse-angled  tri- 


TIME-HONOURED    LAN-CASTER.  229 


angular.      Amongst  these  sign-manuals  I  noticed  the   following  : — 
"Marian    Endersohn    (January    10th,     1869),    J.    G.    Patey,    Emile 
Berger,    B.    Waterhouse    Hawkins,   J.    L.    Hatton,    A.    Reichardt, 
Brinsley    Richards,    R.    J.    Sketchley    (who   lectured   on    Walpole, 
November  28th,  i860),  Allen  Irving,  F.S.A.,  H.  Lemmens-Sherring- 
ton,    Grace  Sherrington,    \Y.    H.   Weiss  of  "Elijah"  fame,    Philip 
P.    Carpenter   Ph.    I).,    (March    iyth   and    21st,    1861),    Charlotte   S. 
Dolby,    (October    17th,     1861),     Montem   Smith,   J.   C.    M.    Bellew, 
(April  8th,  1865),    Lydia   Howard,   Sam   Cowell    ('  Hie  et  Ubique  '), 
D.    J.    Macgowan,   of  Ningpo,   China,    with    specimens  of  Chinese 
writing.      E.  Lankester   ('  Man  and  the  Gorilla,"  March  31st,    1862), 
J.  C.  Daniell,  L.L.D.  ('Life  of  the  first   French   Emperor,'   October 
6th   and    7th,    1862),    George    Grossmith,    F.    Close    (late    Dean    of 
Carlisle),    Sir  Richard  Owen   (March  8th,    1865),    Edward  de  Jong 
(1863),  C.  A.  Calvert  (January  27th,   1864),  George  Buckland,  Frank 
Burgess",  George  Dawson  (April   nth,  1866),  Fred  Maccabe  (1866), 
Kate  Roberts,  L.  A.  M.  Toomkitchie,  of  the  Japanese  Troupe  (with 
specimens  of  Japanese  handwriting),  Walter  Field,  John  Hudspeth, 
Edwin  Waugh  (January  31st,  1865),  'Blind  Tom,'  W.  P.  Howard, 
Musical  Guardian  (October  30th,  1866),  Edmund  Rosenthal  (Decem- 
ber   2nd,    1869),    Walter    and   Henry    Wardroper   (February    17th, 
1870),    Signor    Foli,    Charles    Dillon     (March     3rd,     1877),    J.    H. 
Curwen   (January    16th,   1877),   Duncan   S.    Miller  (Royal   Handbell 
Ringers,  January   3rd,    1877).      Wilma   Norman    Neruda's   name    is 
also  a  fine  and  prominent  sample  of  chirography.     There  are  other 
signatures  of  men  who  are   more    than   conquerors,    having    fought 
and  won,  fought  their  way  to  honour  and   renown.      The   scientific, 
literary,  artistic  and  musical  world  are  all   represented,  and    in   the 
latter  bars  of  music  are   not   unfrequently   met   with   in   addition   to 
the  names.      In  the  beginning  of  the   album    is  a  notification    to   the 
effect  that  the  same  was  presented  to   Mr.  Welch   by    resolution   of 
the  Lancaster  Athenaeum  Company,  Limited,  at  its,  final  meeting  on 
June    1 6th,    1884."      On   the    16th   and    17th   of  August,  1889,  Miss 
Fortescue  appeared  in  Mr.  W.   S.    Gilbert's  Mythological  Comedy 
"  Pygmalion  and  Galatea  ;"  also  as  "  Vere  "  in  "  Moths." 


23o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


A  few  more  facts  may  suitably  be  introduced  while  on  this 
edifice.  Some  strong"  teetotalers  reigned  here  in  1838.  In  the 
Lecture  Hall  attached  many  religious  and  political  meetings  have 
been  held  by  prominent  local  men  at  different  periods.  The 
character  of  the  plays  now  mounted  is  often  of  a  very  superior 
order,  and  it  is  earnestly  to  be  hoped  that  in  due  time  the  rage  for 
any  extreme  sensational  pieces  will  die  never  to  be  revived. 

In  September,  181  2,  a  son  of  Crispin  thought  he  would  secure 
for  himself  a  place  "on  the  cheap  "  in  the  theatre.  He  ascended 
the  back  stairs  of  the  stage  leading  to  the  region  of  thunder  and 
lightning,  and  meditating  a  descent  into  the  gallery,  he  attempted 
to  realise  his  aim,  but,  unfortunately  for  himself,  he  fell  into  the  pit 
and  escaped  with  little  more  than  a  good  shaking. 

There  used  to  be  a  barn  called  the  Bulk  Tithe  Barn,  situated 
on  the  road  to  Caton,  and  it  was  says  "Old  Recollections,"  used 
as  a  play  house.  Munden,  Whitelock,  Mrs.  Siddons  (then  Miss 
Kemble),  all  the  Kembles  and  Mrs.  Munden  performed  in  the  rustic 
theatre.  The  old  play  house  was  on  the  south  side  of  the  Bulk 
Road,  and  subsequently  became  a  part  of  the  Ridge  Lane  property. 
J .  1 ! . ,    Lancaster  Guardian. 

Lancaster   Banks. 

In  Lancaster  there  are  the  following  banks  :  The  Savings 
Bank  established  in  January,  1823,  and  opened  on  the  10th  of  that 
month;  the  Lancaster  Bank  in  Church  Street,  a  fine  specimen 
architecturally  ;  the  new  Preston  bank,  in  Market  Street  ;  and 
Wakefield,  Crewdson,  and  Company's  Kendal  Bank,  New  Street 
and  Market  Street,  formerly  the  Salford  Bank. 

Banking  in  Lancaster  began  practically  with  the  Worswicks, 
namely,  by  Messrs.  Robert  and  Alexander  Worswick,  who  had 
their  bank  in  New  Street,  and  afterwards,  in  181  1,  in  Church  Street. 
These  two  gentlemen  were  the  sons  of  one  Thomas  Worswick,  who 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  231 


in    1 753-4   took    up   the   freedom   of  the   borough,    "being-   then    a 
watch-movement    maker    at    Singleton.       In     1768    he   commenced 
business  as  a   watchmaker,    and    in     1787-8  three    of    his  sons  were 
admitted  on  the  roll  of  freemen,  the   above    Robert  and  Alexander, 
and    Thomas,    described     as    a    merchant.        In     September,    1791, 
Alexander  Worswick,  banker,  married  Miss  Greaves,  the  daughter 
of   Thomas    Greaves,    banker,    of  Preston,  partner   in    the   firm    of 
Atherton,  Greaves  and  Dennison.      Their  successors  in  more  recent 
times  have  been  the  Pedders  and  the   Newshams.      Thomas    Wors- 
wick died  in  January,   1804,  aged  74.      Alexander   Worswick  died  at 
Leighton    Hall,   July    29th,    18x4,    aged   50  ;    and    in    1823   Richard 
Worswick,   who  resided   at    Ellel    Grange,   died    at   the  age   of  57. 
The  old  hies  of  the  Lancaster  Gazette  give  many   particulars   of  the 
old  and  new  banking  houses,  as  do  also  the  Kendal  Courant,  Preston 
Review,    and   the   Newcastle    Courant  and  Herald.      Leighton    Hall 
became    the    property   of   Richard   Gillow,  Esq.,  in    1823,    the   price 
paid  for  it  being  ^"22,300,  exclusive  of  the  timber  valued  at  ^2,591 ; 
and  Ellel  Grange  and   Cragg   Hall   estates,  lately  held    by    Richard 
Worswick,  were  bought  by   Richard  Atkinson,  Esq.,  for  ^10,800, 
timber  ^"680  extra. 

The  new  bank  was  completed  in  1870,  and  was  furnished  by 
Messrs.  Gillow  &  Co.  The  first  chairman  was  Leonard  Redmayne, 
Esq.  (182610  i860).  A  portrait  in  oil  of  this  gentleman  is  to  be 
seen  suspended  over  the  fireplace  in  the  bank  manager's  room.  It 
was  erected  by  subscription. 

From  the  paper  read  before  the  members  of  the  Lancaster 
Philosophical  Society  on  the  22nd  of  December,  1887,  I  take  the 
following  : — "  Of  Private  banks  in  Lancaster  we  know  little  ov 
nothing  until  the  closing  years  of  the  last  century.  Local  history 
seems  almost  a  blank  prior  to  the  commencement  of  the  Lancaster 
Gazette  in  June,    1801. 

Worswicks'  failure  left  Lancaster  with  only  one  bank,  that  ot 
Messrs.  Dilworth,  Arthington.  and  Birkett,  and  into  it  were  paid  in 


232  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


most  cases  the  first  dividends  received  from  Worswicks'  estates. 
Four  years  after  Worswicks'  failure,  and  on  almost  the  same  day 
of  the  year,  on  the  ioth  February,  1826,  the  doors  of  Dilworth's 
bank  were  closed.  By  this  second  failure,  Lancaster  was  plunged 
into  the  greatest  distress  and  alarm.  For  some  years  the  large 
trade  with  the  West  Indies  which  had  made  Lancaster  so  prosperous, 
had  been  gradually  drawn  away  to  modern  ports,  and  it  seemed 
now  that  the  old  town  must  sink  under  its  misfortunes.  But 
Lancaster  did  not  lack  brave  and  enterprising  citizens.  They  lost 
no  time  in  calling  a  meeting  to  consider  how  the  public  embarrass- 
ment might  be  relieved.  It  was  held  in  the  Town  Hall  three  days 
after  Dilworth's  failure.  After  other  proposals  had  been  discussed, 
Mr.  Higgin,  senior,  at  last  suggested  the  possibility  of  some 
substitute  for  a  bank  to  transact  the  business  of  the  town.  The 
outcome  of  that  suggestion  was  the  establishment  of  the  first  joint 
stock  bank  in  England — The  Lancaster  Banking  Company. 

In  the  Lancaster  Gazette  of  the  25th  of  February,  there  is  an 
extract  from  the  Preston  ( 'hronicle,  stating  that  in  Dilworth's 
bankruptcy  the  debts  were  ,£265,565,  assets  £148,000,  leaving  a 
deficiency  of  £117,565.  On  the  14th  of  March,  there  was  a  public 
election  of  assignees,  and  Messrs.  John  Brockbank,  Oliver  Toulmin 
Roper,  and  Armitstead  were  appointed. 

At  the  time  of  the  failure  John  Dilworth  was  80  years  of 
age,  and  was  residing  at  Yealand  Comers,  Robert  Birkett  was  a 
man  of  50,  and  Robert  Morley  Arthington  was  a  young  man  who 
had  only  a  short  time  previously  joined  the  firm. 

On  the  23rd  October,  1826,  the  new  Banking  Company 
commenced  business  in  Dilworth's  offices,  in  Penny  Street,  in 
premises  which  at  the  present  time  are  occupied  by  Messrs.  Knipe 
and  Jones,  ironmongers.  In  a  few  years  the  bank  was  transferred 
to  Church  Street,  to  the  house  which  the  Worswicks  occupied,  and 
after  many  years  the  new  bank  buildings  were  erected  on   the   site 

of  that  house. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  233 

The  Lancaster  Bank  has  paid  to  its  proprietors  in  bonuses 
and  dividends  up  to  January  27th,  1891,  the  sum  of  ^2, 128,666  16s. 
And  this  in  addition  to  making"  provision  for  bank  buildings,  reserve 
lund,  &c. 

John  Coulston,  Esq.,  of  Hawkshead,  Bolton-le-Sands,  who 
was  manager  of  the  Lancaster  Bank  upwards  of  forty  years,  died  on 
the  19th  September,  1866,  aged  69.  The  shareholders  and  friends 
contributed  to  the  erection  of  a  neat  granite  pillar  to  his  memory, 
which  stands  over  his  grave  in  the  cemetery. 

Messrs.  Wakefield  and  Crewdson,  took  over  the  premises 
formerly  occupied  by  the  Manchester  and  Salford  Bank,  on  the 
1  st  of  July,    1873. 

-  On  January  10th,  1823,  it  was  resolved  at  a  meeting  held  in 
the  Town  Hall,  to  establish  a  Savings  Bank  in  Lancaster,  which  only 
ceased  to  exist  in  1889,  its  last  annual  return  showing  its  amount 
of  funds  to  be  ;£  146,835  5s.  6d.  Mr.  Richard  Bond  was  auditor 
to  the  Bank  for  twenty-four  vears. 


'■34 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


CHAPTER  XL 


Lancaster  Worthies. 

Eminent  Divines  born   in  Lancaster. 

John  Taylor,  D.D. — Thomas  Ashton,  D.D.  — Robert  Hoisman,  B.A.— Pro- 
fessor William  Whewell — Thomas  Hathornthwaite,  L.L.D.— 
J.  C.   M.   Bellew,   M.A. 

Eminent  Divines  closely  identified  with  Lancaster. 

Seth  Bushell,  D.D. — William  John  Knox-Little,  M.A. — Colin  Campbeli  . 
M.A. 

Eminent  Laymen  bom   in   Lancaster. 

Sir. John  Harrison  —  Hkxry  Bracken,  M.D.— John  Hlysham,  M.D.— Wm. 
Penny — William  Hadwen — William  Sanderson — James  Lonsdale— 
Cornelius  Henderson — Sir  Richard  Owen — Sir  William  Turner — 
Professor  Edward  Atkinson — W.  H.  Higgin,  Q.C. — Col.  Richard 
Wadeson,  V.C.— George  Danson  Thomas  Edmondson—  William 
Shaw  Simpson — James  Bru nton— James  Tomlinson. 

Eminent  Laymen  closely  identified  with   Lancaster. 

Processor  Franki.and — Professor  Calloway— Sir  Robert  Rawlinson— 
Sir  A.  J.  Loftus — William  Linton — Jonathan  Binns— Edward  Denis 
de  Vitre — Stephen  Ross — Sir  Thomas  Storey — Benjamin  Robinson 
— H.    Gilbert. 

Eminent  Catholic  Divines  and  Laymen  closely  identified  with 

Lancaster. 

Edward  Hawarden,  D.D. — Nicholas  Skelton— Charles  Viscount  Fau- 
conberg,  D.  D. — John  Rigby,  D.  D.  —  Proyost  William  Walker. 
M.R.V.F.  -Richard  Gillow. 

MONG    Lancaster   worthies  stands   out   pro- 
minently :— 

John    Taylor,    D.D. 

According  to  tradition  Dr.  Taylor  was 
born  in  Scotforth  (not  China  Lane,  as  is 
stated  by  some),  and  educated  under  Dr. 
-  Dixon,  o\  Whitehaven.  In  171 5  lie  was 
appointed  by  one  of  the  Disney  family  to 
Kirkland  Chapel,  in  Lincolnshire.  Taylor 
strongly  opposed  Calvinistic  Divinity.  His 
principal  works  are  as  follow  :■- 

1740.      "  The  Scripture  Doctrine  of  Original  Sin."' 

174s.      "  A  Pharaphrase  and  Note-  on  the  Epistle  to  the  Romans.' 
mended  by  Dr.  Paley. 


A  wi  >rk  recom 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  235 


1750.  "  Collection  of  Tunes  in  various  Aits,  \:c." 

1754.  "  Hebrew  Concordance  "  (adapted  to  the  English  Bil 

1754.  '-The  Lord's  Supper  explained  upon  Scriptural  Principles." 

1 755.  "Cox  enant  of  G  race. " 

1759.  "  An  Examination  of  the  Scheme  of  Morality  advocated  b)    Dr.  Hulcheson, 

late  Professor  of  Morality  at  the  University  of  Glasgow." 

1760.  "  Sketch  of  Moral  Philosophy." 

1761.  "Scripture  Account  of  Prayer.'' 
1763.  "  A  Scheme  of  Scripture  Divinity."* 

In  1733  Taylor  went  to  Norwich,  and  in  1757  he  became 
Divinity  Tutor  at  the  newly-founded  academy  at  Warrington.  He 
died  March  5th,  1 76 1 ,  aged  66.  He  had  a  son  named  Richard 
Taylor,  of  Norwich,  who  wrote  a  preface  for  the  last  work  which  was 
published  after  his  father  decease.  Bishop  Watson  strongly  com- 
mended this  work.  "The  importance  of  Children,  or  Motives  to 
the  Good  Education  of  Children,"  "  A  Sermon,"  and  "A  Charge 
delivered  on  the  Ordination  of  Mr.  Smithson,"  are  among  his 
minor  productions.  He  was  a  D.D.  of  Glasgow  University.  He 
lies  interred  at  Chowbent. 

Baines    quoting    Mr.     H.    A.    Brig-ht's    "  Historical   Sketch  of 
Warring-ton  Academy,  gives  this  information  : 

•'  In  1757.  the  Collegiate  establishment  known  as  'The  Warrington 
Academy,'  intended  to  prepare  young  men  lor  the  ministry  and  to  afford  to  the  sons 
of  Protestant  Dissenters  the  advantage  of  a  university  education,  was  formed.  Dr. 
Priestley  was  for  some  lime  tutor  in  the  languages  and  Belles  Lettres,  others  of  the 
tutors  at  various  times  during  its  existence  being  Dr.  John  Taylor,  author  of  the 
Hebrew  Concordance;  Dr.  John  Aikin,  the  elder.  Dr.  Reinhold  bolster,  the 
naturalist;  Dr.  Enfield,  the  Rev.  George  Walker,  and  the  Rev.  Gilbert  Wakefield, 
editor  of  Virgil,  with  notes  and  comments,  and  Dr.  Nicholas  Clayton.  Disagreements 
arose  between  Dr.  Taylor  and  the  trustees  ;  many  of  the  patrons  of  the  academy 
became  lukewarm  and  in  the  year  1786,  the  institution  was  dissolved. 

Thomas  Ashton,    D.D. 

The     Rev.    James    Cron,    Vicar    of   Sturminster    Marshall, 
Dorsetshire,  has  kindly  forwarded  the  following  particulars  concern- 


From  an  old  file  of  the  Lancaster  Gazelle. 


236  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


ing  Dr.  Ashton,  son  of  Dr.  Ashton,  some  time  usher  of  the  Lancaster 
Grammar  School.  The  extracts  are  from  Hutchins'  "  History  of 
Dorset,"  vol.  Ill,  p.  366,  3rd  ed.,  and  from  Patson's  "  Provost  and 
College  of  Etom"  "Thomas  Ashton,  M.A.,  Fellow  ot  Eton' 
instituted  April  8th,  1749,  on  the  cession  of  William  Cooke.  Pre- 
ferred to  the  rectory  of  St.  Botolph,  Bishopgate,  London  1752. 
D.D.    1759. 

Thomas  Ashton,  an  English  Divine,  the  son  of  Dr.  Ashton, 
usher  of  the  Grammar  School  at  Lancaster  (a  position  worth  only 
£32  per  annum,  which  he  held  for  nearly  50  years),  was  born  in 
1 7 16,  educated  at  Eton  and  elected  thence  to  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1733.  He  was  the  person  to  whom  Mr.  Horace  Walpole 
addressed  his  epistle  from  Florence,  in  1740,  under  the  title  of 
"  Thomas  Ashton,  Esq.,  tutor  to  the  Earl  of  Plymouth."  About 
that  time  or  soon  after,  he  was  presented  to  the  Rectory  of  Alding- 
ham,  in  Lancashire,  which  he  resigned  in  March,  1749.  On  the 
3rd  of  May  following,  he  was  presented  by  the  Provost  and  Fellows 
of  Eton  to  this  Rectory  (i.e.,  Vicarage,  J.C.).  He  was  then  M.A., 
and  had  been  chosen  a  Fellow  of  Eton  in  December,  1745.  In  May, 
1762,  he  was  elected  preacher  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  which  he  resigned 
in  1764.  In  1770  he  published  a  volume  of  sermons,  to  which  was 
prefixed  his  portrait  in  mezzotinto  by  Spilsbury,  from  an  original  by 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  and  his  motto,  "  Insto  pncpositis  oblitus 
prcrteritorum."  He  died  March  1st,  1775,  at  the  age  of  59,  after 
having  for  some  years  survived  a  severe  attack  of  the  palsy.  His 
discourses,  in  a  style  of  greater  elegance  than  purity,  were  rendered 
still  more  striking  by  the  excellence  of  his  delivery.  He  preached  a 
sermon  on  the  Rebellion  in  1745,  and  one  on  the  occasion  of  Thanks- 
giving at  the  close,  in  1746.  In  1756  he  preached  before  the 
governor  of  Middlesex  Hospital  at  St.  Anne's,  Westminster,  a 
Commencement  sermon  at  Cambridge  in  1759,  one  before  the  House 
of  Commons,  30th  January,  1762,  and  a  Spital  sermon  at  St. 
Bride's  on  Easter  Wednesday  in  that  year.  All  these  are  in  the 
volume  above  mentioned,  which  is  closed  by  a  concio  ad  clerum 
habita    Cantabrigioe    in     Templo    Bealce    Marice,    1759,   pro  gnidu 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  237 


doctoratus  in  Sacra  theologid.  He  lived  long-  in  habits  of  intimacy 
with  Horace  Walpole,  afterwards  Earl  of  Oxford,  who,  Mr.  Cole 
informs  us,  procured  him  the  Eton  Fellowship,  but  a  rupture 
separated  them. 

In  the  first  volume  of  Stephen's  Biographical  Dictionary  I  find 
that  Dr.  Ashton  married  a  Miss  Amyard,  in  December,  1760,  and 
and  that  he  died  in  March,  1775.  In  a  letter  to  Richard  West,  Esq., 
Walpole  speaks  in  high  terms  of  Dr.  Ashton's  success  as  a  preacher. 
Unfortunately  the  doctor  wrote  against  Dr.  Middleton,  and  offended 
Walpole  so  greatly  that  in  a  letter  to  Sir  Horace  Mann,  Walpole 
speaks  of  "  having  reason  to  complain  of  his  (Ashton's)  behaviour," 
and  it  further  transpires  that  he  forbade  his  former  friend  visiting 
at  his  house. 

Robert  Housman,   B.A. 

Few  names  are  more  widely  known  in  Lancaster  and  district 
than  that  of  Housman.  The  subject  of  this  brief  sketch,  Robert 
Housman,  the  founder  and  for  forty  years  minister  of  St.  Anne's 
Church,  Lancaster,  was  born  on  the  25th  of  February,  1759,  at 
Skerton.  His  father  was  Robert  Housman,  Esq.,  and  his  mother, 
Mrs.  Housman,  was  a  Miss  Agnes  Gunson,  of  Ulpha,  in  the  parish 
of  Millom,  Cumberland.  Robert  was  the  eldest  of  four  sons  who 
lived  to  manhood.  He  was  educated  at  the  Free  Grammar  School, 
under  the  Rev.  James  Watson.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  was 
apprenticed  to  Dr.  Barrow,  his  parents  intending  that  he  should 
adopt  the  medical  profession.  But  the  pursuit  of  surgery  and 
medicine  was  extremely  distasteful  to  the  youth  whose  earnest  desire 
was  to  become  a  clergyman.  Eventually,  owing  chiefly  to  the 
kindly  interposition  of  his  second  sister,  he  was  permitted  to  prepare 
for  the  vocation  of  his  choice,  and  accordingly  placed  himself  under 
the  tuition  of  his  former  principal  at  the  Grammar  School,  the  Rev. 
James  Watson,  with  the  object  of  preparing  himself  for  Cambridge 
University.  On  the  17th  of  March,  1780,  he  was  entered  at  St. 
John's  College  as  a  sizar,  and  his  first  letter  to  his  parents  after 
arriving  at  the  College  in  the   ensuing   October   is   extremely   inter- 


238  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


esting",  revealing',  as  it  does,  descriptive  ability  of  a  very  superior 
order.  It  is  impossible  to  give  lengthy  accounts  of  the  earlier 
career  of  this  valuable  life  in  a  work  of  so  comprehensive  a  character 
as  this  is  intended  to  be.  Suffice  it,  therefore,  to  state  that  on 
Sunday,  the  14th  of  October,  1781,  not  much  more  than  a  vear 
after  his  arrival  at  Cambridge,  Mr.  Housman  was  admitted  to 
Deacon's  Orders  at  a  general  ordination  at  Bishopthorpe,  by  Dr. 
Markham,  Archbishop  of  York,  and  he  became  curate  to  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Croft,  vicar  of  Gargrave,  Yorkshire.  Mr.  Croft  had  been  a 
private  pupil  of  Garrick's,  with  a  view  to  his  adopting  the  profession 
of  the  stage,  and  it  is  to  the  advantages  enjoyed  by  Mr.  Housman 
while  residing  at  Gargrave  that  the  excellence  oi'  his  own  mode  of 
reading  and  effective  pulpit  style  may  be  attributed.  From  Gar- 
grave the  young  minister  returned  to  Cambridge,  where  he  received 
priest's  orders  from  the  hands  of  Dr.  Hinchcliffe,  Bishop  of  Peter- 
borough, on  the  26th  of  October,  1783,  and  shortly  afterwards  he 
obtained  a  curacy  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  Cambridge. 
In  1785  he  married  a  young  lady  of  the  name  of  Audley,  a  member 
of  a  family  of  highly  esteemed  Dissenters.  His  brother-in-law,  Mr. 
John  Audley,  was  a  most  exemplary  man,  and  the  author  and 
editor  of  several  very  important  religious  works.  Mr.  Audley  died 
in  1826,  in  his  77th  year.  In  1784  Mr.  Housman  took  his  B.A. 
degree.  Owing  to  his  strong  views  on  certain  doctrinal  points  he 
was  deprived  of  the  emolument  and  honour  of  a  Fellowship  of  St. 
John's  College,  a  sermon  he  preached  in  Trinity  Church  being  the 
cause  of  determining  against  him  those  with  whom  the  patronage 
rested.  He  was  fortunate  in  meeting  frequently  with  Newton, 
Romaine,  Berridge,  Riland,  and  Jones  of  Creaton  ;  and  of  Mr. 
Berridge  he  held  a  very  high  opinion,  though  not  endorsing  the 
views  of  the  latter  by  any  means  on  many  matters,  as  is  shown  by 
his  biographer,  Mr.  R.  F.  Housman.  During  the  spring  and 
summer  of  1785  Mr.  Housman  resided  with  his  wife  in  Lancaster, 
performing  the  afternoon  service  on  Sundays  at  St.  John's  Church. 
In  the  winter  of  the  same  year  (1785)  Mrs.  Housman  died,  and  her 
husband  re-visited  Lancaster  and  for  some  months  resided  with  his 
parents.      In  May,  1786,  his  engagement  at  St.   John's  terminated, 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  239 


and  shortly  we  find  him  appointed  to  the  cure  of  Church  Langton, 
about  four  miles  from  Market  Harborough.  In  1787  he  repaired 
to  Leicester,  and  became  assistant  to  the  Rev.  Thomas  Robinson, 
vicar  of  the  parish  of  St.  Mary  de  Castro.  In  1788  he  removed  to 
Markfield  and  had  the  entire  charge  of  this  parish  for  over  two 
years.  He  was  threatened  with  consumption  while  officiating  here, 
and,  acting  upon  medical  advice,  he  came  back  to  Leicester  and 
resumed  duty  at  St.  Mary's  Church. 

Whilst  at  Langton  he  became  acquainted  with  Miss  Jane 
Adams,  to  whom  he  was  subsequently  united  before  settling  at 
Markfield,  the  marriage  taking  place  at  the  Church  of  St.  Nicholas, 
in  Leicester,  on  the  24th  of  September,  1788.  Mrs.  Housman  was 
the  author  of  the  "  History  of  Susan  Ward,"  a  popular  tract 
published  by  the  Religious  Tract  Society.  The  scene  of  the  story 
was  Langton,  and  the  clergyman  who  fills  so  prominent  a  part  in  it 
was  the  subject  of  this  memoir.  Mrs.  Housman's  mother  was  an 
intimate  friend  and  companion  of  "the  elect  lady,"  Selina,  Countess 
of  Huntingdon,  the  Countess  being  her  godmother.  Her  house  was 
often  the  resort  of  such  men  of  note  as  Wesley,  Whitefield,  Fletcher, 
oi'  Madeley,  Newton,  Berridge,  Venn,  Romaine,  and  Mason  (the 
author  of  the  "  Spiritual  Treasury  "),  and  of  Jones,  of  St.  Saviour's, 
Southwark.  Mrs.  Housman  distinctly  remembered  sitting  when  a 
child  on  John  Wesley's  knee,  and  she  used  to  speak  with  pleasure 
of  his  patting  her  head  and  blessing  her.  In  1794  Mr.  Housman 
and  his  wife  paid  a  visit  to  Lancaster,  and  the  esteem  and  love  oi' 
the  former  for  his  native  town  was  deepened  and  strengthened 
during  this  visit,  and  he  decided  not  without  much  deliberation  and 
fervent  praying,  to  relinquish  his  duties  in  the  midlands  and  build 
a  Church  of  his  own  in  Lancaster  and  become  its  minister.  The 
idea  of  this  bold  and  benevolent  desig"n  originated  with  Mrs. 
Housman  on  the  morning  of  their  departure  from  Lune  Bank,  as 
they  stopped  upon  the  higher  part  of  the  Greaves  to  take  a  final 
look  at  the  picturesque  town  and  the  magnificent  landscape  that 
forms  its  background.  Believing  the  Almighty  was  with  him, 
Mr.  Housman  made  arrangements  for  leaving  Leicester,  and  in  the 


24o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


autumn  of  1795  he  took  up  his  abode  permanently  in  his  native 
town.  The  Bishop  of  the  Diocese,  Dr.  Cleaver,  and  the  Vicar  of 
Lancaster,  Mr.  White,  cordially  approved  of  the  proposal  to  build 
a  new  Church,  and  on  the  19th  of  December,  1794,  printed  circulars 
were  issued  concerning  the  project.  In  the  erection  of  the  new 
Church  Mr.  Housman  was  generously  aided  by  William  Wilber 
force,  Esq.,  John  Thornton,  Esq.,  M.P.,  William  Wilson  Cams 
Wilson,  Esq.,  of  Casterton,  and  by  his  old  friend,  the  Rev.  Charles 
Simeon.  Mr.  Wilberforce  contributed  ^20,  and  Mr.  Thornton 
£50. 

The  particulars  above  given  are  taken  from  "The  Life  and 
Remains  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Housman,'-  by  Robert  Fletcher 
Housman,  London,  184 1.  In  concluding  this  account  I  may  add 
that  Mr.  Housman  was  an  admirable  extempore  preacher,  his  first 
effort  in  this  manner  being  made  at  St.  James's  Church,  Warring- 
ton. A  good  story  deserves  to  be  told  of  Mr.  Housman  and  this 
Church.  The  eminent  Lancaster  divine  had  been  announced  to 
preach  here  one  Sunday,  but  owing  to  a  breakdown  of  the  gig 
conveying  him  he  was  unable  to  put  in  an  appearance.  The  Rev. 
Mr.  Glazebrook  was,  therefore,  obliged  to  ascend  the  pulpit  and 
preach  the  sermon.  After  the  discourse,  and  during  the  singing  of 
a  hymn,  Mr.  Housman  entered  the  sacred  edifice,  and  not  knowing 
that  one  sermon  had  just  been  preached,  ascended  the  pulpit  and 
proceeded  to  declare  the  message  of  salvation  to  an  attentive  and 
delighted  assembly.  A  perusal  of  the  "  Life  of  Robert  Housman  " 
will  amply  repay  those  who  take  pleasure  in  familiarising  them- 
selves with  the  pious  labours  of  the  staunch  and  true  servants  of 
God.  Mr.  Housman  suffered  many  severe  trials  in  Lancaster,  the 
repugnance  to  what  many  persons  termed  his  Dissenting  style  and 
methodism  being  very  pronounced.  Indeed,  St.  Anne's  was  called 
"the  hot-bed  of  Dissent,"  and  its  minister  was  often  publicly 
sneered  at  and  ridiculed  by  old  and  young.  One  of  his  best  sermons 
is  entitled  "The  New  Creation."  "The  Influences  of  the  Holy 
Spirit"  and  "None  but  Christ"  are  also  powerful  examples  of  their 
author's  deep  spiritual  conviction  and  earnestness  on   behalf  of  his 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  241 

Saviour.      The  rev.  gentleman  died  on  the   22nd   of  April,   1838,  in 
his  80th  year. 

By  the  kindness  of  W.  Housman,  Esq.,  I  am  able  to  give  a 
few  additional  particulars. 

The  Housmans  have  been  settled  in  Skerton  since  the  time 
of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Lune  Bank,  re-built  in  1729  by  Robert 
Housman,  Esq.,  upon  the  site  of  a  house  named  Housman  House, 
received  its  present  appellation  from  William  Housman,  the  younger 
brother  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Housman,  upon  his  coming-  into 
possession  of  the  family  property  by  purchase.  Besides  William, 
the  youngest  brother,  there  were  John  and  Thomas.  John  was  a 
member  of  the  firm  of  Housman  and  Mashiter,  merchants,  of 
Lancaster,  their  place  of  business  being  on  the  quay.  Thomas 
died  without  issue.  The  above-named  William  married  Sarah, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Fletcher,  of  Halton  Hall,  whose  eldest 
son  took  the  surname  of  Bradshaw.  William  was  a  West  India 
merchant,  residing  some  years  in  Dominica  and  afterwards  at  Lune 
Bank.  He  was  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the  County  of  Lancaster, 
and  Lieut. -Colonel  of  the  local  militia. 

Professor  Whewell. 

A  few  particulars  concerning  Dr.  Whewell  will  not  be 
unacceptable.  This  eminent  scholar,  who  though  dead  still  lives, 
was  born  at  16,  Lucy  Street,  on  the  24th  May,  1794.  His  father 
was  a  joiner,  and  it  was  his  intention  to  bring  his  son  up  to  the 
bench,  and  make  him  a  genuine  "bencher"  likewise.  But  man 
proposes  and  God  disposes.  William  Whewell's  genius  was 
moulded  for  something  far  dffferent  from  shaping  tree  trunks  into 
doors  and  windows,  and  from  spending  a  life  in  company  of  the 
saw  and  the  plane.  His  mother  was  a  Miss  Bennison,  and  from 
her  he  undoubtedly  inherited  the  splendid  gifts  so  remarkably 
displayed  in  riper  years.  A  friend  who  could  see  the  distinguished 
man  foreshadowed  in  the  boy  came  forward,  and  was  the  means  of 


242  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


his  being"  placed  in  a  sphere  congenial  to  his  tastes.  That  friend 
was  the  Rev.  Joseph  Rowley,  then  master  of  the  Grammar  School. 
A  generous  patron  enabled  him  to  enter  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
about  1813,  and  in  1816  he  took  his  B.A.  Fond  of  crystallography, 
mathematics,  and  mineralogy,  he  became  so  skilled  in  these  subjects 
that  in  1828,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  mineralogy,  a  post  which 
he  held  four  years.  In  1838,  he  was  made  professor  of  moral 
philosophy,  and  he  retained  this  chair  until  1855,  when  he  was 
elected  vice-chancellor  of  the  University.  In  1841,  he  succeeded  to 
the  high  position  of  Master  of  Trinity,  and  for  four  and  twenty 
years  he  remained  principal  of  that  noted  college.  He  had  been 
sizar,  scholar,  fellow,  tutor,  dean,  and  master.  As  has  been  aptly 
said  "Trinity  was  to  him  what  a  ship  might  be  to  a  sailor  who  had 
risen  in  her  from  cabin  boy  to  captain  ;"  or  "  what  a  cathedral  might 
be  to  a  bishop  who  had  filled  every  office  within  it  from  the  day 
when  he  first  sang  amidst  it  choristers,"  and  none  owed  less  to 
interest,  friends,  family,  or  fortune  than  did  he.  Dr.  Whewell  was 
married  twice.  First  to  Miss  Marshall,  sister  oi'  Lady  Monteagle  ; 
this  lady  died  in  1854;  secondly,  in  1S58,  to  Lady  Affleck  widow  of 
Sir  Gilbert  Affileck  and  sister  of  Mr.  Leslie  Ellis.  This  lady  died  on 
the  1  st.  April,  1865.  The  brain  of  Dr  Whewell  weighed  49  ozs. 
and  not  half  as  much  again  as  that  of  ordinary  men,  as  was  stated 
soon  after  his  death  in  the  Record.  Despite  the  immense  knowledge 
of  this  distinguished  man  and  the  variety  of  it,  his  brain  was  only 
of  what  may  be  termed  average  size,  and  this  goes  far  to  prove 
what  an  average  brain  may  accomplish. 

The  Mastership  of  Trinity  College  is  worth  ^,3,000  per 
annum  and   is  a  crown  gift. 

Dr.  Whewell's  Library  was  a  very  extensive  one.  There 
were  12.000  volumes  sold  at  Cambridge  ;  the  catalog'ue  of  them  was 
an  octavo  of  107  pages  compiled  with  much  care.  There  were  also 
many  valuable  autograph  letters  brought  to  the  hammer,  and  rare 
"  out  of  print  "  works  and  valuable  mathematical  instruments.  The 
sale  lasted  about  a  week,  there  being  no  less  than  47  lots.     The 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  243 


doctor's  will  was  proved  on  the  3rd  May,  1866,  personalty  under 
;£  70,000.  For  the  use  of  succeeding-  Masters  of  Trinity  College,  he 
left  certain  books  and  directed  1,000  volumes  to  be  selected  \\n-  the 
use  of  the  library  of  the  college,  and  a  bust  and  portrait  of  himself 
to  be  kept  in  the   master's   lodge. 

To  the  master  and  fellows  of  his  college  he  also  bequeathed 
property  in  Cambridge  in  order  that  courts  or  hotels  could  be  erected 
for  the  reception  of  students,  the  income  thereof  among  other 
purposes,  to  be  applied  to  the  endowment  of  a  stipend  of  a 
"  Professorship  of  International  Law,"  of  the  annual  value  of  ^,500, 
and  also  for  founding  scholarships  for  the  encouragement  of  the 
study  of  such  law.  The  testator  was  one  who  did  not  believe  in 
war,  but  in  aiming  at  a  settlement  of  all  international  disputes  more 
in  accordance  with  the  dictates  of  humanity,  religion,  and  common 
sense.  To  his  sister,  Ann  Whewell,  he  left  a  legacy  of  ^6,000,  and 
^"2,000  each  to  the  five  children  of  his  late  sister,  Martha  Statter, 
and  several  legacies  to  other  relatives  and  friends,  and  to  each  of 
his  executors  ^200.  Under  the  will  of  his  first  wife,  Mrs.  Cordelia 
Whewell,  he  had  a  power  of  disposition  of  the  residue,  about 
^10,000,  of  a  sum  of  ,£'20,000,  which  he  bequeathed  for  the  purpose 
of  founding  additional  scholarships  in  the  University  of  Cambridge. 
The  residue  of  the  personalty  he  left  to  the  master  and  fellows  of 
Trinity  College,  and  that  of  the  real  estate  to  his  before-mentioned 
sister,  Ann  Whewell. 

A   correspondent  to  the    JVestmorttnid  Gazette    oi    February 
28th,     1891,    remarks    that: — 

''To  the  Rev.  Ids.  Rowley,  Head  Master  of  Lancaster  School,  belongs 
the  credit  of  discovering  the  gem  (William  Whewell)  and  inducing  his  father  (a  joiner) 
to  allow  him  to  go  to  the  Lancaster  School,  undertaking  to  teach  and  find  him  books, 
etc.,  free.  There  were  no  scholarships  or  exhibitions  at  Lancaster  School,  so  Mr. 
Rowley  subscribed  liberally  and  induced  others  to  subscribe  for  his  board  and 
education  to  make  a  stepping-stone  of  Heversham  School  Exhibitions  i<>  gel  to  the 
University.  He  was  a  few  months  at  Heversham  and  then  he  undertook  the  duties 
of  Head  Master  of  the  school,  and  had  no  one  to  teach  him  during  that  time,  and 
rained  his  honours." 


244  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 

What  the  Master  of  Trinity  thought  is  recorded  in  a  speech 
he  made,  in  which  he  said — ■"  In  the  drama  of  my  life  there  are  but 
two  scenes — Lancaster  and  Cambridge." 

Another  correspondent  to  the  same  journal  of  March  7th, 
1 89 1,  says  : — 

"Happily  Ileversham,  with  its  opportunities,  and  its  proximity  to  blind  Mr. 
Gough  as  a  private  teacher,  and  the  prospects  of  the  Dallam  Tower  Exhibition,  did  for 
the  future  Master  of  Trinity  all  that  was  needed  after  he  left  Lancaster  School.  It  is 
a  reasonable  source  of  pride  to  Lancaster  and  Ileversham  to  know  that  the  great  man 
had  obtained  advantages  from  both,  and  done  them  both  honour.  As  far  as  we  can 
now  learn.  Mr.  Rowley  first  met  him  probably  about  T808,  when  he  was  fourteen 
years  of  age;  he  was  born  in  1794,  and  was  just  about  to  leave  school,  the  "Blue 
School,"  when  Mr.  Rowley  and  he  met  ;  and  before  leaving  the  "  Blue  School  "  he 
had  made  some  acquaintance  with  his  father's  business  of  a  joiner,  and  his  knowledge 
of  arithmetic  was  such  as  to  strike  Mr.  Rowley  very  favourably.  Mr.  Rowley 
urged  his  father  to  let  him  go  to  the  Lancaster  Grammar  School,  and  promised  to  find 
him  needful  books,  and  there  would  be  no  expense  for  teaching.  The  sort  of 
knowledge  he  had  got  before  he  went  to  the  Grammar  School,  with  the  fact  that  he 
was  just  going  to  be  apprenticed  to  his  father,  seems  to  fix  the  age  ;  and,  if  this  is 
correct,  Whewell  would  be  perhaps  two  years  at  the  Lancaster  School,  for  in  August, 
1809,  he  came  to  see  Mr.  Hudson,  afterwards  Vicar  of  Kendal,  to  be  examined  with 
a  view  to  his  future  steps.  This  visit  resulted  in  his  coming  to  Ileversham  School, 
and,  on  condition  of  his  remaining  not  less  than  two  years,  he  was  to  have  the  Dallam 
Tower  Exhibition,  in  case  no  parishioner  applied  for  it.  The  Master  of  Heversham 
was  Mr.  Strickland,  who  died  at  the  close  of  181 1,  when  Whewell  would  have  been 
about  two  years  at  the  school.  He  was  then  about  17  years  of  age,  and  for  a  few 
months  he  took  charge  of  the  Heversham  Grammar  School,  until  a  new  master  was 
ready  to  take  the  place.  At  this  time,  and  to  the  time  he  went  to  Cambridge,  he 
seems  to  have  taken  lessons  from  Mr.  (lough,  of  whose  rare  abilities  he  was  given  to 
speak  very  highly,  and  under  whom  he  received  lessons  in  algebra,  trigonometry, 
and  other  branches  of  scientific  education.  He  afterwards  read  conic  sections, 
fluxions,  and  mechanics.  He  appears  to  have  entered  on  residence  at  Cambridge  in 
October,  1812,  and  this  gives  reasonable  ground  to  think  that  he  was  nearly,  or 
perhaps  quite,  three  years  at  Heversham.  One  of  the  promising  features  in  his  career 
was  the  ease  with  which  he  treated  matters  of  literary  importance  at  so  early  an  age  as 
16  or  17  years,  one  letter,  to  a  little  brother  of  eight  years,  showing  that  not  only  the 
future  professor,  but  others  of  his  family,  had  faculties  which  under  proper  opportunities 
would  have  led  to  great  success. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  245 


It  was  a  great  success  for  Mr.  Rowley's  protegi  and  for  the  scholar  of 
Heversham,  with  not  very  large  resources,  to  win  in  time  the  highest  honours  of 
Cambridge  ;  to  have  the  world  waiting  for  his  books  and  listening  for  his  voice,  on 
matters  of  the  first  importance  to  learning  and  to  all  that  interests  a  student  world, 
lie  became  the  companion  and  friend  of  the  first  men  of  his  age  :  he  was  aide  to 
forecast  the  promise  of  young  lives  which  came  before  him,  as  he  did  in  the  case  of 
the  present  venerable  Duke  of  Devonshire,  and  during  the  time  he  was  Master  of 
Trinity  he  received  and  entertained  her  Majesty  the  Queen  in  a  manner  that  won  the 
warmest  approval,  not  only  of  her  gracious  Majesty,  but  of  compeers  who  had 
knowledge  of  the  difficulties  due  to  the  entertainment  of  royalty  at  a  seat  of  learning 
like  Cambridge. 

The  letter  referred  to  above  was  written  from  Deepthwaile,  the  little  hamlet 
near  the  river  Beela,  a  stiff  mile  from  Heversham,  where  he  resided  ;  and  the  school 
was  the  old  place  nestling  under  the  west  of  Heversham  Head,  and  the  school  days 
were  before  the  railway  had  crossed  between  the  school  and  the  little  river.  The 
beautiful  scenery  must  have  had  a  good  influence  on  the  youth,  and  it  i.->  delightful  to 
see  in  -his  letters  a  kindly  and  ever  affectionate  regard  for  his  parents  and  all  the 
family  ;  a  feature  that  speaks  volumes  in  the  life  of  any  man,  and  blesses  it  with  never 
ceasing  satisfaction,  when  the  friends  are  with  us,  and  when  they  have  gone  to  the 
better  land.  The  letters  of  Whewell  to  his  sister,  who  resided  at  Hincaster,  are  very 
numerous,  and  in  them  and  others  we  find  a  value  that  does  more  to  please  us  than 
his  more  stately  labours.  Much  more  could  be  said  of  his  visits  in  mature  years  to 
both  Lancaster  and  Heversham,  of  the  dining  at  Lancaster,  and  of  his  coming  on  one 
or  two  occasions  to  preach  at  Heversham,  when,  alas,  years  had  Rilled  on  since  his 
school-days,  and  the  faces  he  knew,  the  old  familiar  faces  at  Deepthwaite  and 
Heversham  he  no  longer  found  in  the  pleasant  places  he  had  seen  them.'" 

A  "  Life  of  Whewell  "  has  been  published  by  Mrs.  Stair 
Douglas. 

The  principal  works  of  the  late  Dr.  Whewell  are  as  follow: — 
"  History  of  Inductive  Sciences",  (1837)  ;  "Anatomy  and  General 
Physics,  considered  in  reference  to  Natural  Theology, "  (1838)  ; 
"  Philosophy  of  Inductive  Sciences,"  (1840)  ;  "  Elements  of  Morality 
including-  Polity,"  (1845)  ;  "  Lectures  on  the  Results  of  the  Great 
Exhibition  of  1851,"  (Whewell  and  others);  "  Plurality  o\  Worlds,' 
(1853);  "History  of  Ideas,"   (1858). 

I  have  heard  several  good  stories  of  the  distinguished  Master 
of  Trinity.      One  was  that  while  on  one  occasion  dining  at  B 


246  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


near  Lancaster,  with  several  prominent  clergymen  and  gentlemen, 
he  was  so  much  pleased  with  the  contents  of  the  table,  especially 
with  a  ham,  that  he  congratulated  one  of  the  serving  women  and 
spoke  highly  of  the  ham.  The  old  lady  remarked,  "  Eh,  I'm  glad 
you  liked  it,  Dr.  Whewell,  I  knew  it  would  be  good  for  I  bought 
it  at  your  aunt's  in  Penny  Street."  The  doctor  came  in  for  a  bit  of 
good  natured  chaff. 

Thomas   Hathornthwaite,   L.L.D. 

Thomas  Hathornthwaite  was  the  fourth  issue  of  Robert 
Hathornthwaite,  master  mariner  of  the  port  of  Lancaster.  He  was 
born  about  the  26th  of  June,  181 2.  In  early  youth  he  evinced  a 
strong  inclination  to  literature,  and  after  attending  the  Lancaster 
Grammar  School  he  was  for  a  time  with  the  late  Dr.  Greenwood, 
in  New  Street,  the  idea  of  his  parents  being  that  he  should  qualify 
for  the  medical  profession.  Dr.  Greenwood  and  other  friends  soon 
perceived  that  the  chief  forte  of  the  youth  was  divinity,  and  before 
long  the  young  man  proceeded  to  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  in 
due  course  he  took  his  degree  and  eventually  entered  the  ministry. 
He  read  much  and  wrote  much  ;  among  his  earliest  productions  of 
promise  being  his  account  of  the  "  Wreck  of  the  Rothesay  Castle." 
One  of  his  sisters  used  to  call  him    "  Kirke  White." 

Dr.  Hathornthwaite  had  for  a  fellow-student  Dr.  Ball,  who 
became  Lord  Chancellor  of  Ireland.  The  rev.  gentleman,  so  long 
justly  esteemed  in  Lancaster,  had  a  successful  university  career. 
He  took  his  B.A.  in  1834,  obtained  one  of  the  Vice-Chancellor's 
prizes  for  Latin  verse,  and  became  L.L.D.  in  1861.  He  has  been 
described  as  the  "  Roman  orator  and  early  Christian  father  com- 
bined.'" After  serving  the  parish  of  St.  Anne's  1  1  years,  he  retired 
on  Sunday,  April  nth,  1875.  ^'s  famous  speech  on  the  establish- 
ment of  an  idiot  Asylum,  delivered  in  the  Shire  Hall  in  1864,  is  still 
remembered  and  spoken  of  as  one  of  his  ablest  deliverances. 

Dr.    Hathornthwaite  was  by  no  means  weak  as  a  writer  of 
English  verse.      The  retrospective  poem  on  his  native  town  inspired 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  247 


chiefly  in  the  old  churchyard,  breathes  forth  a  spirit  of  genuine 
poetry.  It  is  written  with  great  feeling  and  clothed  in  thai  noblest 
style  of  literary  tailoring',  namely,  blank  verse.  The  author  recalls 
the  faces  of  those  whom  he  knew  and  loved  in  his  early  days  ;  he 
re-animates  the  last  sunset  of  the  old-time  generation,  and  sanctifies 
the  churchyard  anew  by  calling-  our  attention  to  the  fact  that  the 
disembodied  souls  are  still  influencing  the  locality  which  he,  like 
others  long  before  him,  loved  from  life's  first  morn.  The  poem  to 
which  I  call  attention  commences  : — 


Weary  with  wandering  in  the  desert  world 
Gladly  I  turn  to  thee,  old  Lancaster, 
And  view  thy  hoary  towers  and  calm  retreats 
Retrace  thy  lovely  glades,  and  quiet  scenes 
Of  rural  blessedness,  and  sauntering  go 
Along  thy  verdant  banks,  delightful  Lune  : 
Once  more  re-visit  all  the  pretty  spots 
Sacred  to  youth  and  earliest  memory. 
And  all  the  blissful  charms  of  innocence 
Life's  freshest,  purest,  sweetest  holidays  : 
But  chief  that  sacred  hill,  on  which  thy  church 
Stands  nobly,  and  the  fragrant  names  around 
from  many  a  letter'd  tombstone  softly  breathe 
And  claim  the  tear  of  silent  sympathy , 
And  all  the  past  comes  floating  o'er  the  soul 
In  waves  of  gentlest  sorrow  ;  here  alone 
At  evening,  oh  !  how  sweet  to  walk  among, 
The  hallow'd  footsteps  of  departed  days 
And  in  a  dream  of  bliss  to  meet  the  shades 
Of  those  we  loved. 

Like  a  few  besides  him,  the  author  felt  that  he  lived  in  a  period  of 
transition,  when  all  former  things  were  gradually  passing  away, 
and  he  gives  us  the  sense  of  losing  something  in  diction  terse  and 
sublime.      The  description  of  the  priory  church,  of  its  bells,  and  of 

That  tuneful  voice 
Now  sweet,  subdued,  lull'd  to  the  gentlest  fall 
Like  whispers  trickling  from  a  seraphs  tongue, 

is  not  merely  scholarly  and  classical,  but  as  heart-touching  as  it  is 
original.      He  further  says  :— 

Oh  !  Manby  !  while  the  church  of  Lancaster 
Dwells  in  my  memory,  thou  shah  ever  be 
Still  vicar  there  ;   the  voice,  the  form,  the  man, 
Have  stamped  their  image  on  the  Parish  Church. 


248  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


The  lamp  of  poetic  feeling-  which  draws  its  flame  from  the  unseen 
and  more  solid  substances  of  the  spirit  realm,  shines  in  all  its 
undimmed  resplendence  when  he  exclaims  : — 

Why,  when  I  see  a  distant  village  spire 

Or  rustic  church  or  antiquated  house, 

Or  shapeless  ruin  of  the  olden  days, 

Does  gentle  sorrow  seize  me  ?     Why  within 

Does  feeling  melt  in  tender  languishing? 

Why  weeps  my  heart  in  drooping  teai  fulness  ? 

Where  now  are  those,  a  voice  within  me  cries, 

Who  lived  and  worshipped  here,  and  bought  awhile 

And  sold,  and  married  wives,  and  tilled  the  land, 

Planted  and  builded,  died  and  passed  away  ? 

Inexpressively  beautiful  are  his  allusions  to  the  Old  Grammar 
School,  the  holy-day,  and  the  passing  of  the  scholars  to  the  Church 
with  their  ancient  master  and  ushers.  His  comments  on  the 
words  "  In  the  midst  of  life  we  are  in  death,"  first  put  together  by 
Notker,  a  monk  of  St.  Gall,  in  the  year  911,  while  watching  some 
workmen  erecting  a  bridge  in  peril  of  their  lives,  are  very  significant. 
And  none  the  less  vivid  is  his  poetic  picture  of  Sir  Richard  Owen, 
and  that  too,  we  may  add,  of  the  learned  Dr.  Whewell.  Then 
follow  lively  portraits  of  Justice  Bayley,  and  the  assizes,  executions, 
and  analyses  oi  the  oratorical  abilities  of  Scarlett  and  Brougham, 
who  won  their  great  est  triumphs  in  the  Crown  Court  of  Lancaster 
Castle. 

Next  the  holy  life  of  Robert  Housman  is  lengthily  dwelt 
upon,  and  every  now  and  then  some  heavenly  comparison  falls 
naturally  into  the  verse,  and  renders  the  reading  of  it  a  real 
pleasure  even  to  him  not  usually  given  to  perusing  such  writings. 
His  poem,  "The  Seasons,  '  is  a  translation  from  the  Greek,  and  in 
it  he  makes  the  often  heavy-syllabled  English  approach  the  divine 
Italian,  so  much  of  a  purist  has  he  shown  himself  without  revealing 
any  conscious  search  after  purism.  The  poem  is  heralded  by  a 
most  chaste  Latin  preface.  Those  who  read  it  and  are  good 
judges  will  naturally  think  that  he  deserves  comparison  with  some 
of  the  grand  Catholic  authors  of  ages  ago.  Exempla  aliquot  rejerre 
et  interpretari  rem  plarmis  demonstrabit. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  249 


Dr.  Hathornthwaite  died  on  the  6th  May,  1884,  aged  71  ;  and 
lies  in  the  Lancaster  Cemetery,  his  tomb  being  distinguished  by  a 
lofty  pillar,  on  the  upper  part  of  which  are  the  words — "Requiem 
aeternam  dona  ei  Domine"  ("Eternal  rest  give  unto  him,  O  Lord"). 

Rev.  J.   C.   M.   Bellew. 

The  Rev.  J.  C.  M.  Bellew,  was  another  able  son  oi' 
Lancaster. 

The  following  account  is  taken  from  a  sketch  of  the  dis- 
tinguished elocutionist's  life. 

Mr.  Bellew  was  the  only  child  of  an  infantry  officer,  Captain  Robert  Higgin, 
ofH.M.  1 2th  Regiment,  and  was  born  at  Lancaster,  August  3rd,  1823.  lie  was 
descended  through  his  mother,  whose  maiden  name  was  Bellew,  from  the  O'Briens, 
Kails  of  Thomond,  and  was  educated  at  the  Grammar  School,  Lancaster  ;  and  in 
1842  was  entered  as  a  student  at  St.  Mary's  Hall,  Oxford.  On  attaining-  his 
majority  in  1844,  he  discarded  his  father's  name  and  assumed  his  mother's  maiden 
name,  being  chiefly  led  to  do  this  by  the  fact  of  his  descent  on  the  mother's  side. 
Ordained  in  1848,  he  was  appointed  a  curate  of  St.  Andrew's,  Worcester  ;  thence  in 
1850,  translated  to  the  curacy  of  Prescot.  In  1851,  he  went  to  the  East  Indies,  where 
he  was  at  once  made  a  chaplain  of  St.  John's  Cathedral,  Calcutta.  This  position  he 
held  four  years,  during  part  of  which  time,  besides  writing  for  Tlic  Morning  Post, 
he  edited  The  Bengal  Hurkaru.  On  his  return  to  England  in  1855,  he  was 
appointed  assistant  minister  of  St.  Philip's,  Regent  Street  London.  In  1857,  he  took 
sole  charge  of  St.  Mark's,  Hamilton  Terrace,  Marylebone.  This  he  left  in  1862,  to 
become  incumbent  of  Bedford  Chapel,  Bloomsbury.  From  1855,  to  1S67  he  was  one 
of  the  most  popular  of  London  preachers,  and  it  was  said  that  no  preacher  of  his  time 
poNsessed  greater  oratorical  powers  by  nature,  and  that  no  man  had  Uiken  greater 
pains  to  cultivate  and  improve  them.  In  1868,  after  nearly  twenty  years  of  clerical 
life,  during  which  he  had  published  se\eral  volumes  of  sermons,  he  resigned  his  position 
as  a  clergyman,  and  became  a  convert  to  Roman  Catholicism,  to  which  faith  his 
mother  had  always  belonged.  That  he  was  sincere  is  proved  by  the  fact  that  lie  gave 
up  by  this  change  not  less  than  /~l,ooo  a  year,  lie  look  two  tours  to  America  and 
on  returning  the  last  time  prostrated,  died  at  16,  Circus  Road,  St.  John's  Wood,  June 
19th,  1874,  aged  50. 

Besides  the  volumes  of  sermons  already  referred  to,  and  a  work  of  kindred 
character  entitled  "The  Seven  Churches  of  Asia  Minor,"  Mr.  Bellew,  published,  in 
1863,  a  book  on  "  Shakespeare's  Home  at  New  Place,  Stratford-upon-Avon,  being  a 


2^o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


'■? 


history  of  the  Great  House  built  in  the  reign  of  King  Henry  VII.  by  Sir  Hugh  Cloptoro 
Knight,  and  subsequently  the  property  of  William  Shakespeare,  Gentleman,  wherein 
he  lived  and  died.'"  In  1865,  he  published  a  three  volume  novel,  entitled  "  Blount 
Tempest,"  and  in  1868,  a  carefully  annotated  English  Anthology  from  Chaucer  to 
Aytoun,  not  inaptly  designated  "  Poet's  Corner,  A  Manual  for  Students  in  English 
Poetry,  with  Biographical  Sketches  of  the  Authors.'' 

In  the  Lancaster  Gazette  of  February  5th,  1842,  is  a  specimen 
of  Mr.  Bellew's  poetic  ability.  The  following  "  Lines  were  written 
by  the  Altar  of  St.  Mary's  Church  on  the  clay  of  the  christening  of 
the  Prince  of  Wales."  They  are  only  equalled  by  the  "Lines 
written  before  time  in  the  churchyard."     The  poem  reads  thus  : — 

When  last  I  trod  this  mimic  stage  'twas  known 
Ere  next  we  enter'd  that  old  Time's  grim  throne 
And  silver'd  season  would  have  distant  flown. 
"  We  only  part  to  meet  again  next  year," 
I  said — and  felt  its  echo  in  a  tear. 
"  Only."     Alas  !   'twas  well  we  thus  should  sing, 
But  who  could  tell  what  this  year's  day  might  bring  ? 
Or  who  should  see  the  budding  of  fair  spring  ? 
I  know  some  eyes  that  read  those  words  are  gone  ; 
I  know  some  lips  which  now  are  cold  as  stone, 
Which  then  were  warm  with  life.     Some  forms  I  know 
Who  last  year  rais'd  their  hands  to  want  and  woe 
That  are  no  more.      Oh,  'tis  a  painful  feel 
To  know  we  live  unscath'd  by  Death's  cold  steel, 
And  fresh  with  life — thus  look  around  and  see 
So  many  living — dead  with  poverty. 
Such,  and  far  other  thoughts  broke  through  my  mind, 
As  does  the  mist  before  the  morning  wind  ; 
So  my  glad  soul  the  clouds  of  care  had  driven 
And  mounted,  in  its  fairy  world,  to  heaven. 
Resides  yon  altar,  with  deep  awe  and  fear, 
I  stood  ;  for  though  no  earthly  form  was  near, 
Vet  well  I  knew  that  God  was  everywhere  ; 
But  'twas  delight — for  then  I  felt  the  place 
Was  the  fit  temple  of  our  Saviour's  grace  : 
(1)  In  form  a  just  resemblance  of  this  life, 

Leading  where  cares  must  cease,  and  toil  and  strife  : 

The  portal  door,  as  entrance  to  the  world, 

Opens  the  stage  where  life's  course  is  unfurl'd  : 

And  by  its  side  the  stony-font  proclaims 

Their  new-born  infants  o'er  their  birth-right  stains 

Regenerate — before  them  is  that  aisle — 

The  aisle  of  peace  which  greets  them  with  a  smile  ; 

The  aisle  o'er  which  how  many  a  saint  has  trod, 

The  aisle  that  leads  them  from  this  earth  to  God  ; 

As  they  pass  on,  lo  !  rais'd  in  modest  pride, 

The  pulpit  stands,  a  guardian  by  their  side, 

To  watch  their  course,  to  teach  them,  and  to  say 

The  words  of  life,  that  lead  to  heaven  the  way. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  251 


But  in  the  distance  stands  the  point,  the  end, 

For  which  they  enter,  where  their  footsteps  bend. 

The  altar.      There  of  did  the  Lord  shone  bright, 

And  tens  of  thousands  trembled  at  the  sight  ; 

But  not  the  temple  in  its  princely  show, 

But  not  those  shrines  in  all  their  gilded  glow. 

Nor  their  vast  wealth,  their  pomp,  and  their  display, 

Were  better  than  the  altars  of  our  day  : 

There  gladdened  men,  the  greatest  to  the  least, 

Bend,  humbled  on  their  knees,  to  eat  the  feast  ; 

There  'stablish'd  faith  in  joy  fulness  may  come, 

And  picture  there  the  type  of  his  last  home. 

(2)  "  Oh  !  Lancaster,  thou   '  refuge  church,'  "   I  cried. 
Shrine  of  my  God — to  which  in  youthful  pride 

I  look'd,  and  where  upon  my  brow  was  shed 

The  mark  of  Him  who  bent  His  holy  head 

For  man.      Bright  temple  rais'd  upon  a  hill 

That  all  may  see,  but,  oh  !  a  graveyard  still  ; 

In  youth  we  come  to  thee  and  pledge  our  faith  ; 

In  age  we  come — and  sleep  with  thee  in  death. 

More  solemn  was  the  scene  for  them,  I  thought, 

While  there  I  stood  our  Infant  Prince  was  brought 

To  Windsor's  Chapel — then  to  be  receiv'd 

Within  the  Church  of  Martyrs  who  believ'd, 

And  dying—  seal'd  with  their  best  blood  the  truth  ; 

Deeply  I  pray'd  that  such  might  be  this  youth  ; 

That  England  on  its  throne  might  see  again 

A  prince,  as  holy  as  those  sainted  men, 

The  while  I  thought  on  him  my  mind  return'd 

To  those  who  bled  for  Christ,  whose  bosoms  burn'd 

For  the  pure  truth  ;  how  gladly  did  I  look 

To  that  past  age,  whose  faith  no  hardship  shook, 

To  that  dread  time  when  England,  to  her  loss, 

Saw  the  throne  stoop,  and  martyr'd  for  the  cross  ; 

How  proudly  may  our  Church,  amid  her  woes. 

Look  back  to  them  thus  trampled  by  their  foes, 

And  think  her  body  has  already  given 

(3)  A  martyr'd  bishop,  and  a  King  to  Heaven. 
Methought  while  our  young  prince  lay  girded  round 
With  royalty  and  hope — if  the  firm  ground 

(4)  Could  ope  its  bowels — what  a  princely  thing 
Would  it  send  forth  for  its  first  offering  ; 
Yet  not,  perhaps,  more  fair  than  that  of  old, 

(5)  Our  native  altar  did  to  earth  unfold  ; 

But  may  that  son  of  England's  hope  and  throne,— 
Be  well  protected,  when  to  manhood  grown  : 
His  country's  idol,  and  his  Church's  friend, 
A  faithful  Edward  without  Charles'  end. 
Rememb'ring  well  that  in  the  shades  of  death 
Are  "clouds  of  witnesses  "  (6)  to  watch  our  faith  ; 
And  so  I  trust  that  angels  ever  more, 
As  ministering  forms,  may  watch  our  shore  ; 
May  they  look  down  upon  our  throne  and  Queen, 
To  guard  her  life  through  every  changing  scene, 
And  may  the  future  heir  to  England's  realm, 
Be  found  a  pilot  fit  to  guide  her  helm  ; 
Bold  as  a  man,  a  guardian  to  his  land, 
The  State's  best  friend,  the  Church's  surest  band. 
A  child  receiv'd — may  he  her  father  be, 
Blest  in  his  life,  blest  in  eternity. 


2^2  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Notes,  (i)  It  is  a  very  beautiful  idea  to  compare  the  buildings  of  our 
ancient  Churches  with  the  course  of  a  Christian  through  this  life. 

(2)  "  Thou  refuge  Church."  Many  persons,  in  fact  most,  will  not  perhaps 
be  aware  that  Lancaster  was  what  in  former  times,  previous  to  the  Reformation,  was 
called  "  A  Church  of  Refuge. "  The  principle  is  easily  traced  on  the  Continent. 
However  foul  a  crime  a  person  may  commit  if  he  fly  to  the  shrine  of  a  refuge  Church 
during  the  period  of  remaining  there  he  is  in  perfect  safety.  The  same  feeling  of 
refuge  is  of  course  applicable  to  guilty  Christians. 

(3)  It  will  be  remembered  by  most  persons  that  the  reformed  Church  of 
England  has  given  birth  to  two  martyrs,  a  Bishop,  and  a  King. 

(4)  King  Charles  was  removed  from  Whitehall  to  Windsor  for  interment, 
where,  man)'  will  recollect,  his  body  was  found  in  the  reign  of  George  IV. 

(5)  I  believe  a  strange  account  connected  with  the  Altar  of  Lancaster 
Church  is  not  generally  known  ;  on  this  ground  I  shall  use  the  substance  on  a  future 
occasion. 

(6)  It  has  been  observed,  "  we  are  only  a  Church  of  the  living,  but  in  com- 
munion with  the  dead."  St.  Paul  certainly  speaks  very  decidedly  concerning 
ministering  angels. 

The  signature  is   "J.   C.   Higgin,   Scale  Hall." 

Eminent  Divines  closely  identified  with  Lancaster. 

Seth  Bushell,   D.D. 

This  former  Vicar  of  Lancaster  won  the  good  opinion  of  all 
classes,  because  he  was  evidently  a  man  of  most  unprejudiced 
character.  His  vicariate  was  only  brief,  being  from  June  19th,  1682, 
to  1684.  To  his  energy  succeeding  vicars  were  indebted  for  an 
enlarged  and  improved  parsonage  house.  His  name  will  live  when 
his  epitaph  is  no  longer  decipherable.  The  following  is  a  free 
translation  of  this  epitaphic  inscription  alluded  to*: — 

"  Alas  !  Behold  here  is  deposited  [the  body]  of  Seth  Bushell, 
S.S.J. P.  Servant  of  God  and  the  Reformed  Church  of  England. 
Most  willingly  and  faithfully  he  laboured  in  the  days  of  both 
Charleses,  devoting  himself  through  life  to  the  church's  best  interests, 
ruling  over  the  parish  three  years.  Among  his  exemplary  deeds 
must  be  mentioned  the  restoration  of  the  church-house  during  his 
ministry.  He  bade  farewell  to  this  world  in  the  hope  of  a  resur- 
rection to  immortality  on  the  6th  of  November,    1684,  at  the  age  of 

63-" 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  253 

The  Bushells  were  a  very  ancient  family,  dating  from  the 
Norman  Conquest.  Dr.  Bushell,  vicar  of  Lancaster,  was  grandfather 
to  Dr.  Bushell,  founder  of  Goosnargh  Hospital.  The  tomb  of  the 
latter  is  still  to  be  seen  on  the  south  side,   if  I   remember  correctly, 

of  St.  Andrews  churchyard,  Leyland. 

The  Tyldesley  Diary,  page  160,  contains  the  following 
genealogical  items  : — 

"  The  Rev.  William  Bushell  was  the  curate  of  Goosnargh  and  rector  od 
Heysham.  He  was  born  on  the  5th  March.  1661,  at  Spoute  House,  Euxton,  and 
was  buried  at  Goosnargh,  30th  April,  1735.  lie  was  the  father  of  William  Bushell, 
M.B. ,  the  founder  of  Goosnargh  Hospital,  who  was  born  about  1690,  and  who  died 
on  the  7th  June,  1735,  anc'  was  buried  at  Goosnargh.  Dr.  Bushell  (as  he  is  generally 
styled)  married  first  Elizabeth,  daughter  and  co-heiress  of  William  Parkinson,  of 
Preston,  gentleman,  ioth  February,  1725-6,  and  she  dying  in  1727,  he  married  second 
Mary,  only  daughter  of  Thomas  Molyneux,  of  Preston,  Esq.,  a  younger  son  of  Sir 
John  Molyneux,  Bart.,  of  Teversall,  by  Lucy,  daughter  of  Alexander  Rig-by,  of 
Middleton.  An  only  daughter,  Elizabeth,  the  issue  of  the  first  marriage,  was  born  in 
1727,  and  died  on  the  7th  of  July,  1745,  when  in  accordance  with  the  will  of  her 
father  the  estates  were  devoted  to  the  founding  of  Goosnargh  Hospital.  Colonel 
Fish  wick  in  his  "  History  of  Goosnargh, :"  tells  us  that  the  Bushells  were  not  of  that 
township,  but  had  for  several  generations  lived  at  Cuerden,  in  the  parish  of  Leyland, 
and  were  in  all  probability  descended  from  Warin  Bussell,  first  Baron  of  Penwortham, 
who  was  living  in  the  time  of  the  Conqueror,  and  held  lands  in  that  neighbourhood. 
Thomas  Bushell,  of  Cuerden,  had  issue  Edward,  who  by  his  wife  Joanna  had  issue 
Adam,  Thomas,  Alice,  and  Elizabeth.  The  first  married  Alice,  daughter  of  John 
Loggan,  of  Garstang,  and  dying  about  1627  left  issue  a  son,  Seth  Bushell,  D.D., 
born  in  1621,  vicar  of  Preston  and  Lancaster,  and  died  8th  November,  1684.  He 
was  thrice  married,  first  to  Mary,  daughter  of  Mr.  Roger  ffarington,  of  Leyland,  and 
she  dying  s.p.  he  married  second  Mary,  daughter  of  Mr.  William  Stansfield,  of 
Euxton,  23rd  July,  1657,  by  whom  he  had  issue  as  hereafter  ;  and  third,  Elizabeth,  a 
widow,  who  was  buried  at  Preston,  16th  July,  1697.  The  issue  of  the  second 
marriage  was  Clemence,  born  at  Euxton  in  1658,  who  married  Richard  Crombrock, 
17th  Octobtr,  1682  ;  Adam,  born  1660,  and  buried  at  Preston  15th  June,  1696, 
leaving  a  son  Seth  Bushell,  living  in  1722-3-5,  wdio  was  buried  at  Goosnargh  on  the 
8th  January,  1754  ;  William,  curate  of  Goosnargh,  and  rector  of  Heysham,  of  whose 
descendants  we  have  already  spoken  ;  Alice,  born  1664,  and  living  in  1684  ;  Mary, 
born  1666,  who  married  Mr.  Taylor;  Seth,  living  in  16S2  ;  and  Samuel,  living  in 
1682." 


254  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Elizabeth  Bushell,  daughter  of  Dr.  Bushell,  founder  of  Goosnargh  Hospital, 
died  7th  July,  1745,  under  the  age  of  21,  and  the  late  residence  of  the  Bushell  family 
was  converted  into  the  hospital.  According  to  an  indenture  dated  31st  October, 
1809,  Dr.  Bushell  died  on  the  10th  of  June,  1735. 

The  Chartulary  of  the  Abbey  of  Evesham,  Worcestershire,  states  that  Warin 
Bussel  gave  to  the  Church  of  Evesham,  the  Church  of  Penwortham,  and  the  Church  of 
Leiland,  the  Chapel  of  Meols,  with  their  appendancies.  The  same  Warin  gave  the 
whole  town  of  Farington  with  its  appurtenances,  and  his  son  Richard  gave  to  the 
Church  of  Evesham  six  bovates  of  land  in  Longeton  ; — the  entire  Church  of  Leyland, 
which  returns  two  marks  (equal  to  £1  6  8)  and  the  Chapel  of  Meols,  which  returns 
3  shillings.  Albert,  brother  of  Richard,  gave  two  bovates  in  Leiland,  and  the  assart 
of  Blackesawe.      The  aforesaid  Richard  also  gave  the  fourth  part  of  his  fishery. 

In  demolishing  the  old  Church  of  St.  Wilfrid,  Preston,  commonly  called  St. 
John's  Church,  an  old  grave-stone  was  found,  on  which,  upon  a  brass,  was  this 
inscription  :  — "  Here  lyeth  Seafh  BvsHell,  woollen  draper,  baylife,  and  a  brother  of 
Preston,  dying  the  XV  Sepr.,  1623,  aged  53,  gave  unto  his  Kinesfoolkes  and  God- 
children in  legacies  VI.  C.  L.  (,£6co),  also  XX.  L.  (£i2o)  to  the  poore  of  this  tovvne 
for  ever,  the  use  to  be  given  (id  est  interest)  to  be  given  the  said  poore  by  the  major 
or  his  deputie  at  Christ  and  Paster,  4  (£4)  to  the  poore  of  Leeland  and  Walton  al 
out  of  his  charitable  minde." 

The  Seth  to  whom  this  brass  referred,  would  very  probably  be  a  grand- 
uncle  of  Dr.  Bushell,  vicar  of  Lancaster.  The  late  Mr.  W.  Dobson  rescued  the 
inscription  some  thirty-seven  years  ago.  The  workmen  engaged  in  restoring  the 
Church  had  sold  it  for  old  metal. 

In  the  Ducatus  Lancastrice  I  find  the  following  Bushell 
entries  : — 

18th  Elizabeth.  William  Bussell,  plaintiff,  Thomas  Butler,  defendant  ; 
matter  of  dispute,  specified  farm  lands  and  tenements  in  Burton  Woode,  Lancashire. 

22nd  Elizabeth.  William  Bussell  in  right  of  Sir  Thomas  Butler,  Knight, 
Margery  Ap-Powell  (otherwise  Davie),  defendant,  and  others  ;  matter  of  dispute, 
distress  for  rent  of  lands  and  tenements  and  pound  breach  in  Burton  Wood  Lordship 
and  Much  Sonkey,  Lancashire. 

23rd  Elizabeth.  William  Bussell,  plaintiff,  Ann  Butler,  defendant  ;  matter 
of  dispute,  custom  of  county  palatine  as  to  goods  and  chattels  of  the  deceased  Sir 
Thomas  Butler,  Knight,  Bewsey,  Lancashire. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  255 


28th  Elizabeth.  Edward  Langton,  plaintiff,  and  Adam  Bushell,  defendant; 
matter  of  dispute,  messuages  and  lands  in  Cuerden,  Lancashire. 

There  is  also  an  entry  dated  23rd  Elizabeth  respecting  the  Attorney- 
General  on  behalf  of  the  Queen  and  Robert  Pyke  in  right  of  Thomas   Bushell,  the 

disputed  matter  consisting  of  meadow  ground  called  Dockmeade  in   Uphaven,  Wilts. 

Dr.  Bushell  preached  the  funeral  sermon  of  Sir  Richard 
Hoghton,  Bart.,  who  entertained  King  James  I.  at  Hoghton  Tower 
in  1617.      Sir  Richard  died  November  12th,  1630,  aged  60.* 

William  John    Knox  Little,   M.A.,   Canon  of  Worcester 

Cathedral. 

Among  the  most  popular  of  clergymen  of  the  Church  of 
England  must  be  named  the  Rev.  William  John  Knox  Little,  M.A. , 
Vicar  of  Hoar  Cross,  Staffordshire.  This  rev.  gentleman,  so  well 
known  in  and  closely  connected  with  Lancaster,  was  born  on  the 
1st  of  December,  1839,  at  Stewartstown,  County  Tyrone,  Ireland. 
He  received  his  early  education  at  the  Royal  Grammar  School, 
Lancaster,  his  brother,  Major  Francis  L.  Gore  Little,  Chief  Con- 
stable of  Preston,  and  he  entering  the  said  school  in  1854.  From 
Lancaster  he  proceeded  to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  taking  a 
third  class  honours  degree  in  the  Classical  Tripos.  In  1862  he 
became  assistant  master  at  the  Grammar  School  wherein  he  had 
been  a  pupil,  and  in  1863  was  ordained  curate  of  Christ  Church, 
Lancaster,  where  he  remained  until  about  1865,  when  he  removed 
to  Hellifield.  Thence  he  went  to  King's  School,  Sherborne,  having 
been  appointed  master  of  that  school.  About  1 870-1  we  hear  of 
his    becoming    curate-in-charge    of    Turweston,    Buckinghamshire, 


*Exuvias  eu!  flic  deposuit  Seth  bushell,  S.S.,  J.P.  Dei  et  Ecclesia 
Anglicana  Reformat.  Usquam  de  votissimus,  utrique  Carola  augustissimus 
teraporibus  pie  fidelissimus ;  post  quam  hanc  ecclesia  vita  inculpabili  el  assiduis 
concionibus  per  triennium  feliciter  rexisset.  Ino  tempore  (inter  alia  pietatis 
speciminia)  parochi  domum  modo  corn itu ram  et  instauravit  auxit.  Resurrectionis 
Immortalitate  vero  natus  calof  maturus  spe  ferris  valedixit. 

.  /    Aetatis  LXIII.   \    is  o 

.Anno  y    Sa]utis   l684        j    IX    VI 


256  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


and  in  1874  of  his  acceptance  of  the  curacy  of  St.  Thomas',  Regent 
Street,  London,  where  he  opened  a  special  mission  which  included 
midnight  services  largely  attended.  In  1875  he  was  presented  to 
the  living  of  St.  Alban's,  Cheetwood,  Manchester,  by  the  Bishop  of 
Manchester.  Here  he  remained  until  1885,  when  he  was  offered 
the  living  of  Hoar  Cross,  Burton-on  Trent.  In  1881  he  was  made 
a  canon  residentiary  of  Worcester  Cathedral  by  Mr.  Gladstone, 
the  canonry  being  vacated  by  the  promotion  of  Dr.  Bradley  to  the 
Deanery  of  Westminster. 

Canon  Little  married  Annie,  eldest  daughter  of  Henry 
Gregson,  Esq.,  of  Moorlands,  Lancaster,  in  1886.  As  an  author 
the  reverend  gentleman  occupies  a  highly  creditable  position,  and 
his  "Characteristics  of  the  Christian  Life,"  "  Meditations  on  the 
Three  Hours'  Agony,"  and  "  Motives  of  the  Christian  Life,"  are  fair 
specimens  of  his  literary  ability.  Canon  Little  is  a  persuasive 
extemporary  preacher  ;  he  has  a  touching  manner,  a  splendid 
voice  and  a  magnetic  power  over  his  hearers.  It  is  said  that  his 
first  effort  at  extcmpoj'c  preaching  took  place  while  he  was  doing 
duty  for  a  friend  in  a  solitary  parish  church  one  winter  afternoon. 
It  became  very  dark,  and  the  preacher  upon  ascending  the  pulpit 
found  it  impossible  to  read  his  manuscript  without  a  candle  or 
lamp.  He  laid  down  his  written  discourse  and  proceeded  to  speak 
to  his  congregation  right  off  just  what  he  telt  inspired  to  speak. 
The  effect  was  amazing.  The  rustics  were  charmed  with  his  voice, 
style,  and  the  nature  of  his  address.  Not  long  after,  his  friend,  the 
Archdeacon  of  Northampton,  induced  him  to  preach  before  the 
Bishop  of  Peterborough  and  a  distinguished  congregation.  He 
did  as  requested,  and  from  that  time  his  preferment  may  be  said  to 
have  been  assured.  Canon  Little  is  no  apathetic  dronish  parson, 
but  a  lively  broad-hearted  man,  who  sees  room  for  other  opinions 
besides  his  own  in  the  Church,  and  he  loves  to  fraternise  with  all 
true  Christians  and  work  for  the  good  of  his  fellow-creatures, 
joining  issue  with  all  who  endeavour  to  do  likewise  whatever  be 
their  creed  or  doctrine.  He  is  conscientious  and  straight,  fearless 
and  zealous,  and  will  if  he  live  reach  a  higher  altitude  in  the  Church 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  257 


f  England.  I  am  indebted  for  certain  facts  to  Major  F.  L.  G.  Little, 
Chief  Constable  of  Preston,  and  to  Men  and  Women  of  the  Day, 
published  by  Messrs.  Eglington  &  Co.,  of  78  and  78A,  Great  Queen 
Street,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  London,  W.C. 

The  Rev.   Colin  Campbell,   M.A. 

The  Rev.  Colin  Campbell.  M.A.,  was  born  on  the  17th  of 
November,  1806.  He  was  the  son  of  the  late  Colin  Campbell, 
Esq.,  cotton  broker,  of  Toxteth  Park,  Liverpool.  The  reverend 
gentleman  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  subse- 
quently became  curate  of  Gainsborough,  in  Lincolnshire. 

He  succeeded  the  Rev.  J.  N.  G.  Armytage  in  the  incumbency 
of  St.  Thomas',  on  the  27th  of  April,  1845.  Mr.  Campbell  did  a 
great  deal  of  useful  work  while  he  was  with  us,  and  the  schools, 
founded  in  1843  and  1847,  at  a  cost  of  about  ,£2,500  are  a  standing 
memorial  of  his  liberality.  Only  ,£1,300  was  subscribed  towards 
the  erection  of  the  schools  when  Mr.  Campbell  "took  over  the 
responsibility  of  ownership  on  behalf  of  the  Church."  He  after- 
wards added  the  play  ground  adjoining  the  Prince  William  Henrv 
Field,  and  connected  the  fine  open  space  with  the  school  rooms  by 
means  of  a  bridge  and  tunnel.  The  advowson  of  the  living  of  St 
Thomas' passed  from  "the  devises  of  Elizabeth  Salisburv,"  who 
endowed  the  Church,  it  is  said,  with  the  interest  of  ,£1,000  after 
her  decease  in  1851,  and  became  the  property  of  Mr.  Campbell, 
who,  on  condition  of  ^500  being  raised  by  the  inhabitants  of  the 
parish,  guaranteed  the  erection  of  the  spire,  designed  by  Messrs. 
Sharpe  and  Paley.  The  foundation  stone  of  the  spire  was  laid  on 
the  26th  of  April,  1852,  and  was  completed  on  the  26th  of  May, 
1853.  The  brother  of  the  late  Mr.  Campbell —John  Campbell, 
Esq.,  of  Liverpool — presented  the  Church  with  an  organ,  and  the 
instrument  bears  an  inscription  intimating  that  a  "freehold  residence 
was  also  purchased  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  organist." 

The  Rev.  Colin  Campbell  was  much  esteemed  in  Lancaster. 
Not  only  did  he  labour  diligently   as  a   clergyman,  but    proved   his 


25S  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


sterling  love  for  his  Church  by  aiding-  on  many  occasions  in 
rendering"  the  same  free  from  encumbrance.  He  spent  no  less  than 
£1 1,000  on  improvements  and  additions,  a  sum  representing  a  third 
of  his  entire  fortune.  He  died  on  the  30th  of  March,  1856,  after  a 
long  period  of  illness  caused  by  an  internal  cancer,  and  was 
followed  to  his  last  mortal  resting  place  by  many  of  those  to  whom 
he  had  endeared  himself  and  who  deeply  lamented  the  event.  Mr. 
Campbell  did  not  survive  his  wife  much  over  four  months.  A 
memorial  window  in  the  south  gallery  facing  the  east  perpetuates 
this  ladv's  virtues.  The  window  was  designed  by  her  husband, 
and  from  the  inscription  we  learn  that  she  was  the  daughter  of 
Abraham  Hume,  Esq.,  of  Bilton  Grange,  and  grand-daughter  of 
the  Rev.  Charles  Wheeler,  prebendary  of  York,  that  she  was  born 
in  1808,  married  on  the  30th  of  October,  1832,  and  died  on  the  10th 
of  November,    1835. 

Mr.  Campbell's  ministry  is  very  suitably  commemorated  by 
"  four  large  editions  of  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  strongly  and 
elegantly  bound,  with  metallic  gilt  rims,  purchased  and  adorned  at 
an  expense  of  about  ,£.14,  and  placed  in  the  chancel  stalls  and 
secured  to  the  desk  on  the  north  side  by  means  of  separate  chains." 
Each  book  is  inscribed  : — "  To  the  memory  of  the  Rev.  Colin 
Campbell,  M.A.,  Patron  and  Incumbent,  this  book  is  dedicated  by 
the  churchwardens,  T.  Howitt  and  E.  Jackson,  1836."  The  family 
Mr.  Campbell  belonged  to  is  a  branch  of  the  Argyle  clan.  It  is 
related  to  the  late  Dr.  Mc.Neile's  family  and  to  that  of  Cave 
Brown-Cave  also.  The  Rev.  Colin  Campbell,  M.A.,  successor  of 
his  father  in  the  living  of  St.  Thomas'  from  1858  until  1872,  also 
graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  resides  at  Weston- 
Super-Mare,  Somerset. 

Eminent  Laymen   born  i?i   Lancaster. 
Sir    John    Harrison. 

Sir  John  Harrison,  born  in  1589,  was  one  of  the  borough 
members  in  1661.      He  was  the  author  of  the  plan  for  collecting  the 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  259 


customs  by  commission.  Sir  John  Harrison's  name  is  still  highly 
venerated,  and  deservedly  so  in  Lancaster.  This  remarkable  man 
went  to  London  in  161 1,  at  the  age  of  22,  and  became  an  important 
official  in  the  Custom  House.  He  died  in  1669,  aged  80,  at  Balls 
House,  Hertford,  the  residence  of  his  descendant,  Lord  John 
Townsend.  (See  Cony,  vol.  II.,  p  45,  and  Harland's  edition 
of  Gregson's  Portfolio.)  Sir  John  Harrison  bore  for  his  arms  or, 
upon  a  cross,  azure,  four  pheons,  or;  and  his  ancestors  resided  at 
Aldcliffe.  The  first  name  on  the  pedigree  is  Thomas  Harrison, 
who  married  Jane,  daughter  of  .  .  .  Heysham,  o\'  Higham, 
one  of  the  same  family  as  Robert  Heysham,  M.P.  for  Lancaster, 
1701-14.  Sir  John  Harrison's  first  wife  was  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Robert  Fanshawe,  Esq.,  and  his  second  wife,  Mary,  daughter  ot 
Mr.  Shotbolt.  By  his  first  wife  he  had  a  daughter,  Ann,  who 
became  the  wife  of  Sir  Richard  Fanshawe,  ambassador  to  Spain. 
From  Sir  John  Harrison,  Charles,  third  Viscount  Townshend, 
descended,  and  later  George,  first  Marquis  of  Townshend 

Henry    Brackex. 

Henry  Bracken,  M.D.,  was  born,  according  to  the  parish 
register,  in  1697.  The  baptismal  entry  is  as  follows  : — "  Henry, 
the  son  of  Henry  Bracken,  of  Lancaster,  October,  31st,  1697." 
This  remarkable  man  was  born  at  the  Horse  and  Farrier  in  Church 
Street.  He  died  in  Lancaster,  on  the  13th  November,  1764,  and 
was  buried  in  St.  Mary's  Church.  His  widow  died  in  1787,  aged 
87.  Their  one  son,  so  a  gentleman  who  knew  him  informs  me, 
died  at  a  comparatively  early  age.  Dr.  Bracken  had  three  sisters. 
He  was  twice  mayor  of  Lancaster,  viz.,  in  1747-8  and  in  1757-8. 
In  the  parish  registers  are  the  following  Bracken  entries  : — "  May, 
1657,  Ann,  daughter  of  John  Bracken,  of  Eshton."  "  November, 
1657,  Margaret  Bracken,  of  Oureton,  widow."     Both  are  burials. 

I  took  a  rubbing  of  the  brass  memorial  erected  to  the 
memory  of  Dr.  Bracken.  This  memorial  now  lies  with  many  more 
in  the  north  corner  of  the  church.      It  is  surmounted   by  a   coat   of 


26o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


arms,  in  the  shield  of  which  are  three  pistols,  and  beneath  is  the 
motto,  "  Post  Tenebras."  The  engraving  is  thus  :  "  Henricus 
Brackin,  M.D.,  obiit  13  die  Novembris  anno  domini  1764, 
Aetatis  suae  64."         _*- 

From  the  European  Magazine^  I  take  the  following  items 
concerning  Henry  Bracken  : — 

"  It  is  stated  that  Dr.  Bracken  was  born  at  the  Horse  and  Farrier  Inn, 
described  as  the  third  house  above  Bridge  Lane.  During  his  professional  career,  he 
lived  chiefly  and  at  length  died  in  a  house,  now  rebuilt,  two  doors  above  that  in 
which  he  was  horn.  The  former  house  is  undoubtedly  the  one  which  has  long 
belonged  to  the  Barton  family,  and  previously  occupied  by  members,  of  the  Ford 
and  Worswick  families.  The  Horse  and  Farrier  was  next  door  above  the  Mitre 
Inn.  It  was  a  low  two-storied  thatched  house,  and  on  the  east  side  of  the  doorway, 
under  the  kitchen  window,  was  a  stone  bench.  Mr.  James  Hurtley,  sexton,  lived 
here,  and  here  the  churchwardens  used  to  repair  after  their  Sabbath  peregrinations, 
and  solace  themselves  with  'cheese  and  ale.'  Behind  the  house  were  a  coach- 
house and  hearse-house,  and  over  the  latter  building  a  club-room,  in  which  the 
churchwardens  and  others  dined  >>n  St.  Stephen's  Day,  and  liberally  dispensed  some 
portion  of  the  Church  rate.  The  Horse  and  Farrier  ceased  to  exist  as  an  inn  in 
1837,  when  the  front  was  rebuilt,  and  the  whole  property  turned  into  cottages. 
Above  the  Mitre  was  a  third  house,  called  the  Grapes  Inn,  turned  into  a  couple  of 
dwelling-houses  by  one  of  the  Fords.  Dr.  Bracken's  wife  was  Ann,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Christopher  Hopkins,  stationer  and  bookseller.  She  survived  her  husband  twenty- 
one  years. 

'fhe  doctor  must  have  been  somewhat  eccentric,  for  it  is  said  that  he  would 
frequently  get  up  in  the  summer,  about  two  or  three  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  in 
his  night-gown  and  slippers,  and  with  a  telescope  in  his  hand,  go  into  the  church- 
yard to  look  at  his  horses  exercising  on  the  Marsh,  and  then  he  would  return  to  bed 
again. 

Dr.  Bracken  was  charged  with  disloyalty,  because  he  treated  two  of  the 
rebel  leaders-  the  Duke  of  Athol  and  Lord  Balmerino — with  civility  when  he  met 
them  in  Lancaster,  at  a  Mrs.  Livesey's,  the  house  afterwards  belonging  to  the 
Marlon  family  in  Church  Street,  and  drank  with  them  a  disloyal  toast.  The  Doctor 
had  met  these  noblemen  in  Paris  before  the  rebellion.  His  enemies  determined 
to  make  him  out  as  a  rebel,  and  so  he  was  committed  to  the  Castle  on  the  22nd  of 
lanuarv,  1740,  and  was  harshly  treated  by  the  jailer,  and  this  at  a  lime  when  fever 
was  raging  in  the  prison.  However,  he  managed  to  obtain  bail  until  the  assizes, 
when  nothing  was  proved  against  him  and  he  was  liberated." 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  261 

John  Heysham,   M.D. 

Another  distinguished  medical  gentleman,  born  in  Lancaster 
in  1753,  was  John  Heysham,  M.D.,  F.L.S.,  J. P.  He  was  a  well 
known  politician  and  litterateur.  He  died  on  the  23rd  of  March, 
1834,  aged  81. 

Stephen's  Biographical  Dictionary  states  that  Dr.  Heysham 
was  the  son  of  John  Heysham  and  Anne  Cumming,  his  wife,  the 
daughter  of  a  Westmorland  statesman.  The  Dr.  settled  in  Carlisle 
in  1778.  He  was  well  known  as  a  naturalist,  and  it  is  supposed 
that  he  assisted  Archdeacon  Paley  in  regard  to  questions  of 
structural  design  in  nature.  This  member  of  an  ancient  Lancaster 
family  published  an  account  of  the  gaol  fever  at  Carlisle,  in  1781. 
The  work  was  published  in  London  in  1782.  Dr.  Heysham  estab- 
lished the  first  dispensary  in  Carlisle.  A  "  Life  of  John  Heysham, 
M.D.,"  was  written  by  H.  Lonsdale.  M.D.,  Lon  ,  1870,  and  it 
includes  the  doctor's  correspondence  with  one  Joshua  Milne, 
respecting  the  Carlisle  Bills  of  Mortality. 

William   Penny. 

Alderman  William  Penny  appears  to  have  been  a  descendant 
of  one  Alan  Penny,  brother  of  Mr.  William  Penny,  oi'  Lakeside, 
vixit  1676,  who  is  said  to  have  settled  in  Lancaster.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  family  of  Penny,  of  Penny  Bridge,  and  was  related 
to  the  Cole  family  and  to  the  Hindes  of  Overton.  The  will  of  the 
Alderman  commences  in  the  manner  common  to  his  time — "  In  the 
name  of  God,  amen,"  and  is  dated  2nd  March,  1715,  "according 
to  the  computation  of  the  Church  of  England."  His  executors  were 
Edmund  Hornby,  of  Poulton,  Thomas  Bennison,  the  elder,  and 
Edward  Carter.  He  left  ^700  with  which  to  purchase  land  for 
the  erection  of  an  almshouse  with  twelve  apartments,  and  to  grant 
five  marks  yearly  to  twelve  poor  ancient  indigent  men  of  Lancaster 
or  to  poor  indigent  women  of  Lancaster.  It  appears  from  a  case 
stated  for  the  opinion  of  counsel  in  the  year   1739,  that  the  trustees 


26z  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


named  in  the  will  died  without  nominating-  any  persons  to  join  with 
them  in  the  execution  of  the  trusts,  that  Thomas  Bennison  survived 
his  co-trustees,  and  that  the  trust  was  carried  on  by  his  son, 
Thomas,  until  the  time  of  his  death,  after  which  the  Mayor  and 
Aldermen  of  Lancaster  being"  advised  that  there  was  an  actual 
cessor  or  failure  in  carrying  on  the  trusts  (the  heirs  of  the  trustees 
Hornbv  and  Bennison  being  minors)  entered  upon  the  trust  premises 
and  took  upon  themselves  the  execution  of  the  trusts.  From  the 
year  1739  the  accounts  of  this  charity  were  kept  by  the  Mayor,  and 
were  audited  annually  at  a  meeting  of  the  Mayor  and  Common 
Councilmen,  until  the  passing  of  the  Municipal  Reform  Act  of  1835, 
when  an  appointment  of  trustees  by  the  Court  of  Chancery  became 
necessary. 

Mr.  Penny  left  to  his  cousin,  Annie  Cole,  wife  of  Edmund 
Cole,  Esq.,  ^10;  to  Hannah  Hodgson,  another  kinswoman,  £10; 
and  to  Ruth,  wife  of  James  Allanson,  to  Margaret,  wife  of  Robert 
Armstrong,  and  to  Jennet  Gardner,  half  a  guinea  each.  His  large 
silver  tankard  he  left  to  Dorothy,  wife  of  Stephen  Williamson,  Esq., 
oi'  Natland,  his  relation,  and  to  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Thomas  Hinde, 
of  Overton,  his  small  tankard.  To  James  Penny,  of  Penny  Bridge, 
he  left  his  kewble  statutes  at  large,  and  to  John  Bower  and 
Margaret,  his  wife,  the  sum  of  20s.  each.  To  his  executor,  Thomas 
Hornby,  he  bequeathed  his  large  Bible  with  maps,  and  to  his 
trustees  rings  of  about  20s.  value.  The  witnesses  to  the  will  are 
Thomas  Croft,  Robert  Barber,  Nathan  Armistead,  and  Thomas 
Bennison,  junior. 

Among  many  hundreds  of  deeds  and  MSS.  formerly  belong- 
ing to  the  late  learned  Dr.  Lingard  and  Mr.  West,  author  of 
the  "  Antiquities  of  Furness,"  I  have  found  certain  papers  relating 
to  the  property  of  William  Penny,  founder  of  the  Penny  Hospital. 
The  first  is  headed  "An  inventory  ot'  all  and  every  the  goods 
chattells  and  personall  estate  of  Win.  Penny,  late  of  the  town  of 
Lancaster,  in  the  county  of  Lancaster,  Esq.,  now  deceased,  taken 
and  approved  the  third  and  fourth    days   of  July,   1716,  by    Thomas 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  263 


Croft,  James  Tomlinson,  Robert  Barber,  and  Robert  Winder, 
Esqs."  The  signatures  of  these  gentlemen  are  appended.  Mention 
is  made,  inter  alia,  of  "A  silver  cup,  3  silver  salts,  2  large  dram 
cups  of  silver  and  one  small  of  the  same  mettall,  valued  at  05  o  o. 
Two  rusty  guns  and  a  sword-belt  valued  at  00  05  o,  the  deceased's 
purse  and  apparell  ^27  3s.  6d." 

1  also  note  the  entry  ot  certain  fields  thus: — "Two  acres 
or  thereabouts  sown  with  barley  in  a  close  called  Sower  Holme, 
^6  ;  an  acre  and  a  half  sown  with  oats  in  a  close  called  Middle, 
^3  os.  od.  ;  a  rood  of  land  sown  with  wheat  in  a  close  called 
Edenbreck,   01   o  o. "     Next  comes — 

"  An  account  how  the  ^700  directed  by  Mr.    Penny's  will   to  be   laid   out 
by  his  trustees  in  the  purchase  of  lands  was  applied. 

2nd  ffeb  :  1 7 19.      Paid  to  Mr.  Hornby  for  purchase  of  16  acres  oi  land 

and  a  barn  in  Lancaster ^421    16     o 

22nd  (Jet.  1 7 1 7.      Paid  Mr.  Butterfield  and  Mr.  Sherson  for  purchase  of 

the  Blew  Stoops,  stable  and  garden 132     o     O 

Paid  Mr.  Barton  for  assignment  of  his  mortgage  thereof         40     o     o 

4th  March,  17 17.    1'aid  Mr.   Warren  and  Mr.  Sturzaker  for  purchase  of 

a  garden  called  Partington's  Garden    30     o     o 

Expended  in  re-building  and  repairing  the  house  and 
stable  immediately  upon  the  purchase  whereby 
the  rent  was  considerably  advanced 93   1 7     3 


^7i~   13     .5 
Then  follow  three  large  sheets  endorsed  :— 

"  Acctofthe  rents  and  profitts  of  the  late  Mr.  Penny's  estate,  and  what 
was  purchased  with  the  ^"700  from  his  death  till  the  2nd  ffebry,  1 738,  and  the 
application  thereof." 

The  first  sheet  begins  with  a  heading  similar  to  the  endorse- 
ment, and  the  first  item  reads  thus  : — 

"  Trustees.  — 1716.  By  rents  this  year  due  at  and  alter  Mr.  Penny'.-,  death, 
^26   10s.   8d. 

N.B.— The  trustees  now    began   to   buy   and   build,  set   lands   and   husban 
everything  for  the  best,  and  as  there  was  likely  to  ensue  a  great  deal  of  trouble   and 
care  they  appointed  Mr.  James  Tomlinson  to  manage  and  transact   the   whole  and 
keep  accounts  for  which  until  the  tn  ublesom  jail   o(  the   trust   was  o\  u    he    was   to 


£12 

0 

0 

57 
8 

0 
0 

0 
0 

60 

0 

0 

60 

0 

0 

60 

0 

0 

45 
8 

1 
0 

0 
0 

40 

0 

0 

4 
8 

0 
0 

0 
0 

264  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


have  allowed  and  accordingly  had  allowed  5  guineas  a  year."'  In  1723  is  a  note 
stating  that  "  The  agreement  with  Mr.  Tomlinson  for  5  guineas  a  year  now  ceased 
and  for  the  future  he  was  to  have  only  2  guineas  a  year." 

To  give  the  whole  of  the  items  would  serve  no  purpose.  I 
will,  however,  select  from  the  Cr.  side  the  amounts  paid  "  to  the 
poor  appointed  for  ye  hospital." 

1716.  To  poor  persons  appointed  for  ye  hospital     

1 71 7.  To  the  poor  persons  as  by  receipt    

To  putting- out  two  apprentices       

1718.  To  the  poor  persons  at  ,£15  a  quarter  as  l>y  receipt      

1 719.  To  the  poor  persons 

1720.  To  the  poor  persons 

1721.  To  the  poor  persons    

To  liveries  anil  making       

1722.  To  poor  persons 

To  curate's  salary        

To  liveries 

From  1723  to  1738  the  amounts  in  each  case    were   the   same,  viz.,  for 

these  items         52     o     o 

Up  to  1721  inclusive  ^310  is.  was  expended.      From  1722  inclusive  to  1738 
.£884  was  expended,  lepresenting  altogether  ^1,194   is.  spent  on  behalf  of  the  poor. 

The  "  Balance  to  the  representative  of  the  surviving  trustee  " 
is  put  clown  as  ^120  10s.  iij^d.,  "  of  which  sum  there  is  due 
to  Mr.  Tomlinson  £97  11s.  io^d.,  and  due  to  Mr.  Benison 
^22  19s.  o^d."  In  a  deed  dated  "thirtieth  of  November,  1676," 
William  Penny  agrees  to  lease  of  John  ffoster,  woollen  draper, 
of  Lancaster,  son  of  Thomas  ffoster,  of  Lancaster,  the  close 
or  parcel  of  land  known  as  the  Hill  Meadow,  and  parcel  of 
certaine  grounds  called  the  Deepcarrs  containing  three  acres, 
subject  to  a  yearly  rent  for  thirty-four  years  from  date  of  deed  of 
ffive  shillings  payable  to  the  maior  and  bailiffs  of  Lancaster  upon 
the  ffeast  dayes  of  Easter  and  St.  Michaell  the  Archangell.  The 
sum  paid  to  John  ffoster  for  having  "demised,  granted,  assigned 
and  sett  over "  the  land  and  its  appurtenances  was  forty-three 
pounds.  In  an  indenture  of  1693,  between  John  Hodgson,  Mayor 
of  Lancaster,  Henry  Casson,  and  John  Bryer,  bailiffs,  of  the  one 
part,  and  William  Penny  of  the  other  part,  the  latter  agrees  to 
hold  as  tenant  certain  lands  in  Quernmore  called  the  Copyholds  for 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  26 


z> 


the  sum  of  fifty  pounds,  the  rents  of  ten  pounds  payable  quarterly 
being  included  in  the  tenancy  for  the  space  of  six  years.  There  is 
mention  of  Thomas  Dugdale,  of  Quernmore,  evidently  a  former 
lessee  ;  also  of  George  Patchett,  Christopher  Cawson,  ffrancis 
Hodgson,  &c,  the  copyholds  with  their  appurtenances  belonged  to 
the  town  of  Lancaster.  The  signatories  to  the  deed  are  those  of 
John  Hodgson,  Henry  Casson,  and  John  Bryer.  Another  deed  is 
of  the  time  of  James  II.,  and  is  between  John  Hadwen,  of  Carn- 
forth,  and  Allan  Penny.  Hadwen  is  spelt  with  an  "  e"  after  the  d, 
and  Penny  with  only  one  "  n."  The  deed  is  in  Latin  and  concerns 
the  sale  of  the  Sowerholme  estate. 

William   Hadwen. 

Another  Lancaster  poet  must  yet  be  named — a  member  of  an 
old  Carnforth  family,  as  ancient  inquisitions  prove.  I  refer  to 
William  Hadwen,  who  contributed  some  excellent  poems  to  the 
New  Town  ami  Comity  Magazine.  In  the  volume  for  the  year  1788, 
are  several  productions  signed  "  W.  Hadwen,  Lancaster." 

Among  them  I  may  mention  "  An  Elegy  to  the  memory  of 
Mr.  T.  H.  Rawlinson,  who  died  at  the  age  of  21."  "A  Sonnet 
written  after  listening  to  the  notes  of  a  thrush  and  a  blackbird," 
"  The  Dawn,"  "  On  seeing  a  young  lady  run  to  a  place  of  worship." 
"  Allithwaite,  a  descriptive  poem  written  at  the  request  of  two 
young  ladies,"  "Soliloquy  on  the  death  of  a  young  lady,"  "Gisburn 
Park,"  &c.  There  are  several  other  productions  signed  "  H. 
Rusland,"  "  Leander,  Rusland,"  which  smack  strongly  of  the  same 
style  as  that  of  "  W.  H.  Hadwen,  Lancaster,"  or  "  W.  Hadwen, 
Allithwaite." 

No  doubt  the  poetical  Mr.  Hadwen  of  a  hundred  and  three 
years  ago  had  many  poems  in  other  volumes  of  the  magazine  from 
which  I  quote.  Most  of  his  emanations  are  decidedly  good  ;  they 
are  not  written  by  rule,  they  are  not  fantastical  and  poetaster-like, 
but   display   smart   ringing   metal   and   a   perfectly   correct   idea   of 


266  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


scansion.  What  a  pity  that  this  Lancaster  poet's  works  are  not 
looked  up  and  rescued  from  the  semi-oblivion  into  which  they  have 
fallen.  From  the  poem  "  On  the  Lakes,  and  the  Cascades  of  Ridal 
Hall,"  addressed  to  a  clergyman,  1  cull  these  lines  :— 

"  THOU,  in  whosp  smiles,  bright  seraphim  rejoice, 
Thy  bounteous  love — thy  world  creating  voice, 
Thy  sovereign  wisdom — thy  almighty  power 
Bade  this  sweet  spring  its  endless  torrent  pour 
O'er  many  a  rugged  rock,  amid  these  hills, 
Where  dulcet  murmurs  lead  to  gurgling  rills  ; 
The  lofty  mountains,  crown'd  with  waving  trees 
The  lakes  that  quiver  to  the-  curling  breeze 
The  sylvan  scenes  in  this  my  native  land 
Were  thus  arranged  in  beauty  by  Thy  hand." 

The  poem  is  a  moderately  long  one  and  was  written  at  Satterthwaite. 

True  poets  are  the  troubadours  who  mark  the  eras  of  the 
world  ;  they  are  its  modern  prophets,  gifted  still  with  ancient  fire, 
and  to  their  King  they  stand  or  fall  in  a  higher  sense  than  do 
ordinary  souls.  Their  ears  hear  the  far  distant  whispers  of  eternity 
which  coarser  souls  must  travel  on  far  into  old  age  e'er  they  can 
detect  the  faintest  notes  thereof  or  hear  its  still  small  voice.  ' 

William    Sandhrson. 


William  Sanderson  was  the  son  of  John  Sanderson, 
merchant,  of  Lancaster.  He  was  born  at  39,  Castle  Park,  in  1804. 
He  was  for  some  time  a  contributor  to  the  Lancaster  Gazette,  and 
afterwards  did  much  miscellaneous  writing  for  the  Lancaster  Herald. 
He  died  on  the  20th  of  January,  1848,  aged  44  years. 

Perhaps  it  would  repay  an  enterprising  publisher  to  re- 
publish Sanderson's  poems,  and  give  us  an  edition  worthy  of  most 
of  the  metal  the  author's  songs  contain.  Some  are  wild  flowers  of 
beauty  despite  the  ruggedness  of  their  sepals  and  carpels.  The 
book  he  wrote  is  entitled  "Songs  and  Miscellaneous  Poems,  by  the 
late  William  Sanderson,  of  Lancaster."  The  imprint  is  simply 
"  Lancaster  :    Printed  for  the  author's  family  by  J.  Nevatt,"  and  the 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  267 


book    contains  94   pages.      It    is    "dedicated    to    Thomas    Greene, 
Esq.,  M.P.  for  Lancaster,  as  a  public  expression   of  thanks  for  his 
kindness    to   the  author's  family."     Altogether   there  are    fifty-six 
poems  in  the  book,  the  more   pretentious   of  which    are   "  Random 
Thoughts  "   (dotted  down  whilst  resting  on  the  banks  of  the  Lune, 
one    afternoon    during  the    summer  of    1842,    and   addressed   to  a 
friend)  :    "The  Young  Bride's  Song  to  her  Husband,"   "  The  Candle 
and    the    Bottle,"    "The   Orphan    Boy,"    "The    Maniac   Maiden," 
"  Descriptive  Stanzas,  written  whilst  admiring  a  splendid  prospect 
from    Haythornthwaite    Fells,    having    witnessed  the   effects    of   a 
violent  storm  from  the  same  place   on   the   preceding   day,"   "The 
Song  of  the  Emigrant's  Wife  to  her  Husband,"  "The  Two  Steamers 
— a  versified  and  glowing    description   of  the  most  fierce,  vitupera- 
tive, but  interesting  quarrel  which  has  just  taken  place  between  the 
new  iron  steamboat,  the  Duchess  of  Lancaster,   and   the  old   heart 
of  oak  one,  the  John  O'Gaunl,  wherein   is  most  veritably  set  forth 
how  the   Duchess   attacked   the   Duke  ;   how   the    Duke   retaliated 
upon  the  Duchess  ;    how  the  parties  then   had  a  pugilistic  recontre, 
with  various   other  matters   of  greatest   importance,    which    ought 
immediately  to  be  read,  mark'd,  learnt,  and  inwardly  digested  by  a 
sagacious     public,"      "The    Butterfly,"    "Lines    founded    on    Fact 
(concerning   a    circumstance    which    occurred    in   the    Fleet    Prison 
some  years  ago,  &c,")    "  To  the  memory  of  John  Christian,    Esq., 
of  Liverpool,  who  died  at   Caton,    near    Lancaster,    5th    December, 
1843,"     "The    Mother    to    her     sleeping     Babe,"      "The   Joys    ot 
Mossing, a  fellside  song,"    "  Address  to  the  Greeks,"    "  Stanzas  on 
the  death  of  Mr.  William  Walmsley,  of  Lancaster,  who  died  in  the 
thirty-first  year  of  his  age,  September,   1846,"    "Address  spoken   in 
aid  of  the  widows  and  orphans   of  the    Earl   of   Lincoln's  Lodge  of 
Oddfellows,    at   their    anniversary   held    at    Lancaster,    the    2nd  of 
January,  1843,"   "  -^  song  written  on  the  event  of  Admiral  Tatham 
gaining  a  verdict  at    Lancaster,    on  the   9th    of  September,    1836, 
dedicated    to    the    honest    people    of    Hornby,"      "  The    Virtue    of 
Prudence,"   "  A  Letter"  (to  a  cousin),    "  Stanzas  most  respectfully 
and    gratefully    addressed  to    Miss    Mary    Ann    Bond,   who,   when 
sickness  and  sorrow  invaded  the  home  of  the  writer,  restored  to  it. 


268  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


through  her  Christian  kindness,  comfort  and  peace,"  "  To  my 
friend  Richard  Wearing-,  on  his  departure  to  London  for  the  first 
time,  the  15th-  of  June,  1844,"  "Verses  incribed  to  Mr.  John 
Swarbrick,  butcher,  Nicholas  Street,  on  his  birthday,  celebrated  at 
the  Boar's  Head,  on  Thursday,  27th  April,  1843,"  "  The  Sam 
Weller,"  "  Song-  of  Toasts,"  the  words  and  air  arranged  for  the 
voice  with  pianoforte  accompaniment,  by  "W.S."  "Address  written 
on  the  occasion  of  the  opening  of  the  new  Oddfellows'  Hall,  at 
Lancaster,  on  Wednesday,  the  24th  of  July,  1844,  when  a  public 
dinner  took  place,  Dr.  D.  De  Vitre,  the  Mayor,  presided  ;  John 
Armstrong,  Esq.,  filled  the  vice-chair."  "  Aughton  Pudding,'' 
"  Stanzas,  addressed  to  the  Misses  Smith,  after  the  concert  at 
Lancaster,  December  21st,  1838,"  and  "  Lines  in  memory  of  the 
jate  John  Simpson,  Esq.,  of  Poulton." 

From    the    first    poem    "  Random    Thoughts,"     I    give    the 
following  stanzas  : — 


Here  in  the  merry  month  of  June 
Upon  the  banks  of  bonnie  Lune, 
Watching  its  sun-lit  limpid  course, 
Which  runs  so  calmly  from  its  source 
Unto  the  ocean  mail-like  flows 
Lulling  the  soul  to  sweet  repose  ; 
For  like  the  music  of  a  dream, 
The  murmurs  of  its  ripples  seem. 


Whilst  Halton's  village,  gay  and  neat. 
Is  mirror'd  through  them  at  my  feet, 
The  muse  once  more  upon  me  calls, 
Although  on  me  but  loosely  falls 
The  mantle  which  o'er  Burns  she  threw, 
Till  through  his  soul  her  spirit  flew, 
Which  stamp'd  him  as  her  fav'rite  son, 
Poet  and  patriot  both  in  one. 


Vet  still  his  was  a  stormy  life, 

With  few  that  car'd  to  ease  its  strife  ; 

It  oft  midst  want  and  woe  was  led, 

Fame's  brightest  wreath  now  binds  his  head, 

For  though  death  has  his  harp  unstrung, 

He  o'er  his  native  mountains  flung 

A  mystic  charm,  which  spreading  round 

Hill,  stream,  and  dale,  makes  hallow  d  ground. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  269 


To  have  one  spark  of  nature's  fire 
Was  all  his  anxious  fond  desire  ; 
And  she  within  him  lit  the  flame 
Which  sheds  a  halo  round  his  name, 
Where'er  now  from  their  Highland  home, 
The  hardy  sons  of  Scotia  roam 
Each  to  his  song  with  fondness  turns, 
Till  Burns  is  Scotland — Scotland  Burns. 


The  man  with  thousands  in  his  chest 
Sighing  for  more  is  often  cjrst ; 

Whilst  he  with  peace  of  mind  is  blest 
Who  eats  his  crust,  but  earns  it  first. 


So  I'll  ne'er  quarrel  with  my  lot, 

Rich  with  a  penny  as  a  pound  ; 
Although  whilst  here  no  land  I've  got 

I,  dead  shall  have  my  share  of  ground. 

And  if,  when  nature's  debt  is  paid, 

My  body  should  by  chance,  be  laid 

Near  some  great  man's,  whose  haughty  pride 

Had,  living,  spurn'd  me  from  his  side, 

I  need  not  fear  his  might  or  power, 

We're  equal  from  that  very  hour. 

To  scorn  me  though  he  did  aspire 

And  strove  my  title  to  refute  ; 
No  crafty  lawyer  need  I  hire, 

The  worms  will  settle  the  dispute. 

Most  of  this  poem  is  Burns  over  again,  indeed,  the  first  part 
reads  like  an  ode  to  that  Scottish  bard.  There  is  a  full  and  easy_ 
flowing-  rhythm  throughout,  and  here  and  there  one  is  forcibly 
reminded  of  John  Clare,  the  Northamptonshire  poet,  especially  in 
some  of  the  stanzas.  "Though  low  my  lot,  my  wish  is  won,"  is  a 
poem  of  Clare's  very  much  akin  to  this  of  Mr.  Sanderson's.  One 
more  verse  from  this  production  and  we  must  leave  it  :— 

Freedom  !   I  see  thy  banners  wave, 

Thy  green  robes  floating  in  the  gale, 
Thou  smilest  at  the  fair  and  brave, 

On  mountain  top,  in  lowly  vale  ; 
Whilst  blue-ey'd  plenty  wheat-ear  crown'd 

Her  cornucopia  dropping  flowers, 
Attends  on  peace,  and  all  around, 

With  bounteous  hand  her  riches  showers. 


27o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


This  effusion  bespeaks  the  very  soul  of  Sanderson,  who 
allows  fancy  to  waft  him  here  and  there,  to  show  him  things  of 
beauty,  until  he  at  last  attains  such  a  pitch  that  re-action  sets  in, 
and  the  gioom  of  life  re-appears. 

The  next  selection  I  give  is  entitled  "My  Village  Mary.' 
It  is  Clare  again  : — 

Talk  not  of  beauty  till  you've  seen 

As  lightly  tripping  as  a  fairy, 
With  milking  pale  across  the  green 

My  bonny  charming  village  Mary. 

She  boasts  not  gems,  she  boasts  not  wealth, 

No  man  need  woo  her  for  her  riches  ; 
But  yet  her  glance  beslow'd  by  stealth, 

Far  more  than  wealth  or  gems  bewitches. 

Her  lips,  the  rose's  tint  in  May, 

Sometimes  is  poutingly  provoking; 
But  soon  a  dimpling  smile  would  say, 

Nay,  be  not  vex'd,  I  was  but  joking. 

And  yet  my  Mary  is  no  prude, 

For  virtue  is  her  greatest  blessing' ; 
The  man  who  dare  to  her  be  rude 

Would  rue  the  day  of  his  transgressing 

The  haughty  lord  with  rank  and  power, 

The  dashing  gay  fox-hunting  squire, 
Would  gladly  blight  this  village  flower, 

But  vain,  most  vain,  is  his  desire. 

I've  for  her  but  a  ploughman's  hand, 

An  honest  heart  for  each  endeavour  ; 
A  little  farm  I  do  command, 

And  Mary'll  soon  be  mine  for  ever. 

His  "Maniac  Maiden"  is  also  a  beautiful  heart-touching 
composition,  as,  for  instance,  you  readily  prove  by  these  lines  : — 

But  the  path  of  my  life  now  with  darkness  is  shaded, 
O'er  mountains,  through  valleys  I  wander  forlorn, 

The  sweets  of  the  rose  which  love  gave  me  have  faded, 
But  ah  !  there  is  left  in  my  bosom  its  thorn. 

In  vain  do  I  strive  to  forget  my  deceiver 

His  form  seems  before  me  for  ever  to  flee, 
With  poor  bleeding  heart,  and  with  brain  in  a  fever. 

I  follow  o'er  rocks  far  more  tender  that  he. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  271 


Vet  ah  !  it  but  adds  to  my  pain  to  upbraid  him, 

I  loved  him  so  fondly,  SO  truly  and  well, 
Although  there  are  others  who  seek  to  degrade  him, 

The  anguish  they  cause  me  no  language  can  toll. 

Although  he  now  from  me  so  cruelly  ranges, 

With  vows  which  he  gave  me,  another  has  won, 

( rrant  Heaven,  that  she,  throughout  life's  fitful  changes, 
May  cherish  and  love  him  as  I  would  have  done. 

William  Sanderson  could  turn  out  a  very  decent  sonnet, 
which  is  no  light  matter,  for  many  a  man  who  can  fairly  well 
imitate  Hudibras,  is  but  a  poor  fist  at  a  sonnet.  Listen  to  this  "In 
Memoriam  " — 

And  art  thou  gone  I  dear  brother  of  my  soul, 
Nipp'd  like  a  rose  bud  opening  into  bloom, 
Thy  sun  hath  set  within  an  early  tomb  ! 
No  more  o'er  thee  shall  nature's  seasons  roll. 
But  shall  I  mourn  what  man  can  not  control  ? 
No,  no,  Faith's  seraph  whispers  in  my  ear 
"  Thou  art  not  dead,  but  only  gone  before  ; 
That  I  shall  join  thee  in  that  boundless  sphere 
When  all  life's  cankering  cares  and  woes  are  o'er." 
O,  glorious  thought  !  what  rapture  doth  it  bring  ; 
Grief,  wailing  grief,  can  touch  my  heart  no  more, 
E'en  now  my  spirit  panteth  to  take  wing, 
And  leave  its  frail  dark  tenement  of  clay 
To  live  with  thee  in  Heaven's  bright  endless  day. 


■&1 


The  poet  wrote  a  very  touching  verse  on  an  incident  which 
occurred  at  the  Lancaster  Assizes,  held  in  February,  1844.  A  lad 
named  Edward  Greenhalgh  was  tried  for  attempt  to  poison  a 
servant  woman  named  Margaret  Bury,  at  Habergham  Eaves. 
The  jury  acquitted  him,  and  upon  hearing  the  favourable  verdict 
his  mother,  who  was  in  court,  went  down  on  her  knees  in  a 
transport  of  joy,  and  cried,  "  Thank  you,  my  lord  and  gentlemen!" 
The  lad  was  only  fifteen  years  old.     The  verse  is  as  follows  : 

Then  the  mother's  eye  glistened  with  gratitude's  joy, 
For  whatever  his  faults,  her  heart  clung  to  her  boy. 
How  sublimely  mysterious,  wondrous  and  strange, 
Is  a  mother's  affection  ;  it  knoweth  no  change, 
'Tis  a  feeling  engender'd  with  infancy's  birth, 
For  the  holiest,  purest  and  brightest  on  earth ; 
For  the  babe  she  has  suckled  it  burneth  the  same, 
Through  its  manhood's  proud  rise,   through  its  fall  and  its  shame; 
Yes,  the  victim  of  crime,   lost,  abandon'd,  forlorn  ; 
The  despis'd  of  his  fellows,  the  world's  pointed  scorn, 
Still  will  find  when  he's  check'd  in  his  guilty  career, 
Midst  the  gloom  of  his  prison,  his  mother  draw  near. 


272  TIME-HONOURED    LANXASTER. 


In  "The  Joys  of  Mossing  "   we  have  a  lively  bucolic  ring — 

When  in  the  merry  month  of  May, 

The  flowers  around  are  springing, 
When  birds  from  every  leafy  spray 

Their  songs  of  love  are  singing. 

When  crimson  cups  and  cowslip  bells, 

Are  all  the  fields  adorning  ; 
And  bees  boom  from  their  honey'd  cells, 

To  sip  the  sweets  of  morning. 

To  where  the  purple  heather  blooms, 
And  lads  the  peats  are  tossing  ; 

O  let's  away, 

Ye  damsels  gay, 
And  spend  the  hours  in  mossing. 

Suppose  a  lad  around  one's  waist 

His  arm  is  fondly  throwing  ; 
In  terror  must  we  from  him  haste 

Or  be  with  anger  glowing  ? 

Why  should  we  seem  to  take  alarm 

When  we  are  not  offended  ; 
A  kiss  will  never  do  one  harm 

When  there's  no  wrong  intended. 

So  then  to  where  the  heather  blooms, 
And  lads  the  peats  are  tossing  ; 

O  let's  away, 

Ye  damsels  gay, 
And  spend  the  hours  in  mossing. 

Oft  o'er  those  maids,  to  riches  born, 

Is  sickness  sadly  stealing  ; 
A  country  lass  they  treat  with  scorn, 

And  say  she  has  no  feeling. 

But  if  they  would  forget  their  wealth — 

With  us  awhile  be  straying  ; 
And  feel  the  balmy  breeze  of  health 

Which  o'er  the  fell  is  playing. 

Soon,  where  the  purple  heather  blooms, 
Smiles  would  their  cheeks  be  glossing, 

Their  rank  they'd  spurn, 

They'd  ne'er  return, 
Nor  quit  the  joys  of  mossing. 

This  poem  seems  like  a  song  taken  from  some  jovial  part  of  a 
libretto,  and  is  very  musical.  The  most  humorous  piece  of 
Sanderson's  is  his  poem,  "A  Letter;"  it  is  written  in  a  running 
style,  and  is  likely  to  remind  readers  of  Goldsmith's  "  Retaliation," 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  27; 


or  of  a  melody  of  Burns.  His  best  effusion  is  his  "  Address  to  the 
Greeks."  The  verse  which  strikes  one  as  most  classic,  whatever 
other  folks  may  say  to  the  contrary,  is  the  one  which  says  : 

Oh  !  daughters  of  Greece  quickly  arm  each  your  lover, 

In  dalliance  soft  them  no  longer  restrain  ; 
Delighted  the  shades  of  your  fathers  will  hover 

Around  them,  and  aid  them  their  rights  to  regain. 


And  again- 


The  past  deeds  of  glory— of  Sparta  remember, 
Recall  the  brave  bands  at  Thermopylos  straits  ; 

Fan  !  fan  to  a  flame  the  but  smouldering  ember, 
Dear  Liberty's  garland  to  crown  you  a\vait>. 


Yes,  Lancaster  has  had  its  poet,  and  despite  the  chequered  life,  the 
flights  and  falls  of  the  bard,  he  must  not  willingly  die.  Indeed,  he 
cannot  die  while  there  is  a  true  Lancastrian  heart  able  to  cry  in 
tones  of  dulcet  sweetness  : — 


Be  to  his  faults  a  little  blind, 
And  to  his  virtues  very  kind. 


Sanderson  published  a  poem  in  pamphlet  form,  in  honour  of 
Dr.  Whewell  and  Sir  Richard  Owen,  in  1842,  in  which  year  the 
dinner  given  on  the  occasion  of  the  two  distinguished  professors, 
took  place  in  the  Assembly  Rooms.  From  the  poem  I  take  the 
following"  stanzas  : — 


*fc> 


And  thine  'tis  Whewell,  with  thy  master  mind, 
To  teach  the  workings  of  the  Great  First  Cause, 

How  wisely  are  sun,  moon,  and  stars  design'd, 
Moving,  unerring,  by  hx'd  mystic  laws  ; 

Happy  for  man  that  they  are  so  confin'd 

Which  to  reflect  upon  "should  give  him  pause," 

For  from  its  course  did  one  a  moment  fly 

Ruin  would  rush  throughout  both  earth  and  sky. 


And  Owen  !  though  you  differ  in  pursuit, 
Worthy  you  are  to  be  your  friend's  compeer  ; 

In  Cuvier's  steps  with  genius  as  acute, 

Onward  you  press  ;  success  in  your  career  ; 

Beasts,  birds,  and  insects,  reptiles,  fishes  mute. 
Your  speculation — then,  with  judgment  clear, 

As  you  compare  their  frame  with  that  of  man 

You  trace  throughout  one  systematic  plan. 


274  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


A  plan,  how  wise,  how  mighty,  how  sublime, 
Which  suits  unto  its  state  each  living  thing, 

Dwelling  in  torrid  or  in  frigid  clime 

Creeping  on  earth,  or  soaring  on  the  wing  ; 

No  change  is  brought  them  by  revolving  time, 
Instinct  and  habit  changeless  with  them  spring, 

The  lion  still  is  monarch  of  the  wood, 

The  whale's  vast  empire  still  the  briny  flood. 


These  are  the  same,  as  when  God  out  his  hand 

Shook  the  vast  mountains,  and  let  flow  the  sea  : 
And  then  sent  forth  that  high  sublime  command — 

"  Let  there  be  light'" — ejirth  straight  shone  forth  with  glee  ; 
But  all  man's  works,  however  proudly  plann'd 

Temple  or  tablet  soon  will  ruined  be  ; 
Crumbling  to  dust  with  each  revolving  year, 

Even  his  pyramids  shall  disappear  ; 
Still,  though  these  piles  must  "  topple  to  their  fall,-' 

(Like  card-built  castles  we  in  childhood  raise), 
Scarce  leaving  us  a  vestige  to  recall 

Where  once  they  stood,  the  wonder  of  past  days  ; 
Though  whirlwind  sands  shall  overwhelm  them  all, 

And  on  their  site  the  deer  and  wild  ox  graze. 
Man's  glowing  thoughts,  Time's  ravages  decry 
When  seeking  Truth  through  Him  who  rules  on  high. 


And  ye  I  sing  of,  Chieftains  in  Truth's  sphere, 

Whom  error  Hies,  as  mists  the  morn's  bright  sun  : 

If  at  the  start,  life's  course  seemed  dark  and  drear, 
Ye  have  indeed  the  prize  most  nobly  won  : 

And  this  proud  thought  must  oft  your  past  toil  cheer 
Hoc  opus  feci  "'This  myself  have  done," — 

The  wreaths  you  wear,  ye  to  no  patron  owe, 

So  their  bright  leaves  with  years  shall  greener  grow. 

Welcome,  then  welcome  to  "  The  good  Old  Town,'" 
Your  childhood's  home  and  where  your  fathers  dwelt  ; 

Oh  !  could  they  witness  this  your  "  fair  renown," 
How  would  their  hearts  with  fond  emotion  melt  ; 

But  see  !  their  spirits  smilingly  look  down, 
Their  joy  in  heaven,  as  if  on  earth  is  felt  ; 

That  thus  your  townsmen  with  one  heart  and  voice 

In  the  proud  triumphs  you  have  won — rejoice. 

This  talented  author  once  issued  a  one-act  serio-comico, 
satirico,  dramatic  Interlude  in  verse,  with  marginal  notes,  entitled, 
"  The  Vicar  and  Churchwarden,  or  the  Morning"  Visit."  It  was 
printed  in  London  by  Saul  Mathias,  of  Blackfriars,  and  published 
by  the  Author  and  all  booksellers  in  the  United  Kingdom.  What- 
ever William  Sanderson  may  have  been  or  not  have  been  in  private 
life  is  a  matter  of  no  cognizance  to  me.     I  have  to  deal  with  such  a 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  275 


man  as  a  man  of  true  genius — to  take  him  for  what  he  is  worth  as 
public  property,  and  I  have  no  sympathy  with  those  who  seek  to 
rake  up  every  public  individual's  failings.  I  say  this  much  with 
dislike  owing  to  the  slights  some  have  been  apt  to  pass  upon  their 
neighbours  gifted  far  beyond  themselves  to  such  a  degree  as  to 
render  their  failings  almost  invisible. 

Richard  and  James   Lonsdale. 

James  Lonsdale  was  horn  in  Lancaster,  in  1778.  He  was 
the  son  of  Richard  Lonsdale,  said  by  some  authorities  to  have  been 
born  at  Garstang.  Both  father  and  son  excelled  as  portrait 
painters,  and  specimens  of  the  elder  artist's  work  are  still  to  be 
seen  in  the  Lancaster  Town  Hall,  the  subjects  of  the  canvas  being 
George  HI.,  Lord  Nelson,  and  Pitt.  Richard  Lonsdale  was  much 
esteemed  in  his  day  and  generation,  and  owing  to  his  suavity  of 
manners  and  gentlemanly  deportment,  his  company  was  sought  by 
the  principal  merchants  of  the  Town.  Early  on  in  the  century  he 
appears  to  have  removed  to  London,  where  his  son  in  due  course 
distinguished  himself  in  the  art  of  painting  as  well  as  his  sire.  The 
elder  Lonsdale  executed  the  portraits  of  the  Daltons  of  Thurnham 
Hall.  Sir  Gerald  Dalton  Fitzgerald,  Bart.,  states  that  the  same 
were  painted  about  the  year  1S20,  and  that  they  represent  the  late 
John  Dalton,  Esq.,  his  wife,  his  son,  his  son's  wife,  and  four 
daughters.     The  artist  also  produced  a  replica  of  Mr.  Dalton. 

According  to  the  Kendal  CJironiclc  of  November  30th,  1833, 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Lingard  sat  for  his  portrait  before  Mr.  Lonsdale  at 
Hornby. 

Cornelius  Henderson. 

Cornelius  Henderson  was  the  son  of  John  Henderson,  shoe- 
maker. He  was  born  on  Castle  Hill  in  one  of  the  cottages  which. 
used    to    stand    adjacent    to    the   Gateway   Tower.       The    register 


276  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


book  of  St.  Mary's  Church  contains  this  entry  of  baptism  under  the 
year   1800  : — 

"9th  February,  Cornelius,  son  of  John  and  Betty  Henderson, 
born  9th  October,  1799." 

John  Henderson,  the  father,  was  remarkably  fond  of  art  and 
as  an  amateur  used  to  paint  local  scenes  in  his  leisure.  A  favourite 
sketch  of  his  was  the  view  looking  up  the  Lune  from  the  Three- 
mile  House.  The  son  had,  however,  the  advantages  of  a  training 
in  art  which  had  been  denied  his  father,  and  although  he  cannot 
be  considered  by  any  means  an  artist  of  the  same  calibre  as  Richard 
Lonsdale,  it  would  be  most  unjust  not  to  include  his  name  in  this 
chapter,  since  some  of  his  paintings  bear  the  stamp  of  genius  upon 
them,  a  genius  only  requiring  greater  development  in  technicalities 
and  a  study  of  the  old  masters  on  their  native  soil,  in  order  to  make 
them  perfect. 

Sir  Richard  Owen. 

The  name  of  Richard  Owen  is  known  all  over  the  world,  and 
Lancaster  is  justly  proud  of  her  distinguished  son,  whose  laurels 
have  proved  so  numerous  and  unfading.  Sir  Richard  Owen,  C.B., 
M.D.,  D.C.L.,  L.L.D.,  F.R.S.,  &c,  was  the  son  of  Richard  Owen, 
merchant.  He  was  born  in  Dalton  Square,  Lancaster,  on  the  20th 
of  July,  1804.  The  following  biographical  remarks  have  for  their 
basis  information  kindly  supplied  at  the  request  of  the  author  at  the 
end  of  1888.  The  career  of  this  venerable  scholar  has  indeed  been 
remarkable.  After  quitting  the  Grammar  School,  about  1816,  he 
became  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Baxendale,  then  a  prominent  medical  gentle- 
man, and  the  local  family  adviser  of  the  Duke  of  Hamilton  and 
Brandon.  On  leaving  this  gentleman  he  went  to  Edinburgh 
University,  where  he  matriculated  in  1824.  In  1826,  he  obtained 
his  M.R.C.S.,  Lon.,  and  in  1828,  became  assistant  curator  of  the 
Hunterian  museum.  In  1834,  he  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Comparative  Anatomy  at  St.    Bartholomew's   Hospital,   and  a  year 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  277 


later  was  elected  F.R.S.  Between  1836  and  1856  this  distinguished 
man  succeeded  to  the  chair  of  the  Professorship  of  Anatomy  and 
Physiology  in  the  College  of  Surgeons,  and  first  Hunterian 
Professor.  In  1839,  he  received  the  degree  of  L.L.D.  from  the 
University  of  Cambridge.  In  1840,  Richard  Owen  did,  perhaps,  one 
of  the  grandest  of  strokes  that  science  has  been  able  to  accomplish, 
for  he  founded  the  Microscopical  Society  of  London,  and  became 
its  first  president,  then  he  received  the  Royal  medal  of  the  Royal 
Society.  In  1844,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  commissioners  of 
inquiry  into  the  health  of  towns,  and  filled  a  similar  post  in  1846  in 
regard  to  the  health  of  the  Metropolis.  Next  we  find  him  honoured 
with  the  Copley  medal  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  in  1848  chosen 
member  of  the  Government  Board  of  Health,  and  in  1849  a  member 
of  the  commission  on  Smithfield  Market.  In  185 1,  he  was  president 
of  one  of  the  juries  at  the  great  exhibition,  and,  in  1852,  became 
D.C.L.  of  Oxford.  In  1855,  we  find  him  president  of  one  of  the 
juries  at  the  Exposition  Universelle,  Paris  ;  and  shortly  after  is 
decorated  with  the  Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  In  1856,  he  is 
observed  occupying  the  post  of  superintendent  of  the  Natural 
History  Departments  in  the  British  Museum.  There  we  note  the 
triennial  award  by  the  Institute  of  France  for  "  Le  Prix  Cuvier," 
and,  in  1857,  his  selection  as  lecturer  on  Palaeontology  in  the  Royal 
School  of  Mines.  In  1858,  he  became  Fullerian  Professor  of 
Physiology  in  the  Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain,  and,  in  1859, 
first  lecturer  on  the  revival  of  Sir  "  Robert  Rede's  Foundation,"  in 
the  University  of  Cambridge,  and  on  the  3rd  of  June,  1873,  he  was 
made  a  C.B.  Professor  Owen  is  the  author  of  numerous  papers  in 
the  transactions  of  the  various  learned  societies  ;  he  is  also  a  knight 
of  the  Prussian  Order  of  Merit,  and  a  Foreign  Associate  of  the 
Institution  of  France.  What  a  mighty  past  such  a  man  has  had  ! 
Well  may  we  conclude  by  saying  that  Sir  Richard  Owen  stands 
to-day  far  superior  to  kings  and  emperors,  his  crown  being  that  of 
science  imperishable  and  enduring.  To  men  like  him  may  honour 
and  reverence  be  paid,  instead  of  to  rank  that  has  but  the  poverty- 
stricken  alliances  of  blue  blood,  title,  and  landed  areas,  a  few  feet 
of  which  will  one  day  be  revenged   upon   those   who   have   held  too 


278  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


many  acres,  having  the  happiness  or  misery  of  thousands  of  their 
fellow  creatures  at  command.  Sir  Richard  had  another  brother, 
and  three  sisters,  who  at  one  time  were  engaged  in  school  teaching. 
The  subject  of  our  remarks  married  a  Miss  Clift,  long  ago  deceased. 
The  veteran  scientist  realises  the  fine  lines  of  Goldsmith,  seeking — 

To  husband  out  life's  taper  at  the  close, 
And  keep  the  flame  from  wasting  by  repose. 

He  often  talks  about  his  native  town  and  the  old  folks  that  formed 
its  burgesses  in  his  youthful  days. 

The  Owen  family  is  closely  connected  with  the  Eskriggs,  for 
the  Rev.  J.  B.  Eskrigg  informs  me  that  Elizabeth  Eskrigg, 
daughter  of  Richard  Eskrigg,  of  Eskrigg,  married  William  Owen, 
whose  son,  Richard  Owen,  born  December  5th,  1754,  was  the 
father  of  Sir  Richard  Owen. 

In  his  younger  days  Sir  Richard  was  very  fond  of  dissecting 
bodies,  which  he  secured  for  the  purpose  from  the  Castle  after 
execution.  On  one  occasion  he  was  carrying  the  head  of  a  negro, 
and  the  night  being  dark  and  the  pathway  from  the  Castle  very 
slipperv,  he  fell  and  the  terrible  contents  of  his  basket  rolled  out 
and  entered  the  house  of  a  laundry  woman,  whose  door  was  wide 
pen.      The  black  head  almost  frightened  the  woman  out  of  her  wits. 

Concerning  Sir  Richard  Owen's  career  these  sonnets  were 
written  over  two  years  ago. 


1818. 

.saw  shall  I  turn  into  my  sacristy 

Impell'd  by  thoughts  a  power  divine  commands? — 
Responsive  may  I  wake  the  minstrelsy 

Rever'd  of  old — and  as  the  bay  expands 
Illume  past  years  with  the  electric  lamp 

Charter'd  by  fancy  ?     What  delightful  strands 
Have  I  before  me  !      River,  hill  and  vale, 

And  towering  rock  which  bears  the  immortal  stamp, 
Monarch  divine  impress'd  when  storm  and  gale 

Dar'd  to  arrest  success  and  Stirling  fame. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  279 


Oh,  as  I  view  by  light  so  rare,  I  see 

Wisdom's  aspirant,  yea,  a  youth  whose  aim 
Extends  beyond  the  common  wolds  of  life 
Nailing  his  colours  to  the  mast  contemptuous  of  all  strife. 

1890. 

Far,  far  away  that  youth  has  journey d  on 

Resting  not  on  his  oars,  but  toiling'  hard, 
Opening  up  fields  where  laurels  may  be  won 

Marshalling  laws  mankind  must  yet  regard, 
Teaching  discrimination  in  the  spheres 

High  priests  and  heroes  live  in,  marking'  too, 

Each  boundary  of  illimitable  hue 
Ordain'd  to  lead  beyond  these  finite  years. 
Let  me  look  once  again — ah,  what  a  change 

Distinguished  "mid  the  legions  gather'd  round 
There  stands  a  patriarch,  one  whose  mental  range 

Oe'rshadows  all  Ohmpus.      Thus  renown'd 
Watch  we  as  western  sunlight  fades  away 
Noting  a  northern  star  shining  all  bright  to-day. 

Sir  William  Turner. 

Lancaster  has  another  native  son  who  has  reached  the 
higher  rungs  of  the  ladder  of  fame  in  the  learned  profession  he 
represents.  This  native  son  is  Sir  William  Turner,  who  was  born 
in  Moor  Lane,  Lancaster,  in  the  year  1832.  He  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Mr.  William  Turner,  of  the  firm  of  Battersby  and  Turner, 
upholsterers,  Lancaster.  His  mother  was  a  Miss  Aldren,  daughter 
of  Mr.  Robert  Aldren,  malster,  of  Skerton.  He  was  educated  at 
the  private  school  of  Mr.  Howard,  of  Green  Ayre,  and  subsequently 
became  the  pupil  of  Dr.  Christopher  Johnson.  After  remaining 
the  usual  period  with  this  gentleman  he  went  to  Edinburgh,  and  in 
due  course  became  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the  Medical 
College  of  which  he  is  now  a  professor. 

Sir  William  became  a  distinguished  scholar  under  Sir  James 
Paget  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital.  He  obtained  his  member- 
ship of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  1853,  and  in  1854  gained 
an  Exhibition  and  a  Gold  Medal  at  the  London  University  ;  in  the 
same  year  he  was  appointed  Senior  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  at 
Edinburgh,  and  in  1857   he  took   the   degree  of  M.  B.    of  London. 


28o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


In  1861  he  became  F.  R.C.S.,  and  in  1867  was  elected  to  the  chair 
which  he  now  so  ably  fills,  as  the  successor  of  the  immortal  Good- 
sir.  In  1886  he  received  the  honour  of  knighthood  in  recognition 
of  his  services  to  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He  was  for  some 
time  Examiner  in  Anatomy  in  the  University  of  London,  and 
Lecturer  in  Anatomy  and  Physiology  in  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons,  England. 

When  the  British  Association  met  at  Edinburgh  in  the  year 
1 87 1,  Professor  Turner  presided  over  the  department  of  anthro- 
pology, and  in  1885,  at  Aberdeen,  he  was  one  of  the  vice-presidents 
of  the  section.  He  is  the  author  of  many  works  on  the  anatomy 
and  histology  of  man  and  the  lower  animals,  amongst  which  may 
be  mentioned  the  "  Atlas  of  Human  Anatomy  and  Physiology,"  the 
articles  on  anatomy,  anthropotomy,  and  the  digestive  organs  in  the 
last  edition  of  the  "Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  and  the  report  on 
the  whales  and  seals  collected  by  H.M.S.  Challenger.  He  also 
wrote  the  monographs  on  the  human  crania  and  other  bones 
brought  home  by  the  "Challenger"  expedition,  a  work  which 
forms  one  of  the  most  important  contributions  to  anthropological 
literature  that  has  ever  appeared  in  England. 

Sir  William  Turner  holds  the  honourable  posts  of  President 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  Edinburgh  ;  Dean  of  the  Faculty 
of  Medicine  of  Edinburgh  University,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Medical  Acts  Commission.  He  is  F.R.S.  and  F.R.S.E.,  Hon. 
L.L.D.  of  Glasgow,  and  D.C.L.  of  Durham  and  Oxford  Universities. 
In  addition  to  being  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  Edinburgh  University, 
Sir  William  fills  the  professional  chair  in  the  same  science  to  the 
Royal  Scottish  Academy,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Medical  Council. 
He  is  honorary  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  Queen's  Rifle  Volunteer 
Brigade.  In  1863,  Sir  William  married  x\gnes,  daughter  of 
Abraham  Logan,  Esq.,  of  Burnhouses,  Berwickshire.  He  was 
created  a  K.B.  in  1886. 

Anthropology  has  evidently  no  more  earnest  student  than 
Sir  William  Turner,  whose  life  journey  from  the  old  house  opposite 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  281 


St.  Anne's  Chapel,  in  Moor-lane,  to  a  medical  professorship  at 
Edinburgh  must  call  forth  the  delightful  feeling  that  the  ancient 
town  is  famous  for  more  than  Roman  and  Saxon  remains  and  an 
impregnable  fortress  ;  that  it  is  famous  for  mind  as  well  as  matter. 
Sir  William  Turner's  address,  in  1889,  as  president  of  the 
Anthropological  section  ol  the  British  Association  was  listened  to 
by  an  immense  number  of  intelligent  hearers,  the  lecture  hall  of  the 
library,  in  which  the  proceedings  took  place,  being  crowded  to  the 
doors.  The  address,  which  dealt  chiefly  with  man  as  the  principal 
of  living  organisms,  contained  one  or  two  sentences  reproduced 
from  the  reports  of  the  Newcastle  Chronicle.     They  are  as  follow  :  - 

"  Man  is  a  living  organism,  and  the  study  of  his  physical 
frame  cannot  be  separated  from  that  of  other  living  organisms. 
But  whatever  may  have  been  the  origin  of  his  frame,  whether  by 
evolution  from  some  animal  form  or  otherwise,  we  can  scarcely 
expect  it  ever  to  attain  any  greater  perfection  than  it  at  present 
possesses.  The  kind  of  evolution  which  we  are  to  hope  and 
strive  for  in  him  is  the  perfecting  of  his  spiritual  nature,  so  that  the 
standard  of  the  whole  human  race  may  be  elevated  and  brought 
into  more  harmonious  relation  with  that  which  is  holy  and  divine." 

These  three  sentences  are  a  lecture  in  themselves,  and  are 
worthy  of  all  acceptation.  The  address  consisted  of  a  review  of 
"  the  transmission  of  malformations,  colour  blindness,  and  disease 
from  generation  to  generation,"  and  diagrams  were  freely  used  to 
illustrate  the  more  complex  portions  of  subjects  based  upon  a 
practical  study  of  heredity.  Sir  Francis  Galton  and  Professor 
Flower  paid  high  tributes  to  Professor  Turner's  skilful  treatment 
of  a  grave  and  critical  question  or  series  of  questions. 

Professor  Edmund  Atkinson,   Ph.D.,   F.C.S. 

This  gentleman  was  born  in  1831.  He  is  the  only  son 
of  the  late  Mr.  Thomas  Atkinson,  who  married  Miss  Ellen 
Heaton,  daughter  of  Mr.  Richard  Heaton,  corn  merchant.     He  was 


282  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


educated  at  the  private  school  of  Mr.  James  Willacey,  and  after- 
wards at  the  Lancaster  Grammar  School.  He  received  his  scientific 
education  at  Owen's  College,  Manchester,  mainly  under  Professor 
Frankland,  and  then  proceeded  to  Germany  spending  three  years 
at  the  Universities  of  Marburg,  Heidelberg,  and  Gottingen.  On 
returning  to  England  Dr.  Atkinson  became  assistant  to  Sir  B. 
C.  Brodie,  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  University  of  Oxford. 
Subsequently  he  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Chemistry  and  Physics 
at  Cheltenham  College,  and  ranks  as  one  of  the  earliest  systematic 
teachers  in  a  large  public  school  on  these  subjects.  He  was  next 
appointed  Professor  of  Experimental  Sciences  in  the  Staff  College 
at  Sandhurst,  where  he  remained  for  a  period  of  twenty-six  years. 
Professor  Atkinson  has  translated  several  important  foreign  publica- 
tions among  them  being  "  Ganot's  Elementary  Treatise  of  Physics," 
one  of  the  best  books  on  the  subject. 

Mr.   William  Housman   Higgin,   Q.C. 

The  name  of  Higgin  is  well  known  in  Lancaster.  It  is  a 
distinguished  name  in  divinity,  literature,  and  law,  and  is  insepar- 
ably connected  with  the  history  of  our  ancient  Castle,  Corporation, 
and  all  general  public  movements.  It  would  be  entirely  out  of  place 
to  make  mention  in  any  elaborate  manner  of  the  various  repre- 
sentatives of  this  honourable  family.  The  Church  of  St.  Mary, 
treated  of  in  a  former  chapter,  bears  upon  its  walls  and  stained 
lights  abiding  proofs  of  the  foregoing  remarks.  Mr.  William 
Housman  Higgin,  Q.C,  late  of  Springfield  Hall,  and  now  of 
Cloverley  House,  Timperley,  Cheshire,  was  born  on  the  28th  of 
February,  1820,  at  Acrelands,  Skerton,  his  father  being  the  late 
John  Higgin,  Esq.  Mr.  Higgin  was  called  to  the  bar  on  the  28th 
of  January,  1848,  became  Queen's  Counsel  for  the  County  Palatine 
of  Lancaster,  in  December,  1867,  made  one  of  Her  Majesty's 
Counsel,  1868,  having  become  a  Bencher  of  the  Middle  Temple 
on  the  28th  of  May,  1868.  On  the  23rd  of  August,  1869,  he 
accepted  the  chairmanship  of  Quarter  Sessions  for  the  Hundred 
of   Salford.       On    February    16th,     1876,   he  became  Deputy-Lieu- 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  283 


tenant  of  the  County  of  Lancaster,  and  on  July  1st,  1879, 
he  was  appointed  chairman  of  the  Quarter  Sessions  at  Preston. 
Mr.  Higgin  has  held  the  honourable  position  of  treasurer  of  the 
Middle  Temple,  1885.  On  the  10th  of  July,  1890,  he  succeeded 
Mr.  John  Addison,  Q.C.,  in  the  Recordship  of  Preston,  and  every 
one  felt  that  the  Borough  which  had  selected  him  for  such  an 
exalted  office  reflected  honour  alike  upon  itself  as  upon  him.  Mr. 
Higgin  is  a  magistrate  for  the  City  of  Manchester,  for  the  Boroughs 
of  Lancaster  and  Salford,  and  is  also  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the 
County  of  Chester. 

Colonel    Wadeson. 

To  the  military  world  Lancaster  has  given  a  devoted  son  in 
the  person  of  the  late  Colonel  Richard  Wadeson,  who  rose  from  the 
ranks  and  became  Governor  of  Chelsea  Hospital.  Richard  Wade- 
son is  said  to  have  been  born  at  the  Black  Bull  Inn,  Church  Street, 
of  which  inn  his  father,  John  Wadeson,  was  proprietor.  He  served 
an  apprenticeship  in  Lancaster  with  Mr.  Welch,  tallow  chandler, 
prior  to  entering  the  army.  But  little  is  known  of  this  gallant 
officer's  antecedents,  who  are  said  to  have  hailed  originally  from 
the  neighbourhood  of  Bolton-le-Sands.  Richard  enlisted  at  Lan- 
caster in  1848-9  and  rose  to  the  following  ranks: — Ensign  75th 
Regiment,  June  2nd,  1857  ;  lieutenant,  September  19th,  1857  ; 
captain,  December  9th,  1864;  major,  July  17th,  1872;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  December  18th,  1875  >  colonel,  December  18th,  1880  ; 
placed  on  half-pay,  December  18th,  1880;  major  and  lieutenant, 
governor  of  Chelsea  Hospital,  March  26th,  1881  ;  died,  1885.  It 
is  most  creditable  of  the  officers  of  the  75th  Regiment  that  when 
Lieut.  Wadeson  was  senior  lieutenant  there  were  several  officers 
junior  to  him  in  rank  whose  names  were  down  to  purchase  their 
companies,  and  who  would  in  due  course  have  been  able  to 
purchase  over  his  head,  as  he  could  not  afford  to  purchase.  This 
they  refused  to  do,  and  consequently,  on  the  next  vacancy  occuring, 
he  was  promoted  captain.  Wadeson  served  in  the  Indian  cam- 
paign of  1857  from  the  outbreak  on  the  12th  of  May,  including  the 


284  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


battle  of  Budleekaserai,  siege  operations  before  Delhi,  and  repulse 
of  sorties  on  the  12th  and  15th  of  June,  and  of  night  attacks  on  the 
camp  on  19th  and  23rd  June,  and  14th  and  18th  July,  storming 
(severely  wounded)  and  capture  of  Delhi  (medal  and  clasp). 

At  the  time  he  received  the  Victoria  Cross  he  was  sergeant- 
major.  The  official  chronicle,  called  the  Victoria  Cross,  published 
in  1865,  kindly  lent  me  by  an  able  military  authority,  contains  the 
following  account  of  Colonel  Wadeson's  exploits,  resulting  in  his 
securing  the  distinguished  honour  of  the  Maltese  Cross  of  Bronze : — 

"  He  received  the  Victoria  Cross  for  conspicuous  bravery  at  Delhi,  on  the 
iSth  of  July,  1857,  when  the  regiment  was  engaged  in  the  Subjee  Mundee,  in  having 
saved  the  life  of  Private  Michael  Farrell  when  attacked  by  a  Sowar  of  the  enemy's 
cavalry,  and  killed  the  Sowar.  Also,  on  the  same  day,  for  rescuing"  Private  John 
Barry,  of  the  same  regiment,  when,  wounded  and  helpless,  he  was  attacked  by  a 
Cavalry  Sowar  whom  Lieut.  Wadeson  killed. 

A  brass  memorial  is  placed  in  the  piazza  of  the  Royal 
Hospital,  Chelsea. 

"To  the  memory  of  Colonel  Richard  Wadeson,  V.C.,  Major 
and  Lieutenant  Governor  of  this  Hospital  from  1881  to  1885. 
Previously  for  35  years  in  Her  Majesty's  75th  (Stirlingshire) 
Regiment  (now  the  First  Battalion  of  the  Gordon  Highlanders), 
passing  through  all  ranks  to  the  command  of  the  regiment.  Died  in 
the  Hospital,  24th  January,  1885,  aged  58  years.  This  tablet  is 
erected  by  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  the  Hospital  on  behalf 
of  the  In-pensioners,  as  a  record  of  their  affection  and  respect." 
Colonel  Wadeson  had  a  brother  William  who  was  Town  Sergeant 
many  years. 

George    Dansox. 

This  well-known  scenic  painter  was  the  son  of  George 
Danson,  merchant,  of  Lancaster  and  Liverpool.  He  was  born  in 
Lancaster,  on  the  4th  of  June,  1799.  Having  a  decided  taste  for 
painting,     he    worked    his    way     steadily    from    the    period    of   his 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  285 


apprenticeship  with  Mr.  Shrigley,  and  after  completing-  his  term 
with  that  gentleman,  he  went  to  London.  In  due  course  he  was 
engaged  at  the  Coberg  (now  Victoria)  Theatre,  at  Astley's  (in 
Ducrow's  time),  at  Covent  Garden,  Surrey  Gardens,  and  at  Dairy 
Lane  (in  Macready's  time).  He  was  also  at  the  Colosseum,  Regent's 
Park,  and  ultimately  accepted  an  appointment  at  Belle  Vue,  Man- 
chester. Mr.  Danson  painted  two  pictures  which  found  their  way 
to  America,  pictures  representing  London  and  Paris  by  night. 
Mr.  Danson  died  in  London,  on  the  23rd  of  January,  t8Si,  and  was 
interred  at  Kensal  Green  Cemetery  on  the  27th  inst.  Mr.  Thomas 
Danson,  his  son,  from  whom  these  particulars  have  been  derived, 
was  born  on  the  19th  of  December,  1829,  and  holds  an  art  appoint- 
ment at  the  Zoological  Gardens,  Belle  Vue,  Manchester. 

Mr.   Thomas  Edmondson. 

The  following  biographical  sketch  of  one  of  the  smartest 
geniuses  the  world  of  invention  has  ever  known  is  taken  from  a 
pamphlet  reprinted  from  the  English  Mechanic  and  World  of  Science 
of  August  2nd,  1878.  The  biography  was  written  by  Mr.  J.  B. 
Edmondson,  in  response  to  many  inquiries  concerning  the  originator 
or  inventor  of  the  railway  ticket  system. 

Few  people  seem  to  be  aware  that  Thomas  Edmondson  was  born  in  Lan- 
caster on  the  30th  of  June,  1792.  His  parents,  John  and  Jane  Edmondson,  were  of 
humble  but  respectable  extraction  and  educated  their  children  to  the  best  of  their 
ability,  giving  to  each  that  share  which  his  or  her  talent  seemed  to  warrant  or 
inclination  as  to  literary  or  mechanical  pursuits  seemed  to  require.  Of  the  twelve 
children  that  were  born  to  them  only  five  reached  maturity,  three  boys  and  two 
daughters.  Thomas'  brothers  both  attained  good  and  useful  positions  as  principals 
of  educational  establishments.  The  name  of  the  elder  one,  Joseph,  is  the  less  known 
of  the  two,  as  he  gave  up  the  post  of  instructor  in  middle  life,  but  that  of  his  younger 
brother,  George,  is  no  doubt  familiar  to  many,  and  among  the  readers  of  this  paper 
there  will  probably  be  a  number  who  received  their  early  training  under  him  either 
at  Lower  Bank,  near  Blackburn  ;  Tulketh  Hall,  near  Preston  ;  or  at  the  scene  of  Ins 
latest  labours,  Queenwood  College,  Hampshire.  Thomas  early  displayed  an 
inventive  turn  of  mind,  which  led  to  many  ingenious  contrivances  for  the  good  of  the 
household.  One  piece  of  mechanicism  in  particular  has  been  mentioned  to  us,  by 
which  the  busy  housewife  was  able  to  churn  the  butter  and   rock    the   cradle   at   the 


286  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


same  time.  With  this  tendency  he  was  very  suitably  placed  as  apprentice  to  a 
cabinet-maker,  and  he  afterwards  worked  as  journeyman  in  the  same  line  cf  business 
with  the  eminent  firm  of  Messrs.  Gillow  &  Co.,  in  his  native  town.  While  there  he 
made  sundry  improvements  in  cabinet-making  implements  which  elicited  the 
approval  of  his  fellow-workmen  and  those  who  were  practically  acquainted  with 
their  use.  Thoroughness  in  manufacture,  completeness  in  detail,  and  adaptability  to 
the  work  required,  were  points  about  which  he  was  conscientiously  particular  ;  a 
habit  of  mind  which  conduced  greatly  to  his  future  success.  Indeed,  the  training 
altogether  was  of  the  utmost  service  to  him  in  after  life,  for  it  enabled  him  to  work 
out  his  own  notions  quietly  in  his  own  workshop,  and  prevented  the  necessity  for 
confiding'  to  other  hands  a  crude  idea  or  a  half  finished  invention.  In  due  time  he 
entered  into  partnership  at  Carlisle  with  other,  in  the  business  of  cabinet-making, 
but  the  firm  becoming  bankrupt  he  found  himself  in  a  reduced  position  from  circum- 
stances over  which  he  had  not  full  control.  Although  he  endeavoured  to  retrieve 
himself,  and  had  the  kind  assistance  in  so  doing  of  many  of  his  creditors,  he  did  not 
feel  he  was  making  that  progress  which  warranted  his  proceeding  further,  and 
finally  relinquished  the  undertaking.  lie  next  for  a  short  period  engaged  in  the  tea 
and  grocery  business,  but  he  was  not  fitted  for  commercial  pursuits,  and  very  willingly 
turned  his  attention  to  another  source  of  livelihood  which  just  then  came  in  his  way. 
The  Newcastle  and  Carlisle  Railway,  now  a  portion  of  the  North-Eastem  system, 
opened  for  passenger  traffic  and  a  stationmaster  being  required  for  the  small  road- 
side station  at  Milton,  since  called  Brampton,  he  applied  amongst  a  number  of 
competitors  for  the  post  and  fortunately  obtained  it  ;  the  directors  remarking  in 
making  the  selection  that  they  thought  "Mr.  Edmondson  would  prove  a  credit  to 
them."  Thus,  then,  about  1836,  when  in  his  44th  year,  he  made  his  first  acquaintance 
with  the  railway  world  at  the  solitary  little  station  of  Milton,  situated  about  fourteen 
miles  from  Carlisle — a  point  at  which  the  traffic  was  then  so  small  that  the  duties  of 
station-master  and  booking-clerk  were  performed  by  the  same  person.  In  the  first 
days  of  railway  travelling  it  was  natural  that  the  kind  of  tickets  which  had  served  for 
coach  passengers  should  still  be  used  as  vouchers  that  a  traveller  had  paid  his  fare. 
But  as  travellers  increased  in  number  these  scraps  of  paper  proved  inconvenient  in 
many  ways,  and  Mr.  Edmondson  at  once  felt  that  a  change  was  needed  in  them. 
Another  want,  and  one  of  still  more  importance,  soon  became  apparent  to  him.  He 
found  that  little  or  no  systematic  check  was  imposed  upon  the  station  clerks,  it  being 
left  to  their  integrity  to  account  correctly  for  moneys  paid  to  them.  His  ingenuity 
was  therefore  soon  at  work,  endeavouring  to  organise  a  system  whieh  should  be  a 
complete  check  in  the  first  instance  upon  himself — a  task  congenial  to  his  constructive 
head  and  honest  heart.  He  still  retained  his  bench  and  tools  as  old  friends,  and  his 
perfect  familiarity  with  the  use  of  them,  combined  with  ample  leisure  between  the 
train  services  of  that  day  at  Milton,  enabled  him  to  produce  the  various  little  pieces 
of  apparatus  which  he  required  to  carry  out  his  plans.  He  first  constructed  a  small 
wooden  block,  or  hand  stamp,  in  which  he  inserted  the  necessary  type,  -ay  "  Milton 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  287 


to  Carlisle,"  with  the  class,  fare,  &c. ,  which  lie  wanted  printed;  also  a  small  rack, 
divided  into  equal  spaces,  in  which  the  stamp  was  fitted  to  slide.  Having  previously 
placed  under  the  rack  a  strip  of  stiff  paper  or  cardboard,  he  supplied  the  stamp  with 
ink  by  means  of  an  ordinary  pad,  and  inserted  it  in  the  first  division  of  the  rack, 
he  brought  it  by  the  tap  of  a  mallet  down  on  to  the  cardboard  and  thus  obtained 
the  needful  impression.  By  a  repetition  of  this  process  in  the  various  divisions 
of  the  rack  he  completed  the  strip,  producing  in  fact  a  series  of  tickets  printed 
"  Milton  to  Carlisle,"  &c.  These  he  progressively  numbered  with  pen  and  ink, 
separated  with  a  pair  of  scissors,  and  laid  aside  for  use.  When  a  sufficient  number 
of  one  kind  were  prepared,  he  re-set  the  stamp,  substituting'  the  name  of  some  other 
station  for  Carlisle,  and  altering  the  fares,  &c. ,  in  accordance  with  the  change,  fie 
then  repeated  this  slow  tedious  process,  until  he  was  provided  with  a  supply  of 
tickets  from  his  own  station  to  all  others  on  the  line.  His  next  study  was  to  make  a 
case  in  which  the  various  descriptions  of  tickets  could  be  safely  kept,  and  at  the  same 
time  be  handy  for  issue  to  the  passengers  when  they  presented  themselves  at  the 
counter.  As  the  tickets  were  progressively  numbered,  they  must,  of  course,  be 
progressively  issued,  for  upon  this  principle  depended  the  check  which  he  pro- 
posed to  institute.  With  the  idea  of  having  the  ticket  to  be  next  issued  always  in 
view,  his  first  attempts  were  directed  to  its  being  removed  from  the  top.  For  this 
end  he  prepared  a  series  of  tubes  with  loose  bottoms,  bavin-;  tapes  fastened  to  them 
which  passed  over  small  pulleys  at  the  top  of  each  tube,  the  ends  of  the  tapes 
having  leaden  weights  attached,  in  order  that  as  a  ticket  was  extracted  from  the  top 
the  next  would  be  lifted  to  take  its  place.  But  the  advantage  of  seeing  the  ticket  was 
more  than  counterbalanced  by  all  this  cumbersome  machinery,  and  he  soon  decided 
to  abandon  his  tapes,  weights  and  pulleys,  and  allowing  the  tickets  to  drop  by  their 
own  gravity,  he  removed  them  as  required  from  below.  The  new  tubes  were,  there- 
fore, so  constructed  that,  while  affording  every  facility  for  being  filled  and  replenished, 
they  only  allowed  one  ticket  at  a  time  to  be  withdrawn  at  the  bottom.  This  being 
the  most  simple  plan  possible,  has  not  been  departed  from  or  improved  upon  since, 
and  has  continued  to  be  the  principle  upon  which  the  ticket-issuing  cases  at  the 
various  stations  have  been  constructed  to  the  present  time.  A  number  of  these  tubes 
are  ranged  side  by  side  in  one  case,  and  across  them,  for  the  convenience  of  the 
booking-clerk,  as  the  face  of  the  ticket  is  invisible,  runs  a  wooden  strip  or  label,  on 
the  upper  part  of  which  space  is  left  for  inserting  the  name  of  the  station,  class,  and 
fare  of  the  tickets  in  each  tube.  The  lower  portion  of  the  label  forms  the  frame  of  a 
strip  of  slate,  the  use  of  which  will  be  hereafter  mentioned.  A  suitable  receptacle 
having  now  been  provided,  only  one  other  contrivance  was  necessary  before  making 
the  trial  he  contemplated,  and  this  was  some  expeditious  method  of  putting  a  date 
upon  the  ticket  when  it  was  issued  to  the  passenger.  Probably  it  was  accomplished 
in  the  first  instance  by  hand,  but  the  plan  was  liable  to  error  and  a  cause  of  delay. 
Something  was,  therefore,  to  be  thought  of  which,  by  a  quick  and  instantaneous 
motion,  would  stamp  the  date  at  once.       When  the   mind   is  absorbed  day  by  day  in 


288  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


seeking  after  that  which  for  the  moment  seems  to  elude  its  grasp,  it  is  in  a  condition 
to  seize  an  idea  from  trifles,  which  would  otherwise  pass  unnoticed.  In  this  frame  of 
mind  his  pocket-comb  was  the  trivial  instrument  that  suddenly  suggested  to  Mr. 
Edmondson  a  way  for  accomplishing  his  object.  It  was  an  old-fashioned  pocket- 
comb,  working  on  a  hinge,  and  the  two  edges,  the  end  of  the  comb,  and  the  end  of 
the  handle,  when  pushed  together,  suggested  a  motion  and  convenience  of  nip  or 
pressure  which  he  thought  might  be  utilised  for  his  purpose,  and  that  if  type  and 
the  means  of  supplying  it  with  ink,  could  be  introduced  into  the  mouth  or  angle 
formed  by  the  two  edges  before  mentioned,  it  would,  on  receiving  a  sharp  push  after  the 
ticket  was  inserted,  close  and  bring  the  type  against  the  cardboard.  This  idea  after 
being-  duly  matured,  was  practically  developed  in  his  little  workshop,  and  resulted 
in  a  small  wooden  machine,  which  so  completely  answered  the  purpose  intended 
that  he  never  had  occasion  to  alter  the  principle  of  construction,  and  though  the 
dating  presses  were  afterwards  made  of  iron,  this  principle,  combining  efficiency  with 
expedition,  has  not  been  improved  upon.  The  problem  of  supplying  the  type  with 
ink  he  solved  by  passing  a  ribbon  saturated  with  it  between  the  type  and  the  card. 
In  the  first  place  the  length  of  inked  ribbon  is  wound  on  a  roller  below  the  type, 
whence  it  passes  over  the  face  of  the  type,  on  to  another  roller  above.  By  the  act  of 
dating  a  ticket  a  certain  length  is  drawn  from  the  supply  roller,  and  at  each  stroke  a 
fresh  surface  of  inked  ribbon  is  thus  presented  for  the  next  impression. 

All  being  now  ready  he  commenced  to  give  his  system  a  trial,  and  to  issue 
to  each  passenger  a  cardboard  ticket,  which,  though  smaller  than  the  present  one, 
represented  the  station  to  which  the  traveller  was  going,  the  class  in  which  he  wished 
to  be  conveyed,  and  the  progressive  number  of  the  ticket,  the  date,  of  course,  being 
added  at  the  time  of  issue.  After  the  departure  of  the  last  train  at  night  he  proceeded 
to  examine  the  tubes  of  his  ticket-case.  A  matter  of  importance  should  here  be 
referred  to.  He  had  commenced  the  progressive  numbering  of  his  tickets  at  o,  and 
that  being  the  first  issued  of  each  description  of  ticket  it  followed  that  the  figures  on 
the  card  lowest  in  the  tube  at  any  time  represented  the  actual  quantity  sold.  Had  he 
commenced  them  at  I  an  additional  process  of  subtraction  would  have  been  necessary 
at  each  tube,  leading  to  inadvertence  and  error,  but  by  commencing  at  o  he  had  only 
{0  copy  the  lowest  number  in  the  tube  which  was  done  on  the  strip  of  slate  before 
alluded  to  as  running  in  front  of  the  case.  The  result  of  the  day's  issue  being  thus 
clearly  before  him,  and  the  fares  being  marked  on  the  label  or  frame  above  the  slate, 
it  was  not  difficult  to  ascertain  what  ought  to  be  the  amount  in  his  cash -drawer.  On 
the  following  night,  by  subtracting  the  number  left  on  the  slate  from  the  lowest 
ticket  again  in  the  tube,  he  found  the  quantity  of  tickets  sold  on  the  second  day,  and 
so  forth.  These  details  may,  to  the  general  reader,  seem  a  simple  matter  to  dwell 
upon,  but  if  he  will  remember  the  number  of  ticket-tubes  to  be  inspected  each  night 
at  some  of  our  large  stations — at  one  or  two  of  them  nearly  two  thousand, — he  will 
see  that  it  is  of  great  importance  to  the  booking-clerk  in  making  out   his  returns  to 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  289 


have  the  most  simple  yet  exact  method  of  ascertaining  the  number  of  each  kind  of 
ticket  issued  at  his  station  during  the  day  in  order  to  balance  his  cash,  and  forward  it 
with  a  correct  return  to  the  head  office.  To  facilitate  the  last  operation,  Mr.  Edmond- 
son  drew  out  a  set  of  forms  for  making  the  needful  returns  to  the  audit  or  chief  office, 
which  after  being  duly  filled  up,  presented  an  accurate  summary  of  the  daily  or  weekly 
business  transacted,  and  showed  at  a  glance  the  amount  of  traffic  at  each  station, 
and  the  sum  due  from  each  clerk  on  behalf  of  the  passengers  booked.  To  extend  to 
other  stations  what  was  found  so  applicable  to  his  own  was  his  next  consideration 
but  for  unexplained  reasons  his  propositions  were  not  at  first  entertained,  and  it  was 
only  after  repeated  efforts  that  he  was  able  to  induce  the  directors  of  the  Newcastle 
and  Carlisle  Railway  to  arrange  for  the  adoption  of  his  plans  at  some  of  their  stations. 
There  was  a  proposition  to  remove  him  to  Newcastle,  but  it  was  not  carried  into 
effect,  and  the  repeated  delays  were  very  disheartening  to  him.  While  in  this  state 
of  discouragement  he  received  a  visit  from  Captain  Laws,  at  that  time  the  enterprising 
and  energetic  manager  of  the  Manchester  and  Leeds  Railway,  who,  having  heard  of 
the  plan  adopted  by  the  clerk  at  Milton  Station  lor  '  checking  himself  came  over  to 
inspect  it,  and  having  had  the  details  thoroughly  explained  to  him,  was  clear-sighted 
enough  to  perceive  its  immense  value  to  the  railway  interest,  then  becoming  an  im- 
portant feature  in  the  country.  He,  therefore,  at  once  proposed  to  Mr.  Edmondson 
that  he  should  remove  to  Manchester,  with  the  object  of  introducing  his  system  on 
the  above  railway,  making  the  promise  "  that  his  salary  should  be  multiplied  by  two," 
an  offer  which,  after  due  consideration,  was  gratefully  accepted.  This  unexpected 
recognition  and  timely  acknowledgment  of  his  invention  paved  the  way  for  its  general 
adoption,  and  for  the  next  ten  or  twelve  years  the  introduction  of  his  plans  on  to  new 
lines  of  railway  as  they  rapidly  developed  themselves,  in  addition  to  his  duties  on  the 
Manchester  and  Leeds  line,  involved  a  great  amount  of  labour  on  the  part  of  the 
inventor.  At  length  that  Company,  with  a  complimentary  minute  of  the  board, 
liberated  him  from  their  service,  in  order  that  he  might  devote  his  whole  time  to  the 
further  development  and  introduction  of  his  system. 

Mr.  Edmondson's  brother,  Joseph,  having  for  some  time  relinquished  his 
academical  pursuits,  was  now  very  helpful  to  him  in  the  supervision  of  his  establish- 
ment, thus  setting  him  at  liberty  for  personal  instruction  to  the  booking  clerks  at  the 
different  stations — a  work  which  compelled  him  to  leave  home  frequently,  and  for 
long  periods.  The  previous  occupation  of  Mr.  Joseph  admirably  fitted  him.  amongst 
other  duties,  for  the  accurate  and  methodical  superintendence  ot  accounts  during  the 
minority  of  his  brother  Thomas's  only  son. 

As  we  observed,  when  describing  the  first  apparatus  used  for  carrying  out  the 
ticket-system,  the  principles  of  construction  in  the  ticket  case  and  dating  press  were 
almost  perfected  from  the  commencement,  but  the  more  complex  machinery  for 
printing  and    progressively   numbering  the  tickets  has  been   the   result    of  gradual 


U 


ago  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


improvement.  Many  persons  suppose  the  dating'  press,  the  little  machine  on  the 
counter  of  the  booking-office,  to  be  all  that  is  required  for  printing  the  tickets,  but 
a  moment's  reflection  ought  to  convince  them  that  as  there  is  only  one  machine,  con- 
taining only  type  sufficient  for  the  date  of  the  day,  it  cannot  print  the  multiplicity  of 
letterpress  which  is  required  for  booking  passengers  in  different  classes  to  their 
various  destinations.  That  is  all  done  elsewhere,  and  a  combination  of  machinery  is 
needed  for  it,  the  leading  feature  of  which  the  inventor  saw  from  the  first  must  be 
that  of  printing  our  ticket  at  a  time.  Experience  has  proved  that  this  original 
conception  was  the  true  basis  upon  which  to  proceed  in  ticket-printing,  as  although 
hundreds  of  millions  in  the  aggregate  are  annually  produced,  the  amount  is  so 
divided  and  sub-divided  by  the  various  stations  and  classes  that  the  average  number 
printed  of  any  one  kind  is  not  large,  and  the  quantity  supplied  of  each  description  at 
one  time  being  only  that  of  a  few  months'  stock  to  each  station,  it  will  be  readily 
seen  that  the  time  required  to  set  up  the  number  of  formes  of  type  for  a  sheet  would  be 
fatal  to  an  expeditious  supply. 

Mr.  Edmondson  was  only  a  worker  in  wood,  and  feeling  now  the  need  of  a 
stronger  material,  he  consulted  a  practical  friend  of  his.  Mr.  John  Blaylock,  of 
Carlisle,  by  whose  assistance  he  was  enabled  to  put  together  a  printing  machine  which 
carried  out  his  ideas,  and  was  sufficient  for  the  requirements  of  that  period.  This 
machine,  however,  has  been  greatly  improved  upon  from  time  to  time,  and  while  the 
original  feature  of  printing  one  ticket  at  once  has  always  been  maintained,  its  general 
completeness  and  efficiency  have  been  materially  increased  by  the  ingenuity  and 
careful  study  of  Mr.  James  Carson,  who,  from  the  early  rise  of  ticket-printing  as  a 
business,  has  occupied  the  responsible  position  of  foreman  in  the  principal  manufac- 
tory in  Manchester,  where  Mr.  Edmondson's son  still  continues  the  business  which  his 
father  established.  There  not  only  are  tickets  printed,  but  the  printing  machines, 
ticket-cases,  and  dating  presses,  together  with  other  ticket  apparatus,  are  manufac- 
tured, and  supplied  to  railway  companies  as  required.  Before  attempting  to  describe 
the  present  printing  press,  we  may  say  a  few  words  as  to  the  routine  of  ordering 
tickets.  The  station  clerk,  on  finding  that  his  stock  of  tickets  of  any  kind  is  getting 
low,  makes  out  a  "  requisition,''  on  which  is  stated  the  name  of  his  own  station, 
and  that  of  the  one  to  which  he  requires  a  further  supply.  The  class  is  also  given, 
and  the  lowest  number  of  the  tickets  in  stock,  together  with  the  highest,  which  was, 
of  course,  the  closing  number  of  his  last  quantity.  The  difference  between  them, 
representing  the  stock  in  hand,  he  enters  into  an  additional  column.  Having  passed 
the  audit  office,  where  the  amount  of  the  new  order  isadded  to  it,  the  "  requisition  " 
is  forwarded  to  the  company's  printer,  who  arranges  his  forme  of  type  in  accordance  with 
its  particulars.  Wheels  for  printing  the  progressive  numbers  so  often  mentioned,  are 
attached  to  the  press,  and  can  be  set  to  anything  between  o  and  9,999,  embracing  a 
quantity  of  10,000  tickets.  In  this  instance  the  printer  sets  them  to  the  number  next 
above  the  highest  named  as  in  stock,  and  then   proceeds  to  fill  the  feeding  tube  with 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  291 


the  proper  coloured  cardboard,  for  indicating  the  class  and  single  journey,  return  or 
excursion  ticket  as  the  case  may  be.  The  feeding  tube  is  an  upright  case  at  the  back 
of  the  machine,  and  is  capable  of  holding  five  hundred  blank  tickets.  The  blank 
cardboard  is  received  from  the  manufacturers,  Messrs.  De  la  Rue  and  Co.,  in  tightly- 
packed  boxes,  less  than  two  feet  square,  each  box  containing  about  48,000  tickets, 
ready  cut  into  the  required  size. 

The  machinery  and  arrangements  for  preparing  these  would  be  matter  for 
a  paper  by  themselves.  Suffice  it  to  state  that  they  are  beautifully  complete,  and 
worthy  of  the  firm  whose  name  is  now  so  celebrated  all  over  Europe,  and  in  fact  the 
world.  The  printing  machine  being  ready  is  put  into  motion  ;  when  a  catch,  set  to 
nearly  the  thickness  of  a  ticket,  and  working  horizontally,  draws  the  lowest  card 
forward  in  the  direction  of  the  type  and  numbering  wheels,  one  set  of  wheels  (used 
for  return  tickets)  being  situated  before  and  the  other  after  the  type  frame,  and  all 
receiving  at  each  stroke  of  the  machine  a  supply  of  ink  for  the  next  impression.  The 
first  card  is  left  in  position  under  the  first  set  of  numbering  wheels.  If  it  is  to  be  a 
return  ticket  it  there  receives  a  number,  if  not,  that  set  of  wheels  has  been  put  out  of 
gear,  and  the  ticket  waits  to  be  pushed  forward  to  the  type  by  the  introduction  of  a 
second  card  from  the  feeding  tube.  A  third  card  pushes  number  one  under  the 
second  set  of  wheels,  where  it  receives  its  appropriate  number,  and  by  the  push  of  a 
fourth  it  falls,  printed  and  numbered,  into  a  receiving  tube  at  the  front  of  the 
machine.  Any  stop  in  the  delivery  shows  the  attendant  that  something  is  wrong. 
The  mechanism,  while  capable  of  being  driven  at  a  great  speed,  is  regulated  to  that 
of  about  200  tickets  a  minute,  this  being  found  a  rate  at  which  the  attendant  can 
most  readily  superintend  the  supply  of  blank  cardboard  to  his  feeding  tube,  and  give 
the  needful  attention  to  the  other  movements  of  the  machine.  The  printed  tickets 
are  next  conveyed  to  the  counting  machine,  which  is  simply  an  additional  check  as  to 
the  accuracy  of  the  progressive  numbering,  the  necessity  for  it  arising  from  occasional 
inequalities  in  the  size  and  thickness  of  the  tickets,  and  a  liability  to  warping  on  the 
part  of  the  cardboard.  As  the  thickness  of  an  average  ticket  is  the  only  available 
gauge  by  which  to  adjust  the  catch  of  the  printing  press,  it  will  be  easily  understood 
that  in  case  of  a  warped  card  the  catch  misses  it,  and  as  no  blank  ticket  is  drawn  in 
the  printed  one  is  not  pushed  forward,  and,  therefore,  receiving  repeated  impressions 
is  spoiled.  As  soon  as  the  attendant  finds  that  something  is  wrong  he  stops  the 
machine  and  puts  it  right,  but  in  re-arranging  the  numbering,  which  has  been  going- 
on  and  changing  with  every  stroke,  he  may  possibly  set  it  a  number  in  advance  or 
otherwise  of  the  last  good  ticket.  Hence  the  necessity  for  an  additional  check. 
The  counting  machine  is  furnished  with  feeding  and  receiving  tubes,  and  with 
accurately  numbered  wheels  similar  to  those  of  the  printing  machine.  The  attendant 
having  placed  his  pile  of  tickets  in  the  feeding  tube,  the  lowest  number  at  the  bottom, 
he  draws  it  into  view  by  means  of  a  catch  similar  in  arrangement  to  that  of  the  press, 
observes  the  number  of  the  ticket  thus  produced,  and  sets  the  corresponding  number 


292  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


on  the  counting-wheel  to  an  index  or  eyelet-hole  situated  conveniently  for  the  eye  of 
the  counter.  When  the  machine  is  in  motion  for  every  ticket  that  is  drawn  out  of 
the  feeding  tube  the  counting-wheel  moves  a  number  forward,  and  so  long  as  the  two 
numbers  agree  all  is  right.  In  order  to  ascertain  if  they  do  so  the  attendant  stops 
frequently  to  examine.  Errors  (if  any)  having  been  corrected  by  the  man  who 
printed  the  tickets,  these  are  now  ready  for  packing.  As  progressive  order  is  so 
essential  in  the  issue  of  the  tickets  no  danger  of  that  being  broken  must  be  left 
unprovided  for  ;  they  are,  therefore,  placed  in  bundles  of  250  in  a  frame  or  screwing- 
up  apparatus,  by  which  they  can  be  tightened  almost  into  a  solid  mass.  While  in 
this  condition  a  band  of  string  is  passed  round  them,  and,  being  secured  by  a  suitable 
knot,  they  retain  their  solidity  when  liberated  from  pressure,  and  are  in  a  state  for 
distribution  to  all  parts  of  the  world. 

In  this  way  are  prepared  the  little  tickets  which  the  travelling  public  receive 
at  the  booking  office  window,  and  stow  away  in  their  pockets  or  slip  into  their  gloves 
or  hats  without  thought  of  the  ingenuity  and  industry  required  to  produce  even  so 
small  and  insignificant  an  object.  Insignificant  as  each  ticket  may  seem,  however, 
the  annual  aggregate  of  the  railway  fares  which  these  trifles  represent  amounts  to 
millions  of  pounds  sterling,  and  every  fractional  part  in  that  great  total  is  duly  and 
easily  registered  by  this  simple  ticket  system.  It  is  always  interesting  to  look  back 
to  small  beginnings,  and  compare  them  with  the  results  of  a  few  years'  thought  and 
work.  The  contrast  is  often  startling,  and  to  no  one  would  it  be  more  so  in  this  case 
than  to  the  originator  of  the  railway  ticket  system  itself,  could  he  behold  the  immense 
increase  of  traffic  which  must  now  be  provided  for.  Little  did  he  think  at  that  lonely 
Milton  station,  as  he  worked  at  his  bench  in  the  still  hours  of  the  night,  of  the  ulti- 
mate extent  of  the  success  with  which  his  labours  were  to  be  crowned,  and  we  are 
tempted  to  regret  that  he  did  not  live  to  a  more  mature  age  to  witness  the  extended 
development  of  his  plans.  One  thing  he  did  live  to  accomplish,  which  must  be  esti- 
mated at  a  far  higher  value  than  anything  yet  mentioned.  From  the  time  when  the 
firm  in  which  he  was  a  partner  at  Carlisle  became  bankrupt,  it  had  been  his  cherished 
wish  to  be  able  to  pay  their  creditors  in  full,  and  he  did  not  depart  from  the  frugal 
style  of  living  which  at  first  was  a  necessity  until  he  had  fulfilled  this  moral  though  not 
legal  claim.  A  leading  Manchester  newspaper  in  recording  the  decease  of  Mr. 
Edmondson  which  took  place  at  his  residence,  in  Manchester,  on  the  22nd  of  June, 
1851,  says  :  — '  With  the  character  of  Mr.  Edmondson  in  private  life  it  is  denied  us  to 
deal,  inasmuch  as  knowing  well  his  retiring  habits  we  fear  we  should  be  acting  in 
opposition  to  his  declared  wishes.  Suffice  it  to  say,  however,  that  not  the  least 
noticeable  trait  of  his  character  was  that,  though  at  an  early  period  of  his  life  misfor- 
tunes had  involved  him  in  difficulties,  he  hardly  permitted  better  times  to  dawn 
fully  upon  him  before  he  nobly  and  voluntarily  exerted  himself  and  as  nobly  succeeded 
some  time  before  Ids  death  in  rendering  to  every  man  his  own  who  had  chanced  to  be 
his  creditor  ! '  This  excellent  gentleman,  it  may  be  added,  was  a  member  of  the 
Society  of  Friends. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  293 


It  has  been  considered  advisable  to  give  the  whole  of  Mr.  J.  B.  Edmondson's 
account  of  his  father's  inventions,  and  doubtless  to  many  Lancastrians  the  reproduc- 
tion will  not  prove  unwelcome  since  the  information  contained  in  the  same  is  not  met 
with  every  day.  The  matter  is  certainly  no  less  valuable  because  less  biographical 
than  scientific  and  didactic  so  far  as  application  and  energy  are  concerned.  Talking 
about  Railway  tickets  who  can  look  at  one  without  seeing  in  it  something  emblematic 
as  shown  in  the  accompanying  stanza  written  on  the  back  of  one  a  few  years  ago. 

Valued  indeed,  and  like  the  owner,  bored, 

A  date  the  only  fruit  thou  canst  afford, 

Well  dost  thou  emblemise  the  traveller  who 

Like  thee  is  gripp'd  and  snipp'd  life's  journey  through. 

Mr.  William  Shaw   Simpson. 

Mr.  William  Shaw  Simpson,  the  well-known  Temperance 
Reformer,  of  Liverpool,  was  a  native  of  Skerton,  Lancaster,  where 
he  first  saw  the  light  of  this  world  in  the  year  1829.  His  father  was 
a  joiner.  When  his  son  William  was  about  two  years  old,  he 
removed  to  Liverpool.  His  mother,  a  highly  intelligent  woman, 
personally  superintended  her  son's  education,  and  thoroughly  instilled 
into  his  young  mind  the  principles  of  total  abstinence.  At  the  age 
of  seventeen  he  entered  the  service  of  Messrs.  Sewell,  Chronometer 
Makers,  South  Castle  Street  ;  his  chief  duty  consisting  of  meeting 
foreign  incoming  vessels,  principally  American  steamships,  in  order 
to  secure  custom  for  his  employers.  The  young  man  seems  to  have 
had  some  singular  experiences  in  this  capacity,  and  one  instance  of 
his  deportment  on  a  critical  occasion  may  fittingly  be  mentioned. 
One  day  he  was  on  board  an  American  sailing-ship,  sitting  with  the 
captain  at  a  table  talking  over  business.  The  captain  suddenly  lost 
his  temper,  drew  a  revolver,  and  swore  he  would  shoot  him  if  he 
did  not  get  off  the  ship.  "  Very  well,"  replied  the  young  man,  with 
great  coolness,  "  If  that  will  suit  you  rather  than  sign  my  bill,  and 
if  it  will  please  you  better,  fire  away  !  "  The  next  appointment  we 
find  William  Simpson  holding  is  that  of  manager  of  the  Liverpool 
Zoological  Gardens,  formerly  at  the  beginning  of  the  West  Derby- 
Road.  Subsequently,  he  became  manager  of  the  Rhyl  Steampacket 
Company,  and  held  this  position  apparently  until  September,  185S, 


294  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


when  he  commenced  business  on  his  own  account.  In  July,  1874, 
his  premises  were  destroyed  by  fire,  and  great  sympathy  was  mani- 
fested for  him.  He  was  not  only  a  staunch  teetotaller  but  a  genuine 
worker  in  times  of  national  or  international  distress,  and  li  Simpson's 
Bowl  "  is  still  talked  of  in  Liverpool.  For  the  Indian  Famine 
Fund  ^203  is.  3d.  was  collected  by  means  of  this  "  bowl  ;  "  while 
for  the  suffering  community  of  South  Wales  no  less  than  ^1,079 
19s.  1  id.  was  obtained  ;  and  for  the  Abercarne  Colliery  Explosion 
^"526  os.  6)4d.  ;  a  similar  amount  being  gathered  for  the  Haydock 
Colliery  Explosion.  The  "  bowl  "  was  out  sixty  days  for  the  recep- 
tion of  donations  on  behalf  of  the  sufferers  in  the  West  of  Ireland, 
in  1880,  and  £s21  13s.  8d.  having  been  collected  ;  Mr.  Simpson 
went  over  to  Connemara  to  distribute  the  amount  amongst  the 
poverty-stricken  peasantry.  It  is  not  generally  known  that  a  Lan- 
caster man  originated  the  Hospital  Saturday  collecting  system.  That 
man  was  William  Shaw  Simpson.  But  to  pass  on.  As  a  debater  Mr. 
Simpson  was  allowed  to  be  smart  and  telling.  He  once  met  Mr. 
Bradlaugh,  M.P.,  and  challenged  him  to  a  discussion  regarding 
religious  matters.  The  controversy  lasted  two  nights.  Up  to 
1878  this  remarkable  social  reformer  and  politician  was  a  conserva- 
tive, but  at  this  period  his  views  underwent  a  serious  change,  the 
outcome  of  careful  reflection  and  conscientious  inquiry. 

At  the  November  election  of  1879,  Mr.  Simpson  came  forth 
as  a  candidate  in  his  own  town,  for  the  West  Derby  Ward,  in 
opposition  to  Mr.  J.  Nicol.  His  candidature  was  ridiculed,  but  he 
was  returned  by  a  majority  of  232  votes.  Owing  to  his  residence 
on  the  landing  stage  not  being  rateable,  he  was,  after  some  months, 
declared  disqualified,  and,  therefore,  was  unseated. 

In  1882,  he  contested  Preston  in  the  Liberal  interest  against 
the  Right  Honourable  Cecil  Raikes,  M.P. ,  who  was  nominated  by 
the  Conservative  Party,  for  the  seat  rendered  vacant  by  the  eleva- 
tion to  the  judicial  bench  of  Sir  John  Holker.  Although,  a  stranger 
to  the  borough  of  Preston,  he  polled  4,212  votes,  being  beaten  by 
Mr.  Raikes,  who  polled  6,045  votes,  thus  having  a  majority  of 
1,833. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  295 


Whatever  Mr.  Simpson  took  in  hand  he  endeavoured  to  do 
justice  to.  He  was  an  honest  thinker  and  toiler,  of  whom  it  may 
justly  be  said  that  he  lives  most,  now  that  he  is  dead,  in  regard  to 
influence  and  example  ;  and  his  name  is  alike  revered  in  Liverpool 
and  Preston.  He  died  on  the  16th  of  June,  1883,  in  his  54th  year. 
His  funeral  will  long"  be  remembered  by  those  who  witnessed  it,  and 
by  the  thousands  of  Liverpool  people,  of  all  creeds,  who  learned  to 
see  in  his  public  and  private  life  aspirations  of  a  most  generous 
nature  in  every  sense. 

James  Brunton. 

It  would  be  almost  an  injustice  to  omit  from  the  biographical 
section  of  this  work  a  brief  memoir  of  James  Brunton,  the  originator 
of  the  noble  scheme  for  improving  the  condition  of  the  mentally 
deranged,  realised  so  thoroughly  in  the  Royal  Albert  Asylum.  Mr. 
Brunton  was  the  son  of  John  Brunton,  cooper,  of  Lancaster,  by 
Hannah  Dean,  his  wife,  and  he  was  born  in  the  year  1801,  in  Sun 
Street.  For  some  years  he  was  the  manager  of  the  Lancaster  and 
Preston  Bank,  and  was  much  esteemed  for  his  quiet  and  unpre- 
tentious disposition.  It  is  said,  by  his  relations,  that  the  idea  of 
erecting  an  institution  for  idiots  and  imbeciles  first  occurred  to  him 
while  on  a  visit  to  Liverpool,  where  he  beheld  persons  of  weak 
intellect,  treated  by  those  who  professed  to  be  sane,  in  a  manner 
that  savoured  more  of  barbarism  than  of  Christianity  ;  and  his  feel- 
ings were  such  that  he  resolved  to  do  something  in  his  own  town  at 
least  towards  benefitting  those  who  were  deprived  of  reasoning 
powers  and  so  often  became  the  butts  of  persons,  whose  conscious 
and  deliberate  disposition  to  abuse  such  creatures,  was  as  much 
to  be  deplored  as  the  affliction  of  those  whom  they  ridiculed  and 
tormented.  Mr.  Brunton,  therefore,  offered  ^2,000  towards  the 
establishment  of  a  suitable  building,  in  which  the  demented  and 
reasonless  creatures  of  his  own  locality  could  be  taken  care  of,  and 
rendered  happy  as  far  as  it  was  possible  to  render  them.  A  com- 
mittee comprising  Messrs.  T.  Howitt,  J.  S.  Harrison,  E.  G.  Pale}-, 
A.  Seward,  J.  Sharp,  and  S.  Ross,  with   Dr.  de  Yitre  as  chairman, 


296  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  considering-  Mr.  Brunton's  proposal. 
From  this  meeting  the  great  institution  on  the  Cockerham  Road 
may  be  said  to  date.  Dr.  de  Vitre  took  up  the  matter  very  vigor- 
ously, and  the  town  and  county  reciprocating,  the  scheme  developed 
and  is  now  one  of  the  grandest  realisations  of  modern  times  ever 
allied  to  and  maintained  by  private  and  public  munificence.  But 
Mr.  Brunton,  who  was  a  staunch  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends, 
never  dreamt  of  there  being  erected  in  our  midst  a  structure  of  such 
an  elaborate  character,  as  the  Royal  Albert  now  is  ;  he  appears  to 
have  thought  of  founding  a  series  of  cottage  homes  with  far  humbler 
surroundings,  so  far  as  architectural  features  and  dimensions  are 
concerned,  than  we  find  existing  to-day.  Happily,  however,  from 
this  original  donor's  modest  ideas,  an  organisation  and  method 
have  been  evolved,  which  have  made  the  Idiot  Asylum,  at  Lancaster, 
the  peaceful,  sanitarily  correct,  elevated  and  comfortable  refuge 
available  to  "naturals"  and  imbeciles,  belonging  to  the  seven 
northern  counties. 

Mr.  Brunton  was  never  married  He  resided  at  Lune 
Terrace  for  some  time,  and  died  there  on  the  20th  of  March,  1871, 
aged  69  years.  He  was  buried  in  the  yard  adjoining  the  Friends' 
Meeting  House,  Lancaster,  on  Thursday,  the  23rd  inst.  The 
central  committee  of  the  Royal  Albert  Asylum  following  his  remains 
to  their  grave.  The  Home  for  special  private  pupils  has  been  very 
appropriately  designated  "  Brunton  House,"  and  thus  is  perpetuated 
in  this  block  of  houses,  on  the  old  Quarry  Hill,  the  original  idea  of 
him  whose  name  it  bears. 

Miss  Brunton,  who  lived  and  died  in  West  Place,  subscribed 
an  annual  sum  to  the  Royal  Albert  Asylum  for  several  years. 

Mr.  William  Pickard  who  has  most  generously  and  promptly 
rendered  me  excellent  service  at  various  times,  has  kindly  for- 
warded the  copy  of  marriage  register  of  Mr.  Brunton's  parents, 
which  I  append  : — 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  297 


John  Brunton,  of  Lancaster,  married  to  Hannah  Dean,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Dean,  of  Skerton,  and  Ann  his  wife  — 1800,  September  4th.  Their  son,  James 
Brunton,  was  born  June  13,  1801,  at  Lancaster,  died  March  20th,  187 1. 

Mr.  James  Tomlinson. 

Mr.  James  Tomlinson  is  the  eldest  son  of  Mr.  Thomas 
Tomlinson  and  Annie  Tomlinson  nee  Waters.  He  was  born  in  St. 
Leonardgate  on  the  16th  of  December,  1850,  and  was  educated  at 
the  Boys'  National  School. 

In    early  childhood   he    evinced   a   remarkable    fondness  for 
instrumental  music,  and  happily  received  such   training  at  home  as 
greatly  prepared  him   for  a   rapid   development   in   the   art   he  was 
destined    to    adorn.       In    the    words    of   his    father    "  his    present 
reputation    is    largely    attributable    to    his    natural    gift    and   keen 
perseverance."     One  of  the   first  to   recognise   his   talent  was   the 
late  Edmund  Sharpe,  Esq.,  M.A.,  who  from  time  to  time  gave  him 
much  assistance   in   his  studies  and  many   valuable  introductions. 
He  systematically  studied   both   organ  and   piano,  and  when    only 
twelve  vears  of  age  he   was   appointed  organist   of  the    Wesleyan 
Chapel,  Morecambe.     Thence  he  went  to  fill  the   like   vocation   at 
St.    Michael's   Church,    Cockerham.      After   a   competitive   trial   he 
was  ultimately  chosen  organist  of  St.  John's  Church,  Lancaster,  in 
which  Church  a  new  organ  had  just  been   placed.       In  1868,  on  the 
retirement  of  the  late  Mr.  W.  Duxbury,  he  was  chosen   after   com- 
petition to  the  post  of  organist  of  St.  Thomas'  Church,  in  the  same 
town.       At  the    age   of   twenty-two   we   find  him   organist   at  the 
Catholic    Church,    St.    Helens  ;  and  subsequently   organist    at   St. 
Wilfrid's  Church,    Preston,   where   he   remained   until  June,     1888. 
In  1882  he  was  appointed  organist  to  the  Corporation   of  Preston, 
and  those  who  have  heard  his  performances  on   the  grand   instru- 
ment erected  in  the  New  Public   Hall   of  the   borough    named-   an 
instrument  presented  to  the  town  by  the  late  J.    Dewhurst,  Esq.— 
will  readily  endorse  the  remark  that  the  selection  of  Mr.  Tomlinson 
has  reflected  credit  upon  those  with  whom  the  appointment  rested. 


298  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


The  organ  in  the  above  hall  is  a  magnificent  one,  costing  between 
^2,000  and  ^3,000.  Mr.  Tomlinson  is  also  known  as  a  musical 
composer,  and  is  a  contributor  to  Dr.  Spark's  Organists'  Quarterly 
Journal.  For  some  time  Mr.  Tomlinson  was  a  joint  lessee  of  the 
Theatre  Royal,   Preston. 

Distinguished  Laymen  closely  identified  with  Lancaster. 

Professor  Frankland,   F.R.S. 

Edward  Frankland,  J. P.,  D.C.L.,  Ph.  D.,  LL.D.,  M.D., 
F.R.S.,  was  born  at  Churchtown,  near  Lancaster,  on  the  18th 
of  January,  1825.  He  was  educated  at  the  Lancaster  Gram- 
mar School  and  was  much  indebted  to  the  late  Christopher 
Johnson,  Esq.,  M.R.C.S.,  and  his  son,  the  late  Dr.  James  Johnson, 
of  Hampson,  Ellel,  for  facilities  in  the  study  of  Chemistry.  He 
went  to  London  in  1845,  and  studied  chemistry  at  the  Museum  of 
Practical  Geology,  under  Sir  Lyon  Playfair. 

He  subsequently  went  to  Germany,  and  at  the  Universities 
of  Marburg  and  Giessen  he  had  the  advantage  of  the  experience  and 
learning  of  such  great  men  as  Bunsen  and  Liebig.  At  Marburg  his 
studies  were  crowned  with  success,  and  for  a  dissertation  upon  the 
discovery  of  a  method  for  isolating  ethyl,  the  radical  contained  in 
ethylic  alcohol,  and  ethylic  ether,  he  received  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 
This  dissertation  had  great  theoretical  importance,  as  demonstrating 
the  truth  of  certain  speculations  on  the  constitution  of  organic 
radicals.  Returning  to  England,  a  brilliant  career  opened  before 
him.  He  was  appointed  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  Owen's  College, 
Manchester,  in  1851,  and  in  1857  he  became  Professor  of  Chemistry 
in  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London.  During  this  period  he 
was  engaged  in  some  important  investigations  in  a  new  field  of 
organic  chemistry  :  and  in  1849  the  first  paper  on  the  subject 
appeared  in  the  Journal  of  the  Che?nical  Society,  entitled,  "  On 
a  New  Series  of  Organic  Bodies  containing  Metals."  This 
research   has    revolutionised    organic    chemical    theories  ;     it    gave 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  299 


Professor  Frankland  the  first  idea  of  his  theory  of  the  atomicity 
of  elements.  In  his  paper  above-mentioned  he  points  out  the  ana- 
logy of  the  newly  discovered  organo-metallic  bodies  with  the 
inorganic  compounds  containing  the  same  metals.  A  long  course 
of  investigation  followed  these  discoveries,  and  in  1857  a  Royal 
medal  was  awarded  him  for  them  by  the  Royal  Society.  The  organo- 
metallic  bodies  discovered  by  Dr.  Frankland,  although  they  have 
not  as  yet  been  put  to  any  practical  use,  possess  properties  which 
are  of  the  greatest  interest  and  theoretical  importance.  They  are 
difficult  of  preparation,  and  some  of  them  are  dangerous  to  work 
with,  many  of  them,  as  zinc-ethyl,  being  spontaneously  inflammable. 
Owing  to  this  property,  all  experiments  with  these  compounds  have 
to  be  conducted  either  in  vacuo  or  in  an  atmosphere  containing  no 
oxygen.  The  number  of  these  bodies  is  very  great,  and  almost 
every  year  adds  fresh  ones  to  the  list. 

The  next  step  in  Professor  Frankland's  career  was  his 
appointment  to  the  Professorship  of  Chemistry  at  the  Royal  Insti- 
tution of  Great  Britain  in  1863.  He  did  not,  however,  retain  this 
position  long,  for  in  1865  he  was  asked  to  fill  a  still  more  important 
post,  that  of  Professor  of  Chemistry  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Chemistry  and  School  of  Mines,  then  in  Oxford  Street  but  since 
removed  to  the  more  convenient  and  spacious  buildings  at  South 
Kensington.  He  retained  this  chair  for  twenty  years.  A  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society  since  1853,  Dr.  Frankland  in  1870  received 
the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.,  of  Oxford.  One  of  the  most 
important  works  oi  his  life  began  in  1868,  when  in  conjunction 
with  Sir  W.  Dennison,  K.C.B.,  and  J.  Chalmers  Morton,  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  Royal  Commissioners  for  inquiring  into  the 
pollution  of  rivers.  The  results  of  these  inquiries  filled  six  large 
reports  presented  to  Parliament,  five  ot  them  dealing  with  the 
pollution  of  rivers  by  the  drainage  of  towns  and  manufacturers,  and 
the  sixth  with  the  domestic  water  supply  of  Great  Britain.  The 
sixth  report  of  the  Commissioners  is  a  conspicuous  example  of  pains- 
taking industry.  It  treats  of  the  subject  in  its  entirety.  No  argu- 
ment is  left  out,  no  proof  is  wanting.      Each  statement  is   carefully 


ioo  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


verified  by  experiment  and  observation  ;  and  the  whole  work  is  filled 
with  analyses  and  the  most  complete  and  minute  details.  All  the 
analyses  of  waters  were  made  by  Dr.  Frankland's  own  process,  and 
the  estimations  of  organic  carbon  and  nitrogen  by  his  combustion 
method.  This  latter  process  is  one  which  has  often  been  attacked, 
but  its  inventor  has  demonstrated  beyond  all  doubt  that  it  is  not 
only  the  most  accurate,  but  the  only  trustworthy  method  for  deter- 
mining the  proportion  of  organic  matter  in  water.  The  importance 
of  the  sixth  report  of  the  Rivers  Commissioners  cannot  be  too 
strongly  insisted  on.  Through  it  an  insight  has  been  obtained  into 
the  water  supplies  to  all  the  chief  towns  of  Great  Britain,  and 
standards  of  purity  have  been  given  to  all  the  water  companies. 
Dr.  Frankland  collects  monthly  samples  of  the  water  supplied  by  the 
London  Water  Companies  and  submits  them  to  analysis.  On  the 
results  he  makes  a  report  to  the  Local  Government  Board  and  the 
Registrar-General.  A  check  is  thus  established  on  the  Water 
Companies  ;  and  since  this  system  has  been  in  operation,  the 
quality  of  the  water  supplied  to  London  has  very  materially 
improved. 

In  187 1  he  was  elected  President  of  the  Chemical  Society, 
and  in  1877  he  became  the  first  President  of  the  Institute  of 
Chemist rv.  This  latter  Society,  founded  mainly  through  his 
exertions,  has  for  its  object  the  securing  that  public  analysts  and 
other  persons  holding  important  positions  of  this  description  are 
dulv  qualified  for  their  work. 

In  1866  was  published  in  the  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society, 
his  "  System  of  Notation."  By  means  of  this  system  the  formulae 
of  bodies,  hitherto  for  the  most  part  written  empirically  and  without 
much  regard  to  the  constitution  of  the  body,  are  made  to  repre- 
sent graphically  and  to  the  eye  the  mode  of  arrangement  of  the 
atoms  in  their  molecules  in  accordance  with  the  atomicity  of  the 
elements  they  contain.  The  system  has  cleared  up  a  great  many 
points  in  organic  chemistry,  and  by  its  means  the  causes  of  isomerism 
hitherto  unexplained,  in  many  organic  compounds  were  elucidated. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  301 


Two  volumes  of  his  lecture  "  Notes  for  Chemical  Students  "  were 
published  in  1876,  based  on  the  theory  and  written  in  the  system  of 
notation  above  mentioned.  As  explanatory  works,  when  taken  in 
conjunction  with  Dr.  Frankland's  lectures,  these  volumes  cannot  be 
overvalued  by  the  student.  They  enable  him  to  obtain  a  better 
grip  and  a  clearer  understanding-  of  his  subject  than  any  other  more 
profuse  treatise  would  do.  The  constitution  of  organic  bodies  is 
seen  quite  plainly  by  Dr.  Frankland's  method,  and  it  is  calculated 
to  save  the  student  much  trouble  in  comprehending  chemical 
reactions. 


Dr.  Frankland  gave  six  celebrated  lectures  to  teachers  in 
training  at  the  Royal  College  of  Chemistry  on  "  How  to  teach 
Chemistry."  These  have  been  put  into  a  convenient  form  and 
published,  making  a  valuable  little  handbook  for  would-be  teachers. 


Among  his  contributions  to  scientific  literature  and  research 
on  various  subjects,  may  be  mentioned  his  memoir  in  the  Philosoph- 
ical Magazine,  "On  the  Source  of  Muscular  Power"  (1866); 
"Observations  Economical  and  Sanitary  on  the  Employment  of 
Chemical  Light  for  Artificial  Illumination  ;  "  "  Contributions  to  the 
Knowledge  of  the  Manufacture  of  Gas;"  "Researches  on  the 
Influence  of  Atmospheric  Pressure  on  the  Light  of  Gas,  Candle,  and 
other  Flames."  This  latter  paper  is  a  most  important  one  on  a 
most  important  subject,  that  of  artificial  illumination,  and  how  best 
to  obtain  the  maximum  light  from  combustion.  "Winter  Sani- 
tariums in  the  Alps  and  elsewhere  ;  "  on  the  "  Purification  of  Town 
Drainage  and  other  Polluted  Liquids  ;  "  and  on  "The  Composition 
and  Qualities  of  Water  used  for  Drinking  and  other  Purposes," 
are  other  of  his  more  important  papers. 

Researches  on  the  Atmosphere  of  the  Sun,  in  collaboration  with 
Mr.  J.  Norman  Lockyer,  F.R.S.,  is  a  work  which  shows  the  varied 
genius  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  who  can  grasp  and  treat  with 
success  so  many  different  branches  of  science. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


In  1878  Professor  Frankland  published  Experimental  Re- 
searches in  Pure,  Applied,  and  Physical  Chemistry.  This  is  a  large 
volume  of  over  1000  pages,  issued  by  John  Van  Voorst,  London. 
It  embraces  the  more  important  researches  of  his  scientific  career. 
Among  more  recent  papers  may  be  mentioned  the  articles  on  "  Dry 
Fog,"  and  various  contributions  to  Organic  Investigation,  In  1880, 
a  Handbook  of  Water  Analysis  appeared  ;  a  very  useful  and  valuable 
little  book,  containing  much  information  connected  with  Water 
Analysis.  Dr.  Frankland  recently  published  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Chemical  Society  a  paper  entitled  "  On  the  Spontaneous  Oxidation 
of  Organic  Matter  in  Water." 

In  conclusion,  it  may  be  stated  that  Dr.  Frankland  is  an 
honorary  member  of  many  foreign  societies  ;  among  others,  he  is 
Corresponding  Member  of  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences  ; 
Foreign  Member  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  in  Bavaria  ; 
and  of  the  Academies  of  Sciences  of  Upsala,  Berlin,  St.  Petersburg, 
Vienna,  New  York,  and  Bohemia.  He  is  also  Honorary  Member  of 
the  Societies  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Switzerland  and  of  Gottingen  ; 
and  of  the  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Manchester;  of  the 
Chemical  Societies  of  Germany,  America,  and  Lehigh  University, 
United  States  ;  of  the  Sanitarian  Society  of  Dresden,  and  of  the 
Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Great  Britain. 

Professor  Frankland  has  also  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
M.D.  of  the  University  of  Wurzburg,  in  recognition  of  his  services 
to  Sanitary  Science  ;  and  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  of 
Edinburgh.  In  1884  he  was  Vice-President  of  the  British  Associ- 
ation at  Montreal,  under  the  Presidentship  of  Lord  Rayleigh,  where 
he  received  the  honorary  LL.D.  of  the  M'Gill  University.  He  has 
since  been  made  Honorary  Member  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Society  of  London.  In  1887,  he  reported  to  the  International 
Congress  on  Hygiene  at  Vienna  on  the  present  state  in  England  of 
the  purification  of  sewage,  with  special  reference  to  the  prevention 
of  river  pollution.  In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  a  Justice  of 
the  Peace  for  the  county  of  Surrey.     The  foregoing  sketch  is  taken 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  30; 


from   the    "Cosmopolitan"  of  November,  1888.      It  was  written  by 
the  late  Mr.  Frank  Hatton,  a  pupil  of  Professor  Frankland's. 

Professor  Galloway,   M.R.I. A.,  F.C.S.,  &c. 

Another  eminent  chemist  closely  connected  with  Lancaster 
in  his  youth  is  Professor  Galloway,  who  was  born  on  the  r8th 
of  December,  1823.  He  is  the  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Robert  Galloway, 
of  Cartmel,  North  Lancashire. 

In  1839,  he  became  a  pupil  of  the  late  Mr.  Stephen  Ross,  01 
Cheapside,  and  upon  the  termination  of  his  apprenticeship  with 
that  gentleman,  he  proceeded  to  the  Royal  College  of  Chemistry, 
and  had  the  advantage  of  studying  under  the  distinguished  Dr. 
Hofmann.  After  a  very  diligent  training  in  this  institution,  Mr. 
Galloway  was  appointed  assistant  to  Dr.  Lyon  Playfair,  Ph.  D., 
L.L.D.,  F.R.S.,  C.B.P.C,  now  Sir  Lyon  Playfair,  and  eventually 
he  accepted  the  post  of  Lecturer  and  Teacher  of  Chemistry  in 
Queenswood  College,  Hants.  Here  he  remained  two  years,  and 
then  removed  to  the  College  of  Civil  Engineers,  Putney,  where  he 
filled  a  similar  capacity. 

Professor  Robert  Galloway  is  the  author  of  various  scientific 
and  technical  works,  among  them  being  the  well-known  educational 
book,  entitled  "The  Second  Step  in  Chemistry,  or  the  Students' 
Guide  in  the  higher  branches  of  Chemistry."  Of  this  work  the  late 
very  distinguished  chemist,  Professor  Thomas  Graham,  said  at  the 
meeting  of  the  Cavendish  Society,  of  which  he  was  President, 
when  it  was  under  consideration  whether  the  Society  should  be 
continued,  "  that  he  considered  the  mission  of  the  Society  nearly 
fulfilled.  Societies  like  the  Cavendish  could  now  no  longer  com- 
pete with  private  enterprise,  and  in  illustration  he  mentioned 
Galloway's  Second  Step  in  Chemistry,  a  work  comparable  to  the 
volume  of  memoirs  published  by  the  Society,  and  which  would  not 
have  been  undertaken  by  a  private  publisher  sixteen  years  ago." 


3o4  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


It  may  be  remarked  that  the  Cavendish  Society  was  estab- 
lished by  chemists  for  the  translation  of  foreign  chemical  works, 
which  English  publishers  would  not  undertake. 

Professor  Galloway  has  also  published  a  "  Treatise  on  Fuel, 
scientific  and  practical,"  and  more  recently  the  valuable  work  on 
"Education,  scientific  and  technical;  or  how  the  Inductive  Sciences 
are  taught,  and  how  they  ought  to  be  taught."  This  is  one  of  Mr. 
Galloway's  most  popular  productions,  respecting  which  the  British 
Trade  Journal  of  February,  2nd,  1S82   says: — 

"  Those  chapters  in  Professor  Galloway's  book  which  treat  upon  chemical 
science  render  the  volume  particularly  valuable  to  the  manufacturing  community 
whose  interests  are  so  largely  affected  by  the  scientific  qualifications  of  those  whom 
they  employ.  It  may  be  noticed  that  the  author,  who  has  written  some  of  the 
best  manuals  of  chemical  science  extant,  was  the  first  to  introduce  arithmetical 
problems  in  connection  with  the  study  of  chemistry,  although  the  credit  has  been 
assigned  to  a  later  author.  In  addition  to  his  scientific  and  literary  qualifications, 
Professor  Galloway's  zealous  labours  as  a  teacher  of  chemistry  during  more  than 
thirty  years,  has  given  him  probably  a  larger  number  of  ex-pupils  amongst  the 
experts  in  practical  and  applied  chemistry  than  can  be  claimed  by  any  other  scientific 
teacher.  Such  qualifications  must  give  a  substantial  value  to  any  work  on  a  topic 
with  which  the  writer  is  thoronghly  conversant,  and  especially  when,  as  in  the 
present  case,  it  assumes  the  form  of  so  vigorous  a  protest  against  cram  and  super- 
ficiality. " 

The  scientific  and  other  journals  speak  in  the  highest  terms 
of  this  book,  and  it  is  now  a  standard  work  in  our  leading  colleges 
and  schools  of  science.  Professor  Galloway  has  contributed  some 
excellent  articles  to  the  Journal  of  Science  and  the  British  and 
Colonial  Druggist,  and  one  on  the  "The  food  of  our  Sailors,"  together 
with  "A  simple  and  inexpensive  plan  for  rendering  salted  meat  more 
nutritious,"  must  at  the  present  period  command  serious  attention. 

"The  Fundamental  Principles  of  Chemistry  practically 
taught  by  a  new  method,"  is  the  most  recent  of  Mr.  Galloway's 
published  works. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  303 


Sir  Robert  Rawlinson,   K.C.B. 

The  first  engineering-  inspector,  appointed  under  the  Public 
Health  Act,  1848,  who,  as  civil  engineers,  devised  and  carried  out 
the  water-works  scheme  for  Lancaster,  and  likewise  the  main 
sewerage,  was  born  on  the  28th  of  February,  1810,  at  Bristol.  His 
father  was  a  native  of  Chorley,  as  also  was  his  grandfather  and 
great  grandfather.  Sir  Robert  was  brought  to  Lancaster  when 
quite  a  child,  owing  to  his  father  being  paymaster-sergeant  to  th>j 
Grenadier  Company  of  the  1st  Royal  Lancashire  Militia,  a  regiment 
he  had  served  in  for  seventeen  years,  and  on  the  staff  of  which  he 
remained,  residing  in  Lancaster  after  the  proclamation  of  peace  and 
the  disbanding  of  the  regiment. 

The  son,  destined  to  become  so  famous,  was  but  six  years  old 
when  he  first  saw  Lancaster,  and  he  lived  in  the  town  until  he  was 
thirteen.  His  father  was  a  stonemason,  and  in  due  course  he 
became  a  stonemason,  a  bricklayer,  and  a  millwright,  and  could 
earn  full  wrages  in  any  of  these  trades.  At  the  age  of  21  he  entered 
the  office  of  the  eminent  engineer,  Mr.  Jesse  Hartley,  the  designer 
and  constructor  of  the  Liverpool  Docks.  With  this  gentleman  he 
remained  five  years,  and  afterwards  went  to  Robert  Stephenson 
(only  son  of  the  father  of  railways,  George  Stephenson)  on  the 
London  and  Birmingham  Railway,  continuing  in  this  capacity  five 
years.  It  was  in  1848,  as  already  stated,  whenMr.  Rawlinson  was 
first  employed  by  the  g-overnment.  But  prior  to  this  appointment 
he  had  acted  as  Engineer  to  the  Bridgwater  Trust,  matured  the 
plans  and  details  of  the  great  scheme  for  supplying  the  city  of 
Liverpool  with  water  from  Bala  Lake,  and  had  also  been  left  in 
charge  of  the  completion  of  St.  George's  Hall,  owing  to  the  illness 
and  death  of  the  Architect,  designing  and  seeing  executed  the 
hollow  brick  arched  ceiling  of  the  large  hall.  In  1854,  Mr.  Rawlin- 
son became  the  Engineer  Sanitary  Commissioner  sent  by  the 
Government  to  the  Crimea,  and,  subsequently,  he  was  Consulting 
Engineer  for  the  water  works  for  Hong  Kong  and  Singapore.  In 
the  year  1863,  the   year  of  the  Lancashire   Cotton   Famine,  he    was 


x 


3o6  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


sent  down  as  engineer  commissioner  to  undertake  the  task  of 
sanitary  improvements  in  Lancashire,  carrying  out  the  same  in  no 
fewer  than  93  places  ;  the  lahour  being  provided  by  the  cotton 
hands,  the  government  on  his  advice  advancing  ^1,840,082  at 
3^  pet"  cent.,  for  a  term  of  30  years,  for  accomplishing  the  work. 
Upwards  of  400  miles  of  roads  and  streets  were  formed,  drained, 
sewered,  channelled,  and  paved  during  this  period,  and,  says  the 
Municipal  Review,  the  administration  did  not  cost  the  government 
3s.  6d.  per  cent.  Mr.  Rawlinson  has  served  upon  three  Royal  Com- 
missions :  in  England,  and  on  one  in  Dublin,  and  has  been  a 
member  of  the  Army  Sanitary  Committee  since  1862.  He  reported 
for  the  Queen  on  the  sanitary  condition  of  Windsor  Castle,  and  on 
Sandringham  Hall  and  Marlborough  House,  for  the  Prince  of 
Wales. 

This  eminent  engineer  has  had  some  experience  of  Colonial 
life.  He  passed  through  Swedish  Lapland  in  1859,  and  has  known 
what  it  was  to  "camp  in  a  virgin  forest;"  helping  to  cut  down  a 
small  tree  in  order  to  make  a  tent-pole,  and  having  for  a  drinking 
cup  the  bark  peeled  off  a  birch  tree,  and  coiled  round  ;  the  only 
cooking  utensil  himself  and  his  comrades  had  being  a  frying-pan, 
and  the  only  method  of  grinding  coffee  the  primitive  one  of  pound- 
ing it  with  a  stone. 

He  has  faced  many  dangers,  and  the  late  Mr.  Kinglake 
records  in  his  '*  Invasion  of  the  Crimea,"  the  fact  that  Mr.  Rawlin- 
son was  struck  by  a  40-pounder  steel  shot  while  in  the  performance 
of  his  duties.  Mr.  Rawlinson  was  made  C.B.  in  1868  and  was 
knighted  on  the  23rd  of  August,  1883,  and  made  K.C.B.  on  his 
retirement  in  1889.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers,  and  a  Vice-President  of  the  Society  of  Arts. 
In  August,  1883,  Sir  Robert  distributed  the  certificates  of  merit  to 
the  successful  pupils,  in  the  Lecture  Room  of  the  Crystal  Palace 
School  of  Engineering,  when  he  made  a  very  excellent  speech  on 
the  work  that  lies  before  the  rising  generation  of  young  engineers 
in  our  colonies,  and  mentioned  some  interesting  events  in  his   own 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  *o 


j^/ 


career.  Sir  Robert  is  the  author  of  a  work  on  "Tall  Chimney 
Shafts"  and  on  the  "  Hygiene  of  Armies  in  the  Field,"  and  has 
written  much  on  Sanitary  Reform  and  Drainage  questions.  His 
"Suggestions"  for  the  use  of  local  surveyors  and  sanitary  engineers 
are  accepted  as  authorities  throughout  Great  Britain,  North 
America,  British  India,  Australia,  and  the  British  Colonies 
generally  He  was,  and  still  is,  everywhere  esteemed  for  his  sound 
practical  knowledge,  and  on  his  retirement  from  the  post  of  Chief 
Engineer  to  the  Local  Government  Board,  the  Press,  technical 
and  otherwise,  paid  a  high  compliment  to  his  ability  and  congratu- 
lated him  on  his  well-earned  repose. 

The  Rawlinsons  are  descended  from  one  Rollin  or  Rollus, 
living  in  the  time  of  the  Norman  Conqueror.  They  represent  an 
old  Cumberland  and  Lancashire  family,  and  a  pedigree  of  them  may 
be  seen  in  Surtee's  "  History  of  Furness  Abbey."  Some  of  this 
family  in  the  days  of  the  Spectator  were  noted  goldsmiths,  some 
have  held  the  position  of  Lord  Mayors,  and  others  have  excelled  as 
musicians  and  antiquaries.  Several  Rawlinsons  settled  in  Lan- 
caster, and  so  far  back  as  1780  and  1784,  one  of  them  was  member 
for  Lancaster.  Mireside  and  Carke  Halls  were  anciently  the 
property  of  the  Curwens,  whose  heiress  married  one  of  the  Raw- 
linsons, of  Greenhead,  in  Colton.  The  eldest  son  of  Robert 
Rawlinson,  Esq.,  who  died  in  1665,  married  Elizabeth  Monk, 
the  last  descendant  in  the  male  line  of  the  Plantagenets,  and  was 
father  of  Christopher  Rawlinson,  the  antiquary.  Robert  Rawlinson 
lived  at  Carke  Hall  from  1619  until  his  decease.  He  received  a 
grant  of  arms  in  1662,  and  they  may  be  seen  beneath  the  doorway 
arch  of  the  Hall.  This  Robert  Rawlinson,  or  Justice  Rawlinson, 
along  with  other  Justices,  sent  George  Fox  to  Lancaster  Castle  in 
1663.  From  Christopher  Rawlinson  both  Mireside  and  Carke 
Halls  descended  through  co-heiresses  to  Gray  Rigge,  Esq.,  Adam 
Askew,  Esq.,  the  Rev.  Henry  Askew,  and  Stephen  Roger  Moore, 
Esq. 

The  Rawlinson's  Arms  are  gules,  two  bars  gemelles  between 


308  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


three  escalops  argent  ;   crest  a  shelldrake   proper,    in   the   beak   an 
escalop  argent.      (See  Dr.  Barber's  Prehistoric  Remains.") 

In  may  be  mentioned  that  Major-General  Sir  Henry  Creswicke 
Rawlinson,  Bart.,  G.C.B.,  K.C.B.,  LL.D.,  F.  R.S.,  son  of  Abraham 
Tysack  Rawlinson,  Esq.,  of  Chadlington,  Oxfordshire,  is  grandson 
of  Henry  Rawlinson,  Esq.,  of  Lancaster,  M.P.  for  Liverpool. 
Abraham  Rawlinson,  Esq.,  M.P.  for  Lancaster  1780 — 1784,  of  Ellel, 
was  the  cousin  of  the  member  for  Liverpool.  Sir  Henry  informs 
me  that  a  pedigree  of  the  Rawlinson  family  has  just  been  compiled 
by  Mr.  Joseph  Foster,  of  St.  John's  Wood,  London,  and  that  the 
genealogy  goes  back  to  the  time  of  Henry  VII.  Sir  Henry  considers 
Sir  Robert  Rawlinson,  the  eminent  engineer,  a  representative  of  the 
same  family  as  his  own,  and  alludes  to  the  late  Chief  Justice  of 
Madras,  Sir  Christopher  Rawlinson,  as  being  one  of  the  same  race 
but  not  in  direct  line.  The  present  head  of  the  Rawlinson  family  is 
William  Millers  Rawlinson,  Esq.,  born  in  1863.  Graythwaite  Hall 
was  the  old  family  seat.  It  has  recently  been  rebuilt,  and  is 
tenanted  by  a  cousin  of  the  last  named  gentleman. 

Several  sites  in  Cumberland  and  Lancashire  bear  the  name 
ol'  Rawlinson,  as  on  Lake  Windermere,  Rawlinson's  Knot,  that  is 
nose.  A  marble  bust  of  Sir  Robert  Rawlinson  has  just  been  pre- 
sented to  the  Store}-  Institute.      It  is  by  Woolner. 

Captain  Sir  A.  J.   Loftus,   F.R.G.S. 

(  The  Honble  Phrd  Nidesa  Jalahdi,  Knight  Commander  of  the   most  Honourable 

Order  of  the  Crown  of  Siam. 

The  name  of  Loftus  is  well  known  in  Lancaster,  and  pleasant 
memories  of  the  subject  of  this  notice  still  remain  in  the  hearts  of 
many  Lancastrians  who  have  been  fortunate  enough  to  meet  with 
the  hydrographer  to  the  King  of  Siam. 

Captain  Loftus  is  the  son  of  the  late  William  Loftus,  Esq., 
and  was  born  at  Darlington.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  joined  the 
trigate-built  ship"  Pekin,"  of  Newcastle,  as  a  midshipman  on  board 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  309 


which  ship  he  served  nearly  six  years.  This,  his  first  vessel, 
carried  troops  from  Madras  to  Burmah  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war 
there,  and  subsequently  it  was  stranded  and  locked  up  in  the  ice 
during-  a  whole  winter  near  the  Hudson  Hay  Company's  territory 
in  the  Columbia  River.  Its  crew  were  afterwards  engaged  in 
taking-  out  colonists  to  New  Zealand.  "The  end  of  this  good 
ship,"  writes  the  captain,  "  was  in  a  north-east  gale  on  Shield's 
Bar  at  the  entrance  of  the  Tyne."  In  due  course  the  young  sailor 
visited  the  Australian  Colonies,  the  South  American  ports  and  the 
Guano  Islands.  It  was  while  visiting  the  Sandwich  Islands  that  he 
became  acquainted  with  King  Kamy  Kamya  who  gave  his  new 
acquaintances  a  crew  of  fishermen  in  order  to  bring  back  to  Newr- 
castle  the  old  ship  "  Pekin."  As  chief  officer  in  London  vessels  the 
captain  made  many  voyages  to  different  parts  of  the  world,  and 
finally  settled  in  the  east.  In  1857  he  lifted  a  sunken  vessel  in  the 
harbour  of  Amdy,  and  was  her  commander  in  several  trading 
voyages  in  the  Eastern  Archipelago.  This  was  his  first  commander- 
ship.  Since  the  period  named  Captain  Loftus  made  Singapore  his 
home  and  port  for  some  years,  sailing  thence  to  all  ports  in  the 
Indian,  Chinese,  and  Japan  seas.  In  1866  he  visited  England,  and 
remained  in  his  native  land  a  little  over  a  year.  Next  we  find  him 
leaving  the  old  country  in  a  schooner  of  125  tons,  with  four  seamen 
and  one  mate  for  India,  whence  he  sailed  into  his  old  cruising 
grounds  in  the  Eastern  Seas  until  1870.  "Then,"  says  this  gallant 
officer,  "  came  the  turning  point  of  my  fortunes.  My  little  vessel 
was  captured  and  burnt  by  pirates  on  the  coast  of  Hainan,  and  I 
lost  all — all — all  I  had  in  the  world  ;  I  had  not  a  dollar  at  my 
disposal."  Happily  succour  was  nigh.  He  again  got  afloat,  and 
taking  charge  of  the  steamship  "Viscount  Canning,"  just  returned 
from  the  Abyssinian  war,  he  sailed  away  for  Siam  and  joined  the 
Government  service  there  under  the  Regent,  His  Grace  Somdetch 
Chow  Phya  Suriyawongse,  as  hydrographer,  which  position  he  still 
holds  under  the  King.  In  1871  he  commanded  the  gunboat  Regent, 
with  Sir  Thomas  George  Knox,  H.B.M.'s  Minister,  on  a  visit  to 
India  with  the  King  of  Siam,  the  royal  yacht  and  other  war  vessels 
joining  in  the  squadron. 


3io  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


The  official  position  of  Captain  Loftus  in  Siam  has  consisted 
of  surveying'  the  coasts  and  rivers,  telegraph  and  railway  routes, 
and  the  superintending  of  observatory  building  for  noting  eclipses. 
In  1883  he  accompanied  the  French  Expedition  under  Commandant 
Bellion  for  the  purpose  of  making  an  examination  and  survey  of 
the  Kra  Pass  part  of  the  peninsula,  with  the  object  of  cutting  a 
canal.  As  far  as  could  be  made  out  this  was  not  altogether  the 
secret  aim  of  the  French,  and  while  they  made  their  survey  the 
captain  made  his,  and  published  it  as  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society.  The  British  Government  and  the  press 
accorded  with  the  author's  views  as  to  the  practicability  of  the 
canal,  and  as  he  took  care  to  get  the  facts  known  before  the  French 
had  completed  their  calculations  the  whole  project  collapsed. 
With  regard  to  the  present  position  of  Sir  Alfred  Loftus  it  may  be 
remarked  that  he  is  the  head  of  his  department.  He  is  a  noble  of 
Siam,  holding  the  rank  of  a  Count,  his  title  being  Phra  Nidesa 
Jalahdi.  Since  he  received  this  patent  of  nobility  he  has  been 
honoured  with  a  decoration  and  diploma  of  a  Knight  Commander 
of  the  Crown  of  Siam,  and  Her  Imperial  Majesty  the  Queen  of 
England  and  Empress  of  India  has  granted  her  sign-manual 
permitting  the  acceptance  of  this  mark  of  respect  for  distinguished 
services.  In  the  jubilee  year  (1887)  Captain  Loftus  attended  a 
Queen's  levee  at  St.  James'.  Among  other  honours  awarded  by 
the  King  of  Siam  is  a  gold  medal,  the  occasion  of  its  presentation 
being  the  confirmation  of  the  Crown  Prince  of  Siam's  title  and 
claim  as  the  future  sovereign  of  the  shores  of  the  Meinam.  The 
captain  has  kindly  forwarded  some  notes  on  Siam  and  also  a 
pamphlet  of  thirty  pages  entitled  "  A  New  Year's  Paper  on  the 
Development  of  the  Kingdom  of  Siam,  1891."  This  latter  work 
contains  a  map  of  Siam  and  its  dependencies,  showing  some  of  the 
projected  railway  lines  and  existing  telegraph  lines,  &c.  The  present 
capital  of  Siam  is  Bangkok,  founded  in  1782  ;  the  old  capital  of  the 
sovereignty  was  Ayuthia.  The  pamphlet  is  extremely  interesting, 
giving  us  a  brief  history  of  Siam  and  its  kings,  with  many  of  the 
reforms  granted  by  the  king  twenty  years  ago,  including  religious 
liberty  to  all,  and  the  right  to  wear  the  hair  as  Europeans   wear  it, 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  311 


instead  of  enjoining-   the   shaving  off  oi'  all    but   the   old-fashioned 

brush   or  tuft   grown   usually  on   the   forepart   of  the   head.       The 

kingdom  of  Siam  is  now  included  in  the  Postal  and    Parcel    Union  ; 

it    has    its    Telephonic    Exchange,    and    just    recently    an     Electric 

Lighting    Company    has    been     established     in    the    capital.        The 

Government  have  European  printing  presses   in   every  department, 

and  many  private  noblemen  have  presses  for  educational  and  other 

purposes.     There  is  much  in  the  publication  concerning  commercial 

progress  and  the  natural  productions  of  the  country.     Among  these 

latter  are  teak,  rice,  hides,  teelseed,  pepper  and  dyewoods.      There 

are  two  or  three  native  and  two  European  newspapers  in  Bangkok. 

The  Bangkok  Times  is  printed   in    English,  and    dates   its  first  issue 

from  January  1st,  1887.       The   opposition    newspaper   is    the   Siam 

Mercantile  Gazette,  published  by  a  German.      An    extract  from  Sir 

John  Bowring's  "  Treaty  of  friendship  and  commerce  between  Great 

Britain  and   Siam,    1856,"   appears  on   page   28,    and   an    appendix 

refuting  several  of  the  charges  brought  against   the   Siamese    King 

by  Mr.  Holt  S.  Hallett  ;  and  lastly  a  list  of  articles   exported   from 

Siam.      Captain  Loftus  has  experienced  many  dangers  both  on  land 

and  sea,  and  has  known   what   it   was   to   face   many    cyclones,  the 

most  terrible  of  which  were   those  of  the   21st  October,    1861,  and 

the    1st    of   November,     1867,    when     30,000    small     houses     were 

unroofed,    crops    in    Lower   Bengal   destroyed,   and   many    vessels 

wrecked,  in  fact,  torn  to  shreds.      On  one  occasion,  when  seriously 

ill,  the  Foreign  Minister,  Prince  Drumaluong  Devawongse,  sent  his 

own  physician  to  attend  him,  and  as  it   was   feared   that   he   would 

succumb  to  his  malady  the   king  had  a  handsome   coffin    made   for 

the  reception  of  his  remains.      Fortunately  he  did    not   require   the 

chest  of  "honour"  for  he   recovered,  much   to  the   delight  of   his 

king  and  his  friends  in  Europe. 

Captain  Loftus  is  the  inventor  of  the  "  Loftus  patent 
Glycerine  Lamp,"  which  has  been  introduced  to  many  eminent 
authorities,  and  is  being  used  by  steam  shipping  companies.  It 
has  received  high  commendation  from  nautical  men. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


It  ought  to  be  stated  that  Captain  Loftus  has  also  invented  a 
new  kind  of  sun-dial  for  the  Royal  Gardens  of  Siam.  It  is  called 
the  Royal  Cylinder  Axis  Sun-dial,  and  it  has  attracted  considerable 
notice.  The  Graphic  some  time  ago  called  attention  to  it.  Models 
of  it  have  been  sent  to  France,  Germany  and  Italy.  The  idea 
occurred  to  the  Captain  in  a  quiet  moment  on  the  eastern  shore  of 
the  Gulf  of  Siam,  that  by  trapping  a  sunbeam,  he  could  obtain  local 
apparent  time  to  within  28  seconds  of  the  truth.  The  dial  is 
contra-distinct  from  all  others,  and  a  child  can  use  it. 

Since  his  last  return  to  England,  in  1889,  the  Captain  has 
been  engaged  in  working"  out  the  problem  oi  securing  a  more 
powerful  and  perfect  medium  of  signals  for  the  merchants'  and 
railway  services,  and  so  far  his  efforts  have  been  highly  successful. 

Commander  Loftus  is  well  versed  in  the  Malay  languages, 
and  his  connexion  with  Siam  has  tended  to  increase  the  bonds  of 
friendship  between  Great  Britain  and  the  land  of  the  White 
Elephant.  Some,  years  ago  he  presented  the  town  of  Lancaster 
with  a  full-length  portrait  of  the  Siamese  monarch. 

The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  K.C.C.S.  Order  granted  in 
1886  to  this  distinguished  officer  : — 

"Somdetch  Phra  Paramendr  Maha  Chulalongjcorn,  Phra  Chula  Chorn 
Klas,  King  of  Siam,  both  Northern  and  Southern,  and  all  its  dependencies,  <\;c., 
&c,  tvx. ,  Laos,  Malays,  Kereans,  Sovereign  and  Chief  of  the  Most  Honourable 
Order  of  the  Crown  of  Siam. 

To  all  and  singular  to  whom  these  presents  shall  come,  know  ye  whereas 
we  have  thought  it  fit  to  nominate  and  appoint  Captain  A.  J.  Loftus,  the  Honourable 
Phra  Nides  Joldhi,  Member  of  the  Third  Class  called  Mandanabhorn,  or  Commander 
of  our  most  Honourable  Order  of  the  Crown  of  Siam. 

We,  the  Sovereign  and  Chief  of  the  said  most  Honourable  Order,  do,  by 
these  presents,  grant  unto  Captain  A.  J.  Loftus,  the  Honourable  Phra  Nides  Joldhi, 
the  most  Honourable  Order  of  the  Crown  of  Siam  of  the  Third  Class,  called 
Mandanabhorn,  as  a  mark  of  honour,  which  he  shall  hold  and  enjoy  in  future. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  313 


.May  that  power  which  is  supreme  in  the  universe,  keep  and  guard  Captain 
A.  T-  Loftus,  and  grant  him  prosperity  and  every  kind  of  blessing. 

Given  at  our  Court  in  the  Chakrikri  Mahaprasad,  at  Bangkok,  the  30th 
day  of  the  waxing  moon  of  the  lunar  month  Bhadrapada,  in  the  year  Chaw,  the  8th 
of  the  decade,  1248  of  the  Siamese  astronomical  era,  corresponding  to  the  European 
solar  date  the  30th  of  August,  1886,  of  the  Christian  Era,  being  the  6,702nd  or  the 
19th  of  our  reign. 

Manu  Regia  Chulalongkorn,  R.S. 

Mr.  William  Kennett  Loftus,  born  at  Rye,  in  Sussex,  and  educated  at  Old 
Park,  Durham,  and  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  was  a  brother  of  Captain  Loftus.  He 
was  well  known  as  a  geologist  and  entomologist,  and  while  quite  young  had  the  good 
fortune  to  attract  the  attention  of  Professor  Sedgwick.  The  Bangkok  Times  of  June 
25th,  1890,  states  that  he  also  became  known  to  Sir  Henry  de  la  Beche,  and  in  due 
course  received  an  appointment  at  the  hands  of  Lord  Palmerston  to  accompany  the 
commission  sent  out  to  settle  the  boundary  lines  of  Turkey  and  Persia,  and  under 
the  command  of  Colonel  (afterwards  General)  Fenwick  Williams.  Mr.  Kennett 
Loftus  was  a  Fellow  of  the  Geographical  Society,  and  the  author  of  a  book  entitled, 
"  Chaldsea  and  Susiana,"  illustrated  with  representations  of  the  cuneiform  inscriptions 
and  sculptures  of  Babylonia,  Susiana  and  Mesopotamia.  He  died  on  the  27th  of 
November,  1858,  aged  37. 

Mr.  William  Linton. 

I  am  indebted  to  the  late  Mrs.  Fearenside,  of  Morecambe,  for 
particulars  concerning  her  distinguished  cousin,  the  late  Mr. 
William  Linton.  From  this  lady  I  learned  that  Mr.  Linton  was  one 
of  the  artists  who  aided  in  establishing  the  Suffolk  Street  Society  of 
British  Artists.  He  was  born  in  1791,  and  died  on  the  18th  of 
August,  1876.  Although  not  born  in  Lancaster,  he  was  brought 
up  from  a  child  in  Lancaster  and  Cartmel.  On  the  27th  October, 
1831,  he  married  Julia  Adeline,  only  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Swettenham,  Rector  of  Swettenham,  and  niece  of  the  Countess  of 
Winterton.  The  marriage  took  place  at  Shillinglee,  Sussex,  the 
Rev.  James  Hayes,  vicar  of  Wybunbury,  Cheshire,  performing  the 
ceremony.  His  mother  was  the  widow  of  Mr.  Thomas  Eskrigge, 
of  Lancaster,  one  of  the  Eskrigges  of  Eskrigge.  Among  the 
beautiful  paintings  of  Mr.  Linton  shown  to  me  by  his  venerable  cousin 


;i4  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


were:  — "  View  of  Morecambe  in  i  S16, "  "The  Bridge  at  Kirkby 
Lonsdale,"  "  Lancaster  "  (dedicated  to  the  Queen,  in  commemora- 
tion of  her  visit  to  our  ancient  city),  "  Festiniog, "  "  Ennerdale," 
"  Loch  Lomond,"  "  Temple  of  Jupiter,  Athens,"  "Lucerne,"  and 
the  "  Embarkation  of  Agamemnon  to  the  seige  of  Troy."  The 
two  last  are  very  large  paintings,  and  are  beautifully  executed. 
Mrs.  Fearenside  had  many  other  pictures,  the  work  of  her  able 
relative's  brush,  all  of  which  were  fine  specimens  of  landscape 
painting.  This  lady  had  also  a  portrait  of  the  artist  when  he  was 
30,  and  a  fine  bust  of  him  was  to  be  seen  in  the  entrance  hall  of  her 
house. 

At  the  first  exhibition  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  Mr.  Linton 
exhibited  a  picture  called  "The  Vale  of  Lonsdale."  It  was  pur- 
chased by  Sir  William  Fielden.  This  was  in  1824.  Two  valuable 
works  were  published  by  Mr.  Linton.  One  on  "  Ancient  and 
Modern  Colours  from  the  earliest  period  to  the  present  time,  with 
their  chemical  and  artistic  properties,"  and  "  Scenery  of  Greece  and 
its  Islands"  (1857).  The  Art  Journal  for  1858,  page  9,  gives  an 
account  of  his  career,  and  an  obituary  notice  appears  in  the  volume 
for  1876.      Mr.  Linton  was  cousin  to  Sir  William  Linton. 

Mr.    Jonathan  Binns. 

Mr.  Jonathan  Binns  is  remembered,  and  deservedly  so,  for 
his  excellent  map  of  Lancaster,  completed  in  1821.  Mr.  Binns  was 
the  son  of  Jonathan  Binns,  Esq.,  M.D.,  and  Mary  Binns,  nee 
Albright.  He  was  born  in  Liverpool  in  May,  1785.  By  profession 
he  was  a  land  surveyor.  He  died  in  March,  1871.  Excellent 
copies  of  his  map  are  extant.  It  is  valuable  from  many  points, 
especially  so  topographically.  It  shows  us  the  character  of  the 
Town  in  1821,  and  has  all  the  old  paddocks  and  wells  marked  upon 
it.  Jonathan  Binns  was  no  mean  disciple  of  Anaximander,  the 
reputed  inventor  of  maps.  He  also  wrote  a  book  entitled,  "Beauties 
of  Ireland." 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  315 


Edward  Dexis  de  Vitre,   Esq.,   M.D.,  J. P. 

Edward  Denis  de  Vitre,  M.D.,  was  born  on  the  24th  of 
March,  1806,  at  West  Knoll,  in  the  parish  of  Irthington,  near  the 
city  of  Carlisle.  He  was  the  sixth  son  of  Lieutenant  John  Denis 
de  Vitre,  R.N.,  and  Bridget  Fawcett,  daughter  of  James  Fawcett. 
Esq.  of  Scaleby  Castle,  Cumberland,  whose  marriage  took  place  on 
the  3rd  of  October,  1791.  Lieutenant  de  Vitre,  his  father,  who 
died  on  the  29th  of  December,  1846,  in  his  90th  year,  at  his  residence 
in  King  Street,  Lancaster,  was  an  officer  who  had  seen  much  active 
service.  He  suffered  much  during  the  wars  with  the  French,  bearing 
the  marks  of  the  rigorous  treatment  he  was  subjected  to  after  being 
imprisoned  by  the  French  military  authorities,  up  to  the  day  of  his 
death.  Dr.  de  Vitre,  his  son,  and  the  subject  of  this  notice,  com- 
menced his  professional  career  at  Annan,  Dumfries-shire.  He  came 
to  settle  in  Lancaster  about  1832.  Ten  years  later  he  succeeded 
Dr.  Whalley  as  consulting  physician  at  the  Lancaster  Asylum,  a 
post  he  held  until  1858.  Perhaps  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  as 
a  cautious  and  far-seeing  man,  both  professionally  and  generally, 
he  stood  second  to  none,  and  his  name  is  inseparably  connected 
with  the  origin  and  progress  of  that  grand  stone  volume  designated 
the  Royal  Albert  Asylum  for  Idiots  and  Imbeciles.  He  it  was  who 
introduced  the  humane  treatment  of  the  mentally  afflicted  into 
both  County  and  Royal  Albert  Asylums,  his  co-adjutor  being  Mr. 
Gaskell.  His  papers  on  medical  and  psychological  matters  were 
always  carefully  considered,  and  revealed  a  comprehensive  ability 
rarely  surpassed.  His  "  Observations  on  the  necessity  of  an 
extended  legislative  protection  to  persons  of  unsound  mind,"  did 
much  for  the  cause  of  the  mentally  afflicted  in  this  county  and  in  the 
north  of  England,  and  the  best  memorial  that  can  be  awarded  him 
is  that  which  prominently  embodies  his  noble  traits  and  perpetuates 
the  heartiness  he  displayed  in  any  work  undertaken  on  behalf  of  his 
fellow-creatures  with  which  he  identified  himself.  Convinced  of  the 
utility  of  any  local  movement,  his  co-operation  was  genuine,  firm, 
and  lasting.  Dr.  de  Vitre  entered  the  Lancaster  Town  Council  in 
1 841 ,  was  mayor  of  the  Borough  in  1843  and  in  1855.    From  February, 


316  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


1845,  he  was  one  of  the  Committee  of  the  Lancaster  Canal 
Company,  but  did  not  remain  a  member  of  this  body  beyond  a  short 
period.  He  was  also,  in  1853,  a  director  of  the  West  Hartlepool 
Harbour  and  Railway  Company.  He  died  deservedly  lamented  on 
the  4th  of  October,  1878,  and  his  body  was  followed  to  the  grave  in 
the  Lancaster  Cemetery  by  a  large  number  of  citizens,  whose 
expressions  of  regret  were  as  sincere  as  they  were  general.  Dr. 
de  Vitre  was  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the  Borough  and  County  of 
Lancaster. 

Mr.   Stephen  Ross. 

Of  our  old  time  freemen  and  burgesses,  perhaps  none  was  more  thoroughly 
esteemed  in  his  day  and  generation  than  the  late  Mr.  Stephen  Ross,  of  Southfield 
and  Cheapside  in  this  town.  This  gentleman  was  educated  at  Lancaster  and 
Cartmel  Grammar  Schools,  and  was  intended  for  the  medical  profession.  Owing, 
however,  to  defective  vision,  he  was  compelled  to  relinquish  the  idea  of  becoming  a 
surgeon,  and  in  due  course  adopted  the  occupation  and  business  of  a  pharmaceutical 
and  analytical  chemist.  For  some  time  he  was  with  Dr.  Christopher  Johnson, 
father  of  Dr.  Christopher  Johnson,  of  Castle  Park,  having  for  his  colleague  the  late 
Dr.  Cox  of  Liverpool.  In  all  but  being  born  in  our  midst,  Mr.  Ross  was  a  Lancaster 
man,  who  throughout  his  life  was  ever  willing  to  further  the  well-being  of  those 
around  him,  both  socially  and  commercially.  He  was  one  of  the  moving  spirits  in 
the  building  of  St.  Thomas's  and  Glasson  Churches,  and  also  one  of  the  original 
trustees  of  the  latter.  He  was  likewise  very  active  during  the  Cotton  Famine,  and 
in  collecting  funds  in  aid  of  the  Royal  Albert  Asylum  for  Idiots.  For  a  long  period 
he  was  associated  with  the  Infirmary,  the  Church  Missionary,  Bible  and  Tract 
Societies,  and  every  good  Christian  movement  in  Lancaster.  His  disposition  was 
pleasing,  modest,  and  retiring,  and  being  reticent  he  reserved  his  speech  until  the 
most  judicious  moments. 

It  is  not  generally  known  that  the  subject  of  these  remarks  was  descended 
from  a  very  old  Scottish  family,  in  fact  from  the  Earls  of  Ross.  In  the  Scottish 
Antiquary  of  June,  1890,  is  a  genealogy  of  the  Ross  family,  including  the  Rosses  of 
Meddat,  the  Rosses  of  Midfairnie,  and  the  Rosses  of  Morangie.  From  the  latter 
branch  Mr.  Stephen  Ross  was  descended,  and  his  lineage  dates  from  one  Alexander 
Ross,  chaplain  of  Dunskaith,  a  chaplaincy  founded  by  James  II.,  in  the  parochial 
church  of  Tain,  between  1456  and  1458.  In  14S7  it  was  annexed  as  a  prebend  to  the 
collegiate  church  which  the  same  king  founded  at  Tain,  according  to  the  Exchequer 
Rati,  227.  Alexander  Ross,  above  named,  was  presented  to  the  chaplaincy  vacant 
by  the  incapacity  or  demission  of  Sir  John  Poilson,   chanter,  of  Caithness,    13th  June, 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  317 


1500  (Privy  Seal  Register,  vol.  /.  fol.  126J.  This  priesl  is  supposed  to  have  been  a 
member  of  the  family  of  Ros,  of  Shandwick,  one  of  whom,  Walter  Ross,  who  died  in 
1531,  had  a  wadsel  of  the  town  and  chaplaincy  of  Dunskaith.  This  Alexander  had  a 
Sir  Nicholas  Ross,  cousin  to  Alexander  Ross,  of  Balnagown.  Sir  Nicholas  was  presented 
to  the  provostry  of  the  Collegiate  Church  of  Tain,  and  to  the  annexed  Vicarage  by 
Queen  .Mary,  in  the  year  1549,  a  position  he  resigned  in  1567  on  his  accession  10  the 
Abbot's  chair  at  Feme.  He  sat  in  the  Parliament  held  in  Edinburgh,  in  August, 
1560,  and  voted  for  the  abolition  of  the  Roman  Catholic  religion.  lie  had  four  sons, 
Nicholas,  William,  Donald,  and  Thomas.  His  death  took  place  in  1569,  and  in  the 
kalendar  of  Feme  is  the  following  entry  relating  to  it: — "The  xvii  clay  of  September 
the  year  of  God  1569,  nicolas  Ros,  commedator  of  feme,  provesl  of  tane,  dec. 
quhom  God  assolze."  The  Abbot  was  buried  in  the  Abbey  to  the  north  of  the  choir. 
He  seems  to  have  been  succeeded  by  his  son,  Thomas,  in  the  provostry  of  the 
Collegiate  Church  of  Tain,  and  this  son  also  became  commendator  oi  Feme,  and 
twentieth  Abbot  of  that  monastery.  Other  members  of  this  ancient  family  held 
ecclesiastical  offices  from  time  to  time,  and  William,  son  of  Thomas,  was  granted  the 
chaplaincy  of  Morangie  for  life  in  1586,  "in  succesion  to  his  brother  Walter." 
Among  those  of  the  family  who  have  held  appointments  of  a  more  secular  character 
in  their  own  kingdom  may  be  mentioned  David  Ross,  who  was  "  portioner  of 
Meddat  "  (Saseine,  22nd  August,  1626),  "  portioner  of  Meikle  Meddat,"  19th  June, 
1627,  in  Meddat,  and  "  portioner  of  1'itcalzean,  13th  March,  1653.  This  David  is 
believed  to  have  been  the  second  son  of  Walter  Ross,  third  of  Balmachy.  George 
Ross  of  Morangie,  descended  from  the  Rosses  of  Balnagown  Castle,  was  appointed 
Commissioner  of  Supply  for  Ross-shire  in  1685-6,  and  this  gentleman  registered  arms 
at  the  Lyon  office  about  1672.  The  arms  consist  of  gules,  three  lions  rampant, 
between  as  many  stars  argent.  On  ane  torse  for  his  crest  a  fox-head  couped  ppr  ; 
motto,  Spes  aspera  levat.  He  died  on  the  7th  of  April,  1703,  leaving  issue  George, 
who  died  young,  Thomas,  designated  second  son  in  his  father's  will,  and  William, 
I  >aptised  in  Edinburgh,  on  the  14th  of  August,  1688,  by  profession  a  writer.  This 
William  married,  and  had  issue  John  and  William.  The  latter  became  a  merchant 
in  Liverpool,  and  married  on  the  26th  of  January,  1768,  having  issue  Henry,  William, 
and  Arthur.  Henry  became  a  merchant  at  Liverpool,  and  on  the  15th  of  May,  1799, 
married  Eleanor,  daughter  of  James  Moore,  Esq.,  Mayor  of  Lancaster,  who  con- 
ferred the  freedom  of  the  Town  on  him.  He  died  on  the  27th  of  March.  1806, 
leaving  issue  James  Moore.  William  Horner,  Henry,  who  became  a  solicitor  in 
London,  Stephen,  and  Mary.  The  Stephen  here  named  was  the  son  whom  this 
notice  is  intended  more  especially  to  refer  to.  He  was  baptised  at  St.  James  s 
Church,  Liverpool,  in  1804,  married  on  the  9th  of  April,  1833,  Charlotte,  daughter  of 
William  Harrison,  Esq.,  M.D.,  of  Ulverston,  and  sister  of  James  Harrison,  Esq., 
J. P..  of  this  town,  and  had  issue  eight  children,  the  eldest  and  only  surviving  of 
whom  is  the  Rev.  Henry  Ross,  L.L.D.,  F.C.S.,  of  Dallas  House,  Lancaster.  Mr. 
S.    Ross   died   on  the  41I1    of  October,    1869,    aged   65   years.      Of  this  gentleman's 


3i8  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


pupils  were  three  youths  who  are  now  distinguished  stars  in  the  scientific  world. 
They  are  Dr.  Edward  Frankland,  F.R.S.,  late  of  the  South  Kensington  Museum 
Professor  Galloway,  F.C.S.,  &c,  who  formerly  held  the  Chemical  Chair  at  the  Museum 
of  Irish  Industry,  Stephen's  Green.  Dublin;  and  Mr.  George  Maule,  of  Harewood 
House,  Brighton,  famous  for  his  anilyne  dyes.  Hut  to  return  to  Mr.  Ross's  family. 
Burke's  Landed  Gentry,*vo\.  ii. ,  gives  much  information  respecting  the  Rosses  of 
Cromarty — Glastullich  of  Ross-Trever  all  more  or  less  allied  to  the  Rosses  of 
Balnagown.  On  the  maternal  side  the  Ross  family  can  claim  descent  from  the 
Huddlestons  of  Hutton  John  ;  the  I'arkes  of  Whitheck  Hall  :  the  Fletchers  of  Clea 
Hall  ;  the  Nortons  of  Norton  ;  and  the  Stockdales  of  Carke  House,  Carke,  and  are 
also  related  to  various  members  of  the  English  and  Scottish  nobility,  as  a  perusal  of 
the  family  pedigrees,  and  Burke,  and  "  Annals  of  Cartmel  "  will  demonstrate.  The 
representative  of  this  family  is  the  Rev.  H.  Ross,  LL.D.,  of  Dallas  House,  formerly 
Civil  Chaplain,  Mauritius,  and  Vicar  of  Dolphinholme,  who  married  at  Port  Louis, 
Mauritius,  in  1862,  Amelia  Rachael,  second  daughter  of  the  Rev.  J.  Gallienne 
Bichard,  late  Civil  Chaplain  of  the  Leychelles,  and  now  Vicar  of  Lurlingham, 
Norfolk. 


Sir  Thomas  Storey,  J. P. 

Sir  Thomas  Storey  is  the  son  of  the   late    Mr.  Isaac   Storey, 
who  died  on  the  4th  of  June,  1841,  aged  43  years. 

The  worthy  knight  was  born  at  Bardsea  in  the  month 
of  October,  1825.  His  mother  was  a  Miss  Patrickson,  of 
Millom.  Sir  Thomas  is  a  large  landowner,  colliery  proprietor 
in  Lancashire,  employer  of  labour,  and  is  likewise  interested  in 
the  iron  industry.  He  has  been  Mayor  of  Lancaster  four  times, 
viz.,  in  1867,  1873,  1874,  ar,d  in  1886.  He  is  very  popular, 
has  once  contested  the  Northern  Division  of  the  County  of  Lan- 
caster in  the  Liberal  interest,  viz.,  in  1880,  in  opposition  to 
Lord  Stanley  and  Lieutenant-General  Fielden,  and  at  the  time 
of  writing-  has  been  chosen  Liberal  Unionist  candidate  for  the 
Lancaster  Division  at  a  meeting  of  both  his  own  section  of 
politicians  and  the  Conservative  party,  who  have  pledged  them- 
selves to  support  him.  The  meeting  adopting  him  as  candidate 
was  held  in  the  Athenaeum  on  the  31st  January,  1891.  Sir  Thomas 
Storey  was  one  of  the  number  of  mayors  selected  during  the  Jubilee 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  319 


year  for  the  honour  of  knighthood.  He  has  a  courteous  manner, 
is  dignified,  smart  in  grasping  important  points,  has  travelled  much 
in  Europe,  and  is  an  excellent  French  scholar.  His  gift  to  the 
town  of  a  Jubilee  Memorial  in  the  shape  of  an  Art  Institute  will 
hand  his  name  down  to  posterity  and  secure  for  it  inclusion  in  the 
local  Valhalla. 


Benjamin  Robinson,   Esq.,  J. P. 

Mr.    Benjamin    Robinson   was   born   at   Over   Kellet,    in    the 
vear   1830,   and    received    his    early    education    at    Bolton-le-Sands 
Grammar  School.      On  leaving  school   he   was  apprenticed   to   Mr. 
Edmund  Jackson,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty-one   he  proceeded  to 
London'   to    take    an    appointment    in   a  well    known    drug  house. 
Owing  to  an  unexpected  circumstance  Mr.  Robinson  returned  north 
and    settled    at    Pendleton.        Eventually     he    established    a    drug 
business  at  the  corner  of  Cross  Lane  and  Broad  Street,  and  retired 
in  1 88 1  from  the   retail   trade  in   order  to  follow  a   manufacturing 
trade    in    Church    Street.       In    1861    he   was   elected   a   member   of 
the  Salford  Board  of  Guardians,  but  on   account   of  an    increasing 
trade  requiring  ail  his  attention  he  was  compelled  to  relinquish  the 
office  after  four  years'  service.     Twenty  years  after  he   was   chosen 
a  Guardian  for  the  second  time,  and  acted  as  chairman  of  the  Hope 
Hospital  Committee  for  three  years.      In  1882   Mr.    Robinson    was 
returned  as  a  Councillor  for  Seedley  Ward,  and   on    the  expiry   of 
his  term  of  office  in  1888  a  requisition  signed  by  1,200  burgesses  of 
the  ward  was  presented  to  him  and  another  gentleman   asking  both 
to  accept  re-election,  and  the  consequence  was   Mr.    Robinson   and 
his  colleague  were  returned  unopposed.      He  was  elected   Mayor  of 
Salford  for  the  municipal  year  1888-9,  ana"  m  1 890-1   filled  the  same 
important  office.      His   Worship  is  a  gentleman  of  high    integrity, 
and  no  one  is  more  pleased  to  hear  of  his  success    in    life   than    his 
venerable  friend  and   early   employer,    Edmund   Jackson,    Esq.,  of 
Castle  Park. 


320  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Mr.    H.   Gilbert. 

Mr.  H.  Gilbert,  the  art  master,  was  born  on  the  8th  of  April, 
1 83 1,  in  the  city  of  Salisbury.  He  came  into  the  world  at  a  period 
when  art  was  not  regarded  as  a  lucrative  profession  and  as  a  youth 
received  but  small  encouragement  in  the  sphere  his  tastes  destined 
him  to  adopt.  Inclination  being  stronger  than  reason  he  went  to 
London  and  in  due  course  became  a  student  of  the  schools  of  art  at 
Somerset  House,  schools  then  being  tentatively  tried  as  an  experi- 
ment by  the  Government.  He  studied  under  their  auspices,  and 
subsequently  became  one  of  their  pioneers,  serving  first  as  a 
teacher  in  many  of  the  elementary  schools  in  London,  thence  passing 
on  to  the  District  Schools  at  Wilmington  Square,  Rotherhithe  and 
Spitalfields,  after  having  done  duty  for  a  time  at  Dudley  and  Bath. 
At  length  Mr.  Gilbert  was  appointed  master  of  the  Lancaster 
School  of  Art  by  the  direct  recommendation  of  Sir  Henry  Cole  (then 
Mr.  Cole).  About  the  year  i860  he  visited  Preston,  where  he  found 
art  in  a  very  dead  state.  Owing  to  his  advent  on  this  occasion 
arrangements  were  soon  made  for  his  visiting  Preston  regularlv  in 
order  to  educate  the  teachers  of  the  elementary  schools,  and 
ultimately  he  was  successful  in  establishing  a  school  of  art  at  the 
institution  for  the  diffusion  of  useful  knowledge  which  was  under 
the  presidency  and  guardianship  of  the  then  vicar  of  Preston,  the 
Rev.  Canon  Owen  Parr,  M.A.,  father  of  Mr.  Harrington  Welford 
Parr,  late  postmaster  of  Labuan  and  governor  of  Lancaster  Castle, 
and  now  of  Warwick.  The  late  Town  Clerk  of  Preston  (an  excel- 
lent educationist),  and  many  other  gentlemen  of  influence,  did  all 
they  could  for  the  advance  of  art  in  Preston,  and  the  result  was 
that  Mr.  Gilbert  was  appointed  art  master  for  Preston,  a  position 
he  has  held  twelve  years.  He  is  therefore  art  master  for  both 
towns. 

Eminent  Catholic  Divines  and  La  vine n  closely  identified  with 

Lancaster. 

The  Rev.   Edward  Hawarden,   D.  D. 

The  following  notes  on  this  priest  have  been  supplied  by  the 
Very  Rev.  Provost  Walker,  their  author  : — 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


The  Rev.  Edward  Hawarden,  D.D..  may  in  a  manner  be 
looked  upon  as  the  first  resident  priest  in  Lancaster.  He  was  a  noted 
man  ;  in  fact  he  had  won  for  himself  a  European  reputation.  He 
was  born  at  Appleton,  and  came  of  a  family  oi'  great  respectability 
in  the  county.  He  was  sent  at  a  very  early  age  to  Douay,  and 
passed  through  the  educational  course  of  that  celebrated  college  in 
a  most  brilliant  manner.  He  was  successively  chosen  as  Professor 
of  Humanity,  Philosophy,  and  Divinity,  and  was,  says  Dodd,  a 
person  of  consummate  knowledge  in  all  ecclesiastical  matters, 
scholastic,  moral  and  historical  ;  and  to  do  him  justice,  perhaps  the 
present  age  cannot  show  his  equal.  Charles  Butler,  in  his  "  Re- 
miniscences," gives  the  following  anecdote  respecting  Dr.  Hawarden 
and  Dr.  Clarke,  which  may  well  bear  repeating.  In  this  work 
entitled,  "  The  Scripture  Doctrine  of  the  Trinity,"  Dr.  Claike  pro- 
pounded his  system  with  great  clearness,  and  supported  it  with 
considerable  strength  and  subtilty  of  argument.  He  met  a  power- 
ful opponent  in  Dr.  Hawarden,  an  eminent  Catholic  Theologian. 
By  the  desire  of  Queen  Caroline,  the  consort  of  George  II.,  a  con- 
ference was  held  by  them  in  the  presence  of  her  Majesty,  Mrs. 
Middleton,  a  Catholic  lady  much  in  the  confidence  of  the  Queen, 
and  the  celebrated  Dr.  Courayer.  When  they  met,  Dr.  Clarke,  at 
some  length,  in  very  guarded  terms,  and  with  great  apparent  per- 
spicuity, stated  and  explained  his  system.  Dr.  Hawarden  said 
he  had  listened  with  the  greatest  attention  to  what  had  fallen 
from  Dr.  Clarke,  that  he  believed  he  apprehended  rightly  the 
whole  of  his  system.  The  only  reply  he  would  make  to  it 
would  be  by  asking  a  single  question — and  if  the  question  were 
thought  to  contain  any  ambiguity  he  wished  it  to  be  cleared  of 
this  before  any  answer  to  it  was  returned,  but  desired  that  when 
the  answer  should  be  given,  it  should  be  expressed  by  the  affirmative 
or  negative  monosyllable.  To  this  proposition  Dr.  Clarke  assented. 
Then  said  Dr.  Hawarden,  I  ask,  "Can  God  the  Father  annihilate 
the  Son  and  Holy  Ghost?"  Dr.  Clarke  continued  some  time  in 
deep  thought,  and  then  said  it  was  .a  question  he  had  never  con- 
sidered. Then  the  conference  ended.  On  leaving-  Douay,  Dr. 
Hawarden  was  sent  to  the  North   of   England,  and  was  occupied  in 


322  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


watching-  over  the  welfare  of  Catholics  in  this  neighbourhood,  at 
any  rate  during  the  years  1712,  1713,  and  1 7 14.  He  resided  mostly 
at  Aldcliffe.  That  manor  had  previously  belonged  to  the  Daltons, 
of  Thurnham,  A  moiety  of  it  was  conveyed  in  marriage  by  Dorothy, 
youngest  daughter  and  co-heiress  of  Robert  Dalton,  to  Edward 
Riddell,  Esq.,  of  Swinburne  Castle,  Northumberland.  The  re- 
mainder, being  left  tor  the  support  of  the  secular  clergy,  was  on 
three  several  occasions  confiscated  to  the  crown,  and  by  the  crown 
was,  after  the  third  confiscation,  let  and  subsequently  sold  to  the 
family  of  Dawson  about  the  year  1 73 1 .  The  third  confiscation  most 
probably  took  place  after  the  inroad  of  the  Jacobites  in  1 71 5,  when 
after  the  war,  the  royal  commission  disposed  at  their  pleasure  of  the 
estates  of  suspected  persons.  To  whom  it  belonged  during  the 
period  of  Dr.  Hawarden's  residence  we  have  not  been  able  to 
ascertain. 

Rev.    Nicholas  Skelton. 

It  is  certain  that  the  Rev.  N.  Skelton  was  the  first  resident 
priest  in  Lancaster  after  the  Reformation.  Until  within  the 
past  few  years  we  knew  hardly  anything  of  this  gentleman  but 
the  names  of  his  parents,  the  day  of  his  birth,  and  the  date  of 
his  death.  There  existed  indeed  among  the  Catholics  of  the  town  a 
tradition,  which,  if  it  was  satisfactory  on  some  points,  was  most 
disappointing  in  others.  It  was  certain  in  so  far  as  it  testified  to  his 
existence,  and  the  lengthened  period  of  his  ministry,  but  it  could  tell 
us  nothing  about  his  person,  his  parentage,  his  education,  or  the 
circumstances  by  which  he  was  surrounded.  The  three  simple 
entries  in  the  Douay  Diary,  and  the  other  sources  of  information  to 
which  they  pointed,  have  cleared  away  a  world  of  doubts  ;  and  we 
now  know  that  he  belonged  to  one  of  the  great  county  families  of 
Cumberland,  that  he  was  the  son  of  Richard  Skelton  and  his  wife 
Mary  Meynell,  daughter  of  George  Meynell,  of  Dalton  Royal,  in  the 
county  of  York,  and  that  he  was  born  on  the  17th  ol  December, 
169 1  (old  style).  Of  the  same  family  was  John  Skelton,  poet 
laureate  in  the  reigns  of  Henry  VII.    and   Henry  VIII, ,  but  as  this 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  323 


gentleman  seems  not  to  have  cast  any  great  lustre  on  the  name  he 
bore,  he  may  be  dismissed  from  these  pages  without  further 
ceremony.  Richard,  the  father  of  Nicholas,  was  lord  of  Armathwaite 
Castle  and  estates  ;  but  whether  it  be  that  he  foresaw  greater  evils 
darkening  the  prospects  of  the  future,  and  deemed  it  the  more 
prudent  course  to  descend  from  a  conspicuous  position,  or  for 
whatever  other  reason,  he  sold  his  property  to  John  Sanderson,  in 
1 71 2,  and  we  have  not  the  means  of  tracing  further  the  history  of 
his  family. 

It  is  a  curious  fact,  and  yet  in  perfect  keeping  with  the 
necessities  of  the  time,  that  his  son  Nicholas  is  not  mentioned  in 
the  ordinary  lists  of  his  children.  He  was  a  student  in  a  foreign 
college,  and  it  would  have  imperilled  son  and  parents,  and  house 
and  home,  to  keep  a  record  of  his  existence. 

In  17 10,  Mr.  Skelton,  then  in  his  nineteenth  year,  took  the 
College  oath,  by  which  he  engaged  to  proceed  to  sacred  orders  at 
the  proper  times,  and  in  spite  of  all  dangers,  to  return,  as  he  should 
be  directed  by  his  superior,  to  his  own  country,  and  labour  to  win 
souls  to  God.  In  accordance  with  this  oath  it  is  more  than  probable 
that  he  would  be  ordained  sub-deacon,  deacon,  and  priest  in  three 
successive  years ;  and  if  we  suppose  that  he  was  24  at  the  time  of  his 
ordination — and  he  could  not  be  ordained  at  any  earlier  age  without  a 
dispensation — he  may  have  been  in  Lancaster,  in  "the  old  house  " 
in  St.  Leonard's  Gate,  shortly  after  the  excitement  of  17 15.  It  is 
certain  that  he  died  on  the  13th  November,  1766,  aged  75,  and  if 
the  former  supposition  be  correct,  and  we  regard  it  as  highly 
probable,  he  seems  to  have  passed  a  long  and,  for  the  times,  a 
peaceful  life  in  the  old  town.  No  doubt  he  owed  much  to  the 
notice  of  the  Dukes  of  Hamilton,  then  resident  at  Ashton  Park, 
and  the  great  Catholic  families  of  the  neighbourhood;  and  if  it  be 
said  that  he  was  indebted  to  his  family  distinction  for  these  atten- 
tions on  the  part  of  the  Hamiltons,  it  is  obvious  that  he  was 
not  the  only  priest  befriended  by  them.  A  place  was  always 
reserved  at  the  Duke's  table  for  the  Rev.  W.  Foster  of  Thurnham. 


324  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


In  1766,  Mr.  Skelton,  then  74  years  of  age,  signed  his  last 
will  and  testament,  by  which  he  bequeathed  all  his  real  property, 
whatsoever  and  wheresoever,  to  the  Hon.  Edward  Clifford,  of  Park 
Hall,  in  Quernmore,  and  Thomas  Winder  Faithwaite,  of  Pottyeats, 
in  Littledale,  as  tenants  in  common,  and  not  as  joint  tenants.  To 
these  was  joined,  for  other  purposes,  William  Pennington,  the 
resident  priest  of  Robert  Hall,  of  whom  the  Douay  Diary  states 
that  he  was  a  youth  of  great  promise.  The  witnesses  to  the  signa- 
ture of  the  will  are  Antony  Atkinson,  Tho.  Shepherd,  John 
Hankinson. 

In  Cabus  is  a  farm  or  some  farm  land  called  "  Skeltons," 
containing  13a.  or.  i4p.,  which  formerly,  along  with  adjoining 
properties,  belonged  to  the  Duke  of  Hamilton. 

The  Right  Honorable  and  Reverend  Charles,   Viscount 

Fauconberg,   D.D. 

This  nobleman,  the  last  of  the  bearers  of  the  title,  was  born 
in  1750.  He  was  sent  at  an  early  age  to  the  college  at  Douay. 
He  greatly  distinguished  himself  in  humanities,  and  afterwards 
proceeded  to  St.  Oregon's  Seminary.  Paris,  passing  through  the 
schools  of  philosophy  and  divinity,  and  won  in  1778  the  much 
coveted  honour,  namely,  the  Doctorate  of  the  Sorbonne.  On 
returning  to  England  he  laboured  many  years  on  the  London  mission. 
A  few  years  prior  to  his  decease  he  retired  to  Lancaster,  and  resided 
with  his  sisters,  the  Honourable  Misses  Belasyses.  But,  though  he 
had  retired,  he  was  not  idle  ;  and  the  registers  of  the  neighbouring 
missions  bear  ample  witness  to  the  charity  and  zeal  which  continued 
to  animate  him  to  the  end  of  his  days.  He  died  on  the  21st  of  June, 
181 3,  three  years  before  his  friend,  Dr.  Rigby.  He  died  at  his 
residence  in  Thurnham  Street  (now  the  Dispensary). 

The  Rev.  John  Rigby,   D.D. 

This  gentleman  was  the  son  of  Richard  and  Mary  Rigby, 
nee   Winstanley,    of  Pemberton,    near    Wigan.      He  was  for  thirty 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  325 


years  pastor  of  the  Catholic  Mission  in  Lancaster.  He  died  at  his 
residence,  Dalton  Square,  on  the  10th  of  June,  [818,  aged  63  years. 
He  had  a  brother  Thomas,  who  was  also  a  Doctor  o\'  Divinity  o\ 
the  Sorbonne,  and  Vicar-General  of  the  London  district.  Dr.  Rigby, 
of  Lancaster,  was  the  originator  of  the  Catholic  Chapel  in  Dalton 
Square,  erected  in  1797.      It  is  now  the  Palatine  Hall. 

Dr.  Rigby  composed  the  Latin  inscription,  still  to  be  seen, 
though  but  faintly,  on  the  Aqueduct  Bridge.  It  was  written  by  the 
Doctor  at  the  request  of  the  Canal  Company.  The  following 
extracts  from  Dr.  Rigby's  note-book,  concerning  the  Chapel  in 
Dalton  Square,  Schools,  and  Priest's  House,  are  taken  from  the 
note  book  of  the  Rev.  Provost  Walker  : — 

"TJctober  8th,  1797.  Bought  of  James  Barrow,  four  iots  of  ground, 
fronting  the  lower  or  north  end  of  Dalton  Square,  making  79  feet  in  front,  and  87 
backward  ;  price,  ^"260. 

October  10th.  Printed  for  the  purpose  of  circulation,  an  address  to  the 
Catholics  of  England,  soliciting  contributions,  of  which  the  following  is  a  copy  :— 

'  To  contribute  to  the  con venit nee  and  decency  of  public  worship  is  in  no 

slight  degree  to  extend  the  influence  of  religion  and  morality.  The  wavering  are 
often  fixed,  and  the  tepid  warmed,  by  external  aids,  and  the  devout  must  feel  grate- 
ful to  that  pious  liberality  which  has  enabled  them  to  enjoy  the  advantage  of  meeting 
together  in  prayer.  To  those  who  are  acquainted  with  the  local  circumstances  of  the 
Catholic  congregation  at  Lancaster,  it  is  useless  to  say  that  a  new  chapel  is  wanted 
there,  and  that  the  members  of  it  are  not  in  general  in  a  condition  to  contribute  much 
to  so  desirable  a  purpose.  It  may  Lie  further  observed  that  the  town  and  congrega- 
tion are  increasing  daily,  and  likely  to  continue  t<>  increase.  Of  course,  the  necessity 
of  adopting  the  measure  proposed  becomes  daily  more  urgent.  The  R.  R.  William 
Gibson,"  bp.  of  the  district,  has  sanctioned  that  measure,  and  subscribed  handsomely 
to  encourage  it,  and  to  those  who  may  be  charitably  induced  to  follow  his  example, 
these  lines  are  addressed.  Any  contributions,  therefore,  towards  the  building  of  a 
new  chapel  and  house  for  the  incumbent  at  Lancaster,  will  be  gratefully  received  by 
Mr.  Richard  Gillow,  London,  or  Dr.  Thomas  Rigby,  do.,  or  by 

J.    R. ,    Lancaster. 
October  10,  '97.'  " 


326  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Then  we  find  the  following  additional  notes  : — 

"  October  22nd.  Meeting  in  the  chapel  was  held  but  very  thinly  attended. 
Certain  resolutions  were  entered  into." 

They  read  thus  :  — 

"  Resolved,  that  on  account  of  the  increase  of  the  congregation,  it  is 
expedient  to  attempt  to  build  a  new  chapel  in  Lancaster,  and  a  house  for  the 
incumbent. 

Resolved,  that  the  priest  for  the  time  being  be  always  one  of  the  trustees, 
and  that  Messrs.  Robert  Gillow,  Richard  W'orswick,  and  John  Kaye  be  the  other 
trustees. 

Resolved,  that  the  said  trustees  be  empowered  to  purchase  the  aforesaid  lot 
of  ground  foi  the  use  of  this  congregation,  and  that  they  deliver  over  the  full  use  and 
management  of  the  house  and  chapel  erected  thereon,  and  the  income  thence  to 
arise,  to  the  priest  who  is  now  appointed,  or  shall  hereafter  be  appointed  by  the 
bishop  of  this  district,  to  serve  this  congregation. 

Resolved,  finally,  that  the  house,  chapel,  ground,  and  buildings,  belonging 
to  this  congregation,  be  sold  at  any  future  and  convenient  time,  and  that  the  money 
then  arising,  be  applyed  towards  the  erecting,  finishing,  or  engraving  of  the  new 
chapel  and  house. 

Feb.   nth,  1798.      Paid  for  land  ,£260  to  Mr.  Baldwin. 

Feb.  26th.  Corry  and  Woodcock  came  over  from  Preston  to  undertake 
the  woodwork.     Nearly  agreed. 

March  5th.  Agreed  with  Mr.  Taylor  for  the  mason  work.  Agreed  with 
Mr.  Exley  to  superintend. 

March  13th.      Foundation  stone  of  north  end  of  Chapel  laid. 

August  nth.     Rearing. 

August  31st.  Sold  the  old  house,  chapel,  and  premises,  at  the  Shakespear, 
by  auction,  to  Mr.  Gillow,  at  ^610. 

September  8th.      Finished  slating. 

March  1st,  1799.     Opened  the  chapel. 

In  the  list  of  subscriptions  which  follows  the  Right  Reverend  Bishop 
Gibson's  of  ,£20,  are  : — T.    Worswiek,  ^200,   and  a  second  of  ,£50  ;  R.   Gillow  and 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


J-*/ 


Sons,  ,£150  ;  Robert  Gillow,  London,  £50.  who  also  left  by  will  another  .£50;  Mr. 
Wheble,  London,  ,£50;  total  subscriptions  received,  ,£1,010  }s.,  which  together 
with  moneys  received  from  other  sources,  furnished  the  cost  of  the  Chapel  and 
Presbytery,  viz.  £2,311  7s. 

From  a  paper  left  by  Dr.  Rig-by,  we  find  "  that  the  income 
belonging-  to  the  incumbent  of  this  Chapel  being  barely  ,£90  a  year, 
^80  from  the  benches,  and  not  always  so  much,  and  from  another 
source,  ^,"10,  a  very  uncertain  sum  for  contingencies,  not  included, 
and  of  which  he  must  supply  wine,  wax,  &c,  for  the  Chapel,  and 
repairs  and  taxes  for  the  whole  building,  it  may  be  thought 
reasonable  to  augment  it,  and  if  so  he  begs  to  make  the  following 
proposal. "  (Then  follows  a  scheme  for  increasing  the  amount 
derived  from  the  bench  rents.) 

"  N.  B. — Each  bench  below  to  pay  6  pence,  and  in  the  gallery  I  shilling  a 
year,  for  keeping  the  Chapel  clean. 

The  Incumbent  on  his  side  promises  to  advance  the  money,  which  will  be 
nearly  £,70,  for  the  enfranchisement  of  the  land  belonging  to  the  Chapel. 

If  this  scheme  be  admitted,  to  commence  with  the  year  1811. " 

The  next  extract  shows  that  Dr.  Rigby  fulfilled  his  part  of 
the  above  scheme  : — 

"  In  181 1,  J.  Rigby  purchased  the  freehold  of  the  Chapel  and  house  of  Mr, 
Dalton,  for  which  he  paid,  including  attorney's  bill,  £"]"]  7s.  5d." 

Dr.  Rigby  succeeded  the  Rev.  James  Tyrer  in  the  mission  at 
Lancaster,  who  is  mentioned  as  being  of  the  age  of  twenty-three  in 
the  Douay  Diary,  1764.  Mr.  Tyrer  died  on  the  5th  of  May,  1784, 
and  was  buried  at  Windleshaw,  near  St.  Helens. 

Dr.  Rigby  was  interred  in  the  Chapel  in  Dalton  Square,  but 
his  remains  were  exhumed  when  the  cemetery  in  connection  with  St. 
Peter's  Church  was  completed,  and  placed  therm,  and  the  com- 
memoration stone  which  had  marked  the  spot  where  he  was  buried 


328  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


in  the  above-named  Chapel,  was  transferred  to  the  new  grave.      The 
inscription  on  the  marble  is  as  follows  : — 

I.  H.  S. 
H.   S.    E. 
R.D.  JOANNES  RIGBY,   S.  T.   D. 
HUJUS  SACELL1 
CONDITOR  ET  PER  33  ANNOS  MINISTER. 
OBI  IT  ETATIS  ANNOS  61 
CHRISTI    1818  MENSE   J  UN   DIE  X, 
IN  CHRISTO  SPES 
H  I  C    O  S  S  A    CONDI 
IL  EC  SEPULCHRO    INSCRIBI  VOLUIT. 

The  Very  Reverend  Provost  Walker,   M.R.,  V.F. 

One  must  be  careful  what  he  says  about  the  Rector  of  St. 
Peter's  Church,  since  it  is  well  known  that  the  reverend  gentleman 
has  a  supreme  abhorrence  of  anything  bordering  upon  ostentation 
or  even  commendation,  so  far  as  himself  is  concerned.  But  for  the 
sake  of  days  to  come,  when  the  present  generation  will  have  passed 
away,  it  has  been  deemed  imperative,  after  due  reflection,  to  make 
a  few  very  brief  remarks  respecting  the  provost. 

The  Very  Reverend  William  Walker  was  born  at  Layton 
Hall,  near  Blackpool,  the  old  seat  of  a  branch  of  the  Rigbyes,  the 
branch  celebrated  for  its  loyalty  to  Charles  I.  After  receiving  the 
rudiments  of  his  education  at  Bispham  school,  he  was  entrusted  to 
the  care  of  the  Reverend  Thomas  Bryer,  who  took  private  pupils  in 
the  parsonage  at  Great  Marton.  Here  he  was  initiated  among  other 
things  into  the  mysteries  of  the  Eton  Latin  Grammar  and  the 
Eclogues  of  Virgil,  and  formed,  as  far  as  disparity  of  years  would 
permit,  with  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bryer,  a  friendship  which  was  kept  up 
by  kindly  intercourse  until  the  death  of  his  old  master.  He  pro- 
ceeded to  Ushaw  at  the  end  of  the  year  1835,  and,  thanks  to  the 
solid   foundation   laid   by    Mr.    Bryer,    he    found  his  college  course 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  329 


comparatively  easy.  Shortly  after,  the  London  University  was 
thrown  open  to  the  Catholic  colleges,  and  he  matriculated  there  ; 
but  was  prevented  by  circumstances  from  proceeding-  further. 
Subsequently  he  taught  successively  the  two  higher  schools  of 
humanities  which  included  Greek  and  Latin  and  French  Authors  ; 
as  also  ancient  or  English  History,  as  the  case  might  be.  He 
was  sometime  professor  of  Poetry,  was  ordained  in  1849,  and  held 
the  post  of  professor  of  Rhetoric  for  several  years.  He  left  the 
college  at  the  end  of  the  scholastic  year  1856.  Mr.  Walker  was 
then  appointed  to  St.  Augustine's,  Preston,  where  he  remained 
until  the  death  of  the  Very  Rev.  Richard  Brown,  whom  he  succeeded 
at  St.  Peter's  Church,  Lancaster,  on  the  28th  of  January,  1869.  In 
1873,  he  was  appointed  to  a  vacant  stall  in  the  pro-cathedral  of  St. 
Nicholas,  and  in  1889  was  raised  by  His  Holiness  Pope  Leo  XIII. 
to  the  provostship  of  the  Chapter.  Provost  Walker  is  a  nephew  of 
the  late  Canon  John  Walker  of  Scarborough,  many  years  the 
personal  friend  of  the  lamented  Dr.  Lingard,  and  one  of  the  few  who 
•  were  with  the  doctor  during  his  last  hours.  The  reverend  gentleman 
has  endeared  himself  to  all  classes  in  Lancaster,  who  have  found  in 
him  at  all  times  a  fair  and  generous  minister,  a  fluent  and  candid 
speaker,  as  charitable  in  every  respect  as  he  is  courteous  and  learned. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Lancaster  Burial  Board,  and  is  identified 
with  all  such  movements  as  are  calculated  to  redound  to  the  well- 
being  of  the  borough.      He  is  70  years  of  age. 

Richard  Gillow. 

This  gentleman  was  born  in  1734.  He  was  a  younger  son 
ot  Richard  Gillow,  Esq.,  of  Ellel  Grange,  who  died  in  17 17.  He  is 
best  known  to  us  as  the  architect  of  the  Custom  House  of  Lan- 
caster, as  the  inventor  of  the  telescope  table,  and  also  as  the 
initiator  of  a  new  and  improved  system  of  furnishing  the  dining  and 
with-drawing  rooms  of  superior  dwellings  and  mansions.  Mr. 
Gillow  was  an  ardent  supporter  of  the  Catholic  religion,  and  was  a 
principal  contributor  to  the  cost  of  erecting  the  new  Chapel  in 
Dalton  Square,  in  1799.      Owing  to  his  exertions   the   Catholics   of 


33Q  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 

Margate  and  the  Isle  of  Thanet  generally,  were  enabled  to  have  a 
place  of  worship  of  their  own  instead  of  having  to  go  to  Canterbury 
when  they  wished  to  attend  mass,  that  city  prior  to  1800  being  the 
nearest  place  available  for  the  purpose.  Mr.  Gillow  likewise  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  establishment  of  St.  Mary  Abbots,  Kensing- 
ton. He  died  at  Ellel  Grange  on  the  14th  of  August,  181 1. 
Richard,  his  eldest  son,  purchased  the  manors  of  Leighton  and 
Yealand  Conyers  from  his  cousin,  Thomas  Worswick,  Esq.,  whose 
mother,  Alice  Gillow,  was  the  wife  of  Alexander  Worswick,  of 
Leighton.  There  were  two  other  sons,  Robert  Gillow,  of  Clifton 
Hill,  Forton,  and  George  Gillow,  of  Hammersmith.  For  fuller 
particulars  of  this  ancient  Catholic  family,  see  Mr.  Joseph  Gillow's 
"  Bibliographical  Dictionary,"  vol.  II.  In  the  same  will  be  found 
interesting  biographies  of  the  Gillows  of  Preston,  Singleton,  and 
Salwick,  including  one  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Gillow,  president  of  Ushaw 
College. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


33 J 


CHAPTER   XII. 

Churches  of  St.  John — St.  Anne—Christ  Church — St.  Luke,  Skerton— 
Fast  Incumbents  of  each — Value  of  the  Respective  Living-  oi 
Churches — Congregationalism  and  Wesleyanism  in  Lancaster- 
Si-.  Nicholas's  Chapel— Various  Denominations — Friends'  Meeting 
House — Moorside  Burial  Ground. 


St.  John's  Church. 

J    FEW7    more  places   of  divine    worship    now 

We  must  now  treat 


pj    require  some  attention. 

of  St.  John's  Church.  This  first  Chapel  ot 
ease  erected  in  Lancaster  demands  more 
than  a  passing-  notice.  But  it  will,  perhaps, 
be  as  well  to  call  attention  to  it  first  archi- 
tecturally, and  then  note  its  interior  and  the 
features  of  interest  therein.  The  Church  is 
built  in  the  Italian  style,  is  28  yards  long  by 
18  wide,  and  30  feet  in  height.  The  tower, 
erected  in  1784,  is  square,  and  in  three 
sections,  surmounted  by  a  dome  having  eight  plain  circular  pillars, 
supported  by  square  central  columns  behind,  and  above  is  a  small 
spire  of  the  concave-curvilinear  and  octagonal  form.  In  1889,  the 
appearance  of  the  Church  was  greatly  improved  by  an  application  oi 
the  painter's  brush  and  by  general  cleaning.  Outside,  a  new  parapet 
was  erected,  into  which,  new  and  neat  iron  railing  was  inserted,  so 
that  a  much  more  cheerful  aspect  now  greets  the  eye.  Within  the 
sacred  edifice  are  several  interesting  tablets  ;  the  first  refers  to 
the  augmentation  of  1757. 


a.d.,    1757. 
This  Church  of  St.  John  was  augmented,   and  A.D.,  1760, 

Lands  purchased  with £Soo 


332  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Whereof  given  by 

Queen  Anne's  Bounty ^4°° 

By  executors  of  William  Stratford,  LL.D  ^200 

By  other  Benefactors  £2°° 

Another  tablet  near  the  above,  and  adjacent  to  the  font, 
states  that : — 

THIS  FONT  WAS  PRESENTED  TO  ST.  JOHN'S  CHURCH  BY 
ELIZABETH  AND  DOROTHY  BOWES  l8l8.  THE  ABOVE-MENTIONED 
ELIZABETH  BOWES  DIED  ON  THE  5TH  DAY  OF  APRIL,  1 858,  AGED  84 
YEARS,  AND  DOROTHY  BOWES  ON  THE  22ND  DAY  OF  MAY,  1858, 
AGED  78. 

A  beautiful   marble  slab    bears    this   inscription  : —  XIO  tbC 

OlOfP  Of  (BOO,  AND  FOR  THE  BENEFIT  OF  HER  NEIGHBOURS,  THE 
CLOCK  OF  THIS  CHURCH  WAS  GIVEN  AND  FIXED  AT  THE  COST  OF 
MISS    BALDWIN,     OF    GREEN     AYRE,     IN     THIS     PARISH.  IT    WAS    DEDI- 

CATED   TO    DIVINE    SERVICE,    SUNDAY,    AUGUST    29,     1886. 

THIS  FACT  IS  RECORDED  AS  A  TOKEN  OF  GRATITUDE  FOR  A 
VALUABLE    GIFT,    AND    OF    ESTEEM    EOR    THE    DONOR. 

William   Harris   Ewald,   M.A.,  Vicar. 

William  Bell,        j      Churchwardens. 
Henry  Hartley,    J 

On  the  wall  of  the  north  aisle  I  found  memorials,  the  first  of 
which  is  : — 

TO    THE    MEMORY 

OF    CORNEY    TOMLINSON,    LATE    OF    LANCASTER, 

THIS    TABLET     IS     INSCRIBED 

BY    HIS    ONLY    SURVIVING    DAUGHTER 

AS     A      TRIBUTE     OF     AFFECTION 

AND    DUTIFUL    REGARD 

TO    THE    INESTIMABLE    QUALITIES 

OF    A    BELOVED    PARENT. 

HE    DEPARTED    THIS    LIFE    APRIL    3OTH,     1813. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  333 

IN    MEMORY    ALSO    OF    FOl'R    OF    HIS    CHILDREN, 

VIZ  : — TWO    SONS    AND    TWO    DAUGHTERS, 

INTERRED    NEAR    THIS    PLACE. 

ALSO    IN    MEMORY    OF    MARGARET,    THE    BELOVED    RELICT. 

OF    THE    ABOVE    CORNEY    TOMLINSON, 

WHO    DIED    OCTOBER     9TH,     1837, 

AGED    71, 

ALSO    OF    MARGARET,    THE    ONLY    SURVIVING    CHILD 

OF    THE    ABOVE     CORNEY     AND     MARGARET     TOMLINSON, 

AND    THE    LAST    MEMBER    OF    THE    TOMLINSON    FAMILY, 

WHO    DIED    MARCH    27TH,     1 843, 

AGED    55    YEARS, 

A    BENEFACTRESS     OF    THIS     CHURCH. 

The  next  is  : — 

IN    MEMORY    OF    BENJAMIN    S.YTTERTHWAITE,    ESQ., 

OF  LANCASTER, 

WHO    DIED    DECEMBER    III.     MDCCCL. 

AGED    LXXXVII. 

Further  on  is  a  memorial   to  John   Brockbank,    Esq.,   which 
reads  thus  : — 

in  memory  of  john  brockbank,  of  lancaster, 
who  died  june   1 2th,    1847,  aged  66  years, 

and  Eleanor,   wife  of  the  above, 

who    died    september    20/th,    1 847,    aged    57. 

also  John  Brockbank  their  only  son, 

who  died  september  ioth,  1 873,  aged  59 


334  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 

In  the  south  aisle  is  this  commemoration  of  the  life  and 
labours  of  a  former  pastor  :— 

SACRED    TO    THE    MEMORY    OF 

The    Rev.     George    M  o  r  l  a  n  d 

38    YEARS    VICAR    OF    THIS    CHURCH, 

WHO    DIED    5TH    OCTOBER,     1862, 

IN     THE     72ND     YEAR     OF     HIS     AGE, 

AND    WAS    INTERRED     IN    THE     CEMETERY,    LANCASTER. 

THIS    TABLET    IS    ERECTED    BY    HIS    SORROWING    RELATIVES, 

IN    AFFECTIONATE     REMEMBRANCE    OF     HIS    CHARACTER, 

AS    A    FAITHFUL    MINISTER    OF    GOD'S    HOLY    WORD, 

AND    A    BRIGHT    EXAMPLE    OF    THE    DOCTRINES    HE    TAUGHT, 

BY    HIS    TRULY    CHRISTIAN    DISPOSITION 

AND    CONSISTENT    DEPORTMENT    IN    THE    DAILY    WALK    OF    LIFE." 

The  last  one  I  surveyed  is: — 

in  memory  of 
Nancy,   wife  of  Thomas    Howitt, 

of  lancaster,  surgeon, 

who  died   i2th  september,    1839, 

aged  56  years, 

also  of  the  above 

Thomas       H  o  w i t  t  , 

WHO    DIED    THE 

2  I  ST    AUGUST,     I  846, 

AGED    62    YEARS. 

There  are  three  large  medallion  lights  in  each  of  the  two  east 
windows.  In  the  south-east  window,  beginning  with  the  lowest 
medallion,  the  subject  is  Our  Lord's  Nativity  ;  in  the  two  medallions 
above  are  representations  of  the  Crucifixion  and  of  the  Angel  at  our 
Lords's  empty  sepulchre.  In  the  north-east  window  the  subjects 
are,  beginning  from  the  bottom  : — Our  Lord's  appearance  to  Man- 
Magdalene  after  his  Resurrection.  Then  we  have  Our  Lords' 
appearance  to  St.  Thomas,  and  the  Ascension. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  335 


The  east  window  bears  at  its  base  the  following  inscription  :— 

"IN  HOXOREM  DEI,  E.P.  MDCCCLXXI.  TO  THE  GLORY  OF  COD. 
IN  MEMORY  OF  HARRIET,  WIFE  OF  JOHN  H.\LL,  BORN'  IITH  APRIL, 
1805,     DECEASED    30TH    JULY,      1 870. " 

Neatly  engraved  round  the  lower  portion  of  the  pulpit  is  a 
brass    on   which  are  these    words: — "to  the  glory  of  god.      in 

THE  YEAR  OF  OUR  LORD,  1 875,  THIS  PULPIT  AND  THE  PRAYER  DESK 
WERE  GIVEN  BY  MISS  BALDWIN,  OF  GREEN  AYRE,  IN  THIS  PARISH, 
AND     HER     SISTER,      MRS.      PEEBLES.         EDWARD    PeDDER    M.A.,    VICAR, 

James  Parker  and  Henry  Longman,   churchwardens. 

An  organ  was  presented  to  the  Church,  in  1863,  by  Miss 
Tatham,  of  Melling.  It  replaced  an  organ  given  to  the  Church  by 
Abram  Rawlinson,  Esq.,  M.P.,  in  1784,  erected  by  B.  Langshaw, 
who  was  also  the  organist.  On  the  west  gallery  are  the  National 
Anns,  and  over  the  late  Mr.  Roper's  pew,  formerly  occupied  by  the 
Rev.  Wm.  Stratford,  LL.D.,  were  the  Richmond  Arms.  Over 
the  Mayor's  Pew  are  the  Lancaster  Arms.  This  Church  used  to  be 
designated  the  Green  Ayre  Chapel.  It  stands  on  the  site  of  what 
was  once  known  as  the  "  Clayholes." 

The  Deed  of  Consecration  of  St.  John's  Church  begins  with  : — "  In  the 
name  of  Cod,  Amen,  whereas  by  reason  of  the  great  enciease  of  the  inhabitants 
within  the  town  of  Lancaster,  the  Mother  Church  there  being  rendered  not 
sufficiently  capable  of  the  number  of  parishioners  who  would  resort  to  divine  service 
therein,  the  Worshipful  Thomas  Postlethwaite,  Esquire,  thelate  Mayor,  and  John  Stout 
and  Myles  Braithwaite,  gentlemen,  late  Bailiffs,  and  the  Commonalty  of  the  town  of 
Lancaster,  by  indenture  bearing  date  the  twenty-third  day  of  October,  in  the  year  of 
our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  fifty  one,  did  give  and  grant  unto  John 
McMillan,  Robert  Foxcroft,  Henry  Williamson,  and  John  Howe.-,  of  the  same 
place,  gentlemen,  their  heirs  and  assigns  for  ever,  the  parcel  of  ground  enclosed  about 
this  Chapel  or  Edifice  for  a  Chapel  on  part  whereof  same  is  erected.  In  trust  only 
and  to  the  Intent  and  purpose  that  a  Chapel  for  celebrating  Divine  Service,  according 
to  the  usage  of  the  Church  of  England  as  by  law  established,  should  be  erected 
thereon  and  the  remainder  set  apart  for  a  yard  or  burial  place  to  the  same."  Next 
we  find  that  ,£820  was  left  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Stratford  towards  the  erection,  and  that 


336  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


,£205  was  subscribed  by  Francis  Reynolds  and  Edward  Marton,  Esquires,  Members 
of  Parliament  for  Lancaster,  as  well  as  ^,300  by  other  pious  and  well  disposed  persons 
in  the  said  town.  It  was  duly  arranged  that  the  Sacraments  should  be  administered 
in  the  new  Chapel  of  ease,  and  that  marriages,  christenings,  and  burials  should  also 
take  place  therein,  "all  customary  and  due  fees"  being  payable  to  the  Vicar  of  the 
Mother  Church,  and  the  names,  places  of  abode,  and  dates  of  all  persons  married, 
christened,  or  buried,  with  the  dates,  should  be  transmitted  every  quarter  to  the  said 
Vicar  without  -whose  consent  110  funeral  seru/o/i  could  lie  preached  in  the  Chapel, 
and  no  corpse  is  to  be  buried  within  the  Church.  As  the  tablet  beneath  the  gallery 
shows,  the  Chapel  was  augmented  with  the  ^"800  in  1757. 

The  space  of  land  occupied  by  the  Church  and  churchyard  is 
thus  shown  by  the  following-  clause  :  —  "  And  we  do  also  by  our  said 
ordinary  and  episcopal  authority  separate  the  said  ground  enclosed 
as  aforesaid  about  this  chapel,  and  containing  in  length  (including 
the  ground  wheron  the  Chapel  stands)  at  the  east  side  thereof 
thirty-four  yards  and  an  half,  at  the  west  side  thereof  thirty-four 
yards  and  an  half,  and  at  the  north  side  thereof  forty-eight  yards, 
and  at  the  south  side  forty-five  yards  and  six  inches  or  thereabouts, 
from  all  former  prophane  uses  and  dedicate  and  consecrate  the  same 
to  be  a  yard,  repository  or  place  of  burial  for  the  bodies  of  the  dead 
to  be  in  a  Christian  manner  there  interred  by  the  name  of  the 
Chapel-yard  of  Saint  John  the  Evangelist,  in  Lancaster."  The  Deed 
of  Consecration  is  thus  signed  :— 

Abel  Ward,  Archdeacon  of  Chester. 

Oliver  Martox,   Rector  of  Bextham. 

J.  Fexton,  LL.D.,  Vicar  of  Laxcaster. 

W.  Johxsox,  Curate  of  Catox. 

Miles  Barber,   Mayor   of  Laxcaster. 

J.   Fextox. 

Hexrv  Brackex 

James  Rigmaidex. 

Gwalter    Borraxskill. 

James  Harper. 

Robert    Foxcroft. 

G.  Grew 

Chas.   Lambert,   Notarv  Publick. 

J.  Collixsox,   Notary   Publick. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  337 


The    deed    appears    in  extenso    in    the    first  Churchwarden's 
Account  Book,  which  is  thus  labelled  :  — 

Yearly  Accompts  for  St.  John's  Chapel,   Lancaster. 
J  as.   Richardson  and  Henry  Fell,   Chapel  Wardens,    1760. 

Here  is  the  first  page  carefully  transcribed  : — 

Dr.  Saint  John's  Chapel  with  James  Barrow  and  Jno.  Bowes,  chapel  wardens,  from 
the  15th  of  June,  1755,  till  Easter,  1756. 


1755- 


£  s.  d. 


Jan.  loth.     To  cash  paid  for  a  book  to  keep  Chapel  Wardens' accounts  in  o      i      2 

,,    2 1 st.     To  do.  for  a  form  of  prayer  for  the  fast o     1     6 

,,    24th.     To  do.  James  Fletcher,  sexton,  his  half  year's  salary o    10     o 

Feb.  26th.      To  do.  William  Parr  for  laying  digging  stones  on  the  chapel  1     4     o 

April  19th.     To  do.  the  apparitor  for  a  book  of  articles o     1     o 

,,     20th.     To  do.  with  the  trustees  electing  chapel  wardens        o     1    u>£ 

May    8th.      To  do.  Margaret  Wingreen  her  bill  repairing  windows      ...  o   12     6 

,,       ,,         To  do.  Edward  Mackrell  his  bill  sundry  repairs 080 

,,     nth.      To  do.  Mr.  Mayor  his  bill  for  wine  for  the  chapel       2     3   ioj^ 

,,      ,,         To  do.  fees  swearing  into  office       020 

,,      ,,         To  do.  Francis  Nicholson  for  cleaning  gutters     o     o     5 

,,      ,,         To  do.  Nicholas  Atkinson  for  2  dust  shovels        016 

,,      ,,         To  do.    chamberware   5c!.,  ink  and  bottle  3d.,  almanack  4d.  o     1     o 

,,      ,,         To  do.  Helme  and  Fowler,  stuff  for  a  curtain       o     3     7^ 

,,      ,,         To  do.  John  Read  for  making  do 00^ 

,,       ,,  To  do.  Edward  Mackrell  for  making  the  surplice        o   10     6 

,,       ,,         To  do.  Edward  Mackrell  for  washing    linnen   and   cleaning 

plate o  10     o 

„       ,,  To  do.  Edward  Mackrell,  bread  for  the  Communion 026 

,,      ,,         To  do.  allowed  the  Chapel  Wardens  for  attending  the  Court 

when  discharged        O     5     O 

,,      ,,         To  do.  Edward  Mackrell  half  year's  salary  as  clerk,  ending 

the  15th  December,  ult 200 

,,      ,,         To  do.  with  the  Trustees  on  auditing  the  Chapel  Warden-' 

accounts      

,,     14th.     To  do.  fees  at  the  visitation     

,,      ,,         To  balance  remaining,  lodged  in  the  hands  of  John  Bowes. 

£10 


0 

2 

0 

0 

7 

10 

0 

9 

3'A 

338  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


On  the  Cr.  side  we  find  the  following  : — 

1755- 

Dec.    31st.      By  cash  received  from  the  rents  arising  for  the  seats,  being 
one  half  of  what  is  due  thereon  yearly  towards  repairs 

and  expenses  of  the  Chapel     10     0     o 

Lancaster.  May  14th,  1756,  audited  and  allowed  by  us. 

Among  other  entries  are  these  taken  from   various  pages  : — 

1756- 

June  28th.      To  cash  paid  for  painting  the  altar  piece       o     5     6 

Nov.    9th.     To    2    doz.    of  rings   3d..    Edward    Marshal!    for   tape   and 

piecing  ye  curtain     o     o     4 

1757- 

Ian.    27th.     To  James  Warriner  for  the  proclamation  and   prayers  for  a 

publick  fast  to  be  on  iith  of  February  next o     1     6 

1758. 

Nov.  10th.     To  do.  Thomas  Fayrer  for  engraving  a  flaggon 076 

April  17th.     To  do.  Mr.   Johnson   for   taking   copy   of  the  register   and 

transferring' it  into  [he  parish  register 026 

1759 

Aug.      1st.     To  do.  Edward  Mackeral  for  making  of  2  new  keys  and 

mending'  ye  flaggon 040 

Sept.    Sth.     To  do.  for  cleaning  the  chapel  after  the  whitewashers        ...026 
1761. 

Tuly    30th.      For  mowing  the  chapel-yard    008 

_,,       ,,  For  sand      o     1     o 

,,       ,,  For  liquor  for  the  workmen     006 

Sept.  24th.     Paid  the  bellman  for  letting"  the  seats     o     2     6 

Oct.     5th.       Two  brooms        002 

It  seems  to  have  been  the  custom  for  the  bellman  to  announce 
vacant  seats  in  the  Church  at  this  period. 

One,  Isabella  Ashburner,  supplied  the  communion  bread,  and 
Mr.  J.  McMillan  the  communion  wine.  A  sheet  almanack  was 
purchased  even-  year,  price  6d.  In  1763  the  word  is  spelt 
■'  Aliminach."  This  word  evidently  bothered  the  scribe,  who  was 
no  orthographist,  for  a  little  above  he  spells  trouble  without  the 
"  o."     Another  entry  is  thus  : — 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  339 


1767. 

Dec.  301b.      Paid  Robert  Pickering,  dark,  the  latter  half  year  sallary    ...      200 

Pickering-  succeeded  George  Mackrell.  In  1770  Henry 
Procter  is  clerk   and  John  Jackson   sexton. 

There  is  a  resolution  which  is  a  practical  proof  of  the 
economising  spirit  of  the  Church  Wardens.      It  says  :— 

"April  5th,  1774.  Resolved  by  the  surviving  Trustees  of  Saint  John's 
Chapel,  in  Lancaster, — That  in  future  no  more  be  allowed  the  Chapel  Wardens  of 
the  said  Chapel  for  their  expenses  at  dinners  and  extraordinaries,  on  the  Visitation 
Day,  than  7s.  6d.,  being  2s.  6d.  for  each  Chapel  Warden,  and  2s.  6d.  for  the  Curate 
of  the  said  Chapel.  It  is  also  agreed  by  the  said  Trustees  that  in  future  the  accounts 
of  the  Chapel  Wardens  shall  be  annually  settled  on  every  Easier  Monday,  in  the 
afternoon  to  avoid  the  expence  of  dining,  the  whole  expense  whereof  shall  not  exceed 
5s."  It  was  also  resolved  that  no  extraordinary  repairs  relating  to  the  said  Chapel 
shall  be  made  by  the  Chapel  Wardens  of  the  said  Chapel  without  the  direction  and 
approbation  of  the  Trustees,  otherwise  the  same  will  not  be  allowed  in  their  accounts. 

Robert  Foxcroft. 
John  Bowes." 

Ann  Jackson  appears  to  have  become  sexton  in  January, 
1774.  Her  half  year's  salary  in  July,  1774,  is  put  down  as  10s.  For 
mending  the  mayor's  cushion,  in  1775,  the  item  charged  is  6d. 

Among  the  names  of  tradesmen  and  others  are  those  of 
Myles  Pennington,  David  Pennington,  Johnson  &  Crosfield,  Richard 
Lawson,  Anthony  Procter,  Stephen  Wildman  (glazier),  Thomas 
Ralph,  John  Beaumont,  John  Neill,  Richard  Warbrick,  Matthew 
Calvert,  James  Holt  (stationer,  evidently  in  1785),  William  Atkin- 
son (plasterer),  John  Brockbank,  Ambrose  Busher  and  Edward 
Batty  (met  with  up  to  about  1785-8)  ;  Benjamin  Sandham  was  clerk 
in  1820.  He  appears  to  have  succeeded  Henry  Procter  about  1805. 
Procter  held  the  offices  of  clerk  and  sexton  in  1800.  A  William 
White  was  for  man)-  years  organ  blower,  followed  by  Thomas 
Jackson  about  181 3. 


34o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


In  1818,  William  Hill  is  paid  as  wages  ^3  13s.  6d.,  for 
making"  gates. 

In  182 1  is  an  entry  stating  that  : — 

"  The  iron  railing  fixed  into  Mr.  Greenwood's  house  end  was  by  his  consent, 
and  must  not,  therefore,  be  considered  as  a  matter  of  right.  T.  Mackreth,  Curate  of 
St.  John's,  9th  of  April,  1822." 

Next  we  read  that  "the  present  fence-wall  from  the  north 
corner  of  the  Chapel-yard,  for  the  distance  of  eleven  yards,  is  Mr. 
Brockbank's.  The  original  fence-wall  of  the  Chapel-yard  will  be 
found  by  digging  into  the  ground.  Dated  the  9th  of  April,  1822. 
T.  Mackrfth,  Curate  of  St.  John's."  On  the  following  page  is  a 
list  of  the  subscribers  for  "raising  iron  palisades  upon  the  fence 
round  St.  John's  Chapel,  and  for  other  improvements."  Among 
the  names  we  observe  are  those  of  James  Atkinson,  John  Bond,  O. 
T.  Roper,  Leonard  Redmayne,  B.  Satterthwaite,  Christopher  Clark, 
Miss  Sowerby,  Richard  Willock,  Isaac  Greenwood,  Charles  Seward, 
John  Stout,  &c.  The  amounts  subscribed  vary  from  10s.  6d.  to 
£\  ts.,  £3,  and  £5.      Total,  £73  os.  8d. 

G.  V.  Danter  is  clerk  in  1830;  John  Miller  in  1833  is  clerk 
and  sexton,  followed  by  John  Bateson  in  or  near  1846.  The  book 
is  still  in  use.  From  first  to  last  the  various  samples  of  chirograph)- 
are  really  clear  and  good.  The  mayoral  signature  each  year 
appears  first.  The  first  name  is  that  of  Robert  Foxcroft,  written 
with  a  serpenttine  flourish  above  it.  He  and  John  Bowes  sign 
many  years  together,  in  fact  up  to  1789.  This  latter  year  Mr. 
Foxcroft  signs  in  a  zig-zag  manner,  running  at  an  angle  from  left 
to  right  through  Mr.  Bowes's  sign-manual.  In  1790,  John  Bowes 
signs  alone.  In  1791,  we  have  Edward  Suart,  Mayor,  and  J. 
Warbrick  and  Richard  Atkinson,  signing  as  bailiff's.  Other 
mayors'  autographs  are  met  with  such  as  those  of  James  Hinde, 
John  Tallon,  Robert  Addison,  Richard  Johnson,  D.  Campbell,  J. 
Harris,  Richard  Postlethwaite,  James  Parkinson,  Thomas  Shepherd, 
Jacksone    Mason,    Thomas    Burrow,    J.    Taylor    Wilson,    Thomas 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  341 


Moore,    Thomas    Giles,    John    Parke,     Samuel    Gregson,    Thomas 
Walling-    Salisbury,   John   Bond,   Thomas   Bowes,   J.    B.    Xottage 
Leonard  Redmayne,   James   Atkinson,    Christopher  Johnson,   John 
Brockbank,  Edward  D.  de  Vitre  (1844),  James   Williamson  (1865). 
W.  Bradshaw  seems  to  be  the  last  to  sign  as  mayor  in  1870. 

Before  the  book  proper  commences  there  is  a  return  of  rents 
derived  from  seats  in  the  Chapel.     They  appear  to  have  been  let  for 
seven  years.      Total  rent,  ^48  7s.    6d.,    of  which  sum  ^28  7s.   6d 
was  for  the  curate,  ^20  being  appropriated  for  repairs  and  expenses. 

On  the  back  of  the  cover  is  this  notice  : — "The  seat,  No.  28, 
formerly  occupied  by  the  Trustees  of  the  late  Dr.  Stratford,  after- 
wards let  to  Buckley,  and  now  to  Thomas  Mason,  for  ^3  3s.  od., 
was- given  up  towards  repairs  of  Saint  John's  Chapel,  in  1790. 
This  seat  was  numbered  27  in  April,  1874.      "W.  Roper." 

"  The  deed  of  conveyance  of  the  land  for  St.  John's  School, 
and  abstract  of  title,  are  in  my  safe,  the  approved  draft  deed  is  with 
Messrs.  Hall  and  Son,"  writes  the  Rev.  Canon  Pedder  in  January, 
1869. 

On  a  slip  of  paper  is  an 

Inventory   of   the    Communion    Plate,    &c,    belonging   to  St. 

John's  Church,  a.d.,    1884. 

Two  large  silver  Flagons,  luo  silver  Chalices,  one  large  silver  and  one 
smaller  silver  Paten,  silver-wire  Strainer  and  Spoon,  wooden-handled  Knife,  and 
Board  for  culling  the  bread  on,  one  large  brass  Arms  Dish,  smaller  ones,  linen  cloths  and 
Napkins  for  the  Holy  Table,  two  Altar  Cloths,  Velvet  Frontal  for  the  Pulpit,  worked 
Kneeling  Mats,  one  large  Bible,  one  large  Prayer  Book,  two  Servicr  Books  for  the 
Altar,  two  oak  Chairs  within  the  Sanctuary,  two  Desks,  two  Hassocks  in  wooden 
frames,  one  brass  Lectern,  and  one  Glastonbury  Chair. 

There  are  memorandums  at  the  other  end  of  the  book,  one  of  which  dis- 
charges Robert  Pickering,  clerk,  and  John  Jackson,  sexton,  for  bad  behaviour. 


342  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


The  note  is  dated  August  20th,  1770.  and  signed  Jno.  Gibson,  curate, 
Robert  Foxcroft,  John  Bowes,  James  Hinde,  and  Richard  Simpson. 

"  By  Agreement  dated  the  14th  April,  1864,  two  pieces  of  land,  part  of  the 
Carnforth  Estate,  belonging  to  St.  John's  Church,  Lancaster,  and  which  pieces  con- 
tained together  la.  or.  2op. ,  were  sold  to  the  Furness  and  Midland  Railway  Com- 
panies, for  the  sun  of  one  hundred  ami  ninety-nine  pounds  nineteen  shillings  and 
sixpence,  and  the  same  pieces  of  land  were  soon  afterwards  duly  conveyed  to  the  said 
Companies.  On  the  15th  August,  1865,  the  said  sum  of  ^199  19s.  6d.  was  invested 
in  the  purchase  of  the  sum  of  ,£224  Is.  3d.  consolidated  ^3  per  cent,  annuities,  in  the 
names  of  John  Brockbank  and  Wilton  Wood." 

There  is  an  extract  from  the  will  of  Miss  Tomlinson,  which  will  bears  date 
30th  January,  1843.  This  lady  bequeathed  "  unto  Ann  Jackson  and  Mary  Ann 
Ravvlinson,  their  executors  and  administrators,  out  of  such  part  of  her  personal  estate 
as  the  law  permits  to  be  bequeathed  for  charitable  purposes,  the  sum  of  Five  Hundred 
Pounds  upon  the  trusts  following,  that  is  to  say  in  trust  to  invest  the  same  at  interest 
in  or  upon  any  of  the  Parliamentary  Stocks  or  Funds  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
as  to  them  or  her  shall  appear  eligible,  with  full  power  as  often  as  occasion  may 
require  to  vary  or  transpose  the  same  securities,  and  upon  further  trust  from  time  to 
time  to  expend  the  dividends  and  annual  produce  of  the  said  stocks,  funds,  or 
securities  in  or  towards  cleaning,  airing,  lighting,  repairing,  or  improving-  St.  John's 
Chape],  in  Lancaster  aforesaid,  or  to  pay  the  same  dividends  and  annual  produce  unto 
the  officiating  Minister  or  Chapel  Wardens  for  the  time  being  of  the  said  Chapel,  to 
be  by  him  or  them  expended  in  manner  aforesaid,  whose  receipt  shall  be  a  sufficient 
discharge  to  my  said  Trustees."  Provision  was  made  for  the  Idling  up  of  the  Trustee- 
ship  in  case  of  the  decease  of  Ann  Jackson  or  Mary  Ann  Rawlinson,  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  the  survivor,  and  after  her  death,  of  the  Minister  and  Chapel  Wardens  of  St. 
John's  Chapel  for  the  time  being. 

Miss  Margaret  Tomlinson  died  on  the  27th  March,  1843,  and  her  will  was 
proved  on  the  12th  of  April,  same  year,  by  Ann  Jackson  and  Mary  Ann  Rawlinson, 
in  the  Consistory  Court  of  Lancaster. 

The  sum  of  ^489  new  three  and  a  half  per  cents,  was  appropriated  for 
the  said  legacy  on  the  12th  of  March,  1844,  at  the  price  of  ^102  %  percent.,  and  the 
said  sum  of  ^,489  new  £$}-2  per  cents,  has  since  been  converted  into  the  like  sum  of 
new  £-3  Per  cents. 

Entries  follow  showing  that  in  1873,  the  investment  stood  in  the  names  of 
Mr.  Christoper  Johnson  and  Mr.  Thomas  Mason,  Trustees.  In  188 1,  the  amount 
stood  in  the  names  of  Mr.  Christopher  Johnson  and  Mr.  W.  Roper. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  343 


The  first  Church  or  Chapel  Wardens  of  St.  John  were  Messrs.  James  Barrow 
and  |ohn  Bowes,  followed  by  Messrs.  Homy  Williamson  and  William  Sudell.  In 
1781-2  these  offices  were  filled  by  Messrs.  John  and  Septimus  Brockbank. 

The  account  book  reveals  some  odd  samples  of  orthography,  surplice  being 
"Surplus,"  and  in    one    place    windows    is    written    "  windays. 

In  1772  the  Church  was  furnished  with  a  ''book  oi  articules,"  and  by  "  a 
window  corlin  "  in  the  year  before.  A  "  duranl  for  covering  up  the  Mayor's  cushion 
is  likewise  mentioned  in  another  place.  The  Newcastle  Chronicle  had  an  interesting 
article  some  year  or  two  ago  on  Female  Sextons,  and  stating  the  parishes  where  these 
feminine  grave  personages  were  at  various  periods  officiating.  It  will  be  new  to  many 
readers  to  learn  that  the  office  of  sexton  in  connection  with  St.  John's  was  filled  by  n 
woman.  One  of  the  .sextons  was  named  Ann  Jackson  who  asked  for  extra  pay  when 
she  filled  up  a  grave.  In  1784  she  received  an  extra  sum  at  the  rate  ot  [OS  6d.  per 
annum  for  "  blawin  t'  orgin  billows."  There  are  entries  referring  to  public  thanks- 
givings for  victories  at  Ouebec,  Havanna,  and  Martinico.  More  samples  of  original 
orthography  appear,  they  have  extern  for  extra,  rinf  for  rent,  and  dew  for  due.  The 
burial  ground  was  closed  on  the  1st  January,  1855. 

Among  assistant  Curates  at  St.  John's  Church  may  be  named  the  Re^ . 
James  Birkett,  June  24th.  1764  ;  the  Rev.  John  Widdett,  at  £40  per  annum,  February 
27th,  1790,  at  £$0  per  annum  ;  the  Rev  William  Fish,  May  9th,  1802;  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Saul,  December  6th,  1803  ;  the  Rev.  Thomas  Mackreth,  September  191I1, 
1813,  who  afterwards  became  Rector  of  Halton.  This  last  Clergyman  was  an  intimate 
friend  of  the  late  Dr.  Whewell. 

Corporation  Notes. 

The  Corporation  of  Lancaster  on  the  8th  of  May  1749,  agreed  to  subscribe 
.£100  towards  the  building  of  St.  John's  Church  at  or  near  the  Clayhoies,  as  the  land 
was  once  called 

On  the  25th  July,  1754.  it  was  proposed  and  agreed  that  the  Corporation 

should  build  two  galleries  in  the  new  Chapel,  the  one  the  whole  length  on  the  south 
side,  and  the  other  the  whole  length  on  the  north  side  at  their  own  expense,  :\nd  that 
the  seats  in  such  galleries  should  be  let  out  for  an  annual  income,  out  of  which  the 
Corporation  should  for  ever  receive  and  retain  in  their  hands  and  lor  their  use  interest 
yearly  after  the  rate  of  ^5  by  the  year,  for  one  hundred  pounds,  and  the  surplus  of 
the  money,  if  any,  raised  by  letting  the  said  seats  was  to  be  employed  in  liquidating 
cost  of  repairs  and  in  making  up  a  yearly  stipend  fur  the  Curate.  But  on  the  21st  of 
the  No'  ember  of  the  same  year,   the  resolution  to  the  effect  stated  was  rescinded,  and 


344  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


it  was  agreed  upon  after  the  erection  of  the  above  galleries  to  sell  such  and  so 
much  of  the  seats  as  would  be  sufficientto  defray  the  expense  of  building,  and  the  seats 
remaining  unsold  were  to  be  let  at  an  annual  rent,  the  proceeds  to  be  devoted  to 
repairs  of  the  Church  and  the  curate's  stipend. 

St.  John's  Schools  were  opened  in  the  year  1869. 

The  Corporation,  which  had  ceased  to  attend  St.  Mary's  Church,  owing  to 
a  difference  with  the  Church  Wardens  in  1863.  attending  from  this  date  the  Church 
we  have  been  treating  of,  returned  to  the  Parish  Church  during  the  Mayoralty  of  Mr. 
William  Storey  in  1872.  The  Corporation  Pew  dates  from  the  erection  of  the  Church 
and  its  appointments.  The  Corporation  formerly  attended  St.  Mary's  Church  in  the 
morning  and  St.  John's  in  the  afternoon. 

The  register  book  of  St.  John's  Church  is  in  very  good 
condition.  There  are  many  old  names  well  known  to  Lan- 
castrians in  this  book,  such  for  instance  as  Brockbank,  Beckett, 
Batty,  Baldwin,  Cleminson,  Kendal,  Salisbury,  Worswick,  &c. 
Here  are  a  few  specimens  : — 

1755- 

Henry,  son  of  Henry  Miller,  baptised  June  22nd. 

George,  son  of  James  Muckelt,  Lancaster,  born  7th  August,  baptised  Sept.  7th. 

1758. 
Mary,  daughter  of  John  Houseman,  gent.,  born  April  12th,  baptised  May  7th. 

1759- 

Ellin,  daughter  of  William  Penny,  Lancaster,  born  May  22nd,  baptised  June  10th. 

1759- 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Simon  Otway,  Lancaster,  baptised  8th  June. 

1760. 

August. 

Fanny,  daughter  of  James  Muckelt,  baptised  12th. 

1761. 

March. 

Richard,  son  of  John  Beckett,  baptised  22nd. 

1762. 

December. 

Richard,  son  of  Richard  Worswick,  baptised  15th. 

1763. 
January, 

Thomas,  son  of  James  Muckalt,  baptised  5t 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  345 


1765- 
Betty,  daughter  of  James  Muckelt,  baptised  24th. 

1767. 

September. 

John,  son  of  Jeremiah  Sowerby,  baptised  30th. 

1773- 

May. 
Agnes,  daughter  of  Allen  Penny,  23rd. 

I774- 

June. 

Bella,  daughter  of  Captain  Danson,  born  5th. 

1780. 

October. 

Christopher,  son  of  James  and  Jane  Muckelt,  baptised  12th. 

1781. 

February. 

Francis,  son  of  Francis  and  Ann  Lonsdale,  Lancaster,  baptised  12th. 

1795- 

January. 

Bryan  Padgett,  son  of  Samuel  and  Bella  Gregson,  baptised  31st. 
Catherine,  daughter  of  Richard  and  Kitty  Owen,  Lancaster,  born  February  2 1st, 

baptised  on  the  22nd. 

1797- 
May. 

Maria,  daughter  of  Richard  and  Kitty  Owen,  Lancaster,  born  April  30th, 

baptised  May  23rd. 

Xtenings  in  1804. 

March. 

Ellin,  daughter  of  Samuel  and  Bella  Gregson,  born  2ist  February,  and  baptised 

24th  March. 

1S13. 

June. 

John,  son  of  Thomas  and  Jane  Orchard,  private  in   the   South    Hunt.'-    Militia,  private 

baptism,  22nd. 
Burials. 
The  first  burial  is  recorded  in  1757,  when   Edward   Leeming,  Ellin    Biggins, 
widow,  and  Mary  Salthouse  are  the  names  met  with. 

March  12th,  1798,  Peggy  Sandys,  aged  68. 
August  17th,  Sally  Sandys,  aged  33. 

One  clergyman  has  excelled  all  others  in  the  matter  of  parti- 
cularising, and  not  only  does  the  age  of  each  person  interred  appear 


346  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


but  the  cause  of  death  likewise.  After  an  infant's  name  you  read 
"  meazles,"  tooth-fever,  &c,  and  on  one  page  alone  "  decline  "  is 
put  down  no  less  than  eighteen  times.  Well,  decline  may  be  the 
true  cause  at  the  last  whatever  complaint  we  may  have  enjoyed. 

There  is  a  slip  of  paper  inserted  in  the  register  book  giving 
an  inventory  of  the  communion  plate  and  some  other  articles  belong- 
ing to  St.  John's  Church.  It  mentions  "  2  18th  century  Silver 
Flagons,  2  iSthcenturySilverChalices,  2Silver  Patens,"  which  are  "in 
the  custody  of  J.  Parker,  Esq.,  who  has  kindly  consented  to  keep 
them  at  the  Vicar's  request.  The  above  plate  is  very  good. 
Several  metal  alms  dishes  are  kept  in  the  vestry."  Next  we  observe 
that  there  is  "  one  large  Bible  on  the  lectern,  and  one  large  Prayer- 
book  on  the  desk,  &c." 

A  note,  or  memorandum,  sets  forth  that  "  ^25  per  annum 
from  the  tithes  of  the  Mother  Church  has  been  granted  in  perpetuity 
to  the  living  by  the  present  vicar  of  Lancaster  with  the  consent  of 
the  patron  paramount  ;  "  also  that  the  record  of  this  grant  is  lodged 
with  Messrs.  Maxsted  and  Gibson,  solicitors. 

The  memorandum  is  dated  March  6th,  1889,  and  is  signed  by 
the  Vicar —  W.    H.    Ewald,  M.A. 

T    "       ™G  Churchwardens. 

James  Ellershaw  J 

Another  item  states  that  Miss  Ferguson's  legacy  of  £500 
enabled  free  pews  to  that  amount  to  be  secured  without  involving 
pecuniary  loss  to  the  Vicar  or  Churchwardens.  Then  we  next  learn 
that  the  ^340  five  per  cent.  Rent  Charge  Stock  of  the  Great  Western 
Railway  Company  now  estimated  to  be  worth  ^530  forms  the  capi- 
tal out  of  which  the  interest  arising  is  payable  to  the  the  sick  poor. 
The  Trustees  of  the  St.  John's  Benevolent  Fund  are  the  Bishop  of 
Manchester,  the  Vicar  of  St.  John's,  and  the  Churchwardens. 

In  the  vestry  is  a  very  neat  picture  of  Lancaster,  "a  north- 
east prospect,"  and  judging  from   its  appearance  and  that  of  the 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  347 

Church  of  St.  Mary,  and  the  Castle,  it  represents  an  early  eighteenth 
century  view.  Near  to,  is  a  fine  steel  engraving  of  the  Bishop  of 
Ely,  who,  when  Bishop  of  Chester,  consecrated  St.  John's  Chapel 
— the  Riyfht  Reverend  Edmund  Keene,  D.D. — taken  from  an 
original  painting  in  the  year  1708. 

On  Tuesday,  the  29th  November,  1842,  the  first  marriage 
ceremony  took  place  in  St.  John's  Church,  and  the  Revd.  George 
Morland  presented  the  couple  with  a  Bible  and  Prayer-book  to 
mark  the  event.  The  names  of  the  contracting  parties  were  Mr. 
John  Bannister  and  Miss  Nicholas  Cuthbertson  Bell. 

The  chapelry  district  of  St.  John's  assigned  by  the  Church 
Commissioners,  on  the  13th  day  of  August,  1842,  according  to  Acts 
of  Parliament  passed  in  the  reigns  of  George  III.  and  IV.,  is  as 
follows  : — 

"  Boundary  of  district  commences  at  Damside  on  the  north- 
west side  of  Fleet  Square  and  then  proceeds  in  a  north-easterly 
direction  along  the  banks  of  the  Lune  as  far  as  the  new  bridge, 
then  along  the  bridge  to  the  Ladies'  Walk  and  northwards  up  that 
walk  to  a  footway  along  which  it  proceeds  in  an  easterly  direction 
to  Hornby  Road  ;  then  in  a  northerly  direction  down  the  centre  of 
that  road  to  St.  Leonardgate,  and  along  the  centre  of  St.  Leonard- 
gate  to  Rosemary  Lane  ;  then  up  the  centre  ofthatlaneto  Damside 
and  in  a  westerly  direction  up  Damside  to  the  north-west  side  of 
Fleet  Square,  where  the  boundary  commenced."  The  area  is  about 
42  acres;   population  1,981. 

St.  Anne's  Church. 

St.  Anne's  Church  was  consecrated  by  the  Bishop  of  Chester 
in  August,  1796.  There  are  not  many  mural  tablets  in  this  Church; 
indeed  there  are  only  three.  The  first  on  the  south  side  is  as 
follows  : — 


348  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


this  tablet 

is    erected    by 

John  Baynes,  of  Blackburn, 

to  the  memory  of 

his  beloved   mother, 

Isabella,  wife  of  Thomas  Baynes, 

of  this  town, 

who  died  september  i  ith,    1850, 

aged  63  years. 

"  Her  children  arise  up  and  call  her  blessed." 

Proverbs  chap,  j/,  v.  28. 

On  the  north  wall  is  this  memorial  : — 

THIS  TABLET  IS  ERECTED 

BY  THE  MEMBERS  OF  ST.  ANNE'S  CONGREGATION 

TO  THE  MEMORY  OF 

The  Rev.   Robt.   Housman,  A.B., 

THE    FOUNDER    AND    FOR    FORTY-ONE    YEARS    THE    BELOVED    MINISTER 

OF    THIS    CHAPEL. 

HIS    NAME    AND    LABOURS     AKE     INTIMATELY     ASSOCIATED     WITH     THE 

PROGRESS    OF    "  PURE    AND    UNDEFILED    RELIGION  "    IN    THIS    TOWN. 

BORN    FEBRUARY    25TH,     1759,     DIED    APRIL    23RD,     1838. 

"  He  was  a  good  man  and  full  of  the    Holy   Ghost   and    faith  ;   and 
much  people  was  added  unto  the  Lord. "-  — Acts  //. ,  v.  24. 

Some  excellent  ministers  have  served  this  Church  and  Parish. 
Among  whom,  without  any  risk  of  invidiousness,  may  be  mentioned 
the  former,  whom  the  above  marble  can  only  faintly  commemorate 
when  compared  to  his  life-work  which  forms  his  more  abiding 
memorial,  since  his  "  works  do  follow  him  "  truly.  Then  we  re- 
member the  scholarly  Dr.  Hathornthwaite,  and  the  genial  Canon 
Pedder. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  chancel  is  a  brass  shield  bearing 
this  inscription  : — 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  349 


M.    N.    HATHORNTHWAITE 

OB :     MORICAMBI^, 

APRIL    XXIV.,    MDCCCLXIV., 

JET.    XX., 

IN  JESU 

WHEN    SHE    WAS    ABOUT    TO    DEPART    SHE    SAID, 

HAR 

AND 

"  ALL    IS    WELL," 

AND 

"I    AM    QUITE    HAPPY," 

AND 

"OH!    HOW    I    HAVE    BEEN    WISHING  TO  SING  AGAIN     'THEREFORE    WITH 

ANGELS    AND    ARCHANGELS.'" 

"WHERE,   LOVE?"    SAID    HER    FATHER.       POINTING    UPWARDS 

TO     THE     CLEAR     SUNSHINE     THROUGH     THE     WINDOW,     SHE     SAID 

"  THERE  !  " 

THEN  SHALL  THE  RIGHTEOUS  SHINE  FORTH  AS  THE  SUN  IN  THE 
KINGDOM  OF  THE  FATHER. 

Written  by  her  in  Greek  on  the  cover  of  her  Greek  Testament. 

Under  the  ledge  of  the  lectern,  facing  the  Church  are  these 
words  : — 

TO  THE  GLORY  OF  GOD  AND  IN  MEMORY  OF  ANNE  WAKEFIELD, 
THIS  LECTERN  IS  OFFERED  IN  COMPLIANCE  WITH  THE  WISH  OF  HER 
DAUGHTER  JANE,  WHO  LOVED  HER. 

There  are  about  sixty  pews  in  the  body  of  the  Church,  not 
including  the  four  choir  stalls,  and  about  fifty  in  the  gallery.  The 
commandments  are  at  the  west  end  of  the  Church.  It  is  proposed 
to  rebuild  the  sacred  edifice  and  give  it  a  less  secular  appearance 
externally. 

The  Rev.  Leigh  Richmond  preached  in  St.  Anne's  Church, 
on  the  25th  of  August,  18 16,  and  the  Bishop  of  Lichfield  and 
Coventry  on  the  16th  of  August,  1834. 


35o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


The  parish  of  St.  Anne's  is  "  bounded  on  the  north  by  St. 
St.  Leonardg'ate  and  St.  Nicholas  Street,  and  on  the  south  by 
Nelson  Street  and  Dalton  Square  ;  on  the  west  by  Penny  Street, 
and  on  the  east  by  the  canal,  which  forms  the  natural  boundary  on 
that  side  of  the  parish."     Population  of  the  parish  3,938. 

The  organ  presented  to  St.  Anne's,  in  1802,  was  the  gift  of 
John  Dent,  Esq.,  M.P.  This  organ  was  disposed  of  at  the  altera- 
tion of  the  Church  to  its  present  form  in  1875,  and  the  one  now  in 
use  was  built  by  Messrs.  Bevington  &  Sons,  of  London,  and  cost 
about  ;£  1,500. 

Further  particulars  concerning  St.  Anne's  Church  will  be 
found  in  the  biographical  notes  on  the  Rev.  Robert  Housman. 

St.  Thomas'  Church. 

On  the  3rd  of  March,  1840,  the  foundation  stone  of  St. 
Thomas'  Church,  Lancaster,  was  laid  by  Edward  Dodson  Salisbury, 
Esq.,  assisted  by  J.  Drinkwater,  Esq.,  and  the  Masonic  brethren. 
Those  who  took  part  in  the  procession  from  the  Town  Hall  were 
the  Charity  School  girls,  the  girls  of  the  National  School,  boys  of 
the  same  school,  operative  masons,  contractors,  Lodge  of  Free- 
masons, Mr.  Wheeler's  pupils,  wearing  white  rosettes,  and  pre- 
senting a  peculiarly  neat  and  orderly  appearance.  The  architect  of 
the  new  church  was  Edmund  Sharpe,  Esq.  The  Mayor,  Joseph 
Dockray,  Esq.,  and  the  Hearts  of  Oak  Club  also  took  part  in  the 
procession  and  proceedings.  The  weather  was  very  fine.  The 
Rev.  J.  N.  G.  Armytage  made  an  excellent  speech  after  the  laying  of 
the  stone,  which  ceremony  was  carried  out  with  full  masonic 
honours.      The  inscription  on  the  plate  is  or  was  as  follows  : — 

GLORIA    IN    EXCELSIS    DEO. 

ST.       THOMAS'      CHURCH,      LANCASTER. 

THE    FOUNDATION    STONE    OF    THIS    CHURCH 

DEVOTED    TO    THE    WORSHIP    OF    ALMIGHTY    GOD 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  351 


ACCORDING    TO    THE    RITES    OF    THE    UNITED 

CHURCH     OF    ENGLAND    AND    IRELAND, 

RAISED    BY    PUBLIC     SUBSCRIPTION,    UPON 

LAND     GIVEN    BY 

GEORGE    MARTON,    OF    CAPERNWRAY    HALL,    ESQ.,    M.P., 

AND    ENDOWED     BY    ELIZABETH    SALISBURY 

(RELICT    OF     EDWARD     SALISBURY,      OF     LANCASTER,      ESQ.), 

WAS     LAID    BY 

EDWARD    DODSON    SALISBURY,    ESQ., 

ASSISTED    BY    THE    W.M.    OF    THE    LODGE    OF    FORTITUDE    (NO.     35O). 

AND    THE    OFFICERS    AND    BRETHREN    OF    THE    LODGE, 

ON    SHROVE    TUESDAY,     MARCH    3RD, 

A.D.,     MDCCCXL., 

IN    THE    THIRD    YEAR    OF    THE    REIGN    OF 

QUEEN      VICTORIA, 

A    DONOR,    AS    DUCHESS    OF     LANCASTER,    OF    ^150. 

JOHN    BIRD    SUMMER,     D.D.,    LORD    BISHOP    OF    CHESTER, 

REV.    JOHN    MANBY,    A.M.,    VICAR, 

REV.    THOMAS    MACKRETH,    B.D.,    RURAL    DEAN, 

JOSEPH    DOCKRAY,    ESQ.,    MAYOR, 

EDMUND    SHARPE,     M.A.,    ARCHITECT. 

The  Church  is  a  fine  spacious  edifice,  having-  a  cheerful 
appearance,  but  the  pews  are  of  the  old-fashioned  kind,  and  most 
of  them  very  much  after  the  style  met  with  in  our  unrestored 
country  churches.  On  the  south  side  of  the  chancel  is  a  brass 
memorial  inscribed  thus  : — 

IN    LOVING    MEMORY 

OF 

THOMAS    HOWITT, 

F.R.C.S. 

DIED     MAY,     XXIX, 

MDCCCLXXXL, 

ERECTED    BY    HIS    DAUGHTERS, 

F.    R.     MASON, 


352  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


AND 

S.    L.     HASTINGS. 

"BE    THOU    FAITHFUL 

UNTO    DEATH    AND    I 

WILL    GIVE    THEE 

A       CROWN       OF        LIFE." 

Another  memorial  appears  on  the  wall  on  the  north  side,  at 
the  head  of  the  north  aisle.      It  was 

ERECTED    BY    MEMBERS    OF    THE     CONGREGATION    IN    AFFECTIONATE 

REMEMBRANCE      OF 

CHRISTOPHER  BAYNES, 

WHO  DIED  5TH  SEPTEMBER,    I  885, 

AGED    74    YEARS. 

From  the  opening  of  this  Church  in  1841,  he  was  a  devout  member 
of  the  congregation.  For  21  years  he  faithfully  served  the  office  of 
Churchwarden,  and  for  43  years  he  was  a  diligent  and  earnest 
teacher  in  the  Sunday  School.  His  life  of  simplicity  and  Christian 
integrity  will  be  long  remembered  in  this  parish  and  town. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  Chancel  is  a  brass  stating  that  : — 

THIS     CHURCH 

FOUNDED    BY    MRS.   ELIZABETH    SALISBURY, 

A.D.,     184O, 

became  after  her  decease  the   property  of  its  incumbent 
the  rev.  colin    campbell.   m.a., 
of    trinity     college,     cambridge, 
who   on    condition    of    five  hundred   pounds    being   raised    by 
the  inhabitants  of  lancaster  guaranteed  the  erection  of  an 
elegant  spire,   designed  by  messrs.    sharpe  and  paley,  of  this 
town,  architects,  and  in  every  hope  of  full  success  he  duly 
laid  the    foundation    stone   thereof,  on    monday,  april   26th, 
1852,    john    herdman    sherson,    esquire,    being   mayor,    and   a 
donor  of  ten  pounds  towards  the  undertaking. 

Thomas  Howitt.      \ 

p  T  '        }  CHURCHWARDENS. 

Edmund  Jackson,    J 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


.5DO 


In  the  Vestry  is  a  framed   portrait   and  plan  o(  the  Church 
dated  1853.      From  it  we  learn  that  the  dimensions  arc  as  follow  : — 

Extreme  length  from  E.  to  W 116ft.  4m. 

Length  of  Porch     15ft.  21'n. 

Length  of  Nave  74ft.  6in. 

Length  of  Chancel 26ft.  Sin. 

Extreme  width  of  Church.  N.  to  S 42ft.  3111. 

Width  of  Chancel 17ft.  5111. 

The  Spire  was  completed  on  the  26th  May,  1853. 

Round  the  lower  portion  of  the  Pulpit  are  these  words  :— 

"Blessed  is  the  people  j  that  know  the  joyful  sound  [  they 
shall  walk,  O  Lord,      in  the  Light  of  Thy  Countenance.  —  Ps.  89,  15." 

On  one  occasion  the  pulpit  was  occupied  by  the  Rev.  J.  C. 
Bellew,  and  it  is  computed  that  the  number  present  was  1,300. 

In  the  south  gallery  is  a  two-light  memorial  window, 
designed  by  the  Rev.  C.  Campbell.  It  perpetuates  the  name  of 
Harriet,  daughter  of  Abraham  Hume,  of  Bilton  Grange,  grand- 
daughter of  the  Rev.  Charles  Wheeler,  Prebendary  of  York,  born 
1808,  married  30th  October,  1832  ;  died  November  10th,  1855. 
This  lady  was  Mr.  Campbell's  wife. 

The  Centre  Gallery  is  adorned  with  the  Royal  Arms,  dated 
1852. 

The  Organ  bears  these  tablets  in  brass  :— 

"JOHN    BANFIELD, 

BIRMINGHAM,    FECIT,     1S52." 

REBUILT     BY 

RICHARD  TUBB,  OF  LIVERPOOL, 

A.D.,  1883. 

REV.    JOHN    BONE,    VICAR. 

JAMES    HATCH,  \   CHURC„WARDENS< 

CHRISTOPHER    BAVXES,      ) 


A  2 


;54  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


The  Rev.  John  Bone,  present  Vicar,  is  a  Surrogate  of  the 
Diocese  of  Manchester,  a  Theological  Associate  of  King's  College, 
London,  and  F.R.A.S.  He  was  formerly  at  Southport.  Population 
of  Parish,  3,315. 

St.  Thomas'  District  School  was  erected  by  S.  Simpson, 
Esq.  On  a  marble  tablet  is  this  commemoration  : — "  In  memory 
of  Maria  Simpson  who  through  divine  grace  sought  to  bring  up 
herself  in  the  nurture  and  admonition  of  the  Lord  by  instruction  in 
His  revealed  word  and  attention  on  His  appointed  ordinances  this 
scheme  for  the  education  of  youth  in  the  Holy  Scriptures  and  in  the 
principles  of  the  Church  of  England  is  erected  as  the  most  suitable 
monument  of  such  a  parent  by  a  grateful  son,  1843."  The  Sunday 
School  was  opened  on  the  6th  of  August,  1843.  Jubilee  Com- 
memoration Services  were  held  on  Sunday  the  14th  June,  1891, 
when  the  Rev.  Colin  Campbell,  M.A.,  a  former  incumbent,  preached 
in  the  morning,  and  the  Rev.  H.  Vincent  Beechey,  M.A.,  in  the 
evening.  On  the  15th  inst.  there  was  a  congregational  gathering 
at  the  Vicarage,  and  on  the  16th  an  organ  recital,  followed  by  a 
full  choral  service,  in  which  the  choirs  of  other  churches  assisted. 
The  preacher  on  this  occasion  was  the  Rev.  Canon  Cross,  D.D., 
of  Southport.  A'children's  flower  service  was  held  on  the  17th, 
when  a  sermon  was  preached  by  the  Rev.  C.  O.  L.  Riley,  M.A. 

List  of  Incumbents  oy  the  Three  Churches. 

These  lists  have  been  obtained  direct  from  the  respective 
clergymen  of  the  several  Churches. 

St.  John's. 

The  Rev.  William  Johnson,  appointed  June  16th,  1755;  Rev. 
John  Gibson,  June  22nd,  1765,  died  March  7th,  1787,  aged  68; 
Rev.  \Y.  Hutton,  February  21st,  1787;  Rev.  Thomas  Saul,  1807, 
(see  Clark's  Lancaster)  ;  Rev.  John  Atkinson,  March  25th,  1808, 
died   February  8th,    1812  ;   Rev.   James   Thomas,  April    nth,  1812  ; 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  355 


Rev.  George  Morland,  June  2(>th,  1824;  Rev.  Edward  Pedder, 
vicar,  1862  (interred  at  Heysham)  ;  Rev.  William  Harris  Ewald, 
present  incumbent,  appointed  in  1880. 

Mr.  Morland  was  the  recipient  of  a  very  hearty  testimonial 
after  ten  years'  ministry.  On  June  21st,  1834,  his  congregation 
presented  him  with  an  elegant  tea  service.  On  the  24th  of 
February,  184S,  the  same  gentleman  was  presented  with  a 
solar  lamp  thus  inscribed  : — "  Presented  to  the  Rev.  George  Mor- 
land  by  the  teachers  of  the  Hoys'  National  Sunday  School  as  a 
token  of  esteem  and  to  mark  their  sense  of  his  uniform  kindness 
during  many  years  as  their  superintendent."  The  presentation  was 
made  by  T.  Swainson,  Esq.  The  chapelry  districts  of  St.  John's 
and  St.  Anne's  were  fixed  on  the  20th  August,  1842.  Mr.  Morland 
died  on  the  5th  of  October,  1862,  aged  72.  He  was  brother  to 
the  Rev.  John  Morland,  perpetual  curate  of  Aughton. 

St.   Anne's. 

Rev.  RobertHousman,  founder  and  minister,  41  years  ;  Rev. 
-  Levington  ;  Rev.  Collinson,  until  1834  ;  Rev.  Henry  O'Neil, 
1837,  resigned  15th  February,  1840;  Rev.  C.  Bury,  from  St. 
Luke's,  Skerton,  inducted  3rd  May,  1840;  Rev.  A.  S.  Page,  1837  ; 
Rev.  Dr.  Hathornthwaite,  1864,  died  1884  ;  Rev.  J.  Francis,  M.A., 
1875  to  ^83  ;  Rev.  Robert  Park,  M.A.,  present  vicar.  St. 
Anne's  School  was  built  in  1853  in  Edward  Street. 

St.  Thomas's. 

Opened  in  April,  1841.  Rev.  J.  N.  G.  Armytage  ;  Rev. 
Colin  Campbell,  inducted  27th  April,  1845  ;  Rev.  William  Ogden, 
B.A.;  Rev.  Colin  Campbell,  1858  ;  Rev.  J.  Bone,  appointed  in  1872, 
present  incumbent.  St.  Thomas'  Parsonage  was  erected  in  1853. 
The  Marton  family  presented  the  land  on  which  the  Church  stands, 
land  valued  at  ^350. 


356  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


The  Rev.  Colin  Campbell  was  instituted  April  27th,  1845. 
This  gentleman  came  here  from  Gainsborough.  The  Church  was 
liberally  endowed  by  a  lady  with  ;£  1,000,  which  endowment  was 
absorbed  in  the  purchase  of  the  vicarage  house  and  grounds,  and  is 
the  sole  endowment  attached  to  the  Church.  She  also  added  to  her 
pecuniar}-  gifts  a  beautiful  suite  of  communion  service  on  the  26th 
May,  1 84 1. 

Christ  Church. 

Christ  Church  was  built  by  the  late  Mr.  Samuel  Gregson, 
M.P.  in  1857,  at  a  cost  of  ^5,000.  The  interior  consists  of  a 
chancel,  nave,  and  north  and  south  transepts.  A  south  aisle  was 
added  in  1889.  The  east  window — a  three-light  window  with  a  trefoil 
head — represents  "  Christ  restoring  Lazarus."  It  is  a  very  neat 
one.  At  each  extremity  there  is  a  memorial  window  in  three  lights. 
The  one  on  the  left  is  in  memory  of  the  founder  of  the  church,  who 
died  February  8th,  1865,  aged  72  years.  Another  in  this  church 
was  erected  in  memory  of  Ann  Kirks,  widow  of  Morecroft  Kirks, 
Esq.,  R.N.,  who  died  at  Moorlands,  1859,  aged  76. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Lee  was  the  first  vicar.  He  resigned  in  1S72, 
and  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  P.  Bartlett,  M.A. 

The  Church  was  built  for  the  benefit  of  Grammar  School 
pupils  and  for  the  inmates  of  the  Workhouse,  quite  as  much  as  for 
the  vicinal  residents  who  ultimately  formed  a  new  parochial  district 
including  the  Freehold,  Springfield  Terrace,  Greenfield  and  East 
Road,  with  adjoining  houses.  About  twenty  years  ago  the  upper 
school  rooms  and  play-ground,  formerly  the  property  of  Dr.  Lee, 
were  purchased  for  the  new  parish  at  a  cost  of  ^900.  The  Infants' 
Day  School  has  built  in,  above  its  entrance,  the  lintel  stone  of  the  old 
Grammar  School  which  bears  the  date  1682.  The  Primrose  Hill 
district  and  that  of  Bowerham,  too,  having  increased  so  rapidly 
during  the  past  ten  years,  it  has  been  decided  to  erect  a  new  church 
in  Dale  Street,  on  land  presented  in   1890  by   Mr.    Edward   Storey. 


TIME-HOXOURED    LANCASTER. 


3.57 


Three  years  ago  a  Mission  Room  was  opened  in  Hope  Street 
and  it  is  usually  well  attended  by  the  Primrose  Hill  parisioners  of 
Christ  Church. 

The  patronage  of  Christ  Church  is  in  the  hands  of  Mrs. 
Murray,  of  West  Hall,  Weybridge,  Surrey,  only  daughter  of  the 
founder,  Samuel  Gregson,  Esq.,  M.P.      Population  of  Parish,  4, 126. 


The  respective  value  of  the  Church  livings  in  Lancaster  is  as 


follows 


St.  Mary's  Church 
St.  John's  Church 
St.  Anne's  Church 
St.  Thomas's  Church 
Christ  Church 
St.  Luke's  (Skerton) 


£ 


!20 


£  180 

£  200 

£  430 

£  187 


(Population  of  St.  Mary's  parish  is  7,290). 

Congregationalism  in   Lancaster. 

The  history  of  Congregationalism  is  remarkably  interesting 
in  regard  to  Lancaster,  and  bespeaks  energy  and  faith  of  a  striking 
nature.  The  Independents  first  met  in  a  room  in  St.  Leonardgate, 
but  about  the  year  1772-3  Mr.  John  Dawson,  of  Aldcliffe  Hall, 
enabled  the  little  band  of  Lancaster  Noncomformists  to  commence 
erecting  a  Chapel  in  High  Street,  and  a  deed  concerning  the  land 
devoted  for  the  sacred  object  bears  Mr.  Dawson's  name  and  the 
date,  May  5th,  1777.  The  first  settled  minister  appears  to  have 
been  the  Rev.  George  Burder,  who  filled  the  office  of  pastor  from 
May  30th,  1778,  until  1783,  and  was  voted  a  salary  of  £50  per 
annum.  This  gentleman  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Peter  Samuel 
Charrier  in  1790  (ordained  May  12th,  1792).  He  seems  to  have 
remained  minister  until  his  death,  which  took  place  on  the  2()th 
March,  1826,  his  age  being  56.  Then  came  the  Rev.  Joseph  France, 
M.A.,  in  the  year  1812,  followed  by  the  Rev.  Samuel  Bell,  in  January, 

*Clergy  List,  1S91. 


Jo 


8  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


1823,  who  remained  until  March,  1845.  After  him  we  find  the  Rev. 
James  Fleming-,  of  Highbury  College,  ordained  in  Lancaster, 
August  26th,  1845.  He  resigned  the  pastorate  in  1853.  The  Rev. 
John  Sugden,  B.A.,  who  had  been  a  missionary  in  India  took  his 
place,  entering  on  his  duties  on  the  2nd  of  February,  1854.  His 
public  recognition  followed  on  the  8th  of  June,  in  the  same  year. 
Mr.  Sugden  resigned  office  on  the  1st  of  May,  i86j,  and  was 
succeeded  by  the  Rev.  David  Harding  on  the  26th  June,  1863,  who 
remained  until  the  23rd  February,  1866.  On  the  18th  of  September, 
1866,  we  have  the  Rev.  Elvery  Dothie,  B.A.,  who  resigned  in  April, 
1872,  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Francis  Bolton,  and  the  latter  by  the 
Rev.  J.  F.  Cowley,  on  the  12th  July,  1885. 

The  Rev.  H.  Hunt  appears  to  have  been  followed  by  the 
Rev.  George  Burder,  minister  from  the  30th  of  May,  1778, 
until  the  year  1783.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Village  Sermons," 
and  "The  Good  Old  Way."  The  latter  work  led,  it  is  sup- 
posed, to  the  founding  of  the  Religious  Tract  Society.  Mr. 
Burder  went  from  Lancaster  to  Coventry,  and  was  succeeded 
by  the  Rev.  Thomas  Bryson,  a  gentleman  born  at  Dalkieth,  and 
who  died  in  London  24th  April,  1799.  Next  there  came  the  Rev. 
Peter  Samuel  Charrier,  who  was  born  in  London  24th  February, 
1770.  He  was  ordained  at  Lancaster  9th  May,  1792,  married  a 
Lancaster  lady  (Miss  Padgett),  and  died  in  Liverpool  29th  March, 
1826.  Then  we  find  the  Rev.  Joseph  France,  M.A.,  born  at  Black- 
burn 13th  July,  1 789,  minister  from  30th  August,  181 5,  until 
August,  1819.  He  was  followed  by  the  Rev.  Samuel  Bell,  born  3rd 
June,  1793,  at  Leeds.  He  ministered  here  from  August,  1823, 
until  March,  1845.  Dr.  Bell  died  22nd  of  July,  1861,  at  Stockwell. 
His  successor  was  the  Rev.  James  Fleming,  ordained  26th  August. 
1845,  resigned  29th  September,  1S53.  He  likewise  became  a  Doctor 
of  Divinity.  The  Rev.  John  Sugden,  B.A..  who  had  been  a 
missionary  in  India,  succeeded  and  remained  at  High  Street  from 
2nd  February,  1854,  until  1st  May,  1861.  During  his  time  the 
Middle  Street  and  High  Street  Schools  were  erected  in  1856,  at  a  cost 
of  ;£  1,300.      He  was  the   author  of  The  Chunk  Guide  and  Manual. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  359 


Next  we  find  the  Rev.  David  Harding,  a  gentleman  who  was  horn 
at  Dursley,  in  Gloucestershire,  3rd  April,  1831,  ministering- from  25th 
June,  1863,  until  23rd  February,  1866.  The  Rev.  Elvery  Dothie, 
M.A.,  appears  in  succession,  and  was  pastor  from  8th  October, 
1866,  until  April,  1872.  He  removed  to  South  Norwood,  and  was 
followed  by  the  Rev.  Francis  Bolton,  M.A.,  who  entered  on  his 
duties  in  September,  1872,  and  remained  until  29th  June,  1884. 
The  present  minister  at  High  Street  is  the  Rev.  j.  F.  Cowley, 
whose  advent  in  Lancaster  dates  from  the  12th  July,  1885.  1  am 
indebted  for  these  fuller  particulars  as  concern  dates  in  this 
paragraph  to  the  Rev.  B.  Nightingale. 

Centenary  Church. 

The  Rev.  Adam  Scott,  first  minister,  came  in  July,  1873,  an<^ 
remained  until  October,  1S83.  The  Rev.  H.  W.  Smith  succeeded 
in  February,  1884,  and  is  still  the  respected  minister. 

To  the  CongregationaJists  of  Lancaster  belongs  the  credit  of 
establishing  Sunday  Schools  in  the  year  1788.  A  Mr.  Alexandre 
was  so  much  interested  in  the  work  of  Robert  Raikes  that  he 
determined  in  an  humble  way  to  supplement  the  same.  He  was, 
however,  much  maligned  by  parties  not  of  his  way  of  thinking,  and 
the  town  was  actually  billed  over  with  the  following  notice  :— 
"  Beware  of  the  cunning  people  at  High  Street  who  want  to  kidnap 
your  children." 

The  Rev.  James  Gregory,  the  Rev.  James  Calvert,  and  the 
Rev.  Robert  Dawson,  B.A.,  all  date  their  ministerial  births  from 
High  Street  Church. 

Wesleyanism  in  Lancaster. 

The  introduction  of  Wesleyanism  is  quite  as-indicative  of  the 
earnestness  of  the  Lancaster  subscribers  to  the  belief  of  Wesley  as 
one  could  expect,  or  indeed  can  find   anywhere   else   in   connection 


360  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


with  the  history  of  Methodism.  The  first  meeting"  place  of  Lan- 
caster Wesleyans  was  in  two  cottages  at  the  corner  of  Wood  Street 
and  Damside  Street,  and  now  the  premises,  or  portions  thereof,  of 
Mr.  Verity,  tobacco  manufacturer.  There  were  two  ministers  who 
were  appointed  to  develop  the  cause  in  Lancaster  and  the  district 
assigned  to  it,  and  these  gentlemen  lived  for  a  time  in  the  lower 
storeys  of  the  building  wherein  the  services  were  held.  In  1805, 
they  found  matters  much  improved,  and  their  first  chapel  in  this 
town  dates  from  that  year. 

On  the  29th  of  December,  1874,  the  elegant  edifice  in 
Sulyard  Street  was  opened,  and  the  leading  minister  officiating  on 
the  occasion  was  the  Rev.  Dr.  Punshon.  The  Rev.  Hugh  Stowell 
Brown  occupied  the  pulpit  shortly  after,  and  the  voices  of  many  of 
the  foremost  men  Wesleyan  tenets  possess  have  resounded  in 
Sulyard  Street  new  Chapel.  Undoubtedly  Lancaster  has  been  the 
seat  of  law  and  Gospel  for  ages,  and  if  the  legal  element  has 
displayed  the  brilliant  eloquence  of  Scarlett,  Brougham,  and  Cres- 
well,  so  has  the  Divine  evinced  no  less  glorious  powers  in  the  score 
of  pulpits  founded  for  the  proclamation  o(  laws  made  by  the  uner- 
ring Lord  Chief  Justice,  God. 

The  first  couple  who  were  married  in  the  old  Wesleyan 
Chapel  were  Philip  and  Isabella  Woodburn,  and  the  date  of  the 
marriage  is  March  12th,  1845.  They  w^ere  presented  with  a  Bible 
and  a  Hymn  Book  to  mark  the  importance  of  the  occasion.  This 
Philip  Woodburn  was  for  many  years  town  crier.  The  first  couple 
married  in  the  new  Chapel  were  James  Ball  and  Jane  Wilkinson, 
both  of  Morecambe,  the  latter  a  widow.  This  was  on  the  5th  of 
January,  1875.  A  Bible  and  Hymn  Book  were  also  given  on  this 
occasion,  one  of  the  gentlemen  making  the  presentation,  Mr.  Bicker 
dike,  on  behalf  of  the  Trustees,  having  performed  a  similarly 
pleasing  duty  on  the  occasion  of  the  first  marriage  in  the  old  Chapel. 
The  old  Trustees  of  the  first  Wesleyan  Chapel  were  seventeen  in 
number.  Their  names  were — William  Scott,  school-master  ;  Richard 
Toulmin,  joiner  ;  James  Milner,  plumber  ;  John   Cleminson,  joiner  ; 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  361 


and  then  come  three  Yorkshire  farmers,  John  Gorrill,  of  High 
Grains  ;  Thos.  Heaps,  of  The  Birks  ;  and  Matthew  Redman 
of  Sannett  Hall,  all  of  whom  were  ardent  followers  of  John 
Wesley's  rules.  Next  we  find  the  complement  made  up  of  ten 
others  -Joseph  Dutton,  Joseph  Bancroft,  Jonas  Nuttall,  John  Ashton, 
John  Jones,  Thomas  Franceys,  Samuel  Healey,  William  Byrom, 
Thomas  Morrow,  and  Jas.  Morrow,  merchants,  of  Liverpool. 

Sulyard  Street  occupies  the  site  of  the  old  friary  of  the 
Dominican  order,  founded  about  the  44th  Henry  III.,  by  Sir  Hugh 
Harrington,  Knight,  which  was  granted  18th  June,  32nd  Henry 
VIII.,  to  Thomas  Holecroft  and  the  site  alientated  2  and  3  Phil  et 
Mar.  to  Thomas  Carus,  of  Halton,  and  his  son  Thomas.  Leland 
mentions  this  house  only  in  an  incidental  manner  in  his  Itinerary, 
vol.  v.  p.  99.  Tanner  quotes  concerning  it,  the  Pat.  44,  Henry  III., 
m.  18,  vol.  19.  Pat.  5,  Edward  III.,  p.  1,  m.  19,  licent  pro  manso 
elargando.  Pat.  12,  Edward  II.,  p.  2,  m.  6  pardonat,  pro  per- 
quisit,  duarum  acr,  terrae  pro  manso  elargando.  Pat.  44,  Edward 
III.,  p.  2,  vol.  3.  Rec.  Scacc.  7,  Richard  II.,  Hil  rot  3.  There 
were,  evidently,  five  monastic  foundations  in  Lancaster,  the  Bene- 
dictine priory  of  St.  Mary,  the  convent  of  the  Gray  Friars,  St. 
Leonard's  Hospital,  Gardyner's  Chantry,  and  this  Dominican  or 
Black  Friars'"  Order,  founded,  according  to  Dugdale's  Monasticon  by 
St.  Dominic,  a  Spaniard  born  at  Calagueraga,  a  small  town  in  the 
diocese  of  Osma,  in  Old  Castile,  about  a.d.  1071.  They  were  called 
Dominicans  from  their  founder,  preaching  friars  from  their  office 
to  preach  and  convert  heretics,  and  black  friars  from  their  garments. 
From  having  their  first  house  in  France,  situate  in  the  Rue  de  St. 
Jaques,  Paris,  they  were  called  Jacobines.  Their  rule  was  chiefly 
that  of  St.  Augustine,  and  was  approved  of  by  Pope  Innocent  III., 
in  the  Lateran  Council,  a.d.  121 5,  by  word  of  mouth  ;  and  by  the 
bull  of  Pope  Honorius  III.,  a.d.  12 16.  At  first  they  used  the  same 
habit  with  the  Austin  Canons.  About  a.d.  12 19,  they  took  another, 
viz.,  a  white  cassock,  with  a  white  hood  over  it,  and  when  they 
went  abroad,  a  black  coat  with  a  black  hood  over  their  white  vest- 
ments.     They  came  into  England  a.d.  1221,    had   their   first   house 


362  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


at  Oxford  that  year  ;  and  at  the  dissolution  had  fifty-eight  houses 
here.  Lord  Wake  intended  to  have  brought  Dominican  nuns  into 
England,  and  held  a  license  from  the  King  to  do  so,  but  he  does 
not  appear  to  have  carried  out  his  intention.  The  nuns  of  Dartford, 
in  Kent,  were,  however,  said  to  represent  this  order.  There  can  be 
no  doubt  that  the  Wesleyan  Chapel  stands  on  the  old  foundations 
of  what  was  once  a  beautiful  cruciform  church,  with  nave  and  side 
aisles,  transepts,  an  apteral  choir,  i.e.,  a  choir  without  aisles 
— an  arrangement,  says  an  able  writer,  quite  consistent  with 
the  supposition  that  this  Church,  of  which  these  few  traces  only 
remain,  was  that  of  the  Black  Friars  of  Lancaster,  established  in  the 
44th  Henry  III.  Portions  of  an  octagonal  turret,  of  the  hood 
mould  of  an  arch,  and  of  encaustic  tiles  were  unearthed  in  this 
locality  in  1873,  when  preparations  were  made  for  the  erection  of 
the  new  Wesleyan  Chapel.  Many  human  remains  were  also  found, 
and  these  were  carefully  re-interred.  Speaking  from  a  purely 
antiquarian  point  of  view,  I  consider  it  a  great  shame  that  the 
ancient  remnants  of  this  old  friary  were  ever  disturbed  after  the 
dissolution.  They  should  have  been  permitted  to  remain,  furnishing 
another  grand  portrait  of  an  early  religious  brotherhood  in  old 
Lancaster.  Several  Angel  coins  of  the  periods  of  Edward  IV.,  and 
Henry  VI. ,  I  may  add,  were  also  found  in  this  locality  in  1849. 

St.   Nicholas  Street  Chapel. 

The  Chapel  was  built  in  1787  by  Mr.  Thomas  Taylor  on  the 
site  of  a  former  one.  William  Stout  mentions  the  original  structure 
as  a  Presbvterian  Chapel  and  states  that  in  1688,  the  Mayor  of 
Lancaster,  John  Greenwood,  attended  this  place  of  worship,  the 
mace  being  carried  before  him  by  his  officers.  It  was  singular  that 
in  this  very  year  the  Toleration  Act  was  passed. 

The  Lancaster  Gazette  of  August  23rd,  1890  says  : — The 
Chapel  was  originally  built  in  1662,  re-built  in  1780,  and  enlarged 
in  1874.  The  work  of  decoration  has  been  executed  by  Messrs. 
Eaton    and    Bullield    of  this  town.      The  Chapel  ceiling,   which  is 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  363 


elaborately  panelled  out  in  plaster  work,  is  treated  in  a  warm 
vellum  tint,  the  various  parts  being'  picked  out  in  suitable  colours. 
The  walls  are  painted  in  two  shades  of  soft  green,  divided  by 
chocolate  lines  ;  and  the  architraves  round  the  windows  have  been 
treated  to  match.  The  chancel  or  apse  ceiling"  is  divided  into  eight 
panels  on  a  ground  work  of  deep  blue,  with  a  large  stencilled 
ornament  of  gold  colour  in  the  Italian  style,  relieved  with  outer 
lines  of  white  ;  whilst  the  cornices,  &c,  round  the  same  have  been 
picked  out  in  soft  colours  as  a  relief." 

In  the  beautiful  apse  of  this  Chapel  are  three  stained  windows, 
the  centre  one  being  a  memorial  to  two  worthies  whose  names  will 
never  be  forgotten  by  the  Lancaster  Unitarians.  On  a  brass  plate, 
at  the  base  of  the  window,  you  perceive  that  the  same  is  in 
memory  of  William  James  Lamport,  who  died  on  the  14th  Novem- 
ber, 1874,  aged  59,  and  Daniel  Gaskell,  who  died  on  the  20th 
December,  1875,  aged  93.  After  the  date  of  decease  of  the  first 
named  gentleman  is  the  text,  "  He  that  overcometh  shall  inherit  all 
things."-—  Rev.  xxi.  chap.,  yth  verse;  and  after  the  date  of  decease 
of  the  second  gentleman  comes  the  appropriate  quotation,  "At 
evening  time  it  shall  be  light."  —Zech.  x/'v.  chap.,  yth  verse. 

At  the  north  east  end  of  the  Chapel  is  another  monument  in 
memory  of  the  Rev.  William  Lamport,  twenty-five  years  minister  of 
the  Chapel,  born  at  Uffculme,  Devonshire,  in  1772,  and  ordained  at 
Poole  in  1796,  removed  to  Lancaster  in  1804,  resigned  his  ministerial 
duties  in  1829,  and  died  at  Manchester,  July  14th,  1848,  aged  75. 
Beneath  is  recorded  the  decease  of  Frances,  his  wife,  daughter  of 
James  Noble,  Esq.,  who  died  October  30th  1865,  aged  76  ;  and  of 
William  James  Lamport,  their  son,  born  June  28th,  181 5,  died 
November  14th,  1874,  and  buried  at  Park  Chapel,  Liverpool.  On 
the  north  west  is  a  tablet  in  memory  of  Robert  Gawthorpe,  born  at 
Kendal,  on  the  15th  February  1754,  died  at  Lune  Villa,  on  the  22nd 
August,  1844,  in  his  91st,  year.  "The  hoary  head  is  a  crown  of 
glory  if  it  be  found  in  the  way  of  righteousness."  —Proverbs  xvi. 
v.  Jist.      Another  inscription,  in  marble,  is  in  memory  of  the   Rev. 


364  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Franklin  Baker,  M.A.,  born  at  Birmingham,  August  27,  1800,  died 
at  that  place,  May  25th,  1867.  The  tablet  sets  forth  the  excellent 
character  of  this  minister,  who  was  thirty-nine  years  pastor  of  the 
Unitarian  Chapel,  Bank  Street,  Bolton.  He  was  an  "uncom- 
promising advocate  of  civil  and  religious  liberty."  During  the  last 
three  years  of  his  life,  he  resided  at  Caton,  and  joined  the  religious 
society  who  worshipped  in  this  Chapel.  His  death  produced  a 
common  feeling  of  sorrow  in  the  town  where  he  had  spent  the  active 
and  matured  years  of  his  life.  This  memorial  is  at  the  south  east 
end  of  the  edifice.  The  sister  of  the  Rev.  Franklin  Baker  married 
Edward  White  Benson,  and  so  became  mother  of  the  present 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  Sir  Thomas  Baker,  mayor  of  Man- 
chester, was  also  a  brother  of  the  Rev.  F.  Baker.  At  the  south 
west  end  is  another  marble  in  memory  of  John  Armstrong,  Esq.. 
only  child  of  James  Armstrong,  born  10th  October,  1749,  died  13th 
April,  1829  ;  then  follows  the  name  of  Deborah  Anne  Armstrong, 
the  dear  and  beloved  daughter  of  the  said  John  Armstrong  and 
Deborah  Ann,  his  wife,  fourth  daughter  of  Robert  Baynes,  Esq.,  of 
Cockermouth,  born  16th  February,  1783,  died  June  21st,  1861. 
Beneath  is  recorded  also  the  death  of  Richard  Baynes  Armstrong, 
fourth  son  of  the  above,  who  was  born  March  2nd,  1789,  and  who 
died  February  18th,  1867.  At  the  east  end  is  a  tablet  in  memory 
of  Hannah  Armstrong,  who  died  March  28th,   1837,  in  her  9th  year. 

James  Noble,  I  may  remark,  established  the  silk  industry  at 
Galgate. 

In  the  Churchyard  is  a  very  old  impaled  tomb,  but  unfor- 
tunately the  stone  is  so  much  broken  up  and  defaced,  that  the 
surname  is  entirely  gone.  The  Christian  name,  Richard,  is  very 
plain.  This  stone  is  said  to  be  the  oldest  in  the  yard,  and  I  hear 
that  the  Rev.  D.  Davis,  late  of  Lancaster,  who  kept  the  Chapel 
Register,  could  not  find  out  by  searching  the  entries  of  deaths  whose 
remains  this  damaged  slab  covered.  Near  the  north  side  of  the 
Chapel  lies  Alice,  widow  of  Abraham  Crompton,  Esq.,  of  Chorley 
Hall,  and  Lune  Villa,  Lancaster,  who  departed  this   life,    February 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  365 


7th,  1853,  in  her  goth  year.  Not  far  away  rest  the  remains  of 
James  Cassells,  Esq.,  M.D.,  who  died  November  14th,  1822,  aged 
59.  Also  those  of  James,  Walton,  and  Mary  and  Anna,  his  children. 
Another  stone  bears  this  inscription  :—"  P.  Milne  obiit  imo  May, 
1794.  Anno  .Etatis  suae,  75."  On  the  next  tomb  I  read,  "  Here 
lieth  the  body  of  Jno.  Gaskell,  who  departed  this  life  on  the  21st  of 
September,  1747,  aged  37.  To  whose  memory  his  son-in-law,  [as. 
Noble,  set  up  this  stone.  Near  this  place  also  lie  the  bodies  of 
Esther  and  Hannah,  children  of  the  above  Jas.  Noble  and  Jane,  his 
wife,  who  were  born  and  died  ye  12  of  April,  1746.  Esther  Gaskell, 
who  departed  this  life,  July  7th,  1765,  in  the  86th  year  of  her  age." 
Then  there  is  another  stone  erected  to  Hannah  Gaskell,  relict  of 
Daniel  Gaskell,  of  Clifton  Hall,  near  Manchester,  who  died  August 
28th,  1801,  aged  48,  and  also  to  the  memory  of  the  two  sons  of  the 
above-named  Daniel  Gaskell  and  Hannah,  his  wife,  daughter  of 
Jas.  Noble,  Esq.,  to  Benjamin  Gaskell,  of  Thornes  House,  Wake- 
field, born  February  28th,  1781,  died  January  21st,  1856,  and  to 
Daniel  Gaskell,  of  Lupset  Hall,  Wakefield,  born  September,  nth 
1782,  died  December  20th,  1875,  both  of  whom  are  buried  in  the 
vaults  of  Westgate  Chapei,  Wakefield.  Another  quaint  looking 
memorial  states  that  "  Elizabeth  Daye  caused  this  stone  to  be 
placed  over  her  respected  grandmother,  Elizabeth  Roscoe,  who 
departed  this  life  November  26th,  1746,  aged  73.  Here  also  lie  the 
remains  of  Elizabeth  Daye,  who  died  January  23rd,  1829,  in  the 
96th  year  of  her  age."  There  is  a  stone  in  memory  of  Thomas 
Holt,  watchmaker,  who  died  March  20th,  1775,  aged  53,  and  one 
to  Captain  W.  Dalrymple,  who  died  June  25th,  1789,  aged  43.  On 
the  west  side  of  the  yard  lies  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Benjamin  Hill, 
who  died  12th  May,  1796,  aged  67,  and  likewise  one  Eliza  Harrison, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Benjamin  Harrison,  who  died  September  21st, 
1796,  aged  83  years.  On  the  east  wall  is  an  Ionic  pediment  with 
two  fluted  columns.  Beneath  the  pediment  on  a  brass,  covered 
with  plate  glass,  is  this  tribute  to  departed  worth,  "Here  lies 
interred  the  Rev.  James  Daye  who  ministered  about  thirty-four 
years  to  the  Society  at  this  Chapel  with  fidelity  and  acceptance,  for 
he  discharged  the  duties  of  the   pastoral  office  with  the  united  aids 


366  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 

of  genius,  piety,  and  learning-,  enforcing-  his  instructions  by  the 
exemplary  virtues  of  his  life.  Well  instructed  himself  in  the 
several  branches  of  science,  he  was  assiduous  and  successful  in  his 
endeavours  to  improve  the  minds  of  youth.  He  was  an  affectionate 
relation  and  a  warm  and  steady  friend.  His  sentiments  on  religion 
were  warm  and  generous,  his  benevolence  universal  and  truly 
Christian,  and  his  integrity  without  reproach.  Having  lived 
esteemed,  he  died  lamented  by  all  who  knew  him,  July  9th,  1770, 
aged  70  years."  Beneath  are  the  names  of  Sarah  and  Ebenezer, 
offspring  of  James  and  Sarah  Dave,  and  the  body  of  Sarah,  his 
second  wife,  also  reposes  here.  There  is  this  couplet  at  the  end  of 
the  brass — 

"  These  dearer  lov'd  as  smiling  days  return'd,  , 

Through  sorrowing  years  are  still  more  deeply   mourn'd." 

The  names  Christopher  Sherson,  Rowlandson,  and  Bond  are 
met  with  in  this  yard. 

Baines  (1870  edition)  says  that  : — 

John  Greemvood,  who  was  Mayor  of  Lancaster  in  1687-8, 
founded  the  Presbyterian  Meeting-house  according  to  William 
Stout's  Autobiography.  He  died  in  1701.  His  widow  is  said  to 
have  "  eranted  the  Meeting-house  freelv  without  rent."  She  died 
in  1725.  Whether  the  St.  Nicholas  Street  Chapel  was  the  Meeting- 
house founded  by  Mayor  Greenwood  is  not  absolutely  certain,  but 
it  is  very  probable  that  it  was,  since  in  1784,  we  learn  that  it  was 
so  dilapidated  as  to  require  rebuilding.  The  present  edifice  was 
therefore  erected  in   1786. 

List  of  Ministers  of  the  St.   Nicholas  Street  Chapel. 

Robert  Chaddertox,  Temp.  James  II.  died  1687. 
John  Carringion,  died  in  March,  1701,  aged  48. 
James  Gkimsiiaw. 
Tohn  Bent,  died  about  1736. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  367 


James  Daye,  died  July  9th,  1770,  aged  70. 

Benjamin   Harrison,  died  May  121I1.  17S1.  aged  67. 

fOHN   Harrison,  interred  al  Kendal. 

Samuel  Gjrl. 

William   Lamport,  minister  from  July  1804,  until  1S29.     Died  July  14th.  1848. 

George  Lee,  established  the  Kendal  Mercury. 

Henry  Alexander,  born  about  1810,  resigned  1840,  died  at  Newry  in  1868. 

Hamilton   Hunter,  minister  from  10th  September.  1840,  until  September,  1841. 

Richard  Shaw,  minister  from  1842  until  1845. 

William     Henry    Herford,    (brother  of  Mr.    Herford,   coroner  of  Manchester), 

minister  from  1845. 
John   HOPE,  minister  from  November,  1846,  resigned  at  the  end   of   1847.      He  was 

the  brother  of  George  Hope,  of  Fenton  Barns. 

William   Henry    Herford,  minister  from  1848  until  1854. 

David  Davis,   B.A.,  assistant  minister  to  Mr.  Herford  from  1850  to  1854. 

Goodwyn  Barmby,  minister  from  1854  until  1858. 

Henry  Silly,  minister  from  July  1858,  until  1862. 

John  Galbraith  Lunn,  minister  from  1853  until  1878. 

William    McQuhae    Ainsworth,    minister   from    1S77    until    1883.     Brother   of 
David  Ainsworth,  M.P. 

Edward  P.   Hall,  minister  from  1883  until  1887. 

John  Channing   Pollard,  present  minister  (from  September,  1888). 

From  the  observations  found  in  the  "  Church  Guide  and 
Congregational  Handbook,  1861,"  it  appears  probable  that  the  first 
three  or  four  ministers  were  Presbyterians  or  Congregational  Dis- 
senters whose  first  place  of  meeting  is  said  to  have  been  in  Moor 
Lane,  on  the  site  of  the  two  houses  opposite  St.  Anne's  Church. 
Mr.  Molyneux  has  given  me  considerable  assistance  in  regard  to 
the  above  list. 

Baptist  Denomination. 

The  Lancaster  Baptists  first  met  together  in  St.  Nicholas 
Street,  though  it  does  not  appear  that  they  went  by  the  name  of 
Baptists,  notwithstanding  their  services  being  after  the  manner 
of  the  Scotch  Baptists.  It  was  in  1862  that  a  body  of  Baptists 
met  for  worship  in  the  Assembly  Rooms,  the  Rev.  S.  Todd  officiat- 
ing as  minister.  In  1872  the  White  Cross  Street  Chapel  was 
opened.  The  minister  at  the  time  of  writing  is  the  Rev.  J. 
Baxendall. 


-68  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Primitive  Methodists. 

We  have  to  go  back  to  the  early  years  of  the  present  century 
to  trace  the  rise  of  Primitive  Methodism  in  Lancaster.  From  what 
can  be  ascertained  this  denomination  first  met  in  Under  Gardens, 
Damside  Street,  and  then  about  1836  they  established  themselves 
in  Bridge  Lane  in  the  building-  now  occupied  as  a  warehouse  by 
Messrs.  Mansergh.  There  is  a  tablet  over  the  front,  but  what  it 
bears  is  no  longer  decipherable.  It  is  said  that  one  George  Herrod 
was  the  first  preacher.  The  Moor  Lane  Chapel  was  erected  or 
instituted  in  or  near  the  year  1857  and  renovated  in  1869.  The 
present  minister  is  the  Rev.  R.  Church. 

United  Methodist  Free  Church. 

The  Rev.  H.  Umpleby  says  that  :  —  "The  originators  of  the 
Free  Methodist  cause  in  Lancaster  united  for  worship  in  an  upper 
room  in  Mary  Street,  about  the  year  1861,  and  in  the  same  year 
identified  themselves  with  the  denomination.  They  afterwards 
removed  for  a  time  to  a  room  in  Friars'  Passage,  after  which  they 
entered  the  present  Chapel,  erected  in  the  year  1868,  and  seating 
550  persons.  The  Rev. James  Jones  was  the  first  minister  of  the 
Chapel. 

Catholic  Apostolic  Church. 

The  Catholic  Apostolic  Church  was  established  in  or  about 
1872-3.  The  congregation  first  met  in  Fryer  Street  ;  then  they 
bought  the  Wesleyan  School  in  Edward  Street,  where  services 
were  first  held  on  Sunday,  November  17th,  1875,  anc*  thence 
removed  to  the  present  edifice  in  Mr.  Clarke's  grounds,  behind  the 
Palatine  Temperance  Hotel.  Past  ministers  : — Charles  Cartwright 
and  R.  Simpson.  Present  minister,  Geo.  Walden.  One  thing,  I 
may  remark  deserves  to  be  mentioned  in  connection  with  the 
members  of  the  Catholic  Apostolic  Church,  that  is  their  abhorrence 
of  bazaars  as  a  means  of  raising  money  for  religious  purposes. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  369 


Lancaster  Assembly. 

The  Lancaster  Assembly  of  "  Christians  unattached  "  dates 
back  to  1872-3.  The}  first  met  at  the  British  Workman's  Rooms, 
then  at  the  Palatine  Hall,  and  subsequently  at  the  Corn  Market 
Street  Coffee  Room,  where  they  still  meet  every  sabbath.  Mr. 
Isaac  Nelson  has  kindly  supplied  the  following- card  which  indicates 
fully  the  unsectarian  character  of  this  body,  who  do  not  recognise 
the  term  "  Plymouth  "  brethren,  though  their  tenets  do  not  greatly 
differ  from  the  "  brethren  '  so  designated  : — "  The  Lancaster 
Assembly.  Upper  Room,  Market  Hall  Coffee  House.  Meetings  : 
Lord's  day — Breaking  Bread,  10-45  a-m-  >  Gospel,  6-30  p.m. 
Wednesday — Prayer  Meeting,  8  p.m.  Motto  for  1891.  'Contend 
earnestly  for  the  faith  which  was  once  for  all  delivered  unto  the 
saints.' — Jude  3.  Motive.  'For  the  love  of  Christ  constraineth 
us.'  2- Cor.  v.  14."  There  seems  to  have  been  a  Society  of  unde- 
nominational christians  existing  in  Lancaster  so  far  back  as  1843, 
iudo-ins"  from  the  "  Letters  and  Extracts  from  Letters  addressed 
from  time  to  time  to  certain  Members  of  the  Household  of  Faith," 
by  Robert  Fletcher  Housman.  This  work  was  published  in  i860 
by  Messrs.  Milner  of  the  Lancaster  Guardian. 

Plvmouth   Brethren". 

Another  Society,  meeting  regularly  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Dry  Dock  (Wolseley  Street),  and  denominated,  by  those  not  belong- 
ing to  it,  as  a  fraternity  of  the  Plymouth  Brethren,  was  established 
about  September  or  December,  1873,  their  first  place  of  meeting- 
being  Castle  Hill  Flouse. 

Lancaster  Lyceum   Spiritualist^. 

Mr.  M.  Condon  writes  to  say  that  in  1881  a  few  inquirers  met 
at  the  house  of  a  Mr.  Llewellyn,  in  Skerton,  to  investigate  certain 
phenomena.  The  first  public  meeting  was  held  in  the  latter  end  of 
1882,  in  the  Assembly  Room,  when  Mr.  R.  A.  Brown,  oi  Man- 
chester, addressed  those  present.  The  Spiritualists  now  meet  at 
the  Athenaeum  Lecture  Room. 


B2 


37o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Friend's  Meeting  House. 

Unfortunately,  the  ancient  deeds  of  the  Friends'  Meeting- 
House  cannot  be  consulted.  A  gentleman,  ever  read}'  to  impart 
information,  informs  me  that  years  ago,  about  1846  or  1850,  the 
deed  box  was  broken  open  and  the  documents  were  maliciously 
burnt. 

George  Fox,  the  founder  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  was  im- 
prisoned in  Lancaster  Castle,  in  1664,  having  been  committed  at 
the  March  Assizes  of  the  year  named,  for  refusing  to  take  the  oath 
and  for  holding  illegal  meetings.  His  fellow  prisoner  was  Mrs. 
Margaret  Fell,  of  Swarthmoor,  a  very  pious  lad}',  who,  subse- 
quently, married  George  Fox.  It  is  believed  that  Fox's  place  of 
immurement  would  be  the  Dungeon  Tower.  In  1665  Fox  was 
removed  to  Scarborough  Castle,  and  released  in  September,  1666. 

The  Rev.  Sidney  Faithorne  Green,  P>.A.,  late  of  St.  John's, 
Miles  Platting,  Manchester,  was  placed  in  the  Great  Keep  of  the 
Castle,  on  the  19th  March,  1881,  for  the  contempt  of  a  judgment 
given  by  Lord  Penzance,  in  the  Court  of  Arches.  The  reverend 
prisoner  had  the  rank  of  a  first-class  misdemeanant,  and  could 
receive  letters,  visitors,  and,  generally  speaking,  employ  his  time  as 
he  chose.  The  old  Shire  Hall  formed  his  chamber  of  confinement. 
He  was  released  November  4th,  1882.  George  Fox  was  very 
rigorously  treated  and  almost  starved  to  death  in  his  prison.  The 
difference  between  the  treatment  of  the  two  preachers  in  this  same 
Castle  for  religious  beliefs  must  strike  every  one  as  not  only  very- 
great  but  most  anomalous. 

"  In  Lancaster,"  says  William  Stout,  "in  the  closing  years 
of  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  the  mayor  of  the  town  ordered  the 
Meeting  House  door  to  be  locked,  and  set  a  guard  upon  it,  on  the 
first  day  weekly,  to  prevent  a  meeting  ;  yet  the  Friends  met  in  the 
lane  before  it,  at  the  usual  hour,  without  disturbance  for  some 
time."  Vicars  Garforth  and  Fenton  appear  to  have  been  persecutors 
of  the  Friends,  while  Seth  Bushell  was  a  moderate  man  who  much 
discouraged  persecution. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  37 


South  of  the  row  of  houses  which  form  what  is  known  as 
Golgotha,  is  the  ancient  Moorside  burial  ground  surrounded  by 
high  walls.      Here  was  the  ancient  Quaker  place  of  sepulture. 

Some  time  ago  I  was  permitted  to  enter  the  same  with  the 
object  of  inspecting  it  thoroughly,  and,  of  course,  of  copying  the 
only  epitaph  there  is  in  the  whole  enclosure,  which  is  cut  out  of  a 
stone  somewhat  elevated  from  the  ground.  The  epitaph  is  as 
follows  : — 

H  E  R  E  L  I  E 
Til  T  H  E  B  O 
D  Y  0  F  I  O  H  N 
L  A  W  S  O  N 
OF  LA  N  C  A 
S  T  E  R  W  H  O 
DEPARTED 
THIS  LIFE 
ON  THE  18 
DAY  O  F  S  E 
P  T  E  M  B  E  R 
IX     THE     S  E 

V  E  X  T  Y       F  O 

V  R  T  II  YE  A 
R  OF  HIS  A  G 
E  A  N  X  O 
DOMINO 

1  6  8  9  . 

The  stone  is  in  a  fair  state  of  preservation,  and  the  raised  letters  are 
readily  deciphered.  The  person  whose  remains  it  covers  was  the 
one  who  succoured  George  Fox  after  he  had  been  maltreated  and 
stoned  out  of  the  churchyard  of  St.  Mary's  Church,  on  the  second 
day  of  his  mission  in  1652.  He  is  mentioned  in  the  last  edition  of 
"The  Autobiography  of  George  Fox,"  published  in  1886,  and 
edited  by  Henry  Stanley  Newman,  of  Buckfield,  Leominster,  on 
'pages  55  and  64.  In  this  work  there  are  many  matters  concerning 
the  more  distinguished  Quakers  and  the  religious  spirit  of  those 
days  of  persecution  in  which    they   lived.      For  instance   I  found  by 


372 


TliME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


perusal  of  it  that  the  Chief  Constable  of  the  county  in  1666  was  one 
Richard  Dodgson.  Whether  the  "petty  constable"  named  Mount, 
whom  Fox  speaks  of  in  no  very  flattering  terms,  was  the  Chief 
Constable  of  the  Borough  of  Lancaster  cannot  easily  be  determined, 
but  since  he  is  mentioned  it  is  not  improbable  that  he  held  a  superior 
office.  The  keeper  of  the  gaol  at  the  same  period  was  "  a  wicked 
man."  called  Hunter.  Before  alluding  further  to  this  valuable 
work,  let  me  just  state  that  Ihe  burial  place  I  have  been  treating 
of  has  not  been  used  for  many  years,  though  it  could  be  re-opened 
at  any  time,  and  probably  would  be  if  the  place  of  interment  in 
connection  with  the  Meeting  House  were  closed.  The  capacity  of 
this  old  yard  is  26  feet  by  16  feet,  and  it  is  said  that  the  Society  of 
Friends  had  many  of  the  stones  that  once  covered  the  remains  of 
their  dead,  removed  by  the  desire  of  a  yearly  meeting  committee. 
The  more  austere  Friends  believed  not  only  that  "  praises  on  tombs 
are  vainly  spent,"  and  that  "a  man's  good  name  is  his  best 
mounment,"  but  that  memorials  to  the  dead  in  the  shape  of  tomb- 
stones are  altogether  out  of  place.  Things  have,  however,  changed 
somewhat  during  the  last  forty  years,  and  rigidity  in  style  of  dress, 
address,  and  funeral  arrangements  has  been  allowed  to  lapse  with 
man}',  since  by  such  lapsing  no  violation  of  sound  principle  has  been 
involved.  The  John  Lawson  who  received  George  Fox  into  his 
house  was  no  stranger  himself  to  persecution,  for  we  find  that  for 
preaching  to  the  parishioners  in  the  Churchyard  of  Malpas,  Cheshire, 
he  was  imprisoned  23  weeks  in  the  county  gaol.  At  Lancaster,  he 
was  once  fined  ^200,  for  non-payment  of  which  amount  he  received 
twelve  months'  imprisonment.  In  1658,  he  was  again  arrested 
while  going  to  a  religious  meeting,  and  had  his  horse  seized,  and 
on  another  occasion  he  and  nineteen  other  persons  were  arrested 
by  the  Mayor  of  Preston,  and  detained  twenty-four  hours  without 
any  cause  being  assigned.  In  1660,  a  company  of  soldiers  with 
swords  drawn  and  pistols  cocked,  went  to  the  meeting  in  Lancaster, 
and  apprehended  all  whom  they  found  there,  John  Lawson  being 
one  of  the  number.  This  occurred  about  the  27th  of  January  in  the 
year  named. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  373 


George  Fox  was  born  at  Drayton-in-the-Clay,  Leicestershire, 
in  the  year  1624.  By  trade  he  was  a  shoemaker.  According  to 
the  end  of  the  "Autobiography"  he  died  on  the  13th  of  November, 
1690  (the  beginning  of  the  book  gives  1691),  and  was  interred  in  the 
Friends'  burial  place,  near  Bunhill  Fields.  His  father's  name  was 
Christopher  Fox,  and  his  mother,  whose  maiden  name  was  Mary 
Lago,  "  was  of  martyr  stock  "  says  the  editor. 

There  seems  to  have  been  a  rough  time  of  it  for  the 
"  Friends  "  from  1652  to  1664,  and  it  is  only  too  apparent  that 
George  Fox  met  with  as  harsh  treatment  in  Lancaster  and  district 
as  anywhere  else  he  ever  visited  ;  and  he  travelled  much  both  on 
the  continent  of  Europe  and  in  America.  Between  1661  and  1697 
no  less  than  13,562  Friends  were  imprisoned,  and  in  1682  even  the 
children  who  kept  up  the  meetings  in  Bristol  while  their  parents 
were  in  gaol  were  unmercifully  belaboured  with  twisted  whalebone 
sticks.  "  Land  of  the  brave  and  the  free  !"  Too  oft  thy  liberty 
has  been  a  mock  moon  and  thy  theology  a  cat  of  nine  and  thirty 
tails  wielded  by  a  spirit  of  coercion.  If  better  times  have  dawned 
we  have  only  to  be  grateful  to  Heaven  for  the  same,  since  narrow- 
minded  dissemblers  "dressed  in  their  little  brief  authority"  would 
have  hindered  the  dawning  if  they  could.  Those  who  maintained 
the  flag  of  independence  and  liberty  to  live,  move,  speak,  and  have 
an  influential  originality,  would  be  sinners  indeed  were  they  to  be 
grateful  to  the  adamant  creatures  with  "  faces  harder  than  a  rock," 
from  whom  they  wrung  nothing  more  nor  less  than  their  rights — in 
a  word  their  birthrights. 

The  burial  ground  at  the  old  meeting  house  reveals  names 
honoured  and  esteemed  to-day  by  people  of  all  political  and  religious 
inclinations,  for  lealness  and  willingness  to  suffer,  marked  the  men 
and  women  of  whom  the  tombstones  speak.  1  carefully  surveyed 
each  tiny  record,  and  in  one  part  of  the  yard  i  counted  no  less  than 
twenty  stones  in  a  row,  each  of  which  bore  the  name  of  Barrow. 
There  are  also  many  to  the  memory  of  members  of  the  Binns 
family.      William  Stout,  author  of  the   "Autobiography,"   is  buried 


174  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


in  this  Friends'  Cemetery.  He  was  born  in  1665,  and  died  January 
15th,  1752.  The  site  of  the  premises  he  occupied  I  cannot  definitely 
ascertain. 

Another  garden  of  death,  now  no  longer  used,  is  still  to  be 
noted  within  the  enclosure  belonging  to  the  County  Lunatic  Asylum, 
while  a  few  yards  from  the  flag-staff  is  the  site  of  a  third  burial 
place  of  far  greater  antiquity  than  the  others.  This  spot  is  the 
ancient  British  place  of  interment.  "  Here,"  as  an  able  writer  words 
it,  "not  less  than  2,000  years  ago,  the  remains  of  many  of  the 
aboriginal  inhabitants  of  this  district  were  deposited,  amidst  the 
wail  of  sorrowing  friends  and  the  dirge  of  Druidical  priests."  I  can 
safely  assert  that  none  of  our  English  moorlands  commands  a 
sublimer  prospect  than  Lancaster  Moor  does,  and  our  forefathers, 
far  more  in  touch  with  nature  than  we  are,  with  all  their  Pagan 
errors,  had  a  true  poetic  eye  and  knew  where  to  select  lands  to  be 
consecrated  to  the  solemn  rites  of  funeral  services  more  or  less 
impressive. 

Geologists  have  conclusively  proved  that  ages  ago  Lancaster 
Moor  formed  an  ocean  bed.  An  examination  of  the  rocks  reveals  a 
substance  of  the  sedimentary  and  stratified  character,  and  the  ripple- 
marks  caused  by  the  sandy  bed  of  the  sea  being  left  high  and  dry 
by  the  receding  tide,  were  baked  hard  by  the  heat  of  the  sun  before 
another  layer  of  sand  was  deposited  by  the  next  tide.  A  new  layer 
was  added  by  every  tide,  and  even-  layer  bore  upon  it  the  impress 
of  the  wave  which  last  passed  over  it. 

Dr.  Prosser's  "  Rambles  by  the  Lune,"  published  in  1866, 
gives  excellent  antiquarian,  chemical,  and  geologic  explanations  of 
the  millstone-grit  formations  round  about  Lancaster. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


375 


CHAPTER   XIII. 


The  Lancaster  Dispensary  and  Infirmary— List  of  Surgeons  and  Apo'J 
(aries    connected    therewith — county    asylum--ll>t    01 
.Medical  Superintendents,  Chaplains,  and    Stewards— The    R«a 
Albert    Asylum— The     Ripley     Hospital— The    Workhouse— The 
Cemetery— The   Lune    Fishery— Seats    Round    Lancaster   -Ashton 
Hall— The  Local  Press- The   Green    Lane    Murder— Local    Cen- 
tenarians—Curious   Names    of     Persons     in     Lancaster  —  Loi 
Improvements. 


HERE  is  evidence  that  about  one  hundred 
and  ten  years  have  elapsed  since  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Lancaster  Dispensary.  It 
was  first  founded  in  a  room  on  the  Green 
Ay  re,  and  ultimately  it  was  removed  to  Castle 
Hill,  and  thence  to  its  present  quarters  in 
Thurnham  Street.  From  the  Dispensary  was 
evolved  the  idea  of  an  Infirmary,  and  shortly 
we  hope  to  see  an  Institution  of  the  latter 
character  entirely  in  keeping-  with  the  growing- 
demands  and  well-being  of  the  county  town. 


The  past  Dispensary  and  Infirmary  physicians  and  surgeons 
since  the  establishment  of  the  Institution  are  not  easily  obtained. 
In  1812  Dr.  Mc.Culloch  was  appointed  physician.  About  this 
period  Dr.  Johnson  became  house  surgeon,  and  held  the  post  until 
June,  1832,  when  he  retired.*  Dr.  Thomas  Howitt,  jun. ,  succeeded 
Dr.  Johnson.  Dr.  De  Vitre  was  chosen  physician  to  this  valuable 
charity  near  this  date  (1832).  There  appear  next  the  names  of  Mr.  J.  S. 
Harrison  and  Mr.  Henry  Bradshaw,  surgeons  of  this  place  in  1835. 
In  1836  Mr.  A.  Merryman  was  house  surgeon,  and  in  1838  Mr.  J. 
J.  Clarkson,  followed  by  Mr.  Ricketts.  How  long  Mr.  Ricketts 
remained  I  cannot  ascertain,  nov  can  I  find  anything  concerning 
such  appointments  as  those   now   under   consideration    until    1847, 


*A  Mr.  James  Winder,  who  died  January  7th,    1831,    is   said   to   have  been 
surgeon  for  some  time. — Lancaster  Gazette. 


3j6  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


when  Dr.  Arnott  is  reported  as  resigning-  the  post  of  physician  on 
the  17th  of  April  in  that  year.  In  1862  there  came  Mr.  Alexander 
Ellis  Colquhoun,  who,  according-  to  the  memorial  over  his  tomb, 
was  house  surgeon  seven  years.  He  died  December  2nd,  1867, 
aged  27.  He  appears  to  have  been  succeeded  by  Dr.  W.  Armi- 
stead  (1868),  and  then  come  the  following  names  down  to  the 
present  time  : — 1869,  Dr.  R.  Lowther  ;  1870  to  1872,  Dr.  R.  Atkin- 
son ;  1872,  Mr.  William  Berry;  1873,  ^r-  Jonn  M.  Scott;  1874, 
Mr.  John  Todd  ;  and  about  this  period  a  Mr.  Preston.  Mr.  Todd 
relinquished  the  office  in  1877,  and  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Collis  ; 
1879,  Dr.  H.  C.  Moore;  1881,  Dr.  H.J.  Gilbert;  1883,  Mr.  W. 
M.  Storrar  ;  1884,  Mr.  C.  W.  Dean;  1890,  Dr.  H.  C.  Evison, . 
present  house  surgeon.  Drs.  Whalley,  Cassells,  Christopher  John- 
son and  Baxendale  are  all  named  as  members  of  the  Infirmary 
medical  staff  in  the  year  1814.  The  Dispensary  and  House  of 
Recovery  dates  from  1781.  The  locality  of  the  Dispensary  was 
originally  Castle  Hill,  and  prior  to  this  the  Green  Ayre.  The 
Dispensary  supplies  the  sick  poor  with  medicine,  and  affords  to 
them  gratuitously  the  best  medical  advice  and  assistance.  A  lying- 
in  charity  was  established  in  the  year  1807,  and  according  to  the 
original  rule  subscribers  of  3s.  and  upwards  were  entitled  to  recom- 
mend one  person  as  a  fit  object  to  be  relieved  by  this  society.  The 
Benevolent  Society  extends  relief  to  poor  women  in  child-bed,  to 
whom  a  sum  of  10s.  was  allowed  at  each  birth  ;  also  to  the  indus- 
trious poor  during  sickness,  and  occasional  donations  were  made  to 
the  old  and  infirm  of  whatever  religious  body. 

From  January  1st,  1784,  to  January  1st,  1785,  there  were 
admitted  516  patients  ;  396  were  restored  to  health,  54  relieved,  1 
varied  in  condition,  and  17  died;  48  remained  on  the  books.  The 
subscriptions  and  gifts  received  amounted  to  ^,125  10s.  o)4d.  The 
amount  paid  for  medicine  and  to  the  Apothecary  as  salary  was 
^118  3s.  3d. ,  the  balance  left  in  the  hands  of  the   Treasurer   being 

£7  6s-   7d- 

The  present  accommodation  at  the   Infirmary  consists  of  38 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  377 


beds  including"  some  children's  cots.      The  average   weekly    number 
of  beds  occupied  in  1887  was  25  1-3  '   in  1878,  the  average   number 

was  8  1-3:  in  1879,  9}A  5  in  l88°-  l8  >  in  l88l>  IlJ '  -  ;  m  l882'  191A  > 
in  1883,  22  ;  in  1884,  15^  ;  in  1885,  16  ;  in  1886,  21 3^.  The  beds 
cost  on  an  average  ^'51  15s.  each  per  annum.  The  total  number  of 
out-door  patients  in  1888  was  2,832,  and  ol~  in-patients  391.  The 
total  expenditure  of  the  Institution  in  J887  was  ,£1,665.  Dr. 
Campbell  was  among  the  first  of  his  profession  to  come  forward  and 
offer  his  services  as  a  physician  gratis.  The  first  Treasurer  of  this 
Institution  was  Mr.  John  Barrow,  whose  successor  in  178b  (when  the 
dispensary  was  completed)  was  Mr.  Richard  Walker.  The  name  of 
a  Mr.  Paget  appears  as  apothecary  in  1789,  also  that  of  a  Mr.  Bell, 
after  whom  came  Mr.  Parkinson,  who  died  June  16th,  1801.  Then 
we  have  Mr.  J.  H.  Dawson  apothecary  until  1824,  succeeded  by  a 
Mr.  W.  L.  Cock.  Readers  may  wonder  why  I  have  given  so  much 
attention  to  the  old  Hospital  or  Infirmary  of  Lancaster.  My  answer 
is,  because  this  Institution  of  the  county  town  has  not  only  done 
excellent  service,  but  has  numbered  amongst  its  officials  some  very 
able  representatives  of  the  therapeutic  art,  and  because,  as  before 
remarked,  we  hope  to  see  a  structure  worthy  of  Lancaster  ere  long 
erected  in  our  midst.  Our  honourable  member,  always  giving,  has  set 
the  philanthropic  ball  rolling,  and  we  hope  other  friends  of  the  poor 
and  the  afflicted  will  come  forward  and  follow  his  benign  example. 
Wednesday,  the  5th  of  December,  1887,  will  long  stand  out  as  a 
prominent  day  in  the  annals  of  Lancaster,  for  at  the  public  meeting 
in  the  Council  Chamber  a  sum  of  about  ,£,'10,000  was  subscribed  to 
the  new  Infirmary,  the  site  of  which  is  Springfield  Park.  The  con- 
summation of  this  work  devoutly  to  be  wished,  will  rejoice  the 
hearts  oi'  the  people  of  Lancaster. 

The  County  Asylum. 

The  County  Asylum  is  a  very  large  building,  ov  pile  ot 
buildings,  containing  upwards  ol~  1,000  patients.  The  original 
Institution  was  erected  in  1816,  opened  on  the  28th  of  Jul)-,  ot'  that 
year,  on  a  portion  of  the  Lancaster  Moor,  generously  given   by   the 


378  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Lancaster  Corporation  for  the  purpose,  hence  the  abandonment  of  the 
intention  to  select  a  site  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Bootle,  Liverpool. 
Many  persons  thought  that  Cadley  and  Fulwood  Moors,  near 
Preston,  would  have  been  more  central,  but  the  munificence  of  the 
municipal  authorities  of  Lancaster  promptly  decided  the  Asylum 
Committee  to  accept  their  offer,  and  so  the  first  edifice  was  erected 
from  the  plan  of  Mr.  Standen,  architect,  of  Lancaster.  A  few  years 
ago  a  second  structure,  a  little  beyond  the  first  one,  and  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  road,  was  put  up  ;  and,  therefore,  the  County 
Lunatic  Asylum  occupies  fully  fifty  acres  of  ground.  There  is  an 
underground  passage  communicating  with  the  two  buildings,  and 
every  latest  improvement  has  been  introduced  both  domestically, 
sanitarily,  and  medically.  There  are  excellent  pleasure  gardens, 
walled  fruit  garden,  and  laundry  attached,  while  within  the  build- 
ings are  spacious  galleries  enabling  the  patients  to  exercise  them- 
selves when  the  temperature  without  is  unfavourable  to  health  or 
mental  condition.  Almost  every  critical  kind  of  derangement  has 
been  treated  in  this  Asylum  that  one  every  heard  of  or  could  imagine, 
and  a  discriminating  system  is  at  all  times  used,  which  renders 
recovery  most  probable  if  probable  at  all.  Here  the  obstinately  taci- 
turn, the  melancholy  monomaniac,  and  the  periodically  raving 
madman  find  a  home  ;  and  the  greatest  kindness  is  evinced  by  all 
the  officers  and  attendants  from  the  worthy  medical  superintendent, 
Dr.  Cassidy,  downwards.  The  worst  cases  are  generally  those  of 
the  silent  or  quiet  form,  and  their  amendment  is  usually  less  easiiy 
accomplished  than  that  of  the  raxing  lunatic  whose  strength  during 
his  dreadful  paroxysms  is  such  as  to  tax  the  ingenuity  of  the  officials 
to  overcome.  The  subjects  of  religious  mania  and  over-study  are 
often  the  most  painful  to  witness,  as  the  diseased  imagination  conjures 
up  what  I  may  pardonably  describe  as  the  antepast  of  perdition. 
The  amusements  at  the  Asylum  are  varied,  many  of  them  being 
such  as  have,  or  may  have,  a  beneficial  influence  upon  the  unhinged 
mind.  They  are,  therefore,  selected  with  care,  and  such  games  as 
are  most  likely  to  combat  the  mental  preponderance  over  the 
physical  interests,  or  vice  versa,  are  resorted  to.  In  a  word,  every- 
thing is  done  that  can  be  done  for  the   welfare  of  the  inmates.      A 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  379 


beautiful  chapel  is  attached  for  those  able  to  attend,  and  a  most 
capacious  theatre  is  formed  of  the  dining-hall,  the  same  having  been 
erected  to  suit  this  double  purpose.  In  the  winter  months,  when 
Father  Christmas  pays  his  annual  call,  the  officers-,  medical  and 
otherwise,  and  ladies  and  gentlemen,  directly  or  indirectly  connected 
with  the  place,  give  amateur  performances  in  which  not  only  is  the 
costume  good  and  appropriate,  but  the  acting  also.  The  stage  is  a 
very  fine  one,  and  had  the  floor  been  sloped,  and  the  acoustical 
arrangements  better,  the  histrionic  element  could  not  have  boasted 
a  more  charming  rendezvous  in  England.  The  management  of  this 
vast  habitation  of  sick  intellects  is  under  the  direction  of  a  governing 
body  of  visiting  county  magistrates,  and  there  are  physician,  super- 
intendent, surgeon,  matron,  treasurer,  chaplain,  and  house  steward, 
who  all  fulfil  their  duties  with  the  regular  movement  of  a  clock 
pendulum,  uninfluenced  by  any  change  of  temperature.  Permission 
to  view  the  edifice  may  readily  be  obtained  by  communicating  with 
the  superintendent.  The  officers  are  as  follow  : — Dr.  D.  M. 
Cassidy,  superintendent  ;  Drs.  Harbinson,  Gemmell,  C.  Cassidy,  and 
Morton,  assistant  surgeons.  The  matrons  are  Miss  Stacey  and 
Miss  Tweddell,  and  the  clerk  to  the  visiting  justices  is  Mr.  William 
T.  Sharp. 

The  new  annexe  was  completed  in  1SS2,  at  a  cost  of  jQ  100,000. 
The  stately  portion  occupies  a  prominent  position  and  the  area  belong- 
ing to  it  represents  41  acres.  Mr.  A.  W.  Kershaw  was  the  architect 
of  this  new  part,  and  the  Corporation  received  for  the  land  required 
,£8,763  3s.  o,d.  The  list  of  past  superintendents  of  the  Count}' 
Asylum  is  as  under  : 

Dr.  Knight,  who  resigned  on  the  1st  of  July,  1824,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Dr.  Davidson,  appointed  by  the  sessions  at  Preston, 
during  that  year.  Dr.  Probyn,  of  London,  appointed  June 
30th,  1836,  whose  successor,  in  1840,  was  Dr.  Gaskell,  at  a  salary 
of  ,£500  per  annum.  The  next  superintendent  1  notice  is  Dr. 
Broardhurst,  who  resigned  on  the  31st  July,  1870,  and  was  followed 
by  Dr.  David  Mc.Kaye  Cassidy,  who  commenced  duties  on  the  26th 


380  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


of  July  of  the  year  named.  In  1875,  I  nr)d  allusions  to  Dr.  Russel 
and  Dr.  Moorish,  who  were  on  the  medical  staff  of  the  Asylum. 
The  names  of  Dr.  De  Vitre  and  Dr.  James  Cassels  are  inseparably 
connected  with  the  inauguration  of  all  tbat  is  good  at  this  spacious 
Institute.  Dr.  Campbell,  who  retired  at  the  end  of  1831,  and  Dr. 
Whalley  were  visiting  physicians  whose  memories  still  survive 
among  us. 

The  presentesteemed  superintendent  who  maintains,  if,  indeed, 
he  has  not  already  extended,  the  high  reputation  of  this  Asylum, 
has  now,  at  the  period  of  writing  this,  2,000  patients  under  his  care, 
or  close  upon  that  number. 

The  following  paragraph  is  taken  from  a  Parliamentary 
report  published  recently.  The  items  give  the  acreage  of  the  land 
belonging  to  the  Asylum — making  a  distinction  between  the  land 
purchased  and  the  land  rented — the  cost  of  land  purchased,  cost 
of  original  constructions,  enlargement,  expenses,  &c.  : — "  Lancaster 
Asylum,  opened  July  28th,  1816  ;  acreage  of  land  belonging  to  the 
Asylum,  115  acres,  costing  ^"8,811.  The  site  of  the  Asylum  occupies 
29  acres,  garden  and  pleasure  grounds  24  acres,  kitchen  garden  9 
acres,  farm  arable  33  acres,  pasture  10  acres,  and  orchard  4  acres. 
The  expense  of  building  was  ,£'347,774,  making  the  total  cost,  with 
land,  ,£356,585  ;  accommodation,  900  males  and  950  females. 
Expenses  of  medical  staff  :  Medical  superintendent,  ^1,000,  with 
furnished  house,  coals,  gas,  milk,  vegetables,  and  washing,  of  the 
estimated  value  of  ^200  ;  first  assistant  medical  officer,  ^250,  with 
furnished  apartments  and  board  of  the  estimated  value  of  ^85  ; 
second  ditto,  ^120,  with  apartments  and  board  value  ,£85  ;  third 
and  fourth,  jQi  10  each,  and  similar  allowance.  The  average  cost 
of  maintenance  for  each  inmate  is  6s.  3d.  per  head."  The  matrons 
of  the  County  Asylum  have  been,  so  far  as  1  can  gather,  Mrs. 
Knight,  appointed  October  12th,  181 5  ;  Miss  Eleanor  Slater,  who 
died  in  1838,  and  was  succeeded  by  Miss  Mary  Lambert;  Mrs. 
Proctor,  Miss  Palmer,  Miss  Bishops,  and  Miss  Sothcott,  after  whom 
came  Miss  Stacey,  and  Miss  Tweddell,  who  are  the  present  matrons. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  381 


From  the  Lonsdale  Magazine  of  February,  1821,  these  parti- 
culars are  taken  concerning  the  Asylum.     They  were  supplied  by 
Mr.  Paul  Knight,  who  wrote  a  descriptive  account  of  the  Institution 
as  it  was  in  his  time,  and  says  : — There  were  two  keepers  to  each 
gallery,  but  no  watch    to   the   female  apartments,    and   the   weekly 
food  allowance  at  this  period  was   as  follows  : — Men  :   beef,  35  oz. 
bread,  45  oz.  ;   flour,   12    oz.  ;  oatmeal,    29  oz.  ;   potatoes,    10   lbs. 
milk,  7  pints;  beer,  7  pints.      Women :— beef,  35  oz.;  bread,  52  oz 
flour,   12  oz.;  oatmeal,  15  oz.  ;  potatoes,  10  lbs.  ;   milk,   4)4   pints  ; 
beer,  5^  pints  ;  coffee,  1  oz.  ;  sugar,  2  oz.,  and  butter,  8  oz.      Since 
the  28th  July,  18 1 6,  to  November,  24th,  1820,  the  admissions  were  :— 
Men,  197  ;  Women,  142  :  total,  339.      Discharged  cured — men,  61  ; 
women,  34  ;  total,   95.      Discharged  by   request — men,   9  ;  women, 
21  ;   total,  30."     The  article  is  dated  24th  November,  1820. 

Chaplains  of  the  County  Asylum. 


The  Rev.  David  Umpleby,  appointed  on  the  13th  November, 
1823.  The  Rev.  F.  B.  Danby,  appointed  26th  January,  1846,  died 
on  the  1  st  October,  1857.  The  Rev.  Thomas  Clarke  Onion,  M.A., 
appointed  in  February,  1858,  died  on  the  16th  April,  1S78.  The 
Rev.  E.  P.  Marriott,  present  chaplain,  appointed  July  6th,  1878. 

Stewards  of  the  Asylum. 

Mr.  Thomas  Ripley,  who  died  on  the  first  of  September, 
1826,  aged  41,  and  whose  remains  lie  in  Tatham  Churchyard, 
appears  to  have  been  the  first  steward.  Mr.  John  Shaw,  appointed 
on  the  17th  of  October,  1826,  resigned  on  the  4th  of  May,  1852. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Henry  Shaw,  assistant  steward,  appointed 
assistant  on  the  5th  of  April,  1841,  and  steward  on  the  4th  of  May, 
1852;  resigned  on  the  nth  of  November,  1871.  Mr.  Shaw  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  Peter  Dutton,  steward  and  treasurer,  who  still 
worthilv  fulfils  the  duties  of  the  two  offices. 


382  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


The  Royal  Albert  Idiot  Asylum. 

A  stately  edifice  on  the  south  side  of  the  town  is  the  Royal 
Albert  Idiot  Asylum  for  idiots  and  imbeciles  of  the  seYen  northern 
counties.  It  is  situated  on  what  is  known  as  the  Cockerham  Road, 
is  in  the  Gothic  style  of  architecture,  and  coYers  an  area  of  about 
seventy  acres.  The  Duke  of  Devonshire,  of  Holker  Hall,  Cartmel, 
Lancashire,  formally  opened  "The  Boys'  Wing"  on  the  14th  of 
September,  1870.  In  honour  of  the  munificent  gift  of  ^"30,000, 
towards  the  great  fabric  by  Mr.  Brooke,  a  Yorkshire  gentleman,  this 
portion  is  styled  "The  Brooke  Wing."  The  Asylum  was  completed 
in  the  year  1873.  It  is  a  most  imposing  structure,  standing  in  a 
thoroughly  park-like  enclosure,  relieved  by  numerous  beds  of  flowers. 
The  building  is  constructed  for  the  reception  of  600  inmates,  exclud- 
ing resident  officials,  and  there  are  now  about  500  patients  within 
its  walls.  There  are  two  orders  o(  patients — the  paying  patients 
and  those  admitted  for  seven  years  by  the  votes  of  the  subscribers  ; 
330  patients  belong  to  this  latter  order,  being  dependent  for  support 
upon  public  philanthropy.  "The  cost  of  maintenance  averages 
to  nearly  thirty  guineas  per  head  per  annum  ;  therefore,  an  annual 
income  of  ^10,400  is  necessary  to  aid  these  cases  alone.  Unfor- 
tunately, we  learn  that  the  yearly  subscriptions  only  reach  to  about 
,£4,000,  and,  were  it  not  for  the  interest  upon  legacies  and  donations 
invested  in  railways  and  other  securities,  and  the  fact  that  the  inmates 
themselves  by  their  own  labour  contribute  a  considerable  sum,  the 
institution  would  be  wofully  short  of  funds."  A  donation  of  five 
guineas  entitles  the  donor  thereof  to  one  vote  for  life,  in  the  election 
of  patients,  and  an  annual  subscription  of  a  guinea  entitles  the  sub- 
scriber to  two  annual  votes.  The  vote  increases  in  the  same 
proportion  for  higher  donations  or  subscriptions.  The  epileptic, 
paralvtic,  insane,  or  incurably  hydrocephalic,  are  inadmissible,  as 
also  are  idiotic  children  whose  idiocy  is  complicated  with  blindness 
or  deafness.  Visitors,  who  may  visit  the  Asylum  on  Mondays  and 
Thursdays  from  11  to  3,  will  be  much  interested  in  the  various 
methods  resorted  to  in  order  to  infuse  truer  life  and  aimful  attention 
in  the  poor  idiot  children  who  are  here  to  be  seen.      "  Bags  of  beans 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  383 


are  thrown  by  a  teacher  at  a  boy  who  has  no  notion  of  catching 
them  until  his  hitherto  vacant  gaze  becomes  fixed  upon  the  place 
whence  they  are  sent,  then  he  raises  his  hands  in  self  defence, 
and  thus  proves  himself  capable  of  attending"  to  some  particular 
movement  which  has  had  effect  upon  him.  Again,  a  girl  whose 
finsrers  are  crowded  as  if  in  a  bunch  is  set  to  thread  beads  on  a  needle 
until  there  is  a  like  power  of  concentration,  and  in  another  direction 
a  girl  may  be  seen  taught  to  walk,  for  she  has  had  no  knowledge 
of  the  art  of  walking  or  what  feet  were  for,  and  so  she  is  being- 
instructed  how  to  place  one  foot  before  another,  how  to  lift  her  feet 
from  one  strip  of  wood  to  another,  the  strips  being  arranged  in  the 
form  of  a  ladder  laid  down  upon  the  floor.  She  practises  on  these 
broad  strips  until  she  can  carry  a  cup  oi'  water  from  one  end  to  the 
other  without  spilling  it.  All  the  inmates  are  treated  according  to 
their  peculiar  bias,  and  in  some  of  them  a  spirit  of  inquiry  and  an 
energy  is  developed  enabling  them  to  take  up  with  something  which 
indicates  the  kind  of  labour  they  may  ultimately  be  most  adapted 
for.  Thus  several  young  men  become  really  good  tailors,  others 
good  gardeners,  in  a  manual  sense,  and  others,  again,  very  fair 
fieldmen  and  haymakers.  "  The  baker  and  the  butcher  have  their 
idiot  assistants,  and  the  major  part  of  the  storekeeper's  duties  of 
weighing  out  groceries  and  keeping  an  account  are  performed  by  an 
idiot  whose  forte  is  calculation."  Mat-making  and  hair-picking  are 
two  other  branches  of  industry  which  are  pursued  by  the  inmates 
with  no  small  degree  of  excellence  in  many  instances.  Kitchen  work 
and  cleaning  are  the  principal  duties  of  the  females  when  capable  of 
undertaking  the  same.  We  leave  this  wonderful  Institution  with 
many  strange  thoughts  and  picture  in  our  minds  the  odd  profiles 
that  have  met  our  gaze  within  its  walls. 

From  the  Bradford  Weekly  Telegraph  of  December  26th, 
1886,  the  following  extracts  are  taken  in  addition  to  other  facts 
supplied  direct  to  the  author  by  the  courteous  Secretary  of  the 
Institution. 

"  It  was  in  the  year  1864  that  the  desirability  of  starting  a 
small  Asylum  for  idiots  was  pressed  upon  the  attention  of  Dr.   de 


384  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Vitre,  an  eminent  physician  in  Lancaster,  who,  as  consulting- 
physician  to  the  Lancaster  County  Lunatic  Asylum,  and  in  general 
practice,  had  had  much  experience  in  the  treatment  of  the  insane. 
Mr.  James  Brunton,  a  quiet  unpretending  Friend  of  very  moderate 
means,  with  whom  the  idea  appears  to  have  originated,  lost  no 
opportunity  of  talking  over  the  subject  with  his  acquaintances,  but 
all  looked  to  Dr.  de  Vitre,  who  was  not  immediately  convinced  of 
the  feasibility  of  the  idea,  to  give  the  project  definite  form  and 
earnest  advocacy.  Mr.  Brunton  offered  a  donation  of  ,£2,000,  a 
most  munificent  contribution  for  a  person  in  his  circumstances  ;  and 
he  thought  that  the  pressing  necessities  of  the  case  might  be  met 
by  renting  a  house  and  admitting  some  half-dozen  patients  to  be 
comfortably  taken  care  of.  But  this  conception  was  altogether  too 
limited  for  Dr.  de  Vitre,  who  made  himself  familiar  with  the  noble 
work  for  ameliorating  the  condition  of  the  idiotic  and  imbecile, 
which  was  being  successfully  carried  on  at  the  Earlswood  Asylum, 
Redhill,  and  at  the  Eastern  Counties'  Asylum,  Colchester.  An 
institutory  meeting  was  held  in  the  Shire  Hall,  Lancaster,  on  the 
21st  of  December,  1864,  when,  with  the  late  Sir  J.  P.  Kay-Shuttle- 
worth,  as  High  Sheriff,  in  the  chair,  the  project  was  fairly  launched, 
the  resolution  proposing  its  establishment  having  been  moved  by 
the  present  Chairman  of  the  Institution,  Lord  Winmarleigh  (then 
Colonel  Wilson-Patten,  M.P.)  A  Central  Committee  was  formed, 
with  Dr.  de  Vitre  as  its  able  and  eloquent  chairman.  Mr.  James 
Diggens  was  soon  afterwards  appointed  secretary.  The  first 
business  was  to  procure  funds  for  the  purchase  of  land  and  for  the 
erection  of  a  suitable  building.  Public  meetings  were  held,  and 
local  committees  were  organised  in  all  the  principal  towns  of  the 
seven  associated  counties.  Pamphlets  and  other  literature,  setting 
forth  in  an  attractive  manner  the  objects  aimed  at,  were  widely 
distributed  ;  and  the  newspaper  press  gave  the  proposed  institution 
its  earnest  support.  Many  influential  gentlemen  joined  the  Central 
Committee,  which  at  first  consisted  of  only  ten  Lancaster  members, 
whose  hearty  and  self-denying  interest,  however,  inspired  confi- 
dence. An  estate  of  42  acres  was  purchased  from  the  Local  Charity 
Trustees,  and  it  has  gradually  grown  into  one  of  not  less  than  105 
acres. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  -18 


j°j 


The  Royal  Albert  Asylum  is  charmingly  situated  on  an 
eminence  of  about  1 50  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  on  a 
bright  summer  day  commands  some  of  the  finest  views  and  '  the 
amplest  range  of  unobstructed  prospect '  in  this  fair  sea-girt  isle. 
Looking"  to  the  west  in  front  of  the  building  is  the  Irish  Sea,  with 
its  silvery  bosom  glistening  in  the  sun  ;  the  lazy  Lune  in  crescent 
form  meanders  seaward  through  rich  pasture  lands  ;  and  Morecambe 
Bay,  with  its  glowing  sheen  and  lovely  shores,  is  like  a  splendid 
vision  of  beauty.  To  the  north  are  the  Coniston  and  Langdale 
Mountains  in  soft  purple  haze,  and  Black  Combe  '  to  far-travelled 
storms  of  sea  and  land,  a  favourite  spot  of  tournament  and  war,' 
and  overlooking  the  Ripley  Hospital  and  John  o'Gaunt's  '  embattled 
pile,'  mighty  Helvellyn  lifts  its  lofty  brow  among  the  gigantic 
mountains.  On  the  east  are  the  high  fells  above  the  forest  of 
Bolland  ;  while  southwards  stretches  the  wide  and  well-cultivated 
Fylde  district,  with  Fleetwood  bounding  the  view.  Here,  then, 
nature  lavishly  displays  charms  of  the  most  diversified  scenery  of 
sea  and  river,  mountain  and  dale,  meadow  and  grove. 

Of  nature's  works, 
In  earth,  and  air,  and  earth-embiaciny  sea, 
A  revelation  infinite  it  seems. 

Standing  above  the  mists  of  the  valley,  and  with  mountain 
air  and  brisk  sea  breezes,  weighted  with  ozone,  blowing  around  it, 
what  situation  could  be  more  salubrious  than  that  of  the  Royal  Albert 
Asylum  ;  and  if  the  training  of  the  imbecile  consists  '  in  awakening 
his  dormant  senses,  in  creating  in  him  the  seeing  eye  and  the  hear- 
ing ear,'  surely  here,  amidst  scenes  of  beauty  and  grandeur,  are 
stimulating  influences  capable  of  quickening  intelligence  and  in- 
visroratingf  feeble  muscles  and  enervated  nerves  !  The  Asylum 
satisfies  the  condition  originally  urged  by  the  late  Dean  of  York,  of 
'  a  picturesque  building  on  a  picturesque  site.'  The  Asylum  was 
originally  designed  for  400  patients,  but  the  plans  were  revised  and 
the  building  extended,  so  as  to  provide  ample  accommodation  for 
600  inmates.  With  admirable  foresight  on  the  part  of  the  Committee, 
the  kitchens,    laundry,   stores,   workshops,    and  other    offices    have 


C2 


386  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


been  erected  on  a  scale  to  meet  the  requirements  of  1,000  inmates, 
and  the  building  is  capable  of  easy  and  inexpensive  enlargement. 
Messrs.  Paley  and  Austin,  of  Lancaster,  were  the  architects.  The 
excavations  were  commenced  in  the  summer  of  1867,  and  much 
progress  in  building  had  been  made,  when  on  the  17th  of  June, 
1868,  the  foundation  stone  was  laid,  with  masonic  honours,  by  the 
late  Ear!  of  Zetland,  Grand  Master  of  the  Freemasons  of  England. 
A  portion  of  the  building  comprising  about  two  thirds  (including 
the  Brooke  Wing,  called  after  the  Rev.  Richard  Brooke  and  Mrs. 
Brooke,  of  Selby,  the  munificent  donors  of  ^30,000),  was  ready  for 
occupation  in  the  autumn  of  1870,  and,  as  before  stated,  was  formally 
opened  by  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  K.G.  The  completion  of  the 
Asylum  was  celebrated  by  a  banquet  on  October  8th,  1873,  at  which 
the  Earl  of  Derby  presided  and  delivered  one  of  his  most  thoughtful 
and  masterly  addresses.  The  style  of  architecture  is  domestic 
Gothic  of  an  early  type,  the  arrangements  and  details  being  devised 
to  satisfy  modern  tastes  and  ideas  and  sound  sanitary  principles. 
There  is  no  superfluous  ornamentation  about  the  building.  It  is 
elegant  in  its  proportions,  and  combines  a  handsome  general  effect 
with  comparative  plainness  of  detail,  convenience  of  appointments 
with  fitness  of  accommodation.  Eminent  authorities  have  borne 
testimony  to  the  excellence  of  the  building  and  its  appointments, 
and  the  late  Dr.  Seguin,  the  pioneer  in  the  work  of  training  imbeciles, 
regarded  the  Royal  Albert  Asylum  as  realising  the  dream  of  his  life. 
In  describing  the  building  we  may  say  that  it  is  somewhat  in  the 
form  of  a  letter  HH  with  the  centre  stroke  elongated  and  crossed 
in  the  manner  indicated.  The  greatest  length  from  north  to  south 
is  471ft.  8in.,  and  from  west  to  east  of  the  central  block  340ft.  The 
south  wing  is  184ft.  from  west  to  east,  and  the  north  wing  210ft. 
long.  The  two  wings  project  60ft.,  and  the  centre  40ft.  in  advance 
of  the  main  line,  and  the  total  area  covered  is  about  53,000  square 
yards.  The  principal  entrance  is  in  the  centre,  and  is  approached 
by  a  handsome  flight  of  steps.  Above  the  central  block  is  a  massive 
tower.  Its  present  form  is  not  that  of  the  original  design,  but  a 
deviation,  which,  after  repeated  and  urgent  representations,  the 
Committee  were  induced  to  make.      It  ought  to  be   regarded   as   a 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  387 


memorial  of  the  munificence  of  Sir  Titus  Salt,  Bart.,  whose  splendid 
donation  of  ^5,000,  when  the  alteration  was  under  consideration, 
determined  the  Committee  to  incur  the  additional  expense,  and,  in 
the  opinion  of  competent  professional  judges,  thereby  to  improve 
the  'appearance  of  the  building-.  With  regard  to  the  interior  arrange- 
ments, we  must  content  ourselves  with  a  very  brief  description.  On 
the  left  side  of  the  entrance  hall  is  the  waiting-room  for  visitors,  and 
on  the  right  the  door  leading  to  the  residence  of  the  medical 
superintendent.  Immediately  in  front  of  the  hall  door  is  a  hand- 
some flight  of  stairs,  leading  to  the  board  room  and  the  Secretary's 
offices.  At  the  back  of  this  staircase  are  the  main  corridors  of  the 
ground  floor  and  first  floor.  The  corridor  of  the  ground  floor 
divides  the  entrance  hall  from  the  dining  hall,  or  rather  the  assembly 
room.  This  is  a  spacious  hall  42  feet  in  height  and  70  feet  long  by 
35  feet  wide.  The  roof  timbers  are  of  Baltic  deal.  It  is  lighted  by 
five  windows  of  the  casement  pattern  on  each  side — north  and  south 
—and  those  on  the  south  are  of  stained  glass.  These  stained  glass 
windows,  which  are  of  neat  and  appropriate  design,  have  been 
inserted  by  friends  in  memory  of  deceased  benefactors.  The  room 
will  accommodate  about  300  patients  at  dinner,  and  is  called  "  The 
De  Yitre  Hall."  At  the  east  end  is  a  sliding  door  communicating 
with  the  crockery  and  serving  room,  at  the  back  of  the  hall 
is  the  kitchen,  a  lofty  room,  about  25  feet  high,  and  40  feet 
by  35  feet  in  area.  The  kitchen  is  fitted  up  with  ranges  of 
approved  construction,  five  large  boilers,  and  a  steam  appara- 
tus. A  patent  hoist  communicates  with  the  basement  corridor 
wherein  are  the  various  store  rooms.  In  the  adjoining  scullery  are  a 
gas  stove,  a  potatoe  steamer,  and  every  appliance  for  preparing 
vegetables,  &c.  The  servants'  hall,  cook's  store,  and  other  neces- 
sary rooms  are  in  the  same  block  as  the  kitchen.  A  short  corridor 
connects  the  kitchen  block  with  the  laundry  and  workshops.  On 
the  ground  floor  the  space  occupied  by  the  workshops  for  carpenters, 
plumbers,  matmakers,  upholsterers,  shoemakers,  and  tailors,  and  by 
the  engine  house  is  in  extent  about  140  feet  by  66  feet.  Above  the 
workshops  is  the  spacious  laundry  with  its  complete  fittings.  From 
the  basement  floor  of  the  main  building  is  a  general  staircase  leading 


388  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


to  the  upper  portion  of  the  building-  by  the  principal  corridors.  To 
the  right  and  left  of  the  main  entrance  are  the  '  Wrigley  '  and  '  Asa 
Lees  '  corridors  leading-  to  the  north  and  south  wings,  and  in  the 
north  wing  the  '  Brackenbury  corridor — all  named  after  great  bene- 
factors. Along  these  corridors  are  suites  of  apartments  for  private 
patients,  and  at  the  end  of  them  spacious  schoolrooms  and  class- 
rooms, with  dormitories  above.  The  south  wing  is  occupied  by 
boys  and  the  north  wing  by  girls.  In  honour  of  the  munificent 
donors,  as  previously  mentioned,  the  south  wing  has  been  called 
'  The  Brooke  Wing.'  The  building  consists  (i)  of  the  basement 
floor,  level  with  the  ground  ;  (2)  the  ground  floor,  level  with  the 
entrance  hall  ;  (3)  the  first  floor  ;  and  (4)  the  second  floor.  It  may 
be  stated  that  the  building  is  replete  with  every  convenience  suitable 
to  such  an  Institution.  There  are  numerous  lavatories,  several 
plunge  and  other  baths,  water  closets,  external  dry-earth  closets, 
&c.  In  additon  to  open  fire  places  in  nearly  all  the  rooms,  the 
Asylum  is  heated  with  hot  water.  An  abundant  supply  of  water  of 
great  purity  has  been  obtained  from  the  Corporation  of  Lancaster 
by  a  special  service  from  a  point  about  a  mile  distant  joining  the 
mains  before  they  reach  the  town.  Every  provision  has  been  made 
to  meet  the  risk  of  fire,  and  the  building  is  well  fitted  with  hydrants, 
stand  pipes,  hand  pipes,  hose,  &c.  Gas  is  also  supplied  by  the 
Lancaster  Corporation.  The  building  is  of  light-coloured  freestone 
of  durable  quality,  obtained  from  quarries  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
distant.  The  walling  is  of  hammer  dressed,  broken  coursed  work, 
with  chiselied  bands  of  red  St.  Bees  at  intervals.  The  inside  walls 
are  lined  with  brick,  with  a  small  space  between  the  brick  and 
stone.  The  roofs  are  covered  with  green  slates  from  the  Duke  of 
Buccleuch's  quarries  at  Coniston.  In  addition  to  the  Asylum 
building  there  are  several  lodges,  also  a  set  of  farm  buildings  with 
a  farm  house  and  separate  accommodation  for  a  dozen  patients  who 
are  employed  on  the  farm.  The  entire  cost  of  these  buildings, 
including  the  architect's  commission,  clerk  of  the  works'  salary,  &c, 
was  about  ^"80,000.  The  furniture  and  fittings  have  cost  about 
,£10,000.  The  estate,  which  has  been  increased  to  105  acres,  has 
cost,  with  the  laying  out  of  extensive   grounds,   ^17,000.      Besides 


ThME-HONOL'RED    LANCASTER  389 


this  outlay,  the  late  able  Chairman  of  the  Cental  Committee  and 
chief  promoter  (Dr.  de  Vitre),  built  and  presented  to  the  Institute  a 
block  of  cottages  for  trade  attendants  and  others  employed  at  the 
Asylum,  at  a  cost  to  himself  of  £2,375.  And  yet  another  munificent 
gift  must  be  recorded.  The  patients  having-  suffered  from  two  or 
three  epidemics  of  scarlatina  and  measles,  the  urgent  need  for  a 
detached  infirmary  was  felt  by  the  medical  staff  ;  and  as  soon  as  the 
filling  up  of  the  spare  accommodation  in  the  Asylum  prevented 
proper  isolation,  the  Committee  appealed  for  funds  to  erect  an 
infirmary.  In  consequence  of  the  kind  advocacy  of  Dr.  Hammond, 
an  offer  was  received  from  Mr.  Edward  Rodgett,  of  Preston,  to 
defray  the  entire  cost  of  the  erection  of  a  complete  and  commodious 
infirmary  somewhere  in  the  grounds  of  the  Asylum.  The  offer  was 
gratefully  accepted,  and,  as  the  result,  the  Institution  can  now 
boast  of  possessing  one  of  the  best  planned  and  most  convenient  and 
efficiently  equipped  infirmaries  in  connection  with  any  public  Insti- 
tution in  the  country.  Mr.  Rodgett's  contribution,  with  Mrs. 
Rodgett's  donation  to  defray  half  the  expense  of  furnishing, 
amounted  to  £5,000.  The  building  has  been  gratefully  and  most 
appropriately  called  l  The  Rodgett  Infirmary.'  It  was  opened  in 
September,  18S2,  by  the  Earl  of  Lathom,  and  was  received  on 
behalf  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Asylum  by  the  Earl  of  Bective. 

To  complete  the  provision  of  accommodation  tor  aii  classes 
the  Central  Committee  purchased  the  Quarry  Hill  property,  com- 
prising a  block  of  houses,  with  extensive  grounds,  charmingly  laid 
out  in  tennis  lawns,  ornamental  plantations,  gardens,  &c. ,  as  a 
Home  for  Special  Private  Pupils  attending  the  Schools  and  other 
occupations  of  the  institution.  The  object  is  to  combine,  for 
private  pupils  paying  remunerative  rates,  the  seclusion  and  comforts 
of  a  private  residence  with  the  hygienic,  educational,  and  training 
resources  of  a  public  institution  under  responsible  management. 
The  propertv  is  in  convenient  proximity  to  the  Asylum  estate  (with 
which  it  has  telephonic  connection)  and  is  designated  '  Brunton 
House.' 


39o  timk.honoured  Lancaster. 


The  following  is  taken  from  the  pamphlet  published  just  after 
the  Quinquennial  Festival  was  held,  September  17th,  1888  :— 

The  donors  and  legatees  include  the  Rev.  Richard  and  Mrs. 
Brooke,  Selby,  ,£30,000  ;  Miss  Brackenbury,  Brighton,  ,£10,000  ; 
Mr.  Asa  Lees,  Oldham,  ,£10,000;  Mr.  T.  Wrigley,  Timberhurst, 
Bury,  ,£10,000  ;  Mrs.  R.  D.  Dodgson,  Blackburn,  ,£9,000  ;  Sir 
Titus  Salt,  Bart,  ^5,000  ;  Mr.  John  Bairstow,  Preston,  ^5,000  ; 
Mr.  John  Eden,  Durham,  ,£5,000  ;  and  the  Very  Rev.  George 
Waddington,  D.D.  (Dean  of  Durham),  ,£5,000.  Mr.  James  Brunton 
of  Lancaster,  was  the  donor  of  the  original  gift  of  ,£2,000,  and 
there  has  in  his  memory  been  named  a  suite  oi'  detached  buildings, 
opened  in  June,  1887,  as  a  home  for  special  private  patients,  to 
which  have  been  transferred  from  the  Asylum  those  who  could  not 
be  suitably  associated.  For  the  isolation  of  patients,  an  infirmary 
with  35  beds  was  provided  by  the  munificence  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  E. 
Rodgett,  of  Darwen  Bank,  Preston.  The  estate,  in  which  a  farm, 
with  excellent  buildings,  is  included,  embraces  an  area  of  105  acres. 

Notwithstanding  its  admirable  equipment  with  all  needful 
agencies  and  appliances  for  care  and  training  of  the  patients,  it  has 
long  been  regarded  as  essential  to  the  smooth  and  efficient  working 
of  the  institution  that  there  should  be  a  recreation  hall  for  lanre 
assemblies  of  the  patients,  combining  a  suitable  and  commodious 
hall  for  services  and  associated  entertainments,  as  well  as  a  spacious 
playroom  for  the  use  of  the  girls  and  junior  boys  in  inclement 
weather.  The  provision  of  such  an  adjunct  was  one  of  the  desirable 
objects  constantly  kept  in  view  by  the  late  Dr.  De  Yitre,  the  first 
Chairman  of  the  Central  Committee  ;  Dr.  Shuttleworth,  the  medical 
superintendent,  has  repeatedly  urged  its  importance  as  an  agency 
of  ameliorative  influences  ;  and  at  the  annual  meetings  of  the 
Asylum  supporters  it  has  frequently  been  pointed  out  that  hitherto 
the  accommodation  for  systematic  recreation  has  been  limited 
and  incomplete.  Seeing,  then,  that  a  recreation  hall  was  a  con- 
summation devoutly  to  be  wished,  the  Central  Committee  appealed 
for  funds  and  help  in  this  direction,  with  the  result  that  in  1886  the 


TIME-HOXOURED    LANCASTER.  391 


response  was  sufficiently  encouraging-  to  induce  them  to  obtain  plans 
and  estimates  for  a  new  building.  Three  donations  of  ^500  each 
from  Lord  Winmarleig'h,  whose  constant  and  devoted  services  had 
led  to  the  new  building  being  named  after  him,  from  Mr.  William 
Tattersall,  of  Quarry  Bank,  Blackburn,  and  from  the  Trustees  of 
the  late  Mr.  F.  A.  Argles,  of  Milnthorpe,  acted  as  an  incentive  to 
exertion,  and  with  other  donations  justified  the  commencement  of 
building  operations. 

The  plans  submitted  by  Messrs.  Paley  and  Austin  were 
approved,  and  the  work  oi  erection  was  commenced  in  November, 
1886.  The  building  is  durable,  handsome,  lofty,  and  spacious.  It 
is  situated  at  the  north  end  of  the  block  of  offices,  and  connected 
with  the  main  building  by  a  covered  passage,  which  gives  access 
for  all  the  inmates.  In  architectural  style  it  harmonises  with  the 
adjoining  workshop  and  laundry  block.  The  hall  is  79ft.  in  length 
to  the  front  of  the  orchestra,  and  52ft.  in  width.  It  is  divided  into 
centre  and  side  divisions  by  four  "  bays  "  of  light  cast-iron  pillars 
running  up  to  and  supporting  the  roof.  The  central  division  rises 
to  an  arched  ceiling  40ft.  high  to  the  apex  from  the  floor,  and  the 
side  divisions  have  a  flat  ceiling  25ft.  high.  Four  mullioned 
windows  give  light  in  each  side.  At  the  south  end  is  placed  a 
raised  permanent  platform,  21ft.  6in.  deep  and  38ft.  wide,  opening 
into  the  hall  by  a  large  arch.  Various  apartments  and  storerooms 
are  placed  under  the  platform.  At  the  north  end  are  placed  the 
outside  entrance  and  lobbies,  with  staircase  access  to  a  large 
gallery  accommodating  200  people.  Altogether  the  hall  will  seat 
800  persons.  Ample  exit  is  provided  in  case  of  emergency,  and 
special  provision  has  been  made  for  the  heating,  lighting,  and 
ventilation  of  the  hall.  On  the  ground  floor,  and  under  a  portion 
of  the  large  hall,  is  a  playroom  for  girls  and  junior  boys  (the  senior 
boys  having  a  room  already  provided)  51ft.  wide  and  73ft.  long, 
covered  with  solid  blocks,  laid  in  asphalt,  on  a  bed  of  concrete. 

The  work  has  been  carried  out  under  the  supervision  of  the 
architects  by  the  following  contractors  : — Masonry,    Mr.    \Y.    War- 


392  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


brick  ;  joiners'  work,  Mr.  W.  Hunting-ton  ;  slating'  and  plastering, 
Messrs.  R.  Hall  &  Son;  plumbing  and  glazing,  Mr.  W.  Huthersall, 
painting,  Mr.  Thomas  Standen  ;  heating,  Messrs.  Seward  and 
Co.;  whilst  the  building  has  been  fitted  throughout  with  patent 
ventilators  by  the  ^Eolus  Water  Spray  Ventilating  Co.,  London. 
Mr.  J.  Combe,  the  permanent  clerk  of  the  works  at  the  Asylum, 
acted  as  clerk  of  the  works  in  the  erection  of  this  building.  The 
cost  of  the  new  structure  reached  ,£6,300. 

Lord  Winmarleigh,  in  a  few  brief  sentences,  presented  to 
Lord  Herschell  a  richly-chased  silver  key,  requesting  him  to  open  the 
door  and  invite  the  company  to  enter.  On  a  shield  in  the  centre  of 
the  handsomely-chased  handle  of  the  key  was  the  following  inscrip- 
tion: —  "Winmarleigh  Recreation  Hall.  Opened  by  the  Right  Hon. 
Lord  Herschell,  September  17th,  1888."  The  key,  which  was 
enclosed  in  a  morocco  case,  was  supplied  by  Mr.  Bell,  silversmith, 
Market  Street. 

The  majority  of  the  visitors  having  spent  a  pleasant  hour  in 
the  inspection  of  the  various  departments  of  the  Institution,  at  half- 
past  one  o'clock  assembled  in  the  De  Vitre  Hall,  where  the  first 
ceremony  in  the  day's  proceedings — that  of  presenting  the  portrait 
of  Mr.  Diggens— took  place.  To  the  late  Mr.  J.  P.  Chamberlain 
Starkie,  we  believe,  the  credit  is  due  for  originating  the  idea  of 
obtaining  a  portrait  of  Mr.  Diggens  and  presenting  it  to  the  Royal 
Albert  Asylum,  and  he  was  fortunate  in  securing  the  hearty  approval 
and  co-operation  of  Sir  Thomas  Storey.  Both  gentlemen  had  been 
connected  with  the  Central  Committee  of  the  Asylum  during  the 
whole  period  of  Mr.  Diggens's  secretariat,  and  as  Vice-Chairmen  of 
the  House  Committee,  had  had  many  opportunities  of  judging  of 
his  character  and  abilities. 

The  picture  is  an  excellent  likeness,  and  was  generally 
admired  by  the  visitors.  It  represents  Mr.  Diggens  seated  in  an 
arm  chair,  with  his  legs  crossed  one  over  the  other,  and  his  right 
elbow  resting  on  the  corner  of  a  desk,  upon  which  lie  a  minute  book 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  393 


and  a  bundle  of  papers.  On  his  knee  is  an  open  pamphlet  which  he 
is  perusing",  and  if  one  might  judge  from  ihe  well  known  deep  blue 
cover,  this  item  in  the  picture  is  meant  to  represent  one  o(  the 
annual  reports  of  the  Institution.  The  portrait  is  enclosed  in  a 
suitable  frame,  at  the  foot  of  which  is  inscribed  : — "  James  Diggens, 
first  secretary  of  the  Royal  Albert  Asylum,  Lancaster.  Appointed 
1865.  Presented  by  the  members  of  the  central  committee.  Painted 
by  Sydney  Hodges,  1888."  During  the  ceremony  Lord  Winmar- 
leigh,  as  Chairman  of  the  Central  Committee,  presided,  being 
accompanied  on  the  platform  by  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Herschell, 
the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Egerton,  of  Tatton,  the  Right  Hon.  J.  T. 
Hibbert,  Sir  F.  T.  Mappin,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Sir  James  Ramsden,  Mr. 
W.  G.  Ainslie,  M.P.,  the  High  Sheriff  of  Lancashire  (Mr.  Oliver 
Heywood),  Sir  A.  Fairbairn,  Sir  T.  Storey,  Mr.  W.  H.  Higgin,  Q.C., 
Ven.  Archdeacon  Hornby,  &c. 

The  second  feature  in  the  day's  proceedings  was  the  unveiling 
of  the  statues  of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen  and  the  late  Prince  Consort, 
which  have  been  presented  to  the  Institution  by  Mr.  James  Harrison, 
of  Dornden,  Tunbridge  Wells.  The  figures,  which  are  placed  in 
niches  over  the  massive  arched  doorway  at  the  main  entrance,  have 
been  sculptured  in  Longridge  stone  by  Mr.  Bridgeman,  of  Lichfield. 
The  ceremony  of  unveiling  the  statues  was  performed  by  Mr. 
Harrison,  who  made  a  very  brief  speech,  requesting  Lord  Egerton 
of  Tatton  to  accept  the    present  on  behalf  of  the  Central  Committee. 

From  the  speech  of  Lord  Herschell,  I  extract  these  interesting 
observations  :  — "  During  the  seventeen  years  the  Royal  Albert 
Asylum  has  been  in  operation,  1,151  patients  had  been  cared  for: 
some  had  died,  and  there  were  now  553  inmates.  There  had  been 
discharged  from  the  Institution  424,  and  of  that  number  four  were 
discharged  absolutely  cured,  retaining  no  trace  of  imbecility.  That 
was  a  remarkable  result,  and  one  which  not  long  ago  would  have 
been  deemed  impossible,  and  if  the  Institution  had  clone  no  more  it 
would  alone  have  justified  its  establishment,  and  the  time  and  money 
spent  upon  it.      But,  in  addition,  110  had  left  greatly  improved  ;  120 


394  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


moderately  improved  ;  and  125  slightly  improved.  There  were  only 
65  in  whom  no  improvement  had  been  traced.  If  we  reflected  for  a 
moment  on  what  that  gradual  improvement  meant,  one  might  see 
how  much  had  been  done  by  that  Institution,  not  only  to  add  to  the 
happiness  of  those  unfortunate  inmates,  but  also  to  that  of  the 
numbers  which  constituted  the  families  to  whom  they  belonged. 
They  had  taken  from  those  families  the  burden  of  watching  over  those 
for  whom  they  were  ill-fitted  to  care.  For  every  one  whom  they 
thus  benefitted,  they  cheered  and  brightened  the  lives  of  three,  four, 
five,  half-a-dozen  others.  He  could  not  but  think  that  that  record  of 
1  per  cent,  absolutely  cured  and  84  per  cent,  improved  was  a  matter 
upon  which  they  might  well  be  congratulated.  It  might  be  interest- 
ing to  enquire  what  had  been  the  future  life  of  those  who  had 
enjoyed  the  benefits  of  that  Institution.  The  career  had  been  traced 
of  176  who  left  there  after  completing  their  full  term.  Of  these  18, 
or  rather  more  than  10  per  cent.,  were  now  earning  wages  ;  9  were 
employed  in  remunerative  work  at  home  ;  6  more  were  in  a  position 
to  keep  themselves  by  earning  wages,  although  at  that  moment  out 
of  work  ;  38  were  more  or  less  useful  in  their  own  homes  :  39  remained 
at  home  and  were  not  quite  the  burden  that  they  formerly  were. 
The  great  object  of  that  Institution  was,  as  Dr.  Shuttleworth,  the 
medical  superintendent,  had  stated,  to  try  and  find  out  what  was  the 
particular  faculty  which  might  be  developed  and  turned  to  account. 
That  work  was  often  one  of  great  difficulty,  but  it  was  not  insuper- 
able, and  it  was  by  specially  cultivating  these  faculties  that  such 
great  results  could  be  achieved. 

It  was  estimated  that  in  the  Seven  Northern  Counties,  from 
which  that  Institution  drew  its  inmates  there  were,  under  20  years 
of  age,  4,800  imbeciles.  In  the  country  as  a  whole,  the  number 
under  20  years  of  age  was  something  over  18,000.  Yet  in  all  the 
Institutions  of  the  country,  provided  for  the  reception  of  such  cases, 
there  was  only  room  for  2,400  inmates.  It  was  obvious,  therefore, 
that  there  were  multitudes  who  were  year  by  year  still  being  deprived 
of  the  possibility  of  future  happiness  and  usefulness  which  might  be 
theirs  if  funds  were  provided   to   enable   these   Institutions   to  do  a 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  395 


larger  work  than  they  were  at  present  doing.      Even  the  Institution 
under  whose    auspices    they   met    that   day    could    accommodate   47 
more  patients  if  there  were  only  funds  to  support  them.      This  extra 
provision  would    entail    the   contribution   of  £1,480.      Surely   there 
could  be,no  reason,  considering    the   wealth    of  the    seven   northern 
counties,  for  the  continuance  of  this  state  of  things.      The  Institution 
should  not  be   prevented    from    doing   the    work   for   which    it    was 
capable  ;   and  he  hoped  that  by  the  next  time  they  met  all  the  vacant 
room  would  be  usefully  occupied.     The  ladies   had   done   much    for 
the  Institution.      The  annual  subscriptions  amounted  to  ,£4,500,  and 
of   that   sum    the    ladies   had    collected    ,£2,000.      (Applause.)      He 
appealed  to  them  to  add  to  the  obligation  by  collecting  the  additonal 
£1,480.     The  ladies  had  a  happy  audacity  which  did  not  characterise 
the  other  sex  when   seeking   to   replenish    the   empty    coffers    of   a 
charity,  and   he   hoped  they  would  still  further  usefully  exercise  this 
valuable  faculty.     The   Recreation  Hall  to  be  clear  of  debt  required 
,£1,533  to  be  raised,  besides  the  modest  sum  of  ,£150  for  the  supply 
of  furniture  ;  and  there  was  another  deficit  in   connection   with    the 
provision  of  two  large  boilers,  a  new  boiler  house,  and   certain    im- 
provements in  the   laundry   and    the   heating  apparatus,    which    left 
£"2,165  to  be  raised  to  fully  pay  for  what  had  been  done.      The  bare 
recital  of  the  facts  he  had  detailed  was  far  more  eloquent  than  words 
could  be,  and  if  it  did  not  dispose  them,  or  those    who   would   learn 
the  facts,  to  aid  the    Institution  more   in    future,    no   eloquence   the 
most  bewitching  could  do  so.      In  asking  them  to  drink  to  the  pros- 
perity of  the  Institution,  he  called  upon  them  to  resolve  to  do  all  in 
their  power,  by  the  assistance  they  were  able   to   render,    to  ensure 
the  prosperity  they  so  heartily  desired. "' 

The  general  Secretary  is  Mr.  James  Diggens,  Royal  Albert 
Asylum,  Lancaster.  Offices  : —Royal  Albert  Asylum,  Lancaster; 
and  Exchange  Chambers,  Bank  Street,  Manchester. 

The  Ripley  Hospital. 

Earlier  on  we  alluded  to  the  tomb  of  Julia  Ripley,  relict  of 
Thomas  Ripley,  a  native  of  Lancaster  and  a  Liverpool  merchant,  as 


396  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


one  of  our  old  city's  chief  benefactresses.  Here,  then,  are  we  at  the 
great  orphanage,  built  in  the  early  pointed  style  of  the  twelfth 
century,  called  "The  Ripley  Hospital."  This  Hospital  was  erected 
by  the  said  lady  at  a  cost  of  ^25,000  for  the  education  and  mainten- 
ance of  three  hundred  orphan  and  fatherless  children  of  Lancaster 
and  Liverpool,  special  preference  being",  of  course,  given  to  the 
children  born  in  the  former.  Candidates  must  be  natives  of  Lan- 
caster, or  within  a  radius  of  fifteen  miles  thereof,  or  natives  of 
Liverpool,  or  within  a  radius  of  seven  miles  of  that  port  and  city  . 
in  each  case  within  the  County  of  Lancaster  only.  The  Institution 
was  erected  in  the  shape  of  the  letter  E,  so  as  to  form  two  wings 
of  equal  proportion  ;  in  the  one  there  is  accommodation  for  one 
hundred  and  fifty  boys,  and  in  the  other  accommodation  for  the 
same  number  of  girls.  Candidates  for  admission  must  be  between 
the  age  of  seven  and  eleven,  and  may  remain — boys  until  their 
fifteenth  year,  girls  until  their  sixteenth  year.  In  the  centre  pro- 
jection is  the  main  entrance,  and  beneath  the  tower,  which  is  98ft. 
high.  There  is  a  clock  in  the  tower,  and  the  latter  is  pierced  with 
three  tall  lancet  lights  on  each  side.  Each  wing  is  130ft.  long  and 
68ft.  high.  The  principal  is  the  Rev.  W.  L.  Appleford,  M.A.,  the 
matron  Miss  McLeod.  The  Trustees  are  the  Lord  Bishop  of  the 
diocese,  the  Lord  Bishop  of  Liverpool,  the  Yiear  of  Lancaster  (Dr. 
Allen),  Sir  Thomas  Broeklebank,  Bart.,  Liverpool;  Sir  Thomas 
Storey,  Knight,  Lancaster  ;  the  Rev.  C.  Twemlow  Royds,  Heysham; 
and  the  Clerk  to  the  Trustees  is  Mr.  G.  W.  Maxsted,  solicitor, 
Lancaster. 

Messrs.  Paley  and  Austin  are  to  be  congratulated  upon 
erecting  such  an  excellent  chapel  in  connection  with  the  Ripley 
Hospital.  It  is  thoroughly  in  keeping  with  the  hospital  buildings 
generally,  and  reflects  credit  upon  architects  and  builders  alike.  In 
one  of  the  local  journals  the  following"  description  of  the  new  edifice 
appears,  and  will  doubtless  be  read  by  friends  of  the  Hospital  and 
others  with  interest  : — The  Chapel  forms  the  completion  of  the 
scheme  of  addition  and  alteration  which  was  commenced  in  the  year 
1885,  and  which  with  the  exception  of  the  chapel  was  completed  t\\  o 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  397 

years  ago.  As  accommodation  for  too  additional  children  was 
required,  the  old  school  building's  have  been  adapted  and  added  to 
the  domestic  portion  of  the  Hospital,  giving  additional  dormitories, 
wardrobe-rooms,  lavatories,  &c,  and  new  schools  with  class-rooms 
were  built  as  one-storey  wings  on  each  side  of  the  main  front,  and  a 
spacious  covered  play-ground  was  provided  both  for  boys  and  girls. 
At  the  rear  of  the  main  building  there  have  been  built  a  large 
swimming-bath,  and  a  complete  washhouse  and  laundry  block  with 
necessary  boilers  and  other  fittings.  The  carpenters'  shop  and  the 
kitchen-offices  have  been  enlarged  and  refitted.  The  Ripley 
Hospital  Chapel  is  of  the  decorated  style  oi~  architecture,  and 
consists  of  a  nave,  chancel,  and  south  aisle,  with  vestry  on  the 
south  side  of  the  chancel,  over  which  is  the  organ  gallery  opening 
by  arches  with  corbelled  balconies  into  the  chancel  of  the  south 
aisle.  The  chancel,  26ft.  wide  by  34ft.  long,  has  a  stone-groined 
ceiling  35ft.  hig'h  at  the  crown,  divided  equally  into  two  bays  by  a 
clustered  shaft  on  either  side,  which  branch  at  the  springing  into  the 
groining  ribs.  The  stonework  between  the  ribs  is  relieved  by 
bushes  of  red  Runcorn  stone.  The  diagonal  ribs  at  the  four  corners 
rest  on  shafts  which  are  supported  by  corbels  richly  carved  with 
leaf  foliage.  The  choir  stalls,  prayer  desks,  lectern,  and  pulpit 
are  of  oak  richly  carved  with  tracery  and  leaf  foliage.  The  chancel 
pavement  is  of  encaustic  and  plain  tiles  divided  by  strips  of  stone. 
The  nave,  72ft.  long,  is  divided  from  the  chancel  by  a  chancel  arch, 
32ft.  high  to  the  apex.  Ample  accommodation  is  provided  in  the 
nave  for  the  inmates,  who  enter  this  Chapel  by  a  covered  wa\ 
connected  with  the  main  building.  The  seats  are  terminated  at  the 
west  end  by  a  panelled  oak  arch,  9ft.  high,  across  the  full  width  of 
the  nave  and  9ft.  out  from  west  wall.  In  the  south  aisle,  which  is 
divided  from  the  nave  by  an  arcade  of  three  bays  with  clustered 
shafts  and  capitals,  accommodation  is  provided  for  150  adult 
worshippers,  and  these  sittings  are  approached  by  a  door  to  be  used 
by  the  public  at  the  north  side  of  the  chancel  arch.  The  nave  is 
covered  by  a  massive  pitchpine  roof  of  eleven  principals  with 
traceried  spandrills.  The  roofs  of  the  aisle  and  organ  chamber  are 
also  of  pitchpine.      The   floors  under   the  seats  are   of  solid  wood 


398  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


blocks,  and  the  aisles  are  flagged.  The  outside  stonework,  for  both 
dressings  and  walling,  is  of  Lancaster  stone,  and  the  inside  dressings 
and  walling,  which  is  ashlar  throughout,  is  of  Stourton  (Cheshire) 
stone.  The  roof  is  covered  with  Westmorland  slates  from  the 
Longridge  Fell  Quarries.  The  chancel  roof  is  surmounted  by  a 
tall  octagonal  fleche,  the  lower  part  of  which  contains  a  bell, 
which  formerly  belonged  to  the  Parish  Church  peal,  and  round 
which  runs  an  over-hanging  gallery  of  oak.  The  total  height  from 
the  top  of  the  fleche  to  the  ground  is  iooft.  The  Chapel  will 
accommodate  300  children  and  150  adults.  It  contains  a  large 
three-manual  organ,  built  by  Messrs.  Wilkinson  &  Sons,  of  Kendal; 
opened  in  1890.  The  edifice  was  erected  in  1888.  The  resident 
Principal  and  Chaplain,  the  Rev.  Walter  Langley  Appleford,  M.A., 
was  appointed  in  1882. 

The  orphan  boys  and  girls  who  compose  the  congregation 
proper  are  extremely  well  behaved  during  the  hours  of  divine 
service.  Some  of  the  older  boys  are  annually  chosen  to  fill  the 
positions  of  "churchwardens  and  sidesmen,"  and  very  creditably  do 
they  perform  their  official  duties.  The  Chapel  is  open  to  the 
general  public,  who  thoroughly  appreciate  the  order,  heartiness, 
and  melody  characterising  the  Sabbath  worship  of  the  Ripley 
children.  Great  credit  is  due  to  the  Head  Master,  Mr.  C.  Grime, 
and  to  the  Head  Mistress,  Miss  M.  Snalam,  together  with  their 
able  staff  of  assistants,  for  the  excellent  training  —moral,  religious, 
and  secular — which  under  the  supervision  of  the  Rev.  W.  L. 
Appleford,  they  daily  endeavour  to  impart  to  their  juvenile  charges. 

In  its  object  and  intention  the  Ripley  Hospital  is  very  similar 
to  the  famous  Christ's  Hospital  (Blue  Coat  School),  London.  The 
foundation  stone  was  laid  on  July  14th,  1856,  and  the  opening  cere- 
mony took  place  amidst  much  public  rejoicing  on  Nov.  3rd,  1864, 
the  anniversary  of  the  birthday  of  the  foundress.  Mrs.  Ripley  lived 
for  manv  years  to  carry  on  the  work  of  the  Institution,  and  at  her 
death  in  1881,  the  charity  was  vested  in  the  seven  Trustees  before 
named. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  3gg 


The  Workhouse. 

The  old  Workhouse  of  Lancaster  originally  stood  near  to  the 
White  Cross.  It  was  deemed  too  small,  and  in  June,  1787,  it  was 
decided  by  the  Council  to  erect  a  more  commodious  building  on  a 
portion  of  the  Moor. 

The  following"  is  a  copy  of  the  agreement  which  was  made 
between  William  Watson,  Esq.,  Mayor  of  Lancaster,  Robert 
Addison,  and  John  Warbrick,  the  bailiffs,  and  Edward  Batty, 
churchwarden,  and  John  Shaw,  Robert  Inman,  Joshua  Robinson, 
and  Thomas  Barrow,  overseers  :— 

"•  Whereas  the  present  house  for  the  reception,  maintenance,  and  residence 
of  the  poor  of  the  Borough  and  Township  of  Lancaster  is  too  small  and  inconvenient  : 

»  It  is  become  highly  necessary  to  build  a  poor-house,  and  the  Churchwardens 
and  Overseers  have  applied  to  the  Mayor,  Bailiffs,  and  Commonalty  as  Lords  of  the 
Manor. 

And  the  Mayor,  &c,  are  willing  and  did  represent  the  propriety  thereof  to 
the  Aldermen  and  Council  in  Council  assembled  21st  June,  1787. 

And  it  was  unanimously  resolved  that  a  convenient  quantity  of  ground  on 
Lancaster  Moor  should  be  enclosed  under  43  Elizabeth. 

These  present  witness  that  in  consideration  of  the  comfortable  provision  and 
residence  that  will  be  made  for  the  poor 

The  Mayor,  &c,  do  give  and  grant  liberty  to  erect  a  proper  and  convenient 
poor-house  on  a  piece  of  common  ground  on  Lancaster  Moor,  betwixt  the  two  high- 
ways there,  near  to  the  stone  quarries;  ami  also  to  enclose  from  the  waste  or 
common  30  customary  acres  of  7  yards  to  the  rood. 

Witnesses,  Thomas  Shepherd. 

Thomas    Edelston." 

The  present  Workhouse,  certain  portions  of  which  were 
rebuilt  in  1889-90,  was  erected  in  1787-8,  at  a  cost  of  ;£  1,050, 
which  Clarke  says  was  borrowed.  Ten  acres  of  land  were  enclosed 
from  the  common  for  the  use  of  the  poor.  In  1 84 1-2  the  Poorhouse 
was  enlarged  at  a  cost  of  ^4,000.  The  Union  embraces  24  town- 
ships, covers  an  area  of  57,141  acres,  and  contains  a  population  of 
near  51,987  people. 


4oo  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Among  past  governors  of  the  Lancaster  Workhouse,  just 
one  hundred  and  two  years  old,  I  may  mention  the  following  in  rota- 
tion, as  far  as  possible,  according  to  an  aged  informant's  statement  : 
Mr.  Nicholas  Robinson  (1788)  ;  Mr.  James  Rothwell,  Mr.  Craystone, 
Mr.  Thomas  Watkinson,  who  in  1840  was  fined  £j  and  19s.  costs 
for  brutally  assaulting  Mary  Dixon,  a  pauper.  Then  came  Mr. 
Hughes,  appointed  1843,  succeeded  by  Mr.  James  Stringer,  Nov. 
22nd,  1845.  After  him  came  Mr.  Blezzard,  Mr.  Edmondson,  then 
Mr.  Smith,  appointed  1866,  and  governor  21  years.  He  was 
followed  by  Mr.  Roach,  and  Mr.  Flowett,  and  then  came  the 
present  master,  Mr.  W.  Wells,  who  conducts  the  house  most 
efficiently  and  is  ably  seconded  by  Mrs.  Wells,  the  matron. 

The  Chairman  of  the  Poor-law  Board  is  the  Rev.  Charles 
Twemlow  Royds,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Heysham,  and  the  clerk  is 
Joseph  Ennion,  Esq.;  auditor,  Percy  J.  Hibbert,  Esq.;  Union 
medical  officer,  Dr.  Johnson,  St.  Leonardgate  ;  Union  relieving 
officer,  J.  R.  B.  Pilkington,  Dalton  Square.  Mr.  James  Grant  was 
clerk  to  the  Union  many  years,  and  prior  to  his  appointment  the 
post  was  held  by  Mr.  S.  Simpson,  appointed  in  December,  1839. 
In  1806  the  poor  rate  was  2s  8d.     A  few  years  before  it  was  5s. 

There  used  to  be  a  windmill  on  the  moor  behind  the  Work- 
house. One  or  two  persons  were  killed  when  it  was  blown  down. 
The  late  Mr.  William  Cleminson  spoke  to  having  seen  the  mill, 
and  an  "Old  Inhabitant"  confirmed  the  statement.  It  appears 
that  it  was  a  square  mill  removed  from  St.  Michael's  and  fixed 
above  the  gate  on  the  Quernmore  Road  from  the  Poorhouse,  about 
40  yards  from  the  road.  It  never  got  to  work,  but  was  blown 
down  and  killed  a  man  whose  name  the  "Old  Inhabitant"  believed 
was  Herdman. 

The  Cemeterv. 

The  Cemetery,  with  its  three  neat  mortuary  Chapels,  is  near 
to  the  Park.  It  wras  opened  in  1855,  and  in  it  are  many  admirable 
memorials  of  gilded  marble   and  granite,  and  many  a  local   worthy 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  401 


has  his  virtues  and  talents  unostentatiously  alluded  to  upon  the  same, 
as  likewise  upon  many  less  imposing  leaves  which  form  this  large 
library  of  stone  volumes.  The  terraces  are  well  arranged,  and  the 
undulating-  character  of  the  "plots  of  death"  makes  the  idea  of  a 
gloomy  side  scarcely  admissible.  The  registrar  is  Mr.  John  Barton. 
This  garden  of  death  is  well  worth  a  visit  on  account  of  the  vast 
expanse  of  country  you  gain  from  its  more  elevated  or  centre 
points.      Its  area  is  21  acres. 

Among  many  beautiful  memorials  is  one  : — 

"  in  memory  of 

the  right  honourable 

Matthew    Talbot    Baines, 

born  february   i  7th,    1 799, 

died  january  23rd,    1 860  ; 

ALSO    OF 

Ann, 

widow  of  the  above, 

born  november  i  7th,   1798, 

died  june  22nd,    i 874." 

Mrs.  Baines  was  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Lazarus  Threlfall,  of 
Lancaster.  This  lady  met  with  her  death  owing  to  a  railway 
accident  at  Scorton. 

In  this  cemetery  lie  the  remains  of  the  Rev.  Joseph  Rowley, 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Hathornthwaite,  the  Rev.  George  Morland,  Captain 
Hansbrow,  Dr.  DeVitre,  Dr.  Broadhurst,  and  many  other  local 
celebrities.  The  grounds  are  kept  in  excellent  order  by  the  registrar 
and  his  staff. 

The  Lune  Fishery. 

The  Lune  Fishery  demands  a  few  observations.  Everyone 
familiar  with  Lancaster  history  must  know  that  the  Lune  salmon 
stands  high  in  the  estimation  of  every  judge  of  good  river  fish. 
The  Lune  Fishery  is  very  ancient.      It  extended  from  Denny  Beck  to 


D2 


402  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Scaleford,  a  little  below  St.  George's  Quay,  and  previous  to  the 
Reformation  belonged  to  the  Abbot  and  Convent  of  Furness, 
subject  to  a  claim  to  a  third  draught,  in  part  of  the  fishery  called 
St.  Mary's  Pot,  and  to  an  alternative  draught  in  all  the  other  parts 
of  it,  claimed  and  established  by  the  Prion'  of  the  Church  of  St. 
Mary  in  Lancaster,  in  virtue  of  an  ancient  deed  made  by  the  Abbot 
of  Furness.  Upon  the  surrender  and  dissolution  of  monasteries, 
Beaumont  Fishery,  as  it  was  called,  became  vested  in  the  Crown, 
and  was  subsequently  held  by  Francis  Mustall,  George  South- 
worth,  and  John  Ayliffe  successively,  as  lessees,  at  an  annual  rent 
of  ;£i2.  In  the  fourth  year  of  Charles  I.  it  passed  by  patent,  along 
with  other  possessions,  under  the  great  seal  of  the  Duchy  of  Lan- 
caster, to  Edward  Ditchfield,  Richard  Dalton,  and  others,  and  to 
their  heirs  and  assigns.  It  afterwards  passed  by  demise  of  Thomas 
Foster  and  others,  and  in  1759  was  conveyed  in  fee  by  purchase  to 
the  ancestor  of  the  Brads*haws,  of  Halton  Hall,  who  enjoyed  the 
right  of  the  Lune  Fishery  exclusively  upon  payment  of  a  fee  farm 
rent  of  ^"12  to  the  representatives  of  George  (Monk),  Duke  of 
Albemarle,  to  whom  the  possessions,  of  which  this  fishery  formed  a 
part,  were  granted  by  Charles  II.  soon  after  the  Restoration.  The 
river  has  always  been  famed  for  its  salmon  fry  or  smelts,  and  in 
1825  the  estimated  value  of  the  fishery  was  ^500  per  annum. 
There  is  now,  and  long  has  been,  a  Lune  Fishery  Board,  the 
chairman  of  which  is  Mr.  Fenwick,  of  Burrow  Hall.  The  Secre- 
tary, Mr.  W.  T.  Sharp,  has  kindly  forwarded  the  following  informa- 
tion : — The  Lune,  Wyre,  Keer  and  Cocker  Fishery  Board  was 
established  under  the  provisions  of  the  Salmon  Fisheries  Act,  1865. 
The  certificate  of  the  district,  signed  by  the  Home  Secretary, 
bearing  date  the  18th  January,  1866.  The  Halton  Fishery  is  now 
held  by  Mr.  Edmund  Sharpe,  and  the  Skerton  Fishery  by  Mr.  T. 
Thompson. 

Seats  Near   Lancaster. 

Aldcliffe  Hall  (the  seat  of  Mr.   E.  B.  Dawson),  Ashton  Hall 
(formerly  the  seat  of  Thomas,  first  Lord  Gerard,  and  afterwards  oi 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  403 


the  Duke  of  Hamilton  and  Brandon),  Bare  House,  Beaumont  Cote, 
Bolton  Lodge,  Carnforth  Lodge,  Cawood  (where  the   North   family 
once  resided),  Crow  Trees,  Dalton  Hall  (the   residence  of   Edmund 
Hornbv,    M.P.,    1807),    Ellel   Grange,   Ellel    Hall,   Gunnerthwaite, 
Hall    Garth,    Kellet    (now    vacant),    Halton     Hall,     Halton     Park, 
Heyning  Hall,  Hilderstone    Hill    House,    Hornby  Castle   (formerly 
the  seat  of  the  Monteagles,  and  now  the  stately  abode  of  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  Fosters,  of  Queensbury,  Yorkshire),  Hornby  House, 
K.ier   Bank    Hall   (a   seat   of  the    Martens),    Leighton    Hall    (where 
reside  the  Gillows),    Lune   Bank    (Mi.    Housman's),    Lunefield  (a 
delightful  spot,   once  the   residence  of  the  Carus   family),  Melling 
Hall,    Newland    Hall,     Polefield,   Quarnmoor    Park     (formerly    the 
dwelling  place  of  the  Clifford  family,  and   now   of  a  branch   of  the 
very  ancient  family   of  Garnett),  Starbock   Lodge,  Stodday    Lodge, 
Swarthdale  House,  Thurland  Castle,  Thumham   Hall   (the  old  home 
of  the    Daltons),  and  last,  but  not  least,  must  be  mentioned  Holker 
Hall,    the  favourite  dwelling  of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire. 

Lune  Villa  was  erected  by  Mr.  John  Cumpsty,  of  the  old  firm 
of  Bradshaw  and  Cumpsty,  drapers,  Market  Street.  Mr.  Cumpstj 
died  on  the  8th  of  October,  1815,  aged  47  years.  He  was  the  son 
of  William  Cumpsty,  who  died  September  26th,  1803,  aged  69. 

Scale  Hall  was  the  property  of  the  Rev.  Geoffrey  Hornby, 
Rector  of  Winwick.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Rev.  James  Stainbank, 
Rector  of  Halton,  and  perpetual  curate  of  Over  Kellet,  and  also  by 
the  HisrS'in  family.  Beaumont  Hal!  was  the  seat  01  Edward  F. 
Buckley,  Esq.  The  Cole  family  resided  here  in  the  seventeenth 
century.  Stodday  Lodge  was  for  some  years  the  home  of  the 
Arthingtons  who  came  from  Leeds.  Thomas  Arthington,  Esq., 
father  of  John  Arthington,  Esq.,  of  Arthington  Hall,  was  High 
Sheriff  of  Yorkshire  in  1767.  He  died  in  1801.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Old  Bank,  Leeds.  Ashton  Hall  demands  a  special 
notice  since  it  has  long  been  the  seat  of  seats,  as  one  may  say,  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Lancaster.  There  are  about  21  Ashtons  in 
England,  according  to  Carlisle's  Dictionary,    Lewis  gives    18;   and 


4o4  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


the  suburbs  of  many  places  in  this  county  boast  their  Ash-tons  or 
tuns  (aesc  an  ash,  and  tun  a  town),  as  a  reference  to  a  comprehensive 
chart  will  at  once  show.  The  real  name  of  this  place  or  full  name 
is  Ashton-cum-Stodday,  the  stodday  denoting'  "  the  stud  of  wild 
horses  on  the  wood  sheltered  shaw  or  shav."  In  the  Coucher  Book  of 
Funiess  Abbey  we  meet  with  stodfaldwra,  which  means  "stud  of 
wild  horses  with  fold  near  the  angle  of  the  field."  Anglo  Saxon, 
stod  a  horse,  fahl  a  fold,  vra  or  wra,  an  angle  or  corner.  The  old 
chronicles  inform  us  that  Ashton  Hall,  Lancaster,  "  was  the 
ancient  seat  of  the  De  Couceys,  out  of  which  family  it  passed  by 
marriage  to  Sir  John  de  Coupland,  the  hero  of  Neville's  Cross.  In 
1445,  it  became  the  property  of  Sir  Robert  Lawrence,  knight,  who 
received  his  titular  distinction  at  the  hands  of  Lord  Stanley,  at 
Huttonfield,  in  Scotland.  From  the  Lawrences  the  Manor  and  Hall 
passed  to  the  Radcliffes,  through  the  Butlers,  and  from  them  by 
marriage  to  Sir  Gilbert  Gerrard,  ancestor  to  Lord  Gerrard,  of 
Bromley.  Elizabeth,  only  daughter  and  heiress,  of  Digby,  Lord 
Gerrard,  having  married  James,  Earl  of  Arran,  created  fourth  Duke 
of  Hamilton  in  1679,  it  thus  came  into  the  Hamilton  family.  The 
ancient  owners  of  the  Hall,  the  De  Couceys,  where  the  family  who 
enjoyed  what  has  long  been  known  as  the  De  Coucey  privilege, 
which  consisted  of  standing  before  the  sovereign  covered,  was 
granted  by  King  John  in  1203,  under  the  following  circumstances:— 
King  John  and  Phillip  II.  of  France  agreed  to  settle  a  dispute 
respecting  the  Duchy  of  Normandy  by  single  combat.  John  De 
Coucey,  Earl  of  Ulster,  was  the  English  champion,  and  no  sooner 
put  in  his  appearance  than  the  French  champion  put  spurs  into  his 
horse  and  fled.  The  King  inquired  of  the  earl  what  reward  should 
be  given  him  and  he  replied  :  "  Titles  and  land  I  want  not,  of  these 
I  have  enough,  but  in  remembrance  of  this  day  I  beg  the  boon  for 
myself  and  successors  to  remain  covered  in  the  presence  of  your 
highness  and  all  future  sovereigns  of  the  realm."  In  1853,  the 
Starkie  family  of  Huntroyde  Hall,  Padiham,  purchased  the  Ashton 
Manor  estates,  and  Mr.  J.  P.  Chamberlayne  Starkie,  J.  P.,  resided 
there  until  his  sudden  decease  in  1888.  This  gentleman  was 
brother  to  Col.  Le  Gendre  Nicholas  Starkie  who  is  descended  from 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  405 

one  Hugh  Starkeye,  Esquire,  gentleman  usher  to  King  Henry  VIII. 
and  whose  tomb  is  to  be  seen  with  effigy  thereon  in  the  church  of 
St.  Chad,  Over-cum-Delamere,  Cheshire.  About  six  years  ago 
Ashton  Hall  became  the  property  of  Mr.  James  Williamson,  M.P., 
who  paid  ^100,000  lor  it. 

Sale  of  the  Duke  of  Hamilton  and  Brandon's   Lancashire 

Estates  in  1853. 

The  Hall  and  estate  were  bought  by  the  Starkie  family  for 
^75,000.  The  estate  contained  1,540  acres  of  land.  The  Scotforth 
estate  of  1 17a.  21'.  13P.  was  reserved:  the  reserved  price,  ^9,600,  not 
being  bid.  The  Holleth  and  Forton  estate  of  361a.  2r.  8p.  was 
purchased  by  Mr.  Gardner,  of  Liverpool,  for  ^"9,400.  The  Nateby 
property,  comprising  1,802a.  2r.  28p.  was  bought  by  Mr.  William 
Bashall,  of  Farrington  Lodge,  for  ^45,700.  The  Barnacre  estate 
of  3,341a.  3r.  32p.  was  bought  in  at  ^104,000,  the  highest  bid  having 
been  ^90,000.  The  Nether  Wyresdale  estate  of  4,027a.  or.  2ip. 
was  bought  by  Mr.  Ormerod,  of  Bolton,  for  ;£  110,500.  The 
Cleveley  estate  of  693a.  or.  14P.  was  also  purchased  by  Mr.  Orme- 
rod for  ^35,100,  as  well  as  the  Cabus  property  of  [,359a.  or.  6p. 
for  ^"54,100.  The  total  price  realised  for  the  estates  sold  was 
^329,800,  and  the  computed  value  of  the  estates  reserved  £1 13,700. 
Together  the  Duke  of  Hamilton's  Lancashire  estates  were  reckoned 
to  be  worth  ^443,500,  the  total  acreage  being  about  13,243  acres. 
Average  price  per  acre,  including  buildings,  &c,  would  be  about 
^33  10s.  od.  The  land  generally,  realised  about  32  years' 
purchase."  Archibald,  Duke  of  Hamilton,  died  at  Ashton  Hall,  on 
the  1 6th  February,  181 9,  in  his  79th  year.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Alexander,  his  son. 

Ashton  Hall  contained  the  following  pictures  which  it  is 
believed  were  removed  to  Hamilton  Paiace,  Scotland  :  Portrait  of 
Elizabeth  Gerard,  Duchess  of  Hamilton,  the  Marquis  of  Douglas 
and  Clydesdale,  and  Lord  Archibald  Hamilton,  by  Gainsborough  ; 
the  Duke  of  Bedford  ;  a  Head,  by  Rembrandt  ;  Clelia  escaping  from 


4o6  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


the  Roman  camp,  by  Raphael  ;  a  Boar  Hunt,  by  Snyders  ;  a  large 
Landscape  by  Berg-hen  ;  and  Original  Cartoons,  by  Leonardi  da 
Vinci,  from  his  celebrated  painting  of  the  Last  Supper. 

Another  matter  I  may  just  as  well  allude  to.  "You  have 
never  said  anything  about  Cromwell  and  Cromwell's  Steps,"  sax- 
some.  I  have  not,  and  for  the  very  best  reason,  viz.,  that  I  have 
not  been  able  to  find  anything  indicative  of  the  Lord  Protector's 
presence  in  Lancaster,  and  as  far  as  the  "steps  "  are  concerned,  1 
believe  fancy  rather  than  fact  has  given  them    their  noteworthy  name. 

The  Local  Press. 

The  Lancaster  Gazette  commenced  June  20th,  1801.  On  Aug. 
9th,  1834,  Mr.  William  Minshull  disposed  of  the  Lancaster  Gazette 
to  Mr.  C.  E.  Quarme.  Miss  Minshull  gave  up  her  interest  in  the 
Gazette  in  August,  1834.  Mr.  Minshull  died  on  the  19th  May,  1833. 
Mr.  Quarme  ceased  to  be  proprietor  of  that  journal  on  the  30th  of 
September,  1848,  when  Mr.  G.  C.  Clark  became  owner  of  the  plant, 
&c.  In  1874,  Mr.  William  King  acquired  the  property  and  still 
retains  it.  Mr.  Quarme  died  August  16th,  1879,  aged  84.  The 
Gazette,  originally  Gazetteer,  until  1st  of  January,  1804,  was 
started  in  Benson's  Court.  (Mansergh's  yard).  The  office  was 
subsequently  removed  to  Great  John  Street,  and  in  1842,  to 
Market  Street,  where  it  still  remains.  The  Lancaster  Guardian, 
was  established  in  1836,  by  Mr.  A.  Milner,  and  the  Messrs.  Milner 
are  still  proprietors  of  this  weekly  journal.  The  Lancaster  Observer 
was  founded  in  i860  by  Mr.  Thos.  Edmondson,  who  sold  it  to  Mr. 
T.  C.  Bell  in  1874.  The  first  supplement  of  the  Lancaster  Gazette 
appeared  on  the  18th  of  April,  1812. 

The  Green   Lane   Murder. 

About  two  miles  out  of  Lancaster,  going  south,  towards 
Galgate,  is  a  very  secluded  lane  called  Green  Lane,  a  lane  like  many 
others  in  this  part  of  the  country,   thoroughly    rural,    and   far   from 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  407 


any  human  dwelling.  A  stranger  would  scarcely  find  it,  and  few 
outside  the  agricultural  community  have  any  occasion  to  find  it  or 
walk  along  it.  Prior  to  January  nth,  1866,  this  isolated  bye-way 
bore  no  notoriety,  but  was  one  of  those  peaceful  poetical  spots  "far 
from  the  madding  crowd,"  and  full  of  beauty  in  the  beautiful  seasons 
of  the  year.  But  let  a  stranger  pass  along  it  now,  and  he  will  be 
surprised  to  find  a  small  tombstone,  upon  which  appears  the 
following  inscription  : — 

in    .memory   of 
Elizabeth      Nelson, 
of  skerton,  spinster, 

AGED    31, 

WHO,    AT    THIS    SPOT, 

ON   THE    EVENING    OF  THURSDAY,    JANUARY    IITH,     1866, 

WAS    BARBAROUSLY    MURDERED,     IN    DEFENCE    OF    HER    CHASTITY. 

"O  Lord   Thou    hast    seen    my    wrong;    judge    thou    my 
cause." — Lam.  c.  III.,  v.  79. 

The  poor  woman  was  discovered  early  on  the  following  morn- 
ing partly  covered  with  a  shroud — a  natural  shroud  of  snow,  typical, 
indeed,  of  all  that  is  chaste  and  pure,  by  a  man  going  to  his  work. 
The  body  was  fearfully  bruised,  and  showed  signs  of  a  terrible 
struggle  with  her  vile  murderer  or  murderers,  who  have  never  to 
this  day  been  discovered.  It  has  been  remarked  by  some  of  the 
more  superstitious  that  there  has  always  been  a  downfall  of  snow 
on  the  anniversary  of  the  dreadful  trag'edy  ;  but  this  assertion  is 
not  true.  There  is  still  a  brother  of  the  victim  residing  in 
Lancaster,  and  other  relatives.  The  stone  mentioned  above 
is  Swarthmoor  blue  stone,  and  was  erected  by  public  subscrip- 
tion. Mr.  John  Thompson,  of  Penny  Street,  was  the  engraver, 
and  he  at  first  refused  to  make  any  charge  for  the  memorial, 
but  on  being  pressed  to  accept  payment,  he  generously  offered 
to  erect  a  stone  over  the  young  woman's  remains  at  Aughton, 
free  of  charge.  On  behalf  of  the  family  of  the  victim  subscriptions 
poured   in    from    rich   and   poor,    and   a   general   feeling  of  sorrow 


4o8  TIME-HONOURED    LANXASTER. 


pei'vadecl  the  whole  district.  The  lane  in  which  the  murder  took 
place  leads  from  Burrow  to  Hazlerigg,  and  the  man  who  found  the 
victim  was  Thomas  Wilkinson,  of  Burrow  Beck. 

Centenarians. 

There  have  been  during  the  century  two  centenarians  in 
Lancaster,  one  John  Berry,  who  died  on  the  4th  December,  1807, 
and  a  woman  named  Bainbridge,  who  lived  in  St.  Leonard  Gate, 
and  died  on  the  1st  of  April,  1873. 

There  have  been  some  curious  names  in  our  town  and  such 
are  still  extant,  as  for  instance,  those  of  Physick  and  Pharaoh. 

In  1783,  there  was  married  to  Mr.  Samuel  Brian,  cabinet 
maker,  a  Miss  Repentance  Walmsley.  Both  parties  belonged  to 
Lancaster.  Brian,  whose  name  means  "  voice  of  thunder"  certainly 
took  Repentance  to  Church  ("  Repentance  not  to  be  repented  of," 
surely)  and  married  her.  To-day  a  name  no  less  strange  is  that  of 
the  chief  resident  officer  of  the  Castle — William  Repulse  Shenton, 
but  Mr.  Shenton  was  burn  on  her  Majesty's  ship  "  Repulse"  about 
1842,  hence  the  name,  not  unwisely  given,  in  such  a  case. 

Two  or  three  years  ago  Mr.  Justice  Wills  was  sitting  at  the 
Lancaster  xAssizes,  and  just  over  a  hundred  and  four  years  ago  from 
that  period,  a  Mr.  Justice  Willes  sat  at  the  Lancaster  Assizes,  in 
April,  1784. 

The  Lancaster  Quarter  Sessions  are  held  on  the  first  Monday 
after  the  31st  of  March,  24th  of  June,  nth  of  October,  and  28th  ot 
December.  The  chairman  of  the  Quarter  Sessions  is  John  Fell, 
Esq.,  the  magistrates'  clerk,  Mr.  H.  J.  J.  Thompson.  The  County- 
Petty   Sessions  are  held  every  Saturday  at  the  Crown  Court. 

The  Judge  of  the  County  Court  is  Millis  Coventry,  Esq.; 
Registrar,  Mr.  W.  T.  Sharp. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  409 


A  decided  improvement  has  been  made  in  what  may  justly  be 
termed  the  boulevard  of  Lancaster,  namely,  the  Victoria  Avenue, 
for  which  the  public  are  indebted  to  the  present  Mayor,  Mr.  Charles 
Blades  (brother-in-law  of  the  Jubilee  Mayor,  Sir  Thomas  Storey). 
We  allude  to  the  planting  of  trees  on  each  side  of  the  road  for  up- 
wards of  a  mile,  and  the  placing-  of  comfortable  seats  at  certain 
points,  at  a  cost  of  something-  like  ^700.  Lancaster  has  for  many 
years  possessed  a  few  lovers  of  nature  and  art  also,  and  possibly 
the  society,  established  in  the  year  1820,  for  promoting  the  fine  arts 
has  done  a  little  towards  implanting  in  the  breasts  of  a  succeeding 
generation  an  honest  regard  for  nature  as  well  as  for  the  canvas 
and  the  brush. 

The  Lancaster  brogue  is  what  may  be  termed  a  transition 
brogue.  It  differs  much  from  the  vulgar  tongue  of  the  average 
South  or  West  Lancashire  man's,  and  is  largely  made  up  of  West- 
morland and  Yorkshire  modes  of  pronunciation.  For  "  1  am,"  the 
Lancaster  person  usually  says  "  I  is.'-  "  I  is  well,"  or  '  T  isn't  well  '' 
is  a  sample,  as  also  is  —  "  If  thou  is  ready,  let's  ga  t'at  fair,  it's  nae 
ower  fur,  an'  lile  Jacky  ul  Ink  efther  t'  bee'as  while  we  git  back. 
There's  nat  ower  mitch  wark  just  now  an'  it'll  be  a  gert  tre'at  fur 
thee,  I's  sure."  (Sure  is  sounded  as  sewer).  There  is  a  strong- 
guttural  sound  increasing  very  much  as  you  get  out  into  the  sur- 
rounding villages,  northward  especially.  There  is  very  much  Norse 
in  the  Lancaster  dialect. 

The  Lancaster  people  may  be  fairly  enough  marked  off  as 
shrewd,  cautious,  slow  but  sure,  very  conservative,  and  particularly 
averse  from  strangers  for  a  long  period.  Inquisitiveness  is  a 
Lancashire  trait,  not  so  remarkably  indulged  in,  be  it  said,  in  the 
county  town,  as  in  places  further  south.  Their  business  system  and 
promptitude,  whether  of  an  agricultural  or  commercial  nature,  wilj 
rank  with  those  of  denizens  in  any  of  the  larger  centres  of  industry. 


There  is   a   spirit   of  enterprise   apparent   to-day,    certain    to 
render  the  town  distinguished  as  a  commercial  centre  as  well  as  for 


4io  TIME-HONOURED    LANXASTER. 


its  grey  antiquity.     The  only  danger  is  that  commerce  will  obliterate 
the  few  public  memorials  of  the  past  yet  remaining  amongst  us. 

The  fairs  held  in  the  town  are  as  follow  : — Thursday, 
Friday,  and  Saturday,  before  the  first  Sunday  in  the  new  year, 
horses  ;  May  ist,  cattle  ;  May  2nd,  horses,  and  sheep;  May  3rd, 
toys  :  July  5th,  cattle,  July  6th,  wool,  horses,  and  sheep  ;  July  7th, 
toys;  October  10th,  cattle;  October  nth,  horses  and  sheep; 
October  12th,  toys.  Cheese  fairs  first  Wednesday  in  February, 
May,  July,  August,  October,  and  December.  The  hirings  are  held 
at  Whitsuntide  and  Martinmas. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


411 


CHAPTER   XIV. 

The  Bowerham  Barracks— The  First  Royal  Lancashire  Regimen'j  oi 
Militia— "  King's  Own"— Lancaster  Kings  of  Arms  and  Lancaster 
Heralds— List  of  Past  Kings-of-Arms  and  Heralds— Lancaster 
Coins  and  Tokens— Lancaster  Probate  Court— Lancaster  1 
Office— Borough  Waits— Bellman'.-,  Parrock— Our  Old  Hoi 
—Castle  Hill  House— Fenton-Cawthorne  House— An  Old  Tower 
— Old  Wells — Hotels. 


T  Bowerham  are  the  Head-Quarters  of  the 
4th  Regimental  District,  commanded  by 
Colonel  Middleton.  The  Barracks  was 
erected  in  1876-80,  the  price  for  the  land 
being  £j, 300,  bid  by  Messrs.  Myres,  Veevers, 
and  Myres,  of  Preston,  on  behalf  of  the  War 
Office.  This  was  at  the  rate  of  ^433  per 
acre,  or  is.  4d.  per  yard.  The  estate  was 
originally  charity  land,  and  formed  part  of 
the  endowment  of  Penny's  Hospital. 


There  are  two  portraits  of  considerable  interest  in  the   Mess 
Room  of  the  barracks.      The  first  is  thus  inscribed  : — 

Major    General   Charles  Trelawney. 

From  the  original  painting  by  "  Kneller."  He  obtained  a  command 
in  1672,  and  served  under  Turenne  ;  was  appointed  Major  in  the  2nd 
Tangiers  Regiment,  now  the  King's  Own,  in  1680,  and  Lieut-Colonej 
to  command  the  Regiment,  shortly  afterwards.  In  1682,  he  was 
appointed  Colonel  of  the  Regiment. 


He  commanded  a  Brigade  at  the  Battle  of  the  Boyne,  and 
retired  from  the  Regiment  in  1691,  on  promotion,  and  being 
appointed  Governor  of  Plymouth.      He  died  in  1731 . 


4i2  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


The  second,  and  almost  opposite  the  first,  bears  the  following 
inscription  : — 

General  Henry  Trelawney. 

From  the  original  painting  by  "  Kneller."  He  obtained  a  command 
as  Captain  in  the  2nd  Tangiers  Regiment,  now  the  King's  Own,  in 
1680.  He  was  at  the  Battle  of  Sedgemoor.  He  was  promoted  Lieut- 
Colonel  in  1688,  and  was  Colonel  of  the  Regiment  in  1692.  He 
retired  from  the  Regiment  in  1702,  and  died  shortly  afterwards. 
He  was  M.P.  for  Plymouth  from    1700  to  1702. 

In  another  part  of  the  room  is  a  framed  Certificate  of  Free- 
manship  of  the  City  of  Cork.     Here  is  a  copy  of  it  : — 

"  Be  It  Remembered  that  on  the  eighteenth  day  of  May, 
One  thousand  seven  hundred  and  sixty-seven,  Lieut-General 
Studholme  Hodgson  was  by  the  unanimous  consent  of  the  mayor 
sheriffs  and  common  council  of  the  City  of  Cork  admitted  and 
enrolled  a  Freeman  at  large  of  the  same.  In  Testimony  whereof 
the  common  seal  of  the  said  city  is  hereunto  ffixed  the  day  and  year 
aforesaid." 

The  County  of  Lancaster  has  distinguished  itself  in  arts  and 
arms  generations  ago  and  its  sons  have  ever  been  men  who  did  not 
believe  in  doing  things  by  halves,  in  fact,  in  half-hearted  schemes 
or  projects  or  in  half-hearted  work,  Lancastrians  never  did  believe. 
To  do  what  requires  doing  heartily,  thoroughly  and  well,  or 
leave  it  alone  altogether  is  a  true  trait  of  Lancashire  men.  If  there 
is  work  to  be  done,  if  it  is  absolutely  necessary  to  do  that  work, 
then  a  prompt  beginning  is  half  of  the  turnpike  to  completion. 
The  history  of  the  1st  Royal  Lancashire  Regiment  of  Militia  proves 
the  Red  Rose  spirit  to  be  no  less  plucky  in  deeds  of  peace  than  in 
deeds  of  war.  The  history  of  the  1st  Lancashire  Militia  shows  all 
through  that  this  same  spirit  permeates  every  capacity  in  the  battle 
of  life,  and  I  need  not  therefore  apologise  for  venturing  to  include 


TIME-HONOURED    LANXASTER.  413 


a  brief  sketch  of  the  "King's  Own,"  in  obedience  to  the  suggestion 
made  by  a  gallant  officer  whose  interest  in  the  Regiment  is  well 
known. 

The  oldest  standing  national  force  of  these  realms  is  the 
Militia,  established  by  the  father  and  brothers  of  Alfred  the  Great, 
between  the  years  of  872  and  901.  In  1172,  a  commission  of  array 
was  issued  to  raise  a  Militia — a  term  which  by  the  way  is  the  Angli- 
cised form  of  the  Spanish  Mihcia,  Latin  Miles — and  fifty-four  years 
after  Henry  II.  revived  the  commission,  and  it  was  again  revived  in 
the  reign  of  Mar)-  I.,  1557.  This  military  force  is  said  to  have 
amounted  to  160,000  men  in  1623.  The  present  Militia  statutes  date 
from  1661  to  1663.  In  1796,  a  supplemental  Militia  Act  was  passed, 
and  in  1802,  a  General  Militia  Act  for  England  and  Scotland  was 
passed,  that  for  Ireland  being  passed  seven  years  later.  Acts  to  con- 
solidate the  Militia  laws  date  from  1852-4.  Owing  to  the  prevailing 
opinion  that  it  was  necessary  to  strengthen  our  defences  against  the 
possibility  of  a  French  invasion,  the  act  empowered  Her  Majesty  to 
raise  a  force  not  exceeding  80,000  men,  of  which  number  50,000 
were  to  be  raised  in  1852,  and  30,000  in  1855;  the  quotas  for  each 
county  or  riding  to  be  fixed  by  an  order  in  council.  The  Militia 
Reserve  Act  was  passed  in  1867.  Grose's  "History  of  the  British 
Army"  published  in  1801  shows  clearly  the  great  utility  of  such  a 
standing  force  as  the  Militia.  But  of  these  general  observations 
enough.  By  the  courtesy  of  Colonel  Middleton  and  Colonel 
Whalley,  J-P-,  I  am  able  to  place  before  my  readers  a  very  pleasant 
sketch  of  the  career  of  the  King's  Own  Royal  Lancaster  Regiment, 
the  depot  of  which  has  been  stationed  since  1880  in  our  midst.  An 
interesting  summary  by  Colonel  Middleton  was  written  at  Colonel 
Whalley's  request  for  inclusion  in  this  work. 

In  1878  the  territorial  system  was  introduced  into  the  British 
Army ;  that  is  to  say,  each  Regiment  was  given  a  certain  area  or 
district  in  the  country  from  which  to  obtain  its  recruits.  Each 
Regiment  was  to  consist  of  two  Regular  Battalions,  one  or 
or  two  Militia  Battalions,  and  one   or   more   Volunteer   Battalions. 


4i4  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


One  of  the  Regular  Battalions  was  always  to  serve  abroad,  either 
in  India  or  in  the  Colonies,  whilst  the  other  was  to  be  quartered  in 
Great  Britain  or  in  Ireland.  A  depot  was  formed  in  a  central 
position  in  each  district  where  the  recruits  both  for  the  Regular  and 
Militia  Battalions  are  drilled,  and  where  the  clothing- and  equipment 
are  kept  for  Militia  and  Reserve  men  of  the  Regular  Battalions. 
The  town  of  Lancaster  was  selected  as  one  of  these  depots,  with  a 
Regimental  District  extending  from  Cockerham  and  Dolphinholme, 
to  the  north  of  the  County  of  Lancaster.  The  Regiment  posted  to 
this  district  was  the  qth  Foot,  and  the  district  was  accordingly 
numbered  the  4th  Regimental  District.  At  this  period  the  4th 
consisted  ot  two  Battalions,  and  with  the  two  Battalions  of  the 
1  st  Lancashire  Militia  and  the  Volunteer  Battalion  then  existing 
within  the  area  assigned,  there  was  thus  formed  the  territorial 
Regiment — now  called  The  King's  Own  (Royal  Lancaster)  Regi- 
ment. 

It  may  not  be  uninteresting  to  those  who  are  connected  with 
the  County  if  a  brief  history  of  this  distinguished  Regiment  is  given 
at  this  point,  since  it  is  one  of  the  oldest  Regiments  in  the 
British  Army.  It  was  raised  in  1680  by  King  Charles  II.,  for  ser- 
vice in  Tangiers.  In  1684  it  returned  to  England.  It  was  engaged 
at  the  battle  of  Sedgemoor,  in  1685;  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  in 
1690;  and  in  1692  it  embarked  for  the  Netherlands,  and  formed 
part  of  the  Army  commanded  by  King  William,  in  person.  It  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Steinkirk,  the  relief  of  Furnes,  the  battle  of 
Landen  and  the  sieges  of  Huy  and  Namur.  In  1702,  it  formed 
part  of  the  expeditionary  force  to  Cadiz,  under 'General  the  Duke 
of  Ormond.  In  1704,  it  was  engaged  in  the  capture  of  Gibraltar, 
and  afterwards  in  defence  of  the  fortress. 

In  17 1 5,  this  Regiment  was  selected  to  furnish  the  Guards  .it 
Windsor  Castle,  on  the  accession  of  King  George  I.,  and  for  this 
service  His  Majesty  was  graciously  pleased  to  confer  upon  it  the 
title  of  "The  King's  Own,"  which  honorary  distinction  it  bears  to 
the  present  day.      In  1745,  it  was  sent  to  Scotland  and  was  present 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  415 


at  the  battles  of  Falkirk  unci  Culloden.  In  1751,  a  warrant  was 
given  to  the  Regiment  styling  it  "The  King's  Own  Royal  Regi- 
ment," and  authorising  it  to  wear  as  a  budge,  the  "Lion  of 
England."  It  was  in  consequence  of  this  distinction  that  in  1878, 
this  Resriment  was  selected  to  form  its  Head  Ouarters  in  the  Pala- 
tinate  of  Lancaster,  which  also  has  for  its  arms  the  Royal  Badge.  In 
1754,  it  served  in  the  defence  of  Port  St.  Philip,  in  the  Island  of 
Minorca.  In  1758,  it  proceeded  to  the  West  Indies,  and  took  part 
in  the  attack  on  Martinico,  the  capture  of  Guadaloupe,  Dominico, 
Grenada,  St.  Lucie,  St.  Vincent  and  Havannah.  In  1774,  it  em- 
barked for  North  America,  and  was  present  at  the  actions  of 
Concord  and  Lexington,  and  at  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill  and 
other  engagements.  In  1799,  it  embarked  for  Holland,  and  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Egmont-op-Zee.  In  1807,  it  proceeded  with 
the  expeditionary  force  to  Copenhagen,  and  in  1808,  it  embarked 
for  Portugal,  advanced  into  Spain  with  Sir  John  Moore,  took  part 
in  the  retreat  to  Corunna,  and  at  that  battle  greatly  distinguished 
itself  by  defeating  a  flank  attack  made  on  the  British  Army  by  the 
French.  In  1809,  it  formed  part  of  the  force  under  General  the 
Earl  of  Chatham,  which  was  sent  to  Walcheren.  In  1810,  it  again 
proceeded  to  the  Peninsula,  and  took  part  in  the  defence  of  the  lines 
of  Torres  Vedras  under  Lord  Wellington.  In  181 1,  it  was  engaged 
in  the  battle  of  Sabugal,  in  the  skirmish  near  Barba-del-Puerco,  at 
the  siege  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  the  storming  of  Badajoz,  the  battle  of 
Salamanca,  the  siege  of  Burgos,  and  the  skirmish  near  the  River 
Carion.  In  1813,  it  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Vittoria,  the  siege 
of  St.  Sebastian,  the  passage  of  the  River  Bidassoa,  the  battles  o( 
Nivelle  and  Nive,  and  at  the  blockade  of  Bayonne.  In  18 14,  it  pro- 
ceeded to  America,  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Bladensburg, 
the  capture  of  Washington,  the  expedition  against  Baltimore,  and 
the  battle  of  Godly  Wood — the  expedition  against  New  Orleans, 
and  the  capture  of  Fort  Bowyer.  In  1815,  it  was  present  al  the 
battle  of  Waterloo,  advanced  on  Paris  and  formed  part  of  the  army 
of  occupation  in  France,  until  1818.  In  1854,  the  Regiment  em- 
barked to  take  part  in  the  Eastern  Campaign,  landed  in  the 
Crimea    in    the    September   of  that   year,    and  was  present  at  the 


4i6  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


battles  of  Alma  and  Inkerman,  and  served  in  front  of  Sebas- 
topol  during  the  entire  siege.  In  1857,  it  took  part  in  the 
suppression  of  the  Indian  Mutiny.  In  r868,  this  same  Regi- 
ment was  engaged  in  the  Abyssinian  Campaign,  and  in  1879, 
in  the  7ai1u  War.  Few  Regiments  in  the  British  Army  can  show 
such  a  record  of  active  service.  The  Barracks  on  Bowerham  Hill 
was  completed  in  June,  1880,  and  has  since  that  time  been  occu- 
pied by  the  Depot  and  Militia  Staff  of  the  Regiment.  The  following 
is  a  list  of  the  Colonels  who  have  been  in  command  of  the  Regi- 
mental District  since  its  establishment:- 

Colonel  A.  C.  K.  Lock,  (late  50th  Regiment),  from  1880  to  1884. 
Colonel  C.  Eccles,  (late  King's  Own),  from  1884  to  1888. 
Colonel   O.    R.    Middleton,    (late   King's   Own),    from    18S8   to  the 
present  time. 

From  Colonel  Whalley's  interesting  book  "  Roll   of   Officers 
of  the  First  Royal  Lancashire  Militia,"  I  take  the  following  items  : — 

Titles   of  the  Regiment. 

1642 — Lancashire  Regiment  of  Militia. 
1761 — Royal  Lancashire  Regiment  of  Militia. 
!ygQ — 1st.  Royal  Lancashire  Militia. 

Ig^I  —  Ist  Royal  Lancashire  Militia  (The  Duke  of  Lancaster's  Own). 
jSSi — 3rd  and  4th  Battalions  The  King's  Own  (Royal  Lancaster) 
Regiment. 


-&■ 


Colonels  Commanding  the  Regiment. 

William  ffarington,  1642. 

William  George  Richard,  9th  Earl  of  Derby,  1689. 

Sir  Henry  Houghton,  Bart.,  June  1st,  1715. 

Edward,  nth  Earl  of  Derby,  October  25th,  1745. 

James  Smith  Stanley,  Viscount  Strange,  July  15th,  1760. 

Edward,  12th  Earl  of  Derby,  February  14th,  1772. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  417 


Thomas  Stanley,  October  28th,  1783. 

Peter  Patten-Bold,  January  18th,  1817. 

John  Plumbe-Tempest,  November  4th,  181 9. 

John  Talbot  Clifton,  October  8th,  1852. 

William  Assheton  Cross,  December  8th,  1870. 

Robert  Whitle,  May  31st,  1872. 

Hon.   Frederick   Arthur  Stanley,  June   23rd,    1874.      A.D.C.  to  the 

Queen. 
Thomas    Dawson    Sheppard,    September    26th    1877,    commanding" 

2nd  Battalion. 
George  Blucher  Heneage  Marton,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Commandant, 

commanding  3rd  Battalion,  March  20th,  1886. 
Joseph    Lawson    Whalley,    commanding   4th    Battalion,    November 

26th,  1887. 

It  may  here  be  interesting  to  note  a  few  of  the  leading  events 
in  the  history  of  this,  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  distinguished 
Regiments  in  the  Militia  service.  The  following  facts  are  therefore 
taken  from  the  "  Records  of  the  Regiment,"  compiled  by  a  local 
officer,  and  partly  from  "  Her  Majesty's  Arm},"  by  Walter 
Richards  : — 

Wre  find  an  honourable  incident  connected  with  it  so  early 
as  1642,  when  King  Charles  I.  summoned  to  his  Headquarters  at 
York,  Colonel  and  Captain  ffarington,  both  officers  of  the  Regiment. 
The  latter  subsequently  took  an  active  part  in  the  defence  of  Lathom 
House,  and  was  named  by  Charles  II.  "  Knight  of  the  Royal  Oak." 

In  the  library  of  the  House  of  Lords  there  is  a  Roll  of  Officers 
of  the  Regiment  called  for  by  Parliament,  and  supplied  by  the  Lord 
Lieutenant  of  the  County,  This  Roll  is  dated  1680.  It  was  one  of 
the  many  demanded  by  the  government  of  the  day  in  order  to  ascer- 
tain the  names  of  those  officers  who  were  Papists.  This  Roll  I  am 
able  to  publish  since  a  transcript  of  it  has  been  kindly  lent  by 
Colonel  Whalley,  who  obtained  it  direct  from  the  House  of  Lords. 


E2 


4iS 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


To  the  Right  Honble.  the  Earl  of  Sunderland,  one  of  His 
Ma'ties.    principal  Secretaries  of  State  at  Whitehall,  London. 

Knowsley,  28th  Nov.,  1680. 
My  Lord, 

In  obedience  to  His  Ma'tie's  commands  contained  in  your 
Lo'pp's  letter  of  the  19th,  I  have  enclosed  two  Lists  of  the  names  of 
all  the  Deputy  Lieutenants  and  the  Officers  of  the  Militia  under  my 
command,  and  am,  my  lord, 

Your  Lo'pp's  most  humble  servant, 

Derbv. 
Lancashire.  November  28TH,  1680. 


Deputy  Lieutenants. 


William  Spencer,  Elsq. 
Sir  Charles  Hoghton. 
Sir  Robert  Bindlos. 
Sir  Ralph  Ashton. 
Sir  Roger  Bradshaigh. 
Sir  Peter  Brooke. 
Richard  Legh,  Esq. 
Richard   Kirkby,  Esq. 
Roger  Novell    Esq. 
Edward  Fleetwood,  Esq. 


Alexander  Rigby,  Esq. 
Richard  Atherton,  Esq. 
Tho.  Norris,  Esq. 
Christopher  Bannastre. 
Tho.  Greenhalgh,  Esq., 
Lawrence  Rawstorne,  Esq. 
Miles  Dodding,  Esq. 
Thomas  Braddyll,  Esq. 
Daniel  Fleminge,  Esq. 
Curwin  Rawlinson,  Esc]. 


Colonels. 


Foot  Officers. 
I     The    Ear!    of    Derby,    Roger    Nowell,    and    Richard 


J 


Lieut. -Colonels 


Sergeant   Majors. 


Kirkby,    Esquires. 

\    Sir   Ralph  Ashton,    Lawrence  Rawstorne,  and 
I  Alexander  Rigby,  Esquires. 

I    Henry  Farrington,  John  Parker  and  William 


J 


Fleminge,  Esquires. 


Captains. 

Sir  Richard  Standish,  Thomas  Ashurst,  John   Risley,  John  Ashton, 
Alexander  Nowell,  William   Hulme,    Robert   Nowell,  Adam  Byrom, 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  419 


Thomas    Preston,    Curwin    Rawlinson,    Ralph    Longworth,  James 
Morian,  and  Christopher  Parker,  Esquires. 

r 

Lieutenants. 

Henry  Slaughter,  Esq.  ;  John  Widdowes,  Richard  Houghton,  Peter 
Standish,  Thomas  Gilliburne,  Jeoffrey  Holcroft,  John  Linnaker, 
William  Clayton,  Samuell  Bamford,  Christopher  Smith,  Thomas 
Ainsworth,  Robert  Hough,  Edward  Cockshutt,  William  Cosill, 
William  Waller,  John  Kitchen,  Randall  Hunter,  Nicholas  Atkinson, 
John    Veale,    Henry    France,    Peter    Wall,    and    Richard    Hudson, 

Gentlemen. 

Ensigns. 

Barnaby  Hesketh,  Robert  Moor,  William  Farrington,  Robert 
Markland,  Hamblett  Ashton,  John  Wilme,  John  Wright,  John 
Etough,  Henry  West,  James  Starkey,  Symon  Blakoe,  John  Lord, 
John  Heape,  William  Ashton,  William  Hoghton,  Ralph  Woodhouse, 
John  Dawson,  Walter  Chorley,  William  Higginson,  Thomas  Swar- 
brick,  Robert  Fisher,  William  Thompson,  Gentlemen. 

Q^l  Thomas   Moorcroft,    Thomas   Burne,    and    John 
UARTERMASTERS.  d     i 

J  Ryley. 

Horse  Officers. 

„  \  The  Earl  of  Derby,  Thomas  Greenhalgh,  and  Edward 

Captains.     [  'n-    u      u        • 

J  Kigby,  Lsquires. 

T  1    Henrv    Hoghton    Ralph     Eg-gerton     and    Thomas 

Lieutenants.    >  -  fe  ^         b° 

j  Lacy,    Esquires. 

Cornets: — John  Crosse,  Ralph  Browne,  Alexander  Johnson,  Esqrs. 

Q)    Richard     Hodgson,    \\ 'illiarn    Tomlinson,    and 
UARTERMASTERS.    -  t  1        i     o        i    1  r>       ^ 

I  Hugh  Hradshaw,  Gentlemen. 

Mustermaster  : — Robert  Roper,  Gentleman. 

At  the  period  the  roll  refers  to  there  was  only  one  Regiment 
which  was  divided  into  Battalions,  and  the  Officers  were  called 
upon  to  serve  just  as  emergencies  demanded. 


42o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


It  does  not  appear  what  part  the  Regiment  took  in  the 
Revolution,  but  in  1690  we  find  it  actively  employed  under  King- 
William  III.,  in  his  Irish  campaign,  fighting  at  Carrickfergus,  the 
Boyne  and  Athlone.  At  the  Jacobite  rising  in  17 15,  the  Regiment 
took  part  in  "Preston  Fight,"  losing  no  fewer  than  eleven  officers 
and  a  hundred  and  five  rank  and  file.  Some  of  the  Rebel  Pikes 
taken  on  that  occasion  are  in  the  Museum  at  Lancaster  Castle, 

The    Regiment    was   again   actively   employed   in    "the  45," 

when  the  Lancaster  Company  under  Captain  Bradshaw,  of  Halton 
Hall,  was  attached  to  a  Regiment  of  Volunteers  called  the  "Liver- 
pool Blues,"  had  several  engagements  with  the  enemy,  and  was 
present  al  the  capitulation  of  Carlisle. 

In  the  year  1759,  it  was  again  embodied,  and  two  years 
later,  furnished  a  guard  of  honour  to  receive  the  Princess  Charlotte 
when  King  George  III.  presented  new  colours  at  Warley  Camp 
Essex  :  his  Majesty  directing  that  the  Regiment  for  the  future  should 
be  termed  "His  Majesty's  Royal  Regiment  of  Lancashire  Militia," 
—that  the  Colonel's  company  should  be  termed  the  "King's 
•Companv."  The  Regiment  was  again  embodied  from  177810  1783; 
and  in  1794,  on  the  occasion  of  a  review  at  Brighton,  supplied  by 
special  order,  the  body  guard  to  the  King.  After  service  in  various 
parts  of  England,  the  Lancashire  Regiment,  in  1798,  volunteered 
for  Ireland,  and  the  following  year  was  remarkable  for  the  great 
number  of  volunteers  furnished  for  the  line;  Captain  Williamson, 
two  Officers,  and  the  whole  of  his  Company  joining  the  36th  Foot. 
Later  on  in  the  same  year  in  consequence  of  the  Supplementary 
Regiments  being  raised  it  was  ordered  to  be  called  the  1st  Royal 
Lancashire  Militia.  In  1803,  it  was  again  embodied,  and  received 
the  order  to  wear  the  Lancastrian  Red  Rose  on  its  colours.  During 
the  residence  of  the  King  at  Weymouth,  in  1805-1806,  the  Regi- 
ment was  quartered  there  as  a  guard  of  honour.  In  the  former  year 
the   King'  presented  *  Colonel  Thomas  Stanley  and  the   Officers  of 

!Ih  portrait  now  adorns  the  Shire  Hall. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  421 


the  Regiment  with  a  pair  of  "Kettle  Drums,"  which  still  adorn  the 
Officers'  Mess  Room,  and  the  following-  year  Her  Majesty,  Queen 
Charlotte,  presented  new  colours.  In  1811,  they  were  employed  in 
the  suppression  of  the  Luddite  Riots,  at  Nottingham,  and  in  1814, 
volunteered  for  Ireland,  where  previous  to  their  departure  for 
England  in  181 6,  the  Lord  Lieutenant  presented  new  colours,  upon 
which  the  Harp  of  Ireland  was  displayed. 

In  1 83 1,  the  title  of  "Duke  of  Lancaster's  Own"  was  added 
to  the  former  designation  of  the  Regiment,  and  for  many  years— 
not,  indeed,  till  1852 — were  they  called  out.  in  1853,  new  colours 
were  presented  by  Mrs.  Clifton,  wife  of  Colonel  John  Talbot 
Clifton,  the  old  colours  together  with  those  of  1806  and  1810,  were 
given  to  Colonel  Plumbe- Tempest,  the  late  commanding  officer,  who 
had^served  in  the  Regiment  for  the  long  period  of  56  years.  At  the 
time  of  the  Crimean  War  they  volunteered  for  foreign  service,  and 
proceeded  to  the  Ionian  Islands,  being  quartered  at  Fano,  Paxo 
Santa  Maura,  and  neighbouring  Islands,  in  recognition  of  which 
service  the  word  "Mediterranean"  was  ordered  to  be  borne  as  a  dis- 
tinction on  their  colours.  In  1870,  Mrs.  Clifton  again  presented  new 
colours,  the  previous  pair  being  given  to  Colonel  Clifton.  They 
again  volunteered  to  serve  abroad,  in  1876-7,  when  relations  with 
Russia  assumed  a  threatening  aspect ;  an  offer  which  was  again  made 
during  the  Egyptian  complications  of  1882,  and  which  obtained  for 
the  Commanding  Officer,  (Colonel  Stanley,  M.P.),  the  well  merited 
compliments  of  the  then  Secretary  of  State  for  War  in  the  House  of 
Commons;  during  that  year  the  Regiment  was  quartered  in 
Preston.  A  second  Battalion  of  the  Regiment  having  been  formed 
in  1877,  m  1880  Lady  Constance  Stanley,  wife  of  Colonel  Stanley, 
presented  them  with  their  first  set  ot  colours. 

In    1889,    the   Regiment    celebrated    the  bi-centenary   ot    the 

expedition  to  Ireland  in  1689,  under  William  [II,  when  the  Officers 
commemorated  the  event  by  a  large  Ball,  at  Morecambe,  where  over 
400  friends  of  the  Officers  congratulated  them  upon  the  auspicious 
anniversary.       During   the   present   year,    the   Regiment   was   aug- 


422  TIME-HONOURED    EANCASTER. 


merited  by  two  more  companies  to  each  battalion;  it  now  consists 
of  1 6  companies,  with  a  strength  of  one  thousand,  seven  hundred 
Officers  and  Men. 

Pages  505-9,  Volume  11,  Macfarlane  and  Thompson's 
"History  of  England,"  give  the  fullest  accounts  of  the  battle  in 
Parliament  over  the  Militia  Bill,  in  the  time  of  Charles  I. 

On  the  most  elevated  part  of  the  Lancaster  Cemetery  is  a 
large  Monument,  which  is  inscribed  thus:  — 

Crimea. 

TO 

THE    IMPERISHABLE    MEMORY    OF 

THE    BRAVE 

SOLDIERS    AND    SAILORS, 

NATIVES    OF    LANCASTER    AND    THE    NEIGHBOURHOOD, 

WHO    FELL    IN    THE    RUSSIAN    WAR, 

A.D.     MDCCCLIV.V.  VI. 

THIS  MONUMENT 

ERECTED    BY    PUBLIC    SUBSCRIPTIONS 

IS    DEDICATED. 

Privates  Matthew  Fell,  2 3RD  royal  welsh  fusiliers;  Robert 
Kirk,  44TH  regiment;  W.  H.  L.  Quittenton,  49TH  regiment; 
Richard  Brown,  55TH  regiment  ;  Ralph  Blezard,  72ND 
regiment:  William  Whitehead,  land  transport  corps; 
Seaman  Edward  Parkinson,  h.m.s.  valiant  ;  Gunner  William 
Yere,  royal  artillery;  Privates  William  Lund,  Stephen 
Hayhurst,  William  Grime,  Thomas  Miller,  3RD  batt. 
grenadier  guards;  Private  Daniel  Thompson,  scots  fusilier 
guards;  Lance-Corporal  James  Waterhouse,  Private  Wm. 
Leadbetter,  17TH  royals;  Privates  William  Dawson, 
George  Nimmo,  William  Raby,  4TH  foot;  Private  Robert 
Gardner,  21ST  n.i\  fusiliers. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  423 


The  Lancaster  King  of  Arms  and  The  Lancaster  Herald. 

The  former  title  was  originally  granted  by  Henry  VI.,  the  Herald  "  King  of 
Anns  '  being  anterior  to  that  period  "Anjou  King  of  Arms."  The  Col  ■  nian  MSS. 
contains  a  record  oi  the  alteration,  and  history  generally,  gives  inform   1  mcerning 

the  marriage  of  Henry  VI.  to  .Margaret  of  Anjou,  daughter  of  Reguier,  titular  Kin 
Sicilly,    Naples  and  Jerusalem.      It  appears  that  when  the   French   province  of  the 
Maine,    was    ceded  to   Charles,    uncle    of   Margaret,     Henry    VI.    "by    a    singular 
coincidence  changed  the  title  uf  '  Anjou  King  of  Arms  '  in  the  Heralds'  ( lollege  to  that 
of  Lancaster  King  uf  Anns. 

In  a  list  of  new  years' gifts  presented  by  Henry  VI.,  A.D.  1436,  to  the 
Lancaster  Herald,  a>  well  as  to  a  person  who  was  then  created  "  Poursuivant  ol  Ann.-" 
by  the  title  of  Collar,  there  is  a  silver  bell  fur  each,  but  the  object  of  this  is  not 
readily  discerned.  The  change  occurred  at  "  the  Feast  of  Allehallowene,"  when  the 
King  "  gaf  to  an  Heraude  King  of  Arms,  afore  that  tyme  called  Aunjoye,  and  there 
at  that  fest  his  name  changed  and  called  Lancaster  j  belle  of  sylver,  weying  xvi. 
unc,  and  another  belle  of  sylver  at  that  tyme  delv'd  to  one  that  was  pursevant,  and 
thence  called  coler,  the  which  weyed  viii.  unc.  Cotton  MSS."  This  quaint  record 
is  signed  "  W.  Philyp  Chamb'lein."  The  office  oi  Lancaster  Herald  has  been  held 
for  man}  centuries,  but  much  difficulty  has  been  experienced  in  distinguishing  those 
who  were  actually  Kings  of  Arms  from  those  who  were  Heralds  under  the  same 
designation.  The  styles  of  Lancaster  and  York  Heralds  are  supposed  to  have  been 
derived  from  the  Dukedoms  of  York  and  Lancaster  enjoyed  by  two  of  the  .sons  of 
Edward  III,  John  of  Gaunt,  Duke  of  Lancaster,  and  Edmond  of  Langley,  Duke  of 
York.  The  following  is  a  list  ol  persons  who  have  held  the  office  oi  Lancaster 
Herald  from  the  time  ol  Henry  VI11. 

Thomas  Wall,  Bluemantle  Pursuivant,  appointed  Lancaster,  by  patent, 
dated  3rd  April,  1st  Henry  VIII.,  1510.      Promoted  to  Norroy,    May,    1 516. 

William  Jenyns,  Guisnes,  Pursuivant,  appointed  Lancaster,  by  patent,  22nd 
May,  8th  Henry  VIII.,  1516.      Died  circa,  19th  Henry  VIII. 

William  Fellow  e,  Portcullis  Pursuivant,  created  Lancaster,  Allhallows  Day, 
1st  November,  10th  Henr)  VIII.,  1527.      Promoted  to  Norroy,  July,   1 5.V ■. 

Thomas  Miller,  Rouge  Dragon  Pursuivant,  created  Lancaster,  yth  July, 
28th  Henry  VIII.,  1530.      Died  30th  Henry  VIII. 

Fulke  ap  Howell,  Rouge  Dragon  Pursuivant,  appointed  Lancaster,  by  patent 
28th  April,  31st  Henry  VIII.,  1539. 

Nicholas  Tubman,  Rouge  Croix  Pursuivant,  appointed  Lancaster,  by 
patent,  dated  22nd  of  November,  1st  Mary,  1553.      Died,  8th  January,  [st  Elizal 

1559- 

John   Cook,    Portcullis    Pursuivant,   appointed    Lancaster,   by  patent,  da 

7th  March,  1st  Elizabeth,  1559.      Died  at  Amsterdam,  17th  March,    1585. 


424  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Nicholas  Paddy,  Rougue  Dragon  Pursuivant,  appointed  Lancaster,  by  patent, 
dated  7th  June,  30th  Elizabeth,  1558. 

Francis  Thynne,  appointed  Lancaster  by  patent,  dated  24th  October,  44th 
Elizabeth,  1602.      Died  Circa,  1608. 

Nicholas  Charles,  appointed  Lancaster,  by  patent,  dated  19th  November, 
6th  James  L,  1608.      Died  19th  November,  1613. 

William  Penson,  appointed  Lancaster,  by  patent,  dated  29th  April,  15th 
fames,  161 7.     Died  20th  April,  1637, 

Thomas  Hampson,  Rouge  Dragon  Pursuivant,  appointed  Lancaster,  by 
patent,  dated  17th  May,  1637.      Died  in  December,  1641. 

William  Riley,  Bluemantle  Pursurviant,  appointed  Lancaster,  by  patent, 
November,  17th  Charles  I.,  1641.      Died  in  July,  1667. 

George  Barkham,  became  Lancaster,  during  the  usurpation. 

Robert  Chaloner.  Bluemantle  Pursuviant,  created  Lancaster,  14th  November, 

1667.     Died,  16th  November,  1675. 

Francis    Sandford,    Rouge    Dragon    Pursuviant,    created    Lancaster,    16th 

November,  1675.      Surrendered  soon  after  the  Revolution.     Died  17th  January,  1694. 

Gregory  King,  Rouge  Dragon  Pursuviant,  appointed  Lancaster,  by  patent, 
dated  7th  July,  16S9.      Died  29th  August,  1712. 

Ronald  Fryth,  Mowbray,  Herald  Extraordinary,  appointed  Lancaster,  by 
patent,  dated  14th  November,   nth  Anne,  1712,  and  died  7th  December,  1712. 

John  Hesketh,  Portcullis  Pursuivant,  created  Lancaster,  by  patent  dated, 
4th  June,  I2th  Anne,  1 7 13.      Surrendered  18th  May,  13th  George  I.,  1727. 

Stephen  Martin  Leake,  appointed  Lancaster,  by  patent  dated  1st  June,  13th 
George  I.,  1727.      Promoted  to  Norroy  December,  1729. 

Charles  Greene,  Arundel  Herald  Extraordinary,  appointed  Lancaster,  by 
patent,  dated  18th  December,  1729,  3rd  George  II.      Died  14th  January,  174201-  '43. 

Thomas  Browne,  Bluemantle  Pursuivant,  appointed  Lancaster,  by  patent, 
dated  5th  of  May,  17th  George  II.,  1744-      Promoted  to  Norroy  May,  1761. 

Isaac  Heard,  Bluemantle  Pursuivant,  appointed  Lancaster,  by  patent,  dated 
3rd  July,  isl  George  III.,  1761.      Promoted  to  Norroy  October,  1774. 

Thomas  Lock,  Rouge  Dragon  Pursuivant,  appointed  Lancaster,    by   patent, 

dated  loth  November,    15th   George   III.,    1774.      Promoted   to    Norroy   November, 

17S1. 

Charles  Townley,  Bluemantle  Pursuivant,  appointed    Lancaster,    by   patent, 

dated  24th  December,  22nd  George  III.,  1781.      Surrendered  14th  July,  33rd  George 

III.,  1793. 

Edmund  Lodge,  Bluemantle  Pursuivant,  appointed  Lancaster,  by  patent, 
dated  29th  October,  34th  George  III.,  1793.      Promoted  to  Norroy  June,  1822. 

George  Frederick  Belz,  Portcullis  Pursuivant,  appointed  Lancaster,  by 
patent,  dated  4th  June,  3rd  George  III.,  1822.      Died  23rd  October,  1S41. 

Albert  William  Woods.  Esq.,  (Norfolk  Herald  Extraordinary),  Portcullis 
Pursuivant,  appointed  Lancaster,  by  patent,  dated  9th  November,  1841. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  425 


Sit  Albert  William  Woods,  l-'.S.  A.R.H.,  was  Garter  King  of  Arms  from 
1838  to  1842.  He  was  burn  in  1816,  and  married  Caroline,  daughter  of  Robert  Cole, 
of  Rotherfield,  Sussex.  Lancaster  Herald  up  to  1869;  Registrar  of  the  College  of 
Anns,  from  1806  to  1869  ;  Garter  Principal  King  of  Arms  from  1869;  Inspect 
Regimental  Colours,  from  1842  ;  Registrar  and  Secretary  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath; 
Registrar  of  the  Order  of  the  Star  of  India;  and  King  of  Arms  to  the  Order  of  St. 
Michael  and  St.  George. 

Present  Lancaster  Herald,  E.  Bellasis,  Esqre. 

"  In  A.D.  1412,  Henry  V.  granted  to  Henry  de  Percy,  Karl  of  Northumber- 
land, in  fee,  the  Island,  Castle,  Lordship,  &c.,  of  Man,  together  with  all  Islands, 
Manors,  &c,  and  the  patronage  of  the  episcopacy  of  the  said  Island,  w  ith  full  liberties 
by  the  service  of  carrying,  on  the  days  of  the  coronation  of  the  Kings  and  his  heirs, 
on  the  left  shoulder,  or  shoulder  of  the  King,  by  himself  or  a  sufficient  and  honourable 
deputy,  that  his  naked  sword  with  which  we  were  girded  when  we  went  into  the 
pans  of  Holderness,  called  'The  Lancaster  Sword,'  during  the  procession,  and  during 
the  whole  time  of  the  coronation  aforesaid."  From  Pars.  Pal.  Rot  de  Anno  1st 
Hen.    I '.  in.  ?j. 

An  Ancient  Mineral  Spring. 

On  page  305  of  Simpson's  "Lancaster"  allusion  is  made  to  the  mineral 
spring  situated  on  the  north  side  of  the  road  leading  from  Moor  Lane,  below 
the  Poor  House,  and  said  to  have  been  known  to  the  Romans.  It  is  a  chalybeate 
and  slightly  saline.  Dr.  Charles  Leigh,  in  his  works  on  "  The  Natural  History  of 
Lancaster,  published  in  the  year  1700,  states  that  '"  near  to  a  noble  seat  called  Ashton 
Hall,  about  two  miles  from  Lancaster,  which  seat  is  now  in  the  possession  ol  the 
Right  Honourable  the  Lady  Gerrard,  of  Bromley,  from  a  white  marie  issues  a  pleasant 
and  smooth  water,  remarkable  for  its  agreeable  taste  and  lightness.  This  water  is 
lighter  by  an  ounce  in  a  pint  than  any  I  have  seen  in  these  parts.  Now,  all  waters 
containing  more  or  less  earthly  particles,  and  the  various  consistences  and  quantities 
of  those  differing  from  one  another  in  gravity,  it  may  be  imagined  that  this  water 
receives  its  oily  taste  and  lightness  from  the  white  marie,  that  being  an  oily  and  light 
body,  and  the  best  tillage  this  country  affords." 

*  Royal  Visits. 

In  regard  to  Royal  Visits,  we  find  that  in  1206  King-  John 
held  his  court  in  Lancaster  Castle  and  received  the  French  ambas- 
sadors at  the  same  ;  and,  likewise,  the  homage  of  Alexander  of 
Scotland  for  a  portion  of  his  territories  held  under  the  English 
Crown.       Henry    IV.,    as    we    have    seen,    also   held    his   court    at 

*  Visits  during  time  of  war  not  included  here.       (  Vide  Civil  Wars  and  Rebellions). 


426  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Lancaster  August  12th,  1409.  Coming"  to  1 61 7,  we  learn  that 
King*  James  visited  the  town  and  castle,  and  released  the  prisoners 
therein.  In  1803  (September  21st),  Prince  Erederick  William 
visited  Lancaster  from  his  Liverpool  residence,  St.  Domingo  House, 
and  paid  a  second  visit  in  the  September  of  1804,  accompanied  by 
his  father,  the  Duke  of  Gloucester,  brother  of  George  III.  On  the 
8th  of  October,  1851,  Queen  Victoria  and  the  Prince  Consort,  with 
several  of  their  family,  were  entertained  at  Lancaster,  and  in  the 
Castle  received  a  presentation  of  the  ancient  keys  of  this  ancient 
stronghold  of  their  ancestors.  Visits  of  foreign  potentates  and 
other  distinguished  persons  will  be  given  elsewhere. 

Jubilee  of  Queen  Victoria 

The  Jubilee  of  Queen  Victoria  was  marked  by  a  display  of 
enthusiasm  unsurpassed  by  any  city  or  borough  in  the  three 
kingdoms.  Banquets,  amusements,  and  p\  rotechnic  devices  caused 
the  whole  town  to  be  be  alive  until  midnight  for  three  nights,  and  a 
torchlight  procession,  in  which  the  royal  and  other  characters 
connected  with  Lancaster  and  its  history  were  admirably  hit  off. 
There  was  high  festival  on  every  hand  ;  the  poor  were  not 
forgotten,  but  well  entertained,  both  in  the  Market  Hall  and  at 
home,  and  everything  went  off  as  merrily  as  could  be  desired  ;  very 
little  abuse  occurring  in  the  shape  of  noise  and  intoxication. 

Lancaster  Coins,   &c. 

History  and  antiquity  can  boast  few  richer  fields  than  "  Time- 
honoured  Lancaster,"  fur  in  every  department  the  old  city  stands 
right  out  to  the  front.  We  learn  that  even  in  numismatology  the 
town  has  no  mean  rank.  Among  the  coins  struck  in  Lancaster 
were  a  penny  of  Ethelred  II.  with  the  letters  "  Lanstf "  thereon  ; 
and  one  of  Cnut  bearing  the  abbreviation  "  Lan."  A  penny  of  Henry 
II.  which  reads  "  Lanss  "  on  the  reverse  also  indicates  an  issue  from 
the  Lancaster  mint.  About  5,700  coins  of  Henry  II.  were  discovered 
at  Tealby,  in  Lincolnshire,  in  1807,  man}-  of  which  bore  the  letters 


TIML-HOXOURED    LANCASTER.  \2j 


"  Lanst,"   and   these   coins   form   the   earliest    record    of  a   mint   in 
Lancaster. 

Man\-  coins  have  been  found  in  the  neighbourhood,  some  so 
much  defaced  as  to  be  incapable  of  being  made  out.  One  however 
of  silver,  of  the  time  oi'  Antoninus,  was  thus  inscribed  :  —  Obverse 
M.    ANTONINUS    AUG.    ARM.    PARTH.    MAX.       Reverse    QTR.   XXP.   II.    IMP. 

IIII.   cos.    in.    the  coin  is  supposed  to  date  from  the  year    169.      It 
was  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Shepherd. 

A  copper  coin  in  good  preservation  was  also  discovered 
inscribed  "  1  avstixa  avgvsta,"  on  the  reverse  side  was  a  figure 
standing  with  this  legend  "iVNONI    REGINAE  s.    C." 

A  coin  was  found  in  the  churchyard  inscribed  : — "constantius 
xob.  chf.s."  A  silver  piece  of  the  time  of  the  Emperor  Otho  was 
also  unearthed  in  the  garden  of  Joseph  Dockray,  Esq.,  below-  St. 
Mary's  Church,  in  1834.  The  legend  round  the  bust  of  this 
Emperor,  who  reigned  a.d.  69,  is  thus: — "  imp.  m.  otho.  cvesar. 
avg.  tr.  p."  On  the  reverse  side: — "  secvritas.  p.  r.,"  sur- 
rounding a  figure,  bearing  in  the  right  hand  a  chaplet,  and  in  the 
left   a  spear.       The   inscriptions   on   this    coin    are  : — "  imperatore 

MARCO  OTHOXE  C.ESARE  AVGUSTO  TRIBUNITIA  POTESTATE"  and  "SECUR- 

ITAS  populi  romani." 

Mr.  John  Dickinson,  a  stonemason,  found  an  ancient 
Roman  coin  in  our  old  churchyard  about  this  time.  The  coin 
was  one  of  Licinus  Valerius,  A.D.  307.  An  ancient  coin  of  the 
time  of  the  Emperor  Domitian  was  discovered  in  June,  1844,  near 
to  the  Castle.  Domitian  died  a.d.  96.  In  October  1847,  a  Roman 
cinerary  was  found  in  Queen's  Square,  made  of  unburnt  clay,  and 
18  inches  in  height.  It  contained  burnt  bones  and  the  skull  of  a 
child.  It  was  long  in  the  possession  of  Miss  Heaton,  who  resided 
near  to  the  place  of  its  discovery.  In  1840,  while  digging  the 
foundation  of  St  Thomas's  Church  a  similar  urn  was  found,  and  in 
1849,    an   iron-spear   head,    while   digging   for   the  junction    of  the 


428  TLME-HOXOURED    LANCASTER. 

North  Western  and  Carlisle  Railways  at  the  point  where  they  meet 
in  Marsh  Lane.  Several  gold  coins  of  the  reigns  of  Henry  IV.  and 
Edward  VI.  were  discovered  in  the  gardens  of  the  Silk  Mill  on  the 
22nd  of  March  1849. 

Lancaster  Tokens. 

From  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth  to  that  of  Charles  II.  the 
Lancaster  tradesmen  were  in  the  habit  of  coining  small  money  or 
tokens  for  sake  of  convenience.  The  materials  of  which  they  were 
made  consisted  of  lead,  tin,  copper,  and  brass  ;  the  figures  and  devices 
were  various.  "  Every  community,  tradesman,  or  tradeswoman 
that  issued  this  useful  kind  of  specie  was  obliged  to  take  it  again 
when  presented  for  payment,  and  therefore  in  large  towns  where 
many  sorts  of  them  were  current  a  tradesman  kept  a  sorting  box, 
into  the  partitions  of  which  he  put  the  money  of  the  respective 
tradesmen,  and  at  proper  times,  when  he  had  a  large  quantity  of 
one  person's  money,  he  sent  it  to  him  and  got  it  changed  into  silver, 
and  in  this  manner  they  proceeded  until  the  year  1672,  when  Charles 
II.  having  struck  a  sufficient  quantity  of  halfpence  and  farthings  for 
the  exigencies  of  commerce,  the  memmorium famuli  were  superseded, 
and  those  practices  of  the  tradesman  were  no  longer  useful  or 
necessary,"  This  statement  is  from  the  "  History  of  Knaresboro," 
by  Hargrove.  The  Lancaster  penny  is  thus  described:  Obverse, 
a  view  of  the  Gateway  Tower  of  Lancaster  Castle  :  legend  "  Lan- 
caster Castle."  Reverse,  a  view  of  the  Bridge  ;  legend,  "Lancaster 
Bridge."  In  the  exergue  (or  lower  part  of  the  side  of  the  coin)  is 
the  name,    "A.  Seward,"  with  date  "  1794." 

Amongst  Lancaster  Halfpennies  we  find  about  twenty  of  them 
described,  and  notes  as  to  those  issuing  them.  The  first  contained  on 
its  obverse  a  head  in  profile,  legend,  "Daniel  Eccleston,  Lancaster." 
Reverse,  a  ship,  plough,  and  shuttle  ;  legend  "  Lancaster  Half- 
penny "  Exergue,  "  Agricut.  Manufact.,  and  -Commerce."  Edge, 
"  Payable  in  Lancaster,  Liverpool,  and  Manchester."  The  second 
represents  on  its  obverse  a  coronetted   head  in  profile,  a  small   star 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  429 


under  the  head;  legend  "John  of  Gaunt,  Duke  of  Lancaster." 
reverse,  the  Arms  of  Lancaster;  leg-end,  "  Lancaster  Halfpenny, 
1791."  Edge,  "Payable  at  the  warehouse  of  Thomas  Worswick 
and  Sons."  Mr.  Blaylock,  of  the  Lancaster  Observer  Office,  has  a 
large  collection  of  coins,  chiefly  English,  many  of  which  are 
valuable  in  antiquarian  and  other  senses.  Mr.  John  Atkinson,  of 
the  Lancaster  Gazette  has  an  excellent  "  Eccleston  token." 

The  Probate  Court. 

The  District  Registrar  of  the  Probate  Court  is  Mr.  J. 
Douglas  Willan,  who  suceeded  Mr.  H.  W.  Lord  in  the  early  part 
of  1891.  The  oldest  wills  in  this  office  of  the  archdeaconry  only  go 
back  to  1673,  and  appertain  to  Halton.  Other  documents  date 
chiefly  from  1748.  The  Richmond  Wills,  originally  kept  at  Rich- 
mond, dated  from  1457  to  1748,  were  transferred  1o  London  some 
years  ago. 

Post  Office. 

The  Lancaster  Post  Office,  deserves  some  attention,  At  one 
time  (1825)  the  office  was  under  the  control  of  Miss  Elizabeth  Noon, 
whose  mother,  a  widow,  had  a  straw  bonnet  shop  fronting  the 
Market-place,  the  Post  Office  being  behind  her  premises  and  under 
the  road  to  the  Shambles.  Miss  Noon  managed  the  office  for  about 
eighteen  years.  After  her  time  the  office  was  removed  to  the  corner 
of  Sun  Street,  and  the  post  mistress  was  Mrs.  Glasson,  widow  of  a 
naval  officer.  Again  the  office  was  removed  to  Market-street,  near 
to  Alderman  Seward's  premises,  which  have  been  greatly  altered 
since  that  time.  After  Mrs.  Glasson,  Mr.  L.  Hew  itt  was  appointed 
postmaster  in  1853,  and  his  retirement  near  the  year  1880  was 
necessitated  by  ill  health.  During  Mr.  Hewitt's  time  the  office  was 
once  more  removed  to  its  present  location — New-street,  and  on  the 
24th  May,  1880,  Mr.  Thomas  Murgatroyd  Priestley  was  appointed 
postmaster.  This  gentleman,  the  present  master,  has  introduced 
many    beneficial     changes,     and     has    always     studied    the    public 


43Q  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


requirements  in  every  possible  manner  so  far  as  his  powers  allowed, 
and  it  is  only  just  to  state  that  he  is  deservedly  esteemed.  A  new 
post  office,  or  premises  more  suited  to  the  evergrowing  demands  of 
the  postal  business,  will  shortly  greet  the  eye,  negotiations  now- 
being  in  progress  in  order  to  realise  this  desideratum.  Mr.  Priestley 
has  twenty-nine  suburban  offices  under  his  control,  some  of  which 
extend  into  Yorkshire.  It  may  be  added  that  most,  if  not  all,  of 
the  Lancaster  branch  offices  and  pillar  boxes  have  been  established 
during  the  present  postmaster's  regime. 

In  1647,  James  Hardman,  an  innkeeper,  was  postmaster  of 
Lancaster.  He  was  also  parish  clerk.  (Register,  St.  Mary.  J  The 
following  is  taken  from  the  records  of  St.  Martin-le-grand.  It  is  an 
official  list. 

Postmasters  of  Lancaster. 

John  Tarlton,  appointed  in  1690;  John  Powell,  1695; 
Christopher  Hopkins,  1 7 1 7  ;  Ann  Hopkins,  1722;  John  Mc  Milan, 
1739;  Jane  Mc  Milan,  1764;  John  Mc  Milan,  1769;  Barbara  Mc 
Milan,  1776;  William  Varker,  1788;  Thomas  Noon,  1799;  Elizabeth 
Noon,  1810;  Mrs.  Glasson,  1833;  Lawrence  Hewitt,  1853 ;  Thomas 
M.  Priestley,  1880. 

When  Mr.  Priestley  came  in  18S0,  there  were  only  five  letter 
carriers,  now  there  are  twenty,  independent  of  rural  posts.  The 
Post  Office  has  been  in  Church  Street,  at  the  corner  of  New  Street, 
where  the  old  Amicable  Library  used  to  be,  since   November,  1868. 

Owing  to  Mr.  Williamson's  exertions  the  postal  and  railway 
facilities  ol  Lancaster  have  been  increased,  and  now  letters,  not 
many  years  ago  despatchable  only  from  the  principal  office,  can  be 
posted  in  all  the  suburbs  of  the  town,  for  there  are  now  branch 
offices  and  pillar  or  wall  boxes  in  all  parts.  Cheap  market  trains 
have  been  running  for  some  time  at  reduced  fares  for  distances  of 
ten  miles  north  and  south  of  Lancaster.  But  perhaps  the  greatest 
benefit  to  agriculturists  particularily,  consists  of  the  purchase  of  the 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  431 


tolls,    which    amounted    to   a    large   sum,    in    order  that    Lancastei 

might   he  approached  on  the  part  of  farmers  free  from  toll  expense. 

The  Lancaster  Borough  Waits,  established  in  1856,  deserve 
mention.  Their  notices  bear  upon  them  the  arms  of  the  borough, 
with  the  words  in  Roman  capitals,  "By  your  kind  permission,'' and 
then  follows  the  couplet- 

Underneath  my  window  where  the  snow  lies  white. 
I  can  hear  sweet  music  playing  in  the  night. 

At  the  foot  are  the  words — 

Flute,  violin,  concertina,  violoncello. 

Bellmen  of  the  Century. 

Of  the  century's  town  criers  or  bellmen,  I  give  this  list: 
James  Dixon,  died  1798.  William  Naylor,  who  was  a  fine  portly 
individual  with  as  much  sense  of  dignity  as  if  he  had  been  mayor. 
He  held  office  28  years,  and  died  April  6th,  1828.  After  him  came 
Abraham  Hodgson,  appointed  about  October,  1 83 1 ,  or  then  officially- 
noted  in  the  local  press.  He  held  office  50  years,  I  am  told. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Thomas  Jennings.  Then  there  came  Philip 
Woodburn  ;  followed  by  Edwin  Hall,  who  did  not  hold  office  long. 
James  Dunderdale  was  next.  He  had  also  a  short  "belling"  career, 
and  was  succeeded  by  George  William  Fardo,  resigned  November, 
1888.      The  present  street  orator  is  William  Dawson. 

A  word  concerning  "Bellman's  Parrock."  The  origin  of 
Bellman's  Parrock  is  thus  given  in  "Gleanings  in  Local  History," 
June  10th,  1882.  It  seems  to  have  been  the  practise  for  each  free- 
man entitled  to  a  marsh  grass,  who  did  not  require  it  for  his  own 
use,  to  let  it  privately.  The  grasses  which  were  not  disposed  of 
were  afterwards  let  by  auction  to  the  bellman,  who  had  the  parrock 
accorded  to  him  for  his  trouble. 

Oir  Old  Houses. 

Man}-  of  the  old  houses  in  Lancaster  are  well  worth  a  visit, 
not  only  by  the  antiquarian  and  historically-minded  individuals,  but 


432  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


by  that  body  of  strange  latter  day  tradesmen  known  as  jerry 
builders.  Apart  from  the  old-fashioned  luxurious  adornment,  which 
in  the  shape  of  fine  mahogany  doors  and  carved  lintels  and  wains- 
coting characterised  some  of  the  habitations  of  the  past,  there  is 
the  strongly  common  sense  quadrangular  style,  indicative  of  comfort 
and  convenience,  deserving  of  the  greatest  commendation.  Here 
is  the  old  home  of  Mr.  Satterthwaite,  in  Castle  Park,  near  to  that 
of  Mr.  Edmund  Rigby  ;  while  adjacent  are  the  houses  once  occupied 
by  the  Tathams,  Sandersons,  Rawlinsons,  Buckleys,  and  Jacksons. 

There  is  one  house  in  Church  Street  which  has  interested  me 
beyond  all  others  on  account  of  the  prominent  coat-of- arms  which  is 
let  into  the  wall  over  the  fireplace  of  the  first  room,  in  the  front 
office  of  Mr.  Councillor  Molyneux.  It  is  on  a  board,  and  the  frame- 
work round  it  is,  like  the  painting,  a  fixture.  Beneath  is  a  repre- 
sentation of  some  abbey  which  many  have  considered  was  that  of 
Furness.  I  have  made  inquiries  with  the  view  of  supporting  or 
contradicting  my  belief  in  the  arms  being  those  of  either  Thomas, 
second  Lord  Monteagle,  K.B.,  June  ist,  1533,  who  died  August 
18th,  1560,  and  was  interred  at  Melling  (page  95,  Seacombe's  House 
of  Stanley),  or  of  James,  tenth  earl,  who  married  Mary,  only  daughter 
of  Sir  William  Morky,  of  Halnaear,  and  an  heiress,  born  September 
8th,  1667,  by  whom  he  had  one  only  son,  named  William,  born  31st 
January,  1709-10,  who  lived  but  three  months,  dying  of  smallpox 
on  the  4th  of  March.     The  earl  died  ist  February,  1735. 

The  house  is  the  property  of  Mr.  Molyneux,  and  was  first 
erected  according  to  an  old  date  once  discovered  (but  ruthlesslv 
removed)  in  the  year  15 13.  Formerly  all  the  panelling  bore 
paintings,  but  modern  vandalism  has  obliterated  them  almost 
entirely,  the  only  two  portraits  remaining  being  one  at  the  top  of  a 
cupboard,  and  a  large  one,  that  of  a  lady,  at  the  foot  of  the  stair- 
case. Fortunately,  Mr.  Molyreux  is  a  virtuoso  himself,  therefore, 
the  fragments  that  remain  are  not  likely  to  meet  with  further 
damage  or  molestation.      The  arms  are  as  follow: — 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  43; 


1.  Argent,  on  a  bend  azure,  three  bucks'  heads  cabossed, 
Or;  for  Stanley 

2.  Or,  upon  a  chief  indented  az.,  three  plates,  for  Lathom. 

3.  Gules,  three  legs,  coupled  and  conjoined  at  the  thighs, 
in  armour  argent,  for  the  Isle  of  Man. 

4.  Cheeky,  or  and  azure,  for  Warren. 

5.  Gules,  two  lions  passant,  in  pale  argent,  for  Strange. 

6.  Argent,  a  fesse  and  canton  gules,  for  Woodville. 

7.  Or,  a  cross  engrailed  sable,  for  Bohunc. 

8.  Azure,  a  lion  rampant  argent,  for  Mont  all. 

And  upon  an  escutcheon  of  pretence,  sable,  a  leopard's  head 
jessant,  a  fleur  de  lis  or,  for  Morley. 

Crest:  On  a  chapeau  gules,  turned  to  ermine,  an  eagle  or, 
preying  upon  an  infant  in  its  cradle  proper,  with  wings  expanded. 

Supporters,  on  the  dexter  a  griffin,  and  on  the  sinister  a 
buck,  both  or  and  gorged  with  plain  collars  and  chains,  azure 
reflected  over  their  backs. 

The  motto  of  the  Stanleys  is  Sans  Changer. —  Without  change ; 
but  here  is  a  change  which  is  considerably  puzzling,  not  less  so  than 
the  political  vicssitudes  through  which  the  noble  house  o\'  Stanley 
has  passed.  In  this  instance  the  motto  is  Dominus  quis  proliibct 
spcrarc  meliora  adjutor.  (The  Lord  is  the  upholder  of  those  who 
hope  for  the  best).  James,  tenth  Earl,  was  Earl  of  Derby,  Lord 
Stanley,  Lord  Strange,  Baron  of  Weeton,  Viscount  Kinton,  Lord 
Mohun,  Lord  Barnwell,  Lord  Basset  and  Lacy;  Lord  Charfcellor 
and  Lord  Leiutenant  of  the  Duchy  and  County  Palatine  of  Lancaster 
and  vice-Admiral  of  the  same.  Lord  Chamberlain  of  the  city  and 
County  Palatine  of  Chester  ;  captain  of  the  yeomen  of  the  guards  ; 
one  of  his  Majesty's  most  honourable  Privy  Council,  and  Lord  o\ 
Man  and  the  Isles. 

The  history  of  the  Stanleys  is  half  the  history  of  England. 

The  Earldom  of  Derby  is  derived,  not  from  the  county  town 
of  Derbyshire,  but  from  the  Hundred  of  West  Derby  in  Lancashire. 


F2 


434  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


There  have  been  Lords  Stoneley  or  Standley  from  time  immemorial. 
My  own  belief  is  that  the  present  aspect  of  the  house  in  Church 
Street  in  which  the  armorial  insignia  appear,  is  little  to  go  by,  for 
it  was  doubtless  re-built  at  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and 
greatly  altered  since.  The  arms  may  be  those  of  Thomas,  second 
Lord  Monteagle. 

As  for  the  sketch  of  the  ruins  beneath,  they  may  be  those  of 
Furness  Abbey.  If  the  sketch  is  of  the  same  period  as  the  arms, 
and  it  appears  to  be,  it  coincides  with  the  possible  suppression  of 
this  abbey,  though  hardly  with  its  ruined  appearance.  But  only 
here  and  there  are  there  any  signs  of  demolition  in  the  picture. 
The  present  Lord  Derby  knew  nothing  whatever  about  these  inter- 
esting features,  and  on  all  hands  I  find  only  conjectures  more  or  less 
credible.  The  figure  at  the  foot  of  the  stairs  is  a  large  painting  on 
the  wall  oi'  a  lady  whom  some  have  supposed  to  be  the  heroic  de- 
fender of  Latham,  Charlotte  de  la  Tremouille,  countess  of  the 
unfortunate  James,  seventh  Earl  of  Derby,  beheaded  at  Bolton-le- 
moors,  on  the  15th  October,  165 1 .  October  has  ever  been  a  critical 
month  for  the  Stanleys,  death  and  disaster  having  generally  occurred 
to  the  members  of  this  distinguished  family  in  that  month.  It  was 
in  1485,  at  the  battle  of  Bosworth  Field,  that  the  father-in-law  of 
the  first  of  the  Tudor  line  of  Sovereigns  was  created  Earl  of  Derby, 
in  the  month  October.*    The  late  Earl  of  Derby  died  October,  1869. 

Then,  again,  a  little  farther,  observe  the  house  of  a  somewhat 
Spanish  style,  with  the  date  1684  thereon,  erected  by  the  ancestor 
of  Sir  Ughtred  Ray  Shuttleworth,  and  some  really  good  builders' 
work  greets  you.  Most  of  the  older  houses  are  dated.  The  offices  of 
.Messrs.  Maxsted  and  Gibson,  solicitors,  are  part  of  the  house  erected 
by  Lord  Fauconberg,  while  another  house  hard  by  was  built  by  one 
of  the  Wilsons,  of  Dallam  Tower.  Rowland,  Lord  Falconberg, 
died  on  the  30th  of  November,  1810,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
brother  Charles  Bellasis  who  became  eighth  Baronet  and  seventh 
Lord  Viscount  Fauconberg.      At  his  death  the  title  became  extinct. 


It  was  in  October,  165 1,  that  James,  seventh  Earl  of  Derby,  was  beheaded. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  435 


Here  is  the  announcement  of  the  last  Lord  Fauconberg's 
death:  -"On  Wednesday,  June  21st,  1815,  the  Right  Hon.  and 
Reverend  Charles  Lord  Fauconberg  died,  at  his  house  in  Thurnham 
Street,  ag'ed  65.  His  lordship  was  formerly  Chaplain  to  the 
Portuguese  Ambassador.  On  his  decease  the  title  became  extinct." 
The  house  in  which  his  lordship  died  is  now  the  Dispensary,  located 
here  since  1834. 

The  old  sugar  house  in  St.  Leonardgate,  was  formerly  the 
seat  of  Mr.  George  Crosfield,  a  West  Indian  Merchant,  whose 
name  was  very  prominent  in  the  early  years  of  this  century.  Behind 
the  house  there  was  once  a  fine  garden.  A  fire  took  place  at  these 
premises  in  1801,  doing  much  damage.  Mr.  Crosfield  died  October 
10th,  1820,  aged  66. 

The  old  house,  one  of  a  few  cottages  with  steps  in  front  of 
each,  where  John  Lawson  resided,  no  longer  exists.  Upon  its  site 
stands  a  portion  of  the  Centenary  Schools.  It  was  John  Lawson 
who  sheltered  George  Fox,  after  he  was  stoned  out  of  St.  Mary's 
Church-yard.  When  the  old  premises  were  demolished  two  stones 
were  taken  away  from  them.      One  bears  this  inscription:— 

DISTRIBUENDO    SUUM    CUIQUE 
NEMINEM    TIMEAS. 

The  above  is  on  a  door  lintel.  The  second  stone  which  is  of 
trianglar  form,  bears  the  date  and  initials  as  follow  : 

L. 

R.      J. 
»756- 

The  letters  stand  for  Robert  and  Jane  Lawson,  great  great  grand- 
father and  grandmother  of  J.  Rawlinson  Ford,  Esq.  The  stones 
were  conveyed  to  Morecambe  Lodge  by  the  late  Hutton  Rawlinson 
Ford,  Esq.  The  first  was  placed  over  a  side  door  of  the  house,  and 
the  second  has  only  recently  been  fixed  over  a  garden  gate  by  the 
nephew  of  the  latter  named  gentleman,  Mr.  J.  R.  Ford, 


436  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


There  are  two  houses  in  St.  Leonardgate,  one  of  which  up  to 
March,  1890  (the  time  of  writing"  this  portion),  was  occupied  by  Mr. 
G.  W.  Fardo,  ex-town  crier.  These  houses  were  formerly  one, 
and  formed  the  residence  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Priest.  St. 
Leonardgate  is  very  interesting  so  far  as  facts  and  traditions  of 
the  past  are  concerned.  Pursuing  our  way  eastwards,  we  observe 
the  Centenary  Chapel,  a  portion  of  which  stands  over  the  remains 
of  the  mansion  of  George  Burrow,  Esq.,  a  West  Indian  Merchant, 
and  more  recently  by  Thomas  Winder  Faithwaite,  Esq.  There  are 
still  some  old  arches  beneath  the  Chapel,  and  in  the  cellar  or  vault- 
like apartment,  herein,  George  Fox  and  his  host  often  met  for 
devotional  purposes.  In  Mr.  Burrow's  time  a  large  garden  extended 
from  this  point — Phoenix  Street — as  far  as  Mr.  Crosfield's  property. 
It  is  said  that  when  Mr.  Fox  was  a  prisoner  under  the  gaoler  of 
Lancaster  Castle,  he  was  occasionally  permitted  to  walk  out  on 
parole,  and  that  once  having  been  away  at  his  friend's  abode  for  a 
longer  period  than  usual,  he  felt  that  he  had  better  go  back 
immediately  to  his  immurement,  lest  the  keeper  should  think  he 
had  abused  the  licence  granted  to  him,  "to  go  about  into  the 
town."  It  turned  out  that  messengers  had  been  sent  for  him,  and 
when  they  arrived  at  his  host's  dwelling  they  were  informed  that 
their  prisoner  had  gone  back  of  his  own  accord.  Afterwards,  the 
greatest  faith  was  placed  in  him  and  he  could  walk  about  the  town 
with  freedom. 


The  Judges  used  to  lodg'e  at  Cawson's,  in  St.  Leonardgate, 
where  the  Centenary  Chapel  now  stands.  The  house  was  afterwards 
converted  into  a  factory,  which  belonged  to  one  of  the  Albrights — 
a  sail-cloth  factory.  The  Judges  also  had  lodgings  in  a  house  once 
standing  on  the  site  of  the  County  Club,  in  Church  Street.  The 
present  Judges'  lodgings  was  the  first  house  in  Lancaster  which 
had  shutters;  and  they  were  put  up  by  one  John  Chaffers.  These 
premises  formed  the  Old  Hall  of  Lancaster,  and  the  seat  of  the 
Covells.  About  1662,  the  Cole  family  bought  the  property,  rebuilt 
it,  and  called  it  New  Hall. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  437 


In  the  wall  at  the  trough  joining  up  from  the  toll-bar,  there 
used  to  be  a  gravestone  with  a  cross,  which  was  taken  nut  while 
cutting  the  hill,  the  Priory  of  St.  Leonard  having  been  a  little 
higher  in  the  field  to  the  south.      Where  is  the  relic  now/ 

The  house  in  Castle  Park  occupied  by  the  famous  ecclesias- 
tical architects,  Messrs.  Paley,  Austin  and  Pale}-,  was  the  old  home 
of  Dr.  Wright,  a  well-known  medical  gentleman,  who  died  at  the 
end  of  January,  1797,  aged  80.  About  ninety  years  ago  this  abode 
was  valued  at  ^2,000,  but  was  afterwards  sold  for  ,£500. 

Castle  Hill  House,  once  the  residence  of  Mr.  Gardner 
Mashiter,  was  for  many  years  the  house  occupied  by  the  Sheriffs  of 
the  County  during  the  Assizes.  A  much  smaller  dwelling  near  to 
used  to  be  the  Sheriffs'  lodgings  in  the  last  century.  The  premises 
occupied  by  Messrs.  R.  Hinde  and  Co.,  Wine  Merchants,  were  for- 
merly the  chief  offices  of  the  Pusey  Hall  estates.  The  old  roof  of  the 
warehouse  was  composed  of  flags,  and  on  their  removal,  some  years 
ago  for  re-roofing,  the  timbers  supporting  them  were  found  to  consist 
of  ribs  of  black  oak,  which  probably  belonged  to  the  hull  of  some 
old  West  Indian  ship.  On  the  wall-plate  the  figure-head  of  the 
vessel  was  discovered  and  it  is  now  carefully  preserved  by  Messrs. 
Hinde  and  Co.,  as  a  memento  of  the  past.  The  premises  date  from 
1688.  On  the  20th  of  September,  1837,  died  Sarah,  relict  of 
William  Whitaker,  Esq.,  of  Townhill,  Yorkshire,  mother  of  Dr 
Whitaker,  vicar  of  Blackburn,  aged  77,  at  Castle  Park.  Lancaster. 

A  grand  old  dwelling,  a  stately  home  of  England  in  truth,  is 
the  one  known  to  us  all  as  "  Fenton  Cawthorne  House."  In  the 
dining  room  are  two  very  large  oil  paintings  by  Romncy,  the  oik 
represents  the  late  John  Fenton  Cawthorne,  Esq.,  M.P.,  and  his 
brother  when  they  were  boys,  and  the  other  represents  their  mother. 
Mr.  Cawthorne  was  the  son  and  heir  of  James  Fenton,  Esq.  \>\ 
Royal  licence  he  assumed  the  name  of  his  mother,  Elizabeth  Fenton, 
nee  Cawthorne,  on  the  22nd  May,  1781.  He  first  offered  himself  as 
a  candidate   for  the    representation  of   the    borough   of    Lancaster 


438  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


in  Parliament  in  April,  1802,  but  did  not  become  member  for  Lan- 
caster until  1806,  when  he  was  returned  with  John  Dent,  Esq.,  for 
his  colleague.  At  the  election  of  June  1818  he  was  defeated, 
General  Doveton  and  John  Gladstone,  Esq.,  being  returned  as 
members.  A  petition  to  unseat  these  gentlemen  was  presentd  to 
the  House  of  Commons  in  February,  1819,  but  was  dismissed  as 
"frivolous  and  vexatious"  on  the  2nd  of  the  ensuing  April.  In 
1820  Mr.  Cawthorne  was  again  returned  with  Colonel  Gabriel  Dove- 
ton.  In  1824  he  was  returned,  having  for  his  coadjutor  T.  Gregson, 
Esq.,  who  took  the  place  of  Colonel  Doveton  deceased.  From 
1826  to  1831  Mr.  Cawthorne  and  Mr.  Greene  continued  together  as 
members  for  the  borough.  In  August,  1775,  Mr.  Cawthorne  married 
Frances  Delaval,  daughter  of  *Sir  John  Hussey  Delaval,  Bart,  of 
Seaton,  Delaval,  Cumberland.  He  died  at  his  residence  in  London, 
on  the  1  st  of  March,  1831,  in  the  79th  year  of  his  age. 

The  ancestors  of  Mr.  Cawthorne  are  said  to  have  held  a 
portion  of  Wyersdale  for  six  or  seven  hundred  years.  Mrs. 
Cawthorne  was  related  to  the  Earl  of  Tyrconnel.  Her  niece,  the 
Lady  Susan  Carpenter,  married  Lord  Waterford.  The  father  of 
Mr.  Cawthorne,  James  Fenton,  Esq.,  died  in  November,  1 791 ,  in 
his  76th  year.  Dr.  Fenton,  vicar  of  St.  Mary's,  was  his  brother. 
]ames  Fenton,  Esq.,  Recorder  of  Lancaster,  died  in  December, 
1797,  aged  79. 

John  Fenton  Cawthorne,  Esq.,  gave  the  ground  upon  which 
the  Charity  School  was  erected  in  August,  1813,  supplementing 
this  gift  with  a  subscription  of  one  hundred  guineas.  In  1818  he 
gave  another  piece  of  land  for  the  purpose  of  building  the  National 
schools  for  girls.  So  popular  was  Mr.  Cawthorne  that  on  the  17th 
of  April,  1820,  a  dinner  was  given  in  his  honour  by  his  friends  and 
admirers  in  Preston,  at  the  Old  Red  Lion  Inn,  James  Pedder,  Esq  , 
being  chairman  on  the  occasion,  and  Mr.  Jonathan  Lodge,  vice- 
chairman.  On  the  same  evening  the  FVeemen  of  Lancaster  resident 
in  Preston  were  entertained  at  two  hostelries  by  the  promoters  of 
the  dinner  to  Mr.  Cawthorne. 

*  Afterwards  Lord  Delaval. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  439 


George  III.  once  contemplated  the  revival  of  the  Barony  of 
Wyersdale  in  the  person  of  Mr.  Fenton  Cawthorne,  whom  he 
intended  to  create  Lord  Wyersdale.  Wyerside  is  an  elegant 
mansion,  now  the  seat  of  the  Garnett  family. 

Fenton-Cawthorne  House  is  more  like  a  country  hall.  It 
contains  some  excellent  rooms,  most  elaborately  adorned  with  frieze 
and  sculpture  work.  The  mantel-piece  of  the  drawing-room  reveals 
some  fine  carving  in  wood,  and  the  centre  piece  of  the  ceiling  is 
likewise  worthy  of  observation.  Below  and  adjoining  the  cellars 
is  a  passage  called  the  "  Cloister,"  leading  to  the  garden.  It  is 
arched  and  has  the  appearance  of  an  ancient  subterranean  pathway. 
This  house  of  the  Cawthornes  was  frequently  visited  by  the  best 
families  in  the  country.  The  Prince  Regent  has  on  one  or  two  occa- 
sions sojourned  here.  In  the  days  gone  by  this  house  projected 
into  the  thoroughfare  to  such  an  extent  as  to  make  it  impossible 
for  more  than  one  vehicle  to  pass  between  it  and  the  end  of  the 
Mechanics'  Institute.  But  it  was  put  back  when  the  road  was 
straightened  and  improved,  and  so  carefully  was  the  work  done 
that  all  the  original  features  of  its  front  remain  intact.  The 
gates  contain  some  fine  specimens  of  wrought-iron  ornamenta- 
tion. From  an  old  window  that  stood  out  very  much  after  the 
style  of  the  front  window  of  the  Merchants'  Newsroom,  a  window 
which  has  long  ago  disappeared,  Mrs.  Cawthorne  used  to  address 
the  freemen  and  burg'esses  of  Lancaster  at  election  times  on  her 
husband's  behalf.  Indeed,  it  is  said  that  Mrs.  Cawthorne  secured 
her  husband's  return  to  Parliament  by  her  persuasive  powers  of 
argument  and  good  ringing  eloquence.  Dr.  Wingate  Saul,  a 
descendant  of  Colonel  Saul,  who  fought  in  the  Civil  Wars,  and 
who  belongs  to  an  ancient  Lincolnshire  family,  settled  near  to 
Croyland  Abbey,  is  the  present  occupant  of  this  historic  abode. 
His  collection  of  old  oak  cabinet  ware  and  military  weapons, 
pictures,  &c,  is  a  collection  of  a  highly  interesting  character. 

Dr.  Saul  possesses  an  official  copy  of  the  "Proceedings  <>f  a   Court   Martial 
holden  for  the  trial  of  John  Fenton   Cawthorne,    Esq.,    Colonel   of  the   Westmini 
Regiment  of  Middlesex  Militia,"  which    was   ordered    to   he  printed,  8th  April,  1796. 


44Q  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


The  trial  was  held  at  the  Horse  Guards,  and  lasted  from  Friday,  27th  of  November, 
1795,  until  the  30th  of  January,  1796.  The  officers  constituting  the  court  were:  — 
"  Colonel  George,  Karl  of  Powis,  of  the  Montgomery  Regiment  of  Militia,  president; 
Colonel  George,  Earl  of  Euston.  of  the  West  Suffolk  Regiment  of  Militia;  Colonel 
Lord  George  Henry  Cavendish,  of  the  Derbyshire  Regiment  of  Militia;  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  John  Scudamore,  of  the  Hereford  Regiment  of  Militia;  Major  John  Bevan, 
of  the  Radnorshire  Regiment  of  Militia;  Major  John  Keeling,  of  the  West  Essex 
Regiment  of  Militia;  Captain  Bache  Heathcote,  of  the  Derbyshire  Regiment  of 
Militia ;  Captain  Thomas  Stanley,  of  the  Royal  Cheshire  Regiment  of  Militia ; 
Captain  Thomas  Smith,  of  the  Herefordshire  Regiment  of  Militia;  Colonel  Sir 
William  Smyth,  Baronet,  of  the  West  Essex  Regiment  of  Militia;  Colonel  George 
Harry,  Lord  Grey,  of  the  Royal  Cheshire  Regiment  of  Militia;  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Robert  Hughes,  of  the  Royal  Flintshire  Regiment  of  Militia;  Major  Robert  Barnston, 
of  the  Royal  Cheshire  Regiment  of  Militia ;  Captain  William  Morton  Pitt,  of  the 
Dorsetshire  Regiment  of  Militia ;  Captain  Thomas  Gardner  Brainston,  of  the  West 
Essex  Regiment  of  Militia;  Captain  Daniel  Dulany,  of  the  West  Suffolk  Regiment 
of  Militia:  fohn  Augustin  Oldham,  deputy  Judge  Advocate  General.  There  were 
fourteen  articles  of  charge.  A  summary  of  the  series  of  indictments  is  as  follows: — 
(1)  Withholding  the  receipt  of  the  Marching  Guineas  or  some  part  thereof  from  the 
respective  Captains  and  other  Officers  of  his,  Colonel  Cawthorne's  Regiment,  and 
withholding  (2)  the  receipts  of  the  said  money.  Fraudulently  obtaining  receipts  and 
agreements  in  re>pect  of  such  Marching  Guineas  from  several  persons  who  had  agreed 
to  serve  as  substitutes;  (3)  pardoning  deserters  from  the  Regiment,  in  order  to 
appropriate  certain  moneys  to  his  own  use  offered  by  such  delinquents;  (4)  discharging 
men  from  service  without  any  lawful  reason ;  (5)  obtaining  persons  to  serve  for  less 
money  than  the  law  directs  shall  be  given  to  men  in  the  service;  (6)  encouraging 
desertion;  (7)  embezzlement  and  procuring  certain  sums  by  false  pretences ;  (8-9) 
charging  more  for  clothing  than  he  ought  to  have  charged;  (10)  causing  intense 
suffering  during  inclement  weather  to  centinels  who  were  ''obliged  to  wear  blankets 
when  on  duty,  although  money  was  intrusted  or  allowed  to  bin:  by  government  for 
sufficient  clothing  and  misapplying  the  said  money;  (11)  keeping  the  regiment  in- 
complete; (12)  making  a  fabe  muster  including  names  of  men  not  belonging  to  the 
Regiment  ;  (13)  reducing  Sergeant  Thomas  Jackson  to  the  rank  of  a  private,  for  an 
offence  of  which  he  was  on  the  4th  August,  1794,  fully  acquitted  by  Court  Martial; 
(14)  recommending  to  the  deputy  Lieutenant  of  the  County  of  Middlesex,  and  to  the 
Lieutenant  of  the  said  County,  since  the  Marquis  of  Titchfield,  men  who  were  ineligible 
for  service,  and  under  age,  and  appropriating  to  himself  their  pay  and  allowances. 
Colonel  Cawthorne  admitted  himself  to  be  the  Colonel  of  the  Westminister  Regiment 
of  the  Middlesex  Militia,  and  in  a  speech  commencing  on  page  9,  urged  his  objections 
to  certain  charges,  and  declared  his  innocence  and  ability  to  give  a  satisfactory 
explanation  of  his  conduct.  The  speech  is  a  very  able  one  and  shows  that  the 
Colonel  was  well  grounded  in  military  knowledge  and  law. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  441 


John  Copeland,  Joseph  Cock,  Julian  Rawlinson,  Richard  Yeates,  and 
William  Caton,  are  names  met  with  in  the  charges  or  articles  of  charge.  The  court 
found  the  Colonel  guilt)'  of  the  misdemeanours  attributed  to  him  especially  in  the 
fourth,  fifth,  sixth,  seventh,  tenth,  eleventh,  and  twelfth  charges,  and  he  was 
sentenced  to  he  cashiered  out  of  the  service.  On  Saturday,  19th  March,  1796,  a 
certificate  was  handed  in  to  the  effect  that  the  prisoner  was  by  illness  prevented  from 
attending  the  court.  Owing  to  his  continued  illness  as  attested  by  Dr.  Reynolds,  of 
Bedford  Square,  the  court  decided  to  dispense  with  his  personal  attendance  in  oidcr 
to  hear  sentence.  Lieutenant-Colonel  O'Kelly  appeared  in  the  character  of  prosecutor, 
and  certainly  seems  to  have  been  very  anxious  to  prove  the  guilt  of  the  accused. 
The  report  of  the  trial  contains  435  pages. 

There  used  to  be  a  house  in  Church  Street,  on  the  site  of  the 
Co-operative  Stores,  in  which  the  Earls  of  Wilton  dwelt.  The  house 
at  the  corner  of  China  (originally  Keln)  Lane,  numbered  79,  and  in 
the  occupation  in  1891  of  Mrs.  Parkinson,  furniture  dealer,  was  the 
old  home  of  the  grandfather  of  James  Williamson,  Esq.,  J.  P.,  D.L., 
Member  for  the  Lancaster  Division. 

In  the  time  of  the  second  rebellion  the  house  dated  1683,  now 
the  business  premises  of  Mr.  J.  S.  Baxter,  was  visited  by  a  number 
of  rebels,  who  were  under  the  impression  that  the  post-bearer  who 
stayed  the  night  at  this  house,  bore  Hanoverian  despatches  and 
instructions  in  his  saddle  bags.  But  to  their  consternation  the 
plunderers  found  nothing  except  proof  of  the  fact  that  they  had  been 
deceived. 

The  building  now  occupied  by  the  Conservative  Club  is 
certainly  historic.  Colonel  Marton,  J. P.,  states  that  a  sword  dis- 
covered in  an  upper  room  or  in  the  roof  of  this  house  was  left  there 
by  the  Pretender  or  by  some  of  his  party.  The  Prince  and  his  suite 
stayed  at  this  house  one  night  while  on  their  way  north.  A  pair  of 
spurs  and  some  other  small  articles  were  also  left.  The  sword  is 
now  at  Capernwray  Hall. 

There  is  outside  this  house  on  the  right  of  the  door  as  you 
enter,  an  ancient  torch  extinguisher  dating  from  the  sixteenth 
century,  which  will  be  treated  of  on  page  448. 


442  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


An  Old  Tower. 

By  the  kind  permission  of  Mr.  Abram  Seward  I  have 
been  able  to  go  through  the  old  tower  erected  in  days  of  yore  by 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Marton  in  what  is  now  known  as  Back  Sun  Street. 
The  walls  and  ceiling  of  the  room  in  the  first  storey  are  covered 
with  excellent  specimens  of  classic  art  in  stucco,  consisting  chiefly 
of  medallion  representations  of  the  nine  daughters  of  Jupiter,  and 
twelve  of  the  Roman  Emperors.  There  are  some  beautiful  figures 
on  the  north  and  west  walls,  some  of  them  unimpaired  by  the 
ravages  of  time,  and  the  more  terrible  ravages  of  machine  and 
smith  work,  while  others  show  signs  of  damage  caused  by  the 
rearing  of  timber,  pipes,  and  other  bulky  articles  used  in  the  trade 
to  which  the  chamber  has  unfortunately  long  been  devoted.  There 
are  profiles  of  Calliope,  the  muse  of  eloquence  and  heroic  verse ;  of 
Clio,  the  muse  of  history  ;  of  Erato,  the  muse  of  amorous  poetry  ; 
of  Euterpe,  the  muse  of  music  ;  Melpomene,  the  muse  of  tragedy  ; 
Polyhymnia,  muse  of  rhetoric  ;  Terpsichore,  muse  of  dancing  ; 
Thalia,  muse  of  comedy  and  lyric  poetry  ;  and  Urania,  the  goddess 
of  astronomy.  Of  the  Roman  Emperors  I  noticed  the  heads  of 
Claudius,  Nero,  Otho,  Caligula,  Tiberius,  Valerian,  &c.  Over  the 
chimney-piece  is  a  fine  figure  of  Apollo,  and  in  the  centre  of  the 
ceiling  is  a  smartly  executed  Ceres,  goddess  of  agriculture.  Mr 
Seward  informed  me  that  the  medallions  were  done  by  special 
sculptors  from  Italy.  It  was  with  regret  that  I  heard  that  it  is 
intended  to  scrape  all  these  sublime  symbols  off  at  an  early  date. 
Alas  !  if  the  reverend  founder  could  return  and  view  the  present 
state  of  his  magnificent  temple  of  the  muses,  would  he  not  exclaim  : 
"  Oh,  what  a  fall  is  here,  my  countrymen!"  Also,  "Begone,  run  to 
your  houses,  Eall  upon  your  knees,  Pray  to  the  gods  to  intermit  the 
plagues  That  needs  must  light  on  this  ingratitude."  He  would  be 
Marcellus  over  again. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Marton  was  vicar  of  Lancaster  from  1767  to 
1794.  For  a  time  this  vicar  resided  with  his  father  at  the  house 
known  as  the  Conservative  Club. 


T1ME-H0X0URED    LAXCASTER.  443 


There  is  a  tradition  in  the  town  to  the  effect  that  the  old 
tower  just  treated  of  was  the  Town  Hall  of  Lancaster,  but  there  is 
no  truth  in  it. 

Dates  at  Present  or  Formerly  to  be  seen  on  old  Lancaster 

Buildings. 

161 3  Cross  Keys  Hotel. 

1625  Cross  Keys  Kitchen  (over  doorwray). 

1625  King's  Arms. 

1629  7,  Market  Street  (back  of  house). 

1636  16,  Church  Street. 

1643  Bridge  Lane  (Church  Street  corner). 

1664  Old  Barn,  South  of  Barracks. 

1666  73,  Castle  Hill. 

1669  Old  Brewery. 

C 
T     .      T 

i675- 
(Judges'  Lodgings,  formerly  Old  Hall,  in  front  of  which   stood   the 

Covell  Cross.) 

Over  one  of  the  doors  of  the  Vicarage  Stables  are  the  letters  and 

date,  thus : 
S.B.D.D.,    1683. 

Over  another  we  read : 

Seth  Bushell,   D.D.,    1684. 

(A  plan  of  the  old  Vicarage  still  exists.    The  present  Parsonage  was 

erected  in  the  time  of  the  late  Canon  Turner.) 

S 
H 

1683. 
(74,  Church  Street.) 


444  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 

I   .   H 

1686. 
(Church  Street). 

F. 
16  C  .   D  84. 
(Church  Street). 

1684     Bridge  Lane. 

1687  West  of  Castle  Park. 

1688  Penny  Street. 

1688     Flag  of  weather-vane.  (Castle). 

16  Y  94 

I.   E. 
(House  in  Bridge  Lane.      "Best  London   Porter"  still   to  be  seen 

over  the  door.) 

16  Y  87 

I.   E. 

(House  formerly  the  Old  Pilot  Boat  Inn,  near  to  the   "  Soot-hole.") 

E.   B. 
(Date  gone.) 

P. 
R.     A. 

1700. 
(North  Road.      Re-built  1845.) 

1697     26,  St.  Leonardgate. 

1706     Mr.  Milne's  cabinet  shop,  2S  Castle  H 

1714      Simpson's  Yard,  Cheapside. 

L. 
W.     H. 

J776- 
J.S.R.B. 

1877. 
(North  Road.) 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  445 


I  .  T 

1722. 
(Feathers  Hotel,  formerly   Masonic   Tavern,   and   originally   Coach 

and   Horses.) 

H. 

R.     A. 

1726. 

(St.  Leonardgate.) 

B. 
W.     E. 

1724. 
(Moor  Lane.) 

T. 
R.     A. 

1739- 
(Castle  Hill.) 

B. 

W.     E. 

1740. 

(Moor  Lane.) 

B.     H. 
A. 

!74J- 
(Old  Golden  Ball  Yard.) 

J.     G. 

Philo. 

1779. 

(North  Road.      "Philo,"  I  am  told,  was  the  name  of  a  vessel.) 

H  .   I 

L  .    1 
(New  Inn.     No  date  discernible.) 


446  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


L. 
I.     C. 

1845. 
(Castle  Park. ) 

M. 

J.   M.  N. 

1848. 
(Princess  Street.) 

Old  Wells. 

The  following  are  the  sites  of  the  old  wells  in  Lancaster  : — 

The  Toll-bars-,  Castle  Hill,  bottom  of  New  Road,  Lawson's  Spring  at  Well 
House  (covered  in  by  Dr.  Bracken),  Friarage  Well.  Well  on  the  south  side  of  Aldcliffe 
Lane,  Mineral  Well  on  Lancaster  Moor  (not  far  from  where  the  old  gallows  stood). 
The  butcher  from  Manchester  says,  a  writer  in  the  local  press  washed  his  whittle  in  it, 
after  quartering  the  rebels  in  17 15,  and  it  was  not  used  for  drinking  purposes  after- 
wards. In  Stonewell  were  two  pumps  and  a  large  trough  at  the  north  side,  built  for 
watering  horses,  &c.  At  the  corner  of  Rosemary  Lane,  where  the  Centenary  Church 
now  stands,  was  a  dial  post  and  a  well  of  soft  water.  There  was  an  old  Roman  Well 
in  Messrs.  Gillow's  Yard,  a  Well  in  Meeting-house  Lane,  one  near  to  the  Church 
Steps,  a  Well  with  steps  (called  Hodder's  Well),  near  to  the  Castle,  a  Pump  and  Well 
in  the  Castle  Park. 

The  old  Stone  Well  was  nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  square,  and  was  incon- 
veniently placed  for  the  traffic,  as  Nicholas  Street  was,  for  a  long  time,  the  main  road 
to  the  north  from  Market  Street  before  North  Road  was  opened  out.  In  this  square 
there  used  to  be  a  trough  with  rails  over  it  surmounted  by  an  oil  lamp.  The  sketch 
represents  the  old  house  that  formerly  occupied  the  site  of  Mr.  Wolfendale's  butcher's 
shop.  The  old  well  was  covered  and  the  ground  in  Stone  Well  elevated  about  the  year 
l824.  and  a  pump  placed  against  Mr.  Ireland's  wall,  which  remained  until  the 
introduction  of  the  water  works  in  1834-5.  Previous  to  1824  all  the  water  from  Moor 
Lane,  as  far  as  the  Park  Gates,  came  running  through  Stone  Well,  and  during  a 
thunderstorm  there  was  a  great  weight  of  water  rushing  into  the  open  gutter  on  the 
east  side,  then  across  from  the  smithy  (now  Mr.  Kendrick's  place),  to  the  butcher's 
shop,  where  stands  the  Centenary  Chapel,  and  through  Rosemary  Lane.  Formerly, 
the  water  from  Stonewell  flowed  in  an  open  gutter  through  Rosemary  Lane,,  and  so 
to  the  dam.     It  was  crossed  by  a  bridge  connecting  Church  Street  and  St.    Leonard- 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  447 


gate  in  those  days  to  which  we  refer.  Stonewell,  before  it  was  raised,  in  1824,  was 
very  low  and  liable  to  damage  by  floods,  for  we  read  that  in  1785  there  was  a  great 
flood  which  filled  the  streets  from  side  to  side;  about  Stonewell  it  got  in  at  the  doors 
of  houses  and  windows  and  washed  up  the  pavement.  The  Calkeld  Well  supplied  a 
large  district.  It  was  situate  near  the  bottom  of  Calkeld  Lane  on  the  east  side  up  a 
short  passage,  with  a  turn  to  the  right.  The  well  was  about  three  feet  square,  and 
was  down  a  step  or  two  at  the  south  end  of  it.  There  was  a  good  stream  of  water,  and 
the  innkeeper,  Betty  Tatham,  at  the  White  Hart,  had  the  stream  running  through  her 
cellar,  and  used  it  for  brewing.  The  stream  now  runs  through  the  White  Hart  and  is 
used  for  cooling  purposes.  There  was  also  a  small  eye-water  well  just  round  the 
corner,  which  was  supposed  to  possess  great  virtue  in  curing  persons  afflicted  with 
"  bad  eyes." 

A  stone  is  to  be  seen  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  wall  in  Moor  Lane  on  the 
left  side,  near  the  corner  of  Ulleswater  Road.  Traces  of  an  inscription  and  figures 
are  visible.  It  is  said  to  be  an  old  Roman  milestone,  and  that  its  site  indicates  the 
entrance  into  or  commencement  of  the  once  royal  forest  of  Quernmore.  A  similar 
stone  lies  in  a  ditch  not  far  from  the  Well  House.  In  the  interior  of  the  Well  House, 
late  the  seat  of  the  Collision  family,  is  a  well  called  St.  Mary's  Well,  said  to  be  of  a 
great  age. 

The  eminent  lawyers,  Scarlett,  Brougham,  and  Pollock, 
sojourned  in  Lancaster  when  attending  the  assizes  very  near  to  each 
other  and  to  the  Castle.  Scarlett  lodged  at  the  house  now  known 
as  the  Temperance  Hotel,  Castle  Hill  ;  Brougham  lodged  just  above 
the  Horse  and  Earrier,  at  Miss  Heald's  House,  close  to  the  Church 
steps,  and  Pollock's  apartments  were  in  the  premises  now  occupied 
by  Messrs.  Holden  and  Whelon.  Sir  Creswell  Creswell,  first  judge 
of  the  Court  of  Probate  and  Divorce,  lodged  at  a  house  occupied  by 
Mr.  Watkinson,  New  Street,  and  Mr.,  afterwards  Baron  Alderson, 
at  the  house  on  Castle  Hill,  occupied  by  Mr.  Harrison,  dentist. 

Some  people  have  wondered  where  Thomas  Tyldesley, 
grandson  of  Sir  Thomas  Tyldesley,  the  royalist,  lived  when  he 
came  to  Lancaster,  about  171 2.  1  may  remark  that  he  lived  in  a 
large  house,  formerly  belonging  to  the  Gibson  family  at  the  Stone- 
well  end  of  St.  Leonard  Gate.  He  was  buried  at  Churchtown, 
Garstang,  prior  to  17 15,  according  to  the  Churchtown  registers. 
He  left  a  son,  James,  who  lived  to  be  99  years  old,  and  who  died 
October  24th,    1S00. 


448  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Comparatively  few  persons  know  of  the  torch  extinguisher 
in  Church  Street,  which  may  be  seen  within  the  railings  of  the  house 
now  occupied  by  the  Conservative  Club,  and  formerly  the  property 
of  the  Marton  family.  It  is  7^  inches  in  length  and  4  inches  in 
breadth  at  the  mouth.  It  would  be  placed  there  before  the  days  of 
cabs  and  gas,  and  probably  before  Lancaster  was  lighted  by  lamps. 
When  a  lady  went  out  to  an  evening  party  she  was  carried  by  two 
men  in  a  sedan,  and  lighted  on  the  way  by  a  torch-bearer,  who, 
when  he  got  to  his  journey's  end,  put  out  the  light  by  pushing  his 
torch  into  the  extinguisher.  This  is  the  only  specimen  in  Lancaster, 
and,  indeed,  this  relic  of  the  past  era  is  only  seldom  seen  anywhere. 
It  is  stated  that  Prince  Charlie  sojourned  in  the  above  house  from 
the  24th  to  the  26th  of  November,  1745,  when  passing  through 
Lancaster.  The  Scotch  retraced  their  steps  and  passed  through 
Lancaster  again  on  the  13th  of  December,  followed  sharply  by  the 
Duke  of  Cumberland,  who  would  most  likely  stop  in  the  same  house. 
There  is  a  tradition  that  his  horse,  lest  it  should  be  maimed  or 
poisoned  by  the  disaffected  of  that  day,  was  taken  to  the  Torris- 
holme  stables,  where  it  remained  all  night,  and  the  stall  it  occupied, 
on  which  a  rose  had  been  rudely  carved,  was  known  as  the  '  Duke's 
Stall,'  until  the  stable  was  demolished  in  the  year  1812. 

The  Sherburnes,  of  Stonyhurst,  the  last  of  whom  was  Sir 
Nicholas  Sherburne,  a  travelled  scholar,  who  died  at  Stonyhurst  in 
1717,  used  to  have  a  residence  in  Lancaster  known  as  '  Mulberry 
House,'  from  the  fact  that  a  mulberry  tree  grew  behind  the  house. 
This  house  stood  where  Mr.  Jemmison's  Furniture  Stores  were  in 
St.  Nicholas  Street.  Binns,  in  his  map  of  Lancaster,  indicates  the 
residence  of  this  ancient  family. 

Mr.  Kirby  Moore,  grandson  of  Mr.  William  Kirby, 
architect  of  the  new  Church  Tower,  of  1759,  was  living  in  Lancaster 
in  1820.  He  was  a  furniture  broker,  in  Sun  Street,  and  he  after- 
wards rebuilt  for  his  business  purposes  the  shop  now  occupied 
by  Mr.  Mullen,  pork  butcher  in  Penny  Street.  Mr.  William 
Kirby  lies   interred  near  to  the  tower. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  449 


The  houses  in  Cheapside,  formerly  Pudding  Lane,  were  al 
one  period  all  covered  or  roofed  with  thateh,  while  Stonewell  with 
its  quaint  kind  of  paddock  or  pinfold,  abutting  on   Moor   Lane  and 

its  ''town-well,"  formed  a  pretty  picture  at  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century.  Stonewell  has  been  called  St.  Mary's  Square  in 
former  times,  but  Stonewell  is  the  old  and  proper  name. 

The  premises  in  Market  Street  occupied  by  Messrs. 
Whimpray  and  Cardwell,  represented  the  old  home  of  Robert 
Winder,  Mayor  of  Lancaster  in   1720,  1737,  1745,   1754.  and  1762. 

The  houses  known  so  long  as  "Quakers'  Row,"  were  erected 
by  Mr.  Joshua  Whalley,  great  grandfather  of  Colonel  Whalley,  J. P. 

The  old  Chemist's  establishment  formerly  on  the  site  of  the 
Borough  Surveyor's  Office,  and  long  occupied  by  Mr.  Edmund 
Jackson,  was  the  old  home  of  Alderman  Heysham. 

Like  other  ancient  towns  Lancaster  has  had  its  haunted 
houses,  and  the  following  particulars  respecting  one  in  Penny 
Street,  demolished  only  a  few  years  ago,  I  received  from  a  lady  who 
had  lived  in  the  same  from  childhood.  The  lady  informed  me  that  they 
became  so  used  to  the  appearance  of  a  headless  figure  in  their 
bedroom,  which  was  at  the  top  of  the  house,  that  if  it  had  not 
shown  itself  regularly  they  would  have  been  as  awe-struck  as  they 
were  when  they  first  beheld  it.  But  the  form  never  interfered  with 
them  ;  all  it  seemed  to  have  deemed  it  necessary  to  do  for  its  own 
satisfaction  was  to  show  itself.  Another  haunted  house  is  said  to 
have  stood  in  Church   Street. 

Mr.  J.  B.  Shaw,  of  Regent  Street,  has  kindly  lent  me  "a 
plan  of  part  of  Green  Ayre,  as  laid  out  in  lots  for  sale  in  1784."  From 
this  it  appears  that  four  new  streets  were  contemplated,  named 
respectively  on  this  plan,  Water  Street,  Antigua  Street,  Jamaica 
Street,  and  Barbadoes  Street.  Only  one  Street  was  made,  viz : 
Water  Street.      The  plan   shows  the  river  Loyne,    Bridge  Square, 


G2 


45Q  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Cable  and  Parliament  Streets,  the  garden  of  J.  Lawson,  Esq., 
Sugar  House,  and  the  site  o\  Mr.  R.  Addison's  house.  Skerton 
Bridge  is  marked  "New  Bridge." 

In  April,  1850,  there  was  a  stormy  meeting  of  the  Board  of 
Health,  respecting  some  streets  leading'  to  the  river,  which  the 
North-Western  Railway  Company  claimed  to  have  been  included  in 
their  purchase  of  the  land  on  the  Green  Ayre,  but  which  the  board 
contended  were  only  sold  subject  to  "existing  rights"  of  the  public. 
The  Railway  Company,  however,  blocked  up  the  roads  designated 
'Antigua  Street  and  Lawson's  Quay." 

Hotels. 

The  chief  Hotels  are  the  "King's  Arms"  and  the  "Count}." 
The  former  was  erected  in  1625,  and  re-built  in  1879.  The  latter, 
about  1S70,  on  a  portion  of  old  Kellet  Croft.  There  are  no  docu- 
ments available  which  give  the  name  of  the  first  proprietor  of  the 
King's  Arms  Hotel.  A  few  names  of  the  more  recent  proprietors 
1  have  secured  from  various  sources.  The}- are  as  follow :  James 
Hardman,  1040,  (descendants  still  living)  used  to  have  a  pew  in  St. 
Mary's  Church.  *John  Marshall,  occupant  in  1732;  John  Reynolds, 
occupant  up  to  178 1 ;  J.  Coulthwaite,  at  the  Hotel  from  1781  until 
May  13th,  1002.  John  Pritt  succeeded.  He  died  June  29th,  1828, 
aged  59.  Joseph  Ladyman  followed,  and  quitted  the  inn  about 
1831).  After  him  came  John  Pritt.  junior,  who  died  at  Buxton,  May 
6th,  1850.,  in  his  57th  year.  Mr.  Joseph  Sly  became  proprietor  on 
the  1 2th  May,  1856,  and  his  twenty-one  years'  lease  expired  12th 
May,  1877.  Mr.  S.  Ducksbury  then  entered  upon  the  house  and 
remained  proprietor  until  his  death,  which  took  place  on  the  23rd 
February,  1890. 

There  is  an  old  stone  underneath  a  third  storev  window  of 
the  King  Street  side  of  the  King's  Arms  Hotel,  and  the  dale  thereon 
is    1625.       On    the    facade    of   the    hotel    is    engraved    the    words 

\  Robert  Paris  followed  John  Marshall. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  431 


"Established    1625,    rebuilt     1S79."       This    old    hostelry    has    been 
immortalised  by  Charles   Dickens  in  his  story  o\  "  The    Lazy    Tour 
of  the  Two   Idle   Apprentices."      it   was   during  this  distinguished 
author's   first   visit  that  he  wrote  the  "  Tale  of  a  Bridal    Chamber," 
and  gave  his  impressions  of  this  "  good   old   inn,   established   in  a 
good  old  house,    an  inn  where  they   give  you    bridecake   every   day 
after  dinner  ; "    where  the  visitor  can    "eat   bridecake    without   the 
trouble  of  being  married,  or  of  knowing  anybody  in  that   ridiculous 
dilemma.''     Charles  Dickens  stayed  at  the  King's  Anns  in  1S57    and 
again  in  1862,  when  he  was    accompanied    by    Mr.    Wilkie   Collins. 
Most    of  us   will    remember   seeing  the   pamphlet  published    about 
fifteen  years  ago   giving  an  inventory  of  the  antiquities   this   grand 
old  house  contained.      Among  them    was   one   o(  three    "  Franklin 
clocks,"  and  one  also  more  than  two  hundred  years  of  age  of  English 
make;  then  there  was  the  fine  Gobelin   tapestry   valued  at  ^"6,500, 
a  tapestry  which   received  its  name   from  a  house  at  Paris,    formerly 
possessed  by  wool   dyers,   whereof  the   chief,   John    Gobelin,  in  the 
reign  of  Francis  I.  is  said  to  have  found  the  secret  of  dying  scarlet. 
Louis    XIV.    purchased  the  house  for   a    manufactory   of  works    for 
adorning    palaces     (under    the     direction     of    Calbert),     especially 
tapestrv,  designs  of  which   were  drawn   by    Le   Brun,    about    1666. 
There  were  also  three  large  pieces  of  tapestry  the  borders  o\  which 
were  designed  by  Reubens  viz:    "  The  finding  of  Moses  in   the    Bul- 
rushes by  Pharoah's  daughter."      Moses  before  the  Burning  Bush," 
and  "  Moses  striking  the   Rock.', 

The  Elizabethan  staircase,  the  1 5th  century  chairs,  ancient 
brackets,  the  1540  bedstead,  the  old  fireplace,  antique  needlework, 
(with  sacred  subjects,)  china,  Venetian  vases,  &c,  in  the  Dickens' 
room,  together  with  the  Stanley  oak  bedstead,  of  near  four  hundred 
years  of  age;  oaken  chairs,  to  match  in  the  Lonsdale  and  Brougham 
room,  as  also  the  stately  gothic  four-post  bedstead  in  Lord 
Derby's  room,  dating  from  1646,  and  the  like  valuable  sleeping 
appurtenance  in  the  chamber  called  after  the  Lady  Burdett- 
Coutts,  were  all  described  some  years  ago.  For  the  Derby  bedstead, 
a  local  firm  offered  250  guineas.      Nor  must   we  omit    the   classical 


452  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


tapestry  and  pastoral  scenes  by  Hogarth.  Then  there  was  the 
"Crowned  Heads  of  Europe  Room,"  wherein  the  finest  specimens 
of  Gobelin  Art  were  to  be  seen,  specimens  which  the  heir-apparent 
to  the  English  throne  would  like  to  have  secured  for  his  Sandring- 
ham  home. 

Mr.  Sly,  the  late  proprietor,  was  intensely  proud  of  his 
ancient  house,  and  sought  to  make  it  a  museum  as  well  as  a 
comfortable  home  worthy  of  the  highest  patronage.  Alas,  the  old 
days  are  gone,  yet  many  of  us  will  not  forget  what  Professor  Ruskin 
remarked  in  his  "Ariadne  Florentina,"  concerning  what  he  saw  in 
the  old  King's  Arms,  nor  indeed  what  the  Rev.  E.  P.  Rogers,  D.D. 
said  of  the  leading  Palatine  town  hotel  in  the  "New  York  Christian 
Intelligencer"  of  August  12th,  1875.  Even  though  all  things  have 
been  made  new  the  old  'uns  do  not  willingly  eliminate  Irom  their 
minds  the  "things  of  beauty,"  which  should  have  remained  "joys 
for  ever"  in  this  right  royal  parthenon  of  relics  once  teeming  with 
tales  of  long  ago,  and  interesting  to  the  artist,  archaeologist,  and 
moralizer. 

The  Cross  Keys  is  a  very  ancient  hotel,  and  1  verily  believe 
would  in  its  earlier  days  be  the  leading  hostelry  in  our  town.  An}' 
one  looking  at  the  exterior  would  never  dream  that  its  interior  is  so 
spacious.  From  the  date  on  the  facade,  1613,  and  the  fact  that  it 
had  originally  a  thatched  roof,  it  is  evident  that  the  only  other  inn  able 
to  stand  next  to  it  in  point  of  age  is  the  Corporation  Arms,  respecting 
which,  I  have  in  vain  applied  for  particulars,  ancient  deeds,  &c. 
The  front  door  of  the  Cross  Keys  is  a  very  substantial  one;  it  is 
said  to  have  been  made  of  wood  taken  from  the  best  portion  of  the 
old  door  of  the  main  entrance  to  the  castle,  a  door  which  was 
partially  burnt  during  the  Civil  Wars.  Certain  it  is,  states  a 
neighbour,  that  there  were  traces  of  scorches  found  here  and  there  on 
this  door  some  years  ago  by  the  painters  engaged  in  cleaning  it  and 
re-dressing  it.  Within  the  house  I  noticed  some  of  the  upper 
rooms  were  both  quaint  and  large;  the  beams  running  across  one 
bedroom  are  of  oak,  so  hard  says  the  tenant  that  it  is  impossible  to 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  45;, 


knock  a  nail  into  them.  The  lights  have  been  of  the  old-fashioned 
mullioned  order,  and  one  chamber  in  the  back  part  has  evidently  had 
a  wattled  ceiling".  The  cellars  are  well  worth  visiting  by  the  lover 
of  antiquarian  characteristics  in  building.  The  chief  cellar  is 
arched,  and  though  each  end  is  now  walled  up  it  is  said  that  from 
the  one  end  there  is  beyond  the  wall  a  passage  leading  direct  to  the 
Castle,  and  that  this  passage  was  used  in  the  days  when  prisoners 
were  lodged  in  the  cells,  portions  of  which  are  still  to  be  seen  in 
this  house.  There  is  a  date  over  the  kitchen  door,  viz:  1629.  I 
may  remark  that  one  of  the  old  bedrooms  is  stated  to  have  been 
haunted  by  the  ghost  of  a  woman  who  many  years  ago  hanged 
herself  therein.  From  an  old  writing  dated  1652,  it  would  appear 
that  George  Toulnson,  Esq.,  J. P.,  was  the  owner  of  the  Cross  Keys 
Inn.  There  was  a  pew  belonging  this  house  in  the  south  aisle  of 
St.  Mary's  Church. 

It  is  said  that  the  Commercial  Hotel  was  once  a  private 
house  and  the  county  town  residence  of  the  Molyneuxs  of  Sefton. 
I  have  been  unable  to  verify  this,  but  from  a  deed  dated  February 
1  2th,  1785,  between  Francis  Carter  and  William  Carter,  surgeons, 
of  Lancaster,  of  the  first  part,  James  Carter,  surgeon  of  the  second 
part,  Robert  Tomlinson,  ironmonger,  of  Lancaster,  of  the  third  part, 
and  Corney  Tomlinson,  of  Lancaster  aforesaid,  woollen  draper,  it  is 
clear  that  Sir  Charles  William  Molyneux,  Baronet,  Earl  of  Sefton, 
in  the  Kingdom  of  Ireland,  had  property  m  Lancaster,  for  he  owned 
the  Sun  Inn,  otherwise  called  Hoop  Hall,  with  a  close  of  land  known 
as  the  Bowling  Green,  which  he  sold  to  James  Carter.  There  is  a 
plan  showing  Sun  Court,  Sun  Street,  the  properties  of  John  Dalton, 
Esq.,  Messrs.  Gillow  and  Jepson's  and  other  lands,  including  the 
Rev.  Oliver  Marton's,  accompanying  this  deed.  There  are  about 
thirty  lots,  some  of  which  were  purchased  by  Corney  Tomlinson  of 
James  Carter.  It  is,  therefore,  quite  likely  that  at  one  period  the 
Earls  of  Sefton  had  a  residence  in  Lancaster. 

The     Ship     Inn,    in    North    Road,    is    another    old    hostelry 
occupying  the  site   of  two   licensed  houses   known    respectively   as 


434  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


"  The  Cock,"  and  "  The  Three  Squirrels."  The  Ship  Inn  was  so 
called  owing  to  its  being-  contiguous  to  the  old  ship  yard.  In  1889, 
this  inn  was  renovated  by  Mr.  Mitchell,  the  owner.  It  is  stated 
that  the  old  deeds  of  the  original  Ship  Inn  mentioned  the  "  right  of 
fishing  in  the  dam."  The  old  Fleece  Inn  was  demolished  in  1890, 
and  the  present  elegant  premises  erected  in  its  place.  From  the 
ancient  deeds  it  appears  that  in  1764,  the  site  of  the  Fleece  was 
occupied  by  a  house  tenanted  by  the  Threlfall  family.  The  dwell- 
ing was  transformed  into  an  inn  between  1764  and  1778.  During 
the  taking  down  of  the  old  structure  a  secret  chamber  was  revealed  ; 
and  in  preparing  for  the  foundations  of  the  new  building,  fragments 
of  Roman  pottery  were  found,  one  piece  bearing  upon  it  the  figure 
of  a  deer.  An  ancient  millstone  was  also  discovered  on  the  south 
west  side,  but  it  got  broken.  A  halfpenny  of  George  I.  time,  1725, 
and  a  penny  dated  1795  likewise  came  to  light  with  some  portions  of 
metal,  evidently  bell  metal. 

Efforts  have  been  made  to  obtain  some  historic  knowledge 
concerning  the  Corporation  Arms,  and  the  White  Cross  Inns.  But 
all  inquiries  meeting  with  no  response  from  the  likeliest  quarters, 
I  am  unable  to  throw  any  light  on  the  past  of  these  two  ancient  inns. 

The  Green  Dragon  Inn  long  kept  by  Mr.  Cartmel,  used  to 
occupy  the  site  of  Mrs.  Simpson's  establishment  in  Cheapside,  and 
the  Bull's  Head,  a  well-known  hostelry,  was  on  the  other  side. 
The  Feathers  Hotel,  in  Market  Street,  is  really  the  outcome  of  the 
old  Coach  and  Horses  Inn,  which  had  its  entrance  in  China  Lane. 
But  part  of  the  present  Feathers  Hotel  was  a  private  house  erected 
according  to  the  facade  figures  in  1722.  Subsequently  the  house 
was  altered  into  a  shop  in  which  the  elder  John  Pritt  served  his 
time  to  the  saddle-making  business  prior  to  his  taking  the  King's 
Arms  Hotel.  At  one  time,  in  the  old  West  India  days,  there  was 
a  large  export  trade  in  saddles  to  Barbadoes,  St.  Bartholomew's, 
and  various  other  West  Indian  Islands.  Mr.  Cooper  was  a  leading 
saddler  for  many  vears  on  the  site  of  the  present  Feathers  Hotel, 
an  hotel  among  whose  first  proprietors  were  Mr.  C.  Hind  and  Mr. 
Sly.      This    Inn    was   at  one  time  the  only  real  hotel  in   the  town, 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  455 


having'  no  bar  business  whatever.  As  a  licensed  house  it  dates  only 
from  about  1820.  Mr.  John  Pritt  was  apprenticed  to  Mr.  Cooper  who 
amassed  considerable  wealth  at  this  spot  in  his  day.  Some  of  his 
family  settled  at  Preston,  where  they  became  very  influential.  The  de- 
cline of  the  shipping-  trade  in  Lancaster  caused  old  Mr.  Cooper's  son-; 
to  leave  their  native  town,  and  a  general  exodus  of  Lancastrians  took 
place  owing  to  the  same  cause.  Mr.  Atherton  appears  to  have 
succeeded  Mr.  Cooper  in  the  saddlery  business  according  to  the 
directories.  The  elder  Pritt,  alluded  to  above,  died  on  the  29th  of 
June,  1828,  aged  59.  Mr.  Christopher  Hind  converted  the  old  shop 
and  hostelry  into  the  Feathers  Hotel.  The  Coach  and  Horses  was 
the  head  quarters  of  the  Society  of  Druids  at  the  beginning  of 
this  century. 

By  the  courtesy  of  Edward  Clark,  Esq.,  I  am  in  a  position 
to  give  some  interesting  items  gleaned  from  a  number  of  indentures 
and  memoranda  appertaining  to  the  Blue  Anchor  and  other  propertv 
adjoining.  From  the  oldest  of  these  deeds,  dated  17th  March, 
1 73 1,  it  appears  that  the  house  known  as  the  Blue  Anchor  was  a 
private  residence,  for  there  is  no  mention  of  an  inn,  and  no  tenant 
of  the  two  dwelling-houses  and  shop,  close  and  meadow,  except 
Gwalter  Borranskd!.  From  the  appearance  of  the  house  and  its 
style  within  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  it  was  the  palatine  town 
residence  of  some  good  old  county  family,  probably  of  the  Heskeths 
of  Rufford. 

The  old  brewery  in  Brewery  Lane  has  the  date  1660,  on  a  stone 
over  the  entrance.  Unfortunately,  out  of  a  score  of  documents, 
including  wills  as  well  as  deeds,  no  "  ancient  history  "  concerning 
the  premises  are  obtainable.  But  from  deeds  dating  from  the  early 
part  of  this  century  it  is  clear  that  the  old  brewery  was  the  property 
of  John  Proctor  ;  Dilworth  and  Hargreaves,  bankers,  and  about  iS  >;, 
Mr.  John  Baldwin,  solicitor,  seems  to  have  been  the  owner,  and  to 
have  sold  it  in  1817  to  the  Walker  family  of  Preston,  and  Mrs. 
Agnes  Walker  appears  to  have  owned  it  from  1S17  until  the  8th  of 
October,  1833,  when  it  was  disposed  of  to  a  Mr.  William  Townley,  of 


456  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Blackburn.    In  1817  Messrs.  John  and  William  Jackson,  were  tenants. 
The  chief-rent  consists  or  consisted  of  one  pepper  corn  yearly. 

If  we  could  only  catch  a  glimpse  of  the  old  clays  once  more, 
view  some  of  the  antique  human  specimens  of  our  borough  seated 
on  the  stone  bench  outside  the  "  Horse  and  Farrier,"  talking-  to 
Richard  Carr,  the  landlord,  and  quaffing  the  nut-brown  draught  at 
high  noon  in  summer,  what  contrasts  we  could  draw.  Or  if  we 
could  turn  into  "  Old  Sir  Simon's  "  ancient  precincts  and  hear  once 
again  the  local  incidents  discussed  by  the  generations  that  have  long 
ago  passed  away,  how  different  would  the  Lancaster  of  the  past 
appear  from  the  Lancaster  of  to-day.  The  Old  Sir  Simon  hotel  had 
originally  a  thatched  roof  and  curiously  shaped  casement  lights  and 
its  signboard  bore  upon  it  the  figure  of  a  man  smoking  his  long 
clay  pipe  and  looking  as  comfortable  as  if  he  had  just  received  a 
fortune.  That  old  signboard  sold  for  a  decent  sum  of  money  when 
the  quaint  inn  was  demolished.  There  used  to  be  a  house  adjoining 
the  King's  Arms  known  as  the  "  brick  house,"  because  it  was  the 
only  brick  built  house  in  the  street.  When  the  King's  Arms  was 
rebuilt  this  old  house  disappeared  and  its  site  is  now  occupied  by 
the  new  and  much  larger  hotel.  A  large  quantity  of  salt  meat  was 
sent  out  to  the  West  Indies  and  Mr.  Carr  of  the  Horse  and  Farrier 
was  the  leading  salt  merchant  whose  warehouse  was  the  building  in 
Bridge  Lane,  ultimately  used  as  a  Wesleyan  Chapel. 

In  the  shipping  days  of  eight}-  or  ninety  years  ago,  Lancaster's 
leading  inhabitants  were  chiefly  importations  from  the  villages  over 
the  Sands,  from  Wyresdale  and  Cumberland  and  Westmorland,  as 
the  old  names  themselves  demonstrate.  The  Spink  Bull,  some 
say,  was  once  the  vicarage,  and  that  there  was  a  road  leading  from 
behind  the  inn  to  the  church,  a  road  done  away  with  some  years 
ago.  In  the  Crooked  Billet-yard,  there  is  what  man)  persons 
believe  to  be  an  entrance  to  an  underground  passage,  and  it  is  just 
possible  after  what  has  recently  been  discovered  in  Mary  Street  that 
the  same  is  a  portion  of  a  subterranean  path  which  led,  apparently, 
from  the  friary  to  the  church.  That  such  a  sub-road  existed  has 
been  clearly  demonstrated  by  workmen  and  others  some  time  ago. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


457 


CHAPTER  XV. 


ohn  o'Gaunt's  Bowmen— Masonry  and  Oddfellowship  in  Lancaster- 
Lancaster  Benevolent  Burial  Friendly  Society — Tine  Philippi 
Club — John  o'Gaunt's  Club,  London — Lancaster  and  its  Political 
Representation — List  of  Past  Members  for  the  Borough. 


HE  Society  of  John  o'Gaunt's  Bowmen  is 
one  of  the  oldest  if  not  the  oldest  Society  of 
Archers  in  the  kingdom.  It  was  revived  in 
the  year  1788,  and  again  in  1820.  It  may 
be  interesting  to  a  few  readers  if  I  give  a 
brief  sketch  of  the  origin  and  decline  oi 
archery  since  the  practice  of  it  was  a  pursuit 
followed  by  all  the  ancient  nations,  and  was 
a  prominent  feature  in  the  daily  life  of  our 
own  countrymen  down  to  the  close  of  what 
may  justly  be  termed  the  mediaeval  era. 
Archery  has  been  ascribed  to  Apollo,  who  is  said  to  have  com- 
municated it  to  the  Cretans.  Aster  of  Amphipolis,  having  been 
slighted  by  Philip,  King  of  Macedon,  at  the  siege  of  Methone,  shot 
an  arrow  on  which  was  written  "Aimed  at  Philip's  right  eye," 
which  put  it  out.  Philip  drew  back  the  arrow  with  these  words  : 
"  If  Philip  take  the  town,  Aster  shall  be  hanged,"  and  he  kept  his 
word.  This  took  place  in  the  year  ^2>Z  B-c-  Archery  was  intro- 
duced into  England  before  a.d.  440.  History  informs  us  that 
Richard  I.  revived  archery  in  the  year  1 190,  and  was  himself  killed 
by  an  arrow.  A  Royal  Company  of  Archers  was  instituted  by  the 
Marquis  of  Athol,  as  the  king's  body  guard  for  Scotland  in  1676. 
The  long  bow  was  six  feet  in  length  and  the  arrow  three  feet,  and 
the  usual  range  from  three  hundred  to  five  hundred  yards.  Robin 
Hood  is  said  to  have  shot  from  six  hundred  to  eight  hundred  yards. 
The  cross-bow  we  read  of  was  fixed  to  a  stock  and  discharged  with 


458  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


a  trigger.  It  may  be  mentioned  that  the  Danes  were  particularly 
well  skilled  in  the  use  of  the  bow  and  arrow.  In  the  twelfth  and 
thirteenth  centuries  the  village  green  was  the  rendezvous  of  the 
archers,  and  here  stout  yeomen  strove  to  send  their  arrows  right 
into  the  centre  of  the  target,  amid  cries  of  "  i'  the  clout!  i'  the 
clout!"  By  two  statutes  Edward  III.  encouraged  and  enjoined 
the  use  of  the  long-bow  amongst  his  English  subjects,  and  in  the 
reign  of  Richard  II.  an  Act  was  passed  to  compel  all  servants  to 
practice  with  it  on  Sundays  and  Holy  days.  By  the  7th  of  Henry 
IV.,  "the  heads  of  arrows  were  to  be  well  boiled  or  brazed  and 
hardened  at  the  points  with  steel,  on  pain  of  forfeiture  of  the  arrows 
and  imprisonment  of  the  maker,  whose  name  was  to  be  stamped  on 
every  arow  head.  Henry  V.  ordered  the  sheriffs  of  the  several 
counties  "to  procure  feathers  from  geese,  to  the  number  of  six  from 
each  goose,  for  the  purpose  of  winging  the  missiles,  often  poeticallv 
called  the  "gallant  gray  goose  shafts."  Richard  III.  decreed  that 
"  ten  bow-staves  were  to  be  imported  from  abroad  with  every  butt 
of  Malmsey  or  Tyre  wine  under  the  penalty  of  one  mark  (thirteen 
shillings  and  fourpence)  for  each  butt  that  was  not  thus  accom- 
panied." This  Act  was  framed  by  Parliament  in  consequence  of 
the  rise  that  had  taken  place  in  the  price  of  bow-staves,  so  that 
those  which  had  formerly  cost  only  40s.  or  40s.  Sd.  per  hundred  at 
the  utmost,  "  had  now,  as  the  Act  declared,  risen  to  the  out- 
rageous price  o{  ^8  the  hundred,"  and  all  through  the  seditious 
confederacy  of  the  Lombards  trading  to  this  country."  In  the 
same  reign,  1482,  it  was  enacted  that  from  "the  feast  of  Easter 
next  coming  no  bowman  should  take  from  any  of  the  king's  liege 
people  for  a  longbow  of  yew  more  than  3s.  4c!.  The  wood  of  the 
stave  was  generally  yew,  this  being  the  strongest  and  most  elastic 
material.  Sometimes  elm,  ash,  or  Brazil  wood  was  used.  The 
closest  scrutiny  was  evinced  in  order  to  secure  freedom  from  knot, 
warp,  or  any  blemish.  The  "cord"  must  not  be  too  soft  or  it 
would  snap  and  leave  the  archer  defenceless,  nor  must  it  be  too 
hard  or  too  fine  or  it  would  cut  the  wood,  and  so  render  the  bow 
useless.  The  medium  was  a  string  of  silk  twisted  with  the  utmost 
care  so  that  it   might    be  sound   and   equal  throughout.      To  save 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  459 


both  wood  and  string  and  have  them  ever  ready  for  action  the 
weapon  was  usually  carried  in  a  sheath  or  case  made  of  woollen  or 
canvas.  At  Agincourt  the  Genoese  Archers  were  placed  out  of 
action  altogether  owing"  to  a  shower  of  rain  which  rendered  their 
cross-bows  useless,  and  also  relaxed  their  bow-strings,  strings 
made  of  gut,  giving  the  English  every  opportunity  of  defeating 
them,  for  their  weapons  had  only  to  be  unsheathed  and  were  then 
ready  for  work  under  any  conditions  of  climate.  When  the  archer 
had  no  need  of  his  bow  and  arrow  he  minded  to  lay  it  by  in  a  place 
neither  too  dry  nor  too  damp,  and  he  kept  it  well  rubbed,  oiled, 
and  polished.  Ascham,  in  his  Toxophilus,  enumerates  fifteen  different 
kinds  of  wood.  The  asp  was  preferred  for  target-shooting  and 
archery  competitions  and  the  ash  for  warfare.  Asp  wood  was  deemed 
of  such  importance  that  in  1416  Parliament  passed  a  decree  forbidding 
patten  and  clog  makers  from  making  their  goods  of  this  material. 
It  was  not  until  fifty  years  later  that  the  patten-makers  obtained 
permission  to  use  such  asp  wood  in  their  craft  as  was  unfit  for 
archery  purposes.  Arrows  were  often  of  different  weight  and  thick- 
ness to  suit  the  distance  of  the  mark  and  the  changes  of  the  wind 
Whistling  arrows  were  sometimes  used  in  war  for  signalling  in  the 
night. 

On  the  village  green  over  four  centuries  ago,  you  might  have 
seen  the  Archers  in  picturesque  attire  with  all  the  village  peasants 
and  dames  around  them  busy  practising,  each  Archer  having  a 
bracer  laced  on  his  left  arm,  and  a  shooting  glove  on  his  right  hand. 
The  bracer  was  made  of  hardened  leather  and  so  stiff  that  the  motion 
of  the  arm  did  not  wrinkle  it,  and  so  smooth  that  it  did  not  arrest 
the  free  motion  of  the  string  ;  while  the  glove  which  protected  the 
fingers  from  being  chapped  in  drawing  the  "  cord,"  had  the  leather 
upon  the  forefinger  thicker  than  the  rest,  as  it  was  there  that  the 
pull  of  the  string  was  most  felt.  The  Royal  MSS.,  14th  Edward 
IV.,  and  the  Cotton  MSS.,  Julius  E.  IV.,  both  give  figures  of 
fifteenth  century  Archers.  Specimens  of  arrow  heads  are  to  be 
seen  in  the  British  Museum.  They  were  found  at  New  Farm, 
Blenheim   Park,    Oxon,  on  the   field  of  the  battle  of  Barnet,  in  the 


46o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


neighbourhood  of  Friday  Street,  London,  and  near  Salisbury.      At 
the  latter  place  a  cloth-yard  arrow  head  was  discovered. 

Great  dexterity  and  a  true  eye  were  essential  to  the  success 
of  the  bowman  who  "stood  uprightly,  his  left  foot  at  a  convenient 
distance  in  advance  on  his  right,  holding  the  bow  by  the  middle, 
with  his  left  arm  stretched  out,  and  with  the  three  first  fingers  and 
the  thumb  of  the  right  hand  upou  the  lower  part  of  the  arrow- 
affixed  to  the  bow-string.  If  the  mark  were  a  distant  one,  the  arrow 
had  to  be  drawn  to  the  head,  but  the  pull  required  to  be  steady  and 
uniform,  otherwise  the  string  might  snap,  or  the  bow  itself  break." 

The  bow  and  arrow  declined  in  Lancaster  and  district  after 
the  battle  of  Flodden  where  the  quiver  of  England  was  well  nigh 
expended.  The  hagbut  and  the  arquebuse  came  in  place  of  them, 
and  thus  the  practice  of  archery  is  now  nothing  more  than  a  sport  or 
scientific  amusement.  The  earliest  Archer  met  with  in  the  Bible  is 
Ishmael  who  "  became  an  Archer."     (Genesis    XXI.    20). 

John  o'Gaunt's  Bowmen. 

The  members  of  the  John  o'Gaunt's  Bowmen  in  1788,  1789, 
and  1790,  wore  a  dark  green  coat,  plain  yellow  buttons,  with  a  bow 
and  arrow  embroidered  on  a  black  velvet  collar  ;  white  Kerseymere 
waistcoat  and  breeches,  white  stockings,  and  a  black  hat,  with  two 
feathers,  one  black  and  the  other  green.  The  members  a  hundred 
years  ago,  were  as  follow  : — 

Charles  Gibson,  Quernmore  Park,  elected  March  17th,  1788. 

John  Ford,  Morecambe  Lodge,  elected  same  time. 

Thomas  Rawlinson,  Ellel  Hall. 

William  Cotton,  Lancaster. 

Josiah  Baxendale,  Lancaster. 

Benjamin  Satterthwaite,  Lancaster. 

Edward  Suart,  junr. ,  Lancaster. 

Thomas  Brayshay,  Lancaster. 

John  Dodson,  Lancaster. 

James  Noble,  Lancaster. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  461 


David  Campbell,  Lancaster. 
Edward  Salisbury,  Lancaster. 
Daniel  Wilson,  Dallam  Tower. 
Edmund  Rigby,  Ellel  Grange. 
Edward  Greenhalgh,  Myerscough. 
Abram  Rawlinson,  Ellel  Hall. 
Michael  Jones,  Caton,  elected  April  29th,  1788. 
Bryan  Greg,  Lancaster,  elected  April  29th,  1788. 
Edward  Buckley,  Beaumont  Hall,  elected  June  13th,  1788. 
William  White,  Lancaster,  elected  October  1st,  1788. 
George  Bigland,  of  Bigland,  elected  April  15th,  1790. 
Thomas  Harton,  elected  April  15th,  1790. 
Robert  Hesketh,  Heysham  Hall,  elected  July  8th,  1790. 
John  Dent,  London,  elected  Jul}'  8th,  1790. 
J.  F.  Caw  tin  Hue,  Wyreside,  elected  July  29th,  1790. 
Thomas  Greene,  Slyne,  elected  July  22nd,  1790. 
William  Dent,  elected  July  29th,  1790. 
-    C.  H.  Rhodes,  Barlborough  Hall,  Derbyshire,  elected  September  17th,  1790. 
Wilson  Braddyll,  Conishead  Priory,  elected  October  8th,  1790. 
Bold  F.  Hesketh,  Rufford  Hall,  elected    Vpril  29th,  1791. 
Joseph  Brookes,  Liverpool,  elected  September  50th.  1791. 

LADY    PATRONESSES. 

1788.  Miss  Wilson,  Lancaster. 

17S0.  Miss  Maria  Rawlinson,  Lancaster. 

1790.  Miss  Welch,  Lancaster. 

1791.  Miss  Jane  Salisbury,  Lancaster. 

Between  1820  and  i860  the  list  of  members  represents  112,  and  the 
patronesses  between  the  same  dates,  41.  The  Secretaries  have  been  from  1820  to 
1822,  Thomas  Worswick,  Esq.;  1822  to  1823,  R.  M.  Arthington,  Esq.;  itS23  to 
1824,  A  Kirkup,  Estj.  ;  1824  to  1827,  Joseph  Dockray,  Esq. ;  1S27  to  1830,  Joseph 
Seed,  Esq.  ;  1830  to  1836,  Richard  Hinde,  Esq.  ;  1836  to  1842,  John  Sharp,  I 
1842  to  1853,  John  Kirkes,  Esq.;  1853  to  i860,  George  Robinson,  Esq.;  i860  to 
1866,  E.  II.  Satterthwaite,  Esq. ;  1866  to  1868,  Henry  Ball,  Esq.;  1868  to  1872, 
William  Ford,  Esq.;  1872  to  1875,  W.  T.  Sharp,  Esq.;  1875  to  1870,  B.  P. 
Greg-son,  Esq.;  1S76  to  i.SSi,  W.  T.  Sharp,  Esq.;  1S81  to  1882,  F.  Sharp.  Esq.; 
1882  to  1890,  B.  P.  Gregson,  Esq. 

The  Treasurers  from  1820  to  1890  have  been:  1820  to  1S22.  Alexander 
Andrade,  Esq.;  iSj2  to  1823,  R.  M.  Arthington.  Esq;  1823(0  1824,  A.  Kirkup, 
Esq.  ;   1824  to  1827,  Joseph  Dockray,  Esq.  ;    1827  to  1830,  Joseph  Seed,  Esq.  ;     1S30 


462  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


to  1833,  Richard  Hinde,  Esq.  :  1833  t0  ^Crf,  Henry  Gregson,  Esq.:  1837  to  1840, 
Thomas  Baldwin,  Esq.  ;  1840  to  1842,  James  Giles,  Esq. :  1842  to  1845,  John  Bond, 
Esq.;  1845  to  1847,  T.  G.  Dodson,  Esq.  ;  1847  to  1853.  John  Kirkes,  Esq.  ;  1853  to 
1857,  Henry  Ball,  Esq.;  1857  to  1S62,  Arthur  R.  Hinde.  Esq.  ;  1862101875.!'. 
Mason,  Esq.  ;  1875  to  l88L  J-  D-  Moore,  Esq..  M.  1>.  :  1S81  to  1884,  F.  Sharpe, 
Esq.  ;   1884  to  1890,  B.  P.  Gregson,  Esq. 

Since  1884  the  Secretaryship  and  Treasurership  have  been  combined  and 
heid  by  Mr.  Gregson. 

The  challenge  prizes  shot  for  between  the  years  1821  and 
1890  have  consisted  of  a  gold  medal,  a  large  silver  arrow,  a  small 
silver  arrow,  and  a  small  gilt  arrow.  There  is  a  book  of  Rules  and 
Regulations  revised  and  reprinted  in  1850,  in  1861,  1869,  and  again 
in  187b.  From  the  "Archer's  Register,  1889,"  edited  by  Frederick 
T.  Foilet,  archery  correspondent  to  The  Field,  I  take  the  following 
items  relating  to  the  John  o'Gaunt's  Bowmen  : 

"  The  centenary  of  this  well-known  Lancashire  Society,  which  was  cele- 
brated in  1888,  was  not  the  centenary  of  its  foundation,  but  of  its  revival  ;  for  there 
is  evidence  that  the  society  had  been  in  existence  for  a  considerable  period  prior  to 
17SS,  although  before  that  dale  nothing  is  known  of  its  doings,  and  no  traces  of  its 
constitution  remain.  Its  origin  is  a  matter  of  conjecture,  some  Lancashire  men  liking 
to  regard  il  as  a  growth  of  the  Wars  of  the  Roses;  whilst  others,  less  ambitious, 
would  not  go  further  back  than  Flodden  Field.  In  1788  the  Society  was  limited  to 
twenty-one  member-.''  A  sketch  of  a  John  o'Gaunt's  Bowman  is  included  in  the 
work  quoted  with  a  description  of  the  uniform  worn  in  that  year,  which  I  have  already 
noticed.  "  After  1788,"  continues  the  *  Register,'  "'an  interval  of  thirty-two  years 
followed,  timing  which  the  Society  languished  more  or  less,  and  its  proceedings 
were  imperfectly  recorded  ;  but  in  1820  it  revived  once  more,  and  since  then  has 
continued  to  grow  and  to  flourish.  Among  the  rules  of  the  new  rdgime  there  was  one 
requiring  a  member  on  election  or  marriage  to  present  a  '  bishop  '  to  the  Society. 
This  was  a  dozen  of  wine,  and  though  that  was  a  minimum  offering,  there  appears 
to  have  been  no  limit  to  a  maximum  offering,  for  the  old  minute  books  tell  of  a 
member  in  1838  giving  his  'bishop  '  upon  a  sumptuous  and  magnificent  scale.  The 
custom  has  gradually  fallen  into  disuse,  and  only  two  '  bishops'  have  been  ptesented 
within  the  last  15  years.'' 

The  same  authority  also  informs  the  reader  how  "  members  began  to  be 
elected  by  ballot,  after  due  nomination,  and  it  was  necessary  that  two-thirds  of  the 
Society  should  vote.      The  target  ranges  were  fixed  at  13  roods  (91  yards),  and  9  roods 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  46; 


(63  yards),  the  match  shooting  consisting  of  six  rounds  or  twelve  targets  at  each 
distance,  the  colours  of  the  rings  and  the  values  of  the  hits  being  the  same  as  now, 
except  that  the  inner  white  of  that  day  has  been  replace  blue  of  ours.    Altera- 

tions were  also  made  in  the  uniform,  and  there  was  a  ceremonial  as  well  as  a  shooting 
uniform.  The  former  consisted  of  a  dark  green  body  coat,  lined  with  white  silk, 
with  the  society's  buttons,  and  a  bow  and  arrow  embroidered  on  a  black  velvet  collar, 
white  drill  trousers,  crimson  militar)  sash,  and  black  neckcloth,  or  stock  for  full  dress, 
For  shooting  dress,  a  Kendal  green  frock-coat,  with  g-ilt  button-  with  arrow  thereon, 
cloth  upright  collar,  with  an  arrow  embroidered  thereon,  white  drill  trousers,  a  green 
foraging  cap,  and  black  neckcloth,  or  stock.  This  ha-  long  been  discontinued  and  a 
member  now  wears  what  he  pleases  :  but  the  rules  require  that  at  all  club  gatherings 
he  shall  display  the  society's  badge,  which  is  silver  gilt,  and  has  a  design  of  three 
arrows  in  the  centre.  The  number  of  members,  which  had  been  limited  to  twenty- 
one,  was  subsequently  raised  to  thirty,  and  in  July,  1888,  to  forty-two.  The  S01 
warmly  supported  the  (band  National  Archery  Meeting  when  it  was  first  organised  at 
York,  in  1844,  I  >y  guaranteeing  the  presence  and  subscriptions  of  twelve  of  its  members  ; 
and  since  then  several — notably  Mr.  II.  II.  Palairet  (five  times  Champion  of  All 
England),  Mr.  E.  Mason,  Mr.  II.  Garnett,  Mr.  W.  lord,  Mr.  E.  Sharpe,  Mr. 
Gregson,  and  Mr.  Lloyd  Evans— have  secured  g-ood  places  in  the  score  lists  at  the 
Annual  National  Meetings.*' 

It  may  be  remarked  that  Mr.  H.  H.  Palairet  has  been  National 
Champion  of  England  in  1876,  1878,  1880,  1881  and  1882.  Mr. 
Gregson  held  this  distinguished  position  in  1889,  and  has  likewise 
held  the  Championship  of  the  Ten  Northern  Counties  no  less  than 
six  times.      Mr.  Edmund  Sharpe  has  been  Northern  Champion  twice. 

The  Target  Meetings  are  in  Springfield  Park,  Lancaster, 
lent  for  the  purpose  by  the  Trustees  of  the  Ripley  Hospital,  and 
since  1875  the  York  Round  has  been  adopted  for  members  of  the 
first  class,  whilst  only  the  latter  half  of  the  York  Round  is  shot  bv 
those  of  the  second  and  third  classes.  Bye-laws  regulating  the 
transfer  ol'  members  from  one  class  to  another,  according  to  indi- 
vidual merit,  and  determining  the  assignment  of  prizes,  have  been 
found  to  work  satisfactorily  and  impartially.  It  was  decided  earl) 
in  1888,  that  a  special  programme  should  be  arranged  to  comme- 
morate the  revival  of  the  John  o'Gaunt's  Bowmen  in  1788.  This 
took  the  form  of  a  Centenary  Dinner,  a  two  days' Archery  Meeting, 
and  a  Fancy  Dress  Ball.      The  Dinner  was  held  on  May  9th,  in  the 


464  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


King's  Arms  Hotel,  Lancaster,  twenty-one  members  and  seven 
guests  being  present.  The  Fancy  Dress  Ball  was  held  on  Thurs- 
day, September  13th,  1888,  many  of  the  members  appearing  in  the 
costume  of  a  century  ago.  The  two  days'  shooting  took  place  on 
September  nth  and  12th,  in  the  Giant  Axe  Field,  a  liberal  supply 
of  prizes  being  provided  both  for  members  and  visitors,  and  the 
meeting  proved  a  great  success.  There  were  25  shooters,  of  whom 
five  were  visitors.  Tuesday,  the  first  day  was  fine,  but  it  was  cold, 
with  a  strong,  gusty  wind  blowing  throughout  the  round.  At  80 
yards  Mr.  C.  E.  Nesham  and  Mr.  E.  Sharpe  were  a  tie,  both  in  hits 
(36)  and  score  (158),  and  at  60  yards  there  was  also  a  close  struggle 
between  them,  Mr.  C.  E.  Nesham  scoring  129  with  23  hits,  and 
Mr.  E.  Sharpe  120  with  22  hits.  Wednesday  was  fine,  but  the  wind 
of  the  preceding  day  had  dropped,  and  the  shooting  was  continued 
under  favourable  conditions.  There  was  a  large  attendance  of 
spectators.  Mr.  C.  E.  Neshams's  score  at  60  yards  of  162,  with 
24  hits  (including  seven  golds),  is  the  highest  on  record,  the  nearest 
to  it  being  a  score  of  160,  with  24  arrows,  by  the  same  gentleman  a 
few  years  back,  at  the  Crystal  Palace  Meeting. 

After  shooting,  Mrs.  Middleton  presented  the  prizes.  The 
First  Class  Challenge  Prize  for  the  greatest  number  of  points  ;  the 
Champions'  Medal  and  Clasp  was  won  by  Mr.  E.  Sharpe.  The 
Second  Class  Challenge  Prize  for  highest  gross  score  Large  Silver 
Arrow,  was  won  by  Mr.  H.  E.  Jones  ;  and  the  Third  Class  Challenge 
Prize  for  highest  gross  score,  the  Small  Silver  Arrow,  was  won  by 
Mr.  W.  A.  Stackhouse.  Mr.  E.  Sharpe  won  the  Silver  Cup  and 
the  Societv's  Medal  and  Clasp.  In  the  prizes  open  to  all  classes 
Mr.  Gregson  also  won  the  Gilt  Arrow,  and  Mr.  E.  Sharpe  secured 
the  Centenary  Challenge  Jug.  Mr.  Gregson,  Mr.  Leigh  Clare, 
Mr.  Nesham,  Mr.  W.  A.  Stackhouse,  Mr.  H.  E.  Jones,  Lieut. 
Col.  Burton,  and  Captain  C.  H.  Garnett,  also  figured  as  prize 
winners  in  the  Subscription  Handicap  Contest. 

The  Centenary  Silver  Challenge  Jug  (value  ^30)  was  pro- 
cured to  be  awarded  year  by  year  to  the  maker  of  the  highest  gross 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  46: 


score  at  any  of  the  Society's  Target   or    Prize    Meetings  during  the 

season.  This  prize  is  a  fine  old  English  Jug,  plain  in  style,  with 
reeded  bands  round  the  lower  pail  :  it  holds  aboul  a  gallon,  and  was 
made  in  1702,  and  is  therefore,  most  appropriate  tor  the  occasion. 
It  stands  on  a  pedestal  of  olid  ebony,  the  centre  part  having  a 
plain  band,  of  silver  the  full  depth  of  the  pi  ith,  thus  giving  room 
for  engraving  the  name  of  each  year's  winner.  Upon  the  body  o( 
the  jug  is  engraved  the  badge  of  the  club  a  crown,  and  rose  of 
Lancaster,  surrounded  with  the  inscription  'John  o'Gaunt's  Bowmen 
Centenary  Challenge  Prize  1788  and  1888.'  Besides  this  recent 
acquisition  the  Society  has  other  interesting  challenge  prizes.  There 
are  the  Champion  Medal  and  Clasp,  given  by  Miss.  M.  Rawlinson, 
(lady  patroness,  1789,)  a  unique  trophy  originally  shot  for  by  the 
Members  in  October,  1789;  the  large  Silver  Arrow  given  by  Miss 
Wilson  (Lady  Patroness)  in  1  78S  ;  the  small  Silver  Arrow,  given  by 
Mrs.  Harrison  (Lady  Patroness)  in  1820  ;  and  the  Gilt  Arrow, 
presented  to  the  society  in  182c),  by  Mrs.  Hesketh  of  Rossall  Hall, 
Fleetwood. 

It  now  only  remains  for  me  to  add  that  the  Society  possesses 
an  eleganl  silver  snuff  box,  the  interior  of  the  lid  of  the  same  bearing 
this  inscription  :  "Presented  by  the  John  o'  Gaunt's  Club,  London, 
to  fohn  o'  Gaunt's  Bowmen,  Lancaster,  1832."  Elsewhere  will  be 
found  one  or  two  notes  on  the  above  named  club. 

The  book  of  Rules  and  Regulations  kindly  handed  to  me  !\\ 
a  member  of  the  Archer}-  Society,  has  the  following  quotations  on 

its  title  page,  taken  from  Shakespeare's  Henry  IV.  Act  III.  Scene  M. 

Shallow.      1^  <  >ld  Double  of  your  town  living  yel  ? 

Silence.—  Head.  Sir. 

"  Shallow.— Dead  !  see,  see,  he  drew  a  g I  bow,   and   dead,  he  shot  a  fine  shot  ' 

ohn  'o  Gaunt  loved  him  well  and  betted  much  money  on  his  head. 
Dead  !  he  would  have  clapt  ii  in  the  clout,  al  twelve  score,  and  caused  you 
afore  hand  shafl  a  fourteen  and  fourteen  and  a  half,  thai  would  have  done  a 
man's  heart  good  to  see.  " 


H2 


466  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


The  members  of  the  club  number  at  the  present  time 
(June,  1891)  forty-three;  two  of  this  number  art-  however, 
honorary  members.  Here  is  a  list  courteously  supplied  for  this 
work  by  the  Secretary,  Mr.  Gregson,  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for 
information  and  corrections  concerning"  the  Society. 

Hon.    Members. 

S.    11.    Hinde,  Windham  Club,  St.  James'   Square,  London;  Col.   Garnett- 
1  )rme.   Tarn  I  [ouse,  Skipton. 

M  EMBERS. 

William  Ford,  Ellel  Hall.  Lancaster;  1..  Graham  Paley,  The  Greaves, 
Lancaster;     B.     I'.    Greg  on,    Caton,    I  ter ;    T.     F.     Fenwick,     Harrow     Hall, 

Kirkby  Lonsdale;  Col.  Whalley,  Queen  Street,  Lancaster;  W.  T.  Sharp,  Elierh 
Street,  Lancaster;  K.  1  '•■  S.  Hornby,  Dalton  Hall.  Burton-in-Westmorland  ;  Col. 
Marion.  ( lapernw  ra) .  Burton-in-W  estmorland  ;  Francis  Sharpe,  Bowerham,  Lancaster  : 
II.  II.  Palairet,  Chalky  House,  Norton  St.  Philip,  Hath  ;  Capt.  Garnett,  Wyreside, 
Lancaster;  William  Garnett,  Quernmore  Park,  Lancaster:  Edmund  Sharpe,  Halton 
Hall,  Lancaster:  W.  E.  M.  Tomlinson,  MP.,  Heysham  House,  Lancaster;  C.  H. 
Bird,  Crookey,  Garstang ;  John  Foster,  Douk  Gyhll,  Horton-in-.Ribblesdale,  Settle; 
Charles  M.  Saunders,  Wennington  Hall,  Lancaster:  II.  Dawson  Greene,  Whittington 
Hall,  Kirkby  Lonsdale  ;  Major  E.  W.  Stokes,  Fairfield  House,  Lancaster;  Rev.  F. 
T,  Royds,  Heysham  Rector}-,  Lancaster:  Lt-Col.  F.  Cooper  Turner,  [nverbrae,  Oak 
Hill,  Surbiton ;  Dr.  W.  Wingate  Saul.  Fenton-Cawthorne  House,  Lancaster; 
Aymer  Ainslie,  Gawithfield,  (Jlverston  ;  Launcelol  Sanderson  2,  Garden  Court, 
Temple,  London;  Lloyd  Evans,  Grange  House,  Grange-over-Sands ;  F.  X.  Garnett, 
(.Ian  Rhiew,  Berriew,  Montgomeryshire;  W.  G.  Ainslie  M.P.,  Grizedale  Hall. 
Hawkshead,  Ambleside;  Rev.  F.  R.  Preston,  Ellel  Grange,  Lancaser  ;  Captain  I. 
D.  Kennedy,  Scarthvvaite,  Lancaster;  ( ).  Leigh  Clare,  Haverbrack,  Miln  thorp  ;  C. 
li.  C.  Storey,  Weslfield  House,  Lancaster;  Rev.  II.  Edward  [ones,  Haj  Carr, 
Lancaster:  W.  H.  Higgin,  Q.C.,  Cloverley  House,  Timperley,  Cheshire:  Rev.  G. 
|.  Horner,  Flaxton  Lodge,  Vork  ;  Colonel  Foster,  Hornby  Castle,  Lancaster: 
|.  Williamson.  M.I'..  Hydatids,  Lancaster;  J.  A.  Openshaw,  Beechfield,  \  calami 
Conyers  ;  W.  A.  Slackhouse,  Stackhouse,  Settle;  Rev.  A.  F.  Clarke.  Cockerham 
Vicarage,  Garstang;  Charles  Walker,  Brettargh  Holt,  Kendal;  Allien  Greg, 
Escow  beck,   Lancaster. 


Freemasonry  in  Lancaster. 

The  history  oi~  Masonry  is  extremely   interesting'.       The  first 
Lodge  formed  in  Britain  was  foimed  by   St.  Alban,  in  the  year  287. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


I"7 


Masonry  was  known  to  the  Mahometan  Architects  about  the  9th 
century,  and  many  oi'  ouv  Gothic  Cathedrals  owe  their  existence 
almost  entirely  to  Masonry.  So  far  back  as  the  year  020  there  was 
formed  under  Prince  Edward  a  Grand  Lodge  of  York.  Once 
the  symmetrical  brotherhood  was  interdicted,  viz.:  in  1424.  It  was 
not  until  1717  that  the  Grand  Lodge  of  English  Masons  was  estab- 
lished. In  1730,  the  Grand  Lodge  oi~  Ireland  was  instituted,  and  in 
1736,  the  Grand  Lodge  o\  Scotland  came  into  being.  In  173N, 
Pope  Clement  XII.  excommunicated  Freemasons,  and  in  [865,  the 
order  was  again  condemned  by  the  head  of  the  Latin  Church. 
Among1  remarkable  occurrences  I  may  mention  the  following": 


926. 

358. 

450. 

637- 
685. 
690. 

720. 

737- 

781. 

787. 
787. 
787. 
790. 
790. 

795- 

798. 

8i3- 
813- 
868. 

875- 


('•rant  of  a  (barter  to  Fret  mason-,  by  King  Athelstan, 

Revision  of  the  Constitution  by  Edward  III. 

Initiation  of  I  [enry  \  I. 

Regulation  of  the  Lodges  by  the  Earl  of  St.  All  li 

Sir  Christopher  Wren,  G.M. 

Initiation  of  William  III. 

Valuable  MSS.  burnt  l>\  unscrupulous  brethren. 

Initiation  of  Frederick .  Prince  of  Wales. 

H.  R.  H.  the  Duke  of  Cumberland  elected  G.M. 

Initiation  of  George  IV.  (then  Prince  of  Wales). 

Initiation  of  the  I  Juke  of  York. 

William  IV  (initiated  when  Duke  of  Clarence). 

Initiation  of  the  Duke  ot  Kent. 

Initiation  of  George  IV.  (then  Prince  of  Wales). 

Initiation  of  Prince  William  of  Gloucester. 

Initiation  of  1 1.  R.  11.  Duke  of  Sussex. 

11.  R.  11.  the  Duke  of  Sussex  elected  G.M. 

Re-union  of  all  the  Lodges. 

Initiation  of  1 1.  R.  II.  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

II.  R.  II.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  installed  G.M. 


There    is   an    old    warrant    issued    by    the     Provincial    Grand 
Lodge,  Liverpool,  in    [789,    to  the    Lancaster   Lodge   of  Fortitude 
This  document  is  suspended  over  the  grand  chair,  and  unfortunately . 
owing  to  the  dampness  o\'  the   wall,    it    is    much   disfigured   and   mil- 
dewed on  the  left  side. 


468  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Here  is  the  copy  of  the  warrant  which  has  been  kindly 
supplied  to  me  by  Mr.  H.  Longman  and  Mr.  John  Atkinson, 
and  I  feel  sure  that  those  readers  who  take  an  interest  in  Societies, 
especially  in  Masonry,  will  not  think  me  out  of  place  in  including- 
this  old  document. 


Thk    Ska i.    of 

THE  (  iRAND 


To  all  and  every  one  Righl  Worshipful,  Worshipful 

ind  Loving  Brother.    I.    [ohn  Allen,   of  Clements  Inn,  in  the 

j    of  Middlesex,    Provincial  Grand  Master  oi  the  most 

id  honourabh    Si  ciet)  ol  Free  and  Accepted  Ma  on  . 

Lojjck  o]    M  \so\ry      '"  ani'  '"'"'  ' '"    '  ount)  Palatine  of  Lai     i  ter,  undei  His   Royal 

Highness,     Hem-)     Frederick,    Duke     of    Cumberland     and 

England.  Stratheron,  Earl  of  Dublin,  &c,  &c,  &c.  Grand  Master  send 

greeting. 

Know  ye   that   upon   the   humble  petition   of  our   right    worthy  and   well 

ved    brethren,  James  Smith,    Stephen   Winder,  Thomas   Mackerall  and   others, 

and    in   consideration  of  the  greal    trust  and   confidence   reposed    in    them,  /  have 

constituted  and  by  the  nts  do  constitute  them,  thi      del  brethren,  into  a  regular 

Lodge  of  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  to  be  opened  at  the  house  known  by  the  name 

of  the  Golden  Shovel,  in  the  town  of  Lancaster,  to  b<    distinguished    by   the  name  of 

the  Lodge  of  Fortitude,  being  number  559  in  the  list  ol  Lodges,  to  be  thus  formed  and 

held  on  the  second  Tuesday  in  ever)    month,   until   the    time   and   place  of  meeting 

shall,  with  the  concurrence  of  me  or    my    successors,    be   altered,    with  such  power. 

>,  and  advantages  as  of  right  belong   to  regular   established    Lodges.       And 

I  do  hereby  nominate,  institute,  and  appoint  our  said  brethren  lames  Smith,  Master  : 

Stephen    Winder,    Senior    Warden;    and    Thomas    Mackerall,   junior   Warden,    for 

opening  the  said  Lodge,  and  for  5111  h  further  time  only  as  shall  be  th  mght   proper  by 

brethren  thereof,      li  being  my  will  and  intent  thai  thi-  appointment    shall   not    in 

any  way  affeel  the  future  election  of  officers  of  the  said  Lodge  as   shall   be  consistent 

ilu   General  Law  and  Constitution  of  our   Ancient    Society.     And  I   do   hereby 

will  and  require  you,  the  said  fames  Smith,  Stephen  Winder,  and  Thomas  Mackerall, 

and  your  successors  to  take  especial  care  that  you  and  the  rest  of  the  members  of  the 

said  Lodge  do  at   all    times   observe,  perform,  and   keep  all    and    every  the    Rules, 

■rs.  and  Regulations  contained  in  the  Book  of  Constitutions,  except   such  as  have 

been  or  hereafter  shall  be  r<  peali  d  at  any  Quarterlj  or  othi  r  <  reneral  Communication, 

together  with  such  other   Rules,  Orders,  Regulations,  and   Instructions  as  shall   from 

ne  to  time  by  me  or  my  Deputy,  by  my  successors,  the  Provincial  Grand  Master  for 

the  time  being,  be  transmitted   to  you   or  your  successors;  and    that    you  and   your 

successors  omit  not  once  in  every  year  01  oftener  as  occasion  may  be,  to   transmit    to 

me  or  my  Deputy  or  our  successors  copies  oJ  all  Mich  Rules,  <  >rd<  rs,  and  Regulations 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  469 


as  shall  from  time  to  time  be   made   by  your  said    Loci  id   order  and 

government  thereof,  together  with  a  lisl  oi  the  members  ol  the  said  I 
respective  titles  or  additions,  and  the  respective  times  of  theii    several   initiation-   01 
admissions.     And  that  you  do  duly  remit  such  sum    >i  of  monej    as  sh 

lime  to  time  accrue  due  from  and  be  contributed  to  your  said    Lodge  or  the   meml 
thereof. to  the  Fund   of  Charity  and  other  Grand    Fund   of  the   said   Society.     And 
lastly,  I  will  and  require  yon  the  said  James   Smith,    Stephen   Winder,  and   Thomas 
Mackerall,  as  soon  as  conveniently  may  bi    to  send   an  account   in   writing  of  ) 
proceedings  under  and  by  virtue  oi  this  my  Warrant  of  <  Constitution.     Recommending 
to  you  and  the   rest    of  the   brethren   the  cultivation   of  the   Royal 
keeping  in  view  the   three  grand    principles  of  our   Order  -Brotherly    Love,   Relief, 
and  Truth. 

Given  at  London  under  the  <  .real  Seal  ol  Masonry,  and  also  under  my  I 
and  seal  the  thirteenth  day  of  November,  A.L.  5789,  A.D.   17S0. 

Inc.  Ai  1.1.N,  Pro.  Gr.  Ma. 
Wm.  1 1  all.  Dep.  P.G.M. 

\V.\i.  Hislop,  P.G.  Sec. 

From  the  Lancaster  Masonic  Calendar,  for  1890,  I    glean   the 
following-  interesting  particulars : — "  Before  the  Lodge  of  Fortitude 

was  founded,  the  nearest*  Lodges  (Masonic)  to  Lancaster  were  the 
LInion  Lodge,  Kendal,  17(14,  held  at  the  White  Hart,  and  the  Amity 
Lodge,  Preston,  1767,  held  at  the  White  Horse.  In  1789,  the 
Lodge  of  Fortitude  received  its  warrant.  In  17115,  the  Chapter  of 
Universality  was  attached  to  the  St.  John's  Lodge,  whose  warrant 
dates  from  the  20th  March.  1795.  On  the  17th  July.  1822,  the 
Chapter  of  Universality,  527,  was  attached  to  the  Lodge  of  Fortitude. 
It  became  extuict  about  1844. 

On  the  27th  December,  1822,  the  Rev.  Joseph  Rowley  joined 

the  Lodge  ot  Fortitude,  and  in  May,  [824,  Stewards  were  first 
appointed.  On  the  24th  June,  [836,  the  first  meeting  was  held  of 
the  encampment  of  the  Red  Cross  Knights  oi  Babylon,  attached  to 
the  Lodge  of  Fortitude.  (The  last  meeting  held  was  on  the  28th 
October,  1841).  On  the  28th  June,  1838,  the  Lancaster  Brethren 
walked  in  procession  to  the  Town  Hall,  in  honour  of  Her  Majesty's 
Coronation.      In  September,   1838,  the   Lodge  oi'  fortitude  removed 

*  I  am  informed  that  there  was  a  Lodge  at  Garstang  older  than  these. 


4/o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


to  t ho  Sun  Inn,  and  on  the  ioth  of  July,  in  the  following"  year, 
Brother  Barwick  presented  a  copy  of  the  Holy  Bible  to  this  Lodge. 
On  the  toth  February,  1840,  the  foundation  stone  of  St.  Thomas's 
Church  was  laid  with  Masonic  honours.  Next,  1  note  that  on  the 
16th  October,  1849,  Mrs.  Hutton  presented  to  the  Lodge  of 
Fortitude  the  portrait  of  her  brother,  Brother  Foxcroft. 

On  the  3rd  March,  1805,  the  Rowley  Eodge  was  consecrated, 
and  during  the  same  year  a  Bible  was  presented  to  the  newly 
established  Lodge  by  ?vliss  Rowley.  In  February,  1867,  the  apron 
worn  by  the  late  Brother  J.  Rowley,  (at  his  death  the  oldest  Mason 
in  England),  was  presented  to  the  Lodge,  and  it  is  now  used  at  the 
installation  of  each  W.M.  On  June  17th,  1868,  the  foundation 
stone  of  the  Royal  Albert  Asylum  was  laid  with  Masonic  honours, 
and  in  the  October,  of  the  same  year,  a  silver  snuff  box  was 
presented  to  the  Lodge  of  Fortitude  by  Brother  Lewis  H.  Isaacs, 
son  of  Isaac  Isaacs.  On  the  1 8th  December,  1808,  the  Red  Rose 
of  Lancaster  Conclave,  No.  12,  was  inaugurated,  and  on  the  15th 
March,  1869,  the  Rowley,  R.A.  Chapter  was  consecrated.  On  the 
gth  November,  1870,  Brother  J.  D.  Moore  presented  to  the  Lodge 
of  Fortitude,  an  Album  to  contain  portraits  of  all  the  P.M's.  of  the 
Lodge.  On  the  [6th  March,  1871,  the  Duke  of  Lancaster  Lodge 
was  consecrated,  and  on  the  26th  of  the  following  month,  in  the 
same  year,  Brother  |.  D.  Moore,  M.D.  was  appointed  Grand  Sword 
Bearer  of  England.  Brother  Prosser  presented  a  pair  of  handsome 
Gloves  to  the  Lodge  of  Fortitude,  on  the  3rd  of  December,  1871. 
On  the  29th  of  December,  same  year,  the  Prov.  G.  Chap.  R.A.  was 
held  in  the  Rowley  Chapter,  Lancaster,  and  on  the  12th  September, 
1872,  the  Moore  Mark  Lodge  was  consecrated;  and  on  January 
2nd,  1874,  the  Philip's  R.C.  Chapter  was  consecrated.  The 
Morecambe  Lodge  was  consecrated  on  the  26th  October,  1875.  On 
August  9th,  1876,  Brother  A.  K.  Allanson  was  elected  Tyler;  and 
on  the  26th  March,  1878,  a  dinner  was  given  in  honour  of  Brother 
Moore,  at  which  a  handsome  testimonial  was  presented  to  him  in 
recognition  of  his  services  as  Secretary  to  the  Rowley  Lodge.  On 
the   29th    December,    1879,    Brother    E.    Cardwell    presented   to  the 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  471 


Lodge  of  Fortitude,  a  Silver  Square  and  Compasses.      On  the   [5th 

March,  1880,  Lord  Stanley,  of  Preston  (then  the  lion.  F.  A.  Stanley 
M.P.),  was  installed  M.E.Z.  of  the  Rowley  Chapter.  Three  gilt 
sceptres  for  the  use  of  the  Principals  were  presented  to  this  Chapter 
by  this  gentleman  on  the  [6th  oi'  August,  1880  On  the  4th  of 
October,  1880,  Brother  J.  D.  Moore,  P.M.,  P.G.S.B.,  England, 
presented  a  portrait  o\  himself  to  the  Row  ley  Lodge,  and  on  the 
29th  of  April,  1882,  the  portrait  oi  the  late  Rev.  J.  Rowlej  was 
presented  to  the  Lodge  by  Miss  Rowley.  On  the  9th  oi'  January, 
1883,  brother  Hannah  on  leaving  the  chair  oi'  the  Rowley  Lodge 
presented  to  it  a  very  handsome  silver  cup.  On  the  27th  of  Decem- 
ber, 1883,  Brother  John  Hatch  retired  from  the  Secretaryship  of  the 
Lodge  of  Fortitude,  and  Brother  J.  R.  B.  Pilkington  was  appointed 
in  his  stead.  On  the  31st  January,  1884,  the  first  Masonic  Ball  was 
held  in  Lancaster,  at  the  Militia  Officers'  Mess  Room.  On  the  20th 
of  March,  1884,  the  Garnett  Council  of  the  Allied  Masonic  Degrees 
was  consecrated.  This  council  has  the  power  oi  conferring  four 
degrees,  viz:— St.  Lawrence  the  Martyr,  Knight  of  Constantinople, 
Red  Cross  of  Babylon,  and  Grand  High  Priest.  On  the  25th  oi' 
June,  1884,  a  handsome  testimonial  was  presented  to  Brother  John 
Hatch,  P.M.,  by  the  members  of  the  Lodge  o\'  Fortitude,  in  recog- 
nition oi  his  services  as  Secretary. 

On  the  30th  March,  1885,  the  first  meeting  in  the  Masonic 
Hall,  was  held  by  the  Moore  Mark  Masters'  Lodge,  and  on  the  15th 
April,  1885,  the  first  {'raft  Lodge  was  held  in  the  new  Masonic  Hall 
by  the  Duke  of  Lancaster  Lodge.  On  Max  4th,  following,  the  first 
meeting  of  the  Rowley  Lodge,  took  place  in  the  new  hall,  and  on 
the  13th  of  the  said  month  (same  year),  the  first  meeting  o\  the 
Lodge  of  Fortitude  was  held  in  the  hall.  On  the  29th  June,  18S7. 
the  Masons  oi'  Lancaster  celebrated  Her  Majesty's  Jubilee  by  the 
Dedication  oi'  their  Hall  in  Church  Street,  and  by  a  combined 
Banquet  of  the  three  Lodges  at  the  King's  Arms  Hotel.  In  the 
Lancaster  Gasette  of  July  2nd,  1  887,  a  full  report  of  the  proceedings 
/ill  be  found.  The  centenary  of  the  Lodge  oi'  Fortitude,  was  held 
n  the  13th  November,    1889,    when    Brother    Fenton    presented    the 


wi 
o 


47-2  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Centenary  Warrant  to  the  W.  M.,  and  Brother  H.   Longman  gave 

a  sketch  of  the  progress  of  the  Lodge.  On  the  iith  of  December, 
in  the  same  year,  Brother  J.  B.  Shaw,  W.M.,  presented  to  the  Lodge 
of  Fortitude  a  framed  photograph  of  the  Centenary  Officers  of  the 
Lodge,  and  on  the  8th  January,  1890,  this  Lodge  presented  to 
Brother  J.  B.  Shaw,  J. P.M.,  (the  "Centenary"  W.M.)  a  gold 
centenary  jewel.  The  new  warrant  bears  the  signature  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales  at  its  head  viz  :  "  Albert  Edward."  The  Prince  is  Grand 
Secretary  of  England. 

From  the  remarks  of  Mr.  Longman  at  the  centenary 
proceedings,  many  historic  items  respecting  the  Lodge  may  be 
quoted,  with  apologies  to  that  gentleman.  He  states  that  "there 
is  some  slight  evidence  that  the  first  meeting  was  held  in 
1790,  but  of  the  actual  date  of  consecration,  or  who  was  present, 
there  is  no  record.  From  the  list  of  lodges  1781-91,  we  find  we 
were  not  registered  in  the  books  of  the  Grand  Lodge  till  1790, 
and  then  evidently  very  late  in  the  season,  as  ours  is  the  last  lodge 
named  for  that  year,  the  number  by  which  it  is  registered  in  Grand 
Lodge  books  being  575.  This  number  we  retain  till  1792,  when  in 
the  revision  of  the  lis'  of  lodges  in  that  year  we  got  the  number 
4S4  ;  then  in  the  union  ot  Grand  Lodges  ot'  London  and  York  in 
1813,  we  were  again  changed,  this  time  to  number  527,  and  in  the 
revision  of  1840  this  gave  place  to  number  350  ;  this  again  being 
altered  in  Jul}-  1863,  to  the  present  number  281.  In  a  letter  which  I 
received  from  Bro.  Hughan  about  a  month  since,  on  the  subject  of 
this  discrepancy  in  the  number,  he  says  :  --'  1  make  no  doubt  that 
the  Provincial  Grand  Secretary  or  some  other  local  authority,  is 
responsible  for  the  number  559  being  attached  to  the  Provincial 
Warrant  of  the  Fortitude  Lodge,  now  number  281,  Lancaster.  It 
would  have  had  about  that  number  had  the  fees  and  particulars  for 
warrant  been  transmitted  to  Grand  Ledge  promptly,  on  the  charter 
being  issued  locally  Strange  to  say  I  can  find  no  payment  of 
warrant  announced  in  the  Grand  Lodge  proceedings,  so  apparently 
the  Grand  Secretary  never  received  th  fees.  They  must,  however, 
have  been  paid  locally,  or  the  lodge  would    not    have   been    inserted 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  47; 


in  the  register.     Ordinary  payments  by  the  lodge  begin  in  the  official 

printed  reports  from  April   13th,   1701,  when  the  sum  of  10s.      6d.  is 
credited  to  number  575,   Lodge  of  Fortitude,   Lancaster,  i'ov  charity.' 

But  passing  awaj  from  this  to  its  place  of  meeting,  the  Lodge 
has  during  its  too  years  had  various  homes,  its  first  meeting  place  in 
1780.  was  the  Golden  Shovel  ;  in  1807,  the  White  Horse  ;  in  1816, 
the  White  Lion  ;  in  1824,  Bro.  Seward's,  Sun  Street  ;  in  1825,  the 
Golden  Shovel  ;  in  j  S3 1 ,  the  White  Lion  ;  in  183b,  the  Freemason's 
Tavern  ;  in  1838,  the  Sun  Inn  ;  1849,  the  Old  Sir  Simon's  ;  in  1855, 
the  Royal  Oak;  in  1859,  the  Assembly  Rooms;  in  1861,  the 
Athenaeum,  where  it  had  the  longest  stav  ;  and  in  1885,  to  the 
Masonic  Hall,  in  Church  Street. 

Its  roll  of  honoured  dead  is  very  long" — so  long  that  again  I 
can  only  name  the  most  eminent,  -which  includes  Bros.  John 
Fenton  Cawthorne,  John  Drinkwater,  John  Braithwaite,  Jackson, 
Michael  Harrison,  Wm.  Dewhurst,  Joseph  Rowley,  John  Daniel 
Moore,  Edmund  Simpson,  John  Lever  Whimpray,  and  a  host  of 
others  eminent  outside  Freemasonry.  Amongst  its  members  it 
has  numbered  fourteen  (if  not  more),  Mayors  cA'  the  Borough  of 
Lancaster,  viz.,  E.  D.  Salisbury,  Thos.  Howitt,  L.  1).  de  Vil 
Hichard  Hinde,  Geo.  Jackson,  James  Williamson,  Rd.  Coupland, 
Wm.  Store)',  Henry  Welch,  Wm.  Hall,  Geo.  Cleminson,  Jos. 
Fenton,  Ed.  Clark,  and  Jas.  Hatch.  The  13th  January,  1795,  is 
the  date  of  the  first  recorded  meeting  we  have,  and  on  this  night 
the  first  initiate — so  far  as  we  can  trace  -was  received  into  the 
lodge,  his  name  was  Ldward  Banton. 

In  1884,  in  conjunction  with  the  other  lodges,  it  held  its  first 
ball,  and  here  its  history  merges  a  little  into  the  other  lodges,  for  in 
conjunction  with  them  it  purchased  the  old  Queen's  Head,  in  Church 
Street,  and  converted  it  into  a  Masonic  Hall,  and  here,  on  the  13th 
May,  1885,  it  held  its  first  craft  meeting  under  its  own  roof.  1 
have  said  enough  to  prove  that  during-  its  century  of  existence 
it  has,  I  think,  performed  every  function  that  could   fall    to   a    Free- 


474  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


masons'  Lodge;  it  has  received  Grand  Lodge  on  the  occasion  ot 
laying:  the  foundation  stone  of  the  Roval  Albert  Asylum  in  1868; 
and  Provincial  Grand  Lodge  it  has  received  on  several  occasions, 
notably  on  the  occasion  of  laving  the  foundation  stone  of  St. 
Thomas's  Church,  on  the  10th  February,  1840,  the  day  on  which 
our  Queen  was  married.  It  has  dispensed  its  hospitality  to  its 
members  in  all  degrees,  from  the  modest  supper  at  is.  6d.  per  head 
to  the  excellent  banquet;  it  has  dispensed  its  charity  generously, 
and  at  all  times  with  prudence;  and  it  has  buried  its  revered  dead 
with  Masonic  honours  and  services.  In  1824,  Bro.  Bainbridge  was 
so  buried;  in  1825,  Bro.  Jackson;  and  in  1889,  Bro.  Edmund 
Simpson.  It  has  throughout  its  career  upheld  the  dignity  of  Free- 
masonry, and  performed  unpleasant  duties  when  forced  upon  it,  by 
refusing  to  sanction  anything  hurtful  to  the  craft;  and  by  punishing 
when  proved,  the  irregular  and  unmasonic  conduct  of  its  members." 

Past  Masters  of  the  Lodge  op    Fortitude. 

1S58,  Brother  James  I  latch  ;  1859,  Brother  Joseph  Fenton  :  1S60,  Brother  William 
King  ;  1861,  Brother  F.  Dean  ;  1867,  BrotherG.  Kelland  ;  1869,  Brother  E.  Storey  ; 
1870,  Brother  John  Hatch:  1876,  Brother  J.  Atkinson;  1877,  Brother  R.  Taylor: 
1S78,  Brother  J.  fowett ;  1879,  Brother  E.  Cardwell ;  1880,  Brothei  W.  Warbrick  : 
1881,  Brother  John  Atkinson ;  1882,  Brother  J.  R.  B.  Pilkington  ;  1883.  Brother  I:. 
Gregson  ;  1884.  Brother  Thos.  Bayley ;  1885,  Brother  Richard  Stanton;  1886, 
Brother  A.  Me.  Kaith  :  1887.  Brother  R.  Nicholson;  1888,  Brother  James  Heald  ; 
1889,  Brother  James  B.  Shaw. 

Past  Masters  of  the  Rowley  Lodge. 

1870,  Brother  W.  Hall.  M.D.;  1870.  Brother  II.  Longman;  1879,  Brothei 
Nerval  \Y.  Ilelnie;  1882.  Brother!.  E.  Hannah:  1883,  Brother  John  Cutis  :  1884, 
Brother  J.  II.  Irvin  ;  1886,  Brother  A.  W.  Kershaw  :  1S87.  Brother  W.  Drinkall ; 
1888,  Brother  A.  Stanley:    1889,  Brother  \Y.  Capstick. 

Past  Masters  of  the  Dukl-;  of   Lancaster   Lodge. 

1872.  Brother  J.  Barrow  :  1873.  Brother  J.  Bell;  1875,  Brother  J.  Acton; 
1878,  Brother  R.  Wolfenden  ;  1879,  Brother  J.  Ellershaw;  1881,  Brother  II.  Hartley: 
1884,  Brother  J.  E.  Oglethorpe  :  1885,  Brother  J.  D.  Bell  :  1886.  Brother  C.  J.  W. 
Stork;    1887,  Brother  \Y.   King;    1888,  Brother  D.  Shaw  ;    1880.   Brother    I'.   Duilon. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  475 


Early  in  the  year  [889,  Brothers  II.  Longman,  J.  R.  B. 
Pilkington,  and  W.  King,  as  the  Lodges'  Charities'  representatives 
to  P.  G.  I..,   thinking   it    desirable   that    an    association    should    be 

formed  (or  Lancaster,  called  a  meeting  o(  the  Brethren  of  the 
various  Lodges  to  tesl  their  feeling  in  the  matter.  This  meeting 
was  fairly  attended,  and  though  not  quite  unanimious,  it  was 
decided  by  an  overwhelming-  majority  that  such  an  association 
should  he  formed,  and  that  the  subscription  should  be  5s.  pet 
annum.  On  the  4th  October,  1889,  the  first  meeting  was  held 
when  35  members  were  announced  as  having  enrolled  themselves. 

On  a  brass  plate  in  the  Masonic  Hall  is  this  inscription  :— 

"This  Masonic  lli.ll  was  erected  by  thirteen  Craft  Lodges  and  the  Royal 
Arch  Chapter  oi  Lancaster  for  the  purposes  "I  Freemasonry,  and  was  dedicated  on 
Wednesday,  June  29th,  [887,  by  W.  Brother  Charles  Henry  Garnett,  of  Wyr< 
hue  Captain  $oth  Regiment,  I'.  Prov.  G.  Senr.  Warden  :  I'.  Prov.  (1.  [.  West,  Lanca- 
shire. The  brethren  occupying  the  chairs  at  the  time  were:  -Bro.  R.  Nicholson, 
W.M.  Fortitude,  No.  2S1  ;  Bro.  W.  Drinkall,  W.M.  Rowley  Lodge,  No.  1,051  ; 
Bio.  1).  Shaw,  W.M.  Duke  of  Lancaster.  No.  1,353;  Comp.  R.  Stanton.  M.  V.. /.. 
Rowley  R.  A.  Chap.,  No.   1,051." 

The  order  o(  the  Lodges  is  thus  : 

Lodge  of  Fortitude. 
Rowley  Lodge. 
Duke  of  Lancaster. 
Philip's  Rose  Croix  Chapter. 
Rowley  Royal  Arch  Chapter. 
Moore  Mark  Lodge. 

Masonic  and  Military  Order  of  Knights  of  Rome  and  Red  <  Iross  of  Constantine. 
The  Red  Rose  Conclave  of  this  Order,  No.  u.  i.^  held  at  Lancaster. 
S.     Allied  Degrees  Garnett  Council,  No.  S,  held  at  Lancaster. 

The  portrait  of  the  Rev.  Joseph  Rowley  at  the  west  c\u\  of 
the  room  is  pronounced  a  very  excellent  one  ;  and  the  same  may  be 
said  of  that  of  the  late  Mr.  Poxcroft,  presented  to  the  Lodge  in 
1849.  The  full  masonical  clad  figure  of  the  Earl  o(  Lathom  is  also 
a  smart  likeness  oi'  one  of  the  most  distinguished  o\'  English 
Masons. 


476  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Obituary  of   Prominent   P.M's. 

1831.  March  3 1  st ,  Brother  J.   F.  Cawthorne.,  M.I'. 

1864.  January  4th,  Brother  Rev.  J.  Rowley. 

1567.  January,  Brother  Hansbrow,  P.P.G.S.B. 

1568.  June  23rd,  Brother  H.   Ball. 

1869.  June  27th,  Brother  Thomas  Dewhurst. 

1S73.  Lord  Zetland,  M.W.C.M. 

1876.  May  31st,  Brother  William  Wearing. 

[879.  May,  Brother  YV.  Storey. 

1880.  December,  Brother  F.  G.  Dale. 

[881.  January  17th,  Brother  J.  D.  Moore,  M.D..  P.C.S.B. 

1885.  April  14th,  Brother  W.  II.  Bagnall. 

1889.  March  12th,  Brother  E.  Simpson,  P.P.C.P. 

1889.  July  22nd,  Brother  S.  W.  Wearing. 

[889.  September  23rd,  Brother  J.  L.  Whimpray. 
Mr.  A.  K.  Allanson,  Tyler,  died  June  6th,  1891. 

Lancas  i  er  Oddfellows. 

Oddfellowship,  the  imitation  of  Freemasonry,  which  represents 
an  upper  ten  thousand  rank,  is  the  rank  representing  every  class, 
the  rank  that  knows  no  distinction  and  will  welcome  either  rich  or 
poor  with  equal  affection.  The  Order  of  Oddfellows  is  said  to  have 
existed  among  the  Israelites  while  in  captivity  B.C.  1,000;  and 
it  is  said  they  used  signs,  passwords,  and  degrees  enabling 
them  to  communicate  without  exciting  suspicion.  It  is  stated  that 
in  the  year  79  Titus  Caesar  gave  certain  Roman  soldiers  who 
imitated  the  Israelites  the  name  of  oddfellows  owing  to  the  singu- 
larity of  their  notions  and  for  their  knowing  each  other  by  night  as 
well  as  by  day.  For  valuable  services  rendered  this  same  Roman 
leader  gave  the  fellow-citizens  or  oddfellows  a  dispensation  as  a 
pledge  oi'  his  friendship  engraved  upon  a  table  of  gold  bearing  the. 
following  emblems  : — The  Roval  Ark  of  Titus  and  the  Ark  of  the 
Covenant,  the  Golden  Candlesticks  a  id  the  Table  weighing  a  great 
talent  ;  the  Sun  for  the  Noble  Grand,  the  Moon  and  Stars  for  the 
Vice  Grand,  the  Lamb  for  the  Secretary,  the  Lion  for  the  Guardian, 
the  Dove  for  the  Warden,  and   the    Emblems    of  Mortality   for   the 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  477 


Grand  Master.  The  excellent  digest  o(  history  from  which  !  quote 
intimates  that  irrespective  of  the  truth  o\  the  legend  "it  is  a  fad 
worth  noting  thai  several  of  the  emblems  on  the  dispensation  are 
now  in  vise  among  oddfellows  with  slight  altera! ii  ns. 

Wales  is  said  to  have  first  received  Oddfellowship  principles, 
so  far  as  our  own  island  is  concerned,  in  the  year  98.  Agricola 
introduced  the  Order  so  the  story  goes,  and  eventually  a  lodge  was 
established  a1  Mona.  Modern  Oddfellowship  dates  however,  from 
about  1745,  and  in  that  year  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  alludes  to 
the  Order.  Daniel  Defoe  made  mention  o(  it  previously.  The 
Manchester  Unity  dates  from  1810,  and  in  1822  the  first  meeting  of 
the  A.M.C.  took  place.  The  National  Independent  Order  of  Odd- 
fellows was  formed  of  seceders  from  the  Manchester  Unity  between 
the  years  1840  and  1850.  I  have  not  space  for  more  remarks  on  this 
interesting-  society,  and  content  myself  with  stating  that  during  1888, 
the  number  oi'  persons  initiated  into  the  Order  in  Great  Britain, 
Ireland,  and  the  Channel  Islands,  was  38,491,  the  increase  in  the 
colonies  being  840,  and  533  by  re-instatement  of  suspended  lodges, 
making  a  total  number  oi'  667,458  members.  During  the  last  ten 
years  the  Order  has  increased  by  1 00,793  members.  The  mortality 
of  the  year  has  been  1  '35  per  cent.,  the  average  rate  for  the  last  five 
years  1 '37  per  cent.  The  number  of  members  in  the  juvenile 
societies  reached  (January  1st,  1889)  50,140,  showing  an  increase  of 
5,872  on  the  year.  Juveniles,  transferred  to  adult  lodges  during  the 
year  numbering  3,021,  made  the  total  strength  of  the  Order  668,  \<.)2. 

The  principles  of  Oddfellowship  are  the  outcome  of  a  masonry 
which  may  be  traced  to  the  building  of  Solomon's  temple. 

From  a  perusal  of  Lujo  Brentano's  exhaustive  work  on  the 
history  and  developemenl  of  gilds,  published  in  1870,  it  is  evident 
that  our  modern  friendly  societies  are  the  outcome  on  a  worthier 
scale  of  the  ancient  religious  and  craft  gilds  which  flourished  largely 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  remained  all-powerful  in  their  effects 
individually  and  nationally,  until  the  Reformation  struck  them  down 
and  abolished  their  abuses  for  ever. 


478  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


For  many  a  long"  year  Lancaster  has  taken  a  very  active  part 
in  the  inauguration  and  development  of  Friendly  Societies.  In 
1811,  there  were  13  of  these  societies  in  our  borough  for  men,  and 
4  for  women,  and  in  1806,  the  number  of  members  belonging  to  the 
former  was  2,027.  In  1820,  the  Lonsdale  Magazine  intimates  that 
the  number  of  these  associations  had  dwindled  down  to  three,  viz., 
The  Good  Intent,  Friendship  and  Union,  and  The  Samaritan.  Times 
have  altered  largely  since  the  institution  of  these  benevolent 
fraternities,  the  first  of  which  according  to  notes  made  by  the  late 
Mr.  Thomas  Cleminson,  in  the  order  of  age,  is  the  Samaritan, 
instituted  17th  December,  1787,  and  whose  flag  emblem  was  formed 
of  the  good  Samaritan  relieving  the  man  who  fell  among  thieves; 
the  Levite  passing  by  on  the  other  side.  The  motto  was  "Go  thou 
and  do  likewise."  The  meet  took  place  at  the  Black  Bull,  Mr. 
James  Holden's.  The  next,  The  Good  Intent,  dated  from  3rd  March, 
1788,  and  its  emblem  consisted  of  Joseph  relieving  his  brethren; 
motto:  "Give  us  this  day  our  daily  bread."  This  society  met  at 
the  White  Lion  Inn.  The  Friendship  and  Union  was  established 
1st  January,  178c),  and  bore  for  its  device  Christ  supporting  St. 
Peter  on  the  sea ;  motto:  "Wherefore  didst  thou  doubt?"  The 
rendezvous  of  this  body  was  at  Mr.  Goth's,  the  Ship  Inn.  The 
Friend  in  Need  society,  established  about  1832,  The  Royal  Foresters, 
and  the  Independent  Mechanics,  have  met  respectively  at  the  George 
and  Dragon,  the  White  Hart,  and  the  Black  Cat  Hotels. 

The  Oddfellows'  Hall  was  erected  in  1844.  Three  lodges 
were  formerly  owners  of  the  hall,  viz.,  William  IV.,  the  Earl  of 
Lincoln,  and  the  Dalton  Abbey. 

No  one  can  over  estimate  the  value  of  Friendly  Societies,  for 
they  are  God's  chosen  levers  for  aiding  the  fatherless  children  and 
widows,  the  desolate  and  the  oppressed.  Not  only  have  they  been 
enabled  to  dispense  timely  assistance  during  visitations  of  sickness 
and  death,  but  to  contribute  nobly  to  numerous  institutions,  such  as 
infirmaries  and  asylums  throughout  the  land.  In  our  own  town  some 
twenty-two  years  ago,  when  the  Royal  Albert  Asylum  for  Idiots 
and  Imbeciles  was  about  being  erected,  the  local  Oddfellows  resolv- 
ed to  contribute  100  guineas  towards  the  building  fund.  This  was 
a  noble  gift.  The  Juvenile  Oddfellows'  Club  was  established  in 
.877. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


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480  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


The   Philippi   Club. 

There  used  to  be  a  sort  of  Beefsteak  Club  in  Lancaster, 
known  as  the  Philippi  Club.  It  was  founded  in  1797  and  existed 
until  about  1852.  The  Black  Horse  Hotel,  an  old  Corporation 
house,  in  Common-garden  Street,  was  long"  the  rendezvous  of  this 
Club,  where  often  of  an  evening  the  elite  of  Lancaster  society  met 
to  enjoy  the  pipe  of  peace  and  discuss  current  events.  Here,  the 
burly  alderman,  the  leading  medicus,  and  the  smart  man  of  law- 
spent  their  evenings  in  conviviality  and  debate.  The  Society  had 
its  president,  whose  head-gear  consisted  of  a  deep-crowned  broad- 
brimmed  hat,  long  retained  by  Major  Coupland,  an  old  member  of 
the  Club,  as  a  relic  of  the  "old  days."  Each  member  paid  for  all 
he  had  in  the  way  of  "  lotion  "  which  was  limited  generally  to  two 
glasses  of  whiskey.  Each  Saturday  evening  a  plate  of  small  raised 
meat  pies  was  placed  upon  the  table,  and  it  is  said  that  these  edibles 
were  supplied  gratis  by  the  hostess  to  the  Club.  To  "meet  at 
Philippi  "  was  at  one  time  a  very  common  expression  in  our  town, 
and  when  an  appointment  was  made  the  term  was  used  broadly  in 
lieu  of  the  name  of  the  inn  by  persons  who  had  no  entree  into  the 
charmed  circle  upstairs.  The  rules  of  the  Club  maybe  of  some 
interest  to  readers  of  this  work  at  the  present  time.  They  were 
written  on  parchment,  and  every  member  upon  his  admission 
attached  his  sign-manual  to  the  document  in  token  of  endorsement 
of  the  same.  The  sheet  bore  120  signatures,  and,  as  a  member 
years  ago  remarked,  "some  of  the  names  are  a  little  indistinct, 
but  this  may  be  due  either  to  imperfection  in  the  writing  materials, 
or  to  the  fact  that  the  signatures  had  been  delayed  until  a  late  period 
in  the  evening," 

Rut  i>  i"  be  observed  by  members  of  l he  Club  of  Philippi,  in  Lancaster  :— 

1st.     That  the  Club  shall  meet  every  evening-. 

2nd.  Any  member  who  shall  propose  to  lay  a  wager  which  shall  bo-  accepted  by  an) 
person  shall  forfeit  and  pay  for  glasses  round  to  the  company  present  at  thi 
time  of  laying  the  wager. 


TI MR-HONOURED    LANCASTER  481 


3rd.  Any  member  who  shall  come  to  Philippi  in  a  coal  (excepl  a  mourning  c< 
which  has  never  been  paid  for,  shall  treat  the  whole  of  the  comp 
who  shall  come  to  Philippi  the  same  evening,  with  glasses  round. 

4th.  There  shall  be  a  president  every  evening  thai  the  club  shall  meet,  who  shall 
have  the  power  to  determine  finally  all  disputes  and  differences  which  may 
arise  in  the  company. 

7th  October,  1797. 

The  third  rule' appears  to  have  been  too  stringenl  and  it  was  repealed  by  the 
following  resolution  : — 

"  At  a  meeting  of  the  members  of  Philippi  on  the  6th  day  of  October,  1798, 
being  convened  by  public  notice,  it  was  resolved  and  ordered,  by  a  great  majority  of 
the  members  then  present,  that  the  rule  No.  3  be  and  the   same  is  hereby   repealed." 

The  first  president  was  John  Armstrong,  Esq.,  John  Taylor  Wilson.  Esq.. 
first  secretary,  and  John  Addison,  Esq.,  recorder  ;  J.  Dent  and  Peter  Patten  Esquires, 
members  of  the  House  of  Commons  for  Lancaster,  and  James  Clarke,  Esq.,  ""  Deputy 
Recorder  of  Philippi  and  Liverpool,'*  were  also  members  of  this  Club.  Among  other 
names  are  those  of  Giles,  Bagott,  Thompson,  Parke,  Hinde,  Thornborrow,  Iliggin, 
Rawlinson,  Inman.  Robert  Gillow,  T.  Charnley,  J.  Dockray.  P.  P.  Armstrong, 
Loftus,  Ridley,  Dodson,  Scarlett.  Everard,  Satterthwaite,  Stout,  Buckley,  Mason, 
Worswick,  Dr.  Campbell,  R.  Bond.  R.  T.  Gibson,  '■  Clerk  and  Chaplain,"  Joseph 
Baxendall  and  S.  Bow-. 

Up  to  1824  the  names,  without  dates  of  admission,  are  recorded.  After 
that  year  the  dates  are  given. 

"  1824,  Oct.  25th,  John  Scott,  Thomas  Mason.  Oct.  28th,  Leo  Redmayne, 
(mayor),  William  Davidson,  Sam.  Gregson.  Oct.  30th,  Arthur  Armitstead.  Nov. 
4th,  John  Brockbank,  John  Charnley,  S.  Bower,  junr.,  Dr.  Morton.  Nov.  Sth,  J. 
B.  Nottage.     Nov.  12th  James  Atkinson.      Decern.  7th,  E.  Cox. 

1825,  April  20th,  Robert  Birkett.  June  3rd,  Anthony  Eidsforth.  Novem- 
5th,  W.   Robinson. 

1826,  June  24th,  R.  W.  Scott.     July  22nd.  Hugh  Baldwin. 

1827,  June  22nd.  James  Bradshaw. 
1S28,  Nov.  20th,  Win.  Thompson,  junr. 

1830,  May  29th,  Wm.  Eer^uson,  Richard  Wilson.     August  oth,  John  Ripley. 

1831,  Sept.  6th,  Christ.  Fletcher.      Decern.  26th.  Robert  Gawthorpe. 

1833,  Jan.  12th,  John  Walmsley.  July  6th.  E.  D.  de  Vitre\  M.D.  August 
3rd,  Joseph  Seed,   Surgeon. 

1834,  Sept.  4th,  James  Lonsdale,  Artist. 

1835,  Decern.  5th,  Richard  Hinde. 

1S38,    July    17th,    Robert    Bradshaw.    James    Derham,    Oliver    T.    Roper, 

12 


482  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


B.  Bradshaw,  Leo  Willan,  John  Walker,  Charles  Edward  Quarme  {Gazette).   Henry 
Coupland. 

1S41,  Tune  24,  Thomas  Thompson.      Oct.  4th,  E.  D.  Salisbury. 
1852,  Nov.  10th,  John  Hall  (Mayor),  William  Welch,  Rd.  Coupland, 

In  a  letter  from  Dr.  Harker,  dated  January  26th,  1S91,  the  following  item  is 
given  concerning  the  above  Club  : — The  Philippi  Club,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Beef- 
steak Blub  of  London,  included  the  brightest  spirits  of  our  profession.  The  rotund 
snuffbox  made  from  a  piece  of  oak  of  our  ancient  bridge  which  crossed  the  Lune  at 
Bridge  Lane,  I  still  have  and  take  care  of.  It  was  given  to  me  by  the  last  of  the 
Starkies  of  the  ancient  inn  in  Tame>  Street,  where  the  club  had  its  meeting." 

John  O'Gauxt's  Club,   (London). 

There  used  to  he  a  club  in  London  styled  "The  John 
O'Gaunt's  Club,"  established  for  the  purpose  of  assisting-  young 
Lancastrians  in  London.  Colonel  Whalley  has  an  invitation  ticket 
issued  in  the  name  of  this  club  about  seventy-two  years  ago.  The 
ticket  is  headed  in  old  English  characters  "John  O'Gaunt's  Club;" 
below  the  heading  is  a  representation  of  the  Castle  Gateway  with 
a  cottage  on  the  right.  Then  comes  this  announcement: — "The 
members  o\'  the  club  will  dine  together  at  Gray's  Inn  Coffee  House, 
on  Saturday,  the  sixth  day  of  June,  181S,  at  6  o'clock  precisely, 
R.  H.  Welch.  Esq.,  President,  T  Greene,  Esq.  Vice  President, 
R.  H.  Welch,  Esq.,  T.  Greene,  Esq.,  S.  Wiglesworth,  Esq.,  Stewards. 
Rd.  B.  Armstrong,  Secretary-  Admil  R.  P.  Barlow,  Esq."  When 
the  club  broke  up  or  collapsed  !  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain. 

Lancaster  and  Political    Representation. 

Lancaster  used  to  be  the  head  quarters  of  the  political 
representation  of  the  county,  and  first  sent  two  members  in  the 
place  of  two  ancient  barons.  The  polling  would  last  from  six  to  nine 
days  as  a  rule.  The  County  Town,  Wigan,  Liverpool,  and  Preston, 
were  the  old  four  boroughs  that  might  formerly  boast  the  honour 
of  sending-  members  to  Parliament,  and  doubtless  the  honour  was 
one  which  proved  more  of  a  burden  than  a  pleasure,  since  consti- 
tuencies, in  those  days  so  often  dubbed  as  "  good  old  days,"  had  to 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  483 


pay  their  members  for  representing  them.  At  one  time  the  charge  was 
so  much  per  head,  and  was  levied  like  a  tax.  Knights  of  the  shire 
are  very  different  now  from  what  was  the  case  in  the  thirteenth 
century.  Large  landowners  used  to  form  a  parliament  in  themselves 
and  very  frequently  they  chose  burgesses  to  represent  their  several 
interests.  Representation  of  the  county  may  be  said  to  date  from 
the  22nd  of  Edward  L,  when  twelve  burgesses  represented  the 
ancient  baronies  o(  Clitheroe,  Nether  Wyresdale,  Penwortham, 
Weeton,  Newton,  Warrington,  Salford,  and  Widnes,  by  tenure, 
in  addition  (as  Baines  puts  it)  to  the  knights,  representing  the  com- 
monalty of  the  county.  A  perusal  of  Sharon  Turner's  "Anglo-Saxon 
People,"  and  any  standard  history  of  parliamentary  origin,  such  as 
Dr.  Campbell's  "Political  Survey  of  Great  Britain,"  (1784),  will 
vield  further  information  on  this  point. 

In  1867,  Lancaster  was  disfranchised  for  bribery  and  corrup- 
tion, and  thus  the  sitting  members,  Henry  William  Schneider  and 
Edward  Matthew  Fenwick,  were  unseated  after  a  long  and  exhaust- 
ive inquiry. 

The  select  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  was 
composed  of  the  following  gentlemen  : — Mr.  Edward  Howes,  (East 
Norfolk),  chairman,  Conservative;  Mr.  Kekewich,  (North  Devon), 
Conservative;  Mr.  Graham,  (Glasgow),  Liberal;  Mr.  Dudley 
Majoribanks,  pronounced  Marshbanks  (Berwick-on-Tweed),  Liberal; 
and  Sir  Graham  Montgomery,  (Peebleton),  Conservative.  The 
petitioners  were  Henry  Wilson,  of  Kellet,  and  Wilson  Barker,  of 
Lancaster.  The  burden  of  their  complaint  consisted  of  the  allegation 
that  the  said  sitting  members  did,  by  "threats  and  intimidation, 
undue  influence,  and  other  corrupt  practices,  procure  divers  person--, 
having  or  claiming  to  have  votes  at  the  said  election,  to  give  them 
votes,  &c,  and  to  forbear  or  abstain  from  giving  votes  to  Edward 
Lawrence."  Mr.  Karslake,  Q.C.,  Mr.  Cooke,  Q.C.,  and  Mr. 
O'Hara  were  counsel  for  the  petitioners;  and  Mr.  Serjeant  Ballantine, 
Mr.  Giffard,  and  Mr.  J.  C.  James  appeared  for  the  sitting  members. 
Petitioners'  agents  were  Messrs.    Baxter,    Rose.   &   Co.  ;    solicitor, 


4S4  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Mr.  C.  T.  Clark.  Sitting-  members'  agents,  Messrs.  Smith  &  Co.  ; 
solicitor,  Mr.  Maxsted.  Messrs.  Fenwick  and  Schneider  were 
Liberals;  Mr.  Edward  Lawrence,  Conservative;  and  the  returning 
officer  at  the  time  was  Mr.  James  Williamson.  Mayor  of  Lancaster. 
In  Mr.  Karslake's  opening  of  petitioners'  case,  the  whole  system  of 
buying  votes  was  minutely  explained,  and  it  was  shown  that  large 
sums  were  given  to  the  freemen  of  the  borough  and  ten  pound 
householders,  in  order  to  secure  their  votes.  A  great  point  was 
sought  to  be  made  out  of  the  statement  of  Mr.  Schneider  at  the 
hustings,  to  Mr.  Chamberlain  Starkie,  to  the  effect  that  if  Mr. 
Lawrence  were  returned,  it  would  not  be  at  a  less  cost  than 
;£io,ooo.  As  much  as  from  ;£io  to  ^50  was  given  to  voters  by 
the  principal  agents,  who  were  appointed  captains,  and  who  had 
their  centurions  under  them,  through  whom  the  money  was  handed 
over  to  voters.  Various  hotels  were  constituted  into  branch  banks, 
and  besides  gifts  of  money  a  large  amount  of  drink  was  given  in 
order  to  influence  electors.  The  evidence  was  long  and  voluminous, 
and  the  result  was  that  the  ancient  borough  with  its  "free  and 
independent  electors"  was  disfanchised  after  a  long  inquiry,  which 
revealed  only  one  fact,  viz.,  a  case  of  "pan  calling  kettle  black." 
Both  parties  were  possessed  of  the  unclean  thing,  and  unclean 
spirits  as  well:  but  we  must  fully  recognise  that  the  greatest,  blame 
always  rests  with  the  instigators  of  an  evil,  and  when  one  side  is 
srivinsr  hard  and  fast  at  an  election,  the  other  has  little  chance  if  it 
do  not  likewise.  Happily,  all  this  treating  and  attempting  to  stultify 
men,  and  render  them  untrue  to  their  principles— such  as  ever  had 
any  —is  now  no  longer  possible,  except  at  immense  risks. 

The  Roval  Commission,  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  corrupt 
practices,  commenced  sitting  on  July  26th,  1866,  at  the  Shire  Hall, 
the  Commissioners  being  Thomas  Irwin  Barstow,  Esq.,  (Chief 
Commissioner)  Robert  Milner  Newton,  and  Alexander  Staveley 
Hill,  Esquires.  Mr.  J.  H.  Patteson,  barrister,  acted  as  secretary 
to  the  Commission,  which  sat  over  five  weeks,  and  both  town  and 
county  were  much  concerned  as  to  what  the  result  of  the  report 
would  be.      As  I  write  I  have  before  me  the  original  "summons  to 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  485 


witness"   on   a   well-known    Lancaster   gentleman.      It    bears    date 
August  31st,  1866.      The  election  of  July  12th,   1865,  if  such  it  could   . 
be  called,  has  not  yet  been  forgotten,   nor  is   il    likely   to  be.      Lan- 
caster was  not  the  only  sinner  in  corrupt  practices,  but  Yarmouth 
and  Reigate  likewise,  as  many  will  remember.      Lord  Winmarleigh, 
then  Colonel  Wilson-Patten,   was  most  assiduous  in  his  efforts  to 
save  our  borough  from   disfranchisement,    but   his    efforts    were    un- 
availing.     Lord  Hartington,  Mr.  Henry  Woods,  M.P.  (Wigan),  Mr. 
T.    Barnes   (Bolton),   and   Mr.    Richard    Fort   (Clitheroe),   were   the 
four  other  Lancashire  members  who,    with   Colonel   Wilson-Patten, 
voted  against  the   total   disfranchisement   clause.      The   cost   of  the 
Royal   Commissions,   appointed   to   inquire  into  the  electoral  abuses 
at  Totnes,  Reigate,  Great  Yarmouth.,  and  Lancaster  were   £,'11,980 
9s.    6d.      No  less  a  sum  than  ,£2,486   is.   8d.    was  paid  for  short- 
hand writing.      The  Reform  Bill  of  1867,  enlarged  the  representation 
of  the  "County  by   four  members.      North   Lancashire  division   was 
divided  into   North   and   North    East.      Then   the   Redistribution   of 
Seats  Act,  1884,  vastly  changed  matters,   all  former  things  having 
passed    away    with    a    suddeness    hardly    conceivable   at   the    1885 
general     election.       The    county    has    now    twenty-three    members 
representing  as  many  divisions.      To  enumerate  them  would  be   out 
of  keeping  with  the  project  and  design  ol  this  work. 

Very  few  readers  will  be  aware  that  in  old  times  the  burgesses 
of  Lancaster  had  certain  privileges  in  the  city  of  London  ;  they  had 
the  same  rights  as  the  citizens  of  London  with  reference  to  mercan- 
tile matters,  and,  therefore,  it  became  a  great  object  to  Liverpool 
merchants  and  others  to  become  Freemen  of  Lancaster  in  order 
to  obtain  these  privileges.  The  exemption  from  market  tolls  was 
no  small  inducement  to  the  country  gentlemen.  There  was  also 
a  number  of  foreign  burgesses  who  doubtless  enrolled  themselves  to 
save  the  tolls  on  goods  going  into  the  town.  Prior  to  the  passing 
of  the  Reform  Act  ol~  1 832,  coach  loads  oi'  voters  came  from  the 
South  of  England  and  elsewhere  to  vote  at  Lancaster. 

Sir  T.  Storey,  contested  North  Lancashire  in  1880,  in  the 
Liberal  interest,  but  was  unsuccessful.  He,  however,  made  a 
gallant  stand,  and  added  to  his  popularity  on  this  occasion. 


486  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


List  of  Members  of  Parliament  for  Lancaster. 

From    the   return   uf  Members   of   Parliament,    ordered    by    the    House    of 
Commons  to  be  printed  i  .March,  1878.      [Dates  bracketted  represent  dates  of  returns] 

iSth  Edward  I.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  July    15th,    1290.      No  return., 
23rd  Edward  I.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  on  the  13th,  and  (by  prorogation) 
27th  November,  1295. 

Lambertus  le  Despenser.      Willielmus  le  Chaunter. 
26th  Edward  f.  summoned  to  meet  at  York,  25th  May,    1298. 

Radulphus  fil'  Thome.      Willielmus  le  Chauntour. 
29th  Edward  I.  summoned  to  meet  at  Lincoln,  20th  January,  1300,  1301. 

Willielmus  le  Chauntour.     Johannes  Lawrence. 
33rd     Edward     I.     summoned    to   meet    at    Westminster,     16th     February,     1304-5. 
prorogued  to  28th  February,    1304-5. 

Johannes  de  Lancastria.      Robert  de  Berwyk.     ■ 
35th  Edward  f.  summoned  to  meet  at  Carlisle,  20th  January,  1306-7. 
Willielmus  de  Slene.     Johannes  de  Lancastr.' 
1st.  Edward  ff.  summoned  to  meet  at  Northampton,    13th  October,    1307. 

Willielmus  de  Slene.     Ricardus  Pernaunt.' 
7th  Edward  II.     summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  21st  April,  1314. 
Willielmus  Dallyng.     Johannes  de  Wyresdale. 
19th  Edward  II.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  iSth  November,  1525. 

Willielmus  Laurence.     Johannes  de  Brokholes. 
20th  Edward  II.    summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,    14th  December,    1326,   and  by 
prorogation,  7th  January,  1326-7. 

Johannes  Cort  de  Lancastr.'     Adam  de  Walton. 
1st  Edward  III.  summoned  to  meet  at  Lincoln,  15th  September,  1327. 

Johannes  le  Keu.      Laurentius  de  Bulke. 
2nd  Edward  III.  summoned  to  meet  at  York,  7th  February,  1327  8. 

Nicholas  de  Lancastr'     Henricus  Burgeis. 
2nd  Edward  III.  summoned  to  meet  at  Northampton,  24th  April,  1328. 

Adam  til  '  Simonis.     Johannes  le  Keu. 
2nd  and  3rd  Edward  III.   summoned  to  meet  at  Salisbury,    16th   October,    1328,  and 
adjourned  to  Westminster,  9th  February,   1328-9. 

Johannes  le  Keu.      Robertus  de  Bolroun.' 
4th  Edward  III.  summoned  to  meet  at  Winchester,  nth  March.  1329-30. 

Willielmus  de  Bolleroun.'     Johannes  le  Bulke. 
4th  Edward  III.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  26th  November,  1330. 

Robertus  de  Bolleroun. '     Johannes  le  Keu. 
5th  Edward  III.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  30th  September,    1331. 
Henricus  de  Haydock.      Gilbertus  de  Cliderhow. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  487 


[No  returns  afterwards  until] 
14th    Henry    VIII.,    1523.      Held   at    Blackfriars,    in    London,    15th    April,   1523; 
dissolved,  13th  August,  1523. 

Laurencius  Starky.     Ricardus  Southworthe. 
1st  Edward  VI.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminister,  4th  November,  1547;  dissolved, 
15th  April,  1552. 

Sir  Thomas  Chaloner,  Knyght.     Johannes  Kechyn,  armiger. 
7th  Edward  VI.  summoned  to  meet  at*  Westminster,    ist  March,   1532-3;    dissolved, 
31st  March,,  1553. 
John  Caryll,  Esquier.     *  Thomas  Cayrus,  Esquier.      [6th  Feb.,  1552-3.] 
1st   Mary  summoned   to   meet    at    Westminster,  5th  October,  1553;    dissolved,    5th 
December,  1553. 
Thomas  Tressam,  Knyght.      Thomas  Cams,  Esquier.     [17th  Sept.,  1553.] 
1st  Mary  summoned  to   meet  at   Oxford    and   (by   fresh   writs)    at    Westminster,  2nd 
April,  1554. 

Johannes  Haywood,  armiger.      Georgius  Feiton,  armiger. 
ist  and  2nd  Philip  and  Mary  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,    12th     November. 

J554- 

Richard  Baker,  Esquier.      Richard  Weston,  Esquier.      [October,  1554.] 
2nd  and '3rd  Philip  and  Mary  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  21st  October,  1555. 

Thomas  Cams,  Esquier.      Thomas  H ungate,  Esquier.      30th  Sept.,   1555. 
4th  and  5th  Philip  and   Mary  summoned  to  meet    at   Westminster,    20th  January, 
[557-8. 

Clemens  Higham,  miles.      Willielmus  Rice,  armiger. 

1st  Elizabeth  summoned  to  meet  at   Westminster,  23rd  January,    155S-9;    dissolved. 

8th  May,  1559. 

Sir  Thomas  Benger,  Km.     William  Fletewoode,  Gent.     [12th  January,  1558-9.] 

5th  Elizabeth  summoned  to  meet  at    Westminster,  11  th  January,    1562-3;    dissolved, 

2nd  January,  1566-7. 

[ohn  Hales,  Esq.      William  Fletewoode,  Esq. 

14th  Elizabeth  summoned  to  meet   at  Westminster,    8th    May,    1572;    dissolved,   9th 

April,  1583. 

Thomas  Sadleir,  Esq.      Henry  Sadleir,  Esq. 

27th  Elizabeth  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminister,  23rd  November,  1584;  dissolved 
14th  September,  1585. 
Henry  Sadleir,  Esq.     Thomas  Gerrard,  Esq.     [nth  November,  1584-7.] 
28th  Elizabeth  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminister,    15th   October.  15S6;    dissolved, 
23rd  March,  1586-7. 

Thomas  Gerrard,  Esq.      Henry  Sadleir,  Esq. 

30th  and  31st  Elizabeth  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminister,    12th   November,  1588, 
and  by  prorogation,  4th  February,  1588-9 ;  dissolved,  29th  March,  1588-9. 
Roger  Ualton,  Esq.     John  Atherton,  Esq.      14th  October,  1588. 
">:  "Journal  of  the  House  of  Commons''  mentions  a  William  Warde  in  place  of  Thomas  Cams. 


488  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


35th  Elizabeth  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  19th  February,  1592-3;  dissolved, 
10th  April.  1593. 

John  Preston.     John  Awdeley. 
39th  Elizabeth  summoned  to  meet  at   Westminster,   24th  October,    1597;    dissolved, 

9th  February,  1597-8. 
Thomas  Hesketh,  Esq.,  Attorney  of  the  Court  of  Wards  and   Liveries,  and  Recorder 

of  Lancaster.      Edward  Hubberd,  Esq.     [15th  October,  1597-] 
43rd  Elizabeth  summoned  to  meet  at   Westminster,  27th   October,    1601  ;    dissolved, 
19th  December,  1601. 
Sir  Jerome  Bowes,  Km.      Sir  Carie  Keignoldes  (or  Carew  Regnell,  Knt.) 

[20lh  October,  1601.] 
1st  James  I.  summoned  to    meet   at   Westminster,    19th    March,    1603-4;    dissolved) 

9th  February,  1610-11. 
Sir  Thomas    Hesketh,   Knt.,    Attorney  of  the   Comi   of  Wardes  and    Liveries,  and 
Recorder  of  Lancaster.        Thomas  Fanshawe,  Esq.,  Auditor  for  the  northern  part  of 

the  Duchy  of  Lancaster.      [13th  February,  1603-4.] 
I2th  lames  I.  summoned  to  meet  at    Westminster,    5th   April.    1614;     dissolved,    7th 
June,  1614. 

(No  returns  for  County  or  Borough). 
iSth  James  I.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,    16th  January,    1620- 1  ;  dissolved, 
8th  February,  162 1-2. 

I  No  returns.  | 

21st  lames  I.  summoned  to  meet  at    Westminster,   1  2lh  February,  1623-4. 
Sir    Humphrey    Maie,    Knt.,    Chancellor    of    the    Duchy    of    Lancaster.       Thomas 
Fanshawe,    Esq.      [  19th  January.  1623-4. 

John  Seidell,  Esq..  vice  Sir  Humphrey  -May,  Kt.,  who  elected  to  serve  for  Leicester, 

2nd  March,   1023-4. 
1st  Charles  I.  summoned  to  meel  at   Westminster,  17th  May,    1625;    dissolved,    12th 

August,  1625. 
Sir  Humphrey  Maye,   Knt..   Chancellor  of  the   Duchy  of  Lancaster,      Sir   Thomas 

Fanshawe,  Knt.      [9th  May,  1625. J 

1st.  Charles  I.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  6th   February,    1625-6  ;  dissolved, 

15th  June,   1626. 
Sir  Humphrey  May,    Knt.,    Chancellor   of  the   Duchy   of  Lancaster.       Sir   Thomas 
Fanshawe,  Km.     [19th  January,  1625-6.] 

3rd  Charles  I.  summoned  to  meet  at   Westminster,    17th    March,    1627-8  ;  dissolved 
10th  March,  1628-9. 

Sir   Francis  Bindlose,    Knt.       Sir  Thomas   Fanshawe    Knt.      [ioth  March,   1627-8. ] 
Kith  Charles  I.,   1640,  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  13th  April,  1640;  dissolved 
5th  May,  1640. 

Roger  Kirkbye,  Esq.     John  Harrison  Esq.     [23rd  March,  1639-40.] 
16th  Charles  1.  summoned  to  meet  at   Westminster,   3rd   November,    1640  ;    expelled 
by  Oliver  Cromwell,  20th  April,  1653. 

Thomas  Fanshawe,  Esq.      John    Harrison.    Esq. 

*  Also  Attorney  of  the  Wards — "Journal  House  of  Commons." 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  489 


Sir  Robert  Bindlose,  Bart.,  and  Thomas  Fell,   Esq.,  vice  Thomas  Fanshawe,   Esq., 

and  John  Harrison,  Esq.,  disabled  to  sit,  [6th  January,    1645-6.] 
Interregnum  1653.     An  assembly  nominated  by  Oliver  Cromwell,  and  a  council  of 

officers,  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  41I1  July,  1653,  by  letters  under 

the  hand  of  the  Lord  General  Cromwell.      This  assembly  declared   itself  a 

parliament  6th  July,   and   resigned   its   powers   to   the    Lord   General,    12th 

December,  1653.      No  returns  found. 
Interregnum.      Summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  17th  September,  1656:  dissolved 

4th  February,  1657-8. 

Henry  Porter,  Esq.      [14th  August,  1656.] 
Richard    Cromwell,    summoned    to    meet    at    Westminster,    27th    January,    1658-9  ; 

dissolved  22nd  April,  1659.      No  returns  found.""" 
121I1  Charles  II.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  25th  April,  1660  :  dissolved  29th 

December,  1660.      No  returns  found. 
13th  Charles  II.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,   8th   May,    1661  ;  dissolved  24th 

January,  1678-9. 

Richard  Kirkby,  Esq.      Sir  John  Harrison,  Knt.      [nth  April,  1661.] 
Richard     Harrison,     E»q     vice    Sir   John     Harrison.     Knt.,     his    father,     deceased. 

[25th  October,  1669.] 
31st  Charles  II.    summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,   6th    March,    167S-9  ;    dissolved 

1 2th  July,  1679. 
Richard  Kirkby,  Esq.      Richard  Harrison,  Esq.      [27th  February,  1678-9. 
31st  Charles  II.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,    17th    October,    1679  ;    dissolved 

18th  January,  1680-1. 
Richard  Kirkby,  Esq.      William  Spencer,  junior,  Esq.     [nth  September,  1679.] 
33rd  Charles  II  summoned  to  meet  at  <  >xford,  2ist    March,    1680-1  ;  dissolved   28th 

March,  1681. 
Richard  Kirkby,  Esq.      William  Spencer,  Junr.,  Esq.      [24th  February,   1680-1.] 
1st  James  II.  summoned  to    meet  at    Westminster,  191I1  May,  1685;    dissolved,    2nd 

July,  1687. 

Henry  Crispe,  Esq.      Roger  Kirkby,  Esq.      [16th  March,  1684-5.J 

Convention  Parliament  summoned  to  meet    at    Westminster,    22nd   January,  1688-9; 
dissolved,  6th  February,  1689-90. 
Thomas  Preston,  Esq.     Gurwen  Rawlinson,  Esq.     [17th  January,  1688-9. 
2nd  William  and  Mary  summoned  to  meet    at   Westminster,    20th   March,    1689-90; 
dissolved,  nth  October,  1695. 
Roger  Kirkby,  Esq.      Thomas  Preston,  Esq.      [6th  .March.  1689-90.] 
7th    William    III.     summoned    to   meet    at    Westminster,    22nd    November,    1695; 
dissolved,  7th  July,  1698. 
Roger  Kirkby,  Esq.     Thomas  Preston,  Esq.     [7th  November,  1  £ 95- J 
Filton  Gerrad,  Esq.,  vice  Thomas  Preston,  Esq.,  deceased.     [25th  Feb.,  1696-7.] 
10th  William  III.  summoned  to  meet  at    Westminster,  24th  August,  169.S;   dissolved, 
19th  December,  1700. 
Robert  Heysham,  Merchant.     Roger  Kirkby.  Esq.     [9th  August,  169S.] 
*Col.  William  West  served  with  Henry  Porter  in  1650 — "H.  of  C.  Journals." 


490  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


12th    William    III.    summoned    to   meet    at    Westminster,    6th    February,    1700-1; 

dissolved,  nth  November,  1701. 

Robert  Heysham,  Merchant,      Roger  Kirkby,  Esq.     [13th  January,  1700-1.] 

13th    William    III.    summoned    to    meet     at    Westminster,    30th    December,     1701; 

dissolved,  2nd  July,  1702. 

Robert  Heysham,  Merchant.      Roger  Kirkby,  Esq.      [1st  December,    1701.] 

1st  Anne  summoned  to  meet  at    Westminster,  20th   August,    1702;     dissolved,   April 

I7°5- 
Robert  Heysham,  Esq.      Sir  William  Lowther,  Bart.     [27th  July,  1702.] 
4th  Anne  summoned  to  meet  at    Westminster,  14th  June,   1705;    declared  to  be  the 
first  Parliament  of  Great  Britain,  by  proclamation  dated  29th  April,  1707. 
Robert  Heysham  Esq.      William  Heysham,  Esq.      [15th  May,  1705.] 
7th    Anne    summoned    to    meet    at    Westminster,    8th    July,     1708;    dissolved,    21st 
September,  1 7  10. 
Rohert  Heysham,  Esq.      William  Heysham,  Esq.      [12th  -May,  170S.] 
9th  Anne  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  25th  November,  17 10;    dissolved,    8th 
August,  1713. 
Robert  Heysham,  Esq.     William  Heysham,  Esq.     [18th  r,  1710. 

1 2th  Anne  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  12th  November,  1713;    dissolved,  3th 
January,  17 14- 15. 
Robert  Heysham,  Esq.      William  Heysham,  Esq.      [3rd  September,  1713.] 
1st  George  I.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,    17th    March,    1714-15;    dissolved, 
10th  March,  1721-22. 

William  Heysham,  Esq.,  Senr.      Doddin  Braddill,  Esq.     [10th  February,  1714-15.] 
William  Heysham,  Esq.,  vice  William  Heysham.  Esq.,  his  father,  deceased. 

[16th  July,  1716.] 

8th  George  I.  summoned  to  meet  at   Westminster,  ioth    May,  1722;    dissolved,    17th 

July,  1727. 

Sir  Thomas  Lowther,  Bart.     William  Heysham,  Esq.     [26th  .March,  1722.] 

Christopher    Tower,    Esq.,  Junr.,  vice  *  William  Heysham,  Esq.,  deceased  in   1729. 

[1st  Ma),  1727.] 
1st  George  II.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  28th  November,  1727;  dissolved, 
17th  April.  1734. 
Christopher  Tower,  Junr.,  Esq.      Sir  Thomas  Lowther,  Ban.      [22nd  August,    1727.] 

8th  George  II  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  13th  June.    1734;    dissolved  27th 
April,  1 74 1. 
Sir  Thomas  Lowther,  Bart.      Robert  Fen  wick,  Esq.      [4th  May,  1734.] 
15th  George  II.  summoned   to  meet   at   Westminster,    25th  June,    1741  ;    dissolved, 
iSth  June,  1747. 
Sir  Thomas  Lowther,  Bart.      Robert  Fenwick,  Esq.     [nth  May,  1741.] 
21st  George  II.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  13th   August,    1747  ;    dissolved, 
8th  April,  1754. 
Francis  Reynolds,  Esq.      Edward  Marton,  Esq.     [30th  June,  1747.] 
Mr.  Heysham  was  one  of  the  Clerks  in  Chancery- 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  491 


27th  George  II  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  31st  May,  1754;    dissolved,  20th 
March,  1761. 

Francis  Reynolds,  Esq.     Edward  Marton,  Esq.     [16U1  April,  1 754--  J 
1st  George  III.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  19th  May,  1761;  dissolved,  nth 

March,  1768. 
Francis  Reynolds,  Esq.     Sir  George  Warren,  Knt.  of  the  Bath.     [31st  March,  1761.] 
8th  George  III.   summoned    to  meet   at   Westminster,    ioth    May,    1768;    dissoh 

31th  September,  1774. 
Sir  George  Warren,  Knt.  of  the  Bath.     Francis  Reynolds,  Esq.     [21st  March,  1768.] 
Richard     Cavendish,     commonly    called    Lord     Richard    Cavendish,    vice    Francis 

Reynolds,  Esq.,  deceased.     [15th  September,  1773.] 
15th  George  III.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  29th  November,  1774;  dissolved, 

1st  September,  1780. 
Sir  George   Warren,  Knt.  of  the  Bath.      Richard 'Cavendish,    commonly  cailed   Lord 

Richard  Cavendish.      [Sth  October,  1774.] 
21st  George  III.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,   31st   October,  1780  ;  dissolved, 

25th  March,  1784. 

Wilson  Braddyil,  Esq.     Abraham  Rawlinson,  the  younger,  Esq.     [nth  Sept.,  1780.] 

24th  George  III.    summoned  to  meet   at   Westminster,    18th    May,    1784  ;    dissolved, 

nth  June,  1790. 

Abram  Rawlinson,  Esq.      Francis  Reynolds,  Esq.     [26th  April,  1784.] 

Sir  George  Warren  Knt.  of  the  Bath,  vice  Francis  Reynolds,  Esq.  called  to  the  upper 

House  as  Lord  Ducie.      [4th  May,  1784.  J 

30th  George  III.    summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  loth  August,    1790;    dissolved, 

20th  May,  1796. 

Sir  George  Warren  Knt.  of  the  Bath.     John  Dent  Esq.     [30th  June,  1790,] 

First  parliament  of  the  United   Kingdom.     41st  George    III.    summoned   to   meet  at 

Westminster,  12th  July,  1796;  Dissolved,  29th  Juue,  1802. 

John  Dent  Esq.      Richard  Penn,  Esq.      [30th  May,  1796.] 
42nd  George  III.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  31st  August    1802  ;    dissolved, 
24th  October,  1806. 
Alexander,  Marquis  of  Douglas.     John  Dent,  Esq.     [14th  July,    1802.] 
47th  George  III.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  1 5th  December,  1806;  dissolved, 
29th  April,  1807. 
John  Dent,  Esq.     John  Fenton  Cawthorne,  Esq.     [1st  November,  1^06.] 
46th  George  III.  summoned  to  meet  at   Westminster,    22nd  June,    1807  ;    dissolved, 
29th  September,  1812. 

John  Dent,  Esq.      Peter  Patten,  Esq.      [19th  May,  1807.] 
53rd    George    III.    summoned    to    meet     at     Westminster,    24th    November.     1812; 
dissolved,  10th  June,  1818. 
John  Fenton  Cawthorne,  Esq.      Gabriel  Doveton,  Esq.      [7th  October,  1812.] 


492  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


58th  George  III.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  4U1   August,    1S18;    dissolved, 
29th  February,  1820. 

Gabriel  Doveton,  Esq.      John  Gladstone,  Esq.      [1st  July,  1818.] 

1st  George  IV.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster.  2 1st  April,  1S20;    dissolved,  2nd 

June,  1826. 

John  Fenton  Cawthorne,  Esq.     Gabriel  Doveton,  Esq.     [iotn  March,  1820.] 

Thomas    Greene,    Esq.,   vice   Major-General    Gabriel    Doveton,   deceased.       [20th 

April,  1824.] 

7th  George  I V.   summoned   to   meet   at   Westminster,   25th   July,    1826;    dissolved, 

24th  July,  1830. 

John  Fenton  Cawthorne,  Esq.      Thomas  Greene,  Esq.      [9th  June,   1826.] 

1st    William    IV.    summoned    to  meet    at     Westminster,     14th     September,     1830; 

dissolved.  23rd  April,   1S3I. 

John  Fenton  Cawthorne.  Esq.     Thomas  Greene,  Esq.     [2nd  August,  1S30.] 

Patrick  Maxwell  Stewart,  Esq.  vice  John  Fenton  Cawthorne,  Esq.,  deceased. 

[14th  March,  1831.] 
1st  William  IV.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,    14th   June,    1831;    dissolved, 
3rd  December,  1832. 
Thomas  Greene,  Esq.      Patrick  Maxwell  Stewart.  Esq.      [2nd  May,  1831.] 
3rd  William  IV.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  29th  January,  1S33;    dissolved, 
29th  December,  1834. 
Thomas  Greene,  Esq.     Patrick  Maxwell  Stewart,  Esq,     [nth  December,  1832.] 
5th  William  IV.  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  19th  February,  1835;  dissolved, 
17th  July,  1837. 
Thomas  Greene.  Esq.     Patrick  Maxwell  Stewart,  Esq.     [7th  January,  1835.] 
1st  Victoria  summoned  to  meet  at   Westminster,    nth   September,    1837;    dissolved, 
23rd  June,   1841. 

Thomas  Greene,  Esq.     George  Marlon,  Esq.     [25th  July,  1837.] 
5th  Victoria  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  19th  August,    1841  ;    dissolved    23rd 

July,     1847. 
Thomas  Greene.  Esq,  of  Whittington  Hall,  County    Palatine  of  Lancaster.      George 
Marton,  Esq,  of  Capenwray  Hall,  County    Palatine   of  Lancaster,   [1st  July,    1841.] 
nth  Victoria  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,   21st   September,    1847  ;    dissolved, 

1st  July,  1852. 
Samuel    Gregson,    Esq.,  of  32    Upper    Harley    Street,    County   Middlesex.      Thomas 

Greene,  Esq..  of  Whittington  Hall,  County  of  Lancaster.     [29th  July,  1847.] 
Robert   Paynes  Armstrong,    Esq.,  of  29,  Chester   Square,    Westminster,    County  of 
Middlesex,  vice  Samuel   Gregson,    Esq.,    whose  election   was   declared   void.       [9th 

March,   1S48.] 
1  bih  Victoria  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  20th  August,  1852  ;    dissolved  2ist 

March,  1857. 
Samuel  Gregson.  Esq.,  oi'  Upper  Harley  Street,  County  Middlesex.     Robert  Baynes 
Armstrong,  Esq.,  of  Chester  Square,  Conty  Middlesex.     [9th  July,  1S52.] 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  493 


29th  Victoria  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,  30th  April,  1 S 5 7  ;   dissolved,     3rd 

April,  1859. 
Samuel  Gregson,  Esq.,  of  Upper  llarley  Street,  County  Middlesex.     William  James 

Garnett,  Esq.,  oi  Bleasdale  Tower,  County  Lancaster.     [28th  .Match,  1857.] 
22nd  Victora  summoned   to  meet  at   Westminster,   31st   May,    1859;    dissolved    by 

proclamation,  dated  6th  July,  1865. 
Samuel  Gregson,  Esq.  (same   address  as   before.)       William  James   Garnett.    (same 

address  as  before.)     [30th  April,  1859.] 
Edward  Matthew  Fenwick,  Esq.,  of  Burrow   Hall,  County  Lancaster,    vice   William 

James    Garnett:    Esq.,    who    accepted    the    stewardship    of   the    manor    ol 

Northstead,  County  York.     [13th  April,  1859.] 
Henry  William  Schneider,  Esq.,  of  Leighburn    House,   in   the   parish   of  Ulverston, 

County  Lancaster,  vice  Samuel  Gregson,  Esq.,  deceased.  [20th  Feb.,  1865.] 
27th  Victoria  summened  to  meet  at  Westminster,   15th  August,  1865;    dissolved   by 

proclamation,  dated  nth  November,  1868. 
Edward  Matthew  Fenwick,  Esq.     Henry  William  Schneider,  Esq.     [12th  July,  1865.] 
32nd  Vietoria  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster,   10th   December,  1S68;    dissolved 

by  proclamation,  dated  26th  January,  1S74.      Disfranchised. 

(from  blue  books  kindly  forwarded  by  Mr.  Williamson,  M.P. ) 

18S5,  Dec— Major  Marton...C  4387 ;  (the  Liberal  candidate,  Mr.  McCoan, 
polled  3,530.1     r885     J.  Williamson... L 3886  ;  (Col.  Marton  (C)  polled  3691.) 

In  1623,  the  learned  Seldon  was  member  for  Lancaster.  Sir  John  Harrison, 
the  local  benefactor,  was  also  member  for  the  Borough,  in  1678-9. 

According  to  the  "  Autobiography  of  William  Stout"  in  Lane.  M.S.S..  vol. 
XL,  p.  345.  the  William  Eleysham,  M.P.  for  Lancaster,  in  1727,  died  at  Bath,  and 
he  is  mentioned  "as  an  indolent  man.'"  This  is  the  donor  ol  the  Greaves  estate. 
The  *Christopher  Towers  who  succeeded  him  was  a  young  unmarried  gentleman  only 
30  years  of  age.  The  John  Dent,  Esq.,  returned  in  1790,  was  evidently  the  recipient 
of  a  handsome  present  from  his  constituents.  Simpson  gives  an  extract  from  a 
Metropolitan  police  notice,  C  Division,  July  25th,  1849,  in  which  it  appears  that 
there  was  'Stolen  from  Hertford  Street,  Mayfair,  a  silver  tripod  candelabra,  with 
six  branches,  supported  by  a  dolphin  on  the  tripod,  and  two  views  of  Lancaster, 
with  presentation  inscription:  "To  T.  Dent,  Esq.,  from  his  constituents.'  The 
whole  was  worked  in  frosted  silver,  made  by  Rundell  and  Bridge,  and  was  presented 
thirty-live  years  ago"  (from  date  of  notice). 

On  June  29th,  1818,  after  nine  days'  polling.  John  Gladstone,  Esq.,  father  of 
the  Right  Hon.  W.  E.  Cdadstone,  M.P..  was  returned,  along  with  General  Doveton. 

Mr.  James  Williamson,  M.P.  for  the  Lancaster  Division, 
was  born  on  the  31st  December,  1844.  He  is  a  gentleman  who 
has  proved  himself  a  true  philanthropist.      To  recount  his  excellent 

He  was  Deputy  Collector  of  the  port  of  London  (inwards). 


494  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


deeds  would  be  extremely  distasteful  to  him.  Suffice  it  to  remark 
that  all  broad  and  right-minded  persons  give  him  the  credit  for 
disinterested  motives  and  true  single-heartedness  in  all  he  has 
done.  His  munificence  to  the  town  on  the  occasion  of  the 
Queen's  Jubilee,  together  with  his  former  additional  gift,  in  regard 
to  the  public  park  and  its  endowment,  are  fresh  in  the  minds  of  all 
Lancastrians.  The  native  of  Lancaster  may  hereafter  sav,  Lector, 
si  monwnenfum  queens,  circumspice. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


495 


CHAPTER  XVI, 


Further  Discoveries  at  the  Castle — George  Marsh — Executions  at 
Lancaster  Castle  of  Persons  said  to  have  been  innocent 
--Last  Execution  in  England  by  Strangulation — Imprisonment  of 
an  Infant  —  Luxe  Shipbuilding  Company  —  The  Coffee  Hoi 
Movement  —  Borough  Perambulations  —  Proclamation  of  Queen 
Victoria — Is  Her  Majesty  Duke  or  Duchess  of  Lancaster? — 
"Mayor  of  the  Horse  Shoe"  -  Old  Esculapians  -  Epidemics  in 
Lancaster — List  of  Constables  of  Lancaster  Castle— Governors 
or  Keepers  of  the  Castle- —  Castle  Chaplains  and  Surgeons  — 
Coroners  for  Lancaster  and  District  of  the  Century — Old 
Officials — Ages  of  and  Years  of  Service — Ancient  Tenures  in 
Lancaster. 

ORE  "antiquity"  has  been  discovered  since 
the  excavations  and  improvements  effected 
at  the  Castle  two  or  three  years  ago, 
resulting  in  the  opening  up  of  a  large  part  of 
the  fine  old  staircase  which  led  down  to  the 
corn-mill  at  the  base  of  Hadrian's  tower.  An 
ancient  doorway  has  also  been  discovered  and 
there  arc  many  traces  of  Roman  work  \  isible 
in  the  same.  The  floor  lias,  consequently, 
been  lowered  to  the  original  base  and  several 
feet  of  the  strong  Roman  Masonry  is  now 
revealed.  The  effect  is  excellent,  the  interior 
of  the  tower  having  a  nobler  and  brighter  appearance  than  it  has 
had  for  ages.  It  is  computed  that  the  old  staircase,  the  steps  of 
which  appear  as  if  only  wrought  and  prepared  a  few  years  ago,  has 
been  built  up  for  the  long  space  of  seven  centuries.  The  upper 
part  of  the  staircase  has  not  yet  been  exposed  to  view-,  but  sufficient 
has  been  accomplished  to  render  the  entrance  into  the  ground  floor 
of  the  Roman  tower  much  more  interesting,  since  the  visitor  passes 
through  one  of  the  series  of  six  dungeons  instead  of  along  the  foot- 
way and  steps  last  year  erected,  leading  to  the  former  basement  of 
the  tower. 


496  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Mounted  and  framed  in  this  ancient  tower  are  some 
fragments  which  reveal  the  keen  mental  thirst  for  liberty  manifested 
by  their  respective  owners.  There  is  a  label  to  this  effect  attached 
to  the  relics  : — "  Implements  taken  from  prisoners  attempting  to 
escape  from  Lancaster  Castle.  Collected  by  A.  Hansbrow,  Esq., 
Deputy  Governor.     The  gift  of  Colonel  Whalley.     June,   1891." 

George  Marsh  and  Oliver  Atherton. 

The  most  prominent  protestant  martyr  who  suffered  imprison- 
ment in  Lancaster  Castle  was  George  Marsh,  who  was  brought 
to  Lancaster  in  1554  and  taken  to  Chester  in  1555,  where  he  suffered 
martyrdom.  Dr.  Hallev  has  the  following  notice  concerning  George 
Marsh  :— 

"This  Protestant  martyr  remained  in  Lancaster  Castle  from 
Easter  to  the  Autumn  of  1554.  In  one  of  his  letters  is  a  description 
to  which  those  who  know  the  picturesque  building  can  easily  give 
reality  and  life  : — '  I  and  my  fellow  prisoner  Warburton,  every  day 
kneeling  on  our  knees,  read  morning  and  evening  prayer,  with  the 
English  Litany  twice,  before  noon  and  after,  with  other  prayers,  and 
also  read  every  day  certain  chapters  in  the  Bible,  commonly  towards 
night,  with  so  loud  a  voice  that  the  people  without  might  hear  us 
read,  and  sit  under  our  windows.'  Some  of  these  good  people  (and 
among  them  the  Mayor  of  the  town)  contributed  to  supply  the 
wants  of  the  sufferers,  who,  by  their  devotions,  made  the  Castle 
Hill  '  a  place  where  prayer  was  wont  to  be  made.'  " 

Mr.  Oliver  Atherton,  a  member  of  the  societv  of  Friends, 
died  a  prisoner  in  Lancaster  Castle  in  1603,  having  been  persecuted 
to  death  for  conscience  sake  by  the  Countess  of  Derby,  for  refusing 
to  pay  tithes  amounting  to  2s. 

A  few  more  martyrs — for  martyrs  they  were—  must  not  be 
omitted.  Joseph  Clark,  a  well  read  young  man,  and  said  to  have 
been  a  decent  violinist  was  charged  with  rape,  the  charge  being  the 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  497 


outcome  of  a  lad)' in  whose   employ  was   the   young    woman    Clark 
had  been  paying  his  addresses  to.      The  facts  are  as   follow  :  -"  On 
returning  from  church  she  caught    her    maid    in   the    bedroom    with 
Clark,  and  became  so    enraged    with    jealousy    that   she    forced   her 
servant  to  make  the  charge  named,  and  this  was  done,  probably  the 
girl  submitting  from  sheer  terror  and  coercion.       Strange  to  state, 
the  poor  fellow  who  protested  his  innocence,  was   convicted   chiefly 
on  the  evidence  of  the  girl's  mistress  rather  than  upon   that   of  the 
girl."     Great  excitement  prevailed  during  the   trial,    and   many   be- 
lieved that  he  was  innocent  ;  and   some,  we  are  told,  felt  so  certain 
of  an  acquittal  that  they  had  a  coach  in  waiting,  with  a  change  of 
clothes.      When  the  jury  brought  in  a  verdict  of  "  guilty,"  Clark  fell 
down  at  the  bar,  and   cried   aloud,    "Oh!   God,    I    am  a   murdered 
man  ;   I  never  knew  the  woman  carnally  in  my  life."     Every  possible 
means  were  taken  to   save   him,    particularly    by    the    girl    herself. 
"  The  man  was  hanged  on  Gallows  Hill,  and  a  death-bed  confession, 
made  many  years  afterwards  by  his  wretched  persecutor,  proved 
that    he    was     hanged     innocently."       This    execution    took    place 
in  the  year  1793.      In  1817,  another  painful  episode   occurred   when 
William  Holden,  David  Ashcroft,  James  Ashcroft,  and  James   Ash- 
croft,  junr.,   were   executed  for  being  concerned   in   a   murder  and 
robbery,  at  the  house  of  a  Mr.  Littlewood,  of  Pendleton,  near  Man- 
chester.     The  prisoners  (father,  two  sons,  and  son-in-law)  declared 
their  innocence  to  the  last.      William  Holden  appeared   first  at  the 
drop,   and,    with   great  composure,    addressed   the  crowd   thus  :— 
"  Strangers  and  neighbours,  friends  and   relatives,    and   foreigners, 
I  am  now  going  to  meet  my  God,  and  in  the  face  of  Him    I    declare 
that  I  am  as  innocent  of  the  concern  as  the  child  unborn,   and   hope 
that  the  Lord  in  heaven  will  be  merciful  to  my  poor  soul  for   all    my 
former  sins.      Dear  friends,  I  could  tell  you   no   more   if   1    were   to 
talk    to    you    all    day.      The    Lord    bless  you,    for    the    Lord   Jesus 
knows    I    forgive   every   one   that   has   sworn    my   life   away.      The 
Lord  receive  my  soul  ;   1  have   been   a  very  wicked   man."     David 
Ashcroft  next  stepped  forward,  and  avowed  his   innocence   likewise 
in  the  most  earnest  manner.      He  said  ;    "I    declare    I    left  them   at 
half-past  two  o'clock  ;  and  I  believe  they  are  all  as   1    am."     James 


K2 


498  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Ashcroft,  junior,  then  prayed  as  follows  :  "Thou  knows,  O  Lord, 
we  are  not  deserving  of  this  ;  Thou  knows  we  are  innocent."  He 
then  asked  for  his  father,  who,  at  this  point,  was  led  on  to  the 
scaffold,  and  he  kissed  him.  James  Ashcroft,  senior,  then  turned 
to  the  spectators,  and,  with  very  great  solemnity,  exclaimed  :  "I 
declare  we  are  all  innocent."  While  they  were  being  tied  up  they 
all  joined  in  singing  a  hymn,  the  words  of  which  David  Ashcroft 
gave  out — 

I'll  praise  my  Maker  while  I've  breath, 
And  when  my  voice  is  lost  in  death 

Praise  shall  employ  my  nobler  powers, 
My  day-  of  praise  shall  ne'er  be  past, 
While  life  and  thought  and  being  last, 

<  )]•  immortality  endures. 

Happy  the  man  whose  hopes  rely 
On  Israel's  ( lod — 

At  this  third  word  of  the  second  stanza  the  bolt  was  drawn,  the  poor 
fellows,  whether  innocent  or  guilty— and  it  was  matter  of  precious 
little  moment  in  those  days,  no  time  being"  allowed  for  further 
inquiry — the  bolt  was  drawn  and  they  were  strangled,  their  bodies 
being  given  over  to  the  surgeons,  when  dead,  for  dissection.  For 
twelve  months  the  popular  excitement  knew  no  bounds,  everyone 
being  satisfied  that  these  unfortunate  men  were  all  innocent  of  the 
crimes  with  which  they  were  charged.  The  old  files  of  the  Lancaster 
Gazette,  1842-5,  state  that  a  man  confessed  while  on  his  death-bed, 
twenty-six  years  after,  that  he  was  the  real  criminal. 

Of  criminals  and  their  executions  or  the  circumstances  con- 
nected therewith,  I  may  mention  the  following  : — In  1799,  James 
Case,  a  surgeon,  was  condemned  to  death  for  "  making  bad  notes." 
After  his  death  it  was  found  that  a  small  pipe  or  tube  had  been 
inserted  into  his  throat,  and  that  the  prisoner  had  also  worked  the 
knot  ot  the  rope  as  much  under  his  chin  as  possible.  His  coffin, 
provided  by  his  friends,  was  also  found  to  be  perforated  with  small 
holes  both  at  the  sides  and  ends,  in  anticipation  that  by  this  means 
his  life  would  be  saved.  But  all  failed,  for  when  the  man  was  cut 
down  he  was  quite  dead.      At  the    Summer   Assizes   of  1803,    three 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  499 

youths,  not  more  than  seventeen  years  of  age,  were  executed,  two 
of  whom  were  charged  with  burglary  and  one  with  forgery.  In 
1809,  thirteen  persons  were  hanged  for  "  passing  bad  notes."  In 
1831,  William  Worrall  kicked  off  his  shoes  on  the  scaffold,  because 
his  mother  had  often  told  him  that  if  he  did  not  amend  his  ways  he 
would  never  die  with  his  shoes  off — a  broad  hint  as  to  the  end  he 
was  likely  to  come  to.  In  1862,  Walker  Moore,  a  Colne  tailor,  who 
murdered  his  wife  committed  suicide  on  the  morning  which  was  to 
witness  his  execution.  He  had  asked  for  a  few  minutes  to  go  to 
the  closet  and  while  there  had  spared  the  executioner  his  task,  and 
the  morbid  public  a  fearful  sight,  for  he  drowned  himself  in  the 
tank  of  the  water-closet  by  holding  his  head  therein.  On  that  occa- 
sion people  had  travelled  over  hill  and  dale  for  many  miles  in  order 
to  see  one  of  their  fellow-creatures  deprived  of  his  life,  and  they 
were  disappointed. 

The  Last  Execution    of   a   Murderess   by    Strangulation  and 

Fire. 

In  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  for  the  year  1772,  page  195,  is 
the  following  paragraph  : — 

6th  April — Mary  Hilton,  committed  at  Lancaster  Assizes  for 
poisoning  her  husband,  was  this  day  drawn  upon  a  sledge  to  the 
place  of  execution  at  Lancaster,  where,  after  hanging  fifteen 
minutes,  she  was  cut  down  and  her  body  burned  to  ashes." 

From  the  recollections  of  an  old  inhabitant,  taken  down  in 
1825,  we  find  that  "  Mary  Hilton,  of  four  lane  ends,  was  burnt 
opposite  the  second  window  of  the  workhouse  from  the  north,  for 
poisoning  her  husband.  Mr.  Cunlifte  Shaw  was  Sheriff  about  the 
year  1772.  She  was  strangled  by  a  man  with  one  arm,  and  before 
she  was  dead  was  let  down  into  the  fire,  consisting  of  faggots  and 
two  barrels  of  tar.  She  was  beginning  to  move  before  the  fire  got 
hold  of  her." 


;oo  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


Imprisonment  of  an  Infant  in  Lancaster  Castle. 

In  Mr.  Hepworth  Dixon's  work  on  iC  London  Prisons," 
published  in  1854,  mention  is  made  of  a  child  between  2  and  3  years 
of  age  having  been  imprisoned  in  Lancaster  Castle.  The  incident 
might  have  occurred  about  the  time  the  work  was  published  (1854), 
as  Mr.  Dixon  refers  to  it  as  though  it  would  be  quite  familiar  to  his 
readers. 

Up  to  the  time  of  writing  228  persons  have  been  executed  at 
Lancaster  Castle  between  1799  and  1890. 

The  statue  of  John  of  Gaunt,  placed  in  a  niche  of  the 
gateway  tower  of  Lancaster  Castle  was  cut  by  a  working  mason 
of  Lancaster,  named  Claude  Nimmo,  during  his  leisure  time.  The 
plaister  cast  was  the  work  of  Mr.  Michael  Angelo  Rigby,  a  carver, 
whose  place  of  business  was  in  Market  Street. 

Lune  Ship  Building  Company. 

The  Lune  Ship  Building  Company  was  established  in  the  year 
1863.  There  were  two  shipyards  existing  in  Lancaster  about 
the  close  of  the  last  century.  There  were  but  three  cotton  mills  in 
1825.  spinning  7,ooolbs.  of  yarn  weekly,  and  a  worsted  mill  for  bom- 
basens,  producing  about  5,ooolbs.  weekly. 

The  Coffee  House  Movement. 

It  may  be  stated  that  Lancaster  has  been  enamoured  of  the 
coffee-house  movement  long  before  the  general  revival  of  coffee- 
houses, which  took  place  in  1879,  for  as  far  back  as  1770  we  find 
that  our  old  borough  had  its  Merchants' Coffee-house,  wherein  sales 
and  other  commercial  transactions  were  largely  carried  on.  This 
house  was  in  Penny  Street,  not  far  from  the  celebrated  Horse  Shoe 
corner,  where  animals  seized  under  distraint  were  sold.  Happily 
the  Coffee  House  system  in  Lancaster  has  done  much  good,  and  as 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  501 


the  catering  is  unlike  that  too  often  met  with  in  other  parts  of  the 
country,  the  success  that  has  attended  the  Lancaster  Coffee  Tavern 
Company  is  not  to  be  wondered  at.  There  are  no  less  than  eight 
of  these  taverns  in  and  about  the  town.  There  are  branches  in 
Market  Street,  Penny  Street,  Green  Ayre,  Moor  Lane  (Gregson 
Memorial),  Corn  Market  Street,  Stonewell,  Skerton,  and  recently  a 
branch  has  been  opened  in  connection  with  the  Wagon  Works. 
The  secretary  is  Mr.  W.  Ritson. 

The  Merchants'  News  Room  was  formerly  a  place  much  fre- 
quented by  the  leading  merchants  and  gentlemen  of  various  profes- 
sions in  Lancaster.  Indeed  it  was  a  kind  of  club  in  which  all  local 
and  district  matter  was  discussed  ;  and  no  doubt  politics  would  form 
a  lively  theme  in  the  old  days  referred  to.  There  is,  within  the 
precincts  of  the  news-room  an  old  book  headed  "  Coffee  Room 
Intellig-ence  Book,  December,  1778,"  and  1  have  observed  many 
entries  therein  concerning  shipping  in  Lancaster.  There  is  also  an 
"  Extract  of  a  journal  of  an  officer  on  board  his  Majestie's  ship  the 
Boyne  at  the  cid  de  sac  of  St.  Lucie,  24th  December,  1778."  The 
position  of  the  French  fleet  is  duly  noted  among  many  other  inter- 
esting items.  1  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Joseph  Parkinson  for  the  list 
of  past  hon.  secretaries  and  hon.  treasurers  given  as  supplied  : 

Lancelot  Sanderson  ;  1838  to  1858,  Abram  Seward  ;  185910 
1862,  Joseph  Fenton  ;  1863  to  1876,  Richard  Bond  ;  1877  to  1879, 
Robert  Palmer  ;  1880,  John  Allen  ;  1881  to  present  time,  Joseph 
Parkinson.  Before  Mr.  L.  Sanderson's  time  Mr.  John  Walker  and 
Mr.  J.  Thompson  were  hon.  secretaries. 

Borough  Perambulations. 

Perambulations  of  boundaries  are  of  Saxon  origin  and  appear 
to  be  allied  to  the  old  Roman  Terminalia  festival  held  in  honour  oi~ 
Terminus,  god  of  boundaries.  A  note  book  before  me  states 
that  the  peregrinations  usually  took  place  in  Rogation  days  or  gunge 
days  ;  and  also  states  that  in  Lancaster  a  number  o(  boys  were 
usually  whipped  and  ducked  in  the  water   at   critical    points  of   the 


5o2  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


perambulation  in  order  to  impress  upon  their  memories  the  borough 
bounds.  They  were  afterwards  regaled  with  halfpence  in  order  to 
pacify  them  and  prove  that  there  was  no  malice  in  the  unpleasant 
punishment.      The  perambulations  for  this  century  are  as  follow  : — 

Date.  Mayor. 

June  7th,  1802,  James  Parkinson. 

May  22nd,  1  Soy,  Thomas   Moore. 

June  3rd,  1816,  John   Taylor  Wilson. 

May  19th,  1823,  Jas.  Barton  Nottage. 

May  31st,  1830,  John   Bond. 

May  15th,  1837,  J.    H.    Higgin. 

May  27th,  1844,  E.    D.    De  Vitre. 

June     9th,  1851,  H.   Gregson. 

May  24th,  1858,  Christopher  Johnson. 

June     5th,  1865,  James   Williamson. 

May  22nd,  1872,  Charles  Blades. 

June    2nd,  1879,  G.   Cleminson. 

June  13th,  1886,  James  Hatch. 

In  1851,  Robert  Blackburn,  the  colour  carrier,  completed  his 
tenth  perambulation. 

By  the  kind  permission  of  the  Town  Clerk  of  Lancaster, 
Thomas  Swainson,  Esq.,  I  am  able  to  give  a  copy  of  the  first 
recorded  account  of  the  perambulation  of  the  boundaries  of  the 
Borough  of  Lancaster.  The  items  are  taken  from  the  Auditors' 
book,  1771-2  to  1793-4. 

The  Boundaries  of  Lancaster,  Rode  the  Twenty-third  Day  of  May,  1774. 

Edward  Start,  Esq.,  Mayor. 

Iohn  Watson  and      \    r,     „„■    ,, 

•>    ,    ,    ,  -,-  _.         Gents.  Bailiffs. 

KOBERl     lOMLINSON,     I 

1st,  from  the  Market  Cross,  in  Lancaster,  down  the  Long  Marsh  Lane  to 
the  middle  of  the  River  Loyne,  opposite  Scale  Lane,  and  from  thence  down  the 
middle  of  the  same  River  on  the  north  side  of  the  Island  called  the  Wharf,  following 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  =;o 


3*-\i 


the  mid  stream  thereof  until  you  conic  to  a  pool  called  Black  Pool  Foot,  which 
divides  Heaton  and  Oxcliffe,  and  from  thence  over  thwart  the  Rivei  Loyne  unto  a 
large  stone  called  the  Earn  Stone,  on  the  north  side  of  a  hedge  or  fence  in  Aldclifife 
Hall  grounds;  from  thence  on  the  outside  of  Lower  Holme,  otherwise  Sower  Holme, 
to  Howgill  Heck,  at  the  foot  of  Killbrow,  in  Aldclifife  Lane;  from  thence  on  the 
outside  of  Haverbracke  until  you  come  to  the  Brigg  Head,  along  th<  Brook  or 
running  Water ;  from  thence  to  Whitewell  upon  the  Greaves,  and  so  to  Bouldram 
Brook;  from  thence  to  Saint  Patrick's  Well,  by  Bouldrams;  from  thence  to  Woolfall 
Well,  below  Gardner's  house,  formerly  called  Adamson's,  .and  sotoa  Crabtree  Thorn 
at  Barker  Field  Nook,  in  Longthwaite;  from  thence  to  Woodcross,  which  hath  a 
stone  upon  it  marked  with  the  letter.-,  "R.P.,"  by  George  Padgett's  house,  formerly 
called  Robert  Padgett's,  upon  the  edge  of  the  Moor;  from  thence  to  Locker  Clough, 
by  the  Dam  Head,  and  so  back  to  Greenhill,  now  a  plowed  field  betwixt  Yeathouse 
and  Edward  Reeder's  house,  formerly  called  Oswald  Croskell's,  which  divides  Ellel 
and  Quarmore,  and  so  to  Welby  Well;  from  thence  to  Damesgill  House  Nook,  where 
there  lies  a  great  stone  and  so  up  the  Brook  inclining  to  the  Right  in  an  eastwardly 
direction  untill  you  come  to  the  common  to  a  place  called  Hert  Pott  otherwise 
Johnson's,, Well  otherwise  Willey  Wife  Well  from  thence  to  the  Cross  Stone  or 
Rig-get  Stone  which  divides  Wyersdale  and  Quarmore  marked  at  the  top  tints 
"HXS."  and  at  the  side  with  the  figures  "'1692"  and  from  thence  in  a  direct  lineup 
the  common  by  several  Mear  Stones  to  a  stone  called  Castle  Syke  Stone  which  also 
divides  Wyersdale  and  Quarmore  marked  with  the  letters  "  C.S.S."  from  thence  over 
the  Red  Moss  to  Red  Moss  Well  from  thence  northwardly  to  the  three  chairs  and  so 
to  Clougha  from  thence  northwardly  down  towards  Littledale  to  Parkinson's  of  Cragg 
to  a  great  stone  near  the  wall  going  into  the  fold  to  the  house  from  thence  to  Faith- 
waite's  house  called  Potts  and  through  the  middle  of  a  Barn  there  from  thence 
through  a  Wood  leading  down  to  Hawkshead  house  formerly  called  Dyneley  house 
and  so  following  Lscoe  Beck  to  Lead  Gate  Neat  in  Caton  and  from  thence  down  the 
Beck  or  Brook  there  to  the  middle  stream  of  Loyne  to  Black  Pool  foot  as  aforesaid. 
Witness  our  hands  who  rode  the  said  Boundaries  the  said  twenty-third  day  of  May 
one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  seventy-four. 

Edwd.   Start,   Mayor. 

John  Watson,  i   c  -,•«- 

-'  ~,  '  bailiffs. 

ROBT.     rOMLINSON,      I 

Thomas  Eidsforth. 
Richd.  Johnson. 

lames  Smethurst. 

Witnesses.  Richd.  Fisher. 

John  Watson,  elk.  Peter  Buttellmann. 

Joseph  Knowles.  John  Thompson. 

Christ.  Bland.  John  Gardnr. 

David  Saull. 

Robert  Cartniel. 

Thomas  Shepherd,  Town  Clerk. 

The  perambulation  of  1 7S1  is  much  the  same  in  substance. 


504  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


1    now    proceed    to    give  a   copy   of  the   last   perambulation 
which  took  place  on  the  fourteenth  day  of  June,   1886. 

."Jl3CUlloai'iC5  of  Lancaster   rode  and   perambulated  the  fourteenth   day  of 
June,  in  the  year  of  Our  Lord  one  thousand,  eight  hundred  and  eighty-six. 

From  Germany  Bridge  in  a  northerly  direction  along  the  east  side  of  land 
belonging  to  the  Corporation  formerly  the  site  of  the  ancient  Mill  Race  and  now 
occupied  partly  as  a  twine  walk,  partly  as  a  timber  yard,  and  partly  as  gardens  for  the 
bridge  end  houses  belonging  to  the  Corporation  and  so  along  the  east  side  of  the 
Mill  Race  to  a  point  opposite  where  the  wall  of  the  Midland  Railway  forms  the  west 
side  of  the  Ladies'  Walk  and  thence  across  the  Ladies'  Walk  and  the  Midland 
Railway  to  the  south  end  of  the  Weir  at  Dalton  Dam.  and  then  to  the  said  stream  of 
Lune,  from  thence  down  the  middle  of  the  River  Lune  to  Scale  Ford  opposite  Scale 
Lane  end,  from  thence  down  the  middle  of  the  same  River  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Island" called  the  Wharf  or  -'Salt  Area"  following  the  mid  stream  thereof  until  you 
come  to  a  pool  called  Black  Pool  Foot  which  divides  Heaton  and  Oxcliffe;  and  from 
thence  over  thwart  the  River  Lune  by  the  south  side  of  Freemen's  Wood  into  a 
place  near  where  there  was  formerly  a  large  stone  called  the  Earn  Stone  on  the  north 
side  of  a  hedge  or  fence  in  Aldcliffe  Hall  grounds;  from  thence  by  the  east  end  of 
Freemen's  Wood  and  by  Lucy  Brook  to  the  foot  bridge  over  the  same  and  from 
thence  in  a  southerly  direction  along  the  footpath  and  on  the  outside  of  Lower 
Holme  otherwise  Sower  Holme  to  Howgill  Beck  at  the  foot  of  Kilbrow  near  Aldcliffe 
Lodge  in  Aldcliffe  Lane  from  thence  crossing  the  Lancaster  Canal  and  on  the  outside 
of  Haverbreaks  until  you  come  to  the  Brigg  head,  a  place  near  the  Brook  or  running 
water,  then  re-crossing  the  Canal  in  a  southerly  direction  to  a  place  opposite  the 
entrance  of  the  said  Brook  into  the  Canal,  again  crossing  the  Canal  and  along  the 
said  Brook  to  Ashton  Lane  and  then  in  a  southerly  direction  to  Whitewell  upon  the 
(  ireaves,  so  to  Boldram  Brook  from  thence  to  Thorn  Stub  on  the  east  side  of  what 
was  formerly  the  Pinfold ;  from  thence  to  St.  Patrick's  Well  by  Boldrams  ;  from  thence 
along  the  south  and  east  sides  of  the  Inclosures  of  Boldram  (now  occupied  by  the 
buildings  of  the  Military  centre)  and  so  on  the  east  side  of  certain  Inclosures  formerly 
belonging  to  the  heirs  of  the  late  Thomas  Coulston  and  now  belonging  to  the  trustees 
of  the  late  John  Coulston  to  Golgotha,  and  then  through  a  Barn  Fold  and  Garden  in 
the  occupation  of  William  Gardner  to  a  place  near  Lancaster  Moor  trom  thence  in  an 
easterly  direction  on  the  north  side  of  certain  ancient  Inclosures  belonging  to  the 
trustees  of  the  said  John  Coulston  until  you  come  to  the  well  in  the  field  in  front  of 
Well  House  and  then  in  a  southerly  direction  across  the  high  road  leading  to  Wyres- 
dale  and  then  in  an  easterly  direction  until  you  come  to  the  south-east  corner  of 
certain  Inclosures  called  Fenham  Carrs,  and  so  in  a  northerly  direction  to  the  north-east 
corner  of  the  said  Inclosures  called  Fenham  Carrs,  from  thence  in  a  north-easterly  and 
then  in  a  westerly  direction  along  the  line  marked  and  set  out  by  the  Commissioners 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  505 


for  enclosing  Quernmore  Moor  as  the  division  or  boundary  between  Lancaster  and 
Quernmore  Moors  to  the  north-east  corner  of  the  wall  of  ground  now  belonging  to 
the  County  Lunatic  Asylum,  thence  westwards  along  the  said  wall  until  you  come  to 
the  ancient  Inclosures  within  the  township  of  bulk;  from  thence  in  a  southerly  and 
afterwards  westerly  direction  along  the  fence  which  divides  the  township  of  bulk  from 
Lancaster  Moor  and  so  by  the  south  side  of  the  Stone  Row  Head  Farmhouse  and  the 
north  side  of  Lancaster  Cemetery  until  you  come  to  an  Inclosure  formerly  belonging 
to  the  heirs  of  the  late  John  Dalton  and  now  reputed  to  belong  to  Edward  Gorrill  and 
then  on  the  north  side  of  the  said  last  mentioned  Inclosure,  and  then  in  the  same 
direction  on  the  north  side  of  certain  Inclosures  belonging  to  the  trustees  of  an  estate 
called  "Brockbank's  Annuity  Trust''  then  following  a  brook  called  Jolly  Beck,  and 
crossing  the  aforesaid  Canal  and  the  Albion  Mill  until  you  come  to  Germany  Bridge- 
Witness  our  hands  who  amongst  others  rode  and  perambulated  the  said  Boundaries 
he  fourteenth  day  of  June  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighty-six. 

James  Hatch,   Mayor. 

Edward  Clark,  Ex-Mayor. 

Thom.   Swainson,  Town  Clerk. 

W.   O.    Roper,   Deputy  Town  Clerk. 

Alfred  Creek,  Borough  Surveyor. 

James  Hatch,  Junr.,  Borough  Accountant 

Frank  Ward,  Chief  Constable. 

Wm.  H.  Lord. 

William  Roper,  Alderman. 

Thos.   P.  Greene. 

William  Sharples, 

About  seventy-three  Burgesses'  names  follow. 

In  the  transcript  of  the  1774  perambulation  a  few  singular  place-names  are 
mentioned  and  perhaps  their  several  meanings  will  prove  interesting  to  some  readers 
of  this  chapter. 

Earn  or  Ern. — Saxon  for  a  place  of  some  note;  it  also  denotes  an  eagle.  Probably 
the  Earn  Stone  was  the  Eagle  Stone. 

Brigg  Head. — This  would  be  the  Bridge  Head. 

Kilbroiv. — Kit  may  be  a  corruption  from  or  variant  of  Kel  for  keld,  water,  brow  by 
the  water.  In  the  Erse  tongue  Kit  signifies  a  church,  as  in  Kil-dara 
(Kildare),  Church  of  the  Oak  ;    but  this  Kit  can  scarcely  be  applied  here. 

Hoivgill. — Ho-d\  a  hill,  and  gill  Norse  for  water. 

Bouldrams  (  Tent  J. — Place  of  Ravens. 

Yeat  house. — Gale  house. 


5o6  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Hert  Pott. — Probably  from  the  hart  grass,  and  pott,  Celtic  for  a  dune  or  hollow. 

Willey  Wife  Well— Allied  in  origin  to  "Batty  Wife  Hole.*' 

Riggct  Stone. — From  Danish  rig,  a  high  backed  hill,  and  dimuntive  et, — head 
stone  on  the  hill. 

Meat  Stones. — From  the  Saxon  niaera,  a  boundary,  hence  boundary  stones  or 
harstones. 

Cnstle  Syke  Stone. — Syke  denotes  a  furrow  or  ditch. 

Escoe  Beck. — From  es,  Saxon  for  water,  and  /ioiv,  Saxon  for  Hill.  It  must  not  be 
forgotten  that  es  literally  means  separated,  in  Anglo-Saxon  ;  and  the  ow  or 
liuiv,  a  hill,  might  well  indicate  "brook  fixing  the  boundary  near  the  hill.'' 
The  prefix  es,  may  come  from  aesc  or  asc,  or  from  esse,  an  ash,  and  signify 
"beck  by  the  Ash  Tree  Hill."  But  from  the  surroundings  I  prefer  to 
believe  that  in  this  instance  the  term  es  denotes  water. 


Here  is  a  copy  of  the  memorandum  concerning  the  proclama- 
tion of  Queen  Victoria. 

"  Borough  of  Lancaster  in  the  County  of  Lancaster  to  wit.  Be  it  remembered 
that  on  the  twenty-fourth  day  of  June  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  thirty-seven,  Thomas  Housman  Iliggin,  Lsquire.  Mayor  of  the  Borough 
and  Town  attended  by  the  Council  and  Town  Clerk  of  the  town  assisted  by  a 
numerous  assemblage  of  the  free  Burgesses  and  persons  of  Quality  and  inhabitants 
of  the  town,  proclaimed  the  high  and  might}-  Princess  Alexandrina  Victoria,  by  the 
grace  of  Cod.  Queen  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  defender 
of  the  faith  and  that  the  proclamation  was  audibly  read  by  the  Town  Clerk  by  the 
direction  of  the  Mayor,  at  Covel  Cross,  in  Dalton  Square,  and  lastly  in  front  of  tin- 
Town  Hall.      In  testimony  whereof  we  have  hereto  subscribed  our  names. 

Here  follow  the  names  of  the  Mayor  and  about  forty-five  other  persons, 
Clergymen,  and  Magistrates  of  the  town. 

The  usual  proclamation  follows. 

The   Queen   and   the  Title   of    "Duke"    or    "Duchess  of 

Lancaster." 

There  is  no  title  of  "Duke  or  Duchess  of  Lancaster"  named 
in  the  above  memorandum  nor  even  in  the  proclamation.  As  to  this 
title  the  following  letter  will  probably  set  the  matter  at  rest.  It 
was  received  with  one  from  the  Duke  of  Rutland,  in  March,  1890. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  507 


"The  Queen  is  neither  'Duke'  nor  'Duchess'  of  Lancaster. 
Sir  Henry  Ponsonby  was  quite  correct  in  referring  his  questioner  to 
the  'Peerage,'  where  the  Queen's  titles  are  correctly  worded.  There 
has  been  no  change  in  this  respect." 

Writers  assert  that  there  was  formerly  "a  mayor  of  the 
horse  shoe,"  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  castle  was  once  saved  during 
a  hostile  affray  owing  to  the  horse  of  the  leader  of  the  enemy  casting 
its  shoe  at  this  spot.  I  have  not,  however,  heard  that  there  is  any- 
thing beyond  tradition  to  support  the  assertion. 

Old   Lancaster  Medical  Men. 

Dr.  Barrow,  who  died  by  over-balancing  himself  while  looking 
at  the  Town  Clock  from  his  bedroom  window,  on  the  12th  of  March, 
1791,  was  a  popular  physician  of  the  last  century.  So  too,  was 
Dr.  Croft,  who  died  on  the  6th  of  April,  1746.  aged  42.  The  house 
now  occupied  by  Messrs.  Paley,  Austin,  and  Paley  used  to  belong 
Dr.  Wright.  After  his  decease,  in  1797,  it  was  valued  at  ^'2,000, 
but  shortly  realised  only  ^500.  This  was  the  old  Town  Clerk's 
Office. 

In  1809  there  were  seven  surgeons  in  Lancaster,  viz.: — 
Messrs.  Braithwaite  and  Howitt,  Francis  Carter,  junior.  William 
Edmondson,  Isaac  Greenwood,  Christopher  Johnson,  and  John 
Smith.  In  1818  there  were  ten,  viz.  : — Messrs.  Samuel  Anderton, 
Josiah  Baxendale,  James  Carter,  Leonard  Dickson,  Isaac  Greenwood, 
Thomas  Howitt,  Christopher  Johnson,  John  and  Christopher 
Sharpies  (vet.),  John  Smith,  and  Edward  Statter.  Of  physicians 
there  were  three — David  Campbell,  James  Cassells,  and  Lawson 
Whalley,  Esqrs.  Dr.  Campbell  was  mayor  in  1796.  He  died  on 
the  4th  of  February,  at  his  house  in  Dalton  Square,  aged  83.  Dr. 
Cassells  died  on  the  14th  of  November,  1822,  in  his  Doth  year  ;  and 
Dr.  Whalley,  M.D.,  Edin.,  and  J. P.  County  of  Lancaster,  on  the 
26th  of  May,  1841,  aged  59  years.  Dr.  Whalley  was  appointed 
physician  to  the  County  Asylum  on  the  7th  ot  January,  1832.     This 


5o8  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


gentleman  took  his  M.D.  degree  on  the  4th  of  September,  1804. 
His  mother  was  Mrs.  Arthington.  He  held  the  position  of  officer 
for  the  Eagle  Life  Assurance  Company,  established  in  1807.  In 
1825  there  were  the  same  number  of  surgeons  as  in  1818,  but  four 
names  different,  viz. : — Henry  Foxcroft,  James  Harrison,  John 
Richardson,  and  John  Smith  ;  and  four  physicians,  among  them  a 
John  Edwards  and  an  Alexander  Morton.  In  1889-90  I  find  we 
have  no  less  than  twenty-one  physicians  and  surgeons,  nearly  as 
many  again  as  in  18 18. 

Dr.  Christopher  Johnson,  the  esteemed  father  of  the  present 
Dr.  Christopher  Johnson,  was  an  able  contributor  of  articles  on 
scientific  subjects. 

Epidemics  in  Lancaster. 

Lancaster  was  last  visited  with  a  serious  epidemic  in  Novem- 
ber, 1755,  when  200  persons  died  of  smallpox.  In  1890-91  the 
influenza  epidemic  was  very  prevalent.  A  "malarial  influence" 
of  this  kind  occurred  in  1813  and  in  1847.  A  local  cause  may 
doubtless  be  assigned  to  the  severe  attack  of  cholera  which  raged 
at  the  County  Asylum  in  the  years  1832  -4.  Out  of  a  total  number 
of  patients  in  the  County  Asylum,  namely  354,  there  were  246  cases 
of  persons  whose  ages  ranged  from  24  to  84  years  of  age,  and  of 
these  94  died.  In  some  of  the  wards  there  were  so  many  coffins  of 
victims  to  this  malady  that  the  doctor  had  to  walk  or  stride  over 
them  (Dr.  Whalley).  In  the  workhouse,  containing  at  this  time 
152  inmates,  there  were  29  cases  (ten  being  those  of  persons 
under  12).  There  were  15  deaths  in  this  institution,  and  five  died 
belonging  the  town.  In  August,  1849,  tne  scourge  re-appeared, 
and  17  persons  died.  Monday,  September  12th,  of  this  year,  was 
a  day  of  humiliation  and  prayer,  owing  to  the  prevalence  of  the 
terrible  disease.  The  epidemic  first  appeared  at  the  above-named 
asylum  in  the  September  of  1832.  At  that  time  the  town  was  free 
from  the  disease. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  509 


High  Sheriffs  who  dwelt  near   Lancaster. 

A  List  of  the  High  Sheriffs  of  the  County  of  Lancaster  from 
the  seventh  year  of  William  Rufus,  when  one  Godfrid  served  the 
office  of  sheriff,  was  published  by  Mr.  William  King  of  The  Lancaster 
Gazette,  in  1881.  To  include  the  same  in  this  work  would  be  an 
act  of  supererogation.  Then  again,  the  inclusion  of  such  list  is 
more  for  the  historian  of  the  county  than  for  that  of  the  borough  or 
county  town.  Mr.  King's  list  is  ably  got  up,  all  necessary  dates 
being  given  up  to  the  aforenamed  year,  1881. 

Of  those  living  near  to  Lancaster  since  the  7th  Richard  I.  down  to  the 
present  period,  I  may  name  the  following :— Walter  and  Benedict  Garnet,  1 196  ; 
William  de  Lancaster.  19th  and  21st  Henry  III.  (1235,  1237,  1248,  1250);  Matthew 
Redmain  1250,  1253:  Roger  Lancaster,  1265:  Ralph  de  Dacres,  1272:  Robert 
Urswick,  circa  1417,  Henry  V.,  and  in  6th  of  Edward  IV.;  Edward  Stanley,  Lord 
Monteagle,  16th  Henry  VII.  ;  Marmaduke  Tunstall,  1554.  Mary  I.;  Robert  Bindloss, 
1613,  James  I.;  Roger  Kirkbv,  1638,  Charles  I.;  Robert  Bindloss,  of  Borwick, 
1658  and  in  1672;  Edmund  Cole,  1707:  Roger  Kirkbv,  1709,  died  during  year  of 
office,  succeeded  by  Alexander  Hesketh  ;  William  Tatham,  ofOverhall,  1724;  Miles 
Sandys,  of  Graythwaite,  1725;  Daniel  Wilson,  of  Dallam  Tower,  1727;  James 
Fenton,  of  Lancaster,  1751  ;  Richard  Whitehead,  of  Clighton,  1759;  Samuel  Hilton, 
of  Pennington,  1760;  Charles  Gibson,  of  Lancaster,  1790  ;  William  Townley,  of 
Townhead,  Cartmel  1816;  Thomas  Richmond  Gale  Braddyll,  of  Conishead  Priory, 
1S21  ;  Thomas  Greene,  of  Slyne,  1823  ;  James  Penny  Machell,  of  Penny  Bridge, 
1826;  Charles  Gibson,  of  Quernmore  Park,  1827;  G.  R.  Marlon,  of  Capemwray, 
1832;  William  Garnett,  of  Bleasdale  Tower,  1843;  Pudsey  Dawson,  of  Hornby 
Castle,  1845  I  (;-  R-  Marton,  of  Capernwray,  1858;  W.  A.  F.  Saunders,  ofWenning- 
ton  Hall,  1862  ;  William  Preston,  of  Ellel  Grange,  1865  ;  H.  Fletcher  Rigg,  ot 
Wood  Broughton,  1870  ;  Sir  James  Ramsden,  of  Furness  Abbey,  1S73  ;  G.  B.  H. 
Marton,  of  Capernwray,  1877  ;  William  Garnett,  of  Quernmore,  1879;  William 
Foster,  of  Hornby  Castle,  1881  ;  James  Williamson,  of  Ryelands,  1SS3  ;  Major  Bird, 
of  Crookhey,  1S90  ;  G.  T.  R.  Preston,  of  Ellel  Grange,  1891  (died)  ;  Colonel  Foster, 
of  Hornby  Castle,  succeeded. 

Constables  of  Lancaster  Castle. 

Owing  to  want  of  clearness  or  power  to  discriminate  between 
Governors,  Keepers,  and  Constables  proper  of  Lancaster  Castle,  only 
a  disjointed  or  broken  account  can   be   given.     At   the  time   of  the 


3 


io  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Conquest,  Sir  Roger  de  Poictou  would  be  the  Constable.  Then, 
probably,  Robert  de  Belesmne  would  follow  as  Constable  and 
Governor.  (He  was  the  turbulent  Earl  of  Arundel  and  Surrey.) 
Warin,  son  of  Gilbert,  brother  of  William  de  Lancaster;  Ranulph 
de  Blundeville,  Edmund  Crouchback  (1206),  Earl  Ferrers  (1247), 
and  Adam  de  Yealand,  all  seem  to  have  held  the  post  or  what  was 
equivalent  thereto.  Christopher  Barton,  1480;  Temp.  Edward  III., 
Thomas  Ratclif ;  1485,  Thomas  Ratclif;  1597,  William  ffarington  ; 
181 1,  Thomas  Butterworth  Bailey,  Alexander  Butler,  Sir  Richard 
Clayton  ;  1840,  William  Hulton  ;  i860,  Edward  George  Hornby  ; 
1865,  Thomas  Greene  ;  1872,  Thomas  Batty  Addison  :  1874, 
Robert  Townley  Parker  ;    1879,  Lord  Winmarleigh. 

Governors  of  the  Castle. 

The  past  Governors  of  the  Castle  have  been,  so  far  as  I  can 
ascertain,  Thomas  Covell,  from  1591  to  1639.  In  1749,  the  name 
of  Edmund  Styth  appears,  and  that  of  his  son  James.  In  1758,  we 
find  a  James  Jackson,  succeeded  in  1779,  by  John  Dane.  From 
1779  to  1783,  John  Higgin,  followed  his  son,  John  Higgin,  who 
held  the  office  until  1833,  and  died  January  nth,  1847.  In  1833, 
came  Captain  James  Hansbrow,  who  governed  until  1862,  when  his 
son,  Mr.  Arthur  Hansbrow,  was  appointed  in  his  stead,  and  held  the 
post  until  1867,  when  Mr.  Harrington  Welford  Parr,  son  of  the  late 
Canon  Owen  Parr,  vicar  of  Preston,  became  Governor.  This  gentle- 
man had  been  Harbour-master,  Police  Magistrate,  and  Postmaster  of 
Labium.  He  received  70  votes — a  majority  of  30  over  one  opponent 
and  46  over  another.  Mr.  Parr  remained  Governor  until  1884,  at 
which  period  Mr.  W.  R.  Shenton  was  appointed,  and  is  the  present 
chief  resident  officer  at  the  Castle.  In  ancient  times  Governors  and 
Constables  seem  to  have  been  a  blend  and  formed  one  office.  The 
salary  of  the  last  Governor  was  ^325  per  annum,  with  house,  coals, 
and  gas. 

Two  fuller  lists  of  keepers  of  the  Castle  may  finally  be  given 
selected    from    various   works: — Circa,    1199,    Warinus  Jointor   or 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  cu 


sj 


Janitor;  1208,  Henry  de  Lea;  [216,  Adam  dejeland  ;  1591,  Thomas 
Covell  ;  1643,  Captain  Shuttleworth  ;  1644,  Colonel  George  Dodding 
(died  1650);  1644,  James  Hunter;  1710,  E.  North;  1714,  John 
Beardsworth  ;  1726,  Anthony  Holme  ;  1747,  Henry  Bracken  ;  1764, 
Edward  Styth  and  James  Styth;  1769,  John  Dane;  1779,  John 
Higgin,  senior  ;  1782,  John  Higgin,  junior  ;  1833,  James  Hansbrow  ; 
1862,  Arthur  Hansbrow;  1867,  Harrington  Welford  Parr;  1884 
William  Shenton,  chief  warder. 

Taken  from  a  list  published  in  the  Lancaster  Guardian  in 
1870  : — 1265,  William  Botoler,  49th  Henry  HE;  1342,  John  Travers, 
15th  Edward  HE;  Thomas  Covell,  33rd  Elizabeth  ;  1647,  William 
Ripon  (met  with  in  the  Church  Register)  ;  1714-15,  John  Beards- 
worth,  who  kept  the  Horse  and  Farrier  and  farmed  the  vicarag'e 
lancL  governor  4  years  or  thereabouts  (he  signed  his  name  Birds- 
worth,  9th  February,  17 16)  ;  1726,  Anthony  Helme,  great  uncle  of 
Anthony  Eidsforth,  of  Poulton  Hall.  Henry  Bracken  succeeded 
Mr.  Helme.  He  had  once  refused  the  office.  Dr.  Bracken  was 
son-in-law  of  John  Beardsworth,  and  mayor  in  1 747-1 757,  and  died 
13th  November,  1764,  aged  68.  Edmund  or  Edward  Styth,  keeper 
12  or  13  years.  The  name,  "Thomas  Styth,"  and  date  "  1749," 
appeared  on  the  lead  roof  of  the  Gateway  Tower.  James  Styth 
succeeded,  and  on  becoming  heir  to  a  large  property  he  took  the 
name  of  Greenhalgh,  and  his  descendants  are  the  Greenhalgh 
family  of  Myerscough.  Then  came  John  Dane,  who  in  a  fit  of 
insanity  hanged  himself  in  the  Judges'  Lodgings.  He  was  a  very 
tall  powerful  man.  A  Mr.  Cowburn,  keeper  of  the  House  of 
Correction,  Preston,  seems  to  have  followed  and  was  keeper  in 
October,  1770,  according  to  the  Debtors'  Register.  In  1779  Mr. 
John  Higgin,  who  had  been  master  of  a  vessel  which  he  built  in 
America,  was  appointed  governor.  He  died  in  1783  of  gaol  fever, 
aged  48.  His  son  John  succeeded  him,  and  remained  keeper  until 
1833  when  he  resigned.  He  died  January  nth,  1847,  aged  85.  In 
1833  Captain  and  Adjutant  James  Hansbrow,  3rd  Lancashire 
Militia,  became  governor,  and  died  holding  office  July  3rd,  1862, 
aged    72.      He   is   interred    in    the    Lancaster    Cemetery.      His   son 


5i2  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Arthur    succeeded.       He    died    in    1868.      Mr.    H.    W.    Parr   then 

obtained  the  appointment. 

The  grave  of  Captain  James  Hansbrow,  twenty-nine  years 
Governor  of  the  Castle,  is  to  be  seen  in  the  higher  part  of  the 
Lancaster  Cemetery.  His  son  Arthur  was  Governor  four  years, 
and  died  on  the  9th  January,  1867,  aged  45,  and  was  interred  at 
Davenham,  in  Cheshire. 

The  following  inscription  is  from  an  old  brass  in  the 
Church  : — "  Here  lieth  the  remains  of  Rachael  Styth,  wife  of 
Edward  Styth,  of  Lancaster,  who  departed  this  life  the  21st  day  of 
February,  a.d.  1752,  aged  18  years,  four  months,  and  eight  days. 
Here  lieth  also  the  remains  of  Edward  Styth,  of  Lancaster,  who 
departed  this  life  the  6th  day  of  April,  a.d.   1769,  aged  68  years." 

Castle  Chaplains. 

Of  Castle  Chaplains  I  meet  with  the  Rev.  Mr.  Spicer  followed 
in  1782,  by  the  Rev.  J.  Watson;  after  him  come  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Woodrow,  (resigned,  January  10th,  1804),  the  Rev.  Richard 
Withnell,  who  since  August  27th,  1802,  had  been  writing  master 
and  accountant  at  the  Grammar  School.  Then  came  the  Rev. 
Joseph  Rowley,  chaplain  for  fifty  four  years,  and  during  whose 
chaplaincy  168  persons  were  executed.  Mr.  Rowley  succeeded  Mr. 
Withnell,  on  the  28th  of  June,  1804.  His  successor  was  the  Rev. 
H.  F.  Smith,  present  chaplain. 

Surgeons. — 1777,  Mr.  Dixon;  1779,  Mr.  Dixon,  £10  10s. 
(no  salary  paid  then,  he  made  his  bill);  1801,  Josiah  Baxendale, 
,£84;  1822,  J.  Smith,  £84,  advanced  in  1824  to  £120;  1837,  James 
Stockdale  Harrison;  1854,  James  Pearson  Langshaw,  £80,  advanced 
to^ioo;    1874.   William  WTingate  Saul,   ^100,   advanced  in    1877 

The  removal  of  the  vast  quantity  of  ancient  documents  in 
1874,  from  Lancaster  Castle  to  London,  previously  alluded  to,  is 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  513 


much  to  be  regretted.  Could  these  documents  not  have  been  taken 
care  of  in  Lancaster  Castle  still,  as  they  have  been  taken  care  of  in 
the  past?  Would  they  not  have  been  available  to  the  historian  and 
the  antiquarian,  instead  of  placed  beyond  their  reach,  at  any  rate, 
beyond  the  easy  reach  of  the  Palatine  count)'  most  of  their  contents 
relate  to?  It  certainly  seems  to  have  been  a  very  great  pity  to 
transfer  to  the  metropolis  an)-  antique  records  concerning  Lancaster 
and  the  duchy  generally.  Perhaps  some  member  of  Parliament  will 
move  that  they  be  returned  to  their  old  home  before  very  long. 

Coroners  for  Lancaster  and  District. 

John  Gardner,  Esq.,  of  Sion  Hill,  died  October  7th,  1852, 
aged  73.  John  Cunliffe,  Esq.,  died  April  14th,  1855,  at  Myerscough 
House,  Lawrence  Holden,  Esq.,  appointed  in  April,  1855;  present 
and  first  resident  coroner. 

Old  Officials.  —Ecclesiastical  and  Secl'lar. 

Most  of  the  old  officials,  of  whatever  capacity  in  Lancaster, 
seem  to  have  retained  office  until  age  has  compelled  them  to  retire 
and  rest.  The  Rev.  Robert  Housman,  was  an  active  minister  forty- 
one  years,  Mr.  Ralph  Rqthwell,  keeper  of  the  court  and  usher  36 
vears,  who  died  March  25th,  1874;  ant'  the  Rev.  Joseph  Row  lev, 
master  of  the  Grammar  School  23  years.  Mi-.  Thomas  Swainson 
has  been  Town  Clerk  33  years.  Mr.  L.  Holden  has  been  Coroner 
35  years.     The  two  latter  gentlemen  still  retain  office. 

The  Rev.  Joseph  Rowley,  M.A.,  who  was  appointed  curate 
of  St.  Mary's  Church,  became  curate  of  Stalmine.  He  was  the  son 
of  Benjamin  Rowley,  Esq.,  of  Kirkburton,  count)  York  He  matri- 
culated at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  5th  July  1791,  being  then 
eighteen  years  of  age.  For  sixty-five  years  Mr.  Rowley  held  the 
incumbency  of  Stalmine,  and  was  Chaplain  of  Lancaster  Castle  fifty- 
four  years.  He  died  at  the  age  of  90  on  the  3rd  of  January,  1864, 
and  his  remains  lie  in  the  Lancaster  Cemeterv. 


L2 


5 14  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


Ancient  Tenures  in  Lancaster. 

Roger,  the  Carpenter,  holds  ten  acres  of  land  in  Lancastr'  of  ancient 
feoffment,  by  the  service  of  being  carpenter  in  the  Castle  of 
Lancaster,  and  it  is  worth  5s.      Testa  dc  Neville  fol.  372. 

William,  the  Gardener,  holds  seven  acres  of  land,  in  Lancaster,  by 
the  service  of  finding  pot-herbs  and  leeks  in  the  Castle,  and 
his  land  is  worth  2s.    4d.     Ibid.  fol.  372,  40/,  410. 

Roger  Blundus  holds  lands  in  Lancaster,  b)  the  serjeanty  of  being 
Carpenter,  and  his  land  is  worth  3s.  per  annum.  Ibid.  fol. 
401,  409,  411. 

Roger  Fitz  John  holds  land  in  Lancaster,  by  the  serjeanty  of  being 
Smith  (pur  sejeanf  faverie);  his  land  is  worth  3s.  per  annum. 
Ibid.  fol.  401,  410. 

Roger  Fitz  John  holds  twelve  arces  ;  he  made  the  irons  of  the 
King's  ploughs  for  two  manors  yearly.  Ibid.  fol.  407, 
409,  411. 

Roger  Albus  holds  eight  acres  in  Lancaster,  by  carpentery.  Ibid. 
fol.  407.  409. 

William  Fitz  Matthew  holds  in  Lancaster  one  messuage  and  one 
garden,  by  gardening.     Ibid.  fol.  409. 

Gilbert  Fitz  Matthew  holds  one  messuage  in  Lancaster  by  gardening. 
Ibid.  fol.  409. 

The  serjeanty  of  Reginald  the  Smith  in  Lancaster  held  of  Adam   de 
Kellet  two  acres  by  serjeanty  of  Queen's  Smith  in  Lancaster, 
and  two  acres  of  the  Prior  of  Lancaster  by  the  same.     Ibid, 
fol.  410. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  515 


In  the  3rd  John  (1201-2),  Robert  de  Tateshall  rendered  an  account 
of  two  shilling's  from  Benedict  Gernet,  or  the  finna  of  a  house 
in  Lancaster,  which  had  been  Jordan  de  Caton's  for  the  past 
two  years,  The  burgesses  of  Lancaster  held  one  carircate 
of  land  (80  acres  or  thereabouts),  in  Lancaster,  in  free 
burgage  by  charter  at  a  rent  of  twenty  marks  per  annum. 

Maps  of   Lancaster. 

The  early  maps  of  Lancaster  are  Speed's  1610,  Stephen 
Mackereth's  1778,  and  Jonathan  Binn's  1821.  Stephen  Mackereth's 
map  is  now  rarely  to  be  met  with.  A  gentleman  at  Morecambe, 
has  a  map  of  Lancaster  dated  1612,  and  the  Keeper  of  the  Castle 
has  recently  had  one  sent  him  said  to  date  from  1598.  It  certainly 
differs  from  that  of  Speed.  But  the  name  Vander,  thereon  seemed 
to  me  to  indicate  a  later  date  than  1598.  Clark  published  a  map  in 
1807  in  his  history  of  the  borough.  In  1877  a  very  good  one  was 
issued  by  Messrs.  Harrison  and  Hall. 

A  good  copy  of  Stephen  Mackreth's  map  is  to  be  seen  in 
the  offices  of  Messrs.  Johnson  and  Tilly,  solicitors.  It  is  thus 
inscribed: — "  A  plan  ol  the  town  of  Lancaster,  humbly  dedicated 
to  the  nobility,  clergy,  gentry,  and  merchants  of  the  county  and 
town  of  Lancaster,  by  Stephen  Mackreth,  177S."  Above  this 
dedication  is  to  be  seen  a  shield  containing  the  arms  of  the  borough. 
At  the  left  hand  of  the  top  of  the  chart  is  a  view  of  Lancaster 
Castle  with  John  o'Gaunt's  arms,  and  on  the  opposite  or  right 
hand  is  a  south  view  of  St.  Mary's  Church.  There  are  the  names 
of  property  owners  on  the  properties  represented.  Thus  we  have 
Fenton  House  and  Garden,  with  the  name  "Mr.  Recorder"  above. 
Dr.  Marton's  Garden,  the  Sun  Inn,  and  the  Bowling  Green, 
Pudding  Lane,  Charles  or  New  Street,  Church  Street,  anciently 
St.  Mary's  Gate,  Covell  Cross,  Thomas  Saul's  land,  called 
Mount  Street,  Robert  Lawson's  house  and  garden,  the  Sugar 
House,  and  Old  Toll  House,  St.  Leonardgate,  Dr.  Wilson's 
garden,  Mr.  Gibson's  garden  (both  between   Damside   and    Church 


5i6  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Street),  the  White  Cross,  and  the  Poor  House,  the  Rope  Walk 
(parallel  with  the  Ladies'  Walk),  and  the  Castle,  Castle  Ditch, 
Bowling"  Green  and  Nip  Hill.  The  map  is  a  very  good  one  and  in 
good  condition. 

Of  eminent  firms  of  an  artistic  rather  than  commercial 
character  the  firm  of  Paley,  Austin  and  Paley,  formerly  Sharpe  and 
Pale}-,  established  in  1835,  stands  the  first  and  is  well  known  for  its 
ecclesiastical  work.  No  further  testimony  is  needed  in  regard  to 
the  skill  of  this  house  than  that  supplied  by  churches  and  institutions 
in  Lancaster  and  count}'  designed  by  the  above-named  Architects. 
Next  we  have  Messrs  Shrigley  &  Hunt,  a  firm  of  Stained  Window 
Glass  Painters  and  Heraldic  Artists,  established  before  the  year 
1750.  Messrs.  Lambert  &  Moore,  a  firm  only  recently  established, 
are  also  rapidly  making  themselves  a  reputation  in  Heraldic  and 
Stained  Glass  Work. 

On  January  19th,  1796,  the  Society  for  the  encouragement  of 
Arts,  &c,  presented  Abraham  Rawlinson,  Esq.,  of  Lancaster,  with 
a  gold  medal  for  planting  62,191  trees  of  different  kinds  on  an  estate 
intersected  with  frequent  veins  of  limestone,  cobbles,  &c.  The  like 
spirit  has  been  revived  in  the  present  Mayor,  Charles  Blades,  Esq., 
who  in  1888,  planted  trees  on  each  side  of  the  East  Road.  Speaking 
in  the  Council  Chamber,  on  Wednesday,  the  23rd  of  January,  1889, 
the  Mayor  expressed  the  "hope  that  trees  would  be  planted  upon  both 
sides  of  South  Road  up  to  Bowerham  Lane,  in  order  that  the  town 
might  possess  an  avenue  on  each  side,  which  would  render  walking 
in  hot  weather  very  pleasant  and  prove  an  advantage  to  the  town. 
Bowerham  Lane  and  Quarry  Lane  have  been  widened.  St.  Peter's 
Road  improved,  and  the  Friarage  Bridge  re-built;  and  on  all  sides 
there  is  evidence  of  amendment  and  extension. 

Of  the  Red  Rose  town  we  may  fitly  say  : — 

O  gray  old  Ail  Alaunum, 

What  visions  of  the  past, 
What  golden  chimes  of  other  times 

O'er  me  thy  echoes  cast. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  517 


Sea-perfum'd  Ad  Alaunum, 
Thy  pastures  rich  and  rare 

Reveal  a  charm  that  keepeth  warm 
The  love  for  thee  I  hear. 

Fair-valley'd  Ad  Alaunum, 

Thy  woods  and  streams  are  crown'd 
With  haloes  soft  like  wreaths  alofl 
Circling  the  hills  around. 

Hail  Roman  Ad  Alaunum, 

The  river  goddess  still 
Rules  o'er  thy  rucks,  and  for  thy  flocks 

Yields  many  a  purling  rill. 

O  tear-stain'd  Ad  Alaunum., 

By  fire  and  blood  baptis'd, 
Of  Pictish  pains  and  rule  cf  Danes 

Thy  daybook  is  compris'd. 

Thy  castle,  Ad  Alaunum. 

A  fabric  gaunt  and  grim, 
Tells  of  old  days  and  older  ways 

In  ages  dark  and  dim. 

O  far-fam'd  Ad  Alaunum, 

Whose  Prince  lov'd  Freedom's  sway. 
May  love  and  peace  in  thee  increase 

In  this  Victorian  day. 

O  wondrous  Ad  Alaunum, 

What  changes  thou  has  seen  ! 

What  crimson  hues  remind  the  muse 
Of  hours  that  erst  have  been. 

Nunc  floreat,  Ad  Alaunum, 

And  let  the  Red  Rose  yet 
No  evil  brook  as  still  we  look 

On  bold  Plantagenet. 

A  Knight  of  Ad  Alaunum, 

A  portreeve  true  I  vow, 
Thy  children  here  at  once  revere 

And  deck  his  lustr'd  brow. 

The  Red  Rose,  Ad  Alaunum, 

The  White  Rose,  Ebor's  pride, — 

Still  win  esteem  and  cheer  my  theme 
Since  now  in  love  allied. 

O  mighty  Ad  Alaunum, 
Great  burgh  of  Saxon  date, 

Rare  Palatine  whose  ducal  line 
Gives  charm  to  royal  state. 

O  gray  old  Ad  Alaunum, 

What  visions  of  the  past, 
What  golden  chimes  of  other  times 
O'er  me  thy  echoes  cast. 


5i8  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


Among'  the  poets  who  have  visited  Lancaster,  we  have  to 
name  Thomas  Gray,  author  ot  the  beautiful  "Elegy  in  a  Country 
Churchyard"  and  other  well  known  poems.  He  visited  our  ancient 
town  in  1769,  and  his  description  of  the  scenery  around  taken  from 
one  of  his  letters  has  been  quoted  by  Baines  and  others  so  often 
that  it  need  not  be  reproduced  here.  In  18 18,  John  Keats,  of 
"Endymion"  fame,  started  from  Lancaster  on  a  pedestrian  tour 
through  the  lake  district,  on  the  19th  of  June. 

Boswell  ix  Lancaster. 

At  an  Assizes  at  Lancaster  Dr.  Johnson's  friend,  James 
Boswell,  was  found  lying  upon  the  pavement  inebriated.  His  friends 
subscribed  at  supper  a  guinea  for  him  and  half  a  crown  for  his 
clerk,  and  they  sent  him  next  morning  a  brief  with  instructions  to 
move  for  a  writ  Quare  adhaesit  pavimento,  with  observations  duly- 
calculated  to  induce  him  to  think  that  it  required  great  learning  to 
explain  the  necessity  of  granting  it  to  the  judge  before  whom  he 
was  to  move.  Boswell  sent  all  round  the  town  to  attorneys  for 
books  that  might  enable  him  to  distinguish  himself,  but  in  vain. 
He  moved,  however,  for  the  writ,  making  the  best  use  he  could  ot 
the  observations  in  the  brief.  The  judge  was  perfectly  astonished, 
and  the  audience  amazed.  The  judge  said  "  I  never  heard  of  such 
a  writ  —what  can  it  be  that  adhaeres  pavimento?  Are  any  of  you 
gentlemen  at  the  bar  able  to  explain  this  ?"  At  last  one  of  them 
said,  "  My  lord,  Mr.  Boswell  last  night  adhaesit  pavimento.  There 
was  no  moving  him  for  some  time.  At  last  he  was  carried  to  bed, 
and  he  has  been  dreaming  about  himself  and  the  pavement." 
What  an  attachment  he  must  have  had  for  it  ! 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  519 


FRAGMENTS    THAT    REMAIN. 

The  Lancaster  Waterworks— Discovery  of  an  Old  Bayonet — Past 
Organists  of  St.  Mary's  Church— St.  Mary's  Church  Bells- 
Weight  of  each  Bell — List  of  Ringers  at  the  Churches  of  St. 
Mary,  St.  Thomas,  and  St.  Peter — Blue  Coat  and  National 
Schools — Duchy  of  Lancaster  Rfceipts  1890— Value  of  Duchy 
Livings — Old  Books  referring  to  the  County — Note  on  i  hi: 
"  Black  Hole  " — Past  Master  Mariners  of  the  Port  of  Lancaster. 


Lancaster  Water  Supply. 

The  water  supply  of  Lancaster,  which  is  second  to  none  in  the  kingdom 
for  its  purity  and  the  excellence  of  ils  quality,  is  obtained  from  spring-s  which  take 
their  rise  on  the  Wyresdaie  and  Abbeystead  fells,  about  five  miles  to  the  east  of 
Lancaster.  The  water  is  from  millstone  grit,  and  is  conveyed  in  stoneware  and  iron 
pipes  from  the  source  of  supply  to  Lancaster  and  the  other  places  supplied,  and  a 
principal  feature  about  it  is  that  from  the  time  the  water  is  tapped  at  the  several 
springs  it  is  never  exposed  to  atmospheric  influences  till  it  is  drawn  for  use  in  the 
houses  of  the  inhabitants.  Prior  to  the  year  1852  the  inhabitants  of  Lancaster 
obtained  their  supply  of  water  from  pumps  and  wells,  of  which  there  was  a  fair 
quantity  in  various  parts  of  the  town.  But  in  the  year  named — an  improved  system 
of  sewerage  having  been  put  down — it  was  decided  to  apply  to  Parliament  for  the 
purpose  of  constructing  waterworks  with  which  to  supply  the  borough  with  water. 
Under  this  Act  the  Corporation  took  powers  to  take  300,000  gallons  a  day  as  a 
minimum  quantity,  and  which  was  obtained  from  springs  on  the  fells  already  named, 
ami  which  at  that  time  belonged  to  Mr.  Henry  Garnett,  of  Wyresdaie,  to  whom 
compensation  was  paid.  The  principal  streams  from  which  the  water  was  taken 
were  the  Tambrook,  Wyre,  and  the  Marshaw  Wyre,  the  former  being  the  principal 
one,  and  the  waters  from  which  found  their  way  into  the  river  Wyre.  There  were 
certain  mills  and  riparian  owners  on  the  banks  of  the  Wyre  whose  claims  had  to  be 
considered,  and  in  order  to  compensate  them  for  the  water  taken  from  the  streams, 
the  Corporation  agreed  to  construct  in  the  valley  at  Abbeystead  a  compensation 
reservoir  to  hold  28,500,001  gallons.  In  the  Act  already  referred  to  powers  were 
also  taken  to  supply  Skerton,  Scotforth,  Poulton,  Bare,  and  Torrisholme  with  water. 
The  waterworks  thus  obtained  were  sufficient  for  all  requirements  for  seven  or  eight 
years,  when,  the  population  having  materially  increased,  it  was  decided  to  go  to 
Parliament  for  additional  pi  wet-.     This  was  accordingly  done,  and  on  the  2  Jrd  June, 


52o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


1864,  a  second  Water  Act  received  the  Royal  assent.  Under  this  Act  the  Corporation 
were  empowered  to  take  not  more  than  400,000  gallons  from  the  springs  named  as 
an  additional  daily  quantity,  making  with  the  previous  supply  700,000  gallons  per 
day  ;  and  the  Abbeystead  reservoir  was  enlarged  to  a  holding  capacity  of  76,500,000 
gallons.  In  1864  the  consumption  of  water  sold  by  meter  for  railway  and  trade 
purposes  was  about  70,000  gallons  per  day.  The  quantity  computed  for  domestic 
and  sanitary  purposes  was  at  the  rate  of  25  gallons  per  head  per  day.  This  supply 
continued  sufficient  for  another  decade,  and  then  steps  began  to  be  taken  for  another 
application  to  Parliament.  In  a  report  which  Mr.  James  Mansergh,  C.E.,  the 
engineer  for  the  water  works,  submitted  to  the  Corporation  he  says  : — "  It  is  clear 
then,  as  your  powers  extend  to  only  700,000  gallons,  that  the  time  has  arrived  when 
you  usually  take  active  measures  for  increasing  that  quantity,  and  that  you  can  come 
to  no  other  conclusion  than  that  of  deciding  to  deposit  plans  this  year  for  the  purpose 
of  securing  the  sanction  of  Parliament  in  the  course  of  next  summer  for  a  compre- 
hensive extension  of  your  works.  First  of  all  we  must  determine  the  quantity  of 
water  that  this  district  will  probably  require  say  twenty  years  hence,  or  in  1898, 
which  in  my  opinion  is  the  shortest  period  you  ought  now  to  make  provision  for. 
At  that  date  the  population  to  be  supplied  in  the  summer  months  will  be  46,388, 
which  at  twenty-five  gallons  per  head  (for  domestic  and  sanitary  purposes)  will 
require  1,159,700  gallons  per  day.  In  the  last  ten  years  the  quantity  sold  by  meter 
for  railways,  baths  and  washhouses,  gasworks,  and  mills  has  nearly  doubled,  and  is 
now  about  120, coo  gallons  per  day.  It  is  therefore  a  moderate  estimate  to  put  it  a1 
340,300  gallons  per  day  twenty  years  hence,  which  will  bring  the  total  daily  require 
ments  up  to  1,500,000  gallons.  I  feel  satisfied  that  this  is  the  very  lowest  figure  you 
sh  mid  now  deal  with.  You  therefore  require  to  provide  800,000  gallons  a  day  more 
than  you  have  at  present  powers  to  take."  An  application  was  accordingly  made  to 
Parliament  a  third  time,  which  resulted  in  the  Act  of  1876  being  granted,  and  under 
which  the  town  is  now  supplied.  Towers  were  also  obtained  for  supplying  Slyne- 
cum-Hest,  Bolton-le-Sands,  Carnforth,  Bulk  and  Quernmore.  But  as  regards 
Carnforth,  the  Carnforth  Water  Act  of  1877  repealed  that  part  of  the  Corporation  Act 
so  far  as  Carnforth  was  concerned.  The  additional  water  supply  obtained  under  the 
Act  of  1876  was  opened  on  May  5th,  1881,  with  considerable  public  ceremonial. 
This  led  to  the  Abbeystead  compensation  reservoir  being  enlarged  to  a  holding 
capacity  of  185,000,000  gallons,  which  was  done  by  erecting  the  retaining  wall  lower 
down  the  valley  of  the  Wyre.  This  reservoir  has  now  a  surface  area  of  60  acres, 
and  an  erroneous  notion  prevails  amongst  many  of  the  inhabitants  that  the  town  is 
supplied  from  this  source.  Under  the  Act  of  1876  the  Corporation  obtained  powers 
to  take  not  more  than  1,300,000  gallons  in  any  twenty-four  hours,  and  this  added  to 
the  700,000  gallons  obtained  under  the  Acts  of  1852  and  1864,  gives  a  daily  quantity 
of  2,000,000  gallons  per  day.  There  was  practically  no  provision  for  any  storage, 
and  as  in  a  dry  season  the  springs  might  run  down  below  the  quantity  required  for 
the  use  of  the  town,  provision  was  made — at  the  suggestion  of  Mr.    Mansergh — for  a 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  521 


storage  reservoir  at  Damas  Gill.  This  storage  reservoir,  which  is  about  a  mile 
nearer  Lancaster  than  Abbeystead,  occupies  the  valley  of  a  small  stream  which 
formerly  flowed  into  the  Damas  stream.  It  has  been  formed  by  two  embankments 
being  built  across  the  valley,  the  lower  or  southern  one  being  576  feet  long,  and  the 
northern  400.  Its  length  is  nearly  double  its  width,  and  when  full  will  have  a  water 
area  of  four  acres,  and  an  average  depth  of  32  feet,  and  a  holding  capacit)  of 
30,000,000  gallons  or  about  one-sixth  the  size  of  Abbeystead.  It  is  intended  to  store- 
here  in  a  wet  season  the  surplus  water  up  to  2,000,000  gallons  per  day  which  the 
Corporation  is  allowed  to  lake,  but  which  may  not  be  used,  and  in  the  event  of 
the  supply  from  the  springs  failing*  in  a  dry  season  the  supply  for  the  town  will  be 
supplemented  out  of  this  reservoir.  There  are  two  lines  of  pipes  on  the  fells,  one- 
laid  under  the  1852  Act  and  extended  by  the  1864  Act,  which  takes  in  the  water 
from  the  higher  springs,  and  another  laid  under  the  Act  of  1876.  This  latter  line  of 
pipes  is  at  a  much  lower  level  than  the  former  in  order  to  catch  the  water  from  the 
lower  springs,  and  is  conveyed  through  a  new  gauge  basin  on  Abbeystead  Fell, 
having  a  measuring  capacity  of  1,300,000  per  twenty-four  hours.  From  here  the 
water  is  conveyed  to  Appletree  basin,  which  was  constructed  for  the  purpose  of 
relieving  the  pressure  on  the  pipes  between  the  fells  and  Brow  Top  basin,  which  is 
about  three  miles  from  Lancaster.  It  has  a  holding  capacity  of  450,000  gallons,  and 
before  the  water  goes  on  its  way  to  the  town  it  passes  through  four  screens  to  clear  it 
from  any  deposit.  The  1876  line  of  pipes  is  carried  round  by  Damas  reservoir,  the 
two  mains  meeting  at  Brow  Top,  which  is  also  a  pressure  basin,  and  where  the  water 
is  again  screened.  From  this  point  three  mains — a  ten  inch,  an  eight  inch,  and  a 
fifteen  and  thirteen  inch —are  carried  along  the  highroad  and  convey  the  water  to  the 
service  reservoir  above  the  workhouse.  This  reservoir  hold.-,  about  580,000  gallons, 
and  the  quantity  it  contains  is  recorded  twice  daily,  morning"  and  night.  If  it  is 
found  at  night  that  the  water  during  the  day  has  been  drawn  off  down  to  a  depth  of 
nine  or  ten  feet,  the  supply  to  the  town  is  curtailed  during  that  night  in  order  to  get 
a  larger  quantity  stored,  and  if  possible  commence  with  a  full  reservoir  each  morning. 
The  total  amount  spent  on  the  waterworks  up  to  the  30th  of  June,  1890,  was 
,£80,545  ;  and  to  this  will  have  to  be  added  the  balance  due  on  account  of  the 
construction  of  Damas  reservoir.  The  amount  paid  in  interest  and  redemption  to 
the  same  period  is  ,£38,651,  leaving  the  indebtedness  on  waterwork's  account  at 
^80,545.  * 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  in  so  many  large  centres  of  industry 
nearly  all  the  good  old  Wells  have  been  covered  over  or  entirely 
done  away  with.  In  these  days  of  increased  population,  of  incessant 
demand  for  water  for  manufacturing  purposes,  the  slightest  period 


I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  John  Atkinson  for  the  above  lucid  account,   written   during 

indisposition  by  request. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


of  droughty  weather  occasions  difficulties  never  dreamt  of  years 
ago,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  had  every  good  Well  been 
retained,  a  great  deal  of  annoyance  and  ground  for  complaint  would 
have  been  obviated,  since  there  would  have  been  for  culinary  uses 
at  least  a  pure  supply  to  fall  back  upon  in  many  instances  in  very 
dry  weather. 

Discovery  of  an  Old  Bayonet. 

Very  recently,  May  19th,  1891,  an  old  weapon  was  found  behind  the 
*  Carpenters'  Arms,  on  the  west  side  of  Bridge  Lane,  during  the  alterations  of  the 
brewhouse  and  the  buildings  adjoining-  the  "forty  steps."  This  instrument  of  warfare 
is  about  one  foot,  twelve  inches  in  length,  the  blade  being  eighteen  inches  long  and 
the  haft,  which  is  serrated,  not  quite  four  inches  long.  The  blade  is  thin  and  grooved, 
and  is  slightly  bent  near  to  the  point,  as  if  it  had  been  used  for  a  less  sanguinary 
purpose  than  fighting,  namely,  for  poking  the  fire.  It  is  also  black  at  the  end.  On 
the  upper  end  of  the  haft  is  the  number  470,  which  reasonably  enough  indicates  that 
he  weapon  was  only  one  of  many  similarly  brass-handled  bayonets.  Colonel  Whalley, 
to  whom  the  weapon  was  given  by  Mr.  Councillor  Bowness,  believes  it  to  be  a 
specimen  of  the  old  "  Plug  Bayonet,"  It  has  been  thought  that  the  handle  is  of  a 
jater  date  than  the  blade ;  that  it  has  been  attached  to  the  blade  in  order  to 
render  it  more  in  accordance  with  the  improvements  then  introduced  in  bayonet 
manufacture.  Mr.  Councillor  Bowness,  looking  at  the  implement  from  a  mechanical 
point  of  view,  is  of  opinion  that  it  is  just  a^  originally  made  so  far  as  the  style  of  it 
goes.  Judging  from  the  locality  in  which  it  was  discovered,  a  locality  wherein  the 
rebels  would  doubtless  be  quartered,  and  likewise  from  the  fact  that  in  their  haste  to 
escape  seizure  by  General  Oglethorpe's  forces,  many  of  these  adherents  of  a  forlorn 
hope  would  either  hide  or  throw  away  their  weapons,  it  is  most  probable  that  this 
old  bayonet  is  a  relic  of  the  second  rebellion  (1745.) 

Past  Organists  oi;  St.   Mary's  Church. 

The  town  of  Lancaster  has  turned  out  some  good  Church 
Organists,  and  I  shall  here  have  the  opportunity  of  mentioning  a 
few  of  those  of  St.  Mary's  Church,  with  dates  kindly  supplied  by 
Mr.  Dean,  conductor  of  the  musical  services,  at  the  Church  named. 
Mr.  Dean  has  been  Organist  of  the  Parish  Church  of  Lancaster, 
thirty-two  years.     The  first  Organist,  so  far  as  can  be  ascertained, 

*The  Carpenters'  Arms  was  formerly  known  by  the  name  of  "The  Three  Mariners  ' 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  sa 


D-.i 


was  Mr.  Parren,  or  more  properly  Parrin,  and  concerning'  him  I  do 
not  think  I  shall  be  violating  the  canons  of  good  taste  when  I  quote 
the  following  information  voluntarily  given  me  by  Sir  Richard  Owen. 
Mr.  Parren,  Organist  of  St.  Mary's  Church,  Lancaster,  was  Sir 
Richard's  maternal  grandfather.  "One  of  his  daughters,"  says  the 
venerable  writer,  "became  the  first  librarian  of  the  Amicable 
Society's  Library.  The  Parrins  were  Huguenots,  in  the  persecutor, 
Louis  XIV's.  reign.  The  Parrin  who  succeeded  in  getting 
to  London,  was  sufficiently  accomplished  in  music  to  fulfil  the 
functions  of  an  Organist,  and  my  grandfather  was  his  direct 
descendant.  I  have  the  family  coat  of  arms  on  vellum,  which  the 
exile  brought  to  England  from  the  South  of  France."  Mr.  Parrin, 
died  about  1794.  Then  the  name  of  John  Langshaw  occurs,  who 
died  in  March,  1798,  aged  72,  after  having  been  25  years  Organist 
of  St.  Mary's  Church.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  in  the  March 
of  the' year  named,  who  married  a  Miss  Grundy,  about  the  7th 
of  February,  1800,  "of  Boiton-in-Lancashire."— query,  which 
Bolton?  He  died  5th  December,  1832.  On  the  13th  of  April, 
1833,  Mr.  J.  P.  Langshaw  was  elected  Organist  in  the  room  of  his 
father.  Following  Mr.  J.  P.  Langshaw  was  Mr.  T.  Evans, 
Organist  of  St.  Anne's,  appointed  successor  to  Mr.  Langshaw  in 
June,  1835.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Samuel  Reay,  Mr.  Reay  by 
Mr.  J.  H.  Kemp,  and  Mr.  Kemp  by  *Mr.  F.  Dean,  (present 
Organist)  appointed  1859.  Ii  may  be  added  that  the  Organ  in  St. 
Mary's  Church,  was  erected  between  the  years  1809  and  181 1,  by 
G.  P.  England,  at  a  cost  of  ^6,072.  The  Duke  of  Hamilton  and 
Brandon  subscribed  50  guineas  towards  a  new  Organ  for  St. 
Mary's  Church,  in  November,  1810.  It  has,  of  course,  been  en- 
larged some  years  ago.  The  old  Organ  of  St.  John's  Church  was 
built  by  Mr.  Langshaw,  of  this  town,  and  opened  early  in  January, 
1785;  the  instrument  was  presented  by  Abram  Rawlinson,  Esq., 
one  of  the  members  for  the  borough.  The  old  Organ  belonging 
St.  Anne's  Church  was  erected  by  Mr.  James  Davis,  of  London, 
and  opened  on  the  2nd  November,  1802.     See  pages  331-347. 


This  gentleman  is  a  native  of  Exeter. 


524  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Free  Tuition  in  Vocal  Music. 

For  about  seven  years  Mr.  Robert  Brash  has  earnestly 
laboured  as  a  teacher  oi  vocal  music,  and  the  young  people  of 
Lancaster  who  have  availed  themselves  of  his  kindly  instruction 
cannot  too  highly  appreciate  the  opportunities  afforded  them  of 
gaining-  a  sound  and  practical  knowledge  of  singing.  His  musical 
classes  have  been  entirely  free ;  and  in  both  theory  and  practice 
nothing  has  been  wanting  on  his  part  to  render  the  members  of  his 
classes  as  proficient  in  their  training  as  if  they  had  been  taught  by 
an  instructor  charging  just  and  equitable  fees.  As  a  proof  of  the 
truth  of  this  statement  it  is  only  necessary  to  refer  to  Mr.  Brash's 
annual  concerts,  which  indicate  a  wealth  of  vocal  talent  that,  but 
for  his  anxiety  to  do  good  in  his  day  and  generation,  might  have 
been  wholly  lost  or  entirely  undeveloped. 

Chantries. — Addenda. 

According  to  Canon  Raines  there  was  an  Altar  of  St  Thomas 
a  Beckett,  in  the  Parish  Church  of  St.  Mary,  Lancaster.  The 
"History  of  Chantries"  states  that  there  were  four  chantries  in 
Lancaster.  The  Rev.  William  Stratton,  B.A.  was  therefore  correct 
in  the  communication  he  made,  mentioned  on  page  35. 

There  was  I.  the  Chantrie  at  the  late  Ffryers  of  Lancaster, 
not  in  St.  Mary's  Church,  but  in  the  Chapel  of  the  Holy  Trinity  in 
the  Dominican  Friary.  This  charity  was  founded  about  the  year 
1260,  by  Sir  Hugh  Harrington,  an  unrecorded  ancestor  of  the  old 
family  of  Lawrence,  of  Ashton,  near  Lancaster.  Henry  VI's. 
commissioners,  in  1547,  returned  Robert  Mackerel  as  the  "Preste 
Incumbent"  of  the  foundation,  and  add  "the  said  incumbent  both, 
at  his  pleasure,  celebrate  masse  in  other  places  sitpens  thedissoluc' 
of  the  sayde  late  ffrayres,  where  and  in  what  place  the  said  incumbente 
dothe  celebrate  yt  is  not  certain."  In  1553,  Ralph  Altrabus  was 
returned  as  incumbent  of  the  chantry  in  the  Trinity  Church, 
Lancaster.  II.  and  III.  Two  Chantries  were  founded  by  the  will  of 
John  Gardyner,  made  in  1472,  and  administered  by  his  executors   in 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  525 


1485.     One  of  these  (II.)  was  founded  at  the  altar  of  St.  Thomas  a 
Beckett,  in  the  Parish  Church  ;  for  his  service  there  he  was  to  have  a 
hundred  shillings  a  year  'out  of  my  mill  at  Newton.'     Another  part 
of  the  profits  of  this  mill  were  to  go  for  the  founding  and  upholding 
of  a  grammar  school,  and  as  the  patronage  in  each  case   was  given 
by  the  executors  to    'the   Mayor  of  the   \  ill   of  Lancaster   and   his 
brother  burgesses;'    it  seems   that   when   the  commissioners   came 
round,  the  mayor  and  burgesses   returned  the   Chantry  as  founded 
by  themselves  out  of  the  profits  of  a  mill,  the  residue  of  the   profits 
being   'employed   to   the   maintenance  of  one   gramm'r  schole   for 
w'ch  ppose  they  say  the   mill   was   granted   to  them,'  and   so   they 
saved  the  property  for  the  grammar  school,  pensioning  'John  Lunde, 
pryest  incumbent,  of  thage  of  liiij.  yeres  with  ^4.       With  the  other 
Chantrv  (III.)  they  were  equally  fortunate.       Founded   under  John 
Gardvner's    will,    in    1485,    as    'one    perpetual    Chantry    with    one 
Chaplain  at  the  altar«of  B.V.  Mary,  in  the  north  part  of  the  Parish 
Church,  of  Lancaster,  but  with  an  alms-house  connected  with  it  of 
which  the  priest  was   to   be   the   Chaplain,    it   was   restored   under 
Queen  Mary,  and  exists   as  an    alms-house  to   this   day.      Edward 
Baynes  was  the  incumbent  in  1547,  but  in  1553,    Robert   Mackerell, 
originally  the  Chantry  priest  of  Holy  Trinity    (I.)    had  become  the 
Chantry  priest  of  Lancaster  Hospital,  with  a  pension  of  £^  4s.  2d. 
IV.  the  commissioners   of  Edward  VI.    discovered   another  stipen- 
diarie    in    the    said    p'she    churche    ordeyned    and    founde  likewise 
by  the  mayor  and  burgesses  of  Lancaster,  with  the  pfitte   of  c'ten- 
landes  called  St.  Patrick's  lands,   given  to  the  towne,    w'ch   lands 
otherwise  have  been  ymployed  to  the  mayntenance  of  bridges  and 
other  uses  as  nede  hath  requyred.     John  Yates   was  the  incumbent 
in  1547,  but  nothing   is  known    either  of  him   or   of  the   donor   of 
these  lands." 

The  Oliverian  Survey,  made  17th  June,  1650,  states  "that 
St.  Mary's  Church,  Lancaster,  is  a  vicarage,  presentative  by  George 
Towlinson,  and  that  the  tithes  of  corn  and  grain,  within  most  part 
of  the  parish,  are  impropriate  to  Sir  Robert  Bindloss,  Bart.,  and 
his  heirs,  and  farmed  at  ^5  10s.  per  annum,   or  thereabouts.     The 


526  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


survey  enumerates  eighteen  townships,  villages,  or  hamlets,  con- 
tained within  the  parish,  one  of  which  is  Toxteth  Park,  at  the 
distance  of  fifty  miles.  Belonging-  to  the  vicarage  were  twenty-seven 
acres  of  glebe  land,  near  the  Church  of  Lancaster,  and  the  vicar 
had  the  tithes  of  corn  and  grain  only  in  Lancaster,  Thurnham  and 
Glasson;  Boldsbury  and  Midghow,  in  Myerscough ;  and  in  wool, 
pig,  geese,  hay,  hemp,  flax,  and  small  tithes  in  Lancaster,  Skerton, 
Bare  and  Torrisholme,  and  most  of  the  parish.  Twenty  years  ago, 
the  whole  profits  of  the  vicarage  were  estimated  at  ^280  per 
annum ;  and  the  Chapels  dependent  were  Wyresdale,  Admarsh  in 
Bleasdale,  Overton,  Toxteth,  Stalmine,  Gressingham,  which  were 
provided  with  maintenance  for  ministers  from  the  revenue." 

The  Chalice  in  use  at  St.  Mary's  Church  is  richly  chased  and 
is  adorned  with  precious  stones.  It  is  inscribed  "To  the  glory  of 
God  and  in  Memory  of  Lieutenant  Charles  Gibson  Michaelson,  R. 
N.,  presented  in  affectionate  remembrance  by  some  of  his  brother 
officers."  The  date  of  the  sacred  vessel  is  1883.  The  Paten  is 
similarly  engraved.  The  Flagon  is  said  to  date  from  the  time  of 
the  Charleses. 

Church  Belt,  Ringers. 

The  ringing  loft  of  the  tower  in  connection  with  St.  Mary's 
Church,  is  one  of  the  neatest  and  cleanest  I  have  ever  visited  for 
some  vears.  It  is  far  different  from  what  it  used  to  be  some  sixteen 
vears  ago,  still  it  is  not  exactly  as  it  ought  to  be  so  far  as  appoint- 
ment goes.  In  the  best  ringing  chambers  a  lavatory  is  to  be  found 
in  each,  and  the  churchwardens  ought  to  see  to  it  that  one  is 
introduced  into  their  own  ringing  loft.  The  ringers,  I  observed 
were  a  most  intelligent  octave  of  men,  and  their  conductor  who  is 
quite  an  enthusiast  in  bell-ringing,  spoke  in  very  high  terms  of  them 
and  the  splendid  punctuality  which  prevails  as  Sunday  after  Sunday 
comes  round.  There  is  no  bad  language,  no  drinking,  no  bickering 
and  quibbling ;  arguments  follow  after  some  proposal  or  suggestion 
sometimes,  but  the  good  feeling  of  the   circle    is   never  in   any  way 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  527 


spoiled  by  them.  In  a  chest  is  a  beautiful  set  of  hand-bells.  The 
tones  of  those  1  heard  being  rich  and  mellow;  then  there  are 
music  books  and  a  large  scrap  book,  into  which  is  placed  reports  of 
visits  to  various  Churches  for  the  purpose  of  ringing  special  peals. 
About  six  of  the  ringers  are  adepts  in  several  catchy  tunes,  and 
while  playing  they  will  handle  from  thirty-six  to  forty  bells.  The 
rules  of  the  Ringing  Chamber  are  as  follow: — 

St.   Mary's  Parish  Church  Tower. — Rules. 

1. — That  the  complement  of  Ringers  shall  consist  of  eight 

2. — That  each  Ringer  shall  he  in  the  steeple  on  Sunday,  at  9-45  a.m.  and 
5-45  p.m.,  or  submit  to  a  fine  of  one  penny  for  every  five  minutes  until  io-io  a.m. 
and  6-10  p.m.  The  same  rule  applying  to  Tuesday  night  practice,  commencing  at 
7-15  p.m.  until  7-45  p.m.  when  the  tine  shall  cease. 

}. — That  each  Ringer  shall  be  in  the  tower  on  the  night  of  December  24th, 
and  that  of  December  31st,  at  a  quarter  before  12,  or  be  fined  fourpence  for  every 
five  minutes  up  to  20  minutes  past  12  o'clock,  when  the  fine  shall  cease. 

4. — That  should  any  Ringer  use  any  improper  language  or  strike  another 
Ringer,  or  enter  the  loft  in  a  state  of  intoxication  he  shall  be  fined  one  shilling  for 
each  offence,  and  for  smoking  while  within  the  ringing  room  or  premises  of  the 
tower  he  shall  be  fined  sixpence. 

5. — That  should  any  Ringer  be  absent  owing  to  sickness  he  shall  be  exempt 
from  fine  or  fines. 

6. — That  should  any  Ringer  come  to  the  tower  at  the  fixed  time  and  then 
go  out  during  the  period  in  which  his  services  are  in  demand,  he  shall  be  fined 
sixpence.  The  only  exemption  from  such  fine  being  sudden  illness  or  circumstances 
of  serious  nature  over  which  he  has  no  control. 

Proposed  by  T.  J.  Parker  and  seconded  by  W.  H.  Hirst,  that  these  rules 
shall  come  into  force  on  Sunday,  the  30th  day  of  January,  1887. 

The  diameters  and  weights  of  the  bells  are  as  follow: — 


w 

eights. 

Diameter. 

Cwts. 

(Jrs.  Lbs. 

Notes. 

I 

2 

7H 

6 

•2        13 

!>/; 

2 

2 

sx 

7 

O       20 

C 

3 

2 

n}4 

9 

0          2 

Bi 

4 

-■» 

0 

2/2 

10 

2          4 

A/> 

5 

3 

6/s 

...       13 

I       23 

C/j 

6 

934 

17 

0       4 

1 

7 

4 

2J4 

22 

O         2 

Eb 

8 

4 

sys 

...       31 

O       14 

Bb 

528  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


Peal  Ringing. 

On  Tuesday,  March  22nd,  1S87,  in  three  hours  and  three  minutes,  a  peal  of 
grandsire  triples,  50,040  changes.  Taylor's  Bob  and  single  variations.  Tenor, 
31  cwts.,  14  lbs. 

Robert  S.  Hirst,  treble;  William  Clayton,  2 ;  Robert  Walker.  3 ;  William 
Jackson,  4;  Thomas  J.  Parker,  5;  William  II.  Hirst,  6;  Robert  Tohnson,  7;  Robert 
Suart,  tenor.     Conducted  by  Robert  S.  Hirst. 

This  is  the  first    peal   on  the   new   bells   which   were   presented   by  James 

Williamson,  M.P. 

Canon  Allen,  D.D.,  Vicar. 

™        ,  ,  i  W,  T.  Sharp. 

Churchwardens,   {T     Hatch 

Mr.  R.  S.  Hirst,  the  conductor  of  the  belfry  of  St.  Mary's  Church,  has  a 
class  which  he  is  instructing  in  the  art  of  hand-bel!  ringing. 

The  old  bells  of  St.  Mary's  Church  bore  the  following  names  and  dates 
upon  them :— No.  1,  1747;  2,  re-cast  1S46,  Abram  Seward;  3,  1774;  4,  re-cast, 
1846,  Abram  Seward,  5,  1744:  Prosperity  to  the  port  and  parish  of  Lancaster; 
6,  1786,  Jamc-  Moore;   7,  re-cast,  1846.  Abram  Seward;  8,  1744. 

The  great  bell  bore  many  names,  among  them  being  those  of  John 
Brockbank,  Christopher  Malley,  Robert  Foxcroft,  Thomas  Harrison,  and  Richard 
Gardner,  &c,  1744.  The  weight  of  the  bells  ranged  from  8  cwt.  to  23^  cwts.,  and 
the  diameters  from  2  ft.,  7  in.,  and  3  ft.  to  4  ft.,  2  in.  On  No.  6  were  the  words 
"  Paulo  Majora."  Two  of  the  old  bells  are  now  in  St.  John's  steeple  and  one  at  the 
Ripley  Hospital. 

"  Ring  out  the  old,  ring  in  the  new. 
Ring  out  the  false,  ring  in  the  true." 

Names  of  Bell  Ringers  at  St.   Mary's  Church,   1891. 

Robert  Sutcliffe  Hirst,  Conductor;  Thomas  John  Parker,  William  Jackson, 
William  Clayton,  William  Henry  Hirst,  Robert  Walker.  Robert  Suart,  tenor, 
Henry  Wilcock. 

The  parapet  wall  of  the  tower  is,  by  marine  observation    240  9-ioths  feet 
above  the  sea,  by  level  from  the  New  Quay,   by  the  marine  surveyors,  240  6-loths 
ordnance  surveyor,  241. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  529 


Ringers  at  St.  Thomas's  Church,    1891. 

Bryan  Edmondson,  Conductor;   Robert  Tatham  Edmondson,  Henr   1  oope, 

John  Coope,  Edward  Proctor  Middleton,  John  Robinson. 

Ringers  at  St.   Peter's  Church,    1891. 

P.  Mulligan,  Conductor;  J.  Wilson,  \V.  Crook,  R.  Wilson,  R.  Bibby, 
J.  Lennon,  W.  Wearing,  P.  Finn. 

Old  Names  formerly  Attached  to  Pews  in  St.   Mary's  Church. 

James  Fenton,   D.D.,   Vicar. 
Thomas  Sherson,  Esq.,  Mayor. 
John  Tarleton,    1693. 
Richard  Simpson,    1693. 
Rt.   Westmore,    1693. 

The  above  names  appear  on  strips  of  wood  evidently  taken 
from  the  old  pews.  They  are  to  be  seen  on  the  south  wall  of  the 
vestry. 

The  parish  records  contain  a  resolution  concerning  the  old 
Church  gates,  removed  about  1862  from  the  top  of  the  Church 
steps.  It  is  thus: — "July  16th,  1761.  That  the  gates  at  t he 
entrance  leading  into  the  Churchyard  shall  be  made  of  wrought 
iron,  and  that  Mr.  Edward  Ford,  the  present  churchwarden,  shall 
have  the  liberty  and  power  of  contracting  with  any  workman  for 
that  purpose,  and  that  a  sufficient  assessment  shall  be  laid  to  defray 
the  expenses  thereof."  The  records  subsequently  state  that  it  was 
ordered  that  ''the  sum  of  fifty  pounds  be  raised  by  an  assessment 
of  the  parish  for  paying  for  and  erecting  the  iron  gates  leading 
into  the  Church."  In  1891  at  the  adjourned  Easter  Vestry  Meeting 
it  was  decided  to  rail  off  the  graveyard  and  to  improve  the  east 
wTindow. 


M2 


5so  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


Lancaster    Educationally. 

Educationally  Lancaster  stands  in  every  sense  in  an  enviable 
position,  All  the  schools  of  an  elementary  character  are  well 
conducted,  their  principals  being  persons  of  energetic  dispositions 
ever  anxious  to  make  their  children  a  credit  to  them.  Annually 
concerts  are  given  by  the  schools  at  Christmas,  and  the  public 
have  an  opportunity  of  judging  of  the  capabilities  of  the  scholars  of 
the  various  schools,  both  from  these  entertainments  and  the  reports 
of  the  Diocesan  Inspector. 

The  Eriends'  School. 

This  school,  says  Mr.  Walmsley,  was  established  in  1690, 
and  subsequently  endowed  to  the  amount  of  ^70.  The  masters 
during  the  past  50  years  have  been  : — J.  Clarke,  W.  Batt,  Jas. 
Wood,  Geo.  Aldridge,  Jas.  Walmesley,  L.L.B. 

The  Boys'  Blue  Coat  School  has  long  ago  been  merged  into 
the  National  School.  The  original  school  dates  back  to  the  year 
1770.  Among  the  earlier  masters  were  John  Pawson,  succeeded 
by  John  Smith,  appointed  in  January,   1701. 

The  Charity  School  for  Girls,  formerly  the  Blue  Coat  School, 
bears  the  representation  of  a  scroll  inscription  in  old  English 
characters,  held  by  two  girls  dressed  in  the  costume  of  the  school. 
The  lettering-  is  as  follows  :  --"  This  school  was  rebuilt  and  enlarged 
by  the  bounty  of  Richard  Newsham,  Esq.,  of  Preston,  and  Agnes 
Bowes,  his  wife,  and  other  friends  of  education,  an  extension  being- 
granted  by  William  Eord,  Esq.,  and  his  sister  ■  r>.  1849."  ^n  a 
back  apartment  on  a  stone  inserted  in  the  wall  is  this  information: 
"  Charitv  Schools  for  Girls,  in  which  they  are  educated  and  clothed, 
supported  by  subscriptions  and  donations.  Instituted  A.D.  1772." 
The  premises  began  to  be  used  as  a  Charity  School  in  1879.  1  ne 
children  are  educated  free  but  not  found  in  clothing.  There  is  no 
government  grant.      On  the  facade  of  the  Girls'   National  School  is 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  531 


this  inscription:  —  "Built  by  public  subscription,  A.D.  1820,  to 
establish  order,  check  vice,  and  uphold  virtue.  National  School 
for  Girls. "  A  list  of  past  mistresses  was  promised  but  has  not 
come  to  hand. 

Past  Masters  of  the  Boys'  National  School. 

Robert  Johnson,  J.  Leytham,  John  English  Preston,  died 
April  26th,  1851,  aged  62,  buried  at  Doncaster,  J.  T.  Preston, 
Robert  Satterthwaite,  J.  R.  Suddalby,  H.Gooeh.  This  school  was 
instituted  in  181 7,  and  rebuilt  in  1850. 

The  Mechanics'  Institute,  to  which  was  added  an  Apprentices' 
Library,  dates  from  1825.  In  the  last  month  of  the  year  a  meeting 
was  held  at  the  Royal  Oak  Inn  (now  the  premises  of  Messrs. 
Mansergh  &  Sons),  when  it  was  decided  that  such  an  institution 
would  be  a  benefit  to  the  borough.  Its  first  site  was  the  house  of 
Mr.  William  Rothery,  bookseller,  Mary  Street.  Mr.  B.  Dockray, 
a  well-known  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  was  the  donor  of  a 
number  of  useful  books,  and  took  much  interest  in  the  development 
and  general  well-being  of  this  new  venture  in  the  way  of  intellectual 
improvement  of  the  young  men  of  the  town.  Ultimately,  the  insti- 
tute was  removed  to  Back  Sun  Street,  then  to  Penny  Street,  and, 
finally,  to  Market  Street. 

List  of   Librarians  of  the  Mechanics'  Institute. 

There  has  been  a  little  difficulty  in  obtaining  a  list  of  the 
past  librarians  of  the  Mechanics'  Institute.  A  gentleman  has,  how- 
ever, kindly  sent  me  the  following  names  : — 

Mark  Irving,  resigned  in  1844  ;  succeeded  by  Isaac  Robinson 
January,  1845,  after  whom  came  Joseph  Bell  in  1864-5  ;  James 
Mount  in  1875-6,  and  Mrs.  Mount  in  1886-7. 

From  the  official  account  of  the  Receipts  and  Disbursements 
of  the    Duchy   of  Lancaster,    in   the  year   ended    December,     1890, 


532  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


promptly  supplied  by  the  Duchy  Office,  I  find  that  the  Receipts  in  the 
year  1890,  amounted  to  ^7 1,999  9s-  9^-  According  to  the  Clergy 
list  the  value  of  Duchy  Church  patronage  in  1891  was  ,£15,633. 
[See  page  415,  Clergy  List,  Kelly  &  Co.] 

Seals  of  the  Duchy  and  County  Palatine  of  Lancaster. 

There  are  two  distinct  Seals  for  the  Duchy  and  County 
Palatine  of  Lancaster.  The  Seal  of  the  Duchy  is  in  the  custody  of 
the  Chancellor  of  the  Duchy  ;  that  of  the  Count}-  Palatine,  also  in 
the  custody  of  the  Chancellor  of  the  Duchy  and  Palatine,  is  kept 
at  Lancaster,  in  the  care  of  the  Keeper  of  the  Seal.  All  grants 
and  leases  of  lands,  tenements,  and  offices  in  the  County  Palatine 
must  pass  under  the  Seal  of  the  County  Palatine,  and  no  other  ;  all 
grants  and  leases  of  lands,  tenements,  and  offices  out  of  the  County 
Palatine,  yet  within  the  Duchy  Survey,  must  pass  under  the  Seal  of 
the  Duchy,  and  no  other  Seai.  The  custom  is  to  seal  all  deeds,  &c, 
within  the  County  with  both  Seals  ;  those  lands,  &c,  not  within  the 
County,  with  the  Duchy  Seal  only.  The  first  recorded  Chancellor 
of  the  Duchy  and  County  Palatine  was  one  Thomas  de  Thelwall 
(17th  April,  51  Edward  III)  ;  but  Sir  Henry  de  Haydock  was 
Chancellor  previously,  so  it  appears,  to  Henry,  first  Duke  of  Lan- 
caster (34  Edward  III).  Then  Ralph  de  Ergham  seems  to  have 
succeeded  Thelwall. 

Old  Books  Referring  to  the  County. 

Of  ancient  works  concerning  Lancashire  the  following  rare 
ones  may  be  mentioned.  They  are  copied  from  Mr.  Clark's  MSS. 
and  dated  1807  :— "  A  punctuall  relation  of  the  passages  in  Lanca- 
shire this  weeke  containing  the  taking  of  Houghton  Tower  by  the 
Parliament's  Forces,  &c.  How  the  Earl  of  Darbie's  forces  made  an 
outset  on  the  town  of  Boulton,  &c,  the  taking  of  the  Towne  and 
Castle  of  Lancaster  by  Sergeant  Major  Birch.  London  :  1643,  4to." 
"The  wonderful  discoverie  of  witches  in  the  County  ot  Lancaster, 
with  the  trial  of  nineteen  notorious  witches  at  Lancaster  Assizes, 
August  6,  1612,  &c,  by  Thomas  Potts,  Esq.,  1613,  4to." 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  533 


The  Black  Hole,  mentioned  on  page  201,  probably  takes  its 
name  from  the  "Black  Hole"  at  Calcutta,  in  India,  rendered 
memorable  in  Indian  History,  owing-  to  the  dispute  Suraja  Dowlah 
had  with  the  East  Indian  Company,  and  the  investment  of  the  city 
when  the  feeble  garrison  consisting  of  146  persons  were  compelled 
to  capitulate  and  afterwards  imprisoned  in  a  place  only  eighteen 
feet  square,  it  which  123  of  their  number  were  suffocated  for  want 
of  air.     This  wholesale  murder  occured  on  the  20th  June,  1756. 


A  Degraded  Mayor. 

In  1680  one  Thomas  Corless  was  degraded  and  excluded 
from  "ever  again  serving  as  mayor,  owing  to  his  having  been 
"drunk  at  fairs,  assizes,  and  other  public  and  private  times,"  and 
also  having  "received  moneys  heretofore  given  by  well  disposed 
people  to  the  poor  prisoners  in  the  Castle  of  Lancaster,  and  never 
as  yet  paid  the  same  unto  them."  The  Articles  of  Charge  are  nine 
in  number.  The  fourth  states  thai  he  imprisoned  many  inhabitants 
many  hours  at  a  time,  and  turned  them  forth  again  without  laying 
anything  to  their  charge  or  examining  them  touching  any  pretended 
misdemeanours.  The  fifth  article  charges  him  with  appropriating 
moneys  by  charging  the  town  stocks,  &c.;the  sixth  that  he  sate 
drinking  with  idle  persons,  neglected  the  town's  business,  and  when 
desired  by  the  bailiffs  to  do  his  duty  used  language  scurrilous  and 
unbefitting  his  position.  The  seventh  article  states  that  he  sold 
ale  contrary  to  the  law,  which  forbids  a  mayor  during  his  mayoralty 
to  sell  ale.  It  appears  he  also  sold  liquors  called  strong  waters 
and  Vaideperie.  The  ninth  clause  states  that  "  for  the  reasons 
aforesaid  Mr.  Corless  is  altogether  unfit,  unskilled,  useless, 
unnecessary  et  ignotus  in  valgus,  and  therefore  pernicious  to  the 
body  and  ought  to  be  removed." 


30 


4 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Some  Master  Mariners  who  Sailed  from  the  Port  of  Lancaster 

FROM      1755 

To  the  West  Indian    Islands  and  Africa  (Captains  of  Vessels — Letters  of  Marque, 

Chartered,  cv_c. ) 


This  list  has  been  compiled  from  tombstones, 
old  documents  and  information  obtained  from 
various  parishes  ;  from  an  aged  Lancastrian  who 
forwarded  a  list  of  about  forty  names,  to  which 
particulars  have  been  carefully  added,  a  work 
entailing  much  research.  It  may  be  taken  as 
approximate,  for  il  is  impossible  in  some  instances 
where  sameness  of  names  and  like  uates  alone  are 
available,  to  give  every  item  with  the  accuracy 
so  desirable  in  compilations  of  this  nature.  Un- 
:  h  uu lately  there  are  no  old  ship  books  left  in 
Lancaster  for  reference.  Every  inquiry  has  been 
carefully  made  with  a  view  to  securing  a 
correct  return  of  master  mariners  of  this  port 
sailing  to  the  West  Indian  Islands  and  to  Africa. 
Where  the  interrogation  sign  appears,  the  same 
represents  a  doubt  as  to  whether  the  mariner  was 
a  native  of  1  or  district. 

Principal  Men  hants  and  Shipbrokers  in  1S01- 
/,-.  -Atkinson  and  Willock,  Arthur  Armitstead, 
John  Bond .  George  Danson,  John  Dodson,  R. 
and  I.  Edm  m  Ison,  Thomas  Gi  ■  rge   Kirk- 

ham,  John  I      reon,   I.i       A  nd  Co.,    Mason 

and  Burrow  (afterwards  Burrow  and  Nottage, 
Market  .Street,',  Ripley  and  Jackson,  John  San 
derson  and  <  Sun  Street,  Procter  and  Wood, 
John  Satterthwaite,  Welsh  ami  Eskrigge.  Ship- 
builders.— John  Brockbank  and  Sons,  Caleb 
Smith  anil  Co.,  Worthington  and  Ashburner. 

Atkinson,  Richard.  Married  in  July.  1788,  to 
Miss  Simpson,  daughter  ofR.  Simpson. 

Atkinson,  Mar      (1818.)  Married 

to  Miss  Margaret  Williamson,  of  Pier  Hall, 
Glasson,  December,  1820. 

Atkinson.     I  Mildred.'     Lost   with  all 

Gulf  of  Florida  in  1800,  aged  29. 

Atkinson   '  '  '■•   id  before  1819. 

Atkinson,  J.  G.,    '  Layton,'  498   tons,   in  1814. 
Married  Anne,  eldest  daughter  of  David  Erskine, 
q.    0      oorool,  at  Calcutta,  July  2nd,  1817. 

Ashburner,  John,  sloop  'Hope.'  Married 
Miss  Bessie  Rimmer,  in  October,  1793. 

\  mstrong.  Benj.,    '  Lord  St.  Vincent.'     Died 

]ISt,] 

Affleck,    William,     'Henry      and     'Juno,'    of 

Lane  1    I  iverj I.     Married  Miss  Jackson 

in,  in  January  1802.  Drowned  in  July, 
[80         Hi  laughter  married  David  Han- 

n.iy,  Esq.,  of  Loch  bank  Castle,  Douglas,  W.B., 
August  ^  1  st,  1822. 

Aikin  David,  "Vim.  andalsoofthe  'Ven- 
erable.' Died  on  the  16th  August,  1805,  on  his 
1 1  1 -^age  from  Jamaii  i  , 

Alston.  Thomas,  '  Neptune.'  Died  at  sea, 
June  iotb,  1807.  aged   p  >, 

Arm:'  hn,  '  Craven  Legion.'      Married 

Mrs.  Hebden,  of  Braisty  Wood,  near  Ripon, 
April  13th,  1811. 

Anderson,  farm  (?)  'Jane,'  (Liverpool  ship). 
Died   I un<    I    'Is  [815,  at  Old  Calabar. 

Angel.  Wm.  ('.')  'Olive  Branch.' 

Allanby,  John  (sailed  on  Liverpool  ships). 
Died  on  the  mill  March,  ai  Cark,  near  Cartmel, 
at  a  great  age.  He  was  twice  confined  in  a 
French  prison  and  suffered  many  hardships.  He 
was  the  first  captain  who  placed  his  name  as  a 
subscriber  to  the  Pile  of  Foudry  lighthouse. 


Arkle,  Matthew,  master  of  the  "Mary''  or 
'  Maries,  and  other  vessels.  Vixit  1891  (born 
1818),  went  to  sea  in  1830,  and  32  years  a  captain. 

Benn,  ]..  '  Amphion  '  and  'Perseverance.' 
A  1  Captain  Benn  lived  at  Carus  Lodge. 

Blundell  Richard.  Married  Mary,  only  daughter 
of  Luke  Hemer,  of  Liverpool.  Is  named  as  'of 
this  pi    1 . 

Braithwaite,  Jas.,  Thrown  overboard  by  an 
ccident    on    board    the    "Favourite,"    October, 

Braithwaite,  fas.  No  vessel  named.  Died 
May  23rd,  1818,  aged  68. 

Bousheld,  'Ceres'  (see  Charnley).  No  entry 
concerning  him. 

w,    'Triton     in   1803.        Died    November 
22nd,  1806. 

Edward,      'Mary'      and      'Hannah' 
1  1    0  .1 

Barfow,  R.  Belonged  to  Ulverston.  Married 
Miss  M.  I  low  nass,  of  Middleton,  Yorkshire.  May 
16th,  1818. 

Bragg,  John,  'The  Brothers,'  256  tons,  ami 
afterwards  of  the  'James,'  317  tons.  'Eliza'  and 
'Halcyon.'  Married  Miss  Smith,  4th  September, 
1809. 

1  g,  Wm..   'Chatham.'     Married  Miss  Mary 

W'ray,  of  Whitby,  in  January,  1830. 

Barwick,  William.  Died  February  1st,  i8o5, 
late  of  Penny  Bridge. 

I      nes,  II..  'Apollo'   in  1811. 

Philip.       Died   September   8th,    1822, 
aged  77. 

Bridge,    [nomas,    Brutus.     Died  August  29th, 

.  1  Monte  Video. 
Bond,  John.     Married  Miss  Alice  Woodhouse, 
1  (  )i ,-i  ton,  May  14th.  i8ri. 
Barge,  William,  sloop  'Pembroke'  in  1S12. 
Bigland,    John.      fried    at    Cartmel.     August 
22nd,  1823. 

Bouskell,  Thomas.  Died  2nd  June,  1793,  aged 
t  \.  A  soil  Garnet  who  died  at  Dominica,  March, 
1 81 5,  aged  24. 

James,  of  Seatiithvvaite. 
Briggs,  Robert.      Born  in  1826;  went  to  sea  in 
1S42.     Vix.,  1891. 

Bond,    — ,    'Regular.'        Married    Miss    Mary 
Thorpe,  of  Liverpool. 
Bloor, — ?  'Lune,  (1816). 

Brown.  John,  of  Haverthwaite.  Died  June 
18th,  1822,  aged  84. 

Brown,  James,  'Molly.'  Died  June  27th, 
1823.  on  coast  nf  Africa,  aged  27. 

B01 :   'Eliza'  (1816.)  _ 

Bell,  W.,  'Cumberland,'  Died  at  Maryport, 
21  lii    Vpril.  1819. 

Chew.  Richard,  died  at  Martinque  in  Decem- 
ber, 1801.  A  daughter  married  Mr.  Henry 
Hudson. 

Chew,  Thomas.  (No  particulars  found  up  to 
present  time.) 

Conolley,  — .('.'),  married  Miss  Coffield  in  1806, 
ofEllesmere  Boat  House,  Liverpool. 

Charnley,  John,  'Thetis'  (letter  of  marque.) 
This  officer  fell  in  with  the  French  privateer 
'Buonaparte'  about  the  8th  of  November,  1804. 
The  French  vessel  held  16  or   iS  guns  and  was 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


535 


manned  by  215  men.  The  'Thetis'  sailed  from 
Cork  for  Barbadoes  in  company  with  Captain 
Bousfield  of  the  'Ceres'  and  Captain  Robinson  oi 
the  '  Penelope.'    Four  times  did  Captain  Charnley 

intly  repulse  tin   I  rench.      !  [1    had    tw  0   n 
killed  and  five  I  abitants  of  St. 

Dominica  presented  him  with  a  piece  of  plate 
£240  to  be  divided  amongst  his  crew  for  bravely 
bear  1    French  with  only  45   men  againsl 

215.  Buys  at  the  Lancaster  Free  Grammai 
School  used  to  sing  a  local  ditty  in  praise  of 
Captain  Charnley  seventy  or  eighty  years  ago. 
I  he  Captain  died  on  the  15th  of  November,  18  14. 
aged  64. 

Coupland,  Henry,  '  Leo,' (1803),  'Juno'in 
'  Lune' 370  tons,  in  1809,  built  by  Caleb  Smith 
and  Co.,  Skerton,  for  Messrs.  Procter  and  Bond. 
(There  was  a  Lawrence  Coupland,  landing  waiter 
at  the  port  of  Lancaster,  who  died  Mav  est,  1793.) 
Coupland,  — .,  '  Richard'  (1806.)  St.  Vincent' 
(1S17.) 

Arkwright,  Peter,  of  Milnthorpe. 
Croft,  John,    '  Providence'   (1814).  died  on  his 
passage  from  the  West  Indies  in  January,  1806. 
Croft,     William.     '  Hibernia,'      married     Mi 
Elizabeth  Ashton,  of  Warrington,  in   May,  1808. 
He  died  12th  June,  1812,  at  Pernambuco. 

Carter,  William.    'James'   and    '  Pusey    Hall.' 
in  1803.     A  Nicholas  Carter,  master  of  the  ship 
'  William,'    died     in     November,     1S23.     on    his 
passage  from  London  to  Savannah,  aged  ^7. 
Carswell,  William,    'Mary    (18) 
Cousins^  Richard,    '  New  Liberty,    wrecked  in 
January,  1819.      He  belonged  to  Ulverston. 
Campbell,  James,  '  Mary,'  378  tons. 
Campbell,    Edward,  brig  '  St.    Lucia,'  married 
Margaret     Carson,     of    Cartles,     Kircudbright, 
November,  1820. 
Chisholme,  T.  (?)  '  Maria.' 
Cunningham,  — . ,  died  in  November,  1804. 
Cannon,  Jas.,  sloop  'James'  (1806). 
Collins  (?)  '  Isabella  '  ("1806). 
Collins,    John,  died  at   Skerton,    16th    M  in  h, 
1809,  aged  49. 

Callathan,  Arthur,  'Helen,'  married  the 
widow  ot  a  Master  Mariner  named  J.  Eccleston. 
Dead  before   18 16. 

Carruthers,  W.,  brig  'Thomas.'  died  in 
February,   1793. 

Cleminson,  W.  '  Lark,'  from  1801.  I  laughter 
married  to  James  Frearson,  Esq..  of  Ellermire, 
Broughton-in-Furne^s,  February  20th,  1821. 

Corkhiil,  — ,  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Brew, 
November  27th,  1803. 

Caton,  Richard.  '  Columbus,'  died  at  Old 
Calabar,  March  14th,  181 1. 

Christopherson,  — ,  '  Union  Island '  up  to 
1812,  '  Mary'  in  1813. 

Clarke,  Thomas,  of  Milnthorpe  Sands,  died 
October  5th,  1818. 

Clarke,  Matthew,  '  Nancy.'  No  particulars 
entered. 

Crabb,  — ,  'Helen'  (1816),  died  at  Kingston. 
Jamaica,  January  2nd.  1816. 

Coates,    Thomas,  -loop  'Caroline'  (1816). 
Capper,   James,   'Christopher'  (1817),   died  in 
September,   1817,  at  Camaroons,   Africa,  on   the 
brig  '  Nathan.' 

Dilworth,  William,  vixit  1779.  Saw  the  rebels 
enter  Lancaster  in  174s- 

Dale.  '   William'  and  '  Mary '  (1803). 
Duck,  John,  of  the    'Margaret'    (London  and 
north). 

Davis,  Thomas,  Queen  Packet  Boat  plying 
between  Lancaster  and  Preston  in  1810.  (An  old 
seaman). 


mple,  William. 
Drewett,    C.    'Auspicious'   (1821).       Died    in 
May,  1802. 

Dai  ,re.  dud  .  .  26th   April, 

1812.      He  was  a   merchant    and    m  iner 

The  office  of  the  firm  used   to  be   opposite 
S( .   '  ihn's  Church. 

Dickinson,  Thomas,  'Industry'  (1808). 
Dickinson,  Robert,  of  Silverdale,  died  January 
,     ■     1824. 
Dennison,  \\  .     Vessel    ol     J53   tons.     (Burrow 
Voltage). 

lame-,   '  I  >■■ 

Dawson,  Henry  (?)  'Neptune'  (1    16) 

I  i.vies,  John.  '  Duke  of  Lancaster,'  died  2nd 
Vlay,  1829,  aged  37. 

1  rbyshire,  Jas.  (?)  'Robert  1  George, 
died  December  29th,  1814    t     1  d  46. 

Dickinson,  George.  'Happy  Returns,'  died  at 
Pilling,  February,  1807,  aged  74. 

Dawson,  Thos.,  'Neptune'  300  tons  (1815), 
and  'Thomas  Burrow'  (1824). 

Daniels,  William.  '  Mary  Ann'  (1815). 

Eccleston,  Daniel  (originator  of  the  Ei  cleston 
token).  This  L>aniel  Eccleston  was  the  author  cf 
various  works,  and  among  them  "The  Lamenta- 
tion- of  the  Children  of  Israel."  Died  March 
3rd.  1821,  aged '75.  A  premature  statement  of  his 
death  was  published  in  the  press  in  December 
28th,  1816.  He  replied,  dating  his  letter  from 
"  Heaven.  Captain  Eccleston  knew  General 
Washington  and  had  been  entertained  by  him. 

Ernest,  John,  '  Laurel '  (in  1810).  Died  Sept. 
13th,  1817,  aged  30. 

Edwards,    Charles,     'Importer.         Killed     in 
try,  1826.     Belonged  to   Duddon.      He  fell 
b   :  w  een  the  quay  side  and  his  ship. 

Edwards,  Llavid,  of  the  sloop  'Elizabeth,' 
died  25th  July,  1816,  aged  65. 

Ellwood,    John,      'John     o'Gaunt,'     steamer 
-  so). 

Eccles,  — .  Married  in  November.  1793. 

Edwards,  Thomas  Parke  (?)  'Rob  Roy.' 
•I  ied  Mar),  youngest  daughter  of  Garston 
Bradstock,  Esq.,  of  Liverpool. 

Fryer,  Thomas,  'Crescent'  (in  i8to).      Married 
Miss  Jane  Hatton,  ofGlasson,  March  19th,  1S16: 
ngest    daughter,     Jane,     married      Nicholas 
R.N.,  at  Bodmin,  Sept.   18th,  1S23. 

Fayrer,  Joseph,  '  Bengal'  (18 17).  He  belonged 
to  Milnthorpe. 

hi,    James,    'Lady  demonic.       Died    on 
his  passage  from  Sierra  Leone.  April  29th,  1820. 

+7- 

-  (?)     Dead  prior  to  181 1. 

Fisher,  John,  died  March  20th,  1S17.  aged  40. 

i  isher,  Thomas,  married  Miss  Ann   Bu   j< 
Liverpool,  20th  February,  1811. 

Fletcher,  Wm.,  '  Fletcher,'  married  Miss  Betsy 
n,  August  30th,  1809. 

Fell,  William.  Died  July  4th,  1815,  aged  29. 
at  Cal 

Fuller,  Stephen,  brig  '  Rye,'  (1817). 

Greenwood.  Thomas,  '  Sprightly,'  crossed  the 
Atlantic  105  times.  Died  February  24th,  1832, 
aged  74.  Interred  in  St.  John's  Churchyard. 
His  son  Luke  died  at  St.  Croix,  September  16th, 
1830. 

Greenwood,  Isaac.  '  Pusey  Hall,' died  at  Slyne, 
September  2sth.  18^6,  aged  5  ;. 

Gerry  (?)  '  Hope  '  (1807). 

Graham,  Wm., 'James,' 238  tons.  Died  July 
iSth,  1814,  at  St.  Domingo. 

('.ray,  W..  '  Snow  '  (1809),  lost  at  sea. 

Darner,  James.  Married  Elizab 
John  Hinde,  April  29th,  1810. 


536 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


Gray,  —  '  Demerara'  (1817). 

Gibson,  Robert,  'Nancy.'     Died  on  his  passage 

from  Aberdovey  to  Lancaster,  in  -May.  181 1. 

Gibson,  William,  'Fanny'  (Liverpool  ship). 
Lied  at  St.  Thomas's,  aged  35,  early  in  1822 

Holme.     Dead  before  November,  1817. 

Harrison,  George,  '  Derwent.'  Died  at  the 
Asylum  10th  January,  1832. 

Higgs,  —  '"Will '  (1806). 

Housman,  J.     He  fell  in  with  Admiral    i 
wen's  fleet  on  the  17th  May,  1755.  in  lat.  46,  about 
So  leagues  east  of  the   Banks  of  Newfoundland  ; 
went  on  board  the  Dunkirk,  commanded  by  Cap- 
tain Howe. 

Harrison,  Robert.  Sloop  '  Union  (1818),  and 
'  Market  Maid '  (1821). 

Herbert,  --  'Alliance.' 

Hayes.  —  ;  Dove'  and  'Content. 

Hewitson,  —  '  Liberty  '  belonged  to  Ulverston. 

Hodgson,  John,  '  Bellona '  in  1784.  Lost  near 
Dunleary,  3rd  February",  1803. 

Herdman,  Thomas,  '  Mars.'  Died  at  St.  Bar- 
tholomew, February  3rd,  1802. 

Hinde,  Luke.  Died  August  16th,  1775,  aged 
42.  His  daughter  married  Thomas  Strickland  at 
Lancaster  in  February,  1792. 

Hodgson,  William,  "  liraddyll,  married  Miss 
E.  Edmondson  (both  of  Ulverston),  February 
nth,  1830. 

Hird,  —  'Christopher    (1803). 

Hart,  William,  '  Paragon,'  238  tons.  (Ridley 
<u\d  Dodson)  letter  of  marque,  August,  1803. 
lite  French  ship  'La  Harmonic  '  was  brought 
into  the  Port  of  Lancaster  by  Mr.  W.  Hart. 

Hart,  Thomas,  '  Samuel  Braddock,'  died  April 
9th,  1818,  on  his  way  from  Africa. 

Harper,  Edward,  wife  died  29th  June,  1814. 

Harman,  Richard,  smack  '  Hastings,'  local, 
1824. 

Hansbrow,  Thos.,  drowned  at  New  Zealand, 
30th   July,  1852,  aged  22. 

Hehne,  '  Fackuarrow.' 

Hoggarth,  John,  '  Venus,  1809,  married  .Miss 
Margaret  W    liams,  ol    Lancaster,  6th  January, 

1813. 

Hoggarth.  Henry,  died  July  2nd,  1854,  aged 
76.     (Son  of  _, u.j,..  ) 

Hoggarth,  Win.,  'Java,' died  during  his  pa 
from  Demerara,  December  28th,  1838,  aged  43. 

Hoggarth,   —  'Albion,'  1S15;. 

Higgin,  Isaac,  belonged  to  Skerton,  died  April 
30th,  1834,  aged  57. 

Hudson  (?)  '  \ iper  (Revenue  Cutter),  died 
V  rvember  27th,  1803. 

Harper,  —  '  Myrtle,'  drowned  October  1st, 
1S08. 

Hathornthwaite,  Thos.  'Eleanor,'  died  July 
24th,  1837,  aged  04  (father  of  the  poet,  Rev.  Dr. 
Hathornthwaite). 

Hathornthwaite,  Thos.,  died  May,   1793,  aged 

57- 

Hathornthwaite,  Rd.,     \ 

Hathornthwaite,    Robert,  '  Eleanor    (1819) 

Hall,  William,  '  Mercury  '  (181 1). 

Hardy,  John,  'Unity,' 1812, and  'Jessie,' 1823, 
'  Bredalbane,'  1816,  254  tons,  belonged  Skerton. 

Harris  Joseph,  '  William  Skyrme,'  1816,  and 
'  Agenoria,'  1820. 

Hughes  Henry  ('.')  '  Medina,'  1816. 

Irvin,  George,  died  at  Kingston,  Jamaica,  7th 
April,  1S22.  A  Captain  Irvin  married  Miss  Mary 
Cart,  of  Lowgill,  Bentham,  February  1st.  1831. 

Inglis, —  'Demerara,'  married  Miss  Towers, 
of  Haverslack,  Milnthorpe. 

Jackson  Edward,  died  October  nth,  1S29,  at 
Edgehill,  aged  55. 


Jackson,  Thos.,  died  October,  1794. 

Jackson,  Thos.,  son  of  Christopher  Jackson, 
who  died,  aged  101,  at  Grange,  December  13th, 
1814. 

Jackson,  Peter,  'Hawk.'  1804.  Died  16th 
May,  1844,  at  Egremont. 

Jackson,  James,  late  of  St.  Etienne,  Loire, 
born  May  1.5th,  1771,  died  April  27th,  1829. 

Johnson.  John.  'Neptune'  died  Dec.  6th.,  1814. 

Johnson,  John,  died  November  2nd,  1823,  at 
Kingston,  aged  44. 

King,  Michael,  '  Ayrshire  '  and  'Andes,'  1825, 
married  Ann,  daughter  of  Mr.  Blake,  of  Mary- 
port,  October  15th,  1825. 

Kendall,  John,  "Sir  John  Craven,'  1817,  died 
7th,  10th  mo.,  1782.  A  Matthew  Kendall,  son  of 
Richard  Kendall,  died  on  board  the  ship  'Ainsley,' 
in  April,  1803,  at  Gambia.  A  Jonathan  Kendall, 
dead  before  1822.  Robt.  Kendall,  of  the  '  Shan- 
non,' 1823.  died  in  November,  1823,  aged  43. 

Kellet,  Christopher,  '  Lydia,'  died  October  3rd, 
1784,  on  his  passage  from  St.  Petersburg. 

Kellet,  W.,  '  Langton,'  1803,  and  also  of  the 
'  Richard,'  1806. 

Kidd,  W.,  'Venerable,'  1803. 

Kennedy,  'Duchess  of  Lancaster  steamer,  re- 
tired at  the  end  of  October,  1845,  succeeded  by- 
Captain  Barrow. 

Kendall,  John,  '  William,'  a  Liverpool  ship. 
Died  July  25th,  1814,  on  the  coast  of  Africa, 
eldest  son  of  Richard  Kendall,  Esq.,  of  Caton 
Green. 

Lamb,  —  '  Will,'  1806. 

Lowther,  John,  vixit,  1807.  Made  his  will 
6tli  September,  178'. 

Linton,  —  '  Hero.'  Married  -Miss  Sarah  Brock- 
bank,  daughter  of  George  Brockbank,  Esq.,  July 
19th,  1789. 

Leeming,  —  '  Providence,'  1801-4. 

Lyon,  Caleb.     Died  December  6th,  1804,  aged 

Lawson,  John,  '  Horatia.  Died  on  his  passage 
from  Africa  to  the  West  Indies,  aged  44. 

Lynass,  Win.,  '  Britannia,'  171  tons.  Died  at 
Demerara,  February  2nd,  1818,  aged  52. 

Levi,.  Thomas,  brig  'Abeona.' 

Lightfoot,  George,  '  Birch.  Died  June  2nd, 
181 5,  aged  63. 

Langdon,  Richard,  ('.')  'Avon'  (1819.) 

Marr,  Robert.  Married  Miss  Betty  Paget,  in 
January,  1791.  Died  September  28th,  1825, 
aged  65. 

Mullion,  Hamlet  (?)  Married  Miss  Margaret 
Rawlinson,  in  August,  1796' 

Mullion,  Hamlet  (son  died  at  Jamaica,  October 
4th,  1S25,  aged  23.) 

Macarthy,  Denis,  'Eliza.'  Died  13th  August, 
1804. 

Moon,  James.  'John  o'Gaunt,'  formeily  of  the 
'Eliza' (letter  of  Marque)  18  guns.  Died  on  his 
passage  from  Martinque  to  London,  December 
iSth,  1812. 

Melling  Thomas  (?)  (African  trader.)  Died 
June  24th,  1829,  aged  90. 

Moore,  George.  Married  Miss  Noble,  daughter 
of  Mr.  Noble,  merchant,  in  February,  1785. 

May,  Thomas  (?)  Married  Alice,  daughter  of 
Richard  Hall,  April  19th,  1819.  Died  June  2nd, 
1824. 

Morrison,  R.,  'Intrepid' (1830). 

Moss,  James,  'St.  Anna,' married  Miss  Askew, 
of  Cartmel.  Belonged  to  Allithwaite.  Died 
March  26th,  1820. 

Masheter,  — .,  married  Miss  Wildman  in  May, 
1799.     Had  a  son  captain  of  the  'Jane,'  1825. 

McCauley,  D.,  belonged  to  Templand,  Cartmel 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


537 


Muncaster,  John,  'Thomas,'  died  December, 
1825  ;  belonged  Ulverston. 

Mecoid,  William,  'Leighton,'  died  March  52nd, 
1823,  aged  65. 

Matthews,  G.,  married  Miss  Daltary  in  Nov., 
1798. 

Martin,  George,  '  Bryam,'  died  Oct.  8th,  1803. 

McFall,  Daniel,  '  Duke  of  York,'  died  May  5th, 

181 1,  on  his  passage  from  Brazil,  aged  41. 
Merritt,  —  (?)  '  Hyndman  '  (1830). 
Muirhead,  Robert,  '  Essex,'  550  tons  (1811). 
Muckait,    — .,   no  vessel  named.     Died  about 

October  1st,  1814,  at  Carnforth.  His  widow 
married  Mr.  Fletcher,  of  Carnforth  Lodge,  in 
April,  1817,  in  London.  Inquiries  of  namesakes 
have  elucidated  nothing  further.  The  Muckalts 
and  the  Lindows  were  akin. 

M'Cuin,  William  (?),   'Lady  Cremome,'  1816. 

Mathison,  George  (?),  '  Thomas.'  Married 
Miss  Head,  of  Liverpool. 

Nixon,  — .,  'William.' 

Neale,   William  (V),    'Agnes,'   died   June    12th, 

1812.  A  Captain  John  Neale  of  the  '  Westmore- 
land' died  March  15th,  1819,  in  his  27th  year. 

Newton.  George,    '  Gallant  Rose.' 

Noble,  — .,  died  Friday,  November  17th,  1788. 

Noble,  Moses,  '  Ann,'  of  Ulverston,  died 
March  2nd,  1824,  at  Belfast  on  his  vessel. 

Nicholson,  — .,  'Chesterfield,'  died  October, 
1804. 

Neal,  Richard  (?),  '  Betsy,'  married  Mrs.  Shaw, 
of  Ulverston.  A  Thomas  Neale  of  the  brig 
'  Ellen, '-^married  Miss  Jane  Fish,  Febiuary  12th, 
1816. 

Nunns,  J.  'Molly'  and  'Johns,'  married  Mi>s 
Sarah  Postlethwaite  in  January,  1791.  He  died 
at  sea  October  4th,  1807,  aged  42,  and  was  buried 
at  Trinidad. 

Neil,  —  'Tyson'  (1812),  married  Miss  Crowdson, 
of  Greenback,  January  27th,  1812. 

Neale,  William,  died  June  2nd,  1S29,  aged  77. 

Nuttall,  Thomas,  died  at  Thornton,  aged  50, 
March  29th,  1821. 

Nichols,  James  (?),  '  Harriet  Garland.'  married 
Miss  Caine,  of  Nassau  New  Providence,  April 
16th,  1814  ;  died  Sunday,  May  21st,  1815,  agent 
to  Lloyds. 

Nicholson,  Richard.  Died  February  6th,  18:9, 
aged  7$. 

Parkinson,  John.     Died  June  22nd,  1806. 

Parkinson, John.  Married  Mrs.  Elizabeth 
Pitcthall,  at  Ulverston,  on  the  Sth  Dec,  1823. 

Postlethwaite,  Christopher,  'Benson.  I  lied 
May  1 2th,  1805,  at  Greenock. 

Postlethwaite,  Christopher.  Died  while  6n 
route  to  the  West  Indies,  January  12th,  1821. 

Postlethwaite,  Wm.  Died  in  October,  1805, 
on  the  coast  of  Africa. 

Procter,  William,  '  Port  Royal'  (181 1).  Married 
Miss  Butler,  of  Edgehill,  Liverpool,  September 
4th,  1817.     Died  30th  July,  1822,  aged  46. 

Parr,  John,  'Robert.'  Died  January  1st,  at 
Barbadoes,  181 1,  wife  on  January  5th,  same  year. 

Parry,  —  'Resolution.'  Married  Miss  Hobart, 
30th  March,  1813. 

Perney,  Jas.  'Friendship,'  of  Ulverston. 

Quilliam, — 'Flora.'  Married  Miss  Bland. 
Died  on  his  passage  from  Cork  to  the  West  Indies 
in  June  or  July,  1798.  His  Widow  married  the 
Rev.  J.  Stainbank,  M.A.,  of  Halton  and  Kellet. 

Robertson,  —  Married  Miss  Mary  Rowlandson 
in  September,  1785. 

Rigg,  —  Married  Miss  Warbrick,  of  Poulton, 
at  Cartmel,  1787.     Dead  before  1816. 

Remington,  George.  Married  Miss  Jane 
Thompson,  of  Ravenglass,  April  22nd,  1799. 


Roginson,  Wm.  ('.')  brig  'Chance'  (1814). 

Rockcliffe,  Thomas,  died  at  Tortoia,  14th 
December,  18 19. 

Ripley,  Thorn.         I  358  tons  (in  1810.) 

Rubie,  Thomas,  ('.')  'Cadbro.' 

Ritson,  T..  '  Mary'  (1803). 

Richards.  --..  'Perymus'  (1822.) 

Redmayne.  'Wildman,'  died  in  Jamaica,  July, 
1790. 

Redmayne,  Leonard.  'James'  (1803.),  and  of 
the  'Aid'  (1807.)     No  date  of  decease  found. 

Redmayne,    Paul,    'Contest.'    died     at     I 
River,  Jamaica,  June  8th,  1813. 

Roberts,  Richard  Rogers,  died  January  16th, 
1825,  aged  47. 

Richardson,  Henry,  '  Favourite' (1806.)  A  son 
married  to  Alice,  2nd  daughter  of  Jas.  Willasey, 
Esq.,  junr.,  August  17th,  1S19,  at  St.  Marys. 
Lancaster. 

Richardson,  Thomas,  married  Dorothy  Fother- 
gill,  of  Preston,  on  July  25th,  1816. 

Robinson,  Louis,  'Retrieve'  and  'Margaret.' 

Rawlinson,  Isaac,  died  July  7th,  1788,  aged  46. 

Rawlinson,  John,  'Eliza,'  married  Miss 
Wilkinson,  of  Hest  Bank,   November  27th,  1820. 

Roper,  James,  dead  before  1S07. 

Rogerson,  'Flora,'  died  June  20th,  1809. 

Rogerson,  Thos.,  'Flora' and  'Sterling,'  mar- 
mied  Miss  Mather.  November  28th,  1812. 

Rigby,  Peter,  died  April  15th,  1840,  aged  67, 
buried  at  Bolton-!e-Sands. 

Rigby  George,  late  of  Garstang,  died  28th  of 
December,  1813. 

Rigby  William,  'James,'  died  October  9th, 
1847,  aged  37,  buried  at  Bolton-le-Sands. 

Sinclair,  —  (?)  'Sally'  (1806.) 

Smith,  William,  smack,  'Brothers' (local),  1824. 

Storey,  —  'Preston'  (brig),  1829. 

Stables,  John,  of  the  'Rawlins.'  Died  June, 
1792  aged  56. 

Stables,  James.  Died  February  6th,  1815, 
aged  76. 

51  aw,  William.     Died  October  2nd,  1801. 

Simpson,  George.      Dead  before  1821. 

Simpson,  —  'Nanny.'  Died  September  1st, 
1702. 

Simpson,  Benjamin,  brig  'James,'  240  tons 
(1814).  Married  Mi-  D  an,  of  Bevington  Hill, 
Liverpool,  February  13th,  1816. 

Saul,  W.     Died  October  27th,  1795. 

S  j  :  :s,  Benjamin.  Died  February  6th,  1807, 
aged  66. 

Summers,  William.  'Bee'  37  tons  (sloop). 
Advertised  to  be  sold. 

Swainson,  John.  Married  Miss  Mason,  of 
Castle  Park,  in  July,  1797.  Dock  and  Quay 
Master. 

Steele,  William,  'Meredith.' 

Stout,  John.  'Ann'  (1801).  Died  March,  3rd, 
1 801. 

Sowerby,  Thomas.  Died  at  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  November  nth,  1811,  aged  28. 

Stockdale,  Joseph.     'Atlas'  (1807). 

Stones,  John.  'Jane  (Galliot).  Married  25th 
August,  1829,  to  Miss  Mary  Storey. 

Singleton,  —  'Fox.' 

Slater,  Robert.  'Jane.  Diet!  February  16th, 
1815,  at  Ulverston. 

Shepherd,  Robert.  Youngest  son  of  Thomas 
Shepherd.  Died  at  Bombay,  of  cholera  morbus, 
in  August,  1818,  agei 

Schollar,  Richard.    Smack,  'Prosperous,'  1824. 

Thompson,  William.   '  Edward,'  local  schooner. 

Turnbull,  William.  Died  at  Demerara,  Aug., 
1821,  aged  38.     Another  John  of  Liverpool. 

Tomlinson,  John,  died  April  7th,  1801,  aged  38. 


53» 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Thompson,  Richard,  married   Miss  Robinson, 

l   askew,  near  Ulverston,  in  August,  1819. 

Turner,  William,  of  Milnthorpe,  died  3rd 
April,  1823,  aged  80. 

Towers,  William,  'Thomas'  (i3ii),  of  Arrad 
Hill,  Ulverston,  married  Miss  Dawson,  of 
Haverthwaite. 

Towers,  Jas.,  died  April  8th,  1815. 

Thompson,  Frank,  'Royal  George,'  died  July 
3rd,  1829,  on  his  passage  to  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

Towers,  James,  died  March  29th,  1824.  at 
Hazleslack  Tower,   Milnthorpe. 

Tomlinson — Dead  before  1830. 

Tatham,  Thomas,  'Thetis.'  died  October  29th, 
1805,  aged  49. 

Thompson,  Henry,  died  August,  1784. 

Thompson,  Benj.,  died  February,  1794. 

Thompson,  John,  'Duke  of  Kent,'  and  'Jane' 
(in  1805)  also  of  the  '  Harriet.' 

Thompson,  Davis,  'Harriet.'  Drowned  in 
February,  1808. 

Thompson,  Henry,  brig  'Mary  Ann.'  Died  at 
Barbadoes,  June  28th,  1805. 

Treasure,  Wm.,  'Abram'  320  tons.  Died  in 
Feb.,  1807,  aged  64. 

Thompson,  James.  'Michael.'  Married  Miss 
Jane  Harrison,  of  Liverpool,  Oct.  6th,  1810.  Died 
before  May,  1816. 

Taylor,  Saul,  'Eliza'  90  tons  by  Caleb  Smith 
and  Sons  for  ( rlasgow  trade  in  1816. 

Vennall,  S.F.,  'Britannia' (1822)  and  '  Pedler' 
(1824.)     Died  Oct.  5th,  1835. 

Walker,    William,    'Two    Friends.'       M; 
fitter  of  Christopher  Bland,  cooper  in   Nov., 

1787- 
Walker,  Richard.     Died  November  14th,  1804, 

aged  81. 

Walker,  Thomas.  'Mary  Ann'  (1812),  and  of 
the  'Westmorland'  (1819). 

Walker,  M.     Belonged  to  Cartmel. 

Walker,  Joseph  (?)  'Cossack'  (1818). 

Williams,  Thomas.  'Endeavour;'  wrecked 
February  3rd,  1804. 

Wildman,  Thomas  Died  April  7th,  1808, 
aged  64. 

Watson.  T.  'Abram.'  (.After  death  of  Mr. 
Treasure.  1807.) 

Winder,  Richard.  ''Thomas.'  Died  March 
8th,  1816. 

Wright,  George.     'Industry.' 

W iburn,  Thomas.    'Kendal.''    -Married  Miss 

Shepherd,  daughter  of  Mr.  Shepherd,  of  Cocker- 
ham.  October,  1775. 

Wilson,  Thomas.  'Mars'  (letter  of  marque): 
'Xeptune'  (1805);  also  of  the  'Dash.'  Died 
April  19th,  1814,  aged  32. 

Wilson,  Thomas.  'Mary.'  Died  January 
12th,  1819,  in  London. 

Whittle,  —  'John'  (1803.)  Fell  down  dead  on 
the  15th  May,  1816. 

Woodhouse,     Thomas.        Barbadoes     Packet. 
Died  at  Sea  in   1805,  aged   47;    son   of  Tho 
Woodhouse,    of   Sunderland    and   Lancaster,   in- 
terred at  Overton,  December  20th,  1801,  aged  94. 

Woodhouse,  Thomas,  'John  Welch.'  Perished 
at  Hoylake  with  14  of  his  crew  July  29th,  1836, 
aged  44.  Mr.  Woodhouse,  shipbuilder,  of  Over- 
ton (1891),  of  same  family. 

Wilding,  'Xeptune.'  Died  at  Old  Calabar, 
August,  181 1. 

Walton,  Thomas  ,  'Roseburn'  (1813.) 

Wright,  Thomas,  'Mercury.'  Died  August 
17th,  1814,  on  his  passage  from  Jamaica. 

White,  Stephen,  sloop  'Friendship   (1817.) 

Wilde,  Edward,  of  the  'King'  packet  boat. 
Died  February  19th,  1820. 


Wade,  —  'Hornby.  Shipwrecked     end     of 

December,  1823. 

Wills,  Richard,  'St.  George.'  Died  on  his 
passage  from  Calcutta,  April  30th,  1832,  aged  48. 

The  first  vessel  to  navigate  the  canal  was  the 
'  Sprightly,'  which  sailed  from  Glasson  to  Preston, 
16th  May,  1826,  with  a  cargo  of  slate. 

The  'Tribune,'  a  frigate,  anchored  off  the 
mouth  of  the  Lune,  on  the  22nd  August,  1819. 
On  the  following  day  the  pinnace  and  barge  came 
up  to  Lancaster,  and  on  their  return  to  Sunder- 
land the  officers  and  men  were  entertained  by  the 
aunt  of  Captain  Willoughby. 

List  II. 

Ashburner,  Thomas,  died  the  18th  December, 
1 333,  at  Rampside,  aged  83.  He  was  master  of 
a  West  Indiaman  of  the  port  of  Lancaster,  and 
being  captured  by  the  French  was  on  board  their 
fleet  under  the  Compte  de  Grasse  during  his 
memorable  engagement  with  Lord  Howe.  The 
ship  in  which  the  deceased  was  prisoner  being 
taken  that  day,  Captain  Ashburner  was  restored 
to  his  country  and  friends. 

Ashton,  John,  of  this  port,  married  to  Sarah, 
daughter  of  James  Holt,  glass  manufacturer,  of 
Liverpool,  in  May,  1833. 

Ashburner,  Thomas,  of  Rampside,  Died  June 
28th,  1837,  aged  77. 

dman, — ,  of  Hill   Top,   Ulverston,  dead 
before  1833. 

Bell,  — ,  Dead  before  1834. 
Bouskell,  James,  of  the  'Margaret,'  schooner, 
ried  [sabella,  daughter  of  William  Ashburner, 
Esq.,  of  Much  Urswick,  on  the  21st  July,  1835. 

Baynes,  John,  Captain  of  the  Lancaster  and 
Kendal  packet  boat,  married  Miss  Margaret 
Wilson,  of  Kendal,  in  September,  1836. 

Bainbridge,  Robert,  of  the  barque 'Ceres,' died 
on  his  homeward  passage  from  Demerara,  about 
July,  1837,  aged  32. 

!         iw,    James,    of  Cartmel,   died   December 

ed  66. 
Bond,  Henry,  died  28th  December,  1837,  in  his 
66th  year,  at  Field  Broughton,  Cartmel. 

Bond,  — ,  of  the  'John  Horrocks.'  Belonged 
t  >  1   Iverston,  living  in  1838. 

Blacklock,  James,  of  the  ship  'Helen'  married 
Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter  of  William  Brockbank, 
on  the  10th  December,  1839. 

Fell,  Peter,  died  August  5th,  1817,  aged  64. 
Bush,     Richard,     of    the    'Isabella,'     married 
Isabella,    youngest    daughter   of  Robert    Green- 
wood, of  Arnside,  February  2nd,  1841. 

Birksall,  Peter,  died  at  Ulverston,  aged  73 
years,  June  4th,  1842.     A  native  of  Bombay. 

Clark,    William,   of  Penny    Bridge,    died   29th 
November,  1833,  aged  58. 
Cock  — ,  'Caledonian,'  1837. 

on,  William  ('.'),  master  of  the  brig  'Chep- 
stow,' 1838. 

Clayton,  Edward,  died  23rd  January,  1843,  at 
Porte  Rico,  master  of  the  ship  'Lama.'  of  Liver- 
pool, and  formerly  of  this  port.  He  was  42  when 
ied. 
Davis.  David,  of  the  brig  'Hankinson,'  died 
on  his  passage  from  St.  Domingo,  December 
27th,  1832. 

Dowthwaite,  —  of  the  'Six  Sisters,'  1833, 
sailed  to  Quebec. 

Dickinson,  Thomas,  of  the  'Royal  Oak,'  died 
September  7th,  1827. 

Dalrymple,  William,  died  June  25th,  1789,  aged 
43.      Interred  in  St.  Nicholas's  chapel  yard. 
I  >alrymple,  William,  died  1802. 
Farrie,  — .  of  the  barque  'Charlotte,'  1835. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


539 


Fisher,  George,  married  on  the  5th  November, 
1833,  to  Miss  Jane  Grayson. 

Frankland,  Christopher,  died  March  18th, 
1840,  aged  79,  at  Litterlands,  Liverpool,  formerly 
of  the  port  of  I  ,ancaster. 

Farrer,  — .  a  son  James  married  Elizabeth 
Chadburn,  of  Glasson,  on  the  14th  April,  1842. 
Lived  at  Skerton. 

Gerrard,  John,  sea  and  river  pilot  to  and  from 
Lancaster.  Died  at  Sunderland  on  the  12th 
January,  1K30,  aged  74,  for  sixty  years  a  seaman. 

Grayson,  H.,  of  the  Lancashire  Witch.' 
married  Catherine,  second  daughter  of  Mr.  J. 
Stephens,  of  Bowness,  on  the  _>7th  February. 

Herbert,  John,  master  of  'The  Mersey, '  died 
February  19th,  1833,  aged  28. 

Hnddart, — .  of  the  brig  'Hope.'  1835  died  in 
August    1S36.  on  his  passage  from  Quebec. 

Hogarth,  John,  of  the  '  Princess  Elizabeth.'' 
died  September  6th.  1835,  aged  40,  on  his  passage 
from  Calabar. 

Highdale,  John,  of  the  brig  'Hester,  died  in 
his  49th  year,  late  of  Ulverston. 

Hodgson.  John  (?)  late  of  Lydiate,  died  Nov. 
4th,  18 10.     Will  dated  January  30th.  1805. 

Hathornthwaite  Robert,  died  on  the  23rd  of 
July.  1837.  aged  64.  (I  am  not  certain  as  to 
whether  he  was  a  master  mariner.) 

Hogarth,  William,  Java,'  died  on  the  28th 
December.  1838  on  his  passage  from  Demerara 
to  Liverpool,  in  his  43rd  year. 

Jackson,  — .  master  of  Catherine  M'Donald.' 
Quebec'service,  1836. 

Kennedy,  Alexander.    'Duchess  of  Lancaster, 
steampacket  (100  horse-power)  September.  1839. 
Lucas,    James,   formerly    of  this    port,   died   at 
Stevenage,  Herts,  May.  1833. 

Lackie,  Thomas  (?),  of  the  brig  '  Lucie,'  died  on 
his  passage  from  Batavia  to  Singapore  in  Jan.. 
1834. 

Lamb,  Edward  barque  '  William '  (1837)  lived 
in  Queen  Street,  in  1841. 


.Moss  Ji ihn.     No  partii  ulars. 

nuel.  of  the  brig  'Vigilant,'  'lied  on 
-  ith  Deo  mber,  1S37.  son  of  the  late  Captain 
\\  ilium  Neale. 

Park,    John      il     thi        Fohn    o'Gi 1 

pai  ket.     I  )ied  in  Li  mdi  m  in  the  42  11  I   his 

ageinjune  1841.  He  commanded  the  Elizatx 
launched  al  Nicho  -  Glasson,  on  the  51! 
March.  18  pi. 

Roper,     -.  died  April  23rd,  1835,  aged  62. 

e,  of  the  '  Mint.'     i  lied  on   the 
19th    \i>  il   on  his  passage  from  Jamaica. 

Russell  A.,  harbour  master.  Lancaster  (1891), 
born  about  182.).  went  to  sea  from  Liverpool  in 
i8S 

Rouse  — .  of  the  brig  Jane  married  to  Miss 
Elizabeth    Irving    at     Bowness,    February   27th, 

Rigby,  1  homas,  married  Hannah,  daughter  of 
Benjamin  Pearson,  accountant,  Kendal. 

Southey.  — .  R.N.,  died  on  his  passage  from 
Demerara,  March,  1838.  Brother  to  the  poet 
Sou  they. 

ey    James  captai f  the  steamer  '  Winder- 
mere '  in   1838. 

Thompson,  William  (from  this  captain  the 
houses  in  Skerton.  known  as  '  Captain's  Row,' 
\\  ere  named). 

Whinray,  Thomas  subsequently  master  of  a 
vessel  sailing  between  Ulverston  and  Liverpool. 
He  died  at  Arnside   October  19th,  1832,  aged  48. 

Wadeson,  Robert,  died  at  Kingston,  Jamaica, 
February  4th,  1825,  aged  29. 

Walker.  William,  dead  before  1835. 

Williams,  John  ('.').  of  the  Mansfield  '  died 
March  28th,  1836  on  his  passage  from  Africa. 

Willocke,  Richard,  daughter  Fanny  married  to 
Mr.  Robert  Dormison.  master  builder,  of  Liver- 
pool on  the  30th  March,  1837  He  was  agent  for 
Lloyds  to  this  port.' 

Williamson,  John,  lived  at  St.  George's  Quay. 


A  few  items  concerning'  the  old  shipping-  trade  of  Lancaster 
will  not  be  without  interest  at  the  present  time.  In  1708,  only  one 
single  ship,  the  "Content,"  sailed  from  Lancaster  to  the  West  Indies. 
In  the  year  1722,  vessels  sailing  from  Lancaster  to  the  following- 
foreign  countries  are  mentioned  in  an  old  shipping  list  : — Antigua 
1,  Barbadoes  1,  Jamaica  1,  Virginia  2,  Norway  2,  Holland  1, 
Russia  1,  Spain  1;  total,  10.  Those  sailing  to  or  from  Ireland  13, 
making  altogether  for  that  year  23.  In  1799,  we  find  the  returns  as 
follows  : — Antigua  3,  Barbadoes  4,  Granada  2,  St.  Kitt's  4,  Jamaica 
16,  St.  Vincent's  2,  St.  Lucis  1,  Riga  3,  St.  Petersburg  2  ;  total  37. 
Ireland  26,  and  Isle  of  Man,  1  ;   total,  64.      Not  including  coasters. 


There  were  at  one  period  no  less  than  fourteen  vessels  sailing 
from  Lancaster  engaged  in  the  slave  trade,  a  trade  carried  on  under 
the  glossy  name  of  "the  ivory  trade."      A   tradition   has   been   pub- 


540  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


lished  to  the  effect  that  a  Captain  Marshall  stole  a  Guinea  King's 
daughter  and  that  this  put  an  end  to  any  further  dealings  with 
Lancaster  traders. 

The  Census,    1891. 

These  particulars  have  been  courteously  supplied  by  Mr.  Ennion. 

In  the  Borough  of  Lancaster  during  the  last  decade  there  has  been  a  large 
•  ncrease  of  population  amounting  to  10,370,  and  compared  with  the  census  of  1871 
the  increase  is  13,789.  This  is  due  in  some  measure  to  the  incorporations  of  portions 
of  the  townships  of  Scotforth  and  Skerton,  which  have  added  a  population  of  4,409. 
The  progressive  increase  of  the  town  during-  the  present  century  is  given  in  the 
following  decennial  totals  :— 


1801    9,030 

1811    9,247 

1821    10,144 


1831  1-', 813 

1841  12,089 

1851  I4,5°2 

1861  14,481 


1871    17,245 

1SS1    20,664 

1891    31,034 


The  increase  in  the  township  of  Bulk  is  due  to  the  migration  of  the  surplus 
population  of  Lancaster  over  the  border  since  the  opening  out  of  the  Silk  Mill  estate. 
The  population  of  Scotforth  now  numbers  1,598,  whereas  last  census  it  was  2,264, 
and  that  of  Skerton  31 1,  compared  with  2,838  in  1881. 

The  figures  given  above  do  not  include  the  population  of  the  port  of 
Lancaster,  the  returns  of  which  are  sent  direct  to  the  Census  Office  by  H.M.'s  Officers 
of  Customs.  The  ecclesiastical  district  of  Christ  Chinch,  Lancaster,  includes  the 
Workhouse,  County  Asylum,  and  Bowerham  Barracks.  St.  Mary's  district  includes 
the  Castle  and  Ripley  Hospital.  St.  Paul's,  Scotforth,  includes  655  in  the  Royal 
Albert  Asylum. 

Items  concerning  Wards. 

Park  Ward. — The  population  in  this  ward  includes  1980  in  the  County 
Lunatic  Asylum,  and  193  in  the  Workhouse. 

John  o'Gaunt  Ward. — The  population  in  this  ward  includes  297  in  the 
Bowerham  Barracks. 

Queen's  Ward. — The  population  in  this  ward  includes  321  in  Ripley 
Hospital. 

Castle  Ward. — The  population  in  this  ward  includes  61  in  H.M.'s  prison. 

On  page  110  the  population  of  Lancaster  on  1881  returns  is  given  owing  to 
the  above  returns  not  being  issued. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  541 

WARD  BOUNDARIES. 

St.   Anne's  Ward. 

From  the  boundary  of  the  borough  at  Germany  Bridge  along 
the  centre  of  Germany  Street,  Parliament  Street,  North  Road, 
Cheapside,  St.  Nicholas  Street,  Stonevvell,  Great  John  Street, 
Dalton  Square  (west  and  south  sides),  and  Nelson  Street  to  the 
Canal  Bridge,  along  the  Canal  in  a  northerly  direction  to  where  the 
borough  boundary  crosses  the  canal  near  the  Dry  Dock,  following 
along  such  boundary  in  a  westerly  direction  to  Germany  Bridge. 

John  o'Gaunt  Ward. 

From  the  west  end  of  Common  Garden  Street  along  the 
centre  of  King  Street,  Penny  Street,  South  Road  and  Bowerham 
Lane  to  the  boundary  of  the  added  area  of  Scotforth,  then  along 
such  boundary  in  a  northerly  direction  to  Golgotha  and  then  in  a 
north  westerly  direction  along  the  centre  of  Wyresdale  Road,  East 
Road,  Nelson  Street,  Dalton  Square  (south  side),  Brock  Street  and 
Common  Garden  Street,  to  its  junction  in  King  Street. 

Castle  Ward. 

From  the  centre  of  the  River  Lune  at  Carlisle  Railway  Bridge 
along  the  river  in  a  south  easterly  direction  to  a  point  opposite  the 
Timber  Slip,  then  in  a  southerly  direction  along  the  centre  of  Dam- 
side  Street,  North  Road,  Cheapside,  St.  Nicholas  Street,  Stonewell, 
Great  John  Street,  Dalton  Square  (west  side),  Brock  Street,  Common 
Garden  Street,  King  Street,  Market  Street,  Castle  Hill,  Castle  Park, 
West  Road  and  Willow  Lane  to  the  boundary  of  the  borough  at  the 
south  end  of  such  lane  following  along  such  boundary  in  a  westerly 
direction  to  the  River  Lune  at  Freeman's  Wood  end,  and  so  up  to 
the  river  to  the  Carlisle  Railway  Bridge. 


542  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Queen's  Ward. 

From  the  west  end  of  Common  Garden  Street  along"  the 
centre  of  King  Street,  Upper  King  Street,  Penny  Street,  South 
Road  and  Bowerham  Lane  to  the  boundary  of  the  added  area  of 
Scotforth,  thence  along  such  boundary  in  a  westerly  and  north- 
erly direction  to  the  south  end  of  Willow  Lane,  then  along  such 
lane  to  its  junction  with  West  Road,  and  thence  along  the  centre  of 
West  Road,  Castle  Park,  Castle  Hill,  Market  Street,  and  King 
Street,  to  its  junction  with  Common  Garden  Street. 

Park  Ward. 

From  the  boundary  of  the  borough  where  it  crosses  the 
Lancaster  Canal  near  the  Dry  Dock,  along  the  canal  in  a  southerly 
direction  to  Nelson  Street  Bridge,  then  in  an  easterly  direction  along 
the  centre  of  East  Road  and  Wyresdale  Road  to  the  borough 
boundary  at  Golgotha  ;  thence  in  an  easterly  and  northerly  direction 
along  such  boundary  to  where  such  boundary  first  joins  the  bound- 
ary of  the  township  of  Bulk,  and  then  in  a  westerly  direction  along 
the  borough  boundary  to  the  Lancaster  Canal  near  the    Dry    Dock- 


Skerton  Ward. 

From  the  centre  of  the  River  Lune  at  Carlisle  Railway  Bridge 
along  the  river  in  a  south  easterly  direction  to  a  point  opposite  the 
Timber  Slip,  then  in  a  southerly  direction  along  the  centre  of  Dam- 
side  Street,  North  Road,  Parliament  Street,  and  Germany  Bridge, 
following  along  such  boundary  in  a  northerly  direction  to  the  centre 
of  the  River  Lune  opposite  the  end  of  the  Ladies'  Walk,  where  it 
joins  the  boundary  of  the  added  area  of  Skerton. 

The  Government  Surveyor  of  Taxes  is  Mr.  A.  W.  Foster, 
Church  Street ;  the  Clerk,  Mr.  G.  W.  Maxsted ;  and  the  Assessor 
and  Collector,  Mr.  S.  Bond.  Borough  Commissioners,  Sir  T.  Storey; 
M.  Simpson,  W.  Pickard,  Esqrs.,  and  Col.  Whalley. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


543 


Rainfall   in    Lancaster,    1889. 
Rain  Gauge. 


Station. 
Smithfield 


Authority. 
Mr.  Roper 


I  tiameter. 


12  in. 


Height 
above  ground. 

3  ft.,  6  in. 


Height  above 
sea  level. 

114 


Depth  of 
Rain. 

3779 


Days  on  which 

o"i  or  more  rain 

fell. 

174 


From  Symon's  "British  Rainfall." 

For  1890,  the  total  rainfall  was  39 '68.       Station  :    Marton    Street    Van!    (70 
feet  above  ordnance  level). 


Building  Societies  in  Lancaster,  with  dates  of  their 

Formation. 

A  Shakespeare  Building-  Society  formed  about  1840. 

-An  Amicable  Building-  Society  was  established  at  the   Fleece 
Inn,  by  twenty  tradesmen,  in  January,  1844. 

The  Lancaster  Benefit  Building  Society,  established  January 
27th,  1844.  In  1845,  at  the  annual  meeting  there  were  sixty-eight 
members. 

An  Alliance  Building  Society  commenced  in  March,   1845. 

First  Starr-Bowkett  Building  Society.  Secretary,  Mr.  Row, 
Market  Hall;  formed  16th  November,  1886. 

Second  Starr-Bowkett.  Secretary,  Mr.  W.  Ritson,  Market 
Street;   1 8th  October,  1887. 

Economic  Building  Society.  Secretary,  Mr.  (',.  H.  Petty, 
Market  Street  ;    September,  1887. 

Lancaster  and  County  Permanent  Benefit  Building  Society. 
Secretary,  Mr.  N.  Molyneux,  83,  Church  Street,  and  20,  Queen 
Street,  Morecambe;  formed  in  1873. 

Lancaster    "Model"   Building  Society.     Secretary,    Mr.   C.    R. 
Compston,  1,  New*  Road;     5th  May,  1888. 


544  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


Carnforth  and  District  Permanent  Benefit  Building-  Society. 
Secretary,  Mr.  H.J.  Orr,  Church  Street,  Carnforth  ;  ioth  December, 
1886. 

Lancaster  and  Morecambe  Building  Society.  Secretary,  Mr. 
A.  W.  Gorton;    formed,  15th  December,  1886. 

John  o'Gaunt  Building  Society.  Secretaries,  Messrs.  Maxsted 
and  Gibson. 

The  first  John  o'Gaunt's  book  dates  from  1861  ;  the  second 
from  1873,  and  the  third  from  1886. 


Literary  and  Scientific  Societies. 

The  Amicable  Society  and  Library  was  founded  in  1768.    Mr 
W.  O.  Roper,  Deputy  Town  Clerk,  is  the  Secretary. 

The  Lancaster  Philosophical  Society  was  established  in  1884. 

Presidents. 

W.  H.  Higgin,  Esq.,  Q.C.,  1 885-1 887  ;  Rev.  Canon  Allen, 
D.D.,  1888;  Edward  B.  Dawson,  Esq.,  L.L.B.,  1889;  Rev.  D.  Davis, 
B.A.,  1890;   Rev.  W.  E.  Pryke,  M.A.,  1891  ;  W.  O.  Roper,  Esq. 

The  Lancaster  School  of  Art  was  one  of  the  first  Schools  of 
Art  established  by  the  Science  and  Art  Department  after  the  185 1 
exhibition.  It  dates  from  1856.  The  Secretary  is  Mr.  J.  W. 
Pickard;    Art  Master:   Mr.  H.  Gilbert. 

The  Lancaster  Photographic  Society,  numbering  fifty-five 
members,  formed  in  1889. 

The  Lancaster  Science  Students'  Association,  established  in 
1889. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  545 

Musical  and  Operatic  Societies. 

Lancaster  Choral  Society,  originally  established  in  1836; 
revived  by  Mr.  F.  Dean,  Mus.  Bac,  and  others,  in  1857.  The 
following  gentlemen  constituted  the  committee:  Mr.  John  Stewart, 
Mr.  William  Whelon,  Mr.  E.  G.  Paley,  Mr.  J.  Shrigley,  and  Mr. 
C.  Howe;  Treasurer,  Mr.  J.J.  Maudsley;  Secretary,  Mr.  Thomas 
Johnson;   Organist,  Mr.  George  Kempe;    Conductor,  Mr.  F.  Dean. 

Amateur  Dramatic  Society,  established  in  September,  1S69; 
revived  in  February,  1891 .  First  performance  in  the  year  1869,  "The 
Illustrious  Stranger,"  followed  by  a  farce  entitled  "Raising  the 
Wind." 

Lancaster  Orchestral  Society,  established  in  October,  1881. 

Church  Defence. 

Church  Defence  Institution,  Lancaster  Branch  formed  in 
1872.     Mr.  J.  Hatch,  junr.,  secretary. 

Law. 

Law  Society  founded  in  1838. 

In  1800,  according  to  an  old  law  list,  there  were  63  barristers 
and  five  silk  gownsmen  on  the  Northern  Circuit,  viz.,  Messrs.  Law 
and  Park,  and  Sergeants  Cockell,  Clayton,  and  Hey  wood.  In 
1844  there  were  221  barristers,  and  thirteen  silk  gownsmen.  In 
1891  the  number  of  barristers  and  silksmen  on  the  Northern  Circuit 
was  325.      Of  this  number  24  are  Q.C's. 

Marine  Society  1792.      Law  Library  attached. 

Clubs. 

County  Club  (non-political),  established  first  in  Great  John 
Street,  where  the  Reform  Club  now  is,  in  August,  1873.  Steward, 
Mr.   Rose. 


K2 


j46  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Lancaster  Conservative  Club,  established  in  April,  1883. 
President,  the  Rev.  C.  T.  Royds,  M.A.,  A.C.C.;  secretary,  J.  W. 
Marshall,  Esq.  ;  treasurer,  Mr.  T.  Bayley, 

Lancaster  Reform  Club  established  in  the  summer  of  1881. 
Lord  Edward  Cavendish  was  the  first  president.  Premises  renovated 
in  1891. 

Temperance   Society. 

Lancaster  Total  Abstinence  Society,  founded  in  1853.  Pre- 
sident, E.  B.  Dawson,  Esq.,  Aldcliffe  Hall  ;  secretary,  Mr.  F.  W. 
Smith.    The  first  Temperance  Society  in  Lancaster  was  founded  1832. 

Horticultural  and  Agricultural  Societies. 

Lancaster  and  District  Floral  and  Horticultural  Society, 
founded  September  2nd,  1874,  at  a  public  meeting  held  in  the 
Exchange  Hall,  Penny  Street,  Henry  Gregson,  Esq.,  in  the  chair. 
President,  E.  B.  Dawson,  Esq.,  Aldcliffe  Hall  ;  secretary,  Mr.  T. 
H.  Stirzaker. 

Lancaster  Agricultural  Society,  established  about  1796-8. 

Another   matter   worth   noting  consists   of  the  formation    in 
this,   the   county  town,  of  the  Royal  North  Lancashire  Agricultural 
Society,    which    held    its    first    show    here    in    1847,    Lord   Stanley 
iding  at  the  dinner  held  in  the  National  School. 

Rowing  Societies. 

Lancaster  Rowing  Club,  formed  in  1843.  Colonel  Whalley 
elected  Commodore  in  1871.  The  club  used  to  meet  on  the  Quay  ; 
it  first  met  on  Halton  Water  in  1845.  (A  Leander  Rowing  Club 
was^established  in  May,  1845.) 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  547 


John  o'Gaunt  Rowing  Club,  established  in  1867  by  gentle- 
men belonging  to  the  former  club.  The  first  name  was  entered 
on  August  20th,  1867.  lion.  Sec,  Mr.  E.  Dugdale  ;  lion 
treasurer,   Couneillor  Turney. 

Various  Clubs  and  Societies. 

Luneside  Cricket  Club,  June,   1841. 

Lancaster  Cycling-  Club,  established  in  1887.  Secretary, 
Mr.  S.  Dawson;  Treasurer,  Mr.  A.  P.  Bnlfield. 

Lancaster  Swimming-  Club,  established  in  1889. 

Lancaster  Footpath  Protection  and  Preservation  Association, 
established  1878.  The  first  officers  were  proposed  on  what  is  known 
as  "Hard  Times,"  on  the  moor. 

The  Gregson  Memorial  Club  and  Reading  Rooms  were  opened 
on  the  20th  of  April,  1890.  The  Lancaster  Coffee  House  Company 
took  over  these  premises  about  November,  1890. 

The  Lancaster  and  Skerton  Co-operative  Societv  was  estab- 
lished in  i860. 

Lancaster  and  District  Butchers'  Association,  established  in 
1889.  Mr.  Wm.  Hathornthwaite,  president;  Mr.  Joseph  Parker, 
Secretary. 

The  Schoolmasters'  Benevolent  Institution  was  established 
in  1883.  President:  the  Rev.  Dr.  Allen,  Vicar  of  Lancaster; 
Secretary:   Mr.  J.  Hatch,  Aldcliffe  Road. 

Home  Teaching  and  General  Help  for  the  Blind:  Branch 
Society  established  in  Lancaster,  March  1st,  1891. 


;48  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


Charities,  Addenda. 

Mrs.  Margaret  France  ,£300  upon  trust,  20s.  each  to  be  paid  to  the  inmates 
of  the  Gillison  and  Penny  Hospitals  the  day  after  her  burial,  and  after  the  expenses 
of  the  deed,  &c,  two-thirds  of  the  funds  remaining  were  to  go  to  the  Trustees  of  the 
Lancaster  Dispensary  and  the  other  third  to  be  used  in  repairing  or  improving  the 
houses  of  the  Gillison  Hospital       Will  dated  27th  May,  1S18. 

Sir  Thomas  Gerrard's  charity  consisted  of  about  £8  annually  to  debtors  in 
Lancaster  Castle. 

Sir  John  Harrison,  by  will  dated  21st  September,  1669,  ,£100  to  be  laid  out 
in  land  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor. 

William  Heysham's  gift  of  East  Green,  Kent,  consisted  of  messuages,  lands, 
and  tenements  situated  at  the  ( rreaves,  the  same  were  to  go  to  a  certain  Mary  Miller  for 
life,  and  then  at  her  death  to  the  Lancaster  Corporation  for  ever  in  trust,  the  rents 
and  profits  to  he  divided  among  eight  deserving  poor  men  of  the  town  selected  by 
the  mayor,  recorder,  and  three  senior  aldermen.      Will  is  dated  22nd  April,  1725. 

Peter  Lathom,  of  Bispham,  left  by  will  dated  2nd  April,  1700,  the  profits  of 
as  much  land  as  ,£200  would  purchase  for  the  use  of  poor  prisoners  in  the  Castle. 

William  Edmundson  left  half  the  rent  of  Lowheld,  in  Scotforth,  for  the 
benefit  of  debtors. 

Abigail  Rigby  by  will  dated  1709  left  a  rent  charge  of  £2  per  annum  to 
poor  widows  not  in  receipt  of  parish  relief.  Another  like  rent  charge  for  the  benefit 
of  debtors  was  also  left  by  this  lady. 

arietta  Rigby  by  will  dated  5th  August,  1741,  left  .£,100  for  the  purchase 
of  lands  near  Lancaster,  the  vicar  and  mayor  of  the  borough  to  distribute  20s.  to  four 
poor  widows,  and  the  residue  to  be  divided  among  twelve  poor  debtors  in  the  Castle. 
The  legacy  was  ne'er  laid  out  in  land  as  directed  by  the  testatrix. 

George  Rogerson  left  byr  indenture  dated  15th  January,  1619,  certain  lands, 
the  rents  to  go  towards  providing  aid  for  poor  persons  in  Preston,  and  apprenticing 
youths  to  suitable  trades,  the  rest  to  be  used  in  providing  meat  and  drink  for  poor 
debtors  in  the  Castle  at  Lancaster.  £9  yearly  was  to  he  distributed  by  the  mayor  of 
Preston  and  four  senior  aldermen  for  Preston  recipients,  and  the  residue  to  the 
Mayor  of  Lancaster  and  some  ancient  aldermen  for  like  distribution  amongst  the 
prisoneis.  the  amounts  to  be  paid  half  yearly  on  the  Feasts  of  St.  John  the  Baptist 
and  St.  Thomas  the  Apostle. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  549 


It  is  pleasing  to  observe  from  the  second  annual  report  of  the  Trustees  of 
the  Lancaster  Charities  (1891)  that  there  have  been  "  two  handsome  contributions  to 
the  funds  available  for  out-door  pensions:  viz. ,  the  Lancastei  Clothing  Society,  per 
Miss  Hindle,  ^80  ;  a  lady  friend,  ^30.  On  the  receipt  of  these  gifts  the  trustees 
made  grants  of  additional  pensions  of  5s.  per  week  each  to  foui  pool  and  ag 
widows."  It  is  also  gratifying  to  learn  that  "The  endowment  fund  has  been 
augmented  during-  the  year  by  a  legacy  of  ^xoo  (free  of  legacy  duty)  from  Mrs.  J 
Sandham,  of  Rugby,  for  Gardyner's  Charity.  Intimation  lias  also  been  received  of 
a  very  handsome  bequest  under  the  will  of  Miss  Bradshaw. 

The  Lancaster  and  District  Tramways  Company,  Limited, 
was  formed  in  1S88,  and  incorporated  under  the  Companies'  Acts, 
1862  to  1886,  in  1889.  The  Royal  Assent  to  the  Tramways'  Act  is 
dated  July  26th,  1889.  The  capital  of  the  Company  consists  of 
^40,000  with  ^20,000  issue  in  20,000  jQi  shares,  payable  2s.  6d. 
on  application,  and  2s.  6d.  per  share  on  allotment. 

The  Lancaster  and  Morecambe  section  was  first  opened  to 
the  public  on  Saturday,  August  2nd,  1890. 


SKERTON. 

Of  this  village  but  little  is  known  concerning  its  ancient 
history.  The  name  it  bears  is  certainly  a  compound  of  Danish  and 
Saxon,  and  Anglicised  represents  simpiy  Scartown,  from  Danish 
skaar,  a  precipitous  bank  or  rock,  Icelandic  sAor,  Breton  skitrr. 

Skerton,  or  anciently  Schertune,  was  estimated  in  the  Dooms- 
day Survey  at  six  carucates  within  the  extensive  manor  of  Ha/tunc, 
held  by  the  Saxon  Earl  Tosti,  Sartun  is  distinctly  named  among  the 
possessions  of  the  Crown  in  the  6th  of  Henry  III.  (Rot.  Fin.  J  1222, 


55o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


and  it  gave  name  to  a  family  who  held  it  by  reeveship  ' per provost- 
eriam.'  William,  the  first  on  record,  gave  to  the  lepers  of  St. 
Leonard's  Hospital,  Lancaster,  six  acres  in  alms,  and  the  monks  of 
Furneis  12  acres;  to  John  de  Thoraldestohn  he  gave  40  acres. 
Roger  de  Skerton  or  Schertun,  his  sun,  who  died  about  1225  (9th 
Henry  III.)  held  half  a  carucate  of  land  '  per provos/eriam  '  and  gave 
to  Philip,  the  clerk,  five  acres  (Testa  de  NevilL).  In  a  Roll  of  Fines 
(9th  Henry  III),  is  a  mandate  to  the  Sheriff  expressed  in  these  terms  : 
"  It  appears  to  the  King  by  the  inquisition  which  he  caused  to  be 
made,  that  Roger  de  Skerton  held  of  the  Crown  half  a  carucate, 
with  appurtenances  in  Skerton,  and  that  Robert  de  Skerton,  his  son, 
is  the  next  heir  ;  "  the  Sheriff  is,  therefore,  commanded  to  take 
security  for  half  a  mark,  to  be  paid  to  the  King  for  his  relief,  and 
to  deliver  seisin  to  Robert  de  Skertun  (Rot.  Fin.  m.  j.J  It  also 
appears  according  to  the  Testa  de  Nevill  that  Robert,  son  of  Roger 
de  Shertenay,  held  half  a  carucate  in  the  same  town  by  the  service 
of  being  the  King's  reeve  in  Skerton,  and  it  was  worth  40s.  Robert 
de  Skerton  gave  to  the  Prior}-  o\  Lancaster  a  place  called  Muffors- 
cote,  near  the  road  to  Bare  ;  an  acre  between  Harmcs  and  Longrig ; 
and  an  acre  in  the  plain  of  Scarton  near  to  Hareham  Syke  ;  half  a 
bovate  of  land  in  the  vliL  oi  Bare  (Reg.  St.  Mary).  It  does  not 
appear  at  what  period  these  local  proprietors  ceased  their  connection 
with  the  township.  !n  the  25th  Edward  1.  (1297)  Skerton  was  one 
of  the  possessions  of  Edmund,  Earl  of  Lancaster;  in  the  17th 
Edward  II.  (1323-4)  John  Travers  had  a  grant  of  lands  and  tene- 
ments in  Skerton,  Torrisholme  and  Bare,  besides  other  places  in 
Lonsdale  (Rot.  Pat.  iyth  Ed.  ii p.l.  in.  2).  In  the  survey  of  1320-6 
( Chetham  Society  Ixxiv.  p.  6jJ,  John  Pedes  holds  20  acres  in 
Skerton  in  socage  ;  John  Lawrence,  22  acres  ;  the  Abbot  of 
Fourneux,  1  toft  and  25  acres  ;  the  Prior  of  Lancaster,  4 
acres.  Skerton  was  accounted  a  manor  among  the  estates  of 
John  of  Gaunt,  in  1361,  when,  or  perhaps  before  that  time,  John 
Lawrence  held  30  acres  of  land.  In  the  i6th  year  of  Henry  VII. 
(1501),  it  was  held  as  a  manor  by  Sir  fames  Lawrence;  but  in 
inquisitions  after  the  deaths  of  others  of  the  same  family,  it  is  not 
styled  a  manor.  Beaumont,  in  this  township,  was  one  of  the  ancient 
granges  or  farms  belonging  to  the  Abbey  of  Furness. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


XV 


The  village  of  Skerton  has  been  considered  a  rough  spot 
earlier  on  in  the  present  century.  Since  the  incorporation  of  the 
township,  in  1888,  many  improvements  have  taken  place.  Dwelling' 
houses  and  shops  have  been  rebuilt,  and  the  old  county  police 
station  relinquished  in  favour  of  new  premises  erected  in  1889-90  at 
a  cost  of  ^5,000.  At  Acrelands,  in  this  parish,  Mr.  W.  H.  Higgin, 
Q.C.,  was  born  (see  biographical  notice).  Lune  Bank  is  the  old 
seat  of  the  Housman  family,  (see  also  Biographies).  William  Shaw 
Simpson  was  also  born  here.  Ryelands,  the  seat  of  the  member 
for  the  Lancaster  division,  was  erected  about  fifty-two  years  ago, 
by  Mr.  W.  Dunn.  Mr.  Williamson  purchased  this  estate  in  1874, 
for  ^24,500.  It  contains  90  acres.  On  the  the  opposite  side  is 
Lune  Villa,  the  delightful  seat  of  Mr.  Smalley.  The  township 
contains  about    1,186   acres    of  land. 

The  Church  at  Skerton  was  erected  in  1833.  It  is  dedicated 
to  St.  Luke.  The  incumbents  of  Skerton  have  been  the  Rev.  C. 
Bury,  appointed  in  1833.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Barclay 
Bevan,  rector  of  Brede,  Sussex,  May  9th,  1840;  who  resigned  the 
living  in  October,  1S42.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  John  Barrow, 
who  died  February  28th,  1844.  The  Rev.  Edmund  Clay,  vicar, 
1847.  Next  came  the  Rev.  Robert  Simpson,  M.A.,  author  of  the 
"  History  and  Antiquities  of  Lancaster."  who  died  May  6th,  1855, 
aged  58.  After  him  we  have  the  Rev.  T.  Lodge,  followed  by  the 
Rev.  W.  C.  Bradbury  and  the  Rev.  John  Brack,  present  incumbent. 
A  Mr.  Davis  is  mentioned  on  page  93  of  "  Lancaster  Churches  and 
Chapels." 

The  Rev.  T.  Lodge,  I  learn,  was  Incumbent  twelve  or 
thirteen  years,  and  the  Rev.  W.  C.  Bradbury  a  little  over  twelve 
months. 

The  interior  of  the  Church  is  bright  and  pleasant,  and  makes 
one  fancy  he  is  in  a  rural  sanctuary,  far  away  from  Skerton  Bridge. 


552  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


On    the     north     wall    near     the   east   end    is    the    following 
memorial  : — 

this  tablet 

to  the  memory  of  the  late 

Rev.  Thomas  Barrow, 

incumbent  of  st.  lukes,  skerton, 

who  departed  this  life  february  19th,  1 844, 

aged  28  years. 

is  erected  by  numerous  friends  who  desire    thus    to    record 

their    high    esteem    for    him    as    a    faithful    preacher    and 

consistent  christian. 
'•  He  being"  dead  yet  speaketh."  — Heb.  xi.  3. 

On  the  south  wall  is  one- 

IN    MEMORY    OF 

Captain  Thomas  Graham  (2ND  Bombay  Grenadiers), 

WHO    DIED    AT    SKERTON,     IITH    MAY,     1837, 
AND      WAS      BURIED      IN      THIS      CHURCH      YARD, 

^T    35. 

ALSO    OF    HIS    CHILDREN 

WHO    DIED    IN    INDIA 

IN    THEIR    INFANCY 

AND 

Thomas  (ist  Lieut.   Bombay  Artillery), 

who  died  in  india,  between  suez  and  cairo, 

on    his    way    home    from    india,    5th   june,    1 855, 

and  was  buried  at  the  4th  station  from  suez. 

JET    23. 

also  John,   (late  Captain  2sd  Bombay  Grenadiers), 
who  died  in  bombay,   november  28th,    1864, 

-^T    35- 

and  of  Helen  Bridget,   widow  of  the  above 

Captain  Thomas  Graham,  who  departed  this  life 

at  buckleigh,  westward  ho,  on  the  25th  july,   1 876. 

in  her  /3rd  year. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


03.1 


Another  states  that — 

THIS    TABLET 

IN    MEMORY    OF    JOSEPH    WHALLEY    OF    LANCASTER, 

BARR1STER-AT-LAW     OF     THE     HON.     SOCIETY    OF    LINCOLN'S    INN,     ESQ., 

WHO    DIED    AT    LEAMINGTON,    MARCH    8TH,     1850, 

AGED    35    YEARS, 

IS  ERECTED  BY  HIS  DEEPLY  SORROWING    WIDOW 

AS    A    TRIBUTE    OF'  AFFECTION. 

"  Yea,  they  may  forget,  yet  will  I  not  forget  thee." — 49  Isiah  15  v. 
On  a  brass  below  is  read — 

in  memory  of 
Charles  Lawson  Whalley, 

of  richmond  house,  esq., 

who    died    june    3rd,    1 884, 

aged  65  years. 

Next  is  a  marble — 

in  memory  of 

John  Ellershaw,  of  Skerton, 

who    died    november    29th,     1 845, 

aged  68  years. 

ALSO    OF 

Nancy,   his  widow, 

who  died  march  6th,    1855, 

aged  75  years. 

ALSO    OF 

Mary,  their  daughter, 

who  died  november  22nd,   1 87 1, 

aged  64  years, 

ALSO    OF 

John,  their  son, 

who  died  february  5th,    1880, 

aged  70  years. 


554  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 

At  the  base  of  the  north  lancet  window  of  the  east  end  of  the 
Church  are  these  words:  —  "To  the  Glory  of  God  and  in  loving 
memory  of  Frances  Margaret  Whalley,  widow  of  the  late  Joseph 
Whalley,  of  Lancaster,  Esq.,  who  died  September  the  22nd,  1882. 
This  window  is  erected  by  her  sons."  The  subject  of  the  stained 
work  is  "Christ  the  Light  of  this  World."  The  corresponding 
window  on  the  south  side,  the  subject  of  which  is  "The  Good 
Shepherd,"  is  thus  inscribed  : — "  To  the  glory  of  God  and  in  loving 
memory  ot  Frances  Mary,  daughter  of  the  late  Joseph  Whalley,  of 
Lancaster,  Esq.,  who  died  April  18th,  1882,  this  window  is  placed 
by  her  brothers." 

At  the  south  side  of  the  chancel,  or  portion  of  the  church 
where  the  chancel  should  be,  is  a  window  representing  the  Patron 
Saint  of  the  Church.  It  is  inserted  "  In  memory  of  Richard  Clark, 
of  Cross  Hill,  who  died  on  the  13th  of  February,  1838."  A  lancet 
light  in  the  south  aisle  bears  the  figures  of  "Christ  and  his  disciples;" 
also  an  open  bible  with  these  words  displayed  upon  its  pages  "Blessed 
are  the  poor  in  spirit  for  theirs  is  the  kingdom  of  Heaven,"  and,  like- 
wise, the  well-known  symbol  of  the  "Trinity."  This  window  is  a 
memorial  of  "The  Rev.  Enoch  Brosser,  of  Yale  Cottage,  who 
died  December  2  1  st,  a.d.  1854,  aged  71  years.  Also  Emma  Brosser, 
wife  of  the  above,  who  died  October  30th,  1866,  aged  81  years." 

There  is  an  elegant  eagle  lectern  in  brass  and  the  Bible  it 
bears  is  labelled  within  "Presented  to  the  Rev.  J.  Brack  by  the 
Churchwardens  and  Sunday  School  Teachers  of  St.  Luke's  Church, 
Skerton,  as  a  small  token  of  their  esteem.      Christmas,  1882." 

The  Prayer  Desk  on  the  south  side  is  inscribed  within  :— St. 
Luke's,  Skerton.  The  gift  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Simpson,  M.A., 
January  1st,  1871." 

The  organ  occupies  a  position  on  the  north  side  of  the  Com- 
munion, or  east  end,  of  the  Church.  It  was  erected  by  George 
Greenall,  organ  builder,  of  Lancaster. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


330 


There  are  about  forty-two  centre  pews,  eight  of  which  are 
marked  "Free."  There  are  nineteen  on  the  north  side  and  twenty- 
one  on  the  south  side,  eight  of  which,  four  on  either  side,  are  also 
"  Free."  Altogether  there  are  eighty-two  pews,  sixteen  of  which 
are  free,  and  six  choir  stalls.     There  is  a  gallery  at  the  west  end. 


In  the  Vestry  is  a  Scale  of  interment,  vault,  and  gravestone 


charges. 


Single  vault  or  grave,  exclusive  right  of  burial 

Burial  fees  for  same  ...         

A  double  vault  or  grave,  exclusive  right  of  burial  ... 

Burial  dues  according  to  Sexton's  labour. 

A  chest  over  a  single  or  double  vault  of  stone 

Rails  over  a  double  vault  or  grave 

Over  a  single  vault  or  grave 

An  upright  or  flat  stone 

Re-opening  a  single  vault    ... 

Re-opening  a  grave  over  which  there  is  a  headstone  or  a  flat  stone 

An  ordinary  grave  for  one  over  twelve  years  old,  burial  dues  inclusive 

An  ordinary  grave  for  one  of  one  year  of  age  and  over,  burial  dues  inclusive 

Infants  under  twelve  months,  burial  dues  inclusive 

Non-parishioners  double  dues. 


s. 
3 

d. 
o 

o 

15 

6 

.     6 

6 

o 

o 

■     5 

5 

o 

2 

IO 

o 

I 

i 

o 

2 

2 

o 

.       0 

7 

6 

O 

IO 

o 

e     o 

7 

6 

.     o 

5 

o 

John  Brack,  Vicar. 
William  Hall,      \ 
Tnos.  A.  Vince,   / 


Churchwardens. 


In  the  churchyard  are  many  beautiful  marble  monuments  to 
departed  parishioners  and  others.  Here  are  a  few  of  the  inscrip- 
tions.     First  I  noticed  a  large  granite  pillar  thus  engraved — 


in  memory 
of  John  Fitzsimons, 
district  manager  of  the  l.   &  n.w.   railway, 
many  years  manager    of  the  l.  &  c.   line, 

DIED    IzJTH    MARCH,     1880, 
AGED    68    YEARS. 


556  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Another  stone  is 

in  memory  of 

The  Rev.  John  Swainson 

rector  of  epperstone, 

county  notts,  who  died 

at  morecambe,  november   iith,    1853, 

AGED    46. 
ALSO      OF 

Nancy,   his  wife, 
who  died  at  great  malvern, 

MAY    I2TH,     1873, 
AGED  63. 

'  Blessed  are  the  dead  which  die  in  the  Lord.' 

Two  neat  marble  slabs  cover  the  remains  of  two  members 
of  the  Moore  family.      The  first  is 

in  memory  of 

Niven  Moore,  c.b., 

late  consul  general  ix  syria, 

who  died  at  london,   february  i5th,    1 889, 

aged  93  years. 

'  I  know  that  my  Redeemer  liveth.' 

The  second  is 

in  memory  of 

The  Rev.   Bernard  Moore, 

rector  of  bayfield, 

who  died  at  crook,  april   i4th,    1884,, 

aged  84  years. 

'  I  know  that  my  Redeemer  liveth.' 

The  remains  of  the  late  historian  of  Lancaster,  the  Rev. 
Robert  Simpson,  Incumbent  of  Skerton  about  five  years,  were  laid 
at  the  east  end  of  this  burial  yard,    and   a   flat  stone,   with  an   iron 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  557 


railing-  round  it,  bears  this  record  :— 

SACRED 

to  the  memory  of 

The  Rev.   Robert  Simpson,   m.a. 

incumbent    of    st.     luke's,    skerton, 

who  departed  this  life  may  6th,    1855, 

aged  58  years. 

'To  him  to  live  was  Christ,  therefore  to  die  was  g"ain.' 

I  observed  an  upright  stone  the  centre  of  which  was  hollowed 
out  in  the  shape  of  a  cross,  the  space  being-  intended  for  flowers. 
The  space  is  made  level  with  the  surface  of  the  headstone  by  a 
facing  of  glass.  This  original  device,  anything  similar  to  which  1 
have  not  seen  outside  London,  perpetuates  the  memory  of  Elizabeth 
Ann,  wife  of  John  Gray,  who  died  January  16th,  1883,  aged  35  years. 
A  dark  headstone  commemorates  the  Townleys.     It  is  inscribed  : — 

SACRED 

to  the  memory  of 
Arthur  Townley,   of  Skerton, 
who  died  june  2nd,    1 834, 
(the  first  male  interred  in  this  yard,) 

aged  43  years. 

also  Jennet  Elizabeth,   his  daughter, 

who  died  July  7TH,    1830, 

aged   16  months. 

also  Ellen,  his  daughter, 

who    died    july    2  2nd,     1 837, 

aged  18  years. 
(A  verse  follows  this  last  name). 

also  Rebecca,  widow  of  the  above, 
who    died    august    2  i  st,     1 878, 

AGED    8l     YEARS. 


558  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Among  other  graves  are  those  of  "Jonathan  Dunn,  of  Rye- 
ands,  who  died  May  2nd,  1S57,  aged  78.  The  stone  states  that 
"  He  was  one  of  the  chief  promoters  of  the  building  of  Skerton 
Church,  and,  as  one  of  the  Trustees,  ever  took  an  earnest  interest 
in  the  objects  for  which  it  was  erected.  "  Blessed  is  he  that  con- 
sidered the  poor." — Psalm  xli.,  6. 

Then  there  are  the  Housman  tombs,  one  of  which  is — 

"  Sacred  to  the  memory  of  William  Vernon  Housman,  eldest 
son  of  William  and  Mary  Housman,  of  St.  John's  Wood,  London, 
who,  whilst  pursuing  his  studies  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
giving  promise  of  future  eminence  in  the  profession  of  medicine,  was 
attacked  with  symptons  of  consumption,  and  whilst  journeying 
towards  home  in  the  hope  that  change  of  air  might  be  blessed  to 
the  restoration  of  his  health,  it  pleased  God  to  bring  down  his 
strength  in  his  journey  and  shorten  his  days.  He  died  at  Lancaster, 
on  the  10th  of  April,  1839,  in  the  20th  year  of  his  age,  and  his 
remains  rest  by  the  side  of  his  paternal  grandfather,  the  Rev.  Robert 
Housman.      '  Be  still  and  know  that  I  am  God.'  " 

On  the  left  is  the  Hat  stone  which  informs  the  reader  that — 

here  lie  the  remains  of 

Robert  Housman, 

the  founder  and  for  above  forty  years 

the    incumbent    of    st.    anne's,    lancaster, 

born  25th  february,    ij50, 

died   23rd  april,    1838. 

The  name,  Robert  Eletcher  Housman,  of  Lune  Bank,  is  to 
be  seen  near  to.  This  gentleman  was  born  May  ist,  1807,  died 
July  8th,  1872.  He  wrote  the  life  of  the  founder  of  St.  Anne's 
Church. 

In  the  new  part  of  the  ground  is  a  memorial: 

"In  loving  memory  of  Agnes,  widow  of  Robert  Fletcher 
Housman;  born  March  21st,  1807;  died  August  14th,  188S."     The 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  559 


memorial  stone  is  a  larg-e  handsome  rock,  on  which  a  cross  is  laid, 
signifying  the  cross  of  life  laid  down. 

Other  memorials  mark  the  graves  ol~  Thomas  G.  Dodson, 
second  son  of  the  late  John  Dodson,  Esq.,  of  Lancaster,  who 
departed  this  life  December  5th,  1846,  aged  25  years — of  Sarah 
Howes  Lucas,  the  beloved  wife  of  the  Rev.  Edmund  Clay,  B.A., 
Incumbent  of  St.  Luke's,  Skerton,  who  died  December  20th,  1847, 
aged  23  years — of  Jane  Robinson,  relict  of  Joseph  Robinson,  Esq., 
of  Cargo  Hill,  who  died  June  27th,  1858,  in  her  96th  year — of 
Eleanor,  wife  of  John  Woodhouse,  of  Scale  Hall,  who  died  April 
21st,  1884,  aged  58  years,  and  of  John  Woodhouse,  who  died  Sep- 
tember 8th,  1887,  aged  62  years — and  of  Stephen  Ross,  of  Lancaster, 
son  of  Henry  Ross,  West  India  Merchant,  of  Liverpool,  who  died 
October  4th,  1869,  and  of  Charlotte,  his  wife,  who  died  April  28th, 
1859  (no  age  given).  Henry  Ross,  solicitor,  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  also 
appears  below. 

The  last  inscription  commemorates  one  "James  Embley, 
who  died  the  1st  day  of  February,  i860,  aged  74  years.  The  last 
words  of  this  poor  imbecile  were  '  I  am  going,  they  will  put  me 
down;  be  in  better  place  to-morrow."  Very  significant  words 
from  such  a  man,  arguing  much  in  favour  of  a  future  state.  A 
sketch  of  the  old  man  appears  at  the  head  of  the  tomb. 

Tombs  in  memory  of  families  named  Greene, Bond,  Tatham, 
Stirzaker,  Hinde,  Jackson,  Pritt,  Thompson,  Kendal  and  Balder- 
ston  are  likewise  to  be  met  with  in  this  burial  ground.  Joseph 
Eastwood,  who  died  June  27th,  1875,  aged  74;  Robert  Aldren,  who 
died  June  13th,  1868,  aged  76  ;  William  Satterthwaite,  who  died 
August  28th,  1865,  aged  69  ;  and  George  Danson,  who  died  May 
1 6th,  1869,  in  his  52nd  year,  are  names  which  represent  some 
well   known    local   characters  of  the   past. 

During  the  present  Vicar's  time,  extending  over  a  period  of 
more  than  twenty  years,  large  sums  of  money  have  been   raised  in 


56o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


connection  with  the  Church  and  Schools.  During  the  first  year  of 
his  Vicariate  the  whole  income  of  the  benefice  from  all  sources  was 
only  ^70,  now  it  amounts  to  nearly  ^300.  The  Church  was 
restored  in  1882,  at  a  cost  of  over  ^1,000.  The  Schools  have  been 
enlarged  and  also  the  Burial  Ground.  Altogether,  during  the  last 
eighteen  years  ^"8,000  have  been  raised  for  special  purposes  in 
connection  with  Church  work  in  Skerton. 

In  connection  with  the  Church  there  are  St.  Luke's  National 
Schools.  Mr.  Christopher  Pickering  is  the  Head  Master  of  the 
Mixed  School,  and  Miss  F.  Bond  head  mistress  of  the  Infant 
School.  These  Schools  have  been  under  Government  Inspection 
since  1870.  They  were  enlarged  in  1877,  a*  a  cost  of  about  ^900. 
They  have  an  endowment  of  the  value  of  ^27  a  year,  by  Charities 
named  the  Williamson  and  Jepson  Charities.  The  trustees  of  these 
Charities,  by  a  recent  order  of  the  Charity  Commissioners,  are  the 
Vicar  and  Churchwardens  for  the  time  being  of  St.  Luke's  Church. 

There  are  two  bells  in  the  tower  of  the  Church. 

There  is  a  Wesleyan  Chapel  which  dates  from  March,  1868. 
The  foundation  stone  of  the  new  school  behind  it  was  laid  on  the 
15th  October,  1884,  by  Mrs.  James  Helme.  An  old  Skertonian 
informed  me  that  the  Skerton  Wesleyans  first  met  in  a  house  at  the 
corner  of  Anchor  Lane,  and  subsequently  at  the  premises  now 
occupied  by  Mr.  Trow.  The  Primitive  Methodist  Chapel,  a  small 
edifice  formed  out  of  a  private  house,  dates  from  1875,  says  the 
Rev.  R.  Church. 

The  British  School,  erected  in  1890-91,  was  opened  in  April, 
1891.  The  cost,  I  hear,  is  about  ^3,999.  Principal,  Mr.  J.  N. 
Armstsong. 

Charities. 

There  are  three  Charities  connected  with  the  parish  and 
township  of  Skerton,  which  I  shall  best  describe  by  reproducing  the 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  ^" 


remarks   of  R.    Durnford,    Esq.,    AssisLant   Charily   Commissioner, 

made  at  the  recent  inquiry  held  on  the  i  ith  oi'  March,   [891. 

"The  charities  of  Henry  Williamson,  Jane  Jepson,  and  a  donor 
unknown  but  which  had  gone  by  the  name  of  Money's  charity.      The 
first  trust  deed  was  dated  25th  March,   1734,  and  it  recited  that  Jane 
Jepson  had  given  into  the  hands  of  John  Housman  the  sum  of;£ioo 
for  certain  purposes,  one  of  which  was  that  the  sum  of  ,^.00  should 
be  employed  in  building  or  purchasing  a  schoolhouse  in  Skerton,  and 
that  any  surplus  which  might  remain  after  the  erection  of  such  house 
should  be  lent  out  at  interest  and  the  yearly  produce  thereof  paid  to 
a  schoolmaster  for  the  teaching  of  poor  children.      The  trust  <.\c^o\  of 
Henry  Williamson  was  dated  the  10th  February,  1707,  and  by  it  he 
bequeathed  to  certain  persons  jQ  100  to  be  placed  upon  good  security 
or  in  the   stocks  or  purchase    land   and   apply   the    yearly    produce 
'  towards   teaching   young   children  belonging   to    the   township   to 
read  the  Bible,  write,  knit  or  sew,  and   if  any   overplus   should   be, 
that  the  same  should  be  laid  out  in  clothing  such  children  as  should 
be  indigent."     Then  there  was  also  the  charity  of  the  donor  unknown, 
called  Money's  Charity.       It  appeared  that  there  was  an   indenture, 
bearing  date  13th  December,   1760,    which    recited  an    indenture   of 
mortgage  dated  2nd  November,   1750,  whereby  two  messuages  and 
a  garden    situate    in    Skerton    had    been    mortgaged   to   James    Rig- 
maiden  and  Peter   Cock,    trustees   on   behalf  of   the    inhabitants   of 
Skerton  for  securing  the  sum  of  ^28   with    interest,    to   be   applied 
towards  the  support  of  the  poor  inhabitants  of  Skerton.      It  further 
recited  that  the  deed  of  mortgage  had  been  lost,  and  that  Elizabeth 
Money  and  John  Money  demised  the  same  premises  for  1,000  years 
to  James  Rigmaiden  and    Peter    Cock    in    trust    for   the   use   of   the 
township  under  a  proviso  that  the  same  should  be  void  on  the    pay- 
ment of  ^,28  with  interest,  and  by  two  further  endorsements  on  the 
mortgage  of  1750  the  premises  had  been  charged   with   two   further 
sums    of  £2    and  £$,    and   that   there    was    due    for  principal    and 
interest  ^40  2s.  1 1  V-jd.      It  also  recited  that  John  Money  had  agreed 
with  Peter  Cock  and  Henry  Williamson,    who    had   been   appointed 
sidesman  in  the  room  of  James  Rigmaiden.    for   the    release  of  the 


02 


562  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


equity  of  redemption  of  the  premises  for  ^.20  2s.  iiV2d.,  and  on 
the  payment  of  this  sum  the  redemption  of  the  property  was  released 
upon  trust  to  employ  the  rents  and  profits  from  the  premises  towards 
the  support  and  maintenance  of  the  poor  inhabitants  of  the  township 
of  Skerton.  It  was  further  stated  that  the  premises  derived  under 
the  deed  consisted  of  four  houses  and  a  shippon.  Three  of  the 
houses  and  the  shippon  were  let  to  yearly  tenants  at  rents  of 
^4,  ^2,  12s.,  and  £2  2s.  The  Williamson  Charity  was  bequeathed 
by  Henry  Williamson  by  his  will  dated  10th  of  February,  171)7. 
to  the  sidesmen  of  Skerton.  Jane  Jepson's  Charity,  at  its  inception, 
was  conveyed  to  John  Rigmaiden  and  Nicholas  Carver,  two  of  the 
twenty-four  men,  or  sidesmen  of  Skerton,  and  Thomas  Wakefield, 
churchwarden. 

Old   HorsE>. 

There  are  some  old  houses  in  Skerton.  first  comes  the  old 
Fish  house,  over  the  door  of  which  is  a  salmon  and  the  date,  1650, 
on  the  left  hand,  while  on  the  right  is  the  letter  S.  This  house 
once  belonged  to  the  Beaumont  Fisher)  . 

Other  houses  hear  the  following'  initials  and  date-.  : 


L. 

R. 

E. 

1714. 

W. 

J. 

11. 

[736- 

A. 

R 

M. 

'7<'3- 

A. 

R. 

M. 

1824. 

TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  563 


There  is  a  thoroughfare  called  Kiln  Lane.  Probably  a  Kylna 
or  drying  house  for  corn  stood  somewhere  near  in  Saxon  times,  and 
the  name  has  survived. 

The  houses  on  the  Skerton  side  of  the  river,  forming  the 
terrace,  stand  on  what  is  still  known  as  the  Kind's  Meadow.  The 
land  would  receive  its  name  owing  to  its  close  proximity  to  the 
"  King's  Highway"  which  passed  o\uv  the  Lune. 

The  old  County  Police  Station  was  built  in  i860. 

The  new  one  erected  in  1889,  is  a  fine  edifice,  costing  about 
£.'5,000.  The  main  block  of  the  building  is  150  feet  in  length  and 
has  a  facade  of  "blocking  courses"  or  rock-faced  ashlar  stone.  The 
width  at  the  end  o\  the  superintendent's  house  is  40  feet  6  inches  , 
the  opposite  end  54  feet  6  inches.  There  are  four  cells.  The 
Weights  and  Measures  Office  is  in  Barley  Cop  Lane.  Times  and 
aspects  have  changed  hereabouts  since  the  eccentric  Matthias  Saul 
had  his  tower-like  summer-house  at  the  end  of  this  lane.  Going 
beyond  the  County  Constabulary  you  see  on  your  right  the  elevated 
structure  in  what  was  known  as  Birkett's  Tea  Gardens.  This  place 
was  disposed  of  bv  the  Birketts  to  the  Housmans,  who  sold  it  to  the 
Ellershaws,  and  from  the  latter  it  passed  to  the  Horsfalls. 

The  road  now  called  Morecambe  Road   used   to   be   known 
as  Bracken  Lane  long  before  it  was  designated  Poulton  Lane. 

Mr.  Wilson,  builder,  has  an  old  deed  dated  1758,  the  parties 
to  it  being  Zecharv  Hubberstey,  William  Thornton  and  Catherine 
his  wife,  Efrancis  Atkinson  and  Thomas  Bell  of  Lancaster,  Inn- 
keeper. Attached  to  this  document  is  a  plan  of  certain  lots  oi  land 
"to  be  sold  on  Wednesday  the  5th  of  January  1757."  This  plan 
shows  Thornton  Street,  since  called  "Captain  Thompson  Row," 
Back  Alley,  behind  Thornton  Street,  Cross  Street  running  from 
Thornton  Street  to  the  turnpike,  Thornton's  Croft  and  the  new  road 
to   Skerton.     The   sites   of  Skerton  Cross,  Skerton  Cross  Barn  and 


564  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


the  old  Cross  gate  are  clearly  indicated.  The  deed  mentions  Dr. 
Fenton,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Hunter,  Vicar  of  Garstang,  Charles 
Lambert,  gentleman,  and  James  Collinson  as  the  surviving  execu- 
tors of  William  Stratford,  doctor  of  Laws,  &c.  ;  it  is  endorsed 
thus  : — "  William  Thornton  and  others  to  Thomas  Beck,  ffeofment  of 
Lot  No.  2,  in  a  Held  near  Skerton  Cross.      Consn.  £19." 

Of  old  Hostelries  done  away  with  may  be  named,  first,  the 
Inn  with  the  sign  which  bore  this  simple  couplet. 

The  gate  hangs  free,  and  in  there's  nunc, 
Refresh  ami  pay  and  travel  on. 

This  Inn  was  abolished  fort)"  years  ago.  The  Hand  and  Heart,  last 
kepi  by  Thomas  Winder,  the  Horse  and  Farrier  and  the  Bird  in 
Hand  are  likewise  now  existent  only  in  old  men's  memories. 

Inseparably  connected  with  the  old  Millstone  Inn,  kept  by 
William  Carter,  Robert  Wilkinson,  and  John  Thompson,  is  the 
story  of  the  dog  "Jack"  belonging  to  Mr.  Wilkinson,  a  dog  which 
regularly  attended  his  work  in  connection  with  the  Skerton  fisherv 
as  if  he  had  been  a  fisherman.  During  the  time  the  men  were 
drawing  "Jack"  would  swim  round  the  outside  of  the  net,  and  by 
barking  and  other  means  try  to  drive  out  of  the  shallow  water  am' 
fish  endevouring  to  escape.  This  dog  was  painted  on  the  sign 
above  the  door  at  the  Millstone.  When  Mr.  William  Carter  and 
Mr.  Robert  Blackburn  rented  the  fisherv  as  much  as  a  ton  of  fish 
per  day  was  caught  at  Skerton. 

Mr.  Carter  remained  tenant  of  the  Millstone  until  the  Halton 
Hall  estate  was  again  disposed  of,  in  1&32,  by  auction.  The 
population  of  rural  Skerton  (1891)  is  311. 

The   Rev.   Robert  Simpson,    M.A. 

The  Rev.  Robert  Simpson,  M.A.,  author  of  the  "History  of 
Lancaster"  was  born  in  Derby,  in  1796,  and  after  graduating  at 
Queen's  College,  Cambridge,  was  ordained,  and  afterwards  was  con- 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  56; 


nected  as  minister  with  several  churches  in  Derby.  Leaving  Derby,  in 
1832,  he  went  to  Newark-on-Trent,  where  he  remained  until  1843, 
when,  health  compelling  him  to  seek  a  milder  climate,  he  settled  at 
Clifton  (Bristol),  officiating  at  St.  Paul's,  Portland  Square,  during 
the  greater  part  of  the  next  seven  years,  leaving,  in  1850,  for  St. 
Puke's,  Skerton,  near  Lancaster,  where  he  continued  until  his  death 
which  took  place  on  the  6th  oi'  May,  1855.  In  addition  to  the 
"  History  of  Lancaster,"  Mr.  Simpson  was  also  the  author  of  a 
"  History  of  Derby,"  in  2  vols.,  (1826),  "A  Clergyman's  Manual," 
(1842),  and  various  volumes  of  Sermons  and  other  subjects,  also  a 
Primer  for  the  use  of  Sunday  Schools,  which  has  been  extensively 
used  by  the  Church  Missionary  Society  in  its  various  stations  in  all 
parts  of  the  world. 

[Kindly  communicated  by  a  member  of  the  family.) 


SCOTPORTH. 

In  the  Testa  de  Nevill  it  is  recorded  that  William  Fitz  Gilbert 
gave  to  Hugh  Norman  two  carucates  (160  acres),  in  Scotforth,  to 
be  held  in  Knight's  service.  This  place  has  passed  through  the 
families  of  Lancaster,  Gynes  or  Coucy,  Coupeland,  Lawrence, 
Gerard  and  Hamilton,  a  fourth  part  of  the  manor  being  held  by 
John,  Duke  of  Bedford,  in  the  reign  oi  Henry  VI.  A  number  of  the 
Scottish  rebels,  in  1745,  were  quartered  in  the  village,  but  did  not 
annoy  the  inhabitants.  An  Act  of  Parliament  for  enclosing  lands 
in  the  township  of  Scotforth,  in  the  parish  of  Lancaster,  was  passed 
on  the  5th  of  May,  1806.  Burrow,  formerly  Burrough,  is  a  small 
hamlet  in  this  township,  oi  which,  says  Haines,  the  name  indicates 
antiquity. 


566  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


St.  Paul's  Church,  Scotforth,    was   erected   in    1874.      It  was 

designed   by  Mr.  Edmund  Sharpe,   and   is  in   the   Transition    style. 

The  *nave  is  50ft.  by  20ft.,  with  two  side  aisles  1  1  ft.  wide.      Cost  of 

building  about  ^3,000.       The  vicar  is  the  Rev.  W.  Armitage,  M.A. 

The  church  contains  three  brasses  to  the  Brockbanks  and  the  Sharpes. 

The  origin  of  the  old  school  founded  at  Scotforth  is  unknown. 
There  was  a  house  containing  the  school-room  kept  in  repair  by  the 
township.  The  master  had  an  allotment  of  land  upon  Scotforth 
Common,  which  he  let  for  about  50s.  an  J.  he  also  received  45s. 
the  interest  of  a  legacy.  In  respect  of  this  income  he  instructed 
eight  poor  children,  but  charged  for  others.  There  were  generally 
between  20  and  30  scholars.  The  present  schools  were  opened  in 
1879.      Head  master,  Mr.  J.  Parker. 

Parkinson's  Charity,  1799,  consisted  of  £.300  in  the  three  per 
cent,  bank  annuity  in  trust  for  the  support  of  the  school  in  Scot- 
forth. The  stock  was  sold,  and  the  produce  suffered  to  remain  in 
the  hands  of  John  Dawson  without  security.  He  paid  the  interest 
up  to  August,  182  1,  to  the  schoolmaster.  He  then  became  embar- 
rassed in  circumstances  and  assigned  over  his  effects. 

Taylor's Charit)  dates  from  1814.  The  interest  consisted  of ,£.50 
to  1  he  poor  of  Scotforth.  Caw  son's  Charity  of  ib<>o  represented  a  rent 
charge  of  5s.  to  the  poor.  Cooke's  Charity,  1640,  a  rent  charge  ot 
5s.  used  to  be  paid  to  the  poor  of  Scotforth,  but  has  latterly,  says 
Baines,  been  paid  to  the  poor  of  Quernmore,  the  gift  not  being- 
confined  to  this  township.  It  has  already  been  remarked  that 
Scotforth  might  have  been  famous  fov  a  battle  fought  at  Culloden 
soon  after  a  battle  site  in  this  suburb  of  Lancaster  was  chosen. 
The  name  Scotforth  reminds  us  of  the  ancient  Scot,  payment  ot 
Saxon  times.      There  would  probably  be  a  ford  tax  on  cattle. 

Alucliffe. 

"The  Manor  of  Aldcliffe,"  says  the  Tyldesley  Diary,  "  form- 
erl)   belonged  to  the  Priory  of  Lancaster,  and  after  the  Reformation 
became  the  property  of  the  Daltons  of  Thurnham.      It  belonged  to 
*  In    1891   the  nave   was  extended   24  feet. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  567 


this  family  in  the  30th  of  Elizabeth,  and  a  moiety  of  it  was 
conveyed  in  marriage  by  Dorothy,  youngest  daughter  and  co-heiress 
of  Robert  Dalton,    Esq.,   to   Edward   Riddell,    Esq.,  of  Swinburne 

Castle,  Northumberland,  the  remainder,  being  left  for  the  support 
of  the  Catholic  Clergy,  was  confiscated  to  the  family  of  Dawson, 
about  the  year  1 7 1 3.  In  pulling-  down  the  old  hall,  in  1817,  a  stone 
it  is  said  was  found  inscribed,  '  We  are  Catholic  Virgins,  who  scorn 
to  change  with  the  times.'  This  undoubtedly  refers  to  the  seven 
daughters  of  Robert  Dalton,  Esq.,  by  Eliza,  daughter  of  Win.  Hulton 
of  Hulton  Park,  Count)-  Lancaster,  Esq.,  who  was  the  eldest  son 
of  Thomas  Dalton,  and  Ann  his  wife,  daughter  of  Sir  Richard 
Molyneux  of  Sefton.  *Thomas,  Robert  Dalton's  son  was  the 
colonel  of  a  horse.  He  was  killed  from  wounds  received  at  the 
Battle  of  Newbury.  He  was  the  grandfather  of  the  the  two  co- 
heiresses, Elizabeth  and  Dorothy,  between  whom  the  Manor  of 
AldclifFe  was  divided.  Baines  says,  after  alluding  to  the  moiety  of 
Aldcliffe  being  conveyed  in  marriage  by  Dorothy  youngest  daughter 
and  co-heiress  of.  John  Dalton  Esq.,  to  Edward  Riddell,  Esq.,  that 
"the  remainder  being  left  for  the  support  of  the  secular  clery  was 
confiscated  to  the  Crown  for  the  third  time,  and  by  the  Crown  was 
first  let  and  afterwards  sold  to  the  family  of  Dawson  about  the  year 
1731  ;"  that  "Edward  Dawson,  Esq.,  of  Aldcliffe  Hall,  one  of  the 
most  spirited  agriculturists  in  the  county,  having  purchased  the 
other  moiety  from  Mr.  Ralph  Riddell,  considerably  improved  the 
estate,  by  enclosing  the  chief  part  of  Aldcliffe  Marsh  in  the  summer 
of  1820,  at  an  expense  of  ^2,000.  For  this  work  the  Society  of 
Arts  and  Sciences  presented  him  with  a  gold  medal,  inscribed 
'  Edward  Dawson,  Esq.,  1821,  for  embanking  r 66  acres  of  marsh  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Lune." 

Aldcliffe,  anciently  Aldeclif,  denoting  Old  Cliff,  according  to 

Domesday  contained  two  caucates.  The  original  Hall  was  erected 
in  the  time  of  William  Rufus,  and  was  granted  by  Roger  de  Poictou 


■  Robert  Dalton,  who  died  in  1626,  was  succeeded  by  Ids  eldest  son  Thomas, 
who  raised  a  regiment  and  fought  for  King  Charles,  and  was  wounded  at  the  second 
Battle  of  Newbury,  October  27th,  1(144.  an<'  was  taken  to  Marlborough,  where  six 
days  later  he  died.      Robert  his  younger  brother  died  unmarried. 


568  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


to  the  Abbey  of  Sees  in  Normandy  from  which  it  passed  to  the 
dependent  house  of  Syon  in  Middlesex.  In  the  grounds  of  the  hall 
are  to  be  seen  some  of  the  finest  Sycamore  trees  in  this  county, 
The  late  E.  Dawson,  Esq.  was  interred  in  a  burial  place  prepared 
in  the  garden  of  the  Hall,  in  March,   187b. 

Sir  John  Harrison  was  grandson  of  Thomas  Harrison,  of 
Aldcliffe,  who  married  Jane  Heysham,  of  Highfield.  The  township 
of  Aldcliffe  anciently  appears  to  have  included  Bulk,  according  to 
the  survey  of  the  Augustinan  Monastery  of  Syon,  entitled  "the 
Surveying  of  Manors,  Londs,  Tenements,  and  other  possessions  in 
the  Countye  of  Lancaster,  perteynyng  to  the  Monasterie  of  Syon 
2ndo  Hen.  8vi."  In  this  document  the  "  Wodde"  called  Rigge 
(Ridge  in  Bulk)  is  mentioned  thus    '"Also   ther  be   2   Wodds  of  my 

Ladys  on  is  called  the  Rigge  and  the  other  is  called as  for 

the  rigge  it  is  well  grown  with  fair  yong  oke  which  wilbe  fare 
tymbre  within  fewe  vers,  if  it  is  kept  as  it  is,  for  ther  is  no  great 
wast  therein,  ther  is  tymbre  trees  in  it  but  no  great  number,  also 
ther  hath  ben  a  lodge  for  the  keper  of  the  wodde  to  resort  to  but 
not  to  dwell  in,  it  is  in  dekay  and  therefore  Cieorge  Singleton  is 
commanded  to  repair  it." 

Also  ther  is  on  called  Olyver  or  Roger  Suthworth  which 
holdeth  the  third  part  of  the  Hirbage  of  the  seid  Wodde  called  the 
Rigge  in  term  and  pay  therfore  qod  yerely  to  my  Lady.  And  the 
seid  Suthworth  is  discharged  by  my  lady's  councell  because  he  haithe 
felled  wood  and  made  distraction  thereof  and  claymeth  to  have  the 
pannage  as  well  as  the  hirbage  which  was  never  in  his  lease  nor 
never  had,  but  only  my  huh  .o\d  Mich  as  she  suffrid  to  have  it  as 
the  keper  of  the  wodde  ;  also  the  seid  Suthworth  makth  not  the 
enclosures  of  the  seid  wods  but  hurteth  other  tenants  adjoynyng 
(and  he  was  agenst  my  lady's  tenants  of  Neuton  and  Bulk  to  have 
enclosed  their  comen  from  them)  and  he  suyth  William  Syghote  in 
the  Court  of  Lancaster  for  the  same  pannage,  and  not  in  my  Lady's 
Courts.  As  for  the  tit  her  Woode  ther  is  neither  tymbre,  trees,  nov 
yong  oke  likly  to  be  tymbre,  it    haith   ben   so  takyn    on   by   tenants 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  569 


that  it  is  almost  destroyed.  There  be  many  scrugges  therein  which 
will  help  to  repair  such  tenements  or  barnes  as  my  lady  hath  when 
neid  is,  if  they  be  kept  from  hensfurth. 

And  so  for  the  savegard  of  the  seid  Wodds  ther  is  a  payn  of 
is.  3d.  putte  in  the  Courte  to  every  tenant  that  fellith  anv  Wodds 
ther  from  hensforth  without  license  and  divers  other  amercyed  in 
the  Courte  for  such  fellyngs  as  be  made  aforetyme." 

The  term  pannage  signifies  "  The  mast  of  the  woods."  also 
a  "  tax  upon  cloth,"  says  Boyer. 

It  appears  that  the  Court  of  the  Lady  Abbess  was  held  at 
'■  Alclil  the  Monday  after  the  Feast  of  the  Decollation  of  Seynt  John 
in  the-  second  yere  of  King-  Henry  the  Eighth,  when  my  ladys 
tenants  appered  as  haith  ben  accustomyd."  The  old  survey  quoted 
is  preserved  in  the  muniments  of  Halton  Hall. 

Bulk  was  often  written  Booke,  and  Bowke  or  Bouke,  as  see 
Dtwutiis  Lancastrice.  It  simply  means  a  hollow  place  by  the  hill  or 
bv  the  riiisre  or  rid":e.      bulk  was  anciently  called  Newton. 

The  seven  daughters  of  Robert  Dalton,  Esq.,  who  died  in 
162b,  were  Margaret,  Elizabeth,  Anne,  Ellen,  Dorothy,  Catherine, 
and  Eleanor.      The  stone  bore  these  words  : 

CATHOLICA 

VIRGINES    XOS 

SUMUS    :    MUTARE 

VEL    THMPORK 

SPERXI.MVS     *%* 

ANO    ►**:    DNI 

1674. 

Mr.  Joseph  Gillow  says  that  "  unfortunately  the  word  which 
should    appear   in    the    space    marked   by    the   asterisks    is    too    far 


.-)/ 


o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


obliterated    to    he    deciphered    from      below    but   most   probably   it 
should  be   "  dua." 

Robert  Dalton  had  ten  daughters,  viz.:  -Margaret,  Eliza- 
beth, Anne,  Jane,  Catherine,  Ellen,  Dorothy,  Catherine,  Eleanor, 
and  Penelope.  Jane  married  William  Caxton,  Esq.,  of  Calton 
Hall,  Craven,  Yorkshire.  The  first  Catherine  died  in  infancy,  says 
Mr.  Gillow.  Seven  virgins,  however,  were  living  at  Aldcliffe 
enduring  much  persecution,  and  only  two,  Catherine  and  Eleanor, 
were  surviving  at  the  death  of  Charles  II.,  February  6th,   1685. 

In  the  old  oak  chest  or  ark  formerly  belonging  to  the  Abbot 
of  Cockersand,  now  at  Thurnham  Hall  is  "  A  brief  relation  of  some 
particulars  touching  the  gentlewomen  of  '  Old  Cliffe,'  their  estates, 
set  down  bv  me,   Lawrence  Copland,  November  12th,   1641." 

It  appears  that  the  Rev.  Peter  Gooden  was  the  "  missioner 
at  Aldcliffe  Hall,  whither  he  had  removed  from  Leighton  about 
1680."  Mr.  Gillow  states  in  his  able  article  on  Aldcliffe  Hall,  that 
according  to  Richard  Hitchmough,  an  unworthy  relative  of  Mr. 
Gooden's,  this  zealous  priest  "kept  a  sort  of  academy  or  little 
seminary  at  Aldcliffe  for  the  education  of  youths  who  were  after- 
wards sent  to  Popish  Colleges  abroad  to  be  trained  as  priests.  The 
Rev.  Peter  Gooden  died  at  Aldcliffe,  December  29th,  1694,  and  was 
buried  at  St.  Mary's  Church,   Lancaster. 

The  present  Aldcliffe  Hall  was  built  by  Mr.  Dawson  in  181 7, 
nearly  on  the  site  of  the  old  Hall,  which  was  built  in  the  time  of 
William  Rufus,  and  was  granted  by  Roger  de  Poictou.  The 
township  of  Aldcliffe  anciently  seems  to  have  included  Bulk,  as  by 
deeds  of  the  Abbey  of  Syon,  quoted  on  page  568 ;  places  in  Bulk 
are  found  included  in  the  letting  of  Aldcliffe. 


The  stone  is  inserted  into  a  blocked  up  lir>t   floor   window  at   one   end  oi 
Thurnliam    Hall. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  571 


Some  interesting  matter  relating  to  the  Abbey  of  Cockersand 
and  to  Thurnham  Hall,  lack  of  space  compels  me  to  leave  un- 
published in  this  volume. 

And  now  my  task  is  over,  a  task  that  has  taken  some  vears 
to  accomplish.  While  conscious  of  many  defects,  the  writer 
humbly  trusts  he  has  succeeded  in  a  small  degree  at  any  rate  in 
adding  to  the  pleasure  of  the  reader,  if  not  to  the  honour  of  our  time- 
honoured  town.  To  do  the  latter  is  scarcely  possible.  It  may  be 
that  the  author  has  written  much  or  transcribed  much  that  will 
evoke  a  smile  not  altogether  complimentary  to  him.  To  attempt  a 
history  is  no  light  work,  and  though  abler  hands  might  have 
proved  more  successful,  he  may  claim  that  no  person  could  have 
endeavoured  more  earnestly  than  he  has  done  to  "get  at  facts."' 
To  corroborate  or  contradict  the  statements  of  one  individual  by 
those  of  another  has  been  his  care,  and  if  after  all  in  his  aim  at 
correctness  he  merits  the  title  of  "  a  bad  shot,"  he  has  at  least  the 
satisfaction  of  knowing  that  he  has  aimed  as  cautiously  as  his 
opportunities  have  enabled  him  to  do. 

That  Lancaster  may  flourish,  and  unity,  peace  and  concord 
characterise  its  citizens  individually  and  collectively  is  the  writer's 
sincere  wish,  to  which  he  joins  the  loyal  invocation 

God  Save  the  Oleex. 


572  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


CHRONOLOGY. 

Foreign  Royal  Visitors   vo  Lancaster. 

The  Prince  of  Orange  passed  through  Lancaster,  September  15th,  1814. 

The  Archdukes  John  and  Louis  of  Austria,  2i.-t  November,  1S16. 

The  Grand  Duke  of  Russia,  20th  November  1817. 

The  Grand  Duke  Nicholas,  driving  by  Scotforth  Hill,  dismounted  from  the 

coach  in  order  to  enjoy  the  view  from  that   point,  which   he    considered   the    finest   in 
this  part  of  Europe.      1816. 

The  King  of  Saxony  visited  Lancaster  Castle,  July  12th,  1844. 

Prince  of  Prussia  passed  through  Lancaster  in  August,  1844. 

Prince  Louis  Napoleon  staid  at  the  King's  Arms  Hotel  on  the  6ih  o( 
I  »i  cember,  1846. 

Eminent  Persons. — Dates  of  their  Visits  to  Lancaster. 

The  poet,  Thomas  Gray,  staid  two  nights  at  this  hotel  in  October,  1769. 

On  the  15th  January,  1837.  Sir  Robert  Peel,  Bart.,  paid  n  visit  to  Lancaster 
and  lodged  at  the  King's  Anns. 

The  Rev.  Hugh  Stowell  Brown  visited  Lancaster  and  preached  in  the 
Wesley  Chapel  10th  January,  1875. 

Sir  William  Venables  Vernon  Harcourl  visited  Lancaster  in  November,  1887. 

Larl  Spencer  in  October,  1889. 

Many  distinguished  persons  have  staid  at  the  principal  hotel  in  years  gone 
by,  but  no  visitors'  book  was  kept  or  any  kind  of  record,  so  I  am  informed. 

On  the  3rd  Novtmber,  1209.  Randolph.  Constable  of  Chester,  Roger  de 
Manby  and  Robert  de  Gresley  were  ordered  to  provide  men  for  the  construction  of 
the  moat  and  fosses  of  Lancaster  Castle.  About  si\  hundred  and  forty-one  years 
afterwards  came  the  order  to  fill  up  the  moat,  viz,  on  the  1st  July,  1850. 

1409.      Henry  IV.  held  his  court  in  Lancaster  Castle. 

St.  Mary's  Church  :    first  record  of  restoration,  1558. 

In  1665,  Isabella  Rigby  was  executed  for  witchcraft  in  the  month  ofOctobi  r. 

In  1688,  there  were  ^ix  guilds  incorporated  in  Lancaster.  We  find  the 
Gilda  Mercatoria  mentioned  in  the  reign  of  Edward  [II.,  about  1340. 

Earthquake  shock  experienced  in  Lancaster,  in  1661.  There  were  also 
seismic  shocks  in  Lancaster  on  the  20th  August,  1835.  17th  March,  1843,  and  on  the 
17th  March,  1871. 

The  will  of  William  Heysham,  who  gave  Greaves  estate,  is  dated  22nd  April, 
1725.  fames  Willan,  saddler,  enjoyed  the  benefit  of  the  Greaves  Charity  over  fifty 
years,  receiving  during  that  period  /.631.  The  Greaves  estate  was  let  at  the  yearly 
rent  of  £256. 

William  Stout,  born  at  Boulton  Holmes,  in  1665,  a  year  of  much  sorrow  for 
the  Friends,  died  on  the  15th  January,  1752,  and  was  buried  in  the  burial  ground  of 
the  Friends'  Meeting  House,  in  Meeting  House  Lane.  Lancaster. 

Lancaster  Races  are  alluded  to  as  far  back  as  1758.  The  race-coiti>e  was 
the  field  beyond  the  County  Asylum  (new  annexe). 

1759.  Breach  of  promise  action  (Hardman  t'.  Loman)  from  near  Rochdale  : 
trial  at  Lancaster.      Damages,  ,£5,000. 

Custom  House  erected  in  1 764,  from  a  design  by  Mr.  Gillow. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


3/ J 


In  1768,  much  rioting  look  place  at  ihc  general  election.  Windows  ol 
houses  were  broken  and  many  persons  were  severly  injured  in  affrays  between  the 
contending  parties. 

Mr.  Dane,  governor  of  Lancastle  Castle,  married  Mrs.  Dawson,  of  the  Red 
Lion  Hotel,  in  July,  1770. 

Charity  School   instituted  in    1772,    for  girls.      Salary   of  mistress,    ,(,24  per 
annum  and  house  rent.      The  assistant  had   /,  10  per  annum. 

In  February,  1773,  there  was  a  marriage  at  Lancaster  of  a  man  aged  102  to 
a  young  woman  aged  25.  The  former  rode  to  and  from  Church  on  horseback, 
attended  by  a  large  concourse  of  people. 

In  1778,  there  were  six  alms-houses  at  the  south  end  of  Penny  Street,  called 
Townson's  or  Tomlinson's  alms-houses.  When  Penny  Street  was  altered  these 
cottages  were  pulled  down  (1811),  and  the  Corporation  paid  lis.  quarterly  to  one  of 
the  old  women  who  had  resided  in  one  of  the  houses  until  a  vacancy  opened  up  for 
her  in  one  of  the  Gillison  Cottages.  It  is  also  said  that  there  were  six  houses  founded 
by  a  George  Johnson,  in  the  year  165 1,  but  though  Dugdale  mention--  them  in  his 
History  of  the  County  there  is  no  allusion  to  them  in  the  Commissioners'  Report. 

A  Sheepshearing  Feast  was  held  at  Quernmore  Park,  the  seat  of  the  lion. 
Edward  Clifford,  on  the  4th  of  July ,  1779. 

In  1780  Miss  Dane  opened  a  coffee  house  and  what  would  now  be  termed 
a  reslamant,  next  door  to  the  King's  Arms  Hotel.  Miss  Dane  was  the  daughter  ol 
Mr.   Dane.  Keeper  of  the  Castle,  who  died  October  16th,  1779. 

The  corner  stone  of  the  Town  Hall  was  laid  in  May,  17S1,  and  in  it  were 
placed  two  medals,  one  of  the  King  and  one  of  the  Queen,  with  date  of  the  laying  of 
the  same. 


bihn  Forrest,  while  confined  in  Lancaster  Castle  for  debt,  painted  two 
water  colour  drawings  of  Lancaster  ("astle  in  J781.  Another  debtor  named  William 
Quin  copied  the  pictures  in  oil,  and  in  due  course  these  copies  were  presented  by  Mr. 
J.   Higgin  to  the  Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Historical  Society  Icirca   1849). 

In  1784  a  Mrs.  Cock  was  living  in  Skerton,  aged  97. 

In  1 7S4  the  Lancaster  Assizes  were  held  in  the  Town  Hall,  owing  to  a 
severe  attack  of  gaol  fever  breaking  out  at  the  Castle.  It  also  appears  that  a  vicarage 
of  Lancaster  was  erected  on  the  <)th  of  February,  1430. 

The  first  mail  coach  from  London  arrived  in  Lancaster  in  1786. 

In  the  year  1786  one  Edward  Barlow,  said  to  have  been  a  Welshman,  and 
as  vile  a  rogue  as  ever  lived,  was  appointed  county  executioner.  He  it  was  who 
"  officiated  "  at  the  execution  of  the  nine  poor  creatures  barbarously  "  turned  off"  on 
the  19th  of  April,  1817.  Up  to  the  year  1806,  "  Ned."  as  the  hangman  was 
familiarly  called,  had  hanged  84  persons.  But  at  the  Lent  assi/.es  of  the  same  year 
he  himself  was  sentenced  to  death  for  horse  stealing,  but  the  sentence  wa-  commuted. 
It  is  computed  that  altogether  Old  Ned  executed  no  less  than  131  person-.  during  his 
career.     He  died  in  the  Castle. — (Hall.  ) 

In    1 7S6    Mr.    William    Lindow,    merchant,   died. 

In  1787,  the  oldest  freeman  living  was  one  John  Walmsley,  who  died  Ma\ 
15th  of  the  year  named. 

On  the  21st  November,  1787.  Mr.  Heysham,  while  walking  with  Alderman 
Suart,  fell  down  dead. 

On  the  9th  January,  1788,  Mr.  Howard,  the  eminent  prison  philanthropist, 
\isited  Lancaster  Castle. 

On  May  71I1,  1788,  there  died  at  Lancaster.  Lady  Fleming,  (relict  of  Sir 
William  Fleming,  Hart.),  aged  88  years.      1'or  fifty  years  she  had  been  a  widow. 


574  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


On  June   25th,  1788,   Thomas   Dugdale,  Esq.,   died  at    Bailrigg,   aged  91. 

Hi-  was  a  lineal  descendant  of  Dugdale,  ihe  antiquary. 

For  stealing  cloth  in  Lancaster  Mary  Wilson  was  publicly  whipped  on  the 
29th  October,   178S. 

In  1788,  on  the  4th  November,  the  Revolution  Jubilee  was  held  at  Lan- 
caster, a  considerable  number  of  ship  cannon  being  planted  on  the  brow  of  the  hill 
at  Haverbricks,  and  during  the  afternoon  many  rounds  were  tired.  In  the  evening 
there  were  bonfires  and  fireworks. 

Miss  Ann  Gillison  died  January  1st,  1790,  aged  71.  She  left  ,£1,600  for 
alms-houses,  eight  for  distressed  old  maids,  /"too  for  Lancaster  Dispensary,  ^"50  for 
Manchester  Infirmary,  ^50  for  Liverpool  Infirmary,  .£400  each  to  eight  distant 
relations,  and  £50  to  each  of  her  servants. 

Springfield  Mall  was  erected  about  1790-3,  by  James  Hargreaves,  Esq. 

Died  January,  1795,  Mr.  Stevens,  engineer  fir  the  Aqueduct  Bridge  over 
the  river  lame. 

In  September,  1795,  a  man  named  William  Mason,  a  mortar  carrier,  was 
killed  at  Lancaster  Castle.  He  fell  from  a  lofty  scaffold.  For  a  man  in  his  Soth 
year  to  be  permitted  ti>  ascend  a  scaffold  was  surely  a  mistake. 

1795.     "A  Description  of  Lancaster,"  was  published  by  John  Housman,  of 

(  '.>i  by.  near  Carlisle. 

Died  May  17th,  1796.  the  Rev.  Oliver  Marton,  Vicar  of  Lancaster. 

On  the  21st  of  June.  1 796.  Mr.  Abraham  Seward,  <>f  Lancaster,  had  the 
honour  of  kissing  his  Majesty's  hand  at  St.  James's,  on  presenting  a  gold  medal  of 
exquisite  workmanship,  representing  on  the  one  side  the  Exchange  at  Liverpool  and 
on  the  other  the  Infirmary  at  Manchester,  which  his  Majesty  was  graciously  pleased 
to    receive.       Mr.  Seward  was  introduced  by  Colonel  Stanley  and  John  Dent,  Esq. 

Lancaster  Marsh  (210  acres),  enclosed  1795. 

Lancaster  canal  was  opened  in  November,  1797,  from  Preston  to  Tewitt 
Field.  The  engineer  was  Mr.  William  Cartwright,  who  died  January  19th,  1804, 
aged  39. 

In  the  early  part  of  1S00  wheal  sold  in  the  Lancaster  market  for  six  guineas 
per  load  of  tour  and  a  half  Winchester  bushels,  and  oatmeal  at  £5  per  load  of  24oibs. 

Michael  Jones.  Esq.,  ofCaton,  died  July  24th,  1S01,  aged  72. 

November  17th,  1802,  a  halbert  stolen  from  the  mayor's  door. 

Alderman  James  Hinde,  Mayor  of  Lancaster  (1766,  1774,  1782  and  1792), 
died  in  1802,  aged  81. 

The  freedom  <  f  the  borough  of  Lancaster  presented  to  the  Earl  of  Strath- 
more,  March  10th,  1802. 

The  Bath,  situate  in  Moor  Street,  top  of  Moor  Lane,  was  built  by  fifty 
subscribers  at  ten  guineas  each,  in  1S03. 

February  16th,  1803.  A  vagrant  publicly  whipped  in  Lancaster  Market 
Place. 

April  2nd,  1803.  James  Morris  pilloried  in  Lancaster  Market  Place  for 
fraud.      found  dead  in  bed  next  morning.      Verdict,  "  Visitation  of  God." 

September  22nd,  1803.  Prince  William  Frederick  of  Gloucester  entered 
the  Castle  and  ascended  John  o*Gaunt's  chair. 

October,  1803.  The  Rev.  Mi.  While,  vicar  of  Lancaster,  a  prisoner  at 
Fontainbleau. 

|ulv  1 8th,  18^7.  Joshua  Newsham  pilloried  in  the  Market  Place,  Lan- 
caster. 


TIMK-HONOURl£D    LANCASTER. 


D/0 


Heath  of  Thomas  Worswick,  banker,  on  the  4th  fanuary,  1804.  Alexander 
VVorswick,  died  29th  July,  1814,  aged  50,  late  of  Leigh  ton ;  and  Richard,  his 
brother,  of  Ellel  Grange,  five  years  after. 

Alderman  Suart,  died  December  24th,  1805,  aged  95. 

May,  1807.  John  Dent  and  Peter  Patten,  after  nine  days'  polling,  received 
exactly  same  number  of  votes  (1393). 

The  Jubilee  of  George  111.  was  celebrated  on  the  25th  October,  1809. 
Shops  were  closed  in  the  town  and  the  day  observed  as  a  holiday.  The  Rev.  j. 
Manby,  M.A.  preached  a  special  sermon  from  Psalm  c,  v.  3rd  and  4th.  At  1  p.m. 
a  royal  salute  was  tired  on  the  Quay,  and  then  is.  each  was  distributed  to  Nbo  poor 
men  and  women.  A  liall  was  held  in  the  Assembly  Room  in  the  evening1.  The 
Duke  of  Hamilton  gave  30  guineas  to  the  charities,  and  Mr.  Henry  Sudell  .£.100  to 
the  debtors  in  the  castle,  who  had  a  free  breakfast  of  excellent  charactei  provided  for 
them:  likewise  a  dinner  which  was  enjoyed  by  160  persons:  an  ox  was  killed  for  the 
occasion,  and  two  debtors  were  discharged,  amicable  arrangements  having  been 
made  with  their  plaintiffs.  The  girls  of  the  Charity  School  were  provided  with  a  lea 
by  the  ladies  of  Miss  Shaw's  Boarding  School,  and  received  a  bun  and  a  thimble,  and 
the  most  deserving  6d.  each.  Mr.  Gregson  wrote  a  song  commencing  "In  the  days 
that  are  past  when  our  ancestors  rude.'  and  sang  it  in  capital  style  in  the  Council 
( 'hamber  of  the  Town  Hall ;  he  was  loudly  applauded.  The  verses,  six  in  number, 
appeared  in  the  oldest  local  journal  at  the  time  and  were  re-published  bv  "Cross 
l'leury,"  in  1890. 

In  180S,  a  Mr.  Kidd  was  appointed  writing  master  at  the  Grammar  School. 

Mr.  Abram  Seward  received  on  March  1st,  1809,  Royal  Letters  patent  for  a 
new  invention  in  regard  to  cairiage  harness.  He  obtained  a  similar  document  on 
the  26th  of  July,  in  the  same  year,  concerning  a  new  and  improved  lamp,  lanthorn 
and  si  reel  lamp. 

Lancaster  Races  revived  June  27th,  1809. 

The  Rev.  John  Atkinson,  of  St.  John's,  died  February  8th.  1812,  aged  38. 

In  1S11.  an  Act   of  Parliament   was  obtained   for  enclosing  the   Quernmore 

Fl  'lis!. 

The  old  White  Cross  Mill  was  burnt  down  on  the  nth  June,  1812.  A  lire 
also  broke  out  here  doing  considerable  damage  in  1861.  The  sail  cloth  factory 
known  as  the  White  Cross  Works,  situated  in  Aldcliffe  Lane,  was  offered  for  sale  in 
1813.  It  is  said  that  a  Roman  Catholic  Chapel  once  stood  here,  by  some  persons, 
but  1  have  not  been  able  to  corroborate  the  statement. 

September,  1812.  Found  while  cutting  a  drain  in  Pudding  Lane,  now 
called  Cheapside,  two  small  querns,  man)'  pieces  of  earthenware  and  some  human 
bones. 

The  town  lit  this  year,   1812,  by  169  oil  lamps  of  one  spout  each. 

On  July  9th,  1814,  an  essay  on  signs  of  murder  in  new  born  children  was 
translated  from  the  French  ol  P.  A.  O'Mahon  by  Christopher  Johnson,  surgeon,  of 
Lancaster,  and  printed  by  C.  Clark. 

Lancaster  Local  Hoard  of  Health  formed  in  18 1 5. 

fanuary  28th,  1815.  The  editor  of  the  Lancaster  Gazette  expresses  the 
happiness  he  feels  that  ale  which  was  sold  at  Ulverston  at  y\  per  pint,  is  now  sold 
for  2'id.,  and  does  not  doubt  that  it  will  fall  as  much  throughout  the  whole  country. 

1816.      A  Provident  Savings'  Bank  established  in  Lancaster,  2nd  January. 

The  managers  of  the  Lancaster  Provident  Bank  held  their  first  quarterly 
meeting'at  the  Dispensary Jwhen  it  appeared  that  ^282  13s.  6d.  had  been  received 
from  86  contributors,  out  of  which  the  sum  of  £3  12s.  id.  had  been  paid.  This  was 
on  the  30th  March,  1816. 


i76  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


Mr.  William  Robinson,  a  leader  of  local  concerts,  died  on  the  17th  February, 
1817.  aged  81. 

1818.  Great  breach  of  promise  case,  tried  at  the  assizes  (Oxford  ?'.  Butler- 
Cole)      Verdict  £7,000  damages. 

July  iSth,  1818.      The  dungeon  tower  of  Lancaster  Castle  taken  down. 

October  4th.  1818.  A  new  burial  ground  consecrated  in  connection  with 
Lancaster  Church. 

On  the  21st  September,  1818.  Mrs.  Caroline  Fr\ ,  the  prison  philanthropist, 
visited  Lancaster  Castle. 

1821.      Intense  fog  in  Lancaster  continuing  seven  hours.     25th  January. 

Matthew  Pyper  died  in  1821,  aged  93.  and  agreeable  to  his  own  request 
was  interred  in  the  centre  of  the  floor  of  the  Boys'  National  School.  Kendal.  Mr. 
Pyper  endowed  the  National  School,  of  Lancaster  and  Kendal. 

1821.     AldclitTe  embankment  raised  by  E.  Dawson,  Esf[. 

Worswick's  bank  stopped  payment  February  13th.  1822. 

Leighton  Hall  was  bought  by  Richard  Gillow,  Esq.,  in  1823,  foi  £22,300, 
exclusive  of  timber  valued  at  ^2,591.     Ellel  Grange  and   Cragg   Hall   estates,  lately 

held  by  Richard  Worswick.  were  bought    by    Richard    Atkinson,  Esq.,  for   £10,80   . 
timber  £6So  extra. 

Thomas    barrow,  R.A.,   portrait    painter,  died   at    Eccleston,    Garstang,    on 

the  i  iih  of  November,  1822,  aged  84. 

I'd  unary,   1823.      Roof  of  Lancaster  Church  repaired. 

Sunday,  October  I2th.  1823.  The  maiden  peal  rung  by  the  Preston  ringers 
on  the  Lancaster  bells. 

March  2nd,  1824.  Hannah  Clough,  a  prisoner  in  the  Castle,  under  process 
of  Ecclesiastical  Court,  did  penance  in  the  Parish  Chinch. 

Ridges'  lodgings  built  1824.  They  used  to  be  where  the  Centenary  Chapel 
now  stands. 

September  2Sth,  1825.  Public  meeting  in  Lancaster,  when  a  resolution 
was  passed  to  raise  £8,000  in  £20  shares  to  light  the  town  with  gas.  Up  to  1819 
the  Corporation  lighted  the  streets  with  lamps,  but  in  that  year  it  was  resolved  that 
each  street  should  light  its  own  ;  in  1820  the  same  ;  but  in  1821  many  inhabitants 
refused  to  subscribe. 

Mr.  Greg's  mill  built  about  1825. 

Pilworth's  Bank  stopped  payment  February  10th.  1826. 

Tuesday,  May  23rd,  1826.     Glasson  branch  of  Lam-aster  Canal  opened. 

I une,  1826.      (Jaspipes  laid  down  in  Market  Street. 

February  24th,  1827.      First  attempt  to  illuminate  the  town  by  gas. 

Captain  Thomas  Greenwood,  who  died  on  the  24th  of  February,  1S31. 
crossed  the  Atlantic  105  times. 

Luneside  Bowling  Green  opened  12th  of  May.  183 1. 

1832.  Death  of  Charles  Gibson,  Esq.,  of  Quernmore  Park.  High  Sheriff 
in  1827,  29th  July. 

1832.  Lancaster  Town  Council  adopt  a  petition  in  favour  of  the  repeal  of 
the  Corn   Laws. 

Dr.  Campbell,  County  Asylum,  died  February  4th,  1832,  was  succeeded  by 
Dr.  Whalley. 

Thomas  Bowes,  of  Dalton  Square,  who  defrayed  expenses  consequent  upon 
erecting  the  spire  of  St.  John's  Church,  died  December  28th,  1S33. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER  577 


On  the  21st  March,  1833,  Mr.  John  Dockray,  quaker,  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  common  Council.  This  is  the  first  instance  of  a  dissenter  being  admitted 
into  that  body  since  the  repeal  of  the  Test  and  Corporation  A<  t. 

1836.  George  Burrow,  Esq.,  first  mayor  of  Lancaster  under  the  new 
Municipal  Reform  Act,  1st  January. 

1836.      Dr.  Whalley,  first  member  of  the   Society  of  Friends   who   qualified 

as  a  county  justice,  4th  January. 

1836.  George  Burrow,  James  Atkinson,  Thomas  Eastwood,  E.  G.  Hornby, 
W.  B.  Bolden,  and  Christopher  Johnson  appointed  first  Borough  Magistrates  fo] 
Lancaster,  14th  February. 

Mr.  R.  F.  Housman  published  a  collection  of  sonnets  in  1836. 

1837.  John  Dalton,  Esq.,  last  male  representative  of  the  Daltons  of 
Thurnham,  died  10th  March. 

A  Conservative  Dinner  took  place  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  on  the  25th 
of  August,  1837.  About  203  ladies  were  present.  A  banner  was  presented  to  the 
Heart  of  Oak  Club,  richly  gilded  and  embroidered. 

1838.  First  vessel  launched  from  the  Shipbuilding  yard  a!  Glasson  Dock, 
8th  March. 

1838.  Great  fire  at  Skerton ;  a  warehouse  and  three  cottages  burnt  to 
the  ground. 

£840.  Exhibition  of  Art.-  and  Manufactures  opened  in  Lancaster,  22nd 
June. 

North  Road  (Police  Folly)  opened  1840. 

Lancaster  Exhibition  closed  on  the  5th  of  September,  1840. 

Mr.  Dunn  appointed  Town  Clerk  of  Lancaster,  19th  October,  1840. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Mackreth,  of  Halton,  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Langshaw  on 
the  15th  June,  1841. 

A  Medical  Book  Club  Library  was  established  in  September,  1844. 

Mr.  James  Williamson  was  born  December  31st,  1844. 

1842.  James  Acland  indicted  for  libelling  W.  Robinson,  Esq.,  Mayor  of 
Lancaster.     Discharged  on  tendering  apology,  14th  March. 

Fergus  O'Connor  addressed  a  meeting  of  Chartists  in  Brewery  Lane, 
Lancaster,  on  the  2nd  of  July,  1842. 

Charles  Grant,  a  youth,  rescued  two  persons  from  drowning  in  tin-  Lime  on 
the  9th  and  23rd  of  August,  1842,  and  he  received  the  congratulations  of  the  Royal 
Humane  Society. 

The  sale  of  the  Canal  Company's  packet  horses,  63  in  number,  which  had 
worked  the  packet  line  between  Lancaster  and  Preston,  took  place  on  Monday, 
September  19th,  1S42.  The  sale  took  place  in  the  field  belonging  Mr.  Atkinson,  of 
the  Prince  William  Henry  Inn.  The  packet  horses  realised  between  „'.'t.i"0  and 
,£1,200. 

1842.  On  Saturday,  September  24th,  a  battle  took  place  between  a  hawk 
and  a  stock-dove  in  Ashton  Park.  The  battle  was  long  and  fierce,  and  when  the  two 
combatants  fell  together  it  was  found  that  the  stock-dove  was  much,  injured  about  the 
breast  but  not  fatally.  .Mr.  John  Moser's  son  rescued  it  and  took  it  home,  and 
unfortunately  owing  to  its  being  left  over  night  in  the  kitchen  it  was  found  dead  in 
the  morning,  having  been  killed  by  a  cat.  In  its  crop  were  found  upwards  of  thirty 
beans  perfectly  whole,  and  a  great  number  of  vetches. 

A  fearful  stabbing  affray  took  place  in  front  of  the  Custom    House   Ta\ 
St.  George's  Quay,  on  the  3rd   October,    1842.     The  assailant    was   Richard    Carr, 
the  assaulted  man  his  younger  brother,  Robert  Carr. 


P2 


5j8  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


"St.  Mary's  Square  or  Stonewell "  is  to  be  seen  in  an  advertisement 
appearing  on  the  29th  October,  1842. 

The  Railway  from  Lancaster  to  Carlisle  formed  by  a  company  whose 
capital  consisted  of  ,{,800,000  in  16,000  shares  of  ,£50  (1842-3).  Mr.  Joseph  Lock, 
1'.  R.S.,  and  Mr.  J  E.  Errington,  M.  Inst.  C.  E.  were  the  engineers  of  the  company. 
Up  to  April  5th,  1-S45,  240,000  shares  were  applied  for  in  the  North-Western 
Railway.      The  shares  were  at  this  period  at  a  ^5  premium. 

Oliver  Marton  died  1st  January,  1843  (Sunday),  aged  77. 

Isaac  Heald,  an  out-pensioner  of  Greenwich  Hospital,  who  had  fought  at 
Trafalgar,  a  native  of  Lancaster,  died  on  Sunday,  January  1st,  1843,  aged  72. 

(  Hiver  Toulmin  Roper,  Esq.,  died  at  his  residence  in  Great  John  Street,  on 
the  1 2th  January,  1843,  aged  56. 

Chartist  trials  began  March  4th,  1843,  at  Lancaster  Assizes. 

Libel  case,  Queen  v.  Eastwood,  Sherburne  ?'.  Eastwood  (Thos.  Eastwood, 
Esq.,  1.1'..  of  Dalton  Square),  March  9th,  1843. 

Volume  of  poems  published  by  Mary  Wilson,  in  1843.  Announced  July  8th 
of  that  year  in  the  Lancaster  Gazette. 

Robert  Storev,  the  Conservative  Poet,  received  an  appointment  under 
government  in  July,  1843.  Review  of  his  poems  in  the  Lancaster  Gazette,  entitled 
"Love  and  Literature,"  March  20th,  1843. 

first  Lancaster  Regatta  held  on  the  16th  September,  1843. 

Mr.  Braham's  Concert  at  the  Athenaeum,  September  19th,  1843. 

Concert,  "Varied  Hours,"  given  at  the  Athenseum,  by  Mr.  II.  Phillips 
October  5th,  1843. 

The  Great  Wizard,  Jacobs,  at  the  Athenaeum  in  October,  1843. 

Professor  Whewell  made  a  Docter  of  Divinity  in  December,  1843. 

Mr.  John  Ilullah  in  Lancaster  in  1843. 

Mis.  Easter  Worsley,  born  on  Easter  Sunday,  8th  April,  1792,  and 
christened  Easter;  died  on  Good  Friday,  1844,  aged  51.  She  was  buried  in  St. 
Mary's  Churchyard  on  Easter  Monday,  1844.  Her  husband  was  Staff-Sergeant  John 
Worsley. 

A  rat  22^  inches  long  from  snout  to  extremity  of  tail  was  killed  in  the  Old 
Sir  Simon  stables  in  April,  1844. 

Post  Office  removed  to  ic6,  Market  Street,  27th  May,  1844. 

Dr.  de  Yitre  presided  over  a  meeting  held  on  the  10th  of  July,  1844,  the 
objeel  of  which  consisted  of  the  introduction  of  phonography  into  Lancaster. 

There  were  97  debtors  in  Lancaster  Castle  in  August,  1844. 

Lancaster  shopkeepers  agree  to  close  their  shops  at  7  p.m.  during  winter  in 
September,  1844. 

Parish  Church  first  lit  with  gas,  September  8th,  1844. 

Francis  Ludlow  Unit.  Yiee-Chancellor  of  Lancaster,  died  29th  Sept.,  1844. 

Mr.  Carte's  conceit  held  at  the  Athenaeum  on  the  28th  October,  1844. 
Artistes:  Miss  Steele,  Madame  F.  Lablache  (formerly  known  as  Miss  Fanny 
Wyndham),  Mr.  Henry  Russell,  Signor  M.  Dohler  (pianist),  Signor  Camill  1  Suori 
(pupil  of  Paganini),  and  Signor  Piatti. 

Mr.  Lover,  author  of  "  Rory  O'More,"  visited  Lancaster  on  Thursday, 
November  21st,  1844. 

Mr.  Stainbnnk,  solicitor,  formerly  of  Lancaster,  died  on  the  1st  Deceml  er, 
184.1,  at  Bishop  Stortford,  Herts,  aged  39. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  579 


Superintendent  Walters,  Chief  Constable  of  County,  Lancaster  Division  in 
1844. 

Hornby  Castle  Coursing  Club  first  commenced  23rd  January,  1 

A  testimonial  presented  to  Captain  Kennedy  of  the   Duchess  of  Lancaster 

mer,  on  the  13th  January,  1845.      The  Captain  retired  from  the  command  of  the 

steamboat  at  the  end  of  October  of  this  year,  and  was  succeeded  by  Captain  Harrow. 

Wilson's    Scottish    Entertainment    at    the    Athenaeum,    Tuesday,    January 

14th,   1845. 

Mr.  R.  Godson,  M.I',  succeeded  Mr.  Shepherd  as  Counsel  to  the  Admiralty 
in  February,  1845. 

Presentation  to  the  Rev.  |.  N.  G.  Armytage,  of  St.  Thomas' Church,  on  his 
removal  in  June,  1843. 

Professor  Whewell  presented  a  selection  of  books  to  the  Lancaster  Mechanics' 

Institute,  in  June,  1845. 

The  Rev.  David  Umpleby  died  on  Monday,  the  nth  August,  1S45,  aged  49. 
Richard,  better  known  as  "Lick"  Carr,  drowned  August  31st,  1845. 

A  survey  of  the  River  Lune  by  Captain  Washington,  R.N.  and  T.  M. 
Rendel,  Esq.,  C.E.,  appointed  by  the  Admiralty,  concerning  the  best  method  of 
laying  out  £10,^00  for  the  improvement  of  the  river  and  port  of  Lancaster,  3rd 
September,  1845. 

Miss  Maria  B.  Hawes  at  the  Athenaeum,  September  4th,  1S45. 

Testimonial  to  Mr.  Rowland  Hill,  author  of  penny  post  system,  supported 
in  Lancaster.  October,  1845. 

Parish  relief  no  longer  held  to  be  a  barrier  to  the  admittance  of  persons 
otherwise  entitled  to  the  benefits  of  Penny's  Charity.  Rule  hitherto  obtaining  to  this 
effect  being  rescinded  in  December,  1845. 

"  Sonnets  and  Fragments  by  Beta "  announced  to  be  had  of  C.  Barwick, 
Bookseller,  Lancaster,  in  December,  1845. 

York  and  Lancaster  Railway  Company  provisionally  registered  in  1845. 

Morecambe  Bay  Harbour  Company  registered  1845. 

Rev.  Wm.  Higgin  appointed  Dean  of  Limerick  in  1845. 

The  Rev.  Thomas  Barrow,  of  Skerton,  had  a  brother  who  died  on  the  20th 
January,  1846.  aged  24.      He  was  conductor  of  the  ''Botanical  Magazine." 

Thomas  Shepherd,  Esq.  died  at  his  Chambers,  Lincoln's  Inn,  on  the  3rd 
April.  1S46,  aged  71. 

lohn  Stout,  Esq.  died  April  nth,  1846,  in  his  83rd  year,  at  his  residence, 
Oueen  Square.  He  was  the  owner  of  several  estates,  among  them  the  Bolton 
Holme  estate,  sold  27th  August,  1846,  to  S.  E.  Bolden,  Esq.  for  £3,710.  (Consisted 
of  82  acres  and  1  roi  - 

The  Fraser  Family  at  the  Music  Hall,  April  14th,  1846. 

Spencer  T.  Hall,  Esq.  lectured  at  the  Music  Hall,  on  Mesm<  rism,  April 
28th  and  30th  and  May  1st,  1846. 

Meeting  concerning  the  Parish   Church   Bells  which   v.  ere  rendered  al 
useless,  Tuesday,  4th  August,  1S46. 

A  woman  picked  a  mushroom  at  Halton  24  fnches  in  circumference  and  8 
inches  across,  on  the  4th  September,  1846. 

Mr.  Jacobs.  Wizard  of  Wizards,  at  the  Athenaeum  on  the  23rd  November, 
1846. 

Mr.  II.  O'Connell,  of  the  Observatory,  Edinburgh,  lectured  in  the 
Athenaeum,  on  Astronomy,  December  14th  and  16th,  1846. 


58o  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER. 


Vandendoff  at  the  Music  Hall,  February,  1847. 

At  one  time,  according  to  the  Gazette  of  May  8th,  1847,  any  person  passing 
through  the  toll-bar  at  St.  Leonardgate  was  liable  to  a  toll  of  is.  \%A.  for  carrying  a 
parcel  of  say  only  lib.  of  sugar. 

1847.      Great  tire  at  a  sail-cloth  factory  in  Henry  Street,  30th  May. 

On  July  4th,  1847  (Race  Sunday),  a  fatal  fight  occurred  between  Richard 
Parker,  and  Edward  Seward.      The  latter  died  from  his  injuries. 

Presentation  to  Superintendent  Fitzsimon  of  gold  watch  and  appendages, 
value  30  guineas,  September  21st,  1847,  at  the  King's  Arms. 

fames  Atherton,  Esq.,  engineer,  married  Miss  Charlotte  Piers,  governess  at 
the  Castle,  on  the  14th  October,  1847,  at  Si.  Mary's  Church. 

1847.  Roman  remains  found  in  Queen  Square. 

fohn  Parkin-on.  of  Skerton,  died  aged  92,  3rd  January,  1S48. 

John  Hargreaves,  of  Penny  Street,  nurseryman,  died  on  the  9th  April, 
1848,  in  his  74th  \ear. 

184S.     Alderman  Blades's  workshops  destroyed  by  fire,  15th  April. 

1848.  Mr.  George  Wright  died  30th  April.  Defendant  in  the  protracted 
will  case,  Tatham  v.  Wright     re  Hornby  estates. 

Mr.  Preston,  landlord  of  the  Green  Dragon,  had  to  appear  in  court  about 
the  15th  Inly,  184S.  concerning  the  charge  of  smuggling  whiskey  into  the  Castle. 
brought  against  hi-  assistant,  a  man  named  Taylor.  Suspicions  having  been  aroused 
the  baskets  were  examined  and  found  to  have  false  bottoms,  in  which  whiskey  was 
secreted.      Pined  £\o. 

Leonard  Willan  died  at  Castle  Cottage,  4th  August.  1848,  aged  So  year-. 

Sower  Holme  for  sale  November  23rd,  1848. 

Mr.  Quarme  took  his  farewell  of  the  public  as  proprietor  of  the  Lancaster 
Gazette.  September  29th,  1848.  Mr.  Quarme  was  formerly  editor  of  the  Pieston 
Pilot. 

Edward  Stake's  Electric  Light  treated  of  in  December,  1848. 

Choral  and  Madrigal  Society  commenced  January  4th,  1849. 

British  Archaeological  Association  visited  Lancaster  August  30th,  1X50. 

Dr.  Lingard  died  June  1 7th,  1851. 

Hamilton  estate  of  Ashton  Hall,  sold  1853. 

Lancaster  Cemetery,  containing  21  acres,  opened  in  1855. 

Barracks,  now  used  for  Volunteer.-.,  erected  in  1854.  Is  excellently 
appointed,  and  contains  fourteen  rooms. 

1858,  18th  Feb.  Alderman  Monk,  of  Preston,  surgeon,  convicted  at 
Lancaster  Assizes  of  forging  a  will;  sentenced  to  penal  servitude  for  life.  Was 
mayor  of  Preston  six  years  previously. 

The  Palatine  Hall  was  purchased  and  put  in  trust  for  the  Lancaster  Total 
Abstinence  Society,  in  1S59,  and  the  cost  of  the  original  purchase  was  £"1,401,  and 
about  ^700  was  spent  on  necessary  alterations.  The  Palatine  Hall  Company's 
secretary  at  present  time  is  Mr.  Johnson. 

1859.  Rifle  Volunteer  Corps  formed.  Museum  removed  from  the 
Athenaeum  to  the   Mechanics'   Institute. 

Mr.  Matthias  Saul  died  25th  February,  i860,  aged  J^. 

The  Rev.  George  Morland  died  on  the  5th  of  October,  1862,  aged  71. 

1S63.      Greenfield  mill  built.      Lune  Shipbuilding  Company  established. 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  s8i 


y 


Ripley's  Hospital  opened  in  1864. 

Lancaster  Examiner  published  January  6th,  1S72. 

1865.     Death  of  Samuel  Gregson,  M.P.,  nth  February. 

1865.      Last  Borough  election. 

1868.  British  Archaeological  Association  meeting  at  Lanca -'n.  Lancaster 
Runic  Cross  removed  to  the  British  Museum. 

1869.  Canal  bridges  in  Penny  Street  ami  Moor  Lane  widened.  St.  John's 
National  Schools  opened. 

1870.  Dr.  Shuttleworth  appointed  Medical  Superintendent  of  tin-  Royal 
Albert  Asylum,  4th  April. 

1S70.      "  Booker  Scholarship'"  founded  at  the  Royal  Grammar  School. 

187 1.  Rev.  W.  Hornby,  M.A.,  St.  Michael's-on-Wyre,  appointed  Arch- 
deacon of  Lancaster. 

187 1.  Resolution  in  favour  of  establishing  a  School  Board  in  Lancaster 
defeated  in  the  Council  Chamber. 

1872.  An  old  woman  killed  by  a  man  to  whom  she  was  housekeeper  in 
Brewery  Lane,  3rd  April. 

1872.  Oddfellows'  A.M.C.  at  Lancaster.  The  town  made  .1  military 
centre. 

'  1872.     Fire  at  St.  George's  Works.      Much  damage  done. 

1873.  Fire  at  Lancaster  Wagon  Works,  circa  April  25th. 

1874.  Great  trial  at  the  Summer  Assizes,  Robertson  v.  Fawcett,  between 
the  Lords  of  Heysham  Manor  and  the  fishermen  respecting  the  right  of  the  latter  to 
take  mussels.  Verdict  in  favour  of  the  fishermen.  Demolition  of  the  old  cottages 
close  to  the  Castle  gateway.     Floral  and  Horticultural  Society  established. 

On  the  9th  December  died  James  Grant  in  his  66th  year. 

Miss  Elizabeth  Bryan,  first  matron  of  the  Royal  Allen  Asylum,  died  on 
the  27th  September,  1880.     She  had  been  matron  10  years. 

Dr.  Thomas  Howitt,  F.R.C.S.,  J. P.,  died  on  the  29th  May,  1881,  aged  42. 

The  Rev.  Sydney  Faithorn  Green,  M.A.,  of  St.  John's.  Miles  Platting, 
imprisoned  in  Lancaster  Castle  on  the  19th  March,  1881  ;  liberated  November 
4th,  1882. 

Alderman  John  Greg  died  23rd    November,  1882,  aged  80. 

Wood  pavement  first  laid  in  the  streets  in  Lancaster — Maiket  Street  in 
August,  1884;  New  Street  in  July,  1891. 

Dr.  Harold  Gilbertson  Taylor,  M.D.,  son  of  Dr.  John  and  [Catherine 
Taylor,  died  after  a  brief  illness  on  the  16th  of  October,  1887,  at  the  early  age  oJ  ,]2. 
He  had  been  assistant  doctor  at  the  Royal  Albert  Asylum  seven  years. 

John  Broadhurst,  Esq..  F.  R.C.S.,  died  on  the  24th  of  .March,  [888,  in  his 
71st  year. 

Princess  Steam  Laundry,  the  first  in  Lancaster,  established  [888,  1»\  F. 
Price,  became  the  "Lancaster  and  District  Steam  Laundry  Company"  111  1890. 
Mr.  C.  R.   Compston,  secretary. 

Mr.  Alderman  Preston  appointed  County  Councillor  for  Lancaster,  fanuary, 
1889. 

Presentation  to  the  Rev.  D.  Davis  on  the  occasion  of  his  removal  from 
Lancaster  to  Evesham,  County  of  Worcester,  April,  1889. 

Quemmore  footpath  case  tried  at  the  Assizes,  June,  1889.  Verdict  in  favour 
of  W.  Garnett,  J.  P. 


582  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


Death  of  Air.  Stephen  Wright  Wearing,  August,  1889. 

Mr.  Frederick  Lamond  at  the  Palatine  Hall,  November  28th,  1889. 

Mr.  Albert  Greg  presented  an  observatory  to  the  town  in  18S9. 

Lancaster  Savings  Bank  ceased  to  exist  in  1889.  Its  last  annual  return 
bowed  its  amount  of  funds  to  be  £146,835  5s.   6d. 

Grand  Ballad  Concert  at  the  Palatine  Hall,  January  23rd,  1890.  Artistes  : 
Miss  Alice  Gomez.  Madame  Belle  Cole.  Mr.  Charles  Wade,  and  Mr.  Maybrick 
(Stephen  Adams);  Conductor,  Signor  Carlo  Ducci  ;  Pianoforte  Soloist,  Senor 
Albeniz  ;    Solo  Violincello,  Mr.  Joseph  Holman. 

Death  of  Frederick  William  Grafton,  Esq. ,  J. P. ,  late  member  for  north- 
east Lancashire,  27th  January,  1890,  in  his  74th  year. 

Death  of  fohn  Gordon  M'Minnies,  late  M.P.  for  Warrington,  January  31st, 
1890.      He  was  born  in  Lancaster,  in  May,  1817. 

Death  of  Mr.  S.  Ducksbury,  February  23rd,  1890,  aged  58. 

Cumberland  and  Westmorland  Antiquarian  Society  visited  Lancaster  and 
district,  September  18th  and  19th,  1890. 

Wreck  of  the  Schooner  "Ernest,"  October  24th,  1890. 

Herr  Schonberger  and  Madame  Marie  Andersen  at  the  Palatine  Hall, 
November  20th,  1890. 

231c!  November,  1890.  Dr.  Dallinger  at  the  Wesley  Chapel;  24th,  at  the 
Palatine   Hall. 

Scotforth  Cemetery  Consecrated  12th  December,  1S90. 

('.as  lamps  first  introduced  into  Scotforth  in  December,  1890. 

Friarage  Bridge  re-built  in  1891. 

Mr.  William  Whelon  died  April  25th,  1891,  aged  39  years. 

Mr.  William  Hall,  J. P.,  F.R.C.S.  Eng.,  F.R.C.P.  Edin.  died  on  the  8th 
July,  1S91,  aged  73  years.      He  was  mayor  of  this  city  in  1877. 

The  acreage  of  the  Freemens'  estate  on  the  marsh  was  formerly  210  acres. 
It  is  now  153  acres.'  23  a.,  3  r.,  17  p.  have  been  sold;  Mr.  Williamson.  M.P.  paying 
for  his  land  required  for  extension  of  works,  £3,518  is.  6d.  From  the  1st  September, 
1889,  to  the  31st  August,  1890  the  Marsh  rents  were  £610  10s.  4d.  The  acreage  of 
enclosed  lands  prior  to  the  sale  of  the  aforesaid  21  and  odd  acres  was  181  a.,  3r.,  and 
35  p.  The  rents  of  the  gardens  on  the  Marsh  fluctuate.  Lighty  of  the  oldest  freemen 
resident  in  Lancaster,  or  the  widows  of  such  have  the  net  produce  divided  amongst 
them.  The  act  for  the  enclosure  of  the  marsh  was  obtained  in  1795.  The  Cor- 
poration are  the  trustees  for  the  Freemen. 

The  first  High  Sheriff  living  vicinal  to  Lancaster  who  made  a  festive 
"spread"  or  open  house  to  celebrate  the  shrieval  entry  into  the  town  was  Mr. 
William  Garnett,  of  Quernmore  Park,  states  an  octogenarian  of  Lancaster. 

From  the  diary  of  William  Stout,  p.  35,  it  appears  that  it  was  customary  in 
his  day  to  give  each  attendant  at  a  funeral  in  Lancaster  one  or  two  long  biscuits, 
called  Naples  Biscuits;  and  in  the  country,  a  penny  manchet  and  a  slice  of  cheese. 

The  oldest  freeman  in  Lancaster  in  June,  1891,  was  Thomas  Liver,  born 
1 2th  May,  1800. 

The  name  "  Kigby  "  in  the  Roll  of  officers  sent  down  from  the  House  of 
Lords  is  wrongly  spelt.  I  have  authority  for  stating  that  it  ought  to  be  Rigbye  or 
Rigbie.      It  is  given  as  supplied. 

According  to  a  list  of  notables  of  Lancaster,  published  a  few  years  ago, 
Mis>  Anne  Gillison,  foundress  of  the  Gillison  Charity,  was  the  daughter  of  Ambrose 
Gillison,  Esq.,  a  merchant.      (Add.  to  p.  42.) 


TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER.  583 


Jonathan  Binns  was  High  Constable  of  the  Hundred  of  Lonsdale  South  of 
the  Sands,  appointed  April  23rd,  1842.  This  gentleman  also  tilled  the  chair  of  the 
Lancaster  Literary  and  Scientific  Society  in  1842,  and  for  some  time  held  the  post  of 
secretary  to  the  Lancaster  Agricultural  Society.      (Add.  to  p.  .514.) 

The  streets  behind  the  Athenaeum  stand  on  the  site  of  the  old  Playhouse 
fields. 

Dalton  Square  seems  to  have  been  the  general  trysting  place  agriculturally, 
commercially,  and  militarily.  Here  shows  were  held  as  well  as  sales,  and  here  many 
a  lime  have  the  Lonsdale  Militia  been  reviewed. 

The  "  Duke  of  Lancaster"  steamship  was  built  by  Messrs.  Mottershead  and 
Heyes,  of  Liverpool,  and  was  launched  in  March,  1822.  The  iron  steamer  "Duchess 
of  Lancaster,"  was  built  in  1838,  and  first  sailed  in  September,  1836.  The  "  John 
of  Gaunt"  was  built  in  1826  for  Lancaster  and  Liverpool  service. 

A  great  libel  case  was  tried  at  Lancaster  on  the  28th  March, 
1791,  viz.,  that  of  Thomas  Walker,  merchant,  v.  William  Roberts, 
before  Sir  Alexander  Thompson,  Knight.  Counsel  for  plaintiff  were 
Mr.  Law,  Serjeant  Cockell,  William  Wood  and  Mr.  Topping; 
counsel  for  defendant,  Mr.  Chambre,  Mr.  Cambe,  Mr.  Parke  and 
Mr.  Christian.  The  plaintiff's  solicitor  was  Mr.  Whittaker;  defend- 
ant's solicitor,  Mr.  Shelmerdine.  The  jurors  were  Charles  Gibson, 
Esq.,  of  Lancaster;  Thomas  Earle,  Esq.,  of  Liverpool;  James 
Orrell,  Esq.,  of  Parr ;  and  Edmund  Rigby,  Esq.,  of  Ellel  Grange, 
The  Talesmen  were  John  Boardman,  of  Oxford;  James  Kenyon,  of 
Heap;  James  Lodge,  of  Poulton ;  Thomas  Payne,  of  Liverpool; 
Jonas  Robinson,  of  Chatburn;  John  Threlfail,  of  Chorley;  and 
Adam     Whitworth,     of    Casterton.  Verdict     for    the     plaintiff; 

damages,  ^100. 

County  Court  Judges  of  the  Century  Sitting  at  Lancaster. 

John  Addison,  Esq.,  appointed  in  1847,  died  1859;  W.  A.  Hulton,  Esq.  ; 
Millis  Coventry,  Esq. 

Chairmen  of  Quarter  Sessions. 

Thomas  Batty  Addison,  Esq.  ;  M.  T.  Baines,  Esq.;  L.  G.  Hornby,  Esq.; 
E.  Hornby,  Esq.  (son)  ;  R.  A.  Cross,  Esq.  ;  Thomas  Greene,  Esq. ;  Henry  Garnett, 
Esq. ;  John  Fell,  Esq. 

Authorities  Quoted  in  this  Work. 

Whittaker's  "History  of  Richmondshire,"  Baines'  "Lancashire,"  Hall's 
"  History  of  Lancaster  Castle,  &c. ;"  Clark's  "Lancaster."  Simpson's"  Lan 
McFarlane  and  Thompson's  "History  of  England,"  Strutt's  "Regal  and  Ecclesiastic 
Antiquities,"  Dr.  Charles  Leigh's  "Natural  History  of  Lancaster,"  Gregson' 
"Fragments,"  Walford's  "History  of  Ancient  Guilds,"  Bishop  Challoner's  "Mission- 
ary Priests,"  Pollen's  "Acts  of  English  Martyrs,"  Whittaker's  "  History  of  Whalley," 
Colonel  Whalley's  "Roll  of  Othcers  of  the  1st  Lancashire  Militia,"  Richards'  ".Hex 
Majesty's  Army,"  Felton's  "Archery  Register,"'  R.  F.  Housman's  "Life  and  Remains 
of  the  Rev.  Robert  Housnian,"  Hewitson's  "Places  and  Paces,"  Stanley  Newman's 
"Autobiography  of  George  Fox,"  "The  Lonsdale  Magazine,"  "First  and  second 
Reports  of  the  Lancaster    Charities,"    (kindly  sent  by  YY.  G.  Welch,  Esq.);     Papeis 


584  TIME-HONOURED    LANCASTER 


of  the  late  Thomas  Cleminson,  Dr.  Prosser's  "Rambles  by  the  Lune,"  Tongue's 
"Visitation,"  Canon  Walker's  pamphlet  on  the  stained  windows  in  St.  Peter's 
Church,  Robert  Holmes'  "History  of  Keighley,"  Raines's  "History  of  Chantries,' 
Masonic  Calendar,  The  Rev.  J.  B.  Nightingale's  "Nonconformity  in  North 
Lancashire,  &c";  Maclauchan's  "History  of  the  Scottish  Highlands."  various  old. 
journals  published  in  Lancaster,  Kendal,  Liverpool,  and  Newcastle  (the  Tablet  and 
the  Catholic  News),  Parliamentary  Blue  Books,  Joseph  Gillow's  Bibliographical 
Dictionary,  "  Tyldesley  Diary,"  "Johnson's  Guides,"  .Sic. 

Biographical  Section. 

The  author  deems  it  necessary  to  remark  that  a  revise  was  forwarded  to 
every  distinguished  Lancaster  gentleman,  or  gentleman  closely  identified  with 
Lancaster,  in  order  that  absolute  facts  might  alone  be  made  use  of  In  all  but 
two  instances  revises  were  returned  promptly.  In  the  two  cases  alluded  to  so 
much  inconvenience  was  occasioned  that  it  was  in/possible  to  delay  going  to  press 
any  longer;  therefore  the  author  feels  compelled  to  state  that  he  must  emphatically 
disclaim  all  responsibility  for  errors  which  may  appear  in  consequence  of  failure 
to  return  revises  within  a  day  or  two  according  to  rule. 

Corrigenda. 

Hall's  '•  History  of  Lancaster  "  is  alluded  to  in  the  preface,  instead  Hall's 
••  History  of  the  Castle." 

On  p.  20  read  Messrs.  W.  Wailes,  of  Newcaslle-on-Tyne.  It  was  SO 
written  at  first,  but  a  gentleman  informed  me  it  should  be  NewcBStle-under-Lyme. 
I  find  he  was  wrong. 

P.  199  read  Thomas  Hesketh,  Recorder  of  Lancaster,  1597.  Also  John 
Lodge  where  there  are  no  Christian  names  re  Hubberstey. 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Antiquity  of  St.  Mary's  Church   ...           ...  ...           ...           ...          4 

Addison  Epitaph           ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...              16 

Ancient  Gild  in  Lancaster             ...           ..  ...          ...          ...       47 

Adrian's  Tower...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...         57-61 

Altars,  Roman,  &c. ,           ...          ...          ...  ...          ...    69,   70,   71 

Antique...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...      71,   72 

Assizes  at  Lancaster  and  Grammar  School  Holiday   ...  ...        82 

Archdeaconry  of  Lancaster     ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            106 

Aqueduct,  Latin  Inscription  on     ..          ...  ...          ...          ...      116 

Arrowsmith,  Edward,  alias  Rigby     ...          ...  ...          ...             178 

Ash,    Robert,   and  the   Lincolnshire  movement   to   revive   the 

Catholic  Religion             ...          ...  ...          ...          ...      189 

Abbot  Paslew    ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            189 

Abstract  of  Charters           ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...      205 

Amicable  Library          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            222 

Assembly  Room      ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...      223 

Ashton,  Thomas,  D.D.            ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            235 

Atkinson,  Professor            ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...      281 

Account  Book  (St.  John's)       ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            337 

Ashton  Hall,  Pictures  fomerly  within  it  ...          ...          ...     405 

Alderson  Baron,  Lodgings  of,  during  Assizes  ...          ...            447 

Architect  of  Lancaster  Parish  Church  Tower  ...          ...          ...      448 

Archery  Club,  John  o'Gaunt's  Bowmen        ...  ...          ...            460 

Atherton,  Oliver     ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...      496 

Ancient  tenures  in  Lancaster  ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            514 

Artistic  Firms          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...      516 

Asylum,  R.A. ,  Population  of...          ...          ...  ...          ...            540 

Art  School,  Formation  of...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...      544 

Agricultural  Society     ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            546 

Aldcliffe         567 

Ale,  Reduction  in  price  of       ...          ..            ...  ...          ...            575 

Authorities  quoted...          ...            .           ...  ...          ...          ...      583 


588  INDEX. 


Page. 

Brasses,  Ancient  in  St.  Mary's  Church  ...          ...          ...          ...  14 

Bowes  epitaph  ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  14 

Bailiffs  of  the  Town  in  1659          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  23 

Bells  of  St.  Mary's  Church 36 

Burgage,  Signification  of ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  50 

Bligh  Murder  Case       ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  56 

Blackburne,  Stanley  and  Peel  Portraits  in  the  Shire  Hall       ...  63 

Branding-iron  in  the  Crown  Court    ...          ...          ...          ...  65 

Boys'  National  School        ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  84 

Bequests,  Singular,  of  John  o'Gaunt             ...          ...          ...  100 

Bay  Horse,  Railway  Accident  at,  in  1848          ...          ...          ...  125 

Bashful  Alley     ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  133 

Burning  of  Lancaster         ...           ..          ...          ...          ...          ...  137 

Bowerham,  Derivation  of  name          ...          ...          ...          ...  139 

Barnet,  Nehemiah,  Extract  from  Sermon  of     ...          ...          ...  148 

Bells  of  St.  Peter's  Church     ...          ...          ...          ...          .  .  170 

Bell,    James,         Martyr    ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  172 

Barlow,  Edward,        ,,              ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  183 

Bamber,  Edward,       ,,        ..           ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  184 

Bailey,  Lawrence,       ,,               ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  188 

Birkett,  Richard,        ,,        ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  189 

"  Black  Hole" 201,533 

Baths  and  Washhouses     ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  214 

Bulfield,  Richard,  Presentation  to     ...          ...          ..           ...  222 

Blair,  Rev.  W.  P.,  Presentation  to         ...          ...          ...          ...  222 

Bellew,  Rev.  J.  C.  M 249 

Bushell,  Seth,  D.l).             252 

Bracken,  Henry             ...          ...          ...          ...          •••          ••■  259 

Brunton,  James        ...          ...          ...          ...          •••          •••          •••  295 

Binns,  Jonathan             ...          ...          ...          •••          •••          ■••   3r4>  5&3 

Baptist  Denomination  in  Lancaster        ...  367 

Bowerham  Barracks    ...          ...          ...          ...          •  ••          •••  4IT 

Borough  Waits        431 

Bellmen  of  the  century             43 l 

Bellman's  Parrock 431 


INDEX. 


;89 


Brougham's  Lodging's  during  the  Assizes   ... 

Blue  Anchor  Inn 

Brewery,  Old  (Brewery  Lane) 

Borough  Perambulations   ... 

Boundary  Riding 

Boswell  in  Lancaster 

Blue  Coat  School 

Boys:  National  Schoal,  Past  Masters  of. ..  ...  .  . 

Books,  Old,  referring  to  the  County 

Barracks,  Population  of    ... 

Building  Societies,  Dates  of  formation  in  Lancaster 

Barlow  Edward,  executioner 

Bowes,  Thomas,  Death  of 

Bolton  Holme  Estate   ... 

Church,  Antiquity  of 

Commissary's  Court  in  St.  Mary's  Church 

Churchwardens  and  Bailiffs  in  1641,  1659,  and  1671    ... 

Chapelwardens,  Rural,  in   1608 

Clock  of  St.  Mary's  Church 

Clough,  Hannah,  doing  Penance  in  St.  Mary's  Church 

Charities  of  Lancaster 

Castle,  tour  through  recent  Improvements,  &c. 

Constable's  return,  An  old 

Clougha,  Origin  of  term 

Civil  Court  of  Lancaster  Castle   ... 

Coats  of  Arms  of  past  High  Sheriffs  in  the  Shire  Hall 

Crown  Court 

Castle  Walls,  Thickness  of     ... 

Castle,  Royalty  at  ... 

Caer  Waerid,  Origin  of 

Carter,  Randal,  Bequest  of  to  the  Grammar  School    ... 

"  Cockpennies,"  Origin  of  term 

Crouchback,  Edmund 

Chester,  Earl  of 

Castles  and  Manors  of  John  o'Gaunt 


Page. 
W7 

455 

455 
501 
502 

5i8 

53° 

53' 

532 

54° 

543 

573 

57° 

579 


23-24 


24 

37 
40 

4i 
52-53 

59 

62 

63 
64 

64 

65 
67 

69 

81 

82-83 

89 

88 


9i 


59o  INDEX. 


Page. 

Chancery  Court  granted  to  John  of  Gaunt  ...          ...          ...  91 

Castle  Gateway  and  John  of  Gaunt          ...          ...          ...          ...  93 

Castle  Moat       101 

County  Palatine  and  Duchy  of  Lancaster           ...             102,  531,  532 

Chancery  Court  of  Lancaster ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  107 

Charters  granted  to  Lancaster     ...            ..          ...          ...        108,  205 

Covell,  Thomas              ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  109 

Common  Council  of  Lancaster     ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  1 10 

Canal,  Lancaster           ...          ...          ..            ...          ...          ...  115 

,,              ,,          Extension  of,  to  Kendal           ...          ...          ...  117 

fi              ,,          "  Stations "  between  Lancaster  and  Preston  119 

"  Consecrated  Well  "          135 

China  Lane        ...          ...          ...          ...          ■••          •■■          •••  136 

Civil  Wars 141 

Catholic  Martyrs,  Memorial  Window  to       ...          ...          ...  164 

Catholic  Martyrs,  Accounts  of     172,  191 

"  Captain  Cobbler "  movement           ...          ...          ...          ...  189 

Cemetery,  St.  Peter's         192 

City,  Origin  of  term      ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  202 

"  Constitutions  and  Orders,"  Extracts  from     ...          ...          ...  211 

Co-operative  Library    ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  223 

Campbell,  Colin,  Rev 257 

Catholic  Chapel  and  Dr.  Rigby          325 

Churchwardens' Book  (St.  John's)           ...  337 

Communion  Plate  (St.  John's)             341 

Christ  Church          356 

Church  Livings,  Value  of,  in  1891 357 

Congregationalism  in   Lancaster...          ...          ...          ...          ...  357 

Centenary  Church         ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  359 

Catholic  Apostolic  Church             368 

Chapel  of  the  Ripley  Hospital            396 

Cemetery,  General ...          ..           ...          ...          ...          ...          •••  400 

Centenarians      ...          ...          ...          •••          ...          ■••          •■•  408 

Cork,  Freemanship  of,  granted  to  Lieut-General  Hodgson    ...  412 

Crimea  Memorial  in  the  Cemetery     ...          ...          ...          ...  422 


INDEX.  591 


1'age. 

Cawthorne  Court  Martial...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  441 

Conservative  Club         ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  441 

Cross  Keys  Inn       ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  452 

Commercial  Hotel        ...          ...          ...          ...          ...           ••  453 

Centenary  of  John  o'Gaunt  Bowmen       ...          ...          ...          ...  462 

Champion  Bowmen  (recent)   ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  463 

Challenge  Cup  of  John  o'Gaunt  Bowmen           ...          ...          ...  464 

Coffee  House  Movement         ..           ...          ...          ...          ...  501 

Constables  of  Lancaster  Castle   ...          ...          ...          ...          •••  509 

Castle  Chaplains           ...          ...          ..           .  •          ...          ■••  512 

,,       Surgeons      512 

Coroners  for  the  century          ...          ...          ...          •••          •••  513 

Chantries      ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ••            •••          •••  524 

Church   Bells 526 

Charity  School  (girls)         ...          ...          ...          ..            ...          ...  530 

Corless,  Thomas,  Mayor  in  1680       ...          ...          ...          ...  533 

Captains,  West  Indian,  &c,  of  Lancaster,  Lists  of     ...          ...  534 

Census,   1891      ...           ..          •••          ...          •••          •••          •••  54° 

County  Asylum,  Population  of     ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  540 

Clubs,  Dates  of  County,  Conservative,  and  Reform  ...  545,  546 

Charities,  Addenda              ...          ...          ...          ...          •■•          •••  548 

Church,  Skerton            ...          ...          ...          •••          •••          •••  551 

Charities,   Skerton...          ...          ...          ...          •••          •••          •••  560 

Chronology        ...          ...          ...          •••          •••             •          •••  572 

Canal  Company's  Horses,  Sale  of            ...          ...          •••          •••  577 

County  Court  Judges  of  the  Century             583 

Chairman  of  Quarter  Sessions  of  the  Century  ...          ...          ...  583 

Description  of  St.  Mary's  Church            4,    5 

Drop  Room  in  the  Castle,  description  of      ...          ...          ...  54 

Dungeon  Tower     ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          •■            ...  67 

Derby,  Earl  of 90 

Dukes  of  Lancaster  ...  ...  ..  ...  ...  90,96 

Debtors'  Prison,  approximate  date  of  origin  of      ...          ...  94 

Death  of  John  of  Gaunt                  ...          ...          ...          •••          ■••  99 


592 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Disposition  of  John  of  Gaunt...          ...          ...          ...  ...              99 

Duchy  of  Lancaster            ...          ...          . ..          ...  102,  531,  532 

Dry  Dock           ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  120 

Dalton  Square  Property    ...           . .          ...          ...  ...          ...      123 

Dates  of  Scottish  firing  of  Lancaster            ...          ...  ...            137 

Dilworth  Family     ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...      232 

Danson,  George            ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...            284 

De  Vitre,  E.  D 315 

Donors  and  Legatees  of  the  Royal  Albert  Asylum  ...            390 

Diggens,  James,  Presentation  to             ...          ...  ...          ...      392 

Dates  on  old  Houses  in  Lancaster    ...          ...          ...  ...           443 

Disfranchisement  of  Lancaster    ...          ...          ...  ...          ...     482 

Discovery  of  an  old  Bayonet  ...          ...          ...          ...  ...            522 

Diameter  and  Weights  of  St.  Mary's  Church  Bells  .  .          ...      527 

Duchy  Receipts  and  Disbursements  (1890)...          ...  ...            531 

Duchy  Seals             ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...     53 

Dates  of  origin  of  Building  Societies  in  Lancaster  ...            543 

Dates  of  Formation  of  various  Societies            ...  ...          ...     544 

Duke  and  Duchess  of  Lancaster  Steamships           ...  ...  549,  583 

Daltons  of  Thurnham         ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...      566 

D°g  "Jack>"  of  the  Millstone  Inn,  Skerton           ...  ...           564 

Dove  and  hawk,  Fight  between  ...          ...          ...  ...          ...      ^77 


> 


Epitaphs  in  St.  Mary's  Church     ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  6 

Eyre,  Sir  Samuel,  Epitaph      ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  6 

Educational  Charities         ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  84,  530 

Earls  of  Lancaster        ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...        88-90 

Entry  of  John  of  Gaunt  into  Lancaster  ...  ...  ...  ...        93 

Engines,  Locomotive,   Trials  of,  and  premium  to  the  best  one      12-, 

Eminent   persons   in    art,    science,    and    literature    who    have 

appeared  on  the  stage  of  the  theatre        ...  ...  227 

Edmondson,  Thomas  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...      285 

Execution,  Last  in  England  by  strangulation  ...  ...  499 


INDEX. 


593 


Epidemics  in  Lancaster 
Edmondson  Charity 
Epitaphs  in  Skerton  Church 
Embley,  James,  Memorial 
Earthquake  Shocks  in  Lancaster 
Estate,  Bolton  Holme... 

Fauconberg  Family 

Foster  Memorials 

Ferrers,  Earl 

First  Duke  of  Lancaster 

Fires  in  Lancaster  ... 

Fletcher,  Richard,  prisoner  (Catholic) 

First  Knighted  Mayor  of  Lancaster 

Freedom  of  the  Borough 

Freeman's  Certificate 

Frankland,  Professor  ... 

Fauconberg,  Charles  Lord 

Female  Sexton  at  St.  John's  Chapel 

Fairs  in  Lancaster 

Freemanship  of  Cork  granted  to  Lieut.  General  Hodgson 

Fauconberg  Family's  old  home 

Fenton  Cawthorne  House... 

Formation  of  Freemasons'  Lodges    ... 

Free  Tuition  in  Vocal  Music 

Friends'  School 

France  Charity 

Fleming,  Lady,  date  of  decease  of    ... 

Forrest,  John,  Drawings  of 


Page. 
508 

548 
552 
559 

572 

579 

12 

32 
89 

90 

137 
189 
199 
202 
203 
298 

324 

343 
410 

412 

434 

437 
469 

524 
53o 
548 
573 
573 


Gardyner's  Corn  Mill 
Gardyner's  Charity 
Gillison's  Charity    ... 
Gild,  Ancient  Lancaster 
Gateway  of  the  Castle 


40 

41,  42 
42-44 

47 
66 


02 


594  INDEX. 


Page. 

Grammar  School            ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  74 

Grammar  School  and  Mayor  Choosing  days      ...          ...  ...       82 

Girls'  National  School...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  85 

Garter,  Order  of,  Creation  of       ...          ...          ...          ...  ...       90 

Grants,  Royal,  to  John  of  Gaunt       ...          ...          ...          ...  91 

Gifts,  Singular,  by  John  of  Gaunt             ...          ...          ...  ...      100 

Gillow  &  Company's  Works...            ...          ...          ...          ...  120 

Gargotra,  Origin  of            ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...      129 

Golgotha,  Origin  of      ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ••■  139 

Greaves,  Origin  of...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...      139 

Gas  Works         ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  217 

Galloway,  Professor            ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...     303 

Gilbert,  H 320 

Gillow,  Richard       ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...     329 

Green  Lane  Murder      ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  406 

Green  Ayre,  Plan  of,  in  1784        ...          ...          ...          ...  ...     449 

Green  Dragon...            ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  454 

Governors  of  Lancaster  Castle     ...          ...          ...          ...  ...     510 

Gerard  Charity...          ...          ...          ...          ...             .  548 

Gooden,  Rev.  Peter           ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...     570 

Higgin  Epitaph  in  St.  Mary's  Church    ...          ...          ...  ...          9 

Heysham  Epitaph         ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  14 

Heard  Brass             ...          ...          ...          •••          •■•          •••  •••        17 

Howarth's  Epitaph       33 

Heysham's  Charity              ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...        43 

Holy  Trinity  Church     ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  49 

Hospital  of  St.  Leonard    ...  49 

Hadrian's  Tower           ...          ...          ...          •••          ...  57_6i 

High  Sheriffs,  Arms  of  past,  in  the  Shire  Hall...          ...  ...        64 

House  of  Lancaster      ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          •••  87-90 

Henry,  Earl  of  Derby         90 

Horse  Shoe  Corner       ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          •••  13S 

Haverbreck  Hill 139 

Hirst,  Richard,  (Martyr)          182 


INDEX.  595 


Page. 

Housman,  Rev.  Robert      ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  ...     237 

Hathornthwaite,  Thomas,  LL.D.      ...          ...          ...  ..             246 

Harrison,  Sir  John...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...      258 

Heysham,  John...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...            261 

Hadwen,  William  ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...      265 

Henderson,  Cornelius  ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...            275 

Higgin,  William  Housman           ...          ...          ...          ...  ...      282 

Hawarden,  Rev.  Edward        ...          ...          ...          ...  ...            320 

Herschell,  Lord,  Speech  of,  at  the  Royal  Albert  Asylum         ...      393 

Hodgson,  Lieut-General,  Freemanship  of  Cork  granted  to  412 

Heralds,  Lancaster             ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...     423 

Houses,  Old      ...          ...          ...        ....          ...          ...  ...            431 

Haunted  Houses     ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...     449 

Hotels,  Old        ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...            450 

High  Sheriffs  who  dwelt  near  Lancaster            ...          ...  ...      509 

Horticultural  Society    ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...            546 

Heysham  Charity   ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...      548 

Harrison,  Sir  John,  and  Heysham  Alliance...          ...  ...            568 

Horses,  Sale  of  Canal  Company's           ...          ...          ...  ...      577 

Hawk  and  Dove,  Fight  between       ...          ...          ...  ...            577 

Inmates  ot  the  Charity  Almshouse  in  1890         ...          ...  ...  45-46 

Inscriptions  on  St.  Peters'  Bells         ...          ...          ...  ...            170 

Incumbents    of  St.   John's,    St.   Anne's,   and   St.    Thomas' 

Churches,  List  of             ...          ...          ...          ...  ...      354 

Innocent  men  executed  at  Lancaster              ...          ...  ...            496 

Infant,  Imprisonment  of  an,  in  Lancaster  Castle          ...  ...     496 

Incumbents  of  Skerton...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...           551 

Jones'  or  Johnes'  Epitaph  in  St.  Mary's  Church            ...  ...        11 

John  o'Gaunt's  Chair   ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...              61 

Judges  at  Lancaster  Assizes  and   Holiday  granting  to  the 

Grammar  School  Boys  ...          ...          ...          ...  ...        82 

John  of  Gaunt    ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...        91-99 

John  of  Gaunt,  Portrait  of  and  Armour  of         ...          ...  ...        94 


;96  INDEX. 


Pa^e. 

Jura  Regalia,  Grant  of  to  John  of  Gaunt      ...  ...          ...        91-92 

Jubilee  of  Queen  Victoria ...          ...  ...          ...          ...          ...     426 

John  Lawson's  old  house  in  St.  Leonard's  Gate     ...  ...           435 

Judges'  Lodging's   ...          ...          ...  ...          ...           ..          ...     436 

John  o'Gaunt  Bowmen              ...          ...  ...          ...          ...            457 

John  o'Gaunt  Club  (London)         ...  ...          ...          ...          ...     483 

Judges,  County  Court,  of  the  Century  ...          ...          ...            583 

Jubilee  of  George  III.         ...          ...  ...          ...          ...          ...      575 

Kellet,  Adam  and  Ralph    ...          ...  ...          ...          ...          ...          6 

Kirkham  Murderer,  (Bligh)    ...          ...  ...          ...          ...              56 

Keep  of  Lancaster  Castle  ...          ...  ...          ...          ...          ...       61 

Keys,  Old  Castle           66 

Knights  Hospitallers  of  St.  John  ...          ...          ...          ...      139 

King's  Own  Royal  Lancashire  Regiment     ...  ...          ...            413 

Kings  of  Arms,  Lancaster             ...  ...          ...          ...          ...     423 

Kirby,  William...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...            448 

Kirby,  Moore           ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...          ...     448 

King's  Arms  Hotel       ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...            450 

Kennedy,  Captain,  Presentation  to  ...          ...          ...           ..      579 

Lancaster,  Origin  of  name             ...  ...          ...          ...          ...          1 

Laurence  Epitaph          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...               10 

Lancaster  Charities             ...          ...  ...          ...          ...          ...        41 

Lancaster  Castle,  Tour  through        ...  ...          ...          ...        52,53 

Lungess  Tower       ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...          ...        61 

Lancaster  Family          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...              88 

Lancaster  Castle  Gateway            ...  ...          ...          ...          ...       93 

Loyne   Bridge,  Old       ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...            no 

Lune,  Source  of      ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...          ...      115 

Lancaster  Canal            ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...            115 

Latin  Inscription  on  the  Aqueduct  ..          ...          ...          ...      116 

Lancaster  Wagon  Works       ...          ...  ...          ...          ...            123 

London  and  North-Western  Railway  ...          ...          ...          ...      123 

Little  North  Western  Line       ...          ...  ...          ...          ...            125 


INDEX. 


597 


Locomotives,  Trial  of,  on  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  Rail- 
way, premium  for  best  one 

Lancaster  Thoroughfares 

Lindow,  Origin  of  name    ... 

Leeming,  Richard 

,,         Memorial 
Lancashire  Catholic  Martyrs,  List  of 
Lancaster  School  of  Art     ... 

,,  Society  of  Arts 

Lancaster  Banks     ... 

Lancaster  Worthies 

Little,  Knox,  Canon 

Library  of  Dr.  Whewell 

Lonsdale,  Richard  and  James 

Loftus,  Sir  A.  J. 

Linton,  William 

List  of  Incumbents  of  St.  John's,  St.  Anne's  and  St.  Thomas' 
Churches  ... 

List  of  ministers  of  St.  Nicholas's  Chapel  ... 

Lune  Fishery 

Lancaster  dialect 


Lancaster  Kings  of  Arms  and  Her 


aids 


Lancaster  Coins 

,,  Tokens   ... 

Lodges,  Freemasons',  Dates  of  formation  of 
Lancaster  Benevolent  Burial  Friendly  Society... 
Lancaster  and  Political  Representation 
Lune  Shipbuilding  Company 
Lancaster  Water  Supply 
Lancaster  and  Education  .  . 
Librarians,  past,  of  Mechanics'  Institute 
Lists  of  past  Master  Mariners  of  the  Port  of  Lancaster 
Literary  and  Philosophic  Society,  Presidents  of     ... 
Lawyers  on  the  Northern  Circuit,  Number  of  ... 
Lancaster  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Societies 


Page. 

I25 
128 

!39 
169 

192 

191 

224 
224 
230 

234 

255 
242 

275 
308 


354 
366 

401 

409 

423 
426 

428 

469 

479 
482 

500 
5*9 
53o 
531 
534 
544 
545 
546 


598  INDEX. 


Page. 

Lathom  Charity       ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...      548 

List  of  Incumbents  of  Skerton            ...          ...  ...          ...            551 

Libel  Case,  1791      ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...     583 

Lancaster  and  Carlisle  Railway  Shares         ...  ...          ...            578 

Mural  Literature  in  St.  Mary's  Church  ...          ...  ...          ...          6 

Machell  Epitaph            ...          ...           ..          ...  ...          ...              16 

Modern  Military  Memorials           ...          ...          ...  ...       17,  18,  19 

MS.  discovered  while  removing  a  cupboard  in  the  Record 

Room  of  the  Castle  ...          ...          ...  ...          ...              59 

Morland,  Rev.  George       ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...       79 

Mayor-choosing  days  and  the  Grammar  School  Boys        ...  82 

Military  ability  of  Henry,  Earl  of  Derby             ...  ...          ...        90 

Military  ability  of  John  of  Gaunt       ...          ...  ...          ...              96 

Midland  Railway     ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...      123 

Mabbe's  Wall  Sike       '       129 

Market  Street,  meaning  of  term  Market...         ...  ...         ...     130 

Memorial  Windows  in  St.  Peter's  Church   ...  ...          ...            162 

Mason  Street  Catholic  Chapel       ...          ...          ...  ...          ...      172 

Martyrs,  Catholic,  who  suffered  at  Lancaster  ...          ...     172-191 

Martyrs,  Catholic,  of  Lancashire              ...          ...  ...          ...      191 

Mace  of  the  Borough   ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            195 

Municipal  Area        ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...      195 

Market  Cross     ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            195 

Mayors  of  Lancaster,  List  of         ...          ...          ...  ...          ...      196 

Market  Hall       214 

Miss  Tomlinson's  Bequest  to  St.  John's  Church  ...          ...     342 

Marriage,  First  in  the  old  and  new  Wesleyan  Chapels      ...  360 

Ministers  of  St.  Nicholas'  Chapel             ...          ...  ...          ...      366 

Mineral  Spring,  Ancient          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            425 

Molyneux,  Mr.,  Arms,  &c.  in  Offices  of             ...  ...          ...     432 

Moore,  Kirby     ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            448 

Members,  List  of  old,  of  John  o'Gaunt  Bowmen  ...          ...     460 

Masonic  Hall     ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            475 

Members  of  Parliament  for  Lancaster     ...          ...  .             ...     486 


INDEX. 


599 


Page. 

Marsh,  George...           ...          ...          ...          ...  ...           ..           49O 

Merchants' News  Room    ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...     501 

Maps  of  Lancaster        ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            515 

Masters,  past,  of  Boys'  National  School  ...          ...          ...     531 

Mechanics'  Institute,  Past  Librarians  of      ...  ...          ...            531 

Mayor,  a  degraded...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...      533 

Master  Mariners,  Past,  of  the  Port  of  Lancaster   ...  ...           534 

Musical  and  Operatic  Societies    ...          ...  ...          ...          ...     545 

"  May  and  December"  Marriage     ...          ...  ...          ...            573 

Mussels,    Lords    of   Heysham    Manor   and  Fishermen,  Great 

trial  between ...          ...          ...          ...  ..          ...            581 

Nisi  Prills  Court      ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...        63 

Normans  in  Lancaster...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...              86 

Nutter,  Robert,  Martyr 174 

Number  of  Lawyers  on  the  Northern  Circuit  ...          ...            545 

Origin  of  name  Lancaster       ...          ...          ...  ...          ...                 1 

,,        Clougha  ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...        62 

,,        Caer  Weridd             ...          ...          ...  ...          ...              69 

,,        Cockpennies       ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...82-83 

,,         Palatine          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            102 

,,        Wapentake         ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...      108 

,,        Gargotra  and  Mabbe's  Wall  Sike  ...          ...            129 

,,         Haverbreck  Hill            ...          ...  ...          ...          ...      139 

,,        Golgotha,  Lindow,  and  Bowerham  ...          ...            139 

,,        Greaves                ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...      140 

,,        White  Cross...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            140 

Order  of  Garter,  Date  of  Creation  of     ...  ...          ...          ...        90 

Old  Loyne  Bridge         ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            1 10 

Opening  of  Lancaster  and  Kendal  Canal  Extension    ...  ...      118 

Old  Canal  Boats           ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            119 

Old  Canal   "Stations"  between  Lancaster  and  Preston         ...      119 

Oath  of  a  Free  Burgess  of  Lancaster            ...  ...          ...            204- 

Owen,  Sir  Richard...           ...           ...           ...  ...           ...           ...      276 


6oo  INDEX. 


Page. 

Old  Homes  of  the  Fauconbergs        ...          ...          ...          ...  434 

Old  Tower  erected  by  Dr.  Marton           ...          ...          ...          ...  441 

Old  Wells          446 

Old  Hotels 450 

Old  Sir  Simon  Inn        ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  456 

Old  Members  of  John  o'Gaunt  Bowmen             ...          ...          ...  460 

Oddfellowship    ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  476 

Oddfellows'  Hall       478 

Old  Lancaster  Medical  Men   ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  507 

Old  Officials,  Lay  and  Ecclesiastical       ...          ...          ...          ...  513 

Old  Names  attached  to  Pews  in  St.  Mary's  Church           ...  529 

Old  Books  referring  to  the  County          ...          ...          ...          ...  532 

Penny  Epitaph         ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  14 

Parish  Registers            ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  22 

Priors  of  St.  Mary's  Church          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  34 

Parish  Clerks     ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  35 

Penance  in  St.  Mary's  Church      ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  40 

Penny's  Charity              ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  43 

Paintings  in  the  Nisi  Prius  Court             ...          ...          ...          ...  63 

Peel,  Stanley  and  Blackburne  Portraits  in  the  Shire  Hall...  63 

Past  Masters  of  the  Royal  Grammar  School     ...          ...          ...  74 

Pryke,  Rev.  W.  E 81 

Pyper,  National  School  Endowment       ...          ...          ...          ...  84 

Palatine  of  Lancaster   ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  102 

Population  of  Lancaster     ...          ...          ...          ...             no,  540,  541 

Port  of  Lancaster,  Old             ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  120 

Pudding  Lane          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  131 

Penny  Street      ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  131 

Priests  of  the  Lancaster  Mission,  List  of           ...          ...          ...  169 

Pleasington  William,  Martyr...          ...          ..           ...          ...  188 

Penketh,  John,  prisoner  (Catholic)          ..           189 

Pilgrims  of  Grace          ...          ...          •••          •••          •••          •••  j8q 

Paslew  Abbot           189 

Preston,  Alderman,  his  first  and   second  Mayoralty         ...  192 


INDEX.  60 1 


Page. 

Portraits  in  the  Town  Hall            ...          ...  ...          ...          ...      193 

Police  Force  of  the  Borough   ...          ...  ...          ...          ...            200 

Punch  Bowl,  an  old             ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...      204 

Public  Baths  and  Washhouses           ...  ...          ...          ...            214 

Paganini  in  Lancaster        ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...      228 

Poetry  of  Mr.  Bellew    ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...            250 

Penny,  William       ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...      261 

Poets :  Sanderson,  Hadwen,  and  Hathornthwaite       246,  265  &  267 

Palatine  Hall     ...          ...          ...          ...  ..          ...          ...            325 

Primitive  Methodists          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...      368 

Portrait,    Presentation   of,    to   the   Secretary  of  the    Royal 

Albert  Asylum            ...          ...  ...          ...          ...            392 

Paintings  formerly  in  Ashton  Hall           ...  ...          ...            ..     405 

Press,  Local       ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...           406 

Probate  Court           ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...     429 

Post  Office          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...            429 

Past  Postmasters  of  Lancaster     ...          ...  ...          ...          ...     430 

Pollock's  Lodgings  during  the  Assizes  ...          ...          ...            447 

Philippi  Club             ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...     480 

Past  Masters  of  Freemasons' Lodges  ...          ...          ...           474 

Perambulations  of  the  Boundaries ...          ...          ...      501 

Poets  who  have  visited  Lancaster     ...  ...          ...          ...            518 

Past  Organists  of  St  Mary's  Church       ...  ...          ...          ...      527 

Population  of  each  Ward        ...          ...  ...          ...          ...            541 

Prison,  Workhouse,  Asylums,  and  Ripley  Hospital  Populations     540 

Presidents,  Philosophic  Society    ...          ...  ...          ...          ...      544 

Photographic  Society   ...          ...          ...  ...          ...          ...            544 

Provident  Savings  Bank    ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            ..      575 


Queen  Victoria  at  Lancaster  Castle        ...  ...  ...  ...       68 

Quarter  Sessions  and  Chairmen  of,  for  the  Century  ...  408,  583 

Queen  and  the  title  of  "  Duke  "or  "  Duchess  "  of  Lancaster     506 
Quarme,  C.        ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  580 

Quoted,  Authorities  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...     583 


6o2  INDEX. 


Page. 

Rawlinson,  Thomas  Hutton,  epitaph      ...          ...  ...          ...        12 

Redmayne  epitaph        ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...                8 

Register  of  St.  Mary's,  Extracts  from   ...          ...  ...          ...       24 

Runic  Stones     ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...              31 

Religious  Houses   ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...       46 

Record  Room  ;  Joiners'  statement  found  behind  a  cupboard          59 

Relics  in  Hadrian's  Tower            ...          ...          ...  ...          ...       60 

Restoration  Order  concerning  the  Keep  in  Elizabeth's  time  62 

Royal  Visits  to  the  Castle             ...          ...          ...  ...          ...        67 

Roman  Remains            ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...             69 

Rowley,  Rev.  Joseph         ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...       80 

Reunion  of  Old  Grammar  School  Boys  in  1812  ...          ...              81 

Roger  de  Poictou    ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...       86 

Royal  Grants  to  John  of  Gaunt          ...          ...  ...          ...             91 

Remains  of  Thomas,  Earl  of  Lancaster,  discovered  in  1822  ...       92 

Railway  Bridges            ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            115 

Railways       ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...      123 

Railway  Riot      ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            124 

Railway  Accident  at  Bay  Horse  in  1848             ...  ...          ...      125 

Rebellions,  Scotch,  1715-1745             ...          ...  ...          ...     151-153 

Rebels  Executed  in  Lancaster       ...          ...          ...  ...          ...      152 

Revolution  of  1688  and  Lancaster     ...          ...  ...          ...            155 

Recorders  of  Lancaster  (a  few)     ...          ...          ...  ...          ...      199 

Rawlinson,  Sir  Robert               ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            305 

Ross,  Stephen          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...     316 

Robinson,  Benjamin      ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...            319 

Rigby,  Rev.  John,  D.D.    ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...     324 

Royal  Albert  Asylum    ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...           385 

Recreation  Hall,  Royal  Albert  Asylum  ...          ...  ...          ...      390 

Ripley  Hospital             ...          ...          ...          ...  ..          ...           395 

Royal  Visits             ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...          ...     425 

Rowley  Lodge  of  Freemasons             ...          ...  ...          ...            470 

Relics  of  Prisoners  attempting  to  escape  from  Lancaster  Castle     496 

Ringers  at  St.  Mary's  Church             ...          ...  ...          ...            527 

,,       ,,   St.  Thomas'  Church   ...          ...          ...  ...          ...      529 


INDEX  603 


Page. 

Ringers  at  St.  Peter's  Church            ...          ...          ...          ...  529 

Ripley  Hospital,  Population  of    ...          ...          ...          ...  ...     540 

Rainfall  in  Lancaster,  1889  and  1890            ...          ...          ...  543 

Rowing  Clubs         ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...     546 

Rigby  Charities              ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  548 

Rogerson  Charity  ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...     548 

Rioting  at  the  Election  of  1768         ...          ...          ...          ...  573 

Revolution  Jubilee  (1788)...          ...          ...          .  .            ..  ...      574 

Robertsons.  Fawcett  Trial    ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  581 

Railway  Shares,  L.  &  C.  ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...     578 

Rat,  A  large      579 

St.  Mary's  Church  ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...     4,5 

St.  Mary's  Register  Book       ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  22 

Stratford  Epitaph    ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...       28 

Styth  Brass         ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  17 

Sanctuary,  Privilege  of,  in  the  Church  of  Lancaster     ...  ...       39 

Site  of  John  Gardyner's  Corn  Mill     ...          ...          ...          ...  40 

St.  Leonard's  Hospital       ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...        49 

Scenery  from  the  summit  of  the  Norman   Keep  and  John 

o'Gaunt's  Chair          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  62 

Shire  Hall      ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...        63 

Stanley,  Blackburne,  and  Peel  Portraits  in  the  Shire  Hall  63 

Skerton  Bridge...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  113 

Source  of  the  Lune              ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...      115 

St.  George's  Quay         ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  120 

Storey  Brothers  and  Company's  Works...          ...          ...  ...      122 

Sack  of  Lancaster         ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  143 

Scottish  Rebellions,  1715-1745      ...          ...          ...          ...  151,  153 

Scotforth  chosen  as  a  Field  for  Battle  in'  1745         ...          ...  154 

St.  Peter's  Church 156 

St.  Peter's  Bells             170 

Statue   of  Thomas  Whittaker,    Martyr,   in  Claughton-on- 

Brook  Cemetery  ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...      187 

St.  Kentigern 187 

St.  Peter's  Cemetery          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...      192 


604 


INDEX 


Stocks  in  the  Town  Hall 
Storey  Art  Institute 

"Stars"  at  the  Theatre  

Sanderson,  William 

Simpson,  William  Shaw 

Storey,  Sir  Thomas 

Skelton,  Rev.  Nicholas 

St.  John's  Church... 

St.  John's  Account  Book 

St.  John's  Register  Book  ... 

Sexton,  Female  at  St.  John's  Church 

St.  Anne's  Church  ... 

St.  Thomas'  Church 

St.  Nicholas  Street  Chapel 

St.  Nicholas  Street  Chapel,  List  of  Ministers  of     ... 

Statues  of  the  Queen  and  Prince  Consort,  Unveiling-  of,  at 
the  Royal  Albert  Asylum 

Seats  near  Lancaster    ... 

Sale  of  the  Duke  of  Hamilton's  Lancashire  Estates     ... 

Sherburne  Family's  Lancaster  residence 

Scarlett,    Brougham    and    Pollock's   Lodgings  during   the 
Assizes 

Ship  Inn. .. 

Spink  Bull    ... 

Staircase,  An  old,  in  connection  with  Hadrian's  Tower 

Surgeons,  Past,  of  Lancaster  Castle 

St.  Mary's  Church  Tower,  Ringers'  Rules  ... 

St.  Thomas'  Church  Bell  Ringers 

St.  Peter's  Church  Bell  Ringers 

Seals  of  the  Duchy  and  County  Palatine 

Shipping  Firms,  Old,  of  Lancaster   ... 

Shipping  items,  and  Lancaster  Slave  Ships 

Skerton  and  Scotforth,  Population  of 

Science  Students'  Association 

Skerton  Parish... 

Skerton  Charities  ... 


Page. 

*95 
223 

227 

266 

293 
3i3 
322 

33l 
333 
344 
343 
347 
35o 
362 

366 

393 

402 

405 

448 

447 
453 
456 
495 
512 
527 
529 
529 
53^ 
534 
539 
54° 
544 

549 
560 


INDEX.  605 


Page. 

Simpson,  Rev.  Robert...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  564 

Scotforth       ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...      565 

Scotforth  Charities        ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  566 

Suth worth,  Roger  .  .          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ..     568 

Stout,   William 572 

Seward,  Abraham,  and  George  III.        ...          ...          ...  ...      574 

,,              ,,           Invention  by        ...          ...          •••          •••  575 

Sale  of  Canal  Company's  Horses             ...          ...          ...  ...     577 

Stout,  John,  Death  of...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  579 

Tower  of  St.  Mary's  Church         ...          ...          ...          ...  527,  36 

Tithes  of  the  Parish      ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  40 

Tear  Hill       56 

Tatham  v.  Wright  Case,  Relics  of    ...          ...          ...          ...  60 

Tablets  in  the  Shire  Hall   ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...        63 

Thomas,  Earl  of  Lancaster     ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  89-92 

Thwing,  Edward,  Martyr...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ..       175 

Thulis,  John       ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  176 

Town  Hall,  Description  of            ...          ...          ...          ...  ...      193 

Town  Clerks  of  the  Century   ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  200 

The  Theatre              ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ..      226 

Taylor,  John,  D.D ' 234 

Turner,  Sir  William            ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...      279 

Tomlinson,  James          ...          ...          ...          ...          ••            •••  297 

Tomlinson,  Miss  Margaret,  Bequest  of,  to  St.  John's   Church     342 

Trelawney  Portraits  at  the  Barracks             ...          ...          ...  411 

Torch  Extinguisher  in  Church  Street      ...          ...          ...  ...     448 

Tyldesley,  Sir  Thomas,  House  of      ...          ...          ...          •••  447 

Tree  planting  in  Lancaster  Thoroughfares        ...          ...  .-       516 

Temperance  Societies  ...          ..            ...          ...          ...          ••■  546 

Tramways,  Lancaster,  Incorporation  of  Company       ...  ...      549 

Tomlinson  or  Townson  Almshouses...          ...          ...          ...  573 

Ushers  of  the  Royal  Grammar  School     ...          ...          ...  ...        79 

United  Methodist  Free  Church           368 


606  INDEX. 


Page. 

Vicars  of  Lancaster            ...          ...           ..          ...          ..            ..  34 

Value  of  Church  Living's  in  Lancaster  (1S91)          ...          ...  357 

Victoria  Avenue       ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  409 

Windows,  Stained,  in  St.  Mary's  Church    ...          ...          ...  20 

Wildbore,  Augustine          ..           ...          •••          •  •          •••          •••  34 

Weeping  Hill     ...          ...          ...          ...          ...                      ...  56 

Watch  Chamber  in  the  Roman  Tower     ...          ...          ...          ...  58-61 

Will  Case,  Tatham  v.  Wright 60 

Winmarleigh  Portrait         ...          ...          ...          ••-          •••          •••  63 

Walls  of  the  Castle,  Thickness  of     ...          ...          ...          ...  65 

Watson,  Rev.  James          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  79 

Widditt,  Rev.  John      79,  80 

Widditt,  Rev.  John,  Marriage  of 81 

Wapentake,  of  Lonsdale          ...          ...                      •••          •••  107 

Williamson  &  Son's  Works          ...          ...          .-■          •••          ...  122 

Wagon  Works...           ...          ...          •••          •••          •••          •••  123 

White  Cross             ...          ...          ...          •••          •••           ••          •••  140 

Wars  of  the  Roses         ..            ...          ...          ...          ...          •••  140 

Wars,  Civil  ..            141 

Wrenno,  Roger,  Martyr          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  176 

Woodcock,  John,  alias  Martin     ...          ...                                   ...  185 

Whitaker,  Thomas,  Martyr     ...          ...          ...          ...          •■•  186 

Wall,  Father            188 

Williamson  Park           ...          ...          ...          •  •-•          •••          •••  215 

Witches,  Trials  of  some     ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  219 

Worswick  Family         ...          ...          ...                       •••          •••  230 

Whewell,  William,  D.D 241 

Wadeson,  Colonel         ...          ...          283 

Walker,  Provost •••  328 

Wesleyanism  in  Lancaster      ...          ...          ...                      ■••  359 

Workhouse...           399 

Warrant  of  the  Lodge  of  Fortitude  (Freemasonry)             ...  468 

Workhouse,  Population  of            ...          ...          •••          •••          •••  540 

Ward  Boundaries          ...          ...          ••■          •••          •••          •••  54 1 


INDEX.  60; 


Page. 
Wards,  Populations  of      ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...     541 

White  Cross  Mill,  destruction  of  by  fire      ...  ...  ...  575 

Worsley,  Mrs.  Easter        ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...     578 


LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS. 


Allanson,  Mr.  Anthony  Knowles,  Park  Square,  Lancaster. 

Appleford,  Rev.  W.  Langley,  Ripley  Hospital,  Lancaster. 

Aspinwall,  R.,  Esq.,  King's  Arms  Hotel,  Lancaster. 

Atkinson,  Robert,  Esq.,  23,  Regent  Street,  Lancaster. 

Atkinson,  John,  Esq.,  86,  Ulleswater  Road,  Lancaster. 

Ayrton,  Mr.  Richard,  Arcade,    Market  Street. 

Bailey,  J.  T.,  Esq.,  Chapel  House,  Lancaster. 

Balbemie,  John  P.,  Esq.,  Stanley  Bank,  Staveley,  near  Kendal. 

Barrow-in-Furness,  Right  Rev.  Bishop  of. 

Barrow,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Baldrand,  Lancaster. 

Barrow,  W.,  Esq.,  Ualton  Square,  Lancaster. 

Beesley,  Mr.  Councillor  James,  Market  Street,  Lancaster. 

Bell,  Anthony,  Esq.,  Derwent  Road,  Lancaster 

Bell,  Mrs.  Birkett,  Cable  Street,  Lancaster. 

Bell,  T.,  Esq.,  20,  Dalton  Square,  Lancaster. 

Bell,  Mr.  Councillor  Wm.,  Regent  Street,  Lancaster. 

Bell,  W. ,  Esq.,  Olive  House,  Lancaster. 

Berry,  J.  W.,  Esq.,  Market  Street  Chambers,  Lancaster. 

Blades,  C. ,  Esq.,  Parkfield,  Lancaster. 

Bolden,  W.  L,  Esq.,  Stratford,  Gippsland,  Australia. 

Bond,  Richard,  Esq.,  Bridge  House,  Skerton. 

Bradley,  Mr.  D.,  Green  Ayre  Lancaster. 

Brash,  Mr.  Richard,  Bayhorse,  near  Lancaster. 

Briggs,  Mr.  William,  Springfield  Terrace,  Lancaster. 

Brown,  H.  J.,  Esq.,  Westbourne  Terrace,  Lancaster. 

Bulfield,  Mr.  A.  P.,  King  Street,  Lancaster. 

Bulfield,  Mr.  B.,  Liverpool. 

Brunton,  Miss  Jane,  Higher  Greaves,  Lancaster. 

Capstick,  Mr.  W.,  Stonewell,  Lancaster. 

Cardwell,  W.,  Esq.,  25,  Market  Street,  Lancaster. 

Carruthers,  G,  Esq.,  Corn  Market  Street,  Lancaster. 

Chippendall,  Mrs.,  Greta  Tower,  Ingleton. 

Chippendall  Miss,  Croftlands,  Lancaster. 

Chippendall,  Miss  Maria,  Croftlands,  Lancaster. 

Clark,  E.  G.,  Esq.,  Vineyards,  Lancaster. 

Clark,  Robert,  Esq.,  L.R.C.P.,  78,  Church  Street,  Lancaster. 

Cleminson,  W.  T.,  Esq.,    19,  Burlington  Street,  Blackburn. 

Cocks,  Mr.  James,  The  Grove,  Lancaster. 

Compston,  Mr.  C.  R.,  1,  New  Road,  Lancaster. 

Co-operative  Society,  Educational  Department,  Lancaster. 

County  Club,  Church  Street,  Lancaster. 

Coulston,  Miss,  Dalton  Square,  Lancaster. 

Coulston,  Rev.  G,  D.D.,  Ushaw  College.  Durham. 

Crookall,  Rev.  T.,  St.  Peter's  Presbytery,  Lancaster. 

Dean,  P'rederick,  Esq.,  Westbourne  Terrace,  Lancaster. 

Dean,  C.  W.  Esq.,  M.R.C.S..  Queen  Street,  Lancaster. 

Derby,  Right  Honble.  tho  Earl  of,  Knowsley. 

Cookson,  Mr.  John,  The  Arbour,  Salwick-in-the-Fylde,  Kirkham. 


6io  LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS. 


Dig-gens,  Jas.,  Esq.,  Royal  Albert  Asylum,  Lancaster. 

Edmonson,  T.  Esq.,  Grassyard  Hall,  Caton. 

Eliershaw,  Mr.  Jas.,  Queen  Square,  Lancaster. 

Eltoft,  Jas.,  Esq.,  Selbourne  House,  Lancaster. 

Eskrigge,  Rev.  John,  Notting  Hill,  London,  W. 

Faithwaite,  T.  W.,  Esq.,  Liverpool. 

Fenton,  Joseph,  Esq.,  Fair  Elms,  Lancaster. 

Fisher,  Rev.  George,  Hornby. 

Ford,  Rawlinson  T.  Esq.,  Yealand  Conyers,  Carnforth. 

Foster,  Colonel,  Hornby  Castle. 

Foster,  Rev.  A.  W.,  Tatham  Rectory. 

Frankland,  Professor,  The  Yews,  Reigate. 

Free  Library,  Barrow-in-Furness. 

Free  Library,  Preston. 

Galloway,  Professor,  Pembridge  Villas,  Bayswater,  London. 

( .ardener,  Mr.  John,  35,  Derwent   Road,  Lancaster. 

Gardner,  Mr.  C,  Red  Cross,  Skerton. 

Gardner,  Miss  B.,  St.  Peter's  Road,  Lancaster. 

Gill,  Edward,  Esq.,  Kendal. 

Gillow,  Joseph,  Esq.,  The  Woodlands,  Bowdon,  Cheshire. 

Gillow,  The  Right  Rev.  Monsignor,  Leighton  Hall. 

Goad,  Mr.  R.  J.,  Field  Cottage,  Halton. 

Gradwell,  Very  Rev.  Monsignor,  Claughton-on-Brock. 

Greene,  Colonel  Dawson,  Whittington  Hall,  Kirkby  Lonsdale. 

Greene,  The  Rev.  C.  V.,  St.  Edward's  College  Liverpool. 

Greene,  T"  P. ,  Esq.,  Summerfield,  Lancaster. 

Greenwood,  Capt.  W.  Nelson,  F.R.,  Met.  Soc,  Glasson  Dock. 

Gregson,  B.  P.  Esq.,  J. P.,  Caton. 

Grenside,  Rev.  W.  Bent,  M.A.,  The  Vicarage,  Melling. 

Hadwin,  Mrs.,  Ashfield,  Lancaster. 

llaigh,  Mr.  Henry,  Market  Street,  Lancaster. 

Hall,  Col.  W..  Acrelands,  Skerton. 

Hall,  Marshall  and  Sewart,  Messrs.,  North  Road,  Lancaster. 

Harker,  Dr.  Hazel  Grove,  Carnforth. 

Harker,  Mr.  R.  Cornthwaite,  Aldcliffe  Lane,  Lancaster. 

Harris,  S.,  Esq.,  Halton  Park,  Lancaster. 

Harrison,  Hall  and  Moore,  Messrs..  Church  Street,  Lancaster. 

Hatch,  Mr.  W.  H.,  Thornycroft,  Lancaster. 

Hatch,  Mr.  John,  Junr.,  Thornycroft,  Lancaster. 

Helme,  Norval  W. ,  Esq.,  Castramount;,  Lancaster. 

Hetherington,  W.,  Esq.,  65,  Sandown  Lane,  Wavertree. 

Higgin,  W.  H.  Esq.,  Q.C.,  J.P.,  Cloverley  House,  Timperley,  Cheshire. 

Holden,  L.,  Esq.,  High  Street,  Lancaster 

Holmes,  Mr.  T.  Kirkwood,  St.  Nicholas  Street,  Lancaster. 

Hornby,  Edward  Geoffrey  Stanley,  Esq.,  Dalton  Hall,  Westmorland. 

Howson,  Mr.  J.  R. ,  West  Road,  Lancaster. 

Hunt,  A.  W.,  Esq.,  Longlands,  Lancaster. 

Jackson.  Mr.  Councillor,  Aldcliffe  Road  Lancaster. 

Jackson,  Edmund,  Esq.,  Castle  Park,  Lancaster. 

Jackson,  Rev.  Edmund,  Gilmorton  Rectory,  Leicestershire. 

Jewitt,  E.  H.,  Esq.,  Belle  Vue  Terrace,  Lancaster. 

Joel,  Mr.  Wm.  J.,  Lune  Road,  Lancaster. 

Johnson,  Mr.  Edward,  Castle  Hill  House,  Lancaster. 

Johnson,  Thomas,  Esq.,  30,  Church  Street,  Blackburn. 

Johnson,  J.  Henry,  Esq.,  Mountains,  Tonbridge. 

Kaye,  Mr.  Alfred  Wilks,  91,  King  Street,  Lancaster. 

Kellet,  Miss  Catherine,  Preston. 

King,  William,  Esq.,  East  Road,  Lancaster. 

King,  William,  Esq.,  Chapel  Street,  Lancaster. 


LIST  OF    SUBSCRIBERS.  611 


Langshnw,  J. P. ,  Esq.,  Elmside,  Lancaster. 

Lamb,  Mr.  John,  Junr. ,  Liverpool. 

Lamb,  Mr.  Robert,  Church  Street,  Lancaster. 

Leeming,  John,  Esq.,  Old  College,  Windermere. 

Lees,  Edward  1!.,  Esq.,  Thurland  Castle. 

Liddell,  Mr.  W.  St.  Nicholas  Street,  Lancaster. 

Little,  Mr.  Henry,  Church  Street.  Lancaster. 

Loftu>,  Sir  A.  J.,  (K.C.S.),  Siamese  Legation,  London. 

Longman,  H.  Esq.,  Yealand  Conyers,  Carnforth. 

Lord,  H.  W.  Esq.,  Somerset  House,  London. 

MacDonald,  Mr.  A.  R.  D.  Thornfield,  Ashton  Road. 

Marshall,  J.  W.,  Esq.,  Cannon  Hill,  Lancaster. 

Marton,  Col.  G.  B.  H.  Capernwray,  Carnforth. 

Massey,  Mr.  W.,  Carr  House  Lane,  Lancaster. 

Milne,  Mr.  E.  P.,  Castle  Hill,  Lancaster. 

Muckalt,  Thomas,  Esq.,  B.A.,  Milnthorpe  and  Lancaster. 

Molyneux,  Mr.  Councillor,  West  Road,  Lancaster. 

Monk,  James,  Esq.,  Aden  Cottage,  Durham. 

Morris,  R'J.  Esq.,  11,  Cable  Street,  Lancaster. 

Murdoch,  Graham    W.,  Esq.,  Kendal. 

Murphy,  Rev.  T. ,  St.  Peter's  Presbytery,  Lancaster. 

Muschamp,  Robert,  Esq.,  Blackburn  Street,  Ratcliffe. 

Myres,  T.  H.  Esq.,  F.R.I.B.A.,  Sunnyside,  Ashton-on-Ribble. 

Nuttall,  Mr.  J.  R.,  Market  Place,  Lancaster. 

O'Reilly,  The  Right  Rev.  B.,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Liverpool. 

Owen,  Mr.  Benjamin,  Church  Street,  Lancaster. 

Paley,  E.  G.  Esq.,  The  Greaves,  Lancaster. 

Parker.  Mr.  James  Liddell,  Market  Street,  Lancaster. 

Parkinson,  Jas.,  Esq.,  Portland  Street,  Lancaster. 

Tape,  Mr.  Henry,  Brook  Street,  Lancaster. 

Petty,  Mr.  Geo.  H.,  Market  Street,  Lancaster. 

Pickard,  W.,  Esq.,  Fenton  Street  Lancaster. 

Pollard,  Rev.  J.  Channmg,  32,  Regent  Street,  Lancaster. 

Prest,  Mr.  E.  J.,  Rose  Bank,  Scotforth. 

Priestley,  T.  Murgatroyd,  Esq.,  Regent  Street,  Lancaster. 

Preston,  Rev.  R.,  D.D. ,  Ushaw  College. 

Preston,  Mr.  Councillor,  South  Road,  Lancaster. 

Preston,  Thomas,  Esq.,  J. P.,  C.C.,  Dalton  Square,  Lancaster. 

Preston,  Mr.  Thos.,  Morningside,  Lancaster. 

Rawlinson,  Sir  Robert,  K.C.B. ,  Lancaster  Lodge,  West  Brompton. 

Rigby,  Rev.  Thomas  Procter,  Aughton-in-Halton. 

Robinson,  Benjamin,  Esq.,  Mayor  of  Salford. 

Robinson,  John,  Esq.,  M.  Inst.  C. E.,  East  Barry  House,  Parry,  Cardiff. 

Roper,  W.  O.,  Esq.,  Deputy  Town  Clerk  of  Lancaster. 

Ross,  Rev.  II.,  LL.D. ,  F.  C.S. ,  Dallas  House,  Lancaster. 

Royal  Lancaster  Regt.,  Officers  of  3rd  &  4th  Batts. 

Royds,  Rev.  C.  Twemlow,  M.A.,  A.C.,  Heysham  Rectory, 

Sanderson,  John,  Esq.,  J. P.,  Lancaster. 

Satterthwaite,  Alex.,  Esq.,  King  Street,  Lancaster. 

Satterthwaite,  Geo.,  Esq.,  Ellel  House,  Galgate. 

Satterthwaite,  John,  Esq.,  J. P.,  Bushell  Place,  Preston. 

Seward,  Mr.  C.  F.,  4,  Castle  Park,  Lancaster. 

Sharp,  William  T. ,  Esq.,  B. A. ,  High  Street,  Lancaster. 

Shaw",  Mr.  J.  B.,  Regent  Street,   Lancaster. 

Shuttleworth,  G.,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Royal  Albeit  Asylum,  Lancaster. 

Slater,  Mr.,  Jos.,  6,  Castle  Park,  Lancaster. 

Slinger,  Tonathan,  Esq.,  Aldcliffe  Road,  Lancaster. 

Sly,  Colonel,  West  Road,  Lancaster. 

Smith,  The  Rev.  J.,  St.  Joseph's  College,  Liverpool. 


612  LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS. 


Smith,  Rev.  Ed.,  Bolton-le-Sands. 
Smith,  Dr.  T.,  Royal  Albert  Asylum,  Lancaster. 
Smith,  Mr.  William,  New  Inn,  Lancaster. 
Smith,  J.  F.,  Esq.,  69,  Mount  Pleasant,  Barrow-in-Furness. 
Smith,  Mr.  Rd.,  East  Road,  Lancaster. 
Stokes,  Major,  Fairfield  Mouse,  Lancaster. 
Storey,  Sir  Thomas,  J. P.,  Westfield,  Lancaster. 
Storey,  Edward,  Esq.,  J.  P.,  Lancaster. 
Storey,  Reginald,  Esq.,  Moor  Side,  Lancaster. 
Strickland,  Mr.  VV. ,  3,  Claremont  View,  Bowerham. 
Taylor,  Mr.  E.  J.,  East  Road,  Lancaster. 
Taylor,  Mr.  Jas.,  18,  Dalton  Square,  Lancaster. 
Taylor,  Mr.  Robert,  7,  Gage  Street,  Lancaster. 
Thompson,  Mr.  W.  C. ,  Lancaster  Bank,  Blackpool. 
Thompson,  Mr.  John,  Junr. ,  The  Grove,  Lancaster. 
Tilly,  Jas. ,  Esq.,  Springfield  Terrace,  Lancaster. 
Tilly,  William,  Esq.,  Poulton  Hall,  Morecambe. 
Tomlinson,  Mr.  Trios. ,  Great  John  Street,  Lancaster. 
Toinlinson,  W.  Paget,  Esq.,  Kirkby  Lonsdale. 
Towers,  Mr.  T.  H.,  Penny  Street,  Lancaster. 
Townley,  Mr.  Walter,  Market  Street.  Lancaster. 
Troughton,  Mr.  John,  Market  Street,  Lancaster. 
Troughton,  Mr.  H.,  Lindow  Square,  Lancaster. 
Turner,  John,  Esq.,  Lytham. 

Walker,  Very  Rev.  Provost,  St.  Peter's  Presbytery,  Lancaster. 
Wane,  O.  R. ,  Esq.,  Chorlton-c-Hardy,  Manchester. 
Warriner,  Mr.  R.  G,  East  Road,  Lancaster. 
Waters,  Mr.  E.  J.,  Hubert  Place,  Lancaster. 
Waters,  Mr.  R. ,  Bowness-on -Windermere. 
Welch,  W.  G. ,  Esq  ,  Forton. 
Welch,  Mr.  Wm. ,  Aldcliffe  Road,  Lancaster. 
Wells,  Mr.  John,  Park  Square,  Lancaster. 
Wells,  Mr.  Richard,  Borrowdale  Road,  Lancaster. 
Wells,  Mr.  W. ,  Master  of  the  Workhouse,  Lancaster. 
Westhead,  Mrs.  F.  M.  Brown,  Lea  Castle,  Kidderminster. 
Whalley,  Colonel,  J. P.,  Queen  .Street,  Lancaster. 
Whalley,  Major  C.  E. ,  Richmond  House,  Skerton. 
Whalley,  Capt.  C.  E. ,  Beezley  Grange,  Ingleton. 
Whelon,  A.  W. ,  Esq.,  Queen  Square,  Lancaster. 
Whiteside.  Mr.  Robert,  St.  Leonardgate,  Lancaster. 
Whiteside,  The  Rev.  T. ,  V.  P. ,  St.  Joseph's  College,  Liverpool. 
Williamson  James,  Esq.,  J. P.,  M. P. ,  Ryelands,  Skerton. 
Wilkinson,  Mr.  H.,  Athenaeum  Hotel,  Lancaster. 
Wilkinson,  Mr.  T.  J.,  61,  Market  Street,  Lancaster. 
Wilson,  Mrs.,  Coburg  House,  Liverpool. 
Wilson,  Mr.  H.  G. ,  Regent  Park  and  Pavilion,  Morecambe. 
Wilson,  Mr.  Jas.,  4,  Rose  Bank,  Scotforth. 
Wingate-Saul,  W.  W.,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Fenton-Cawthorne  House. 
Wingate-Saul,  E.  W. ,  Esq.,  Fenton-Cawthorne  House. 
Wingate-Saul,  W.  W. ,  junr. ,  Esq.,  Fenton-Cawthorne  House. 
Wingate-Saul,  Mr.  A.  W. ,  Fenton-Cawthorne  House. 
Wingate-Saul,  Mr.  N.  W. ,  Fenton-Cawthorne  House. 
Wingate-Saul,  Miss  M.  W. ,  Fenton-Cawthorne  House. 
Wolfenden,  Mr.  Robt.,  Springfield  Terrace,  Lancaster. 
Woods,  Mr.  John,  Penny  Street,  Lancaster. 
Wyatt,  Mr.  William,  Stonewell,  Lancaster. 
Yates,  Mr.  William,  Queen  Street,  Lancaster. 


APPENDIX. 

Whatever  faults  of  omission  or  commission  are  apparent  in  the  lirst  edition 
of  "Time-Honoured  Lancaster,"  and  I  am  fully  conscious  of  many,  it  is  at  any  rate 
some  little  satisfaction  alike  to  myself  and  my  publishers  to  learn  that  since  there  are 
a  few  crumbs  of  information  and  items  of  interest  in  the  work  the  question  has  been 
asked  "  Will  there  not  be  a  popular  edition  ?"  This  question  having  resolved  itself 
ultimately  into  a  request  frequently  repeated,  has  brought  about  the  decision  to  issue 
an  edition  at  a  price  within  the  reach  of  the  people  generally.  To  this  popular 
edition  a  fuller  Corrigenda  has  been  added.  It  is  not  by  way  of  any  anxiety  to 
excuse  either  my  own  shortcomings  or  the  mis-statements  of  persons  whom  I  have 
had  reason  to  deem  reliable  in  regard  to  certain  matters  included  in  the  "Corrigenda  " 
that  I  remind  readers  how  impossible  it  is  in  the  first  edition  of  a  work  dealing  largel) 
with  events  and  dates  to  prove  absolutely  correct.  Some  individuals  of  excellent 
hypercritical  powers  have  made  it  their  business  to  look  with  jaundiced  eye  for 
nothing  but  blemishes  ;  some  have  even  hurried  to  point  out  to  the  author  a  couple 
of  inverted  letters,  as  if  they  thought  his  humble  production  was  the  only  one  in  the 
world  containing  errors,  and  as  if  for  him  to  have  erred  'in  any  degree  were  much 
more  sinful  than  would  be  possible  in  the  case  of  any  one  else.  People  who  have 
not  attempted  a  like  publication  are  apt  to  forget  how  greatly  the  writer  of  such  a 
book,  whoever  he  may  he,  rich  or  poor,  is  at  the  mercy  of  his  neighbours,  and  of 
persons  more  or  less  accurate,  and  more  or  less  disposed  to  impart  information.  In 
several  instances  where  the  statements  have  been  very  conflicting  concerning  certain 
subjects,  it  has  been  felt  that  the  wisest  course  was  to  leave  out  such  statements 
altogether.  Where  information  has  come  from  an  evidently  good  source  and  has 
been  largely  corroborated,  it  has  been  taken  for  granted  as  correct,  or  as  near  to 
being  so  as  possible.  Again,  it  often  happens  that  when  a  work  of  this  character  is 
issued  you  meet  with  some  one  whom  you  did  not  previously  know  so  as  to  be  able  to 
apply  to,  who  is  familiar  with  all  the  facts  appertaining  to  some  interesting  event 
treated  of,  and  no  man  can  be  justly  censured  when  such  a  circumstance  occur-.  It  is 
not  my  object  to  notice  the  biassed  opinions  of  those  who  have,  doubtless,  special 
reasons  of  their  own,  trady  or  otherwise,  for  pouring  contempt  on  a  work  which, 
whatever  it  may  be,  is  not  the  outcome  of  mercenary  or  profit-making  ideas. 

The}-  are  the  worst  birds  in  the  wood  who  can  sing  but  will  not  sing,  and 
if  there  be  no  reason  to  doubt  the  respectability  of  a  person  compiling  historic  and 
chronological  matter,  it  is  impossible  to  see  why  he  should  be  refused  assistance, 
because  it  is  not  himself  who  is  to  be  considered  so  much  as  the  public  at  large,  who 
naturally  and  very  properly  look  for  the  best  information.  Certainly  people  have  a 
right  to  please  themselves  lo  whom  they  impart  any  facts  they  are  cognisant  of,  or  to 
decline  to  open  their  mouths  or  wield  their  pens  at  all.  But  I  am  content  to  look 
upon  the  brighter  side  and  to  try  to  remember  only  those  in  all  ranks  who  have  freely 
aided  me  during  the  past  five  years,  at  the  same  time  remembering  kindly  those  who 
have  pointed  out  mistakes  from  the  noblest  of  motives.  Ere  concluding  this  appen- 
dix, which  I  have  not  written  without  much  thought,  and  no  little  reluctance,  let  me 
call  attention  to  one  or  two  items  not  only  for  my  own  sake  but  for  the  sake  of  others 
also. 


First  of  all  I  wish  to  advert  to  the  remark  I  have  heard  consequent  upon 
the  inclusion  of  the  account  of  the  sufferings  and  executions  of  the  Catholic  Martyrs. 
"  Why  have  the  Protestant  Martyrs  been  left  out?"  has  been  asked  at  various  times 
by  some  whom  I  have  met.  Why?  Well,  simply  because  I  know  of  no  Protestant 
Martyrs  ever  having  suffered  death  in  Lancaster.  Secondly,  let  me  state  that  the 
accuracy  of  the  list  of  ministers  of  St.  Nicholas  Street  Chapel  has  been  questioned  as 
regards  one  name  at  least.  This  list  has  been  taken  from  authorities  believed  to  be 
correct.  It  is  in  no  part  added  to  or  of  my  own  making,  and  if  after  applying-  to 
several  parties  in  town  relative  to  the  past  ministers  of  the  said  Chapel  I  could  obtain 
no  assistance  whatever  from  the  fact  that  no  local  person  had  a  full  list,  I  think  I  was 
justified  in  utilising  that  which  appeared  the  most  credible  and  correct,  therefore  it 
is  enough  for  me  to  answer  for  my  own  errors  without  having  to  be  held  amenable 
for  the  errors  of  others,  if  errors  they  have  made.  Autre  chose.  As  to  the  inclusion  of 
one  or  two  Lancastrians  in  the  biographical  section,  I  am  informed  that  they  either 
were  not  are  are  not  "  eminent.  "  But  I  use  the  word  "  eminent  "  in  its  local  sense, 
and  for  defence  in  regard  to  one  celebrity  may  say  that  if  a  man  who  has  built  a 
church  (a  church  now  about  to  be  restored),  has  been  upwards  of  forty  years  its 
minister,  and  who  has  published  volumes  of  sermons,  &c. ,  is  not  eminent  in  a  local 
sense,  why  on  earth  was  his  life  written  and  his  public  career  so  dwelt  upon  as  to  ren- 
der his  name  a  household  word  ?  If  I  am  wrong  in  the  use  of  such  a  term,  then  I 
fear  I  shall  be  fur  ever  ignorant  of  the  meaning  of  the  word. 

I  regret  to  find  that  I  am  wrong  in  respect  to  tine  model  of  the  ship  to  be 
seen  within  the  precincts  of  the  Town  Hall,  and  can  only  say  that  the  statement 
about  its  being  a  model  of  Nelson's  ship  "  The  Victory  "  was  made  to  me  by  an  <>ld 
Lancastrian  who  has  recently  passed  away,  one  who  took  a  delight  in  speaking  of 
old-time  incidents,  and  who,  himself,  collected  relics  i  if  the  past  and  stored  them  as 
enthusiastically  as  I  should  have  done  myself. 

Lastly,  I  find  by  the  perusal  of  some  old  bankruptcy  affidavits  mention  of 
another  Keeper  of  the  Castle,  one  Symon  Arrow  smith,  in  16S9-90,  who  appears  to 
have  followed  James  Hunter.  The  name  of  another  Recorder,  "Mr.  Recorder 
Harrison,"  has  also  transpired,  having  been  met  with  in  the  MSS.  of  an  old  Lancaster 
Lawyer  of  one  hundred  and  sixty  years  ago.  This  Recorder,  first  mentioned  in 
1730,  must  have  succeeded  Mr.  (ubson.  About  this  period  I  also  find  that  one  Mr. 
Bryer  was  Town  Clerk.  I  have  spared  no  pains  to  secure  a  full  list  of  the  Recorders, 
writing- to  places  in  London  and  elsewhere,  and  going  through  musty  books  anil 
papers  in  various  libraries,  but  without  realising  my  aims.  It  only  remains  for  me  to 
add  that  if  some  one  else  is  induced  10  supersede  me,  producing  a  superior  work  and 
winning  everyone's  encomium  for  it,  this   "a  poor  thing,   but   mine  own,   sir-,"  will 


not  have  been  undertaken  altogether  in  vain. 


C.   F. 


Addenda  ei  Corrigenda. 

Page  21,  end  of  third  line,  please  read  Newcastle-on-Tyne  instead  of  "  Newcastle- 
under-Lyme." 

Page  59>  second  word  of  third  line  from  the  top,  read  Regiment  instead  of"  Militia." 

Page  60,  third  word  of  fourth  line  from  the  top  is  the  word  "  or."  It  is  a  printer's 
error. 

Page  79,  end  of  twenty-third  line,  read  James  Win  field. 

William  Cockin,  born  at  Burton-in- Kendal,  in  September,  17  }q,  was 
appointed  Writing  Master  in  1764.  He  died  May  30th,  1801.  He  pub- 
lished an  Arithmetic  in  1766,  an  Essay  on  Reading  (17751,  and  a  Volume  of 
Verses  (1776).     Cockin  was  a  friend  of  Romney,  the  celebrated  painter. 

Page  S4,  fourth  line  of  last  paragraph  read  £1,100  instead  of  ,£11,000. 

Page  85,  third  line  of  last  paragraph,  read  Sharp  instead  of  "Sharpe." 

Page  94,  eleventh  line  from  the  top,  read  grandfather  instead  of  father  :  and  after 
the  word  "  governor  "  add  and  his  uncle  was  deputy. 

Page  107,  tenth  word  of  third  line  of  last  paragraph,  read  three  instead  of  "four." 

Page  113,  first  word  of  last  line,  read  Muschamp  instead  of  "Mesham."  (This 
error  was  unfortunately  copied  from  a  Last  Century  Journal  1. 

Page  129,  after  end  of  first  paragraph  read  Giant  Axe  Field  was  originally  called 
Canittes/ield  or  Caun/s/ield. 

Page  187,  second  line  from  the  foot,  read  statue  instead  of  statute. 

Page  191,  in  the  list  of  Catholic  Martyrs  who  suffered  at  Lancaster  read  Reading 
in  place  of  "  Leding,"  re  Edward  Bamber. 

Page  194,  fourth  line  from  the  top,  read  Thomas  Greene,  Esq.,  instead  of  "Colonel" 
Thomas  Greene,  and  on  the  last  line  but  one  of  this  page  substitute  for  the 
words  "  Model  of  Nelson's  Ship,  the  Victory  "  model  of  a  frigate. 

Page  199,  add  to  commencement  of  third  paragraph  Thomas  Hesketh,  /507,  and 
after  the  name  "  Robert  Gibson"  add  Recorder  Harrison,  from  ij^i  ;  and 
before  the  surname  "  Hubberstey  "  add  the  names  f oh u  Lodge. 

Page  200,  I  find  from  Thomas  Benison's  notes,  1730 — 1736,  that  a  Town  Clerk  Bryer 
preceded  Thomas  Shepherd  (second  paragraph). 

Page  223;  eighth  word  of  ninth  line,  read  Comedian,  not  "  Commedian." 

Page  246,  sixth  line,  read  at  your  cousin's  in  Mackarel  Street,  instead  of  "at  your 
aunt's  in  Penny  Street."  (A  gentleman  emphatically  contradicts  the 
statement  originally  given  to  me,  though  the  old  lady  subsequently  resided 
in  Penny  Stieet). 

Page  257,  fifth  word  of  eleventh  line,  read  devisees. 

Page  276,  end  of  third  line,  Re  Sir  Richard  Owen,  read  K.C.U.,  as  well  as  C.  B. 
(The  former  honour  was  left  out  owing  to  a  card  of  Sir  Richard's  honours 
being  handed  to  the  author  which  was  not  as  recent  as  he  understood  it  was. ) 

Page  279,  read  at  the  head  of  Sonnet,  18S8,  instead  of  "  1890." 

Page  305,  second  word  of  second  line,  read  Engineer  instead  of  "  Engineers,"  also  in 
place  of  "  Paymaster-Sergeant  "-  Pay-Sergeant.  (The  first  term  was 
quoted  from  the  M.S.  forwarded). 

Page  307,  last  line  read  the  Rawlinson  Arms,  not  "  the  Rawlinson's  Arms." 

Page  329,  Re  Richard  l  rillow,  please  read  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Richard  Gillow, 
Esq.,  of  Singleton,  who  died  in  iji~  ;  younger  son  of  Richard  Gillow  of 
the  same  place. 

l>ag<-'  379)  read  Broadhurst,  not  "  Broardhurst."     U-asi  line  but  oni  1. 

Page  411,  read  Re  Trelawneys  commission  instead  of  "command;"  last  word  of 
third  line. 

Pi  ge  412,  read  also,  com  mission. 


Page  441,  second  paragraph,  last  word  of  line  fifteen,  read  place  of  business  of  Mrs. 
Shrigley  to  whom  Mr.  James  Williamson,  the  elder,  deceased,  ~.va.; 
foreman,  instead  of  what  follows  after  word  referred  to. 

Page  449,  last  line  of  third  paragraph,  read  great  "great  grandfather."' 

Page  450,  line  twenty-six,  read  Mr.  S.  Duchsbury  succeeded  Mr.  James  Gardner, 
ivho  carried  on  business  at  tlie  premises  in  King  Street,  now  occupied  by 
Messrs.  Eaton  £-  Bulfeld,  during  t/ie  re-erection  of  the  King's  Arms 
Hotel.  Let  the  ninth  word  of  the  last  line  on  this  same  page  be  are  instead 
of  "is." 

I 'age  455,  many  interesting  items  which  should  follow  line  twenty-three  were 
unavoidably  omitted. 

Page  470,  read  first  word  of  line  twenty-five  globes,  not  "  gloves. " 

Page  472,  first  word  of  ninth  line,  read  Master,  instead  of  Secretary,  and  after  name 
"Shaxs,"  read  I. P.M. 

I'age  476,  "Obituary  of  prominent  P.M.'s,"  last  letter  but  one,  line  six,  read  G  ; 
last  letter  but  two,  line  ten,  and  last  but  one,  line  twelve,  also  read  G. 

Page  484,  fifth  line  from  foot,  read  Robert  Milnes  Newton,  instead  of  "  Milner. " 

I'age  493,  32nd  Victoria,  read  last  word  Disfranchised,  at  the  end  of  the  preceding 
paragraph. 

Page  510,  tenth  line,  read  Edmund  ( leorge  Hornby,  instead  of  "  Edward." 

Page  517,  last  word  but  one  of  second  line  of  Stanza  eleven,  read  hast  instead 
of   "has." 

Page  512,  first  line,  read  1867,  not  "  1868." 

Page  522,  Re  Old   bayonet,   fifth  word   of  fourth  line,   read  ten  inches  in  place  of 

"  Twelve." 
I'age  523,  Re  Cost  of  Organ  at  St.  Mary's  Church,  read  in  place  of  "  ,£6,072  "  £672. 
Page  536,  read  Robert  llathornthwaite  instead  of  "Thomas." 

Page  545,  after   "  Law  Society  founded  in  1838  transpose  "  Law  Library  attached  " 

from  "  Marine  Society." 
Page  546,  second  line  in  last  paragraph,  read  Commodore  in  iSbj  instead  of  "  1871." 
Page  551,  eleventh  line,  read  Mr.  Jonathan  Dunn  instead  of  Mr.  "  Wm.  Dunn." 

Page  554,  sixth  line  from  the  top,  read   Christ  the  Light  of  the  World  in  place  of 

"  this"   world. 
Page  562,  inverted  commas  should  appear  at  the  end  of  the  paragraph  beginning  on 

page  561. 

I'age  5S1,  Re  Dr.  llowitt,  read  aged  (>2  instead  of  "42." 

Page  5S3,  third  paragraph  read  i8]fj  in  place  of  "  1836. " 

James  Williamson,  Esq.,  Senr.,  of  Keswick,  married  Miss  Miller,  of  Church  Street, 
Lancaster.  The  first  wife  of  James  Williamson,  Esq.,  M.P.,  his  son,  was 
Miss  Gatey,  of  Keswick  ;  his  second  wife  was  Miss  Stuart,  of  Clapham. 
(Add  to  page  217,  after  second  line  from  top.) 


Chronology. 

Storey  Institute  opened  23rd  October,  1891. 

Society  for   the   prevention   of  Cruelty  to  Children  established,  December, 

Mr.  E.  Dean,  Organist  of  St.  Mary's  Church,  died  3rd  January,  1S92. 


1891. 


.  _^ 


7:7. 

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